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ThaiBev Thai Beverage, better known as ThaiBev (Thai: ไทยเบฟ) (), is Thailand's largest and one of Southeast Asia's largest beverage companies, with distilleries in Thailand, Scotland, and China. Listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange, Thai Beverage Plc has a market capitalization in excess of US$4 billion. In January 2013, the firm announced it had succeeded in a US$11.2 billion deal to take over the conglomerate Fraser and Neave, adding to the group's portfolio of assets. Thai Beverage Public Company Limited owns and distributes several significant brands, including Chang beer, Mekhong, and SangSom rum. It has significant operations in Europe, producing malt Scotch whisky, vodka, gin, and liqueurs at five distilleries in Scotland. Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi, in early 2013, added Fraser and Neave, Limited, a food and beverage, brewing, property, and publishing industries conglomerate in Singapore, to his drinks and property empire. Chang Beer, which started production in March 1995 at a brewery in the Bang Ban District of Ayutthaya Province, is the top-selling brand in Thailand. It managed to win 60 percent market share in Thailand after a hard market fight with the previous leading brand, Singha. In 2006, the company's beer market share was 49 percent, according to research company Canadean. ThaiBev brews Chang (or Chang Beer) (), a pale lager. "Chang" () is the Thai word for elephant, an animal of cultural and historical significance in Thailand. The logo depicts two elephants face-to-face. In 2006, the company launched Chang Light, 4.2 percent ABV and Chang Draught in bottles at five percent ABV. They were discontinued in 2015. In 2015, ThaiBev celebrated its "20th anniversary Chang Beer". For this occasion, ThaiBev consolidated all Chang brands in Chang Classic. ThaiBev stopped production of Chang Light, Chang Draught, and Chang Export. In addition, the new bottle was introduced in emerald green. Production of Chang Classic is shared between ThaiBev's three breweries. The recipe was changed to include rice, previously only used in the domestic 6.4 percent version. Its ABV in Thailand is 5.0 (Currently 2018). ThaiBev's flagship brand Chang Beer won a gold quality award three times in the beers, water, and soft drinks category at the World Quality Selections 2018, organized each year by Monde Selection. In 2004, the company introduced Archa ( 'horse') beer, at 5.4 percent . Archa won a gold medal at the 2007 Australian International Beer Awards (AIBA). The ABV was lowered to five percent in 2014. The first market outside Thailand to distribute Archa Beer was Singapore, where it was successfully launched in 2012 by InterBev (Singapore) Ltd. Federbräu is a German-inspired quality beer brewed using the imported German malt. Using only a single source of German malt in the brewing process. Federbräu is five percent alcohol by volume. In December 2000, Carlsberg and Chang established a 50–50 joint venture, Carlsberg Asia, to create a significant brewing company in Asia. The Carlsberg influence can be seen in the typography of the "Beer Chang" logo, which resembles the classic "Carlsberg Beer". In 2005, Carlsberg pulled out of the venture and terminated its licence agreement with Chang due to non-fulfillment of contractual obligations, resulting in Chang claiming US$2.5 billion in damages. A final settlement of US$120 million was subsequently paid by Carlsberg. ThaiBev bought a majority of shares in Sabeco in 2018 for 4.8 billion US dollars. Sabeco owns leading beer brands in Vietnam including "Saigon Beer" and "333". At the time of the acquisition, Sabeco's Vietnam market share had fallen below 40 percent. ThaiBev produces brown and white spirits, including rum, which is derived from distilling cane juice, sugar or molasses until the product is with 60–95 percent alcohol content. The content is mixed with purified water to produce a satisfactory level of alcohol content before being transferred to age in charred oak barrels for at least one year. Before being bottled the liquor may be further mixed to adjust for desired colour, aroma and taste, but it has to have at least 40 percent alcohol content. ThaiBev's most famous, but not best selling, spirit is "Mekhong", which originated in 1941 at the Bangyikhan Distillery west of Bangkok. Originally a state-owned distillery, it dates back over 200 years to the beginning of the current Chakri Dynasty. The launch of "Mekhong" (a rum with adding rice) was aimed at producing a high-quality Thai spirit to stem the increase in the import of foreign liquor and to eventually replace imported brands. "SangSom" (a rum), however, has been the country's most popular spirit brand for over 29 years, until 2006 holding almost 50 percent share of the entire brown spirits market in Thailand. The company also produces Mungkorn Thong and Hong Thong and brands based on whisky, such as Crown 99 and Blue, as well as Scotch whisky brands such as Hankey Banister and Pinwinnie Royal Scotch Whisky. White spirits are made from molasses without any mixture or colour, and produced in four alcohol contents: 28, 30, 35, and 40 percent. The company's largest-selling white spirits is "Ruang Khao". The labels are colour-coded to reflect the alcoholic strength but do not have the brand name printed on them. Other brands in this category are Niyomthai and White Tiger. Molasses is the main raw material used for the production of ThaiBev's spirits, so that most of the products fall under the category of rum. Molasses is a by-product of the manufacture of raw sugar from sugar cane. As is the case with all distilled spirits, the distillate is crystal clear when first distilled. Amber and dark brown spirits obtain their colour from the extracts from the oak barrel during aging and from caramel, a natural colouring agent. ThaiBev's yeast cultures, used for fermentation, are grown in its own laboratory and propagated in a yeast propagation tank. The yeast, molasses diluted by water, steamed rice that has been sprayed with mould (to create sugar) and incubated for four days, and water are added into a fermenter and the mixture is allowed to ferment for approximately 72 hours. The liquid that is left at the end of the fermentation process is known as "fermented mash". Distillation takes place in a distilling column and a pot still, which is a large copper or stainless steel kettle. Distilling involves boiling the "fermented mash" and condensing its vapour. The spent sludge remaining in the pot still is removed to be processed. The company's white spirits are then diluted with demineralized water to the desired alcohol content in a white spirits blending tank and sent to be packaged and bottled after filtering. Brown spirits are diluted with demineralized water and then aged in oak barrels for three to eight years depending on the brand. The aged alcohol is then further diluted with demineralized water before bottling. Liquor concentrate alcohol and caramel color are added. The brown spirits are passed through filters and then bottled and packaged. ThaiBev also makes "Chinese herb spirits", branded as Chiang-Chun and Sua Dum. These are produced by blending alcohol, white spirits, sugar, caramel, and Chinese herbs, and then further diluting the mixture with demineralized water. In 2004, Chang became the sponsor of Everton Football Club of the English Premier League. Together, they initiated five projects in the aftermath of the tsunami disaster in Thailand. Everton-Chang is a village on the Khao Lak coast in Phang Nga Province of Thailand. It consists of 50 houses and a football field. It was built following the 2004 tsunami that struck the area and destroyed the existing village of Ban Naan Khem. Local youth teams compete for the Chang-Everton cup. Officials from Everton F.C. and Chang Beer have been involved in the project. Together, they sponsor Chang Everton Football Cup and send promising Thai footballers to Liverpool for a trial with Everton. In	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
spirits, sugar, caramel, and Chinese herbs, and then further diluting the mixture with demineralized water. In 2004, Chang became the sponsor of Everton Football Club of the English Premier League. Together, they initiated five projects in the aftermath of the tsunami disaster in Thailand. Everton-Chang is a village on the Khao Lak coast in Phang Nga Province of Thailand. It consists of 50 houses and a football field. It was built following the 2004 tsunami that struck the area and destroyed the existing village of Ban Naan Khem. Local youth teams compete for the Chang-Everton cup. Officials from Everton F.C. and Chang Beer have been involved in the project. Together, they sponsor Chang Everton Football Cup and send promising Thai footballers to Liverpool for a trial with Everton. In 2005, ThaiBev became the subject of nationwide criticism in Thailand by the Buddhist monastic community and other religious groups. At the time, Thai Beverage had announced its intent to list publicly on the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET), which would be the biggest listing in Thai history. Despite attempts by the National Office of Buddhism (a government agency) to prohibit monks from protesting, 2,000 monks from Wat Phra Dhammakaya organized chants of Buddhist texts in front of the Stock Exchange to halt Thai Beverage's IPO. In an unprecedented cooperative effort, the temple was joined by former Black May revolt leader Chamlong Srimuang and the Santi Asoke movement. Subsequently, another 122 religious and social organizations joined the opposition, reaching numbers of 10,000 protesters. The organizations asked Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's cooperation to stop the company, in what some of the protest leaders described as "a grave threat to the health and culture" of Thai society. While SET pointed out the economic benefits of the listing, opponents referred to rising alcohol abuse in Thai society, ranking fifth in alcohol consumption according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Ultimately, the protests led to an indefinite postponement of the listing by the exchange. Thai Beverage chose to list in Singapore instead, as the Thai Stock Exchange chief resigned as a result. ThaiBev Thai Beverage, better known as ThaiBev (Thai: ไทยเบฟ) (), is Thailand's largest and one of Southeast Asia's largest beverage companies, with distilleries in Thailand, Scotland, and China. Listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange, Thai Beverage Plc has a market capitalization in excess of US$4 billion. In January 2013, the firm announced it had succeeded in a US$11.2 billion deal to take over the conglomerate Fraser and Neave, adding to the group's portfolio of assets. Thai Beverage Public Company Limited owns and distributes several significant brands, including Chang beer, Mekhong, and SangSom rum. It has	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Texas Network The Texas Network (abbreviated as TXN) was a San Antonio, Texas-based media company that was founded in 1998 and disestablished in 2000. It produced radio and television broadcasts, as well as Internet content, at its height. Its flagship program was "The News of Texas", a statewide newscast syndicated to 27 television stations in the state. Its president and CEO was Bob Rogers, who was a successful news director at San Antonio's KENS-TV. "The News of Texas" was the chief program produced by TXN. It was a statewide newscast. Carriage at first was hard to find, and even then mostly on second-tier stations. A 2000 redesign fixed presentation problems, but it came too late to help the cause of The News of Texas, especially in the face of Belo Corporation's strong Texas Cable News (TXCN). Other television programs from TXN included the hard news "Week in Review" and the softer "People, Places, and Things". TXN also eventually produced radio and Internet content. Both ventures launched at the start of 2000. TXN Radio had twelve affiliate stations at the start, but it found significant and established competition in the CBS Texas State Network, which made it a hard sell. TXN.com and NewsofTexas.com were the websites for TXN and The News of Texas. Both the radio and Internet divisions shut down months before TXN's closure. TXN was a money-losing proposition. In mid-June 2000, it restructured, cutting a third of its 120 staffers. But faced with the increasing move of The News of Texas to PBS member stations, where making advertising money was impossible, TXN announced it would fold just one week later. It shut down at the end of July 2000, with 13 affiliates scrambling to fill the program space, 80 people out of work, and a $45 million loss in the news business. Texas Network The Texas Network (abbreviated as TXN) was a San Antonio, Texas-based media company that was founded in 1998 and disestablished in 2000. It produced radio and television broadcasts, as well as Internet content, at its height. Its flagship program was "The News of Texas", a statewide newscast syndicated to 27 television stations in the state. Its president and CEO was Bob Rogers, who was a successful news director at San Antonio's KENS-TV. "The News of Texas" was the chief program produced by TXN. It was a statewide newscast. Carriage at first was hard to find,	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Carlos Manuel Rosario Carlos Manuel Rosario, (1922 – February 1, 1987) was a Puerto Rican activist who served as the executive director of the Spanish Community Advisory Committee. He was a founder of the Latino Festival in Washington, DC and founded the Program of English Instruction for Latin Americans (PEILA). Carlos Manuel Rosario was born in Ciales, Puerto Rico, and many in his family were teachers. He attended the University of Puerto Rico. During World War II, he served in the United States Army touring in North Africa, France, and Germany. After WWII Rosario returned to Puerto Rico where he worked as an X-Ray technician. In the 1950s he moved to Montana and joined the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. He was later transferred to Washington, D.C. where he worked as an X-Ray technician until 1957. Then he worked at the National Tuberculosis Association until 1967 and for the Washington D.C. Health Department from 1967 to 1969. In 1970, Mayor Walter E. Washington hired Rosario to head the newly formed Spanish Community Advisory Committee which was later named the Office of Latino Affairs. In 1980 he served as the Assistant Director of the D.C. Office on Aging, until he retired in 1984. Carlos Rosario married Carmin Maria Rosario of Washington and had three sons: Carlos M. Rosario Jr., Jose Rosario, and Reinaldo Rosario; and two daughters, Leticia Rosario and Vilma Tirado. Carlos Rosario created various programs that allow Hispanic Americans and Hispanic immigrants to integrate into American society, such as: Carlos Rosario stated that people referred to him as "The Godfather" because he was the builder of the Latino community in Washington D.C. Carlos Rosario suffered a heart attack on February 1, 1987 while vacationing in Puerto Rico and died in a hospital in Dorado, Puerto Rico at the age of 65. Carlos Rosario International Public Charter School (former Carlos Rosario Center) was named after him. Carlos Manuel Rosario Carlos Manuel Rosario, (1922 – February 1, 1987) was a Puerto Rican activist who served as the executive director of the Spanish Community Advisory Committee. He was a founder of the Latino Festival in Washington, DC and founded the Program of English Instruction for Latin Americans (PEILA). Carlos Manuel Rosario was born in Ciales, Puerto Rico, and many in his family were teachers. He attended the University of Puerto Rico. During World War II, he served in the United States	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Man A man is a male human. The term "man" is usually reserved for an adult male, with the term "boy" being the usual term for a male child or adolescent. However, the term "man" is also sometimes used to identify a male human, regardless of age, as in phrases such as "men's basketball". Like most other male mammals, a man's genome typically inherits an X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father. The male fetus produces larger amounts of androgens and smaller amounts of estrogens than a female fetus. This difference in the relative amounts of these sex steroids is largely responsible for the physiological differences that distinguish men from women. During puberty, hormones which stimulate androgen production result in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, thus exhibiting greater differences between the sexes. However, there are exceptions to the above for some transgender and intersex men. The English term "man" is derived from a Proto-Indo-European root "man-" (see Sanskrit/Avestan "manu-", Slavic "mǫž" "man, male"). More directly, the word derives from Old English "mann." The Old English form had a default meaning of "adult male" (which was the exclusive meaning of "wer"), though it could also signify a person of unspecified gender. The closely related Old English pronoun "man" was used just as it is in Modern German to designate "one" (e. g., in the saying "man muss mit den Wölfen heulen"). The Old English form is derived from Proto-Germanic "mannz", "human being, person", which is also the etymon of German "Mann" "man, husband" and "man" "one" (pronoun), Old Norse "maðr", and Gothic "manna". According to Tacitus, the mythological progenitor of the Germanic tribes was called "Mannus". "*Manus" in Indo-European mythology was the first man, see Mannus, Manu (Hinduism). The term manhood is used to describe the period in a human male's life after he has transitioned from boyhood, having passed through puberty, usually having attained male secondary sexual characteristics, and symbolises a male's coming of age. The word "man" is used to mean any adult male. In English-speaking countries, many other words can also be used to mean an adult male such as "guy", "dude", "buddy", "bloke", "fellow", "chap" and sometimes "boy" or "lad". The term "manhood" is associated with masculinity and virility, which refer to male qualities and male gender roles. Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in many characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive ability, although most of these characteristics do have a role in sexual attraction. Most expressions of sexual dimorphism in humans are found in height, weight, and body structure, though there are always examples that do not follow the overall pattern. For example, men tend to be taller than women, but there are many people of both sexes who are in the mid-height range for the species. Some examples of male secondary sexual characteristics in humans, those acquired as boys become men or even later in life, are: In mankind, the sex of an individual is generally determined at the time of fertilization by the genetic material carried in the sperm cell. If a sperm cell carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be female (XX); if a sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be male (XY). Persons whose anatomy or chromosomal makeup differ from this pattern are referred to as intersex. This is referred to as the XY sex-determination system and is typical of most mammals, but quite a few other sex-determination systems exist, including some that are non-genetic. The term "primary sexual characteristics" denotes the kind of gamete the gonad produces: the ovary produces egg cells in the female, and the testis produces sperm cells in the male. The term "secondary sexual characteristics" denotes all other sexual distinctions that play indirect roles in uniting sperm and eggs. Secondary sexual characteristics include everything from the specialized male and female features of the genital tract, to the brilliant plumage of male birds or facial hair of humans, to behavioral features such as courtship. Biological factors are not sufficient determinants of whether a person considers themselves a man or is considered a man. Intersex individuals, who have physical or genetic features considered to be mixed or atypical for one sex or the other, may use other criteria in making a clear determination. There are also transgender and transsexual men, who were assigned as female at birth, but identify as men; there are varying social, legal and individual definitions with regard to these issues. (See trans man.) The male sex organs are part of the reproductive system, consisting of the penis, testicles, vas deferens, and the prostate gland. The male reproductive system's function is to produce semen which carries sperm and thus genetic information that can unite with an egg within a woman. Since sperm that enters a woman's uterus and then fallopian tubes goes on to fertilize an egg which develops into a fetus or child, the male reproductive system plays no necessary role during the gestation. The concept of fatherhood and family exists in human societies. The study of male reproduction and associated organs is called andrology. In mammals, the hormones that influence sexual differentiation and development are androgens (mainly testosterone), which stimulate later development of the ovary. In the sexually undifferentiated embryo, testosterone stimulates the development of the Wolffian ducts, the penis, and closure of the labioscrotal folds into the scrotum. Another significant hormone in sexual differentiation is the anti-Müllerian hormone, which inhibits development of the Müllerian ducts. In general, men suffer from many of the same illnesses as women. In comparison to women, men suffer from slightly more illnesses. Male life expectancy is slightly lower than female life expectancy, although the difference has narrowed in recent years. For males during puberty, testosterone, along with gonadotropins released by the pituitary gland, stimulates spermatogenesis, along with the full sexual distinction of a human male from a human female, while women are acted upon by estrogens and progesterone to produce their sexual differences from the human male. Masculinity has its roots in genetics (see gender). Therefore, while masculinity looks different in different cultures, there are common aspects to its definition across cultures. In the past, and still among traditional and non-Western cultures, the most common and definitive sign of becoming a man is getting married. Modern American manhood is less tied to marriage itself, but some qualities traditionally associated with it, such as the "triple Ps" of "protecting, providing, and procreating," are still considered signs of having achieved manhood. Sometimes gender scholars will use the phrase "hegemonic masculinity" to distinguish the most dominant form of masculinity from other variants. In the mid-twentieth century United States, for example, John Wayne might embody one form of masculinity, while Albert Einstein might be seen as masculine, but not in the same "hegemonic" fashion. Anthropology has shown that masculinity itself has social status, just like wealth, race and social class. In western culture, for example, greater masculinity usually brings greater social status. Many English words such as "virtue" and "virile" (from the Indo-European root "vir" meaning "man") reflect this. An association with physical or moral strength is implied. Masculinity is associated more commonly with adult men than with boys. A great deal is now known about the development of biological masculine characteristics, such as the hormonal changes that make it possible for men to grow a beard. The process of sexual differentiation specific to the reproductive system of "Homo sapiens" produces	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
while Albert Einstein might be seen as masculine, but not in the same "hegemonic" fashion. Anthropology has shown that masculinity itself has social status, just like wealth, race and social class. In western culture, for example, greater masculinity usually brings greater social status. Many English words such as "virtue" and "virile" (from the Indo-European root "vir" meaning "man") reflect this. An association with physical or moral strength is implied. Masculinity is associated more commonly with adult men than with boys. A great deal is now known about the development of biological masculine characteristics, such as the hormonal changes that make it possible for men to grow a beard. The process of sexual differentiation specific to the reproductive system of "Homo sapiens" produces a female by default. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome, however, interferes with the default process, causing a chain of events that, all things being equal, leads to testes formation, androgen production, and a range of both pre-natal and post-natal hormonal effects covered by the terms "masculinization" or "virilization". Because masculinization redirects biological processes from the default female route, it is more precisely called "defeminization". There is an extensive debate about how children develop gender identities. In many cultures displaying characteristics not typical to one's gender may become a social problem for the individual. Among men, the exhibition of feminine behavior may be considered a sign of homosexuality, while the same is for a woman who exhibits masculine behavior. Within sociology such labeling and conditioning is known as gender assumptions and is a part of socialization to better match a culture's mores. The corresponding social condemnation of excessive masculinity may be expressed in terms such as "machismo" or "testosterone poisoning." The relative importance of the roles of socialization and genetics in the development of masculinity continues to be debated. While social conditioning obviously plays a role, it can also be observed that certain aspects of the masculine identity exist in almost all human cultures. The historical development of gender role is addressed by such fields as behavioral genetics, evolutionary psychology, human ecology and sociobiology. All human cultures seem to encourage the development of gender roles, through literature, costume and song. Some examples of this might include the epics of Homer, the King Arthur tales in English, the normative commentaries of Confucius or biographical studies of Muhammad. More specialized treatments of masculinity may be found in works such as the "Bhagavad Gita" or bushido's "Hagakure". Well into prehistoric culture, men are believed to have assumed a variety of social and cultural roles which are likely similar across many groups of humans. In hunter-gatherer societies, men were often if not exclusively responsible for all large game killed, the capture and raising of most or all domesticated animals, the building of permanent shelters, the defense of villages, and other tasks where the male physique and strong spatial-cognition were most useful. Some anthropologists believe that it may have been men who led the Neolithic Revolution and became the first pre-historical ranchers, as a possible result of their intimate knowledge of animal life. Throughout history, the roles of men have changed greatly. As societies have moved away from agriculture as a primary source of jobs, the emphasis on male physical ability has waned. Traditional gender roles for working men typically involved jobs emphasizing moderate to hard manual labor (see Blue-collar worker), often with no hope for increase in wage or position. For poorer men among the working classes, the need to support their families, especially during periods of industrial change and economic decline, forced them to stay in dangerous jobs working long arduous hours, often without retirement. Many industrialized countries have seen a shift to jobs which are less physically demanding, with a general reduction in the percentage of manual labor needed in the work force (see White-collar worker). The male goal in these circumstances is often of pursuing a quality education and securing a dependable, often office-environment, source of income. The Men's Movement is in part a struggle for the recognition of equality of opportunity with women, and for equal rights irrespective of gender, even if special relations and conditions are willingly incurred under the form of partnership involved in marriage. The difficulties of obtaining this recognition are due to the habits and customs recent history has produced. Through a combination of economic changes and the efforts of the feminist movement in recent decades, men in some societies now compete with women for jobs that traditionally excluded women. Some larger corporations have instituted tracking systems to try to ensure that jobs are filled based on merit and not just on traditional gender selection. Assumptions and expectations based on sex roles both benefit and harm men in Western society (as they do women, but in different ways) in the workplace as well as on the topics of education, violence, health care, politics, and fatherhood – to name a few. Research has identified anti-male sexism in some areas which can result in what appear to be unfair advantages given to women. The Parsons model was used to contrast and illustrate extreme positions on gender roles. Model A describes total separation of male and female roles, while Model B describes the complete dissolution of barriers between gender roles. The examples are based on the context of the culture and infrastructure of the United States. However, these extreme positions are rarely found in reality; actual behavior of individuals is usually somewhere between these poles. The most common 'model' followed in real life in the United States and Great Britain is the 'model of double burden'. Some positions and titles are reserved for men only. For example, the position of Pope and Bishop in the Roman Catholic Church. Also the priesthood is exclusively male in the Catholic Church and also some other religious traditions. Men are often given priority for the position of monarch (King in the case of a man) of a country, as it usually passes to the eldest male child upon succession. Medical: Dynamics: Political: Man A man is a male human. The term "man" is usually reserved for an adult male, with the term "boy" being the usual term for a male child or adolescent. However, the term "man" is also sometimes used to identify a male human, regardless of age, as in phrases such as "men's basketball". Like most other male mammals, a man's genome typically inherits an X chromosome from his mother and	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II (November 5, 1830 – September 3, 1893) was a French-American military officer who served in the United States Army and later in the French Army. He was the son of Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte and Susan May Williams. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland, as the son of Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte and his wife, Susan May Williams. He was the grandson of Jérôme Bonaparte (who reigned as King of Westphalia from 1807 to 1813) and the grandnephew of Emperor Napoleon, who died in 1821. Bonaparte entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1848 and graduated 11th in the Class of 1852. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant and served in Texas with the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen. Bonaparte resigned from the U.S. Army in August 1854 to serve in the army of his first cousin-once-removed, Emperor Napoleon III. A few weeks later, he was commissioned as a lieutenant of dragoons in the French Army. He fought in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Italian campaign, and the Franco-Prussian War, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. Following the Siege of Paris, Bonaparte left the French Army and returned home to the United States. There, he married Caroline Le Roy Appleton Edgar (1840–1911), daughter of Samuel and Julia Appleton, and widow of Newbold Edgar. They would have two children: Had his family not been excluded, he would have been first in line to the Bonaparte succession from 1873, and would have succeeded in 1879. He died on September 3, 1893, in Prides Crossing, Massachusetts. His letters from Fort Inge and Fort Ewell have been preserved by the Maryland Historical Society. Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II (November 5, 1830 – September 3, 1893) was a French-American military	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Cut (advertisement) Cut is a British advertising campaign launched in 2009 by the charitable organisation Women's Aid to promote awareness of domestic violence. The campaign was created by advertising agency Grey London, and centres on a 120-second commercial starring Keira Knightley. The commercial was supported by poster and online components. "Cut" was directed by Joe Wright and produced by Dominic Delaney. Post-production work was handled by Big Buoy and Prime Focus. The campaign drew a significant amount of media attention, especially after advertising approval body Clearcast prohibited the short film from appearing on even post-watershed television, due to several particularly violent scenes. The title of the piece refers to the filmmaking practice of cutting. "Cut" opens with a young actress, played by Keira Knightley, leaving the set after a day's work. The actress drives home, wiping off her make-up in the car. When she arrives at her apartment, she calls to her boyfriend before finding a shattered mirror and a trail of blood across the floor into the kitchen. When she turns around, she sees her boyfriend's knuckles are bloodied and offers him a towel. He snaps it out of her hand. He then asks about the scenes with the leading man and whether her scenes with him "felt real". He cuts off her reply by throwing the towel back in her face and, when she tries to protest, strikes her to the ground and proceeds to yank her hair and kick her several times in the chest. The camera zooms out to reveal that the room is an otherwise empty set. The tagline "Isn't it time someone called Cut" appears, followed by the statistic that two women die as a result of domestic abuse each week, and a request for a donation of £2 a month. Since the appointment of advertising agency Grey London to handle the marketing of Women's Aid in 2005, they had worked on a number of publicity campaigns for the feminist charitable organisation. In 2006, their "Valentine's Day" campaign, with a budget of just £500, reached an estimated 52% of adults within the United Kingdom and generated editorial coverage worth an estimated €613,000. Comprising spots in print, posters, and radio, the campaign received wide critical acclaim, including an Aerial Award, a Euro Effie Award, and an IPA Effectiveness Award. The following year marked the launch of the "What's it going to take?" campaign. "What's it going to take?" centred on a series of images taken by British photographer Rankin, of a number of female British celebrities, including Anna Friel and Honor Blackman. Cosmetics were applied to the celebrities to give them the appearance of having been beaten. Noel Bussey of "Campaign" magazine said of the series: ""Many agencies pull out their best work when it's for charity, but rarely is it this effective, so well shot or so close to the brief."" Women's Aid went to win the 2007 Campaigning Team of the Year award at the Charity Times Gala Awards in London for the work surrounding the "What's it going to take?" campaign. Keira Knightley had worked with director Joe Wright on a number of projects prior to "Cut", including the feature films "Pride & Prejudice" and "Atonement", and a 2008 television commercial for Chanel perfume. The pair volunteered their time for "Cut" at no charge, and convinced a team of around fifty others to do so as well. The assembled team included BAFTA-nominated make-up artist Ivana Primorac and cinematographer Seamus McGarvey, whose work with Wright on "Atonement" earned him an Academy Award nomination. Filming took place in January 2009, and the piece was intended to begin airing on 2 April. It was intended that "Cut" begin broadcasting simultaneously on post-watershed television and during trailers for 15-rated films in cinemas from 2 April 2009. However, when the commercial was sent for approval by Clearcast, the advertising authority refused permission for "Cut" to appear on British television either before or after the watershed. Clearcast advised that the final scene of "Cut", in which Knightley's character is being kicked repeatedly by her boyfriend, was too violent and likely to cause offense, and therefore demanded that the scene be removed from the piece before it could be televised. Women's Aid refused to make the modifications, instead electing to eschew television and concentrate on the cinema, online, and print aspects of the campaign. "Cut" made its debut at cinemas on 6 April. Media space was donated by the cinema advertising companies Pearl & Dean, Digital Cinema Media, and Admedia. The ad also appeared online, both at a dedicated microsite and on video sharing website YouTube. This online component was backed up with a series of print advertisements created by Grey London creative director Nils Leonard. The campaign was received well by the public. Within six days the film had over half a million hits online, swiftly rising to over a million. Of those who viewed "Cut", only two wrote to complain to the Advertising Standards Authority. Clearcast's decision to block the piece from appearing on television was widely lambasted. Reactions by the media to the ad itself were mixed. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown of "The Independent" supported the piece, saying: "I know seeing her heroine Keira Knightley being knocked about by her lover will shake and wake my daughter up to this crime. Nothing I can say will have the same impact." However, Kira Cochrane of "The Guardian" was more critical, saying: "[O]nce the initial horror had passed, I was left wondering about the point of the ad. [...] [T]here's something about a celebrity being used to represent a domestic violence victim that makes me feel slightly queasy." It was also featured as one of the top ten celebrity advertisements of 2009 in "Campaign" magazine. Irrespective of these differing opinions, "Cut" has proven to be a financial and critical success. During the period in which the campaign ran in cinemas and print, metrics reported a 33% increase in awareness of the charity, and Women's Aid received a 50% rise in people looking to make a donation. The campaign was also shortlisted for a Cyber Lion at the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival, considered one of the most prestigious awards in the advertising industry. Cut (advertisement) Cut is a British advertising campaign launched in 2009 by the charitable organisation Women's Aid to promote awareness of domestic violence. The campaign was created by advertising agency Grey London, and centres on a 120-second commercial starring Keira Knightley. The commercial was supported by poster and online components. "Cut" was directed by Joe Wright and produced by Dominic Delaney. Post-production work was handled by Big	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Bull.Miletic Synne T. Bull (Norwegian, born 1973) and Dragan Miletic (American, born Yugoslavia 1970) are two visual artists who work together as a collaborative duo called Bull.Miletic. They are principally known for their video installation artworks and contributions in the fields of media archeology, new media, and history of film. Bull and Miletic met at San Francisco Art Institute where they began to work as Bull.Miletic in 2000. They currently live and work in Oslo, Norway. Bull.Miletic have shown internationally at venues including Venice Biennale, California Biennial, WRO Media Art Biennale, Trondheim Kunstmuseum, Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, San Francisco, German Architecture Museum, Frankfurt, Künstlerhaus Bethanien, Berlin, Pasadena Museum of California Art, Pacific Film Archive, Berkeley, Ulrich Museum of Art, Wichita, Henie Onstad Art Center, Høvikodden, and Museum of Contemporary Art, Belgrade. Their work has been reviewed in Artforum, Aftenposten, Billedkunst, Kunstkritikk, Mousse Magazine, San Francisco Chronicle, and Rhizome among others. Bull.Miletic's work is represented by Anglim Gilbert Gallery. Bull.Miletic were the recipients of the Bay Area Video Coalition's Video Maker Award, Oslo Screen Festival's Best Norwegian Video Award and have received professional grants from the San Francisco Arts Commission, Arts Council Norway, Nordic Institute for Contemporary Art, Office for Contemporary Art Norway and CEC ArtsLink among others. They lectured in programs such as Art, Technology, and Culture Lecture Series at the University of California, Berkeley in 2011, SCMS Annual Conference 2013 Chicago and Arts + Design Mondays at Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive in 2017. Their work has been nominated for Rockefeller Media Art Award as well as San Francisco Museum of Modern Art's SECA Art Award. They were artists in residence at the Headlands Center for the Arts in 2003, at Künstlerhause Bethanien Berlin in 2004, at Nordic Artists’ Center Dale in 2006, and at Cité internationale des arts Paris in 2007. In 2012, they were Visiting Artists at the Cinema and Media Studies, University of Chicago and in 2017, Bull.Miletic were inaugural Art + Science Artists-in-Residence at University of California, Berkeley. Bull.Miletic initiated and curated several exhibitions including "Net.Film" in New York. In 2010, they co-organized "Urban Images" symposium at Oslo National Academy of the Arts. In 2012, they were part of the art research project "re:place" in association with Bergen Academy of Art and Design, Oslo National Academy of the Arts and The Grieg Academy, which culminated in the survey exhibition "This Must be the Place". Bull.Miletic Synne T. Bull (Norwegian, born 1973) and Dragan Miletic (American, born Yugoslavia 1970) are two visual artists who work together as a collaborative duo called Bull.Miletic. They are principally known for their video installation artworks and contributions in the fields of media archeology, new media, and history of film. Bull and Miletic met at San Francisco Art Institute where they began to work as Bull.Miletic in 2000. They currently live and work in Oslo, Norway. Bull.Miletic have shown internationally at venues including Venice Biennale, California Biennial, WRO Media Art Biennale, Trondheim Kunstmuseum, Yerba Buena Center for	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Pilkington (ancient township) Pilkington was a township in the parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham, hundred of Salford and county of Lancashire, in northern England. The Pilkington family can be traced from about 1200. The senior line acquired the manor of Bury when Roger Pilkington who died in about 1347, married Alice Bury. Roger Pilkington and his father, also Roger, were present with Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, at the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322. The older Roger was imprisoned and fined, his son secured pardon by undertaking military service abroad. His son Sir Roger Pilkington (1325–1407) served under Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster in 1355, and under John of Gaunt in 1359–60 and 1369. The Pilkingtons built a house with a moat between 1359 and 1400 and were granted a licence to crenellate the manor house at Bury in 1469 when it became known as Bury Castle. Roger's son Sir John Pilkington (d. 1421) was granted custody of the manors of Prestwich and Alkrington. He married Margaret (d. 1436), heir of John Verdon of Brixworth, Northamptonshire, soon after the death of her first husband, Hugh Bradshaw of Leigh. Margaret's son from her first marriage, William Bradshaw, died in 1415, leaving a daughter, Elizabeth. In 1430 Margaret settled the manors of her inheritance which included Stagenhoe in Hertfordshire, Clipston, Northamptonshire and Brixworth in Northamptonshire, and Bressingham in Norfolk, on her Pilkington sons, John, Edmund (d. about 1451), and Robert (d. 1457). Four years after the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1489, Sir Thomas Pilkington of Pilkington lost his estates by Royal Attainder to the Stanleys, who received the title 'Earl of Derby'. Sir Thomas Pilkington was granted Royal pardon in 1508 Following the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, Pilkington formed part of the Bury Poor Law Union. In 1866, a Local board of health was established for the Whitefield area of Pilkington, which had begun to urbanise and expand into a town in its own right. In 1885 part of Pilkington was merged into the Municipal Borough of Bury. Following the Local Government Act 1894, the township of Pilkington was dissolved and its area divided between the then County Borough of Bury, Radcliffe Urban District, Whitefield Urban District, Outwood township and Unsworth township. It was bounded on two sides, the southwest and north, by the River Irwell, and encompassed the settlements of Blackford Bridge, Cinder Hill, Hollins, Besses o' th' Barn, Outwood, Ringley, Stand, Unsworth, and Whitefield. The township was abolished in 1894. Pilkington (ancient township) Pilkington was a township in the parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham, hundred of Salford and county of Lancashire, in northern England. The Pilkington family can be traced from about 1200. The senior line acquired the manor of Bury when Roger Pilkington who died in about 1347, married Alice Bury. Roger Pilkington and his father, also Roger, were present with Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, at the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322. The older Roger was imprisoned and fined, his son secured pardon by undertaking military service abroad.	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Operation Hornbill (World War Two) Operation Hornbill was a proposed commando operation by Australian forces during World War Two. It was proposed by Ivan Lyons following the success of Operation Jaywick. A precursor to Operation Rimau, it was an ambitious plan by Ivan Lyon to sabotage Japanese military operations in the Pacific by using so called 'Snake Boats'; a craft made to look like an Asian junk, which were to be built in Melbourne, Australia. A number of folboats and fifteen one-man submersible canoes, called ‘Sleeping Beauties’ (SBs) were to be deployed from the junks. The operation was to be formed and launched from the Allies’ strategic area of the Nautilus islands. Addendum to the above. ‘Sleeping Beauties’ were the adopted codename, they were Motor Submersible Canoes (MSC's) electrically propelled but could be sailed or paddled. Whilst the SBs were to be British, they planned to use folboats (Folding kayak)s built in Melbourne, Australia, as Lyon's 2IC, Lieutenant Donald Davidson RNVR, RANVR, was not happy with the British folboats brought over and used for Operation Jaywick. They had a lot of trouble simply putting them together, then Lyon's was damaged beyond proper repair when he collided with Davidson’s during a try-out. As the Melbourne Hoehn design MKIII folboat became very well regarded for performance by Australian Commandos and proved to be very reliable in various sea and river operations, they were chosen and used for Operation Rimau (Rimau was formerly known as 'The Second Singapore Raid' before official secrecy was lifted). With the preparation for Hornbill and future Australian based raids, three other small portable craft designs were submitted to the army, namely by Slazengers, Webb and Barr, but all were rejected mainly for poor seaworthiness and lack of manoeverability. Serviceman Sapper Webb's 'collapsible canoe', of which 20 were built by Hedleys Folboat section for army testing, were found to be extremely unstable in any but flat water and also infringed Hoehn's patent. ‘Special Operations Executive’ (SOE), the British clandestine warfare agency, was behind Ivan Lyon’s scheme, but because of the shortage of required submarines to help reconnoiter and deploy the small craft, and the growing complexity of the plan, the project was eventually shelved. Operation Hornbill (World War Two) Operation Hornbill was a proposed commando operation by Australian forces during World War Two. It was proposed by Ivan Lyons following the success of Operation Jaywick. A precursor to Operation	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Luis Guevara Mora Luis Ricardo Guevara Mora (born 2 September 1961) is a Salvadoran former football goalkeeper. Nicknamed "el Negro", he became a member of the El Salvador national team and represented his country at the 1982 FIFA World Cup. Guevara remains one of El Salvador's best goalkeepers. He was known for his outstanding reflexes, leaping ability and acrobatic style of play, as well as his controversial antics off the field, which also earned him another nickname, 'el Loco'. He is the all-time cap leader for El Salvador national team. In his early years, Guevara was a baseball and basketball enthusiast despite future national team goalkeeper Raúl Antonio García being one of his friends in school. He was tempted to train with Coca-Cola by former national team goalkeeper Raúl Magaña and then joined Platense to make his senior league debut at 16 years. He then played for Atlético Marte. He played for Once Lobos and again for Marte but since the fans still blamed him for the 10–1 drubbing by Hungary he left for Guatemala in the end, to play for Club Xelajú MC and Aurora FC. He only returned to his country after five years and spent time again at Atlético Marte before retiring at Alianza in 2000. He then became goalkeeper coach at the national team but returned to Atlético Marte as a player/coach when they were relegated to the Salvadoran Second Division. Finally, he retired again at San Salvador F.C. to become a manager. At the age of 17, he was called up to play a friendly game against Panama in April 1979. He became the youngest goalkeeper in the national team's history. Prior to the 1982 World Cup finals, during the qualification rounds, he only conceded one goal and played in a memorable victory against Mexico. At the finals tournament in Spain, he became one of the youngest goalkeepers to participate in the World Cup. In the first round, El Salvador lost to Hungary 10–1, and Guevara became the goalkeeper with the most goals scored against in a single match, a record that stands as of 2014. He played 91 times for his national team in which he earned 50 senior caps. He represented his country in 13 World Cup qualification matches. His final international game was a November 1996 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Panama. Guevara is married to Flor de María and the couple have three children: Luis Ricardo, Ana Luisa and Gabriel Sebastián. Luis Guevara Mora Luis Ricardo Guevara Mora (born 2 September 1961) is a Salvadoran former football goalkeeper. Nicknamed "el Negro", he became a member of the El Salvador national team and represented his country at the 1982 FIFA World Cup. Guevara remains one of El Salvador's best goalkeepers. He was known for his outstanding reflexes, leaping ability and acrobatic style of play, as well as his controversial antics off the field, which also earned him another nickname, 'el Loco'. He is the all-time cap leader for El Salvador national	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Richard Wright (author) Richard Nathaniel Wright (September 4, 1908 – November 28, 1960) was an American author of novels, short stories, poems, and non-fiction. Much of his literature concerns racial themes, especially related to the plight of African Americans during the late 19th to mid-20th centuries, who suffered discrimination and violence in the South and the North. Literary critics believe his work helped change race relations in the United States in the mid-20th century. Richard Nathaniel Wright was born on September 4, 1908, at Rucker's Plantation, between the train town of Roxie and the larger river city of Natchez, Mississippi. His memoir, "Black Boy," covers the interval in his life from 1912 until May 1936. He was the son of Nathan Wright (c. 1880–c. 1940) and Ella (Wilson) (b. 1884 Mississippi – d. Jan 13, 1959 Chicago, Illinois). His parents were born free after the Civil War; both sets of his grandparents had been born into slavery and freed as a result of the war. Each of his grandfathers had taken part in the US Civil War and gained freedom through service: his paternal grandfather Nathan Wright (1842–1904) had served in the 28th United States Colored Troops; his maternal grandfather Richard Wilson (1847–1921) escaped from slavery in the South to serve in the US Navy as a Landsman in April 1865. Richard's father left the family when he was six years old, and he did not see him for 25 years. In 1916 his mother Ella moved with Richard and his younger brother to live with her sister Maggie (Wilson) and her husband Silas Hoskins (born 1882) in Elaine, Arkansas. This was also in the area of the Mississippi Delta and former cotton plantations. The Wrights were forced to flee after Silas Hoskins "disappeared," reportedly killed by a white man who coveted his successful saloon business. After his mother became incapacitated by a stroke, Richard was separated from his younger brother and lived briefly with another uncle. At the age of 12, he had not yet had a single complete year of schooling. Soon Richard and his mother moved to the home of his maternal grandmother in the state capital, Jackson, Mississippi, where he lived from early 1920 until late 1925. There he was finally able to attend school regularly. After a year, at the age of 13 he entered the Jim Hill public school, where he was promoted to sixth grade after only two weeks. In his grandparents' pious, Seventh-Day Adventist household, Richard felt stifled by his aunt and grandmother, who tried to force him to pray so that he might find God. He later threatened to leave home because his Grandmother Wilson refused to permit him to work on Saturdays, the Adventist Sabbath. This early strife with his aunt and grandmother left him with a permanent, uncompromising hostility toward religious solutions to everyday problems. At the age of 15, while in eighth grade, Wright published his first story, "The Voodoo of Hell's Half-Acre", in the local Black newspaper "Southern Register." No copies survive. In Chapter 7 of "Black Boy", he described the story as about a villain who sought a widow's home, . After excelling in grade school and junior high, in 1923, Wright earned the position of class valedictorian of Smith Robertson junior high school. He was assigned to write a paper to be delivered at graduation in a public auditorium. Later, he was called to the principal's office, where the principal gave him a prepared speech to present in place of his own. Richard challenged the principal, saying "the people are coming to hear the students, and I won't make a speech that you've written." The principal threatened him, suggesting that Richard might not be allowed to graduate if he persisted, despite having passed all the examinations. He also tried to entice Richard with an opportunity to become a teacher. Determined not to be called an Uncle Tom, Richard refused to deliver the principal's address, written to avoid offending the white school district officials. The principal put pressure on one of Richard's uncles to speak to the boy and get him to change his mind, but Richard continued to be adamant about presenting his own speech, and refused to let his uncle edit it. Despite pressure even from his classmates, Richard delivered his speech as he had planned. In September that year, Wright registered for mathematics, English, and history courses at the new Lanier High School, constructed for black students in Jackson. (The state had segregated schools under its Jim Crow laws.) He had to stop attending classes after a few weeks of irregular attendance because he needed to earn money for family expenses. The next year, at the age of 17, Wright moved on his own to Memphis, Tennessee, in November 1925. He studied at the Howe Institute. He planned to have his mother come to live with him when he could support her. In 1926, his mother and younger brother rejoined him. Shortly thereafter, Richard resolved to leave the Jim Crow South and go to Chicago. His family joined the Great Migration, when tens of thousands of blacks left the South to seek opportunities in the more economically prosperous northern and mid-western industrial cities. Wright's childhood in Mississippi, as well as in Memphis, Tennessee, and Elaine, Arkansas, shaped his lasting impressions of American racism. Wright and his family moved to Chicago in 1927. After securing employment as a United States postal clerk, during his time off, he read other writers and studied their styles. When he was fired from the post office during the Great Depression, Wright was forced to go on relief in 1931. In 1932, he began attending meetings of the John Reed Club. As the club was dominated by the Communist Party, Wright established a relationship with several party members. Especially interested in the literary contacts made at the meetings, Wright formally joined the Communist Party in late 1933. As a revolutionary poet, he wrote numerous proletarian poems ("We of the Red Leaves of Red Books", for example), for "The New Masses" and other left-wing periodicals. A power struggle within the Chicago chapter of the John Reed Club had led to the dissolution of the club's leadership; Wright was told he had the support of the club's party members if he was willing to join the party. By 1935, Wright had completed the manuscript of his first novel, "Cesspool", which was published posthumously as "Lawd Today" (1963). In January 1936 his story "Big Boy Leaves Home" was accepted for publication in "New Caravan." In February of that year, he began working with the National Negro Congress. In April he chaired the South Side Writers Group, whose members included Arna Bontemps and Margaret Walker. Wright submitted some of his critical essays and poetry to the group for criticism and read aloud some of his short stories. Through the club, he edited "Left Front," a magazine that the Communist Party shut down in 1937, despite Wright's repeated protests. Throughout this period, Wright continued to contribute to "The New Masses" magazine. Pleased by his positive relations with white Communists in Chicago, Wright was later humiliated in New York City by some white party members who rescinded an offer to find housing for him when they learned his race. Some black Communists denounced Wright as a "bourgeois intellectual," but he was largely autodidactic. He had been forced to end his public education after completing junior high school to support his mother and brother. Wright insisted that young communist writers be given space to cultivate their talents and he had a working relationship with a black nationalist communist; these factors led to a public falling out with the party and leading members. Wright later described this episode through his fictional character Buddy Nealson, an African-American communist in his book "Black Boy." The relations with the party turned violent: Wright was threatened at knife point by fellow-traveler co-workers, denounced as a Trotskyite	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
an offer to find housing for him when they learned his race. Some black Communists denounced Wright as a "bourgeois intellectual," but he was largely autodidactic. He had been forced to end his public education after completing junior high school to support his mother and brother. Wright insisted that young communist writers be given space to cultivate their talents and he had a working relationship with a black nationalist communist; these factors led to a public falling out with the party and leading members. Wright later described this episode through his fictional character Buddy Nealson, an African-American communist in his book "Black Boy." The relations with the party turned violent: Wright was threatened at knife point by fellow-traveler co-workers, denounced as a Trotskyite in the street by strikers, and physically assaulted by former comrades when he tried to join them during the 1936 May Day march. In 1937, Wright moved to New York, where he forged new ties with some Communist Party members. He worked on the Federal Writers' Project guidebook to the city, "New York Panorama" (1938), and wrote the book's essay on Harlem. Wright became the Harlem editor of the "Daily Worker," a Communist newspaper. Through the summer and fall he wrote more than 200 articles for the "Daily Worker" and helped edit a short-lived literary magazine "New Challenge." The year was also a landmark for Wright because he met and developed a friendship with writer Ralph Ellison that would last for years. He was awarded the "Story" magazine first prize of $500 for his short story "Fire and Cloud". After receiving the "Story" prize in early 1938, Wright shelved his manuscript of "Lawd Today" and dismissed his literary agent, John Troustine. He hired Paul Reynolds, the well-known agent of poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, to represent him. Meanwhile, the Story Press offered the publisher Harper all of Wright's prize-entry stories for a book, and Harper agreed to publish the collection. Wright gained national attention for the collection of four short stories entitled "Uncle Tom's Children" (1938). He based some stories on lynching in the Deep South. The publication and favorable reception of "Uncle Tom's Children" improved Wright's status with the Communist party and enabled him to establish a reasonable degree of financial stability. He was appointed to the editorial board of "New Masses." Granville Hicks, a prominent literary critic and Communist sympathizer, introduced him at leftist teas in Boston. By May 6, 1938, excellent sales had provided Wright with enough money to move to Harlem, where he began writing the novel "Native Son," which he published in 1940. Based on his collected short stories, Wright applied for and was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, which gave him a stipend allowing him to complete "Native Son." During this period, he rented a room in the home of friends Herbert and Jane Newton (an interracial couple and prominent Communists whom Wright had known in Chicago.) They had moved to New York and lived at 109 Lefferts Place in Brooklyn in the Fort Greene neighborhood. After publication, "Native Son" was selected by the Book of the Month Club as its first book by an African-American author. It was a daring choice. The lead character, Bigger Thomas, was a person bound by the limitations that society placed on African Americans. He gained his own agency and self-knowledge only by committing heinous acts. Wright was criticized for his concentration on violence in his works. In the case of "Native Son," people complained that he portrayed a black man in ways that seemed to confirm whites' worst fears. The period following publication of "Native Son" was a busy time for Wright. In July 1940 he went to Chicago to do research for a folk history of blacks to accompany photographs selected by Edwin Rosskam. While in Chicago he visited the "American Negro Exhibition" with Langston Hughes, Arna Bontemps and Claude McKay. He traveled to Chapel Hill, North Carolina, to collaborate with playwright Paul Green on a dramatic adaptation of "Native Son." In January 1941 Wright received the prestigious Spingarn Medal of the NAACP for noteworthy achievement. His play "Native Son" opened on Broadway in March 1941, with Orson Welles as director, to generally favorable reviews. Wright also wrote the text to accompany a volume of photographs chosen by Rosskam, which were almost completely drawn from the files of the Farm Security Administration. The FSA had employed top photographers to travel around the country and capture images of Americans. Their collaboration, "Twelve Million Black Voices: A Folk History of the Negro in the United States," was published in October 1941 to wide critical acclaim. Wright's memoir "Black Boy" (1945) described his early life from Roxie up until his move to Chicago at age 19. It included his clashes with Seventh-day Adventist family, his troubles with white employers, and social isolation. It also describes his intellectual journey through these struggles. "American Hunger", which was published posthumously in 1977, was originally intended by Wright as the second volume of "Black Boy." The Library of America edition of 1991 finally restored the book to its original two-volume form. "American Hunger" detailed Wright's participation in the John Reed Clubs and the Communist Party, which he left in 1942. The book implied he left earlier, but he did not announce his withdrawal until 1944. In the book's restored form, Wright used the diptych structure to compare the certainties and intolerance of organized communism, which condemned "bourgeois" books and certain members, with similar restrictive qualities of fundamentalist organized religion. Wright disapproved of Josef Stalin's Great Purge in the Soviet Union, but he continued to believe in far-left democratic solutions to political problems. Following a stay of a few months in Québec, Canada, including a lengthy stay in the village of Sainte-Pétronille on the Île d'Orléans, Wright moved to Paris in 1946. He became a permanent American expatriate. In Paris, he became friends with French writers Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. His Existentialist phase was expressed in his second novel, "The Outsider" (1953), which described an African-American character's involvement with the Communist Party in New York. He also became friends with fellow expatriate writers Chester Himes and James Baldwin. His relationship with the latter ended in acrimony after Baldwin published his essay "Everybody's Protest Novel" (collected in "Notes of a Native Son"), in which he criticized Wright's portrayal of Bigger Thomas as stereotypical. In 1954 Wright published "Savage Holiday," considered a minor novel. After becoming a French citizen in 1947, Wright continued to travel through Europe, Asia, and Africa. He drew material from these trips for numerous nonfiction works. In 1949, Wright contributed to the anti-communist anthology "The God That Failed;" his essay had been published in the "Atlantic Monthly" three years earlier and was derived from the unpublished portion of "Black Boy." He was invited to join the Congress for Cultural Freedom, which he rejected, correctly suspecting that it had connections with the CIA. Fearful of links between African Americans and communists, the FBI had Wright under surveillance starting in 1943. With the heightened communist fears of the 1950s, Wright was blacklisted by Hollywood movie studio executives. But in 1950, he starred as the teenager Bigger Thomas (Wright was 42) in an Argentinian film version of "Native Son." In mid-1953, Wright traveled to the Gold Coast, where Kwame Nkrumah was leading the country to independence from British rule, to be established as Ghana. Before Wright returned to Paris, he gave a confidential report to the United States consulate in Accra on what he had learned about Nkrumah and his political party. After Wright returned to Paris, he met twice with an	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
which he rejected, correctly suspecting that it had connections with the CIA. Fearful of links between African Americans and communists, the FBI had Wright under surveillance starting in 1943. With the heightened communist fears of the 1950s, Wright was blacklisted by Hollywood movie studio executives. But in 1950, he starred as the teenager Bigger Thomas (Wright was 42) in an Argentinian film version of "Native Son." In mid-1953, Wright traveled to the Gold Coast, where Kwame Nkrumah was leading the country to independence from British rule, to be established as Ghana. Before Wright returned to Paris, he gave a confidential report to the United States consulate in Accra on what he had learned about Nkrumah and his political party. After Wright returned to Paris, he met twice with an officer from the US State Department. The officer's report includes what Wright had learned from Nkrumah adviser George Padmore about Nkrumah's plans for the Gold Coast after independence. Padmore, a Trinidadian living in London, believed Wright to be a good friend. His many letters in the Wright papers at Yale's Beinecke Library attest to this, and the two men continued their correspondence. Wright's book on his African journey, "Black Power," was published in 1954; its London publisher was Dennis Dobson, who also published Padmore's work. Whatever political motivations Wright had for reporting to American officials, he was also an American who wanted to stay abroad and needed their approval to have his passport renewed. According to Wright biographer Addison Gayle, a few months later Wright talked to officials at the American embassy in Paris about people he had met in the Communist Party; at the time these individuals were being prosecuted in the US under the Smith Act. Historian Carol Polsgrove explored why Wright appeared to have little to say about the increasing activism of the civil rights movement during the 1950s in the United States. She found that Wright was under what his friend Chester Himes called "extraordinary pressure" to avoid writing about the US. As "Ebony" magazine delayed publishing his essay, "I Choose Exile," Wright finally suggested publishing it in a white periodical. He believed that "a white periodical would be less vulnerable to accusations of disloyalty." He thought the "Atlantic Monthly" was interested, but in the end, the piece went unpublished. In 1955, Wright visited Indonesia for the Bandung Conference. He recorded his observations on the conference as well as on Indonesian cultural conditions in "The Color Curtain: A Report on the Bandung Conference." Wright was enthusiastic about the possibilities posed by this meeting of newly independent, former colonial nations. He gave at least two lectures to Indonesian cultural groups, including PEN Club Indonesia, and he interviewed Indonesian artists and intellectuals in preparation to write "The Color Curtain." Several Indonesian artists and intellectuals whom Wright met, later commented on how he had depicted Indonesian cultural conditions in his travel writing. Other works by Richard Wright included "White Man, Listen!" (1957); a novel "The Long Dream" (1958), which was adapted as a play and produced in New York in 1960 by Ketti Frings. It explores the relationship between a man named Fish and his father. A collection of short stories, "Eight Men," was published posthumously in 1961, shortly after Wright's death. These works dealt primarily with the poverty, anger, and protests of northern and southern urban black Americans. His agent, Paul Reynolds, sent strongly negative criticism of Wright's 400-page "Island of Hallucinations" manuscript in February 1959. Despite that, in March Wright outlined a novel in which his character Fish was to be liberated from racial conditioning and become dominating. By May 1959, Wright wanted to leave Paris and live in London. He felt French politics had become increasingly submissive to United States pressure. The peaceful Parisian atmosphere he had enjoyed had been shattered by quarrels and attacks instigated by enemies of the expatriate black writers. On June 26, 1959, after a party marking the French publication of "White Man, Listen!," Wright became ill. He suffered a virulent attack of amoebic dysentery, probably contracted during his 1953 stay on the Gold Coast. By November 1959 his wife had found a London apartment, but Wright's illness and "four hassles in twelve days" with British immigration officials ended his desire to live in England. On February 19, 1960, Wright learned from his agent Reynolds that the New York premiere of the stage adaptation of "The Long Dream" received such bad reviews that the adapter, Ketti Frings, had decided to cancel further performances. Meanwhile, Wright was running into added problems trying to get "The Long Dream" published in France. These setbacks prevented his finishing revisions of "Island of Hallucinations," for which he was trying to get a publication commitment from Doubleday and Sons. In June 1960, Wright recorded a series of discussions for French radio, dealing primarily with his books and literary career. He also addressed the racial situation in the United States and the world, and specifically denounced American policy in Africa. In late September, to cover extra expenses for his daughter Julia's move from London to Paris to attend the Sorbonne, Wright wrote blurbs for record jackets for Nicole Barclay, director of the largest record company in Paris. In spite of his financial straits, Wright refused to compromise his principles. He declined to participate in a series of programs for Canadian radio because he suspected American control. For the same reason, he rejected an invitation from the Congress for Cultural Freedom to go to India to speak at a conference in memory of Leo Tolstoy. Still interested in literature, Wright helped Kyle Onstott get his novel "Mandingo" (1957) published in France. Wright's last display of explosive energy occurred on November 8, 1960, in his polemical lecture, "The Situation of the Black Artist and Intellectual in the United States," delivered to students and members of the American Church in Paris. He argued that American society reduced the most militant members of the black community to slaves whenever they wanted to question the racial status quo. He offered as proof the subversive attacks of the Communists against "Native Son" and the quarrels which James Baldwin and other authors sought with him. On November 26, 1960, Wright talked enthusiastically with Langston Hughes about his work "Daddy Goodness" and gave him the manuscript. He died in Paris on November 28, 1960, of a heart attack at the age of 52. He was interred in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery. Wright's daughter Julia has claimed that her father was murdered. A number of Wright's works have been published posthumously. In addition, some of Wright's more shocking passages dealing with race, sex, and politics were cut or omitted before original publication of works during his lifetime. In 1991, unexpurgated versions of "Native Son," "Black Boy," and his other works were published. In addition, in 1994, his novella "Rite of Passage" was published for the first time. In the last years of his life, Wright had become enamored of the Japanese poetic form haiku and wrote more than 4,000 such short poems. In 1998 a book was published ("Haiku: This Other World") with 817 of his own favorite haikus. Many of these haikus have an uplifting quality even as they deal with coming to terms with loneliness, death, and the forces of nature. A collection of Wright's travel writings was published by Mississippi University Press in 2001. At his death, Wright left an unfinished book, "A Father's Law," dealing with a black policeman and the son he suspects of murder. His daughter Julia Wright published "A Father's Law" in January 2008. An omnibus edition containing Wright's political works was published under the title "Three Books	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
was published for the first time. In the last years of his life, Wright had become enamored of the Japanese poetic form haiku and wrote more than 4,000 such short poems. In 1998 a book was published ("Haiku: This Other World") with 817 of his own favorite haikus. Many of these haikus have an uplifting quality even as they deal with coming to terms with loneliness, death, and the forces of nature. A collection of Wright's travel writings was published by Mississippi University Press in 2001. At his death, Wright left an unfinished book, "A Father's Law," dealing with a black policeman and the son he suspects of murder. His daughter Julia Wright published "A Father's Law" in January 2008. An omnibus edition containing Wright's political works was published under the title "Three Books from Exile: Black Power; The Color Curtain; and White Man, Listen!" In August 1939, with Ralph Ellison as best man, Wright married Dhimah Rose Meidman, a modern-dance teacher of Russian Jewish ancestry, but the marriage ended a year later. On March 12, 1941, he married Ellen Poplar "née" Poplowitz, a Communist organizer from Brooklyn. They had two daughters: Julia born in 1942 and Rachel in 1949. Ellen Wright, who died on April 6, 2004, aged 92, was the executor of the Richard Wright Estate and, in that capacity, she sued a biographer, the poet and writer Margaret Walker, in "Wright v. Warner Books, Inc." She was also a literary agent in her own right (as their daughter Julia Wright has noted), numbering among her clients Simone de Beauvoir, Eldridge Cleaver, Violette Leduc, and others. "Black Boy" became an instant best-seller upon its publication in 1945. Wright's stories published during the 1950s disappointed some critics, who said that his move to Europe had alienated him from African Americans and separated him from his emotional and psychological roots. Many of Wright's works failed to satisfy the rigid standards of New Criticism during a period when the works of younger black writers gained in popularity. During the 1950s Wright grew more internationalist in outlook. While he accomplished much as an important public literary and political figure with a worldwide reputation, his creative work did decline. While interest in "Black Boy" ebbed during the 1950s, this has remained one of his best selling books. Since the late 20th century, critics have had a resurgence of interest in it. "Black Boy" remains a vital work of historical, sociological, and literary significance whose seminal portrayal of one black man's search for self-actualization in a racist society strongly influenced the works of African-American writers who followed, such as James Baldwin and Ralph Ellison. It is generally agreed that Wright's influence in "Native Son" is not a matter of literary style or technique. Rather, he affected ideas and attitudes, and his work has been a force in the social and intellectual history of the United States in the last half of the 20th century. "Wright was one of the people who made me conscious of the need to struggle", said writer Amiri Baraka. During the 1970s and 1980s, scholars published critical essays about Wright in prestigious journals. Richard Wright conferences were held on university campuses from Mississippi to New Jersey. A new film version of "Native Son," with a screenplay by Richard Wesley, was released in December 1986. Certain Wright novels became required reading in a number of American high schools, universities and colleges. "Recent critics have called for a reassessment of Wright's later work in view of his philosophical project. Notably, Paul Gilroy has argued that 'the depth of his philosophical interests has been either overlooked or misconceived by the almost exclusively literary enquiries that have dominated analysis of his writing'." "His most significant contribution, however, was his desire to accurately portray blacks to white readers, thereby destroying the white myth of the patient, humorous, subservient black man." Wright was featured in a 90-minute documentary about the WPA Writers' Project entitled "Soul of a People: Writing America's Story" (2009). His life and work during the 1930s is highlighted in the companion book, "Soul of a People: The WPA Writers' Project Uncovers Depression America". Richard Wright (author) Richard Nathaniel Wright (September 4, 1908 – November 28, 1960) was an American author of novels, short stories, poems, and non-fiction. Much of	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
2001–02 Milwaukee Bucks season The 2001–02 NBA season was the Bucks' 34th season in the National Basketball Association. During the offseason, the Bucks signed free agent Anthony Mason to shore up their front line. After advancing to the Eastern Conference Finals last year, the Bucks got off to a solid start winning nine of their first ten games, then posted an 8-game winning streak with a division-leading record of 26–13 as of January 21. Scoring leader Ray Allen was selected for the 2002 NBA All-Star Game. At midseason, the team signed free agent Greg Anthony, who was released by the Chicago Bulls. However, with a 35–25 record as of March 6, the Bucks would struggle and proceed to lose 16 of their final 22 games and miss the playoffs, finishing fifth in the Central Division with a 41–41 record, thanks to an embarrassing 123–89 road loss to the Detroit Pistons to close out the season. This was one of the biggest late-season collapses for a team that was contending for a Division title in March. Following the season, Glenn Robinson was traded to the Atlanta Hawks, and Anthony retired. 2001–02 Milwaukee Bucks season The 2001–02 NBA season was the Bucks'	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Vladimir Arenev Vladimir Arenev (, is a pen name of Ukrainian science fiction, fantasy award winning writer, journalist and screenwriter Vladimir Puziy. Writes in Russian and Ukrainian languages, resides in Kiev, Ukraine. Vladimir Konstantinovich Puziy () was born October 1, 1978 in Kiev. In school he was very fond of biology, attended young naturalists group at Kiev Zoo, admired Gerald Durrell and James Herriot, and seriously engaged in keeping exotic amphibians and insects in vivarium at home. In 1995 applied to Biological faculty, but failed. For the next year Arenev worked as a sweeper at Kiev Zoo. In 1996 he successfully applied to Institute of Journalism of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. After receiving Master’s Degree with distinction he started teaching the history of literature and numerous students’ courses on writing skills. For the time being Arenev has 21 books published in Ukrainian and Russian. His numerous short stories and novellas have been published in Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, Estonian, French and English (more than 150 publications in periodicals and anthologies). Debuted in fiction in 1998 with science fiction short story "Guardian Angel" () published in the first issue "Maidan XXI" anthology. First usage of pen-name Vladimir Arenev dates 2000, when he started a series of typical mainstream post-Tolkien fantasy. This period ended at 2005 and after a pause Arenev changed the format, working on fiction with a social narrative since 2008. Arenev’s short stories and novellas were published at such anthologies as "Best of the year" () and "New Legends" () at Azbuka Publishing House (), "SF&Fantasy" () at AST, "Fantasy" () at Eksmo, and in several magazines in Ukraine, Russia, Lithuania, Germany and Poland. Under his name Vladimir Puziy is known as awarded literary critic and book reviewer, lecturer at SF&Fantasy conventions on Literary criticism issues. Also works as a freelance journalist for newspapers and magazines in Kiev, Moscow and Saint-Petersburg. Arenev also participated in editorial process of numerous fiction anthologies. Currently supervises and edits the "Dark fantasy" series of ‘Ripol-classic’ () Publishing House, Moscow. He wrote forewords and afterwords to the books of the well-known fantasy writers Maryna and Serhiy Dyachenko, H. L. Oldie, Jacek Piekara, Dmytro Skiriuk. Translated Glen Cook’s "Tides Elba" short story and Andrzej Sapkowski’s "Spanienkreuz" into Russian (2011). Translation editor of Jacek Dukaj’s short novel "Serce Mroku", Jakub Nowak’s short novel () and Jacek Piekara’s novels about published in Russia. Vladimir Arenev was awarded with various literary awards in the science fiction and fantasy in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Europe. Featured awards are: Vladimir Arenev Vladimir Arenev (, is a pen name of Ukrainian science fiction, fantasy award winning writer, journalist and screenwriter Vladimir Puziy. Writes in Russian and Ukrainian languages, resides in Kiev, Ukraine. Vladimir Konstantinovich Puziy () was born October 1, 1978 in Kiev. In school he was very fond of biology, attended young naturalists group at Kiev Zoo, admired Gerald Durrell and James Herriot, and seriously engaged in keeping exotic amphibians and insects in vivarium at home.	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
John H. Marsalis John Henry Marsalis (May 9, 1904 – June 26, 1971) was a U.S. Representative from Colorado. Born in McComb, Pike County, Mississippi, Marsalis attended the public schools of McComb, Mississippi. He moved with his parents to Colorado Springs, Colorado, in 1922. Student at the University of Mississippi in 1925 and 1926. He graduated from the University of Colorado Law School in 1934. He was admitted to the bar March 14, 1935, and commenced the practice of law in Pueblo, Colorado. Investigator in district attorney's office in Pueblo in 1935 and 1936. He entered the United States Army May 11, 1942, assigned to the Weather Squadron, United States Air Force, and was discharged on June 16, 1945. Marsalis was elected district attorney, tenth judicial district of Colorado, in 1944 and took oath of office while on furlough January 9, 1945. Assumed duties upon release from Army and served until December 1948. Marsalis was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-first Congress (January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1951). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1950 to the Eighty-second Congress and for election in 1952 to the Eighty-third Congress. He was appointed city attorney December 15, 1952, and served in that capacity until elected district judge, tenth judicial district of Colorado, November 1954. He served in that office until his retirement February 28, 1962. Resided in Pueblo, Colorado, where he died June 26, 1971. He was interred in Roselawn Cemetery. John H. Marsalis John Henry Marsalis (May 9, 1904 – June 26, 1971) was a U.S. Representative from Colorado. Born in McComb, Pike County, Mississippi, Marsalis attended the public schools of McComb, Mississippi. He moved with his parents to Colorado Springs, Colorado, in 1922. Student at the University of Mississippi in 1925 and 1926. He graduated from	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
The Adventurous Four The Adventurous Four is a series of novels written by Enid Blyton. The stories revolve around twins Jill and Mary, their elder brother Tom and their fisher friend Andy. The characters are from World War II England while the stories were set in Scotland. The first book was published in 1941 during wartime. In the modern versions, editors have changed the girls' names to Pippa and Zoe. The books were re-titled in 1998 as "The Adventurous Four Shipwrecked!" and "The Adventurous Four Stranded!". The short story from Enid Blyton's "Omnibus!" was expanded by Clive Dickinson to form a third novel, "The Adventurous Four Trapped!". E. H. Davie and Jessie Land illustrated the two original books. When Tom, Jill and Mary go to stay at a little fishing village in Scotland, the local fisherman's lad, Andy, promises to take them out in his boat. But a storm takes them off course and they end up shipwrecked on a small group of islands. Worse, it seems the islands are being used as a secret submarine base by the enemy. The story is set in World War II and revolves around a potential dangerous enemy base that could attack Britain at any time. First edition: 1941 Publisher: George Newnes Illustrator: E.H. Davie Category: Adventurous Four Genre: Mystery/Adventure Type: Novels/Novelettes The book has had 11 reprints since 1941: When Mary, Jill and Tom are on holiday in Scotland their friend Andy takes them on a sailing trip to the Cliff of Birds; they are unaware that the cliff hides a deadly secret, in the form of gun runners. First edition: 1947 Publisher: George Newnes Illustrator: Jessie Land Category: Adventurous Four Genre: Mystery/Adventure Type: Novels/Novelettes The book has had 11 reprints since 1947: "Omnibus!" is a short story from the "Adventurous Four" series which was extended in 1998 by Clive Dickinson to a full-fledged novel named "The Adventurous Four Trapped!" The book has had one reprint since 1998: The Adventurous Four The Adventurous Four is a series of novels written by Enid Blyton. The stories revolve around twins Jill and Mary, their elder brother Tom and their fisher friend Andy. The characters are from World War II England while the stories were set in Scotland. The first book was published in 1941 during wartime. In the modern versions, editors have changed the girls' names to Pippa and Zoe. The books were re-titled	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Maass wave form In mathematics, Maass wave forms or Maass forms are studied in the theory of automorphic forms. Maass wave forms are complex-valued smooth functions of the upper half plane, which transform in a similar way under the operation of a discrete subgroup formula_1 of formula_2 as modular forms. They are Eigenforms of the hyperbolic Laplace Operator formula_3 defined on formula_4 and satisfy certain growth conditions at the cusps of a fundamental domain of formula_5. In contrast to the modular forms the Maass wave forms need not be holomorphic. They were studied first by Hans Maass in 1949. The group operates on the upper half plane by fractional linear transformations : It can be extended to an operation on formula_9 by defining : The Radon measure defined on formula_4 is invariant under the operation of formula_14. Let formula_5 be a discrete subgroup of formula_16. A fundamental domain for formula_5 is an open set formula_18, so that there exists a system of representatives formula_19 of formula_20 with A fundamental domain for the modular group formula_22 is given by (see Modular form). A function formula_24 is called formula_5-invariant, if formula_26 holds for all formula_27 and all formula_28. For every measurable, formula_5-invariant function formula_30 the equation holds. Here the measure formula_32 on the right side of the equation is the induced measure on the quotient formula_33 The "hyperbolic Laplace operator" on formula_4 is defined as A "Maass wave form" for the group formula_37 is a complex-valued smooth function formula_38 on formula_4 so that If we call formula_38 Maass cusp form. Let formula_38 be a Maass wave form. Since formula_46, formula_47 has a Fourier-expansion of the form formula_48 , with coefficient functions formula_49. It is easy to show that formula_38 is Maass cusp form if and only if formula_51. We can calculate the coefficient functions in a precise way. For this we need the Bessel function formula_52. Definition: The Bessel function formula_52 is defined as formula_54. The integral converges locally uniformly absolutely for formula_55 in formula_56 and the inequality formula_57 holds for all formula_58. Therefore, formula_59 decreases exponentially for formula_60. Furthermore, we have formula_61 for all formula_56 , formula_63. Let formula_64 be the eigenvalue of the Maass wave form f corresponding toformula_65. There is a formula_66 which is unique up to sign such that formula_67. Then the Fourier coefficients of formula_38 are if formula_70. If formula_71 we get Proof: We have formula_73. By the definition of the Fourier coefficients we get for formula_75. Together it follows that for formula_75. In (1) we used that the "n"th Fourier coefficient of formula_78 is formula_79 for the first summation term. In the second term we changed the order of integration and differentiation, which is allowed since f is smooth in y . We get a linear differential equation of second degree : formula_80 For formula_81 one can show, that for every solution formula_38 there exist unique coefficients formula_83 with the property formula_84 . For formula_85 every solution formula_38 is of the form formula_87 for unique formula_88. Here formula_89 and formula_90 are Bessel functions. The Bessel functions formula_91 grow exponentially, while the Bessel functions formula_52 decrease exponentially. Together with the polynomial growth condition 3) we get formula_93 : formula_94 (also formula_95) for a unique formula_96 Even and odd Maass Waveforms : Let formula_97. Then i operates on all functions formula_98 by formula_99. i commutes with the hyperbolic Laplacian. A Maass wave form formula_38 is called even, if formula_101 and odd ifformula_102. If f is a Maass wave form, then formula_103 is an even Maass wave form and formula_104 an odd Maass wave form and it holds that formula_105. Let formula_106 be a Maass cusp form. We define the L-function L of formula_38 as formula_108 . Then the series formula_109 converges for formula_110 and we can continue it to a whole function on formula_111 . If f is even or odd we get formula_112. Here formula_113 if formula_38 is even and formula_115 if formula_38 is odd. Then formula_117 satisfies the functional equation formula_118 . The non-holomorphic Eisenstein-series is defined for formula_28 and formula_120 as formula_121 where formula_122. It can be shown, that formula_123 holds for all formula_124, formula_125 and every formula_126. Therefore, formula_127 operates on the vector space formula_128. Definition : A Maass wave form of weight formula_129 for the group formula_1 is a function formula_131, which is an Eigenform of formula_127 and is of moderate growth at the cusps. The term moderate growth at cusps will need clarification : Let formula_5 be a congruence subgroup. Then formula_134 is a cusp and we say that a function formula_38 aus formula_136is of moderate growth at formula_134, if formula_138 is bounded by a polynomial in y for formula_60. Let formula_140 be another cusp . Then there exists ein formula_141 with formula_142. Let formula_143. One calculates, that formula_144 is an element offormula_145, where formula_146 is the congruence subgroup formula_147. We say formula_38 is of moderate growth at the cusp formula_149, if formula_144 is of moderate growth at formula_134. Ifformula_5 contains a principal congruence subgroup of level formula_153, we say that formula_38 is cuspidal at infinity, if formula_155 holds for all formula_28 . We say that formula_38 is cuspidal at the cusp formula_149, if formula_144 is cuspidal at infinity. If formula_38 is cuspidal at every cusp, we call formula_38 "cusp form". Cuspidal Maass wave forms are called Maass cusp forms. We give a simple example of a Maass wave form of weight formula_162 for the modular group : Example : Let formula_163 be a modular form of weight formula_164 for the group formula_165. Then formula_166 is a Maass wave form of weight formula_167 for the group formula_165. Let formula_5 be a congruence subgroup of formula_170. and let formula_171 be the vector space of all measurable functions formula_98 with formula_173 for all formula_27. Furthermore, define the vector space modulo functions with formula_176. The integral is well definded, since the function formula_177 is formula_5 - invariant. a Hilbert space with scalar product The operator formula_127 can be defined in a vector space formula_182 which is dense in formula_171. There formula_127 is a positive semidefinite symmetric operator. It can be shown, that there exists a unique selfadjoint continuation on formula_171 . We define formula_186 as the space of all cusp forms formula_187. Then formula_127 operates on formula_186 and has a discrete spectrum. The spectrum belonging to the orthogonal complement has a continuous part and can be described with the help of (modified) non-holomorphic Eisenstein series, their meromorphic continuations and their residues. (See Bump or Iwaniec) . If formula_5 is a discrete (torsionfree) subgroup of formula_191, so that the quotient formula_20 is compact, the spectral problem simplifies. This is because a discrete cocompact subgroup has no cusps. Here all of the space formula_171 is a sum of eigenspaces. formula_195 is a unimodular locally compact group with the topology of formula_196. Let formula_5 be a congruence subgroup. Since formula_5 is discrete in formula_16, formula_5 is closed in formula_16. The group formula_16 is unimodular and since the counting measure is a Haar-measure on the discrete group formula_5, formula_5 is also unimodular. By the Quotient Integral Formula there exists a formula_16 - right-invariant Radon measure formula_206 on the locally compact space formula_207. Let formula_194 be the corresponding formula_209 - space. The space formula_194 decomposes into a Hilbert space direct sum where formula_212. The Hilbert-space formula_213 can be embedded isometrically into the Hilbert space formula_214. The	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Here all of the space formula_171 is a sum of eigenspaces. formula_195 is a unimodular locally compact group with the topology of formula_196. Let formula_5 be a congruence subgroup. Since formula_5 is discrete in formula_16, formula_5 is closed in formula_16. The group formula_16 is unimodular and since the counting measure is a Haar-measure on the discrete group formula_5, formula_5 is also unimodular. By the Quotient Integral Formula there exists a formula_16 - right-invariant Radon measure formula_206 on the locally compact space formula_207. Let formula_194 be the corresponding formula_209 - space. The space formula_194 decomposes into a Hilbert space direct sum where formula_212. The Hilbert-space formula_213 can be embedded isometrically into the Hilbert space formula_214. The isometry is given by the map Therefore, all Maass cusp forms for the congruence group formula_5 can be thought of as elements of formula_194. formula_218 is a Hilbert space carrying an operation of the group formula_16, the so-called right regular representation : One can easily show, that formula_19 is a unitary representation of formula_16 on the Hilbert space formula_194. One is interested in a decomposition into irreducible suprepresentations. This is only possible if formula_5 is cocompact. If not, there is also a continuous Hilbert-integral part. The interesting part is, that the solution of this problem also solves the spectral problem of Maass wave forms. (see Bump, C. 2.3) Let formula_19 be a commutative ring with unit and let formula_227 be the group of formula_228 matrices with entries in formula_19 and invertible determinant . Let formula_230 be the ring of rational adeles, formula_231 the ring of the finite (rational) adeles and for a prime number formula_232 let formula_233 be the field of p-adic numbers. Furthermore, let formula_234 be the ring of the p-adic integers (see Adele ring). Define formula_235. Both formula_236 and formula_237 are locally compact unimodular groups if one equips them with the subspace topologies of formula_238 respectively formula_196. The group formula_240 is isomorphic to the group formula_241. Here the product is the resctricted product formula_236, concerning the compact, open subgroups formula_243 of formula_236. Then formula_245 locally compact group, if we equip it with the restricted product topology. The group formula_246 is isomorphic to the group formula_247 and is a locally compact group with the product topology, since formula_245 and formula_237 are both locally compact. Let formula_250 be the ring formula_251. The subgroup formula_252 is a maximal compact, open subgroup of formula_245 and can be thought of as a subgroup of formula_246, when we consider the embedding formula_255. We define formula_256 as the center of formula_257, that means formula_256 is the group of all diagonal matrices of the form formula_259, where formula_260. We think of formula_256 as a subgroup of formula_246 since we can embed the group by formula_263. The group formula_264 is embedded diagonally in formula_246, which is possible, since all four entries of a formula_266 can only have finite amount of prime divisors and therefore formula_267 for all but finitely many prime numbers formula_232. Let formula_269 be the group of all formula_270 with formula_271. (see Adele Ring for a definition of the absolute value of an Idele). One can easily calculate, that formula_264 is a subgroup of formula_269. With the one-to-one map formula_274 we can identify the groups formula_275 and formula_276 with each other. The group formula_264 is dense in formula_245 and discrete in formula_246. The Quotient formula_280 is not compact but has finite Haar-measure. Therefore, formula_264 is a lattice of formula_269 , similar to the classical case of the modular group and formula_2. By harmonic analysis one also gets that formula_269 is unimodular. We now want to embed the classical Maass cusp forms of weight 0 for the modular group into formula_285. This can be achieved with the "strong approximationtheorem", which states, that the map formula_286 is a formula_237 - equivariant homeomorphism. So we get formula_288 and furthermore formula_289. Maass cuspforms of weight 0 for modular group can be embedded into formula_290. By the strong approximation theorem this space is unitary isomorphic to formula_291 which is a subspace of formula_292. In the same way one can embed the classical holomorphic cusp forms. With a small generalization of the approximation theorem, one can embed all Maass cusp forms (as well as the holomorphic cuspforms) of any weight for any congruence subgroup formula_5 in formula_292. We call formula_292 the space of automorphic forms of the adele group. Let formula_19 be a Ring and let formula_297 be the group of all formula_298, where formula_299. This group is isomorphic to the additive group of R. We call a function formula_300 cusp form, if formula_301 holds for almost allformula_302. Let formula_303 (or just formula_304) be the vectorspace of these cusp forms. formula_304 is a closed subspace of formula_292 and it is invariant under the right regular representation of formula_269. One is again intereseted in a decomposition of formula_304 into irreducible closed subspaces . We have the following theorem : The space formula_304 decomposes in a direct sum of irreducible Hilbert-spaces with finite multiplicities formula_310 : formula_311 The calculation of these multiplicities formula_312 is one of the most important and most difficult problems in the theory of automorphic forms. An irreducible representation formula_313 of the group formula_246 is called cuspidal, if it is isomorphic to a subrepresentation of formula_304 ist. An irreducible representation formula_313 of the group formula_246 is called admissible if there exists a compact subgroup formula_318 of formula_319, so that formula_320 for all formula_321. One can show, that every cuspidal representation is admissible. The admissibility is needed to proof the so-called Tensorprodukt-Theorem anzuwenden, which says, that every irreducible, unitary and admissible representation of the group formula_246 is isomorphic to an infinite tensor product formula_323. The formula_324 are irreducible representations of the group formula_236. Almost all of them need to be umramified. (A representation formula_324 of the group formula_236 formula_328 is called unramified, if the vector space formula_329 is not the zero space.) A construction of an infinite tensor product can be found in Deitmar,C.7. Let formula_313 be an irreducible, admissible unitary representation of formula_246. By the tensor product theorem, formula_313 is of the form formula_333 (see cuspidal representations of the adele group) Let formula_334 be a finite set of places containing formula_335 and all ramified places . One defines the global Hecke - function of formula_313 as formula_337 where formula_338 is a so-called local L - function of the local representation formula_324. A construction of local L - functions can be found in Deitmar C. 8.2. If formula_313 is a cuspidal representation, the L-Funktion formula_341 has a meromorphic continuation on formula_111. This is possible, since formula_341, satisfies certain functional equations. Maass wave form In mathematics, Maass wave forms or Maass forms are studied in the theory of automorphic forms. Maass wave forms are complex-valued smooth functions of the upper half plane, which transform in a similar way under the operation of a discrete subgroup formula_1 of formula_2 as modular forms. They are Eigenforms of the hyperbolic Laplace Operator formula_3 defined on formula_4 and satisfy certain growth conditions at the cusps of a fundamental domain of formula_5. In contrast to the modular forms the Maass wave forms need not be holomorphic. They were studied first by	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
2004 Panamanian general election The Republic of Panama held a general election on Sunday, 2 May 2004, electing both a new President of the Republic and a new Legislative Assembly. For the second consecutive election, Martín Torrijos, son of former military ruler Omar Torrijos, was named the candidate of the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD); in 1999, he had lost to Mireya Moscoso. Torrijos ran on a platform of strengthening democracy and negotiating a free trade agreement with the US, and was supported by popular musician and politician Rubén Blades; Torrijos later made Blades the nation's tourism minister. Torrijos' primary rival was Guillermo Endara, who had served as president from 1990 to 1994. Endara ran as the candidate of the Solidarity Party, on a platform of reducing crime and government corruption. Endara and the other candidates also ran a series of negative ads highlighting the PRD's connections with former military ruler Manuel Noriega. Endara finished second in the race, receiving 31% of the vote to Torrijos' 47%. Torrijos assumed office on 1 September 2004. Voters also elected his two vice-presidents, who run on party tickets in conjunction with the presidential candidates. In addition to its president and vice presidents, Panama elected a new Legislative Assembly (78 members), 20 deputies to represent the country at the Central American Parliament, and a string of mayors and other municipal officers. Legislative election results The Panama City mayor race was won also by the PRD. Mayor Juan Carlos Navarro was re-elected. 2004 Panamanian general election The Republic of Panama held a general election on Sunday, 2 May 2004, electing both a new President of the Republic and a new Legislative Assembly. For the second consecutive election, Martín Torrijos, son of former military ruler Omar Torrijos, was named the candidate of the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD);	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Crime Ring (film) Crime Ring is a 1938 American crime drama film directed by Leslie Goodwins from a screenplay by J. Robert Bren and Gladys Atwater, based on a story by Reginald Taviner. The film stars Allan Lane and Frances Mercer, and was produced and distributed by RKO Radio Pictures, released on July 8, 1938. A ring of phony fortune tellers, led by Marvin, "the sightless seer" is in league with racketeers to defraud wealthy clients. Joe Ryan, a reporter, and Judy Allen, an actress agree to help the police by going undercover to expose the ring. Judy poses as a fortune teller, with the help of her friend, Kitty, who is a ventriloquist. While Ryan and Kitty are setting up the trap, Ryan's rich friend, Phoebe Sawyer is duped by Marvin, who along with Lionel Whitmore, a personal finance manager, and Ray Taylor, an attorney. They set her up to take a long voyage, while they forge her name on a power of attorney and steal her fortune. While Phoebe is falling Marvin's ploy, Ryan has successfully convinced the racketeering ring that he has been duped by Judy, and has the goods on them. Smelling a trap, the gangster Jenner has Ryan picked up to be "taken for a ride", by his two fellow gangsters, Dummy and Slim. Ryan is rescued by the police, who were sent by the assistant district attorney, Tom Redwine. Whitmore has Marvin killed, believing that Phoebe has left the country, and puts the plan to liquidate her assets in motion. In order to entrap Whitmore, Redwine has Dummy and slim released, who then, with the help of Phoebe, confronts and arrests Taylor. Hoping to escape, Whitmore kidnaps Judy and Kitty to use as a shield. However, the two girls are rescued by Joe and Redwine, along with the police. (Cast list as per AFI database The working title for the movie was "Cheating the Stars". Les Goodwins had been directing comedy shorts prior to this picture, which marked his directorial debut on a feature film. The film was shot partially at RKO's Encino property in the San Fernando Valley. In June 1938 it was announced that Jack MacKenzie would handle the photography on the picture. At the beginning of June, the release date was announced as July 8. The picture finished filming by mid-May, one day ahead of schedule, and was being edited by the end of the month. As of June 24, the film was still being edited. When the film was released on July 8, it was the 38th picture released by RKO in 1938. The National Legion of Decency rated the film class A-1, making it suitable for general patronage. MacKenzie's was said to have done "...an excellent job on photography." "The Film Daily" said the film was "fast moving" with "plenty of action." They complimented the acting, and felt the plot was well thought out. "Harrison's Reports" gave the film an average review, calling it a fair melodrama, but finding the plot a bit implausible. The magazine did feel that the film maintained its level of suspense. The "Motion Picture Herald" enjoyed the film, calling it topical and promising. Crime Ring (film) Crime Ring is a 1938 American crime drama film directed by Leslie Goodwins from a screenplay by J. Robert Bren and Gladys Atwater, based on a story by Reginald Taviner. The film stars Allan Lane and Frances Mercer, and was produced and distributed by RKO Radio Pictures, released on July 8, 1938. A ring of phony fortune tellers, led by Marvin, "the sightless seer" is in league with	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
The Luck of the Fryrish "The Luck of the Fryrish" is the fourth episode in season three of "Futurama". It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 11, 2001. The episode opens in the mid-1970s, where a young Yancy Fry is jealous of his newborn brother Philip, and copies him in anything he can. In the year 3000, Philip J. Fry is getting fed up with his bad luck in a horse rally. A flashback shows Fry discovering a seven-leaf clover, which grants him extraordinary luck and allows him to beat his brother in any contest, from basketball to breakdancing. Fry sets off, with Leela and Bender, to find his clover in the ruins of Old New York and makes his way to his old house. Back in the 1980s, a teenage Fry hides the seven-leaf clover inside his Ronco record vault in his copy of "The Breakfast Club" soundtrack. In the year 3000, Fry finds and opens the safe, only to discover the clover is missing. He concludes that Yancy must have stolen it. They happen across a statue of whom they believe to be Yancy, with the seven-leaf clover in his lapel. The inscription, "Philip J. Fry - The Original Martian", angers Fry because he believes Yancy stole his name and his dream. Professor Farnsworth pulls up a biographical movie about "Philip J. Fry", where the crew learns that he was a millionaire, rock star, astronaut, and is now buried with the seven-leaf clover in Orbiting Meadows National Cemetery, a graveyard orbiting Earth. A furious Fry sets off to rob Philip J. Fry's grave and recover the clover. The story jumps back to the early 21st century, where an adult Yancy is rummaging through his missing brother's music to find something to play at his wedding. Yancy discovers the seven-leaf clover and takes it. Fry, Leela and Bender reach the grave site and start digging, but Fry knocks loose some moss that is covering part of an inscription on the tombstone. The story jumps back to Yancy, who is discussing naming his newborn son with his wife. Yancy reveals he misses his brother, and gives Fry's clover to his newborn son and names him Philip J. Fry. The inscription on the tomb reads "Here Lies Philip J. Fry, named for his uncle, to carry on his spirit." Bender finds the clover, but an emotionally touched Fry returns it to his nephew's grave. According to executive producer David X. Cohen, the storyboards for this particular episode were color-coded to indicate which scenes were based in the 31st century and which in the 20th century. Cohen also notes that the concept of simultaneously telling two stories set in different times was inspired by "The Godfather Part II". The quantum finish at the race track is a reference to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Additionally, Fry's line, "It's clovering time", is a reference to the catchphrase of the Marvel Comics superhero, the Thing ("It's clobbering time!"). Ron Weiner won an Annie Award for "Outstanding individual achievement for writing in an animated television production" for this episode in 2001. In 2006, IGN.com ranked this episode as number eleven in their list of the top 25 "Futurama" episodes due to the surprising ending and emotional nature of the plot. Christopher Bird of Torontoist called the episode "one of the greatest, saddest and most profound" episodes of "Futurama", noted that it explores themes of loneliness and isolation, and "that it does this without ever becoming maudlin is a triumph." In 2013, it was ranked number 3 "as voted on by fans" for Comedy Central's Futurama Fanarama marathon. In its original airing, this episode had a 4.9 rating/9 share and was in 73rd place for the week. The Luck of the Fryrish "The Luck of the Fryrish" is the fourth episode in season three of "Futurama". It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 11, 2001. The episode opens in the mid-1970s, where a young Yancy Fry is jealous of his newborn brother Philip, and copies him in anything he can. In the year 3000, Philip J. Fry is getting fed up with his bad luck	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Taitao Peninsula The Taitao Peninsula (Spanish: "Península de Taitao") is a westward projection of the mainland of Chile, with which it is connected by the narrow Isthmus of Ofqui, over which the natives and early missionaries were accustomed to carry their boats between the Moraleda Channel and Gulf of Penas. It is situated in the Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region and a part of this peninsula is located inside the boundaries of Laguna San Rafael National Park. The Presidente Ríos Lake, with a surface area of 352 km², lies in the middle of the peninsula. A southward incurving projection of the outer shore-line of this peninsula is known as Tres Montes peninsula, the most southern point of which is a cape of the same name. Taitao Peninsula The Taitao Peninsula (Spanish: "Península de Taitao") is a westward projection of the mainland of Chile, with which it is connected by the narrow Isthmus of Ofqui, over which the natives and early missionaries were accustomed to carry their boats between the Moraleda Channel and Gulf of Penas. It is situated in the Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region and a part of this peninsula is located inside	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Huai Hom Huai Hom () is a village and "tambon" (sub-district) of Mae La Noi District, in Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 4,346 people. The "tambon" contains nine villages. The village is populated by the Pakakayor ethnic group. It is known as the first community in Thailand to raise sheep to produce woollen cloth. US missionaries visiting in 1957 encouraged the inhabitants to raise sheep and grow coffee plants. The 1,000 metre elevation proved to be ideal for the cultivation of Arabica coffee. The king and queen visited the village in 1970 and expressed concern over the level of deforestation and generally low quality of life. In 1978, on a follow-up visit, the king was shown a small stream called Huai Ba Khi. The king suggested the digging of three catch-basins to store water. The villagers spent the next 10 years digging the reservoirs with hoes and shovels. they are still in use providing drinking water to the village. The Mae La Noi Royal Project Development Centre was founded in 1980 to introduce highland crops. The queen helped improve the quality of sheep fleeces by importing breeds better suited to the environment. Huai	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Michel Soutif Michel Soutif (8 July 1921 – 28 June 2016), Officier de la Légion d’honneur, Grand Officier de l’ordre national du Mérite, Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mali, was a French scientist and educator, known for his major contribution to the development of the University of Grenoble in the years following the Second World War. He is also known for his early work on nuclear magnetic resonance, centimetre wavelength radiation (microwaves) and electron spin resonance. He graduated from the Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), and, on completing his thesis, was invited by Louis Néel to a post at the University of Grenoble, where he established the Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique. Both men, Néel and Soutif, understood the importance of the relationship between industry and fundamental research, and of the consequent need to attract new industries to the surrounding region. Soutif’s success in obtaining teaching posts and in reinforcing the discipline of physics at the University of Grenoble was remarkable. He is recognized not only for his scientific achievements but also for the outstanding clarity of his teaching and his mission to spread scientific reason. These were talents that, in the positions of responsibility and decision that he occupied during his career, propelled him to become one of the principal architects of the growth of the University. Michel Soutif was the son of Elise Baudoin and Edmond Soutif, assistant director at the Ministry of Finances, who was in charge of finances of the Paris hospitals. Soutif was educated at the Lycée Michelet (Vanves). In preparation for the "grandes écoles" competition examinations, he subsequently attended the Lycée Saint-Louis, which, at the outbreak of World War II was evacuated to the Lycée des Filles in Tournon. Imprudently (in view of the consequences at that time of failing an entrance examination), and contrary to received practice, Soutif applied to only one of the "grandes écoles", the ENS. He was successful, entering in 1942, and went on to graduate first out of his class. Conditions in occupied Paris during the war were not easy, even dangerous, as many students at the ENS were active in the "résistance". The Soutif family lived in an apartment in Boulevard St Michel, and Soutif's father was, not incorrectly, suspected of involvement. The climate of arbitrariness and uncertainty that prevailed during that period is illustrated by the fact that on returning from ENS one afternoon in 1944, the young Soutif was intercepted by the "concièrge" who warned him that the Gestapo was searching the family apartment and that he must stay out of sight. The Gestapo officer conducted his search of the rooms and his interrogation of Edmond Soutif, using as a support for his notes the folder taken from the writing desk in the apartment. Unable to discover incriminating evidence, they eventually left. But had he only opened the folder, the officer would have found the letters that would certainly have condemned to death not only Soutif's family but also their correspondents. The event served to strengthen Soutif's conviction at the end of the war of the need for peace and collaboration between the nations. During his doctoral thesis at the ENS, Michel Soutif founded the high-frequency laboratory SACM ("societé alsacienne de constructions mécaniques"), later to become Alcatel. With the help of the Centre national d'études des télécommunications (CNET) he built the first Hertzian telephone link connecting Mount Boron (Nice) with Corsica. From these beginnings in 1948, upon Soutif's arrival in the general physics laboratory in Grenoble, a branch of Alcatel dedicated to research into centimeter wavelength radiation was established there. Its generous financing enabled the purchase of a substantial part of the scientific equipment for all the groups in what was later to become the Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique. The invitation extended to Soutif by Néel in 1951 to come to Grenoble was a response to the loss to science in France of the time and the resources that the war had wasted, and to the urgency of enlarging research into the properties of matter through the widest range of possible techniques. On his arrival in Grenoble, Soutif found little equipment in the general physics laboratory but succeeded in recovering an electromagnet from Bordeaux that, inconveniently, required a high current. For the power supply, batteries were salvaged from a captured German submarine and he was then faced with the problem of finding an electrical generator to recharge them. Through improvisation and persuasion, as well as with the help of special funding from the Ministry of Education, he was able to build up a viable laboratory in the following years and attract young research workers recently graduated from the ENS. In 1958 he became head of the General Physics Laboratory. The Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique was founded in 1966. Following the university reform act of Edgar Faure of November 1968, the University of Grenoble was split into its constituent faculties. Soutif succeeded in convincing the Dean of the Medical Faculty, Guy Cabanel of the pertinence of advanced instrumentation in medicine, and of the rationale for merging with the Faculty of Science. Out of this merger arose the "Université Scientifique et Médicale de Grenoble". Soutif was also instrumental in the expansion of physics teaching both in Grenoble and at the "Centre Universitaire de Savoie" in Chambery. In 1971 He was elected president of the "Université Scientifique et Médicale de Grenoble". He encouraged the staff of his laboratory to participate in the Franco-German high flux reactor Institut Laue-Langevin project under construction at the same time on the opposite side of Grenoble that was inspired by Louis Néel and Erwin Lewy-Berthaut from Grenoble, and Heinz Maier-Leibnitz from the Technische Hochschule München, Germany. This international institute, of which Great Britain later became an associate, was to prove a major driving force in the scientific development of Grenoble. During this period, Soutif, with his vision of the importance of new industries, persuaded William Hewlett, a personal friend, to establish an industrial research unit of Hewlett Packard near Grenoble. In a Franco-German project for a European millimetre wavelength interferometer telescope he offered to build its base laboratory, the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, on the campus of Grenoble University. The choice of site for the telescope, the Plateau de Bure Interferometer at 2550 m altitude situated only 60 km from Grenoble followed naturally. In the 1980s a major new scientific player entered the Grenoble scene: the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), which produced its first X-ray beams in 1992. The original decision had been made to locate this powerful light source in Strasbourg. Soutif played an important role in presenting the scientific case to the political authorities, notably Louis Mermaz, to reconsider in favor of Grenoble. The latter choice was finally confirmed by the President of the Republic, François Mitterrand. Michel Soutif, mandated to gauge the opinion of the President of the German Republic on this matter, met with a favorable response. After his retirement, Soutif turned his attention to the history and the development of science, authoring several books on the contribution of Asia, and particularly of China. Between 2004 and 2006 Michel Soutif was president of the Académie Delphinale, a scientific society based in Isère. Until the end of his life he taught at the "Université inter-âge du Dauphiné", where several of his lectures are available online. "La Spectroscopie hertzienne", Dunod (1960). "Physique neutronique", Presses Universitaires de France (1962). "Vibrations, Propagation, Diffusion", Dunod Université (1970). "L'Asie, source de sciences et de techniques", EDP Sciences (1995). "Naissance de la	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
mandated to gauge the opinion of the President of the German Republic on this matter, met with a favorable response. After his retirement, Soutif turned his attention to the history and the development of science, authoring several books on the contribution of Asia, and particularly of China. Between 2004 and 2006 Michel Soutif was president of the Académie Delphinale, a scientific society based in Isère. Until the end of his life he taught at the "Université inter-âge du Dauphiné", where several of his lectures are available online. "La Spectroscopie hertzienne", Dunod (1960). "Physique neutronique", Presses Universitaires de France (1962). "Vibrations, Propagation, Diffusion", Dunod Université (1970). "L'Asie, source de sciences et de techniques", EDP Sciences (1995). "Naissance de la physique, de la Sicile à la Chine", EDP Sciences (2002). "Grenoble, carrefour des sciences et de l'industrie", Collection Les Patrimoines - édition Dauphiné Libéré (2005) "Fondements des civilisations de l'Asie", EDP Sciences - Collection: Sciences et Histoire (2009). "Naissance et diffusion de la physique", EDP Sciences (2014). Hughes Prize and Petit d’Ormoy Prize of the Académie des sciences Robin Prize of the Société française de physique (1966) Three Physicists Prize of the Ecole Normale Supérieure (1979) Grand prix de la coopération scientifique Franco-chinoise de la République populaire de Chine Villemot Prize of the Académie des sciences. (2004) Michel Soutif Michel Soutif (8 July 1921 – 28 June 2016), Officier de la Légion d’honneur, Grand Officier de l’ordre national du Mérite, Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mali, was a French scientist and educator, known for his major contribution to the development of the University of Grenoble in the years following the Second World War. He is also	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Trachycarpeae Trachycarpeae is a tribe of palms in subfamily Coryphoideae of the plant family Arecaceae. It has the widest distribution of any tribe in Coryphoideae and is found on all continents (except Antarctica), though the greatest concentration of species is in Southeast Asia. Trachycarpeae includes palms from both tropical and subtropical zones; the northernmost naturally-occurring palm is a member of this tribe ("Chamaerops humilis"). Several genera can be found in cultivation in temperate areas, for example species of "Trachycarpus", "Chamaerops", "Rhapidophyllum" and "Washingtonia". Palms in this tribe have palmate leaves with induplicate folds (reduplicate in "Guihaia"). Plants may be tall, single-stemmed trees (e.g. "Copernicia", "Brahea", "Pritchardia"), acaulescent with short, squat trunks (e.g. "Maxburretia", "Johannesteijsmannia"), multi-stemmed (e.g. "Rhapis", "Acoelorrhaphe") or branched and prostrate (e.g. "Serenoa"). These palms flower regularly throughout their lives (pleonanthic) and may be dioecious, monoecious or hermaphroditic. Trachycarpeae is one of eight tribes in Coryphoideae. The tribe is monophyletic, but phylogenetic studies have yet to reveal its closest relatives, though they could be the Phoeniceae, or the Sabaleae and Cryosophileae. Initially described as tribe 'Livistoneae', the name Trachycarpeae has priority. In previous classifications, all the members of this tribe were included in tribe Corypheae. Trachycarpeae is divided into two subtribes: Rhapidinae have flowers with three separate carpels, whereas in subtribe Livistoniinae the flower carpels are free at the base, but the styles are fused together. All genera in Rhapidinae are native to the Old World, except North American "Rhapidophyllum". Livistoninae are widely distributed in both the New World and Southeast Asia and Australia. A single species ("Livistona carinensis") occurs in Africa. Several genera in this tribe have yet to be allocated to a subtribe, due to a lack of convincing data from phylogenetic studies. Rhapidinae Livistoninae Unplaced Genera The above classification was published prior to the recognition of the genera "Saribus" and "Lanonia"; however, both are clearly members of subtribe Livistoniinae. "Saribus" includes species formerly in "Livistona" and monotypic "Pritchardiopsis", while "Lanonia" species were previously included in "Licuala". Trachycarpeae Trachycarpeae is a tribe of palms in subfamily Coryphoideae of the plant family Arecaceae. It has the widest distribution of any tribe in Coryphoideae and is found on all continents (except Antarctica), though the greatest concentration of species is in Southeast Asia. Trachycarpeae includes palms from both tropical and subtropical zones; the northernmost naturally-occurring palm is a member of this tribe ("Chamaerops humilis"). Several genera can be found in	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Love Will Find a Way (Delirious? song) 'Love Will Find a Way' is a single from the British rock band, Delirious?, and is taken from their 2008 album, "Kingdom of Comfort". The single was announced at the start of the band's Kingdom of Comfort UK tour, which began in October 2008. It was sold as three discs: two CDs containing different versions of the song, and a DVD which features the music video. It is also available from digital music retailer iTunes Store. It was released on 17 November 2008. It reached No. 55 in the UK charts in its first week. CD1 CD2 DVD Love Will Find a Way (Delirious? song) 'Love Will Find a Way' is a single from the British rock band, Delirious?, and is taken from their 2008 album, "Kingdom of Comfort". The single was announced at the start of the band's Kingdom of Comfort UK tour, which began in October 2008. It was sold as three discs: two CDs containing different versions of the song, and a DVD which features the music video. It is also available from digital music retailer iTunes Store. It was released on 17 November 2008. It reached No. 55 in	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
HMS Saracen (1831) HMS "Saracen" was a "Cherokee"-class brig-sloop of the Royal Navy. Launched 30 January 1831 at the Plymouth Dockyard, at Plymouth, England, this vessel held a gun deck of eight 18-Pounder carronades and two 6-Pounder bow chasers. She also held a crew complement of 75. Henry Worsley Hill served as her commander starting on 15 March 1841. "Saracen" was part of the West Africa Squadron, involved in anti-slavery operations against the Atlantic slave trade from west Africa to the Americas. A list of captures of slave trade ships include: The "Saracen" was later remembered in a postage stamp from Ascension Island. HMS Saracen (1831) HMS "Saracen" was a "Cherokee"-class brig-sloop of the Royal Navy. Launched 30 January 1831 at the Plymouth Dockyard, at Plymouth, England, this vessel held a gun deck of eight 18-Pounder carronades and two 6-Pounder bow chasers. She also held a crew complement of 75. Henry Worsley Hill served as her commander starting on 15 March 1841. "Saracen" was part of the West Africa Squadron, involved in anti-slavery operations against the Atlantic slave trade from west Africa to the Americas. A list of captures of slave trade ships include: The "Saracen" was later remembered in	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
2004 California State Assembly election The 2004 California State Assembly elections were held November 2, 2004. California's State Assembly in its entirety comes up for election in even numbered years. Each seat has a two-year term and members are limited to three 2-year terms (six years). All 80 biennially elected seats in the Assembly were up for election this year. It was expected that the Democrats would retain control of the Assembly, which they did. While some seats were close races, no opposing party challenges to incumbents were successful on either side and thus, there were no changes to the party balance. Final results from the California Secretary of State: 2004 California State Assembly election The 2004 California State Assembly elections were held November 2, 2004. California's State Assembly in its entirety comes up for election in even numbered years. Each seat has a two-year term and members are limited to three 2-year terms (six years). All 80 biennially elected seats in the Assembly were up for election this year. It was expected that the Democrats would retain control of the Assembly, which they did. While some seats were close races, no opposing party challenges to incumbents were successful on	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Basin (chanson de geste) Basin is a "chanson de geste" about Charlemagne's childhood. While the Old French epic poem has been lost, the story has come down to us via a 13th-century Norse prose version in the "Karlamagnús saga". At the death of his father, an angel warns the young Charlemagne to take to the Ardennes and join up with the notorious thief Basin. During their adventures, Charlemagne learns of a plot to kill him and, in the end, the traitors are discovered, Charlemagne is crowned and Basin the thief is rewarded. The traitors in the story (Rainfroi and Helpri) are most likely based on Chilperic and Ragenfrid who were defeated by Charles Martel in 717 CE. It is unknown if the author was acquainted with an 11th-century version of these events called "Passio Agilolfi". In chansons de geste "Berthe aus grans piés" and "Mainet", Rainfroi and Heudri are the illegitimate sons of King Pepin the Short and the false Queen Aliste and therefore the half-brothers of Prince Charlemagne. The names of the traitors in Basin were passed on to two other "chansons de geste" about Charlemagne's youth: "Mainet" and "Berthe aus grans piés". A twelfth century Dutch epic with a similar plot survives as "". Basin (chanson de geste) Basin is a "chanson de geste" about Charlemagne's childhood. While the Old French epic poem has been lost, the story has come down to us via a 13th-century Norse prose version in the "Karlamagnús saga". At the death of his father, an angel warns the young Charlemagne to take to the Ardennes and join up with the notorious thief Basin. During their adventures, Charlemagne learns of a plot to kill him and, in the end, the traitors are discovered, Charlemagne is crowned and Basin the thief is rewarded. The traitors	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Embassy of Japan, Seoul The Embassy of Japan in Seoul () is the diplomatic mission of Japan in South Korea. It is located in Seoul, South Korea's capital. The current embassy was opened in 18 December 1965, following the re-establishment of relations between the two countries, under its first ambassador, Toshikatsu Maeda. In addition to this embassy, Japan also has two consulates in South Korea: one in Busan and one in Jeju. The building has been described as "a large, red brick structure surrounded by high, barbed-wire-topped walls and guarded at all hours by dozens of police officers". In 2015, renovation work begun on the embassy's current building, built in 1976. The embassy is known as the site of numerous South Korean anti-Japanese demonstrations. In 1974 the embassy was ransacked by angry protesters, during a time of heightened tensions between Japan and South Korea. In 2005 two South Koreans sliced off their fingers during a protest related to the Liancourt Rocks dispute, outside the embassy. In 2012 a South Korean driver rammed his truck against the gate of the embassy, claiming it was done to highlight the Liancourt Rocks dispute. Since 1992 the embassy has been a site of weekly Wednesday demonstrations, related to the comfort women issue. The controversial Statue of Peace, related to the comfort women issue, was unveiled in front of the embassy in 2011, causing another lengthy diplomatic row between Japan and South Korea. In 2012 a Chinese man threw four Molotov cocktails at the embassy to voice his anger over the comfort women issue. In 2015 an elderly South Korean man set himself on fire during a weekly Wednesday demonstration. Embassy of Japan, Seoul The Embassy of Japan in Seoul () is the diplomatic mission of Japan in South Korea. It is located in Seoul,	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Francesco Suriano Francesco Suriano (1445-after 1481) was an Italian friar of the Franciscan order, who wrote a guide for travel to the Holy Land. He was born in 1445 to a noble family of Venice. He may have first travelled to Alexandria, Egypt in 1462, as a young man. At age 25, he entered the monastery of San Francesco della Vigna in Venice. His skills at travel may have played a role to his assignment as a guardian in the convent of Beirut, Lebanon in 1480-1481. At sometime in 1485, with the help from a nun, Sister Catherine Guarnieri da Osimo acting as a scribe in the Monastery of St Clares in Foligno, Francesco wrote his treatise: Il trattato di Terra Santa e dell'Oriente By Francesco Suriano, republished in 1900 by Girolamo Golubovich. Suriano’s treatise is tendentious, imbued with a great deal of religiosity, and justifications of the superiority of Catholicism to all other religions. It is also stained by bigotry, aimed at Orthodox Christians, who he viewed as heretical, and Muslims and Jews, who he viewed as despicable. In chapter 1 of the second part, he claims Muhammad was descended of Ishmaelites. For example, he enumerates all the different sects that share the custody of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. But in Chapter 38, he evinces his deep anti-semitism. He claims that among all sects and religions, Jews are maligned and mistreated by all, as is the “just judgement of God’’. Even in Jerusalem, where he claims they committed the sin for which God had dispersed them throughout the world, they suffer and are afflicted. They are splintered into feuding groups. He claims that Muslims hold them in lower regard than Christians, and treat them like dogs, and dare not even touch them. In addition, it claims they often convert to Islam or Orthodoxy in order to gain in disputes with other Jews. He speaks regarding the location of the cave used by Adam and Eve after being expelled from the Garden, the place where Abraham circumscribed Isaac, the church where the Virgen was buried, where Zacharias and Absalom are buried, the house of Caiphas and Anne, the tomb of the site of the last supper, and the houses and burial plots of many biblical figures as if they still stood and were clearly identified. He claims some of the orders are sustained by the patronage of European royalty. He also mentions a trip to Saint Catherine's Monastery in Sinai. The text is often interrupted with prayers, and he discusses miracles and indulgences. He also speaks of spices of indo-Asia and of Portuguese towns in India. He also quotes an epistle sent to Prester John (Prete Ianne), by the guardian of Mount Syon, Paulo de Chanedo. The letter addresses the king in Ethiopia, and sends in 1480 priests and teachers to instruct him in the true faith, and extirpate heresies, including Franciscan priest. He claims the Sultan was fearful of allowing such priest to travel south, because they might cause him to be encircled by Christians. He gives first hand notes of a trip south of Cairo through the Nile for 30 days till arriving to Nachada, from there went west to a town of Acherman, using camels traveled in four days to Chosairo on the Indian Ocean. There they sailed for Sevachim, an Arabian port. From there they went to Achanon, then Alech and Dassi, from where they rode camels to the Moorish town of Menna. From there a trek of fifteen days, they entered Ethiopia and were sent from one prominent man to another, from the town of Maria to Fendun, then Reeldete, then Vaansol. They traveled on mule for nearly two weeks to the Church of the King, and saw an ornate Italianate organ. From there to Chiafeg and Barar, the site of the court. In the court they encountered a number of Italians, who had ventured there in search of jewels and riches, but now found themselves not permitted to leave by the king. He describes Ethiopia as brutish and without invention, almost entirely lacking solid architecture. He describes the soldiers as being branded with the royal symbol. They go shirtless and shoeless. He describes them as pusillanimous in habitus, weak, but zealous in faith and spirit. He speaks of ostriches and Giraffes. The former, he claims, eats iron. The latter. "Giraphe", he describes as "one cubit taller front than back; front legs are longer than hind legs, speckled like leopards...the neck longer than the hind legs, and it is a superb animal and boastful, beautiful to see, the small head, with lively eyes, that brings incredible joy to their caretakers. He travels to the Holy Land a few decades earlier than the account of Pietro Casola. Francesco Suriano Francesco Suriano (1445-after 1481) was	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Buddleja davidii 'Tobudviole' = Buzz Lavender The series of Buddleja davidii cultivars was released to commerce in the UK in 2009, the result of seven years' intensive breeding and selection by Charles Valin of the UK's Thomson & Morgan nursery. ' is also sold as depending on country of sale. The buddlejas make comparatively small, compact, rounded shrubs reaching 1.5 m in height, but still significantly larger than the rival American dwarf 'Blue Chip' series introduced slightly earlier and derived from complex hybrids. cultivars are relative newcomers, but already well established in the UK; they are included in the NCCPG national buddleja collection held by Longstock Park Nursery near Stockbridge, Hampshire.Hardiness: USDA zones 7–9. Buddleja davidii 'Tobudviole' = Buzz Lavender The series of Buddleja davidii cultivars was released to commerce in the UK in 2009, the result of seven years' intensive breeding and selection by Charles Valin of the UK's Thomson & Morgan nursery. ' is also sold as depending on country of sale. The buddlejas make comparatively small, compact, rounded shrubs reaching 1.5 m in height, but still significantly larger than the rival American dwarf 'Blue Chip' series introduced slightly earlier and derived from complex hybrids. cultivars are relative	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Ford 7W The Ford 7W Ten is a car built by Ford UK between 1937 and 1938. The car was an updated version of the Model C Ten with the same 1172 cc engine and three speed gearbox, and used the same transverse leaf front and rear suspension. The chassis now featured a stiffer braced design, and the brakes were mechanical and bought in from Girling. The attractive 7W Ten body style, available in both two and four door configurations and the first small English Ford model with an externally accessed luggage compartment, was the precursor to the first model to carry the 'Prefect' badge in 1939 (albeit in four door form only) and which ran to 1953 as models E93A and E493A. 41,665 7Ws were built. Ford 7W The Ford 7W Ten is a car built by Ford UK between 1937 and 1938. The car was an updated version of the Model C Ten with the same 1172 cc engine and three speed gearbox, and used the same transverse leaf front and rear suspension. The chassis now featured a stiffer braced design, and the brakes were mechanical and bought in from Girling. The attractive 7W Ten body style, available	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Hierarchical classifier A hierarchical classifier is a classifier that maps input data into defined subsumptive output categories. The classification occurs first on a low-level with highly specific pieces of input data. The classifications of the individual pieces of data are then combined systematically and classified on a higher level iteratively until one output is produced. This final output is the overall classification of the data. Depending on application-specific details, this output can be one of a set of pre-defined outputs, one of a set of on-line learned outputs, or even a new novel classification that hasn't been seen before. Generally, such systems rely on relatively simple individual units of the hierarchy that have only one universal function to do the classification. In a sense, these machines rely on the power of the hierarchical structure itself instead of the computational abilities of the individual components. This makes them relatively simple, easily expandable, and very powerful. Many applications exist that are efficiently implemented using hierarchical classifiers or variants thereof. One such example lies in the area of computer vision. Recognizing pictures is something that hierarchical processing can do well. The reason the model is so well fit to this application is that pictures can intuitively be viewed as a collection of components or objects. These objects can be viewed as collections of smaller components like shapes, which can be viewed as collections of lines, and so on. This coincides directly with the way hierarchical processing works. If a simple unit of the processing hierarchy can classify lines into shapes, then an equivalent unit could process shapes into objects (of course, there are some intermediate steps between these, but the idea is there). Thus, if you arrange these generic classifying units in a hierarchical fashion (using a directed acyclic graph), a full step-by-step classification can ensue from pixels of color all the way up to an abstract label of what is in the picture. There are a lot of similar applications that can also be tackled by hierarchical classification such as written text recognition, robot awareness, etc. It is possible that mathematical models and problem solving methods can also be represented in this fashion. If this is the case, future research in this area could lead to very successful automated theorem provers across multiple domains. Such developments would be very powerful, but is yet unclear how exactly these models are applicable. Hierarchical classifier	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
1980–81 Cypriot Second Division The 1980–81 Cypriot Second Division was the 26th season of the Cypriot second-level football league. Evagoras Paphos won their 3rd title. Fourteen teams participated in the 1980–81 Cypriot Second Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first two teams were promoted to 1981–82 Cypriot First Division. The last two teams were relegated to the 1981–82 Cypriot Third Division. Teams received two points for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a loss. Teams promoted to 1980–81 Cypriot First Division Teams relegated from 1979–80 Cypriot First Division Teams promoted from 1979–80 Cypriot Third Division Teams relegated to 1980–81 Cypriot Third Division 1980–81 Cypriot Second Division The 1980–81 Cypriot Second Division was the 26th season of the Cypriot second-level football league. Evagoras Paphos won their 3rd title. Fourteen teams participated in the 1980–81 Cypriot Second Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first two teams were promoted to	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Leonidas D. Robinson Leonidas Dunlap Robinson (April 22, 1867 – November 7, 1941) was a U.S. Representative from North Carolina. Born in Gulledge Township, North Carolina, Robinson attended the common schools. He moved to Wadesboro in 1888. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1889 and practiced in Wadesboro. He served as delegate to every Democratic State convention 1888-1941. He served as mayor of Wadesboro 1890-1893. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1894 and 1900. He was appointed solicitor of the thirteenth judicial district in 1901. Robinson was elected to the same office in 1902 and served in that capacity until 1910, when he resigned. He became president of the Bank of Wadesboro in 1910. He served as delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1912, 1920, and 1924. Robinson was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-fifth and Sixty-sixth Congresses (March 4, 1917 – March 3, 1921). He declined to be a candidate for renomination. He resumed banking and also engaged in agricultural pursuits. He died in Wadesboro, North Carolina, November 7, 1941. He was interred in Eastview Cemetery. Leonidas D. Robinson Leonidas Dunlap Robinson (April 22, 1867 – November 7,	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Elma Napier Elma Napier (née Gordon-Cumming; 23 March 1892 – 12 November 1973), also known as Elma Gibbs and by the pen-name Elizabeth Garner, was a Scottish-born writer and politician who lived most of her life in the Caribbean island of Dominica. She published several novels and memoirs based on her life, and was the first woman elected to a Caribbean parliament. Born Elma Gordon-Cumming in Scotland, the eldest of five siblings born to Sir William Gordon-Cumming, a Lieutenant-Colonel in the 4th Battalion, The Scots Guards (1848–1930) and his wife, Florence Josephine Gordon-Cumming (née Garner; 1870–1922), an heiress whose own fortunes would slump during the marriage. Elma's father was a landowner, soldier, adventurer and socialite. Elma's siblings were: Elma later adopted her mother's maiden name as a pen name. Her Army officer father's reputation had been ruined shortly before her birth, in what became known as the Royal Baccarat Scandal. In 1891, he was accused of cheating in a game of baccarat with the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII), Sir William sued for defamation and lost. As a result of the scandal, Gordon-Cumming was dismissed from the army the day after the trial Elma came to understand that she was expected to rehabilitate the family by entering a good marriage. In 1912, she married Captain Maurice Antony Crutchley Gibbs (1888–1974), a businessman, with whom she had two children: Ronald and Daphne. The couple moved to Australia, where they lived for nine years until Elma met and fell in love with another English businessman, Lennox Pelham Napier (1891–1940). Elma divorced, losing custody of her children in the process. Elma and Lennox married in 1924, and had two more children, Patricia and Michael. The couple remained wed until Lennox's death in 1940. The Napiers first visited Dominica, then a British colony, while on a Caribbean cruise in 1931. They moved there the following year, settling near Calibishie, at a house they built and named Pointe Baptiste. Her daughter by her first husband, Daphne, now 20, also came to live with them. Lennox died in 1940. Elma was first elected to the colony's Legislative Council that year, where she championed local government and development in the form of village boards and cooperative ventures. She became involved in local conservation efforts to preserve Dominica's forests. Elma remained at Pointe Baptiste, entertaining guests who included Somerset Maugham, Noël Coward, Patrick Leigh Fermor, and Princess Margaret. Napier wrote two novels, both set in Dominica, that were published in the 1930s. She wrote three memoirs, each covering a different stage of her life. "Youth is a Blunder" dealt with her youth; "Winter Is In July" was mostly about her life in Australia. "Black and White Sands", about her life in Dominica, was written in 1962, but first published in 2009. She periodically wrote articles for "The Manchester Guardian". Napier died at Calibishie, Dominica on 12 November 1973, aged 81. She was buried, alongside her husband, near Pointe Baptiste. She was posthumously honored by Dominica (which became independent in 1978) with a postage stamp bearing her portrait. Her grandson, Lennox Honychurch, is a Dominican historian and former politician. Elma Napier Elma Napier (née Gordon-Cumming; 23 March 1892 – 12 November 1973), also known as Elma Gibbs and by the pen-name Elizabeth Garner, was a Scottish-born writer and politician who lived most of her life in the Caribbean island of Dominica. She published several novels and memoirs based on her life, and was the first woman elected to a Caribbean parliament. Born Elma Gordon-Cumming in Scotland, the eldest of five siblings born to Sir William Gordon-Cumming, a	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Vladimir Kenigson Vladimir Vladimirovich Kenigson, or Königson () was born November 7, 1907 in the family of barrister Vladimir Petrovich Kenigson in Simferopol, the Russian Empire. Swede by birth. Vladimir Kenigson graduated from the school at Simferopol Drama Theatre in 1925 and was admitted to the theater group. Then he played at the theater in Kuibyshev, Dnepropetrovsk and other cities. He was noticed on the stage by Alexander Tairov and was invited into their group. In the years 1940-1949 Kenigson worked in Kamerny Theatre under the direction of A. Tairov, where he became a partner Alisa Koonen - in the performances of "Madame Bovary" (Rodolphe) and "Guilty Without Guilt" (Neznamov). After the closure of the Kamerny Theatre in 1949 on the advice of Tairov joined the Maly Academic Theatre. At the same time Vladimir Kenigson starred in the Mikheil Chiaureli's film "The Fall of Berlin", where he played the role of the Nazi general Krebs. For this, Kenigson was awarded the Stalin Prize by Joseph Stalin himself, who was delighted with his performance. Therefore, from the very first steps on one of the oldest Russian scenes Kenigson took the leading position in the company. From 1949-1986 Kenigson was a permanent member of the troupe at Maly Academic Theatre in Moscow. There his stage partners were such stars as Elena Gogoleva, Vera Pashennaya, Elina Bystritskaya, Boris Babochkin, Mikhail Zharov, Nikolay Annenkov, Viktor Pavlov, Yury Solomin and many other notable Soviet and Russian actors. He played over 60 roles on stage and 30 roles in film and on TV. In addition to roles in movies he worked on dubbing of foreign films and cartoons, actors who talk with his voice: Jean Gabin, Louis de Funès and Totò. Vladimir Kenigson is buried at the Vagankovo Cemetery at the 58th site, next to his son-in-law Alexey Eybozhenko. Vladimir Kenigson Vladimir Vladimirovich Kenigson, or Königson () was born November 7, 1907 in the family of barrister Vladimir Petrovich Kenigson in Simferopol, the Russian Empire. Swede by birth. Vladimir Kenigson graduated from the school at Simferopol Drama Theatre in 1925 and was admitted to the theater group. Then he played at the theater in Kuibyshev, Dnepropetrovsk and other cities. He was noticed on the stage by Alexander Tairov and was invited into their group. In the years 1940-1949 Kenigson worked in Kamerny Theatre under the direction of A. Tairov, where he became a partner Alisa Koonen	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Anastasios Donis Anastasios "Tasos" Donis (; born 29 August 1996) is a Greek footballer who plays as a forward for VfB Stuttgart as well as the Greece national football team. In January 2013, Donis moved from Panathinaikos to Juventus for €300,000. The move was completed in May 2012, where he signed a three–year professional contract. He became a star in the Primavera in Turin, scoring 17 goals in 45 games in both Campionato Nazionale Primavera and UEFA Youth League. This included scoring a hat–trick against Spezia U19 on 25 January 2014. He also scored twice on two occasions against Siena U19 and Cesena U19. On 2 February 2015, Donis joined Serie A side Sassuolo on loan for the remainder of the 2014–2015 season. However, he made no appearances for Sassuolo, as he was sidelined, due to being on the substitute bench and his own injury concerns. In summer 2015, Donis joined Lugano for the 2015–16 season. However, he suffered an injury that saw him missed the start of the season. He didn’t make his debut until on 13 September 2015, where he came on as a substitute for Domagoj Pušić, in a 3–0 loss against FC Sion. Six days later, Donis scored his first goal for the club, in the second round of Swiss Cup, in a 3–2 win over AC Bellinzona after the game went extra time. On 2 March 2016, he scored twice against FC Luzern to help his side progress to the final of the Swiss Cup for the first time in 23 years.. He went on to score four goals in the competition; this includes scoring twice against FC Thun on 17 April 2016 and then netted the last goal on 25 May 2016 to seal the victory against St.Gallen on the last matchday of the season, helping his club avoid relegation. On 29 May 2016, Lugano lost 1–0 against relegated FC Zürich in the final of the Swiss Cup. Despite being sidelined on three more occasions later in the season, He ended his loan to Lugano with 8 goals and 7 assists in 29 appearances across all competitions. On 20 July 2016, Ligue 1 club OGC Nice officially announced that Donis had joined them on loan from Juventus. Nice had an option to buy him at the end of the season. On 14 August 2016, matchday 1 of the 2016–17 Ligue 1 season, he made his debut for Nice as a substitute in a 1–0 win against Rennes. On 3 November 2016, he made his international club debut appearing as a substitute late in the match in a 2–0 home loss against FC Red Bull Salzburg in a 2016–17 UEFA Europa League group stage match. Donis played a total of just 79 minutes in Ligue 1 before 12 February 2017 with all of them coming as substitute appearances. On 12 February, he replaced the injured Alassane Pléa in the 43rd minute with Nice losing 2–0 against Rennes and scored In the 59th minute contributing to a 2–2 draw. On 10 March 2017, he came on as a substitute and scored the leveller in the 77th minute of a league home game against SM Caen. Then, on 30 April 2017, he scored his fourth goal of the season, in a 3–1 win over Paris Saint-Germain, a win that saw but cost their chance of successfully defending their league title, which Monaco ultimately won. Three weeks later, on the last matchday of the season, he netted a brace in a 3–3 away draw against Olympique Lyonnais. At the end of the season, with the club finished third place in a table, Donis finished the season, making twenty–two appearances and scoring five times in all competitions. Despite keen on staying at Nice for another season, Nice chose not to exercise their option to sign Donis for €2 million. On 1 July 2017, Donis moved to VfB Stuttgart and signed a four-year-contract. Media estimated the transfer fee paid to Juventus is set at €4.2 million, while his former club Juventus will keep a future 20% resale rate, while the release clause of his contract set to €23 million. On 13 August 2017, he made his debut with the club as a substitute in an away DFB Pokal game against FC Energie Cottbus. On 13 October 2017, Donis scored his first goal in Bundesliga, giving his club a half-time lead to a 2–1 home win game against 1. FC Köln. On 18 October 2017, Donis dislocated his shoulder in training and will miss between five and six weeks, the club confirmed. Stuttgart announced that despite the injury, 21-year-old Donis will not undergo an operation and will instead go through a normal rehabilitation process. On 13 December 2017, in his return to the squad, Donis had a muscular reaction in the first half of an away game against TSG 1899 Hoffenheim that will probably keep him out of action between two and three weeks. He then returned to the first team from injury on 13 January 2018, where he started and played 58 minutes before being substituted, in a 1–0 win over Hertha BSC. For the rest of the 2017–18 season, Donis spent the most of the time on the substitute bench. On 12 May 2018, he scored and gave an assist as Stuttgart won 4–1 on the final day of 2017–18 Bundesliga season to end Bayern's 37-game unbeaten home run in the Bundesliga. At the end of the 2017–18 season, Donis finished his first season at VfB Stuttgart, making nineteen appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. Ahead of the 2018–19 season, it was announced that Donis was going to stay at VfB Stuttgart for another season. His first appearance of the season came on 18 August 2018, where he came on as a substitute, in a 2–0 loss against Hansa Rostock. He soon found himself behind the pecking order in the first team at VfB Stuttgart at the start of the season. On 29 September 2018, he scored his first goal in the season in a 2–1 home win game against SV Werder Bremen as he raced past the static visiting defence Miloš Veljković, charged beyond onrushing goalkeeper Jiří Pavlenka and scored in an empty net. On 1 December 2018, he scored the only goal as Santiago Ascacíbar right out to Andreas Beck, whose cross pass takes Donis directly and hits by low shot from 16 meters into the left corner, sealing a 1-0 home win game against FC Augsburg. Donis has represented Greece on multiple levels. He would also be eligible to play for England through birth but opted to play for Greece instead. In October 2013, Donis was called up to the Greece U19 for the first time. He made his Greece U19 debut, where he started the match before coming off in the first half, as they lose 3–0 to Austria U19 on 16 October 2013. A month later, he scored two goals between 14 November 2013 and 17 November 2013 against Bulgaria U19 and Over the next two years, playing for the U19 side, Donis went on to make thirteen appearances and scoring two times. In March 2016, Donis was called up for the Greece U21 for the first time. He made his Greece U21 debut on 24 March 2016 against Albania U21, starting the whole game, in a 0–0 draw. Seven months later, on 10 October 2016, he scored his first Greece U21 goal, in a 3–1 win over Hungary U21. On 1 June 2017 he was called up in Greece national squad for the fixture against Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 9 June 2017, he made his debut for Greece as he came on as a substitution for injured Tasos Bakasetas, in a 0–0 draw. Two months later, on 31 August 2017, Donis made his first start for the national team and played the whole game, in a 0–0 draw against Estonia. Anastasios Donis comes from a family of footballers. His father Giorgos Donis was a professional footballer and Greece International, while his older brother, Christos Donis, currently plays for Panathinaikos. Both Christos and Anastasios played together when they were at Lugano. Anastasios, nicknamed "Tasos", was born in Blackburn during his father's time at Blackburn Rovers. Because he was born in England, Donis has a British passport. In addition to speaking Greek, Donis also speaks Italian, which he learned from his time at Juventus. Anastasios Donis Anastasios "Tasos" Donis (; born 29 August 1996) is a Greek footballer who plays as a forward for VfB Stuttgart as well as the Greece national football team. In January 2013, Donis moved from Panathinaikos to Juventus for €300,000. The	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Anastasios Donis comes from a family of footballers. His father Giorgos Donis was a professional footballer and Greece International, while his older brother, Christos Donis, currently plays for Panathinaikos. Both Christos and Anastasios played together when they were at Lugano. Anastasios, nicknamed "Tasos", was born in Blackburn during his father's time at Blackburn Rovers. Because he was born in England, Donis has a British passport. In addition to speaking Greek, Donis also speaks Italian, which he learned from his time at Juventus. Anastasios Donis Anastasios "Tasos" Donis (; born 29 August 1996) is a Greek footballer who plays as a forward for VfB Stuttgart as well as the Greece national football team. In January 2013, Donis moved from Panathinaikos to Juventus for €300,000. The move was completed in May 2012, where he signed a three–year professional contract. He became a star in the Primavera in Turin, scoring 17 goals in 45 games in both Campionato Nazionale Primavera and UEFA Youth League. This included scoring a hat–trick against Spezia U19 on 25 January 2014. He also scored twice on two occasions against	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Comedic journalism Comedic journalism is a new form of journalism, popularized in the twenty-first century, that incorporates a comedic tone to transmit the news to mass audiences, using humour and/or satire to relay a point in news reports. Comedic journalism has been applied to print media in the past but has experienced a resurgence through the medium of television with shows such as "The Daily Show", "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver", and "The Rick Mercer Report". Conversely, there has been much criticism about defining these media outlets as “journalism”, since some scholars believe there should be a distinction kept between comedy and journalism. An early example of comedic journalism in Canada is "Frank" magazine, founded in Nova Scotia in 1987. According to their website, "Frank" is a source of news, satire, opinion, comment and humour. They were inspired by the UK magazine "Private Eye", which also uses satire and comedy when reporting on current affairs. "Frank" not only focuses on current affairs, but also existing stories long after they have disappeared from mainstream news media. Many consider the magazine to be a “scandal sheet”, a news source that should not be taken seriously. However, "Frank" magazine’s counter-argument is that the only thing “wicked” about them is how they expose the sins of others. In 1989, "Frank" magazine also started circulating in Ottawa. This version of the magazine was not as popular as the original and stopped circulation both in print and online in 2008. Publisher Michael Bates believed that the downfall of the magazine was the rise in popularity of the satirical form of journalism in the twenty-first century. He explained that they had the field of satirical journalism to themselves in the 1990s, but more publications started to pick up this form of journalism and the Ottawa magazine could no longer compete. He also mentioned the rise of the internet as a cause for the new popularity of this form of media. James W. Carey did not believe that journalists could be defined as conveyors of information. Instead, he presented two alternate viewpoints of communication: the transmission view of communication and the ritual view of communication. The transmission view of communication highlights the importance of information being sent out over large distances in order to convey knowledge and ideas to a mass audience. This viewpoint is more commonly seen in industrial communities where focus is put on the extension of the message. Alternatively, the ritual viewpoint of communication focuses more on the sharing of information amongst a large group of people. Therefore, the focus is not on the extension of the message, but towards the maintenance of society over time. Carey argued that this viewpoint is not as prevalent in American society because the concept of culture is weak in American social thought. Carey’s transmission viewpoint of communication is evident in traditional forms of journalism because the main purpose is to report the news in an objective manner in order to transmit information to a mass audience without any external viewpoints being included. This form of journalism is very informational and acts as an instrument for disseminating news and information in a packaged format across large distances. An example of this would be daily newspapers because they are packaged and send out bits of information, their sole purpose being to transmit the news to a mass audience. Alternatively, comedic journalism employs a ritualistic viewpoint of communication in the way it presents the news. Their main focus is not just to transmit information, but to place that information in a cultural context. This form of journalism reports news in a subjective manner in order to portray the information in a particular way. Therefore, comedic journalists are able to integrate different cultural viewpoints in their reporting of the news, which creates an element of community amongst their audience. Journalist Katerina Cizek describes the importance of the relationship between journalism and community in her article “When Community and Journalism Converge”. Cizek claims that she encountered journalism only when she had come to an understanding of community. In the summer of 1990, Cizek was assigned as a photojournalist on the Oka Crisis in Ottawa. This involved a confrontation between the Canadian government and armed forces against a Mohawk community. Experiencing the event first-hand and later watching the events through news media, Cizek realized the troubling disconnect between what she was watching and what had actually occurred. The news reports did not accurately represent the views of the Mohawk community that she had witnessed. Those who did report on the community’s interests were ridiculed and accused of Stockholm syndrome. Therefore, traditional news media would only accept the viewpoints of those in power and ignored the importance of the community’s viewpoint. Joy Mayer also explains the importance of this disconnect in her article, “Engaging Communities: Content and Conversation”. Mayer proposes a new element that needs to be integrated in today’s journalism which is the obligation to make a connection with those they are reporting to. This stems from her issue with the separation between journalists and community. She blames this distancing on the notion of objectivity that is prevalent in traditional forms of news media. This is because journalists are forced to make a disconnection in order to report the news in a fair manner. As a result, traditional forms of news media provide only a limited and emotionless account of news events. Comedic journalism has attracted a large following, and one cause is the increasing cynicism found in and inspired by traditional news sources. Since the income of a news source is tied to their number of viewers, many news sources will do whatever it takes to gain the public’s attention. This includes reporting on the information journalists and media elite genuinely think the public should know, however, this also includes alternative attention-drawing tactics such as “attack journalism,” portraying politics as “endlessly adversarial,” and contributing to a “feeding frenzy,” or excessive press coverage of an embarrassing or scandalous subject. Scandals and drama are effective in drawing viewers, but facing negative topics or the sensational reporting style again and again can frustrate viewers. The comedic, satirical portrayal of happenings in comedy news sources can offer an alternative method of receiving news, one that is frequently received in a positive light due to its entertaining qualities. This in turn has enabled comedic journalism to not just survive in the competitive world of news coverage, but to thrive in drawing significant audiences. With the range of their voice, the influential capability of comedic journalism grows. Joe Hale Cutbirth in his article “Satire as Journalism: The Daily Show and American Politics at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century” explains the recent popularity of satirical journalism and relates this to the sense of community that viewers feel through this form of journalism. In comparison to traditional forms of news media, which are objective and authoritative, current forms of news media have evolved with popularity due to an independent and personal voice that is reporting the news to viewers with tools such as comedy and satire. Cutbirth uses the example of "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart", where news events are reported in a satirical manner by comedian Jon Stewart. Through his form of news reporting, audiences are able to make a connection to the news he is reporting on and feel as though their concerns and values are being incorporated in the news. Stewart is using comedy as a form of communication which provides the audience with a sense of emotion that they do not get with traditional news media. Cutbirth also raises	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
through this form of journalism. In comparison to traditional forms of news media, which are objective and authoritative, current forms of news media have evolved with popularity due to an independent and personal voice that is reporting the news to viewers with tools such as comedy and satire. Cutbirth uses the example of "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart", where news events are reported in a satirical manner by comedian Jon Stewart. Through his form of news reporting, audiences are able to make a connection to the news he is reporting on and feel as though their concerns and values are being incorporated in the news. Stewart is using comedy as a form of communication which provides the audience with a sense of emotion that they do not get with traditional news media. Cutbirth also raises Carey’s argument on the significance of journalism for the public sphere. He argues that if news sources only reflect the interests of few (usually the elites in society), people will not involve themselves in public life. Therefore, by Stewart’s integration of different viewpoints and emotions on news events, his viewers feel they can relate to Stewart and others who are also following his show, creating a sense of community and integration into public life. The following three television shows can be viewed as modern examples of comedic journalism. The hosts of these shows report on current news events, using a comedic tone to highlight the issues that the audience should take away from the reports. "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" started in January 1999, when Jon Stewart took over the hosting position from Craig Kilborn. The show was presented as a comedy show where news was reported in a satirical manner, mocking the way it was originally presented and reported in traditional forms of news media. Stewart has long denied considering himself a journalist and claims that his show reports on “fake news”. However, studies have shown that many young adults rely on his show for political information. In one survey, Stewart was voted the most trusted news source in the United States. The satirical nature of his show has exposed flaws in the objective news reporting of traditional media. As a result, audiences have turned to Stewart for a more intellectual and emotional account of news, which was lacking in their experience with traditional news media. Geoffrey Baym also argues that "The Daily Show" is not “fake news”, but a new form of journalism that draws on the genres of news, comedy, and television talk shows in order to report in a critical and democratic manner. In Season 15, Episode 161, Stewart invites four 9/11 first responders onto the show, all of whom were dying as a result of their involvement during 9/11. Stewart speaks to the men about the Bill that was being passed to add health related funds for people involved in 9/11. Before their appearance on this show, the Republicans were still deciding if the law should be passed. Although Stewart reported this news in a humorous manner, this form of journalism had such an impact that the Republicans felt “embarrassed” by what was shown on his show and passed the law. In a New York Times article written about this episode, Stewart is compared to Edward R. Murrow, a famous journalist in the past, legitimizing him as a journalist. The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ended in 2015 and replaced with The Daily Show with Trevor Noah. "The Colbert Report" started in October 2005 with Stephen Colbert as the host, writer and executive producer of the show. Like Stewart, Colbert reports the news in a satirical manner, focusing on political news. He uses different segments in his episodes such as, “Tip of the Hat, Wag of the Finger” and “Bears and Balls”. During these segments, Colbert discusses current news events and does not hold back from sharing his opinion on the stories. As he puts it in one episode, he not only gives his audience his two cents worth, but a whole bag of quarters. The cheers of the audience as he reports these segments illuminates the feelings of a community because the viewer knows there is a group of people who are laughing at Colbert along with themselves. Also, his high strung attitude in his reports creates a feeling of passion with the stories he is reporting on, causing the audience to have a deeper emotional connection with the news events that he reports on. In season five of "The Colbert Report", Colbert launched his series of “Operation Iraqi Stephen: Going Commando” where he taped his shows in Iraq and became the first TV show in US history to produce shows in a combat zone. Although the title of the series is comedic, Colbert pushes the limit of journalism and gives his viewers a closer look at one of the most prevalent current affairs in the United States. He was bothered by the fact that the economic crisis in the United States had become the prevalent issue in the news. Not only did he start reporting on the War in Iraq more frequently, but actually reported on-scene in order to give his audience a deeper connection to the issue at hand. Colbert Report ended on December 18, 2014 when Stephen Colbert became the host of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. Like Stewart and Colbert, Mercer reports current events in Canada in a satirical manner on "The Rick Mercer Report". The show takes the connection of comedic journalism and community a step further by incorporating forms of investigative journalism. Mercer frequently travels around Canada and uses techniques of investigative journalism to report on a wide range of topics. Mercer details his travels in his book, "Rick Mercer Report: The Book", and also discusses certain political current events that were occurring at the time of each episode. For example, Mercer travelled with the different political parties during their election campaigns in order to gain a personal account of the event. Although Mercer focuses on political events, he also covers many other issues that Canadians can relate to, such as environmental and economic issues. During the 2011 federal elections, Mercer urged youth to become politically active and give themselves a voice by voting. After his show aired, students from the University of Guelph created a “vote mob”, advocating for issues they believed affected their age group, such as harsh drug laws and lowering tuition fees. The vote mob was also created to encourage students at other universities to do the same. The low number of young voters has continued to be a problem in elections over the years, regardless of the number of reports that have previously been done. However, with Rick Mercer’s form of comedic journalism, he was successful in making a connection with these young voters and pushing them to make a change. John Oliver was a long-time correspondent on the Daily Show with Jon Stewart. During the summer of 2013 he hosted the Daily Show while Jon Stewart was filming Rosewater. "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver" started in April 2014. There are critiques of comedic journalism, as some scholars and journalists argue that comedy cannot be seen as a valid form of journalism. They stress the importance of traditional news media and its objective nature in reporting the news. Ed Fouhy, a retired producer and network executive, claims that comedic journalism cannot be viewed as a serious source of information. Robert Thompson, director of a popular culture program at Syracuse University, adds that journalists should be more concerned with providing correct information than appealing to a younger audience and trying to be more “hip”. However, comedic journalists use these traditional news forms to gather their information and report it in a more subjective manner. The news stories they report on are the same stories reported by mainstream news media; however, comedic journalism reports them in a different way. Having the same news reported with a different tone is something many people are starting to	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
news media and its objective nature in reporting the news. Ed Fouhy, a retired producer and network executive, claims that comedic journalism cannot be viewed as a serious source of information. Robert Thompson, director of a popular culture program at Syracuse University, adds that journalists should be more concerned with providing correct information than appealing to a younger audience and trying to be more “hip”. However, comedic journalists use these traditional news forms to gather their information and report it in a more subjective manner. The news stories they report on are the same stories reported by mainstream news media; however, comedic journalism reports them in a different way. Having the same news reported with a different tone is something many people are starting to prefer; as Cutbirth mentions in his article, many people would rather turn to these new forms of media because of the personal and subjective viewpoints they give. This is demonstrated by a study in which American citizens voted Jon Stewart their most trusted news source. Viewers seem more trusting of their sources when they feel an emotional connection to the news reports. One article in the "American Journalism Review" suggests that mainstream media can actually learn from the journalistic form of Jon Stewart. Professor Brown, chair of the communications department at Syracuse University and an associate professor of broadcast journalism, was once a skeptic of Stewart’s form of comedy journalism, which he referred to as, “silly riffing”. However, at the start of the war in Iraq, Brown felt as though the traditional form of journalism in the mainstream media was not providing a fair account of the event. He claims that they were, “swallowing the administration’s spin rather than challenging it”. Stewart, on the other hand, was successful in covering the stories with various viewpoints in mind and therefore, steered closer to the truth than the mainstream journalists. Phil Rosenthal, a media columnist for the Chicago Tribune, draws on the fact that a big part of the news nowadays is the managing of the news. Comedic journalists such as Stewart and Colbert not only expose the subjects in the news stories, but also how the stories were delivered in the mainstream media. They often show clips of reporters conveying the news stories and mock the information that was provided. This highlights the tension between traditional journalism and this new form that has captured such a large audience. However, bearing in mind that the news from these comedic reports are derived from traditional news sources, Fouhy and others make a valid points that people need the resources for serious news and that people also need comedic journalism to help them sort out truths. Therefore, although comedic journalism is a newer form of journalism, it can work side-by-side with traditional forms for viewers to receive a more complete account of the news. Comedic journalism Comedic journalism is a new form of journalism, popularized in the twenty-first century, that incorporates a comedic tone to transmit the news to mass audiences, using humour and/or satire to relay a point in news reports. Comedic journalism has been applied to print media in the past but has experienced a resurgence through the medium of television with shows such as "The Daily Show", "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver", and "The Rick Mercer Report". Conversely, there has been much	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
London Conversations: The Best of Saint Etienne London Conversations: The Best of Saint Etienne is a compilation album by Saint Etienne. It was released as a deluxe 2CD/DVD set (packaged in a hardback book), standard 2-CD set and on double 12" vinyl. It features the 2008 Xenomania Mix of "Burnt Out Car", the Richard X mix of "This Is Tomorrow" and "Method of Modern Love". The compilation features a selection of their regular A-sides on the first disc, while disc two includes various further A-sides, B-sides, non-singles and album tracks. Originally due for release in November 2008 following the re-release of "Burnt Out Car," the set was delayed several times as a result of manufacturing issues as well as the introductory single's low chart position. In addition, a planned single-disc edition (featuring solely the first disc of the set) was cancelled. The set ultimately came out in February 2009 following the release of the newly recorded Richard X collaboration "Method of Modern Love." Some early-run copies of the 2CD edition are available, though, omitting "Method of Modern Love." The single-disc edition was eventually issued alongside remastered single-disc editions the rest of the band's catalogue in 2011, following the release of deluxe editions of most of their albums. In its week of release the compilation charted at #79 in the UK, missing out on the Top 75 in part due to a surge in older albums following the Brit Awards. London Conversations: The Best of Saint Etienne London Conversations: The Best of Saint Etienne is a compilation album by Saint Etienne. It was released as a deluxe 2CD/DVD set (packaged in a hardback book), standard 2-CD set and on double 12" vinyl. It features the 2008 Xenomania Mix of "Burnt Out Car", the Richard X mix of "This Is Tomorrow" and	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Dev Gurung Dev Gurung () is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). Gurung became Minister of Law and Justice on August 22, 2008. In 2002, B.S., Gurung became the president of the All Nepal National Free Students Union. After the party had declared People's War in 1996, Gurung was arrested. Following the arrest the party killed a village committee chairman in Gorkha district, accusing him of responsibility for the capture of Gurung. Gurung was released by the state, in exchange for a police officer, Thule Rai, who had been captured by the Maoists. During the last phases of the war, Gurung formed part of the Maoist talks team during peace negotiations. After the fall of King Gyanendra's direct rule in 2006, Gurung was nominated to the interim legislature of Nepal. Gurung became the deputy leader of the Maoist legislative group. In December 2006, as the CPN(M) leadership was reorganised, Gurung was included in the 11-member central secretariat of the party. Gurung was assigned to lead the ethnic front work of the party. When the Maoists joined the government in April 2007, Gurung was included as Minister for Local Development. Along with the rest of the Maoist ministers, he resigned from his position in September 2007. In December 2007, the Maoists rejoined the government and Gurung again became Minister for Local Development. In April 2008, he won the Manang seat in the Constituent Assembly election, defeating the sitting Nepali Congress MP Palten Gurung. Dev Gurung got 1652 votes whereas Palten Gurung got 1209 votes. The CPN(UML) candidate in the constituency, Mangal Gurung, had withdrawn his candidature in order to enable the victory of Dev Gurung. After extended power-sharing discussions between parties, Gurung was appointed as Minister of Law and Justice in a Cabinet headed by CPN (M) Chairman Prachanda and sworn in on August 22, 2008. Dev Gurung Dev Gurung () is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). Gurung became Minister of Law and Justice on August 22, 2008. In 2002, B.S., Gurung became the president of the All Nepal National Free Students Union. After the party had declared People's War in 1996, Gurung was arrested. Following the arrest the party killed a village committee chairman in Gorkha district, accusing him of responsibility for the capture of Gurung. Gurung was released by the state, in exchange for a police officer, Thule	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Double check valve A double check valve or double check assembly (DCA) is a backflow prevention device designed to protect water supplies from contamination. It is also a valve used in air brake systems on heavy trucks. It consists of two check valves assembled in series. This employs two operating principles: firstly one check valve will still act, even if the other is jammed wide open. Secondly the closure of one valve reduces the pressure differential across the other, allowing a more reliable seal and avoiding even minor leakage. Small valves may be so compact as to be barely noticeable, particularly when they are integrated into the bodies of existing taps (faucets). Larger check valves may be installed with ball valves at the ends, for isolation and testing. Often, test cocks (very small ball valves) are in place to attach test equipment for evaluating whether the double check assembly is still functional. The double check valve assembly is suitable for prevention of back pressure and back siphonage, but is not suitable for high hazard applications. It is commonly used on lawn irrigation, fire sprinkler and combi-boiler systems. If the hazard is higher, even a relatively low hazard such as using antifreeze in the fire sprinkler system, then a more reliable check valve such as a reduced pressure zone device may be mandated. Double check valve A double check valve or double check assembly (DCA) is a backflow prevention device designed to protect water supplies from contamination. It is also a valve used in air brake systems on heavy trucks. It consists of two check valves assembled in series. This employs two operating principles: firstly one check valve will still act, even if the other is jammed wide open. Secondly the closure of one valve reduces the pressure differential across the	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
William de Bois Maclaren William Frederick de Bois Maclaren (17 November 1856 – 3 June 1921) was publisher, businessman and Scout Commissioner for Rosneath, Dunbartonshire, Scotland. He is most recognized as the first major benefactor of Scouting by donating Gilwell Park in 1919. William Frederick de Bois Maclaren was born on 17 November 1856, in Blythswood, Glasgow in Scotland, as the son of Walter Gray McLaren (Master Printer, sometimes misspelt as painter) and Caroline Amelia De Bois, from France. He had an elder sister Margaret Ann Aitken McLaren (born 25 April 1855), and younger brothers Walter Gray (born 14 April 1858, attended Glasgow University, ordained 1885 in New Zealand where he lived until 1903, died 1916 in Glasgow), Charles (born 19 November 1859) and John (born 28 June 1861). By the beginning of the 20th century, Maclaren and Frank Copeman were sole partners of Maclaren & Sons Ltd, 37–38 Shoe Lane, London, in the Fleet Street neighbourhood, who were publishers or publishers' agents of industrial books and magazines, such as "The Brick and Pottery Trades Journal", and "Ceylon Observer", and publishers of household titles, under the name of "The British Baker", such as "All About Pastries". One of their periodicals was the "India Rubber Journal", the leading publication for the flourishing rubber industry in the beginning of the 20th century, with Sir Herbert Wright as editor for the period 1907–1917. Copeman and Maclaren founded in 1906 the Rubber Estate Agency. It was the first UK company for the specific purpose of financing the acquisition of rubber estates and of acting as secretaries and agents of rubber and other plantation companies. With this expertise in the rubber industry, Maclaren wrote and published "The Rubber Tree Book" (Maclaren and Sons, London, 1913, 384 pages), about technology and business administration of rubber plantations. In 1919, the Rubber Estate Agency was sold to the Belgium company Societé Internationale de Plantations et de Finance. The R.E.A. company still exists, and was worth approximately GBP 37 million in 2010. Maclaren wrote several other books including "Climbs and Changes", "Chuckles from a Cheery Corner", and "Word Pictures of War" (a book of poetry based on experiences of the First World War, published by Methuen, London, in 1917). He died on 3 June 1921. Posthumously in 1922, his "Child's Song-Story Book" was published for private circulation by Blackie & Son, Glasgow. On the recommendation of P.B. Nevill, acting on behalf of Baden-Powell, Maclaren purchased the 53 acre Gilwell Hall estate near Epping Forest near the town of Chingford for GBP 7,000, and presented it as Gilwell Park to the Scout Association in July 1919. For reference, the GBP 7,000 in 1919 equals GBP 1 million in 2010 value. Maclaren also paid another GBP 3,000 to help put the White House into good repair, as the place had been abandoned for the previous 14 years and was virtually derelict. When Gilwell Park was officially opened on 26 July 1919 Mrs Maclaren cut ribbons in Scout colours (green and yellow) that were hung across the doorway to the White House to mark the opening. Baden-Powell then presented Maclaren with the Silver Wolf as a sign of the great debt that the Movement owed to him. In Maclaren's honour the Gilwell staff wore the Maclaren neckerchief, made of Maclaren tartan. However to reduce the expense, a scarf of dove grey cloth (the colour of humility) with a warm red lining (to signify warmth of feeling) was substituted with only a patch of Maclaren tartan on the point of the scarf and worn by those passing the Gilwell practical course. In 1924 use of the scarf became restricted to Wood Badge holders only. Today the scarf is more the earth tone colour beige than grey. William de Bois Maclaren William Frederick de Bois Maclaren (17 November 1856 – 3 June 1921) was publisher, businessman and Scout Commissioner for Rosneath, Dunbartonshire, Scotland. He is most recognized as the first major benefactor of Scouting by donating Gilwell Park in 1919. William Frederick de Bois Maclaren was born on 17 November 1856, in Blythswood, Glasgow in Scotland, as the son of Walter Gray McLaren (Master Printer, sometimes misspelt as painter) and Caroline Amelia De Bois,	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Veer Towers Veer Towers are twin 37-story, , residential towers located within CityCenter on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. Each tower houses 335 luxury condominium units ranging from . The two towers were designed by Murphy/Jahn Architects of Chicago and lean in opposite directions (five degrees from center). Every residence has a view of the Las Vegas skyline. Lobbies and public spaces were developed by Francisco Gonzalez Pulido and showcase works by natural light. Dianna Wong Architecture & Interior Design designed the residences. The rooftop Sky Decks include infinity edge swimming pools, hot tubs, sun decks and summer kitchens. Resident fitness and locker rooms, billiards rooms and lounges are on the 37th floor. A private residential driveway leads to separate vehicle entrances, secured elevators and valet service, all monitored by 24-hour security. The towers are the only all-residential buildings at CityCenter. The towers were designed by Helmut Jahn's office based in Chicago. Lobbies and public spaces were developed by Francisco Gonzalez Pulido and showcase works by natural light. Dianna Wong Architecture & Interior Design designed the residences. The condominium buildings received a LEED Gold certification on November 20, 2009, and opened on July 14, 2010 In December 2012, CityCenter sold 427 Veer condos in bulk for $119 million to Ladder Capital Finance. The lobby walls of both Veer Towers feature mud drawings by Turner Prize-winning artist Richard Long, who diluted mud that he brought to Las Vegas from the River Avon and applied it to the walls with his hands. The two large-scale works titled “Circle of Chance” and “Earth” cover the lobby wall of the west and east tower. Veer Towers Veer Towers are twin 37-story, , residential towers located within CityCenter on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. Each tower houses 335 luxury condominium units	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
David Merkow David Bartos Merkow (born May 5, 1985) is a long-hitting American :golfer. He won the World Junior Masters tournament boys 14–15 division as a youth in 2000, and the American Junior Golf Association's SLI Junior Classic boys division two years later. In June 2005 he and a former high school teammate won the Wisconsin State Golf Association Best-Ball title. For college, he attended Northwestern University. There, he won the individual title at the Second Annual Big Ten/Pac-10 Challenge in 2005, was named Big Ten Conference Player of the Year in 2006, and finished his college career 6th in Northwestern's all-time stroke average, at 74.27. In 2008, playing in Argentina in the 11th Pan American Maccabi Games, he won two gold medals; both in the individual competition, and with the U.S. team in the team competition. In 2010 he was playing in the NGA Hooters Tour. Merkow was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and grew up in Hartland, Wisconsin, from Milwaukee. His grandfather taught him how to play golf. In August 2000, he won the World Junior Masters tournament boys 14–15 division with a 227. In August 2002, he won the American Junior Golf Association's SLI Junior Classic boys division in New Seabury, Massachusetts, with a 212 (2 over par). In Arrowhead Union High School in Hartland, he was co-Captain of the golf team in his senior year, and was a two-time all-state honoree (as a junior and senior, in 2002 and 2003). He was one of only three Jewish students at the high school. Speaking about being Jewish, Merkow observed: "It does drive me. When I make it on [the PGA] Tour, I'd like it to be known that I'm Jewish. Whether it's wearing my Star of David [around his neck], or having a Chai on my [golf] bag, I want to show that there are good Jewish athletes." He chose to attend Northwestern University, where he was an economics major. Merkow won the individual title at the Second Annual Big Ten/Pac-10 Challenge in October 2005, and led his team to the team title. He beat 2005 NCAA Champion James Lepp, with a 54-hole career-best score of 209 (7-under). In April 2006, at the 36th Robert Kepler Intercollegiate he took third place, with a 1-over 217. He was named Big Ten Golfer of the Week on March 2, 2006. In 2006, he was named Big Ten Conference Player of the Year. He was the first golfer from Northwestern to win the award since Luke Donald in 2001. He was also ranked number one in the Golfweek/Sagarin Big Ten Player Ratings for the year. During 2005–06, he was in the top 20 in a total of six tournaments. In April 2007, after he finished tied for 4th at the Kepler Intercollegiate, he optimistically said: "We've significantly underachieved this year. But no one will remember this if we win another Big Ten championship." In May 2007, however, his team narrowly missed the cut for the NCAA Championships which it had participated in the prior year, by a mere two strokes at the NCAA Central Regional Championship. His teammate Kyle Moore said that: "It's hard to gauge how long he hits. If he [were] on the PGA Tour, he'd be one of the longest drivers out there." His coach Pat Goss observed that his skill at hitting iron shots into the wind distinguished him from other golfers. Speaking of Merkow in 2007, Goss predicted: "He is someone who is on the cusp of really doing something spectacular. He has a lot of talent." Merkow graduated in June 2007, and ended his career 6th in Northwestern's all-time stroke average, at 74.27. In addition to his Conference Player of the Year honors, he was twice named All-Big Ten, was named to the Ping All-Midwest Region team, and was Academic All-Big Ten. Merkow, playing in his first Maccabi Games, won a gold medal in the individual competition in the 11th Pan American Maccabi Games (which ended on January 2, 2008) at Hacoaj Golf Club in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He had a score of 282 (−10), competing in the age 18-and-up open division, winning with a 67 in the last round. He also won a second gold medal as the U.S. bested second-place Argentina in the team competition. For the first time he met cousins of his who lived in the city, and said: "It was absolutely unbelievable. It could not have been more special. I gave them one of my gold medals." In June 2004, at the age of 18, he was a semifinalist at the Wisconsin State Golf Association Match Play Championship. In June 2005, he and former high school teammate Charlie Delsman won the Wisconsin State Golf Association Best-Ball title. In the 2005 Wisconsin State Golf Association Match Play Championship's last match, he lost 3 and 1. In July 2006, he tied for fourth with a 289 at the Wisconsin 105th State Amateur Championship. Merkow also played in the United States Golf Association U.S. Amateurs. In 2006 he played at the Hazeltine National Golf Club course in Minnesota, with his 71 being the second-lowest score in the 312-player field after the first day of stroke play. He was a quarter-finalist. He beat Malaysian golfer Ben Leong 5–3 in the first round. But he lost in the second round of match play to stroke-play medalist Billy Horschel, 3 and 1. Merkow won the August 2007 U.S. Amateur qualifier at Hartland's Chenequa Country Club with scores of 66 and 64, for a 12-under 130. Later than month he played at the 107th U.S. Amateur at The Olympic Club in San Francisco, where he shot two back-to-back under-2 rounds of 69 to make the round of 64, and was one of just four golfers to put up sub-par numbers in stroke play, but was eliminated in the first round of match play. Because stroke play totals don't affect match play results, Merkow had observed: "There are two tournaments this week. Anybody who's in the top 64 can win. It starts over tomorrow." In 2007 he lost to Brendan Gielow 3–2. Making the match play both years, Merkow finished 21st and 2nd in the stroke play portion of the event. CBS College Sports reported in May 2007 that in a qualifier at North Shore Country Club in Mequon, Wisconsin, Merkow shot a 2-under 70. That score was good enough for a tie for medalist honors, and afforded him a spot in the sectional qualifying round for the U.S. Open. He said: "My goal is to miss my graduation. It's June 15, which would be the Friday of the U.S. Open." In June 2007, however, he failed to qualify in the sectional qualifying at Scioto Country Club. He has full status on the Hooters Tour, after winning the 2008 NGA Hooters Tour Ranking School by 4 shots. He has also played on the Gateway Tour. In May 2010, Merkow advanced to the U.S. Open sectionals with a 69 at a local qualifying round at Illini Country Club. In July 2015 he married Jordan Scher. He was named assistant men's golf coach at Marquette University in August 2010. He joined the staff of Steve Bailey, his former assistant coach at Northwestern. David Merkow David Bartos Merkow (born May 5, 1985) is a long-hitting American :golfer. He won the World Junior Masters tournament boys 14–15 division as a youth in 2000, and the American Junior Golf Association's SLI Junior Classic boys division two years later. In June 2005 he and a former high school teammate won the Wisconsin State Golf Association Best-Ball title. For college, he attended Northwestern University. There, he won the individual title at the Second Annual Big Ten/Pac-10 Challenge in 2005, was named Big Ten Conference Player of the Year in 2006, and finished his college career	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Bordei Park Bordei Park () is a park in northern Bucharest. The terrain where the Bordei Park stands (which included the Bordei Lake and amounted to 0.13 km²) was bought by the Bucharest Municipality from the Marmorosch Blank Bank in 1932 for a price of 16 million lei ($110,000 at the time). The park was officially opened in 1938 by King Carol II of Romania. In June 2007, senator Marius Marinescu forwarded to the Standing Bureau of the Senate a legislative proposal concerning the declaration of public property of Costică Constanda's plot of land, located in Bordei Park, Bucharest. Along with the founder of the law Marius Marinescu, signed as co-founders, senators Ion Iliescu, former president of Romania, Nicolae Văcăroiu, former prime-minister of Romania and at the time president of the Senate. One year later the legislative proposal was also adopted by the Chamber of Deputies, received the green light from the president of Romania, and got published in the Official Gazette of Romania, thus becoming Law #170/2008, regarding the acknowledgement of public utility of Bordei Park. The area of the park was public property until September 2003, when the General Council of Bucharest changed the status of the terrain to private property of the municipality and then gave the terrain to Costică Constanda, an entrepreneur who intends to build houses on it. Bordei Park Bordei Park () is a park in northern Bucharest. The terrain where the Bordei Park stands (which included the Bordei Lake and amounted to 0.13 km²) was bought by the Bucharest Municipality from the Marmorosch Blank Bank in 1932 for a price of 16 million lei ($110,000 at the time). The park was officially opened in 1938 by King Carol II of Romania. In June 2007, senator Marius Marinescu forwarded to the Standing Bureau of	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Shadows (The X-Files) "Shadows" is the sixth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series "The X-Files". It premièred on the Fox network on October 22, 1993. It was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong, directed by Michael Lange, and featured guest appearances by Barry Primus and Lisa Waltz. The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology. "Shadows" earned a Nielsen household rating of 5.9, being watched by 5.6 million households in its initial broadcast. The episode was not well received by the production staff, and received mixed reviews from critics. The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. In this episode, Mulder and Scully investigate the death of two muggers and encounter an office worker who may be haunted by the spirit of her dead boss, who is using her to uncover his murderer; and discover covert arms deals made with Middle Eastern radicals. This episode, inspired by the 1982 horror film "The Entity", was written due to insistence that the creators write more episodes where Mulder and Scully help people. This allowed the writers some space to create other episodes they had in mind. Two muggers are found dead in a back alley of Philadelphia after robbing a woman, Lauren Kyte, at an automated teller machine. Mulder and Scully investigate the case when called in by a pair of agents from an unknown agency. The bodies are found to have an electrical charge and their throats have been crushed from the inside. Lauren sees her boss, Robert Dorlund, and resigns due to her grief over the death of Dorlund's partner, Howard Graves, who supposedly committed suicide weeks before. Mulder and Scully determine that one of the dead men belonged to an Islamic terrorist group, the Isfahan, and using the ATM video are able to track down Lauren. A screenshot of the video reveals a blurry figure who appears to be Howard Graves. The agents meet with Lauren at her home and after initially denying it, she admits to the incident but knows nothing about the murders. Upon leaving, the agents find their car going out of control on its own, leading it to crash into another car. At a repair shop, the car is found to have no evidence of tampering, but an electrical charge is detected within it. Later, upon visiting Graves' headstone, Mulder and Scully learn of his suicide and the death of his daughter at a young age, who would have been Lauren's age were she still alive. Scully suspects that Graves faked his death, but on consulting the pathologist who examined his body and testing the organs he donated to others, it is proved that he is really dead. Meanwhile, Lauren witnesses a vision at night, including blood appearing in the bathtub, that leads her to believe that Graves was murdered. At her going-away party, she is threatened by Dorlund, who believes she has knowledge of confidential information that could implicate him. Lauren calls the agents to her home, but before the agents can get there, two assassins hired by Dorlund arrive to kill her. An invisible force kills both of them, just as Mulder and Scully arrive (with Mulder witnessing the body of one assassin being hanged in midair). Lauren is interrogated by Mulder and Scully, and two unknown agents who believe Graves and Dorlund's company sold technology to the Isfahan. Lauren admits to Mulder and Scully that the sales did indeed take place and that she believes Dorlund had Graves killed. After hearing Lauren recount the eerie circumstances that she believes are being caused by Graves' spirit, Scully - the usually reserved skeptic - readily accepts her story. Mulder is confused but, after Lauren leaves, Scully admits she was just humoring her. The agents search the company's premises, but are unable to find any evidence. When Dorlund attacks Lauren with a letter opener, Graves' spirit takes it and cuts open the wallpaper, revealing a disc with evidence. Weeks later, Lauren starts her new job, but it appears that Graves' spirit may have followed her there. This episode was created on Fox's insistence that the creators write more episodes where Mulder and Scully help people. This episode was written to accomplish that, and to allow the writers some space to create other episodes they had in mind. Co-writer Glen Morgan claims the episode was inspired by the movie "The Entity". The name Tom Braidwood, the show's assistant director who later played Lone Gunmen member Melvin Frohike, is used in the scene where the parking lot attendant paints over the name of Howard Graves. The episode featured guest appearances by Barry Primus, Lisa Waltz, Lorena Gale and Veena Sood. Fox emphasized the horror aspect of "Shadows" by using the tagline "Don't watch it alone" when advertising the episode. During the episode, Mulder jokes that Elvis was the only man ever to have successfully faked his own death. The joke would eventually become the first of many similar Elvis jokes littered throughout most of the series. When Mulder wonders whether or not it could have been a poltergeist, Scully mocks him by replying "they're here". This is a tagline and famous quote from the film "Poltergeist". "Shadows" premiered on the Fox network on October 22, 1993, and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on October 24, 1994. The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 5.9 with an 11 share—meaning that in the US, 5.9 percent of television-equipped households, and 11 percent of all households actively watching television, were watching the program. It was viewed by 5.6 million households. In a retrospective of the first season in "Entertainment Weekly", "Shadows" was rated a C+, with the episode being called "exceedingly awkward", while the political context was seen as a weak point. Keith Phipps, writing for "The A.V. Club", had mixed feeling about the episode, rating it a C+. He felt that the episode's plot worked well, though the supernatural elements seemed "a little corny". Matt Haigh, writing for Den of Geek, was more positive about the episode, calling it "fun viewing" and feeling that "with characters we could care about and a far more rounded plot, this proved one of the better episodes so far. I still wouldn’t call it a particularly brilliant one, though, either". Co-writer James Wong felt that the changes he was asked to make to the script led to "Shadows" turning out to be "an average episode", although he felt "the director did a good job with it". His partner Glen Morgan had a similar opinion, calling it "a little too ordinary, like you have seen it before, which is exactly what the network wanted at the time. Chris Carter had a more positive view of the episode, calling it "very well done, really great effects, and more of a meat-and-potatoes kind of story. An FBI sting and a good mystery that Mulder and Scully investigate. Overall, a really solid episode." The plot for "Shadows" was also adapted as a novel for young adults in 2000 by Ellen Steiber, under the title "Haunted". Shadows (The X-Files) "Shadows" is the sixth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series "The X-Files". It premièred on the Fox network on October 22, 1993. It was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong, directed by Michael Lange, and featured guest appearances by Barry Primus and Lisa Waltz. The episode is a "Monster-of-the-Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology. "Shadows" earned a Nielsen household rating of 5.9, being watched by 5.6 million households in its initial broadcast. The episode was not well received by the production staff, and received mixed	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Arabian sand gazelle The Arabian sand gazelle ("Gazella marica", formerly "Gazella subgutturosa marica") or reem () is a species of gazelle native to the Syrian and Arabian Deserts. Today it survives in the wild in small, isolated populations in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and southeastern Turkey. Small numbers may also be present in Kuwait, Iraq, Jordan, and Syria. The total population of wild sand gazelles is thought to be less than 3,000. Significantly more are held in captivity, reserves, or breeding programs, perhaps more than 100,000. Until recently, the sand gazelle was considered a subspecies of the goitered gazelle ("Gazella subgutturosa"). A 2010 genetic study established that it was a distinct lineage, and it is now considered a separate species. Further genetic analysis reported in 2012 found that the sand gazelle was closely related to two North African gazelles, Cuvier's gazelle ("Gazella cuvieri") and the rhim ("Gazella leptoceros"), perhaps even belonging to a single species. Arabian sand gazelle The Arabian sand gazelle ("Gazella marica", formerly "Gazella subgutturosa marica") or reem () is a species of gazelle native to the Syrian and Arabian Deserts. Today it survives in the wild in small, isolated populations in Saudi Arabia, the	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Groton, Massachusetts Groton is a town in northwestern Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, within the Greater Boston metropolitan area. The population was 10,873 at the 2012 town census. It is home to two prep schools: Groton School, founded in 1884, and Lawrence Academy at Groton, founded in 1792 and the third-oldest private school in Massachusetts. Lawrence Academy was founded with a charter from John Hancock. Near the former border with Maine, the historic town was a battlefield in King Philip's War and Queen Anne's War, with children taken captive in a raid by Abenaki and French; it had had incidents of insurrection during Shays' Rebellion, and was the birthplace of William Prescott, who commanded the colonial forces at the Battle of Bunker Hill during the American Revolution. The area surrounding modern-day Groton has, for thousands of years, been the territory of various cultures of indigenous peoples. They settled along the rivers, which they used for domestic tasks, fishing and transportation. Historic tribes were the Algonquian-speaking Nipmuc and Nashaway Indians. The Anglo-American Groton started with the trading post of John Tinker, who conducted business there with the Nashaway at the confluence of Nod Brook and the Nashua River. The Nashaway called the area "Petapawag", meaning "swampy land." As Tinker had, other pioneers followed the Algonquian trails from Massachusetts Bay. They found the region productive for fishing and farming. The town was officially settled and incorporated in 1655, named for Groton in Suffolk, England. Called The Plantation of Groton, it included all of present-day Groton and Ayer, almost all of Pepperell and Shirley, large parts of Dunstable, Littleton, and Tyngsborough, plus smaller parts of Harvard and Westford in Massachusetts, as well as Nashua and Hollis, New Hampshire. During King Philip's War, on March 13, 1676, Indians burned all buildings except for four Groton garrisons. Among those killed was John Nutting, a Selectman at Groton. Survivors fled to Concord and other safe havens, but two years later returned to rebuild. Native Americans attacked the town again during the Raid on Groton in 1694 (during King William's War). In 1704 during Queen Anne's War, a French-Abenaki raid captured three children of Thomas Tarbell and his wife, among others, taking them overland about 300 miles to the Mohawk village of Kahnewake south of Montreal, where they would be held for ransom or adopted into the tribe by individual Mohawk families. The trade in captives was a thriving business between the opposing colonies of the English and French. The two Tarbell boys, John and Zachariah, were adopted by Mohawk families and became fully assimilated, later marrying into the tribe, having families, and becoming chiefs. They were among the founders in the 1740s of Akwesasne, after moving up the St. Lawrence River from Kahnewake. The brothers' older sister Sarah Tarbell was ransomed by a French family, and converted to Catholicism. She joined a Catholic teaching/nursing religious order in Montreal and served with them for the rest of her life. There are Tarbell-named descendants among Mohawk of Kahnewake and Akwesasne in the 21st century. In 1775, the common in front of the First Parish Church was an assembly area for Minutemen who fought in the Battle of Lexington and Concord. According to the United States Census Bureau, Groton has a total area of 33.7 square miles (87.3 km²), of which 32.8 square miles (84.9 km²) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.4 km²) (2.79%) is water. Groton is the largest town in Middlesex County in terms of square mileage. The town is drained by the Nashua River and Squannacook River. The center of the town is dominated mainly by Gibbet Hill, with several other large hills throughout the town. Groton is served by state routes 40, 111, 119 and 225. It borders the towns of Pepperell, Dunstable, Tyngsborough, Westford, Littleton, Ayer, Shirley, and Townsend. "See also: Groton (CDP), Massachusetts" As of the census of 2000, there were 9,547 people, 3,268 households, and 2,568 families residing in the town. The population density was 291.3 people per square mile (112.5/km²). There were 3,393 housing units at an average density of 103.5 per square mile (40.0/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 97.22% White, 0.35% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.97% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.27% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.14% of the population. There were 3,268 households out of which 46.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.4% were non-families. Of all households 17.1% were made up of individuals and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.31. The age distribution of the town's population was 32.6% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males. The median income for a household in the town was $118,041, and the median income for a family was $136,653. Males had a median income of $101,117 versus $60,402 for females. The per capita income for the town was $44,756. About 1.1% of families and 1.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Groton annually hosts the National Shepley Hill Horse Trials, an equestrian competition. The Groton-Dunstable Crusaders high school football team also competes in the town. The town is governed by an open Town Meeting and administered by an elected Board of Selectmen and appointed Town Manager. Over 30% of the land in Groton, Massachusetts is protected open space. The majority of this open space is accessible to the public. Groton also has over 100 miles of trails. Many of these trails can be walked and biked, others are availably for hunting and/or camping. The trails are made and maintained by the Groton Trail Committee and the land itself is managed by the Groton Conservation Trust. Groton, Massachusetts Groton is a town in northwestern Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, within the Greater Boston metropolitan area. The population was 10,873 at the 2012 town census. It is home to two prep schools: Groton School, founded in 1884, and Lawrence Academy at Groton, founded in 1792 and the	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Dachimawa Lee Dachimawa Lee (; lit. "Dajjimawa Lee: Bye, Villain! Take the Express Train to Hell") is a 2008 South Korean film. It has been released via online streaming in the United States with the title "Dachimawa Lee: Gangnam Spy". The legendary Korean spy Dachimawa Lee is assigned to recover the fabled Golden Buddha statue, but his mission ends in failure. Lee discovers that his mission was sabotaged, and must confront against the shadowy figure behind the plot. "Dachimawa Lee" was released in South Korea on August 13, 2008, and was ranked fourth at the box office in its opening weekend with 233,251 admissions. By September 7, 2008, it had received a total of 629,591 admissions, and by September 14, 2008, had grossed a total of . Dachimawa Lee Dachimawa Lee (; lit. "Dajjimawa Lee: Bye, Villain! Take the Express Train to Hell") is a 2008 South Korean film. It has been released via online streaming in the United States with the title "Dachimawa Lee: Gangnam Spy". The legendary Korean spy Dachimawa Lee is assigned to recover the fabled Golden Buddha statue, but his mission ends in failure. Lee discovers that his mission was sabotaged, and must confront against the	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
TooManyLeftHands TooManyLeftHands is a Copenhagen-based Danish DJ and producer duo consisting of Anders K and Martin Nick. Their work is mainly in the House / Tech / Progressive / Deep genres. Anders K is a successful Danish DJ who teamed up with club-owner, events organizer and producer Martin Nick for a duo releasing their own materials. The DJ duo named TooManyLeftHands or TMLH for short, debuted during the Copenhagen Fashion Week 2009. gaining residency at the Nasa club, and in October 2010 won the producer contest for "Ibiza Style" Magazine, and later started hosting in cooperation with Ibiza Global Radio and Pioneer. In addition to collaborations with a number of artists like Nadia Gattas, Mike Hawkins and Alexander Brown, in 2014, they released "Dancing in the Fire" and "Trouble" both charting in Denmark. They have also remixed materials from Danish artists Darwich, Svenstrup & Vendelboe, Morten Breum, Sisse Marie and Rune RK. The single "Paralyzed", which was released in cooperation with Sisse Marie was used in 2012 used in the computer game The Sims. TooManyLeftHands TooManyLeftHands is a Copenhagen-based Danish DJ and producer duo consisting of Anders K and Martin Nick. Their work is mainly in the House / Tech	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Pierre Valmera Pierre "Pierry" Valmera (born September 29, 1981) is a retired Haitian professional basketball player, who played for Ancien in the Ligue Nationale de Basket in Switzerland. Valmera was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Having taught himself basketball in his native country, he emigrated to the United States and became a standout player at Union University in Tennessee. When Valmera's playing career concluded, he relocated to Boston, Massachusetts where he worked as a substitute teacher in French and history at a middle school. Soon after his arrival in the states, he met David Franklin Rose, a business owner of an architecture firm. Together, they founded a non-for-profit organization called POWERforward International Inc., created to help young Haitians gain private-school educations in the United States through basketball. He is a philanthropist and donates his time and money to develop basketball in Haiti. He has 38 kids in the US on full basketball scholarships, including 6 college graduates and 1 playing for the Sacramento Kings, Skal Labissiere. Some of his other students go to the top schools in the country, like Mississippi State and Vanderbilt University. Pierre Valmera Pierre "Pierry" Valmera (born September 29, 1981) is a retired Haitian professional basketball player,	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
The Cult of the Self The Cult of the Self (French: "Le Culte du moi") is a trilogy of books by French author Maurice Barrès, sometimes called his "trilogie du moi". The trilogy was influenced by Romanticism, and it also made an apology of the pleasure of the senses. Barrès wrote the works while living in Italy. The first book, "Under the Eyes of the Barbarians", ("Sous l'œil des barbares") was published in 1888. The second work, "A Free Man", ("Un Homme libre"), was published in 1889. The final book, "The Garden of Berenice" ("Le Jardin de Bérénice"), was published in 1891. The Cult of the Self The Cult of the Self (French: "Le Culte du moi") is a trilogy of books by French author Maurice Barrès, sometimes called his "trilogie du moi". The trilogy was influenced by Romanticism, and it also made an apology of the pleasure of the senses. Barrès wrote the works while living in Italy. The first book, "Under the Eyes of the Barbarians", ("Sous l'œil des barbares") was published in 1888. The second work, "A Free Man", ("Un Homme libre"), was published in 1889. The final book, "The Garden of Berenice" ("Le Jardin de Bérénice"),	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Paul Coffey Paul Douglas Coffey (born June 1, 1961) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenseman who played for nine teams in the National Hockey League. Known for his speed and scoring prowess, Coffey ranks second all-time among NHL defensemen in career goals, assists, and points, behind Ray Bourque. He won the Norris Trophy as the NHL's best defenseman three times and was voted to eight end-of-season All-Star Teams (four First-Team and four Second-Team). He holds the record for the most goals by a defensemen in one season, 48 in 1985-86, and is the only defensemen to have scored 40 goals more than once, also doing it in 1983-84. He is also one of only two defensemen to score 100 points in a season more than one time, as he did it five times; Bobby Orr did it six times. Paul Coffey holds or shares 33 NHL records in the regular season and playoffs. Coffey was born in Weston, Ontario, but grew up in Malton, Ontario. The city of Mississauga renamed Malton Arena to Paul Coffey Arena and renamed Wildwood Park to Paul Coffey Park in a ceremony on September 23, 2016. In 2017 Coffey was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history. Coffey was drafted sixth overall by the Edmonton Oilers in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft. He blossomed in the 1981–82 season, scoring 89 points and was named a Second-Team NHL All-Star. In the Oilers' first Stanley Cup-winning season, 1983–84, he became only the second defenseman in NHL history to score 40 goals in a season and added 86 assists to finished second in point scoring. He won his first James Norris Trophy in 1984–85 while posting 37 goals and 121 points. On December 26, 1984 in a game against the Calgary Flames, Coffey became the last defenseman in the 20th century to score four goals in one game. Coffey went on to post a historic post-season in the 1985 Playoffs, setting records for most goals (12), assists (25), and points (37) in one playoff year by a defenseman on the way to another Stanley Cup. He won the Norris Trophy again in 1985–86, while breaking Bobby Orr's record for goals in a season by a defenseman, scoring 48. His 138 points that year was second only to Orr (139 in 1970–71) among defencemen. Coffey helped Edmonton to a third Cup in 1986–87, but the deciding game seven that year against the Philadelphia Flyers would be his last in an Oilers' uniform. After a monetary dispute with Edmonton's head coach and general manager Glen Sather, Coffey was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins in 1987. Upon joining Pittsburgh, he changed his uniform number from 7 to 77, which he would wear for most of the rest of his career, save for his final season in Boston, where he wore 74. Coffey played four and a half seasons with Pittsburgh. On December 22, 1990, Coffey became the second defenseman to record 1000 points, doing so in a record-breaking 770 games. Coffey won a fourth Stanley Cup in 1990–91 with Pittsburgh. During the 1992 season Coffey passed Denis Potvin to become the career leader in goals, assists, and points by a defenseman. He was then traded to the Los Angeles Kings where he was reunited with former Oilers teammates Wayne Gretzky and Jari Kurri for parts of two seasons. After his brief stint with Los Angeles, he was traded to the Detroit Red Wings where he played for three and a half seasons. In the lock-out shortened 1994–95 NHL season, Coffey led his team in scoring for the only time in his entire career, and was awarded the Norris Trophy for the third time. In the 1994-95 NHL Playoffs, he led all defenseman in shorthanded goals (2) while helping Detroit to the Stanley Cup Final. However, the favoured Red Wings were swept by the New Jersey Devils in 4 games. After a falling out with Red Wings coach Scotty Bowman, Coffey was traded to the Hartford Whalers at the start of the 1996–97 season. Coffey only played 20 games for the Whalers before being traded to the Flyers. He played for Philadelphia for a season and a half, reaching the 1997 Stanley Cup Final, his seventh, against his former team, Detroit. Coffey's Final series was not successful, being on ice for six of Detroit's goals and was in the penalty box for a seventh when the Flyers conceded a power-play goal, ending up with no points and being minus-2 and minus-3 in the first two games, and a hit from Darren McCarty in game two left Coffey sidelined for the rest of the series with a concussion. After a very brief stint (10 games) with the Chicago Blackhawks, he was traded to the Carolina Hurricanes, where he played one and a half seasons. He played his final season in 2000–01 with the Boston Bruins. During Coffey's last NHL season, Ray Bourque passed his career goals, assist and points records, and Bourque and Coffey both retired after the 2000–01 season. Coffey finished with 396 goals, 1135 assists, and 1531 points, and remains second only to Bourque in all-time career scoring by a defenseman. Coffey, however, averaged more points per game than did Bourque, having played 203 fewer games but lagging by only 48 points. Paul Coffey was voted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2004, and the Edmonton Oilers retired his uniform number 7 in 2005. While coaching a game for the Toronto Marlboros midget ‘AAA’ team in February 2014, Coffey was assessed a gross misconduct penalty for a discriminatory slur. The Greater Toronto Hockey League investigated the misconduct penalty and Coffey was handed a three-game suspension. Coffey is a co-owner of the OJHL's Pickering Panthers. He is one of the 2016 inductees into . Figures in boldface italics are NHL records for defensemen. Played for Canada in: Paul Coffey Paul Douglas Coffey (born June 1, 1961) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenseman who played	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Ted de Corsia Ted de Corsia (September 29, 1903 – April 11, 1973) was an American radio, film, and television actor best remembered for his role as a gangster who turned state's evidence in the film "The Enforcer" (1951). Edward Gildea De Corsia was born in Brooklyn, New York. De Corsia was a member of the cast of "Blackstone Plantation". He starred in the title role on "Mike Hammer" and played Sergeant Velie on "The Adventures of Ellery Queen". He also voiced roles on "Family Theater", "The March of Time", "Cavalcade of America", "Gang Busters", and "The Shadow". He made his movie debut in Orson Welles' "The Lady from Shanghai" and went on to make a career playing villains and gangsters in 1940s and 1950s films including "The Naked City" (1948), "The Enforcer" (1951), "Crime Wave" (1954), "The Big Combo" (1955), "The Killing" (1956), "Baby Face Nelson", "Slightly Scarlet" (1956) and "The Joker is Wild" (1957). In his last film, "The Outside Man" with Ann-Margret and Angie Dickinson, his character, the mobster Victor, is killed off early in the film, but he later appears as his embalmed corpse, posed in a chair, holding a cigar. In the late 1950s and 1960s, he appeared in a number of television series, mostly westerns. He was featured on three episodes of the CBS courtroom drama series "Perry Mason", including the episodes "The Case of the Drifting Dropout" (1964), in which he played murder victim Mort Lynch, and "The Case of the Positive Negative" (1966), in the role of murder victim George Emory. Other television appearances included "The Californians", "The Lone Ranger", "Maverick", "Tales of Wells Fargo", "Sugarfoot", "Jefferson Drum", "Richard Diamond, Private Detective", "Frontier Doctor", "Mackenzie's Raiders", "Riverboat", "Tate", "The Twilight Zone", "Sea Hunt", "Lawman", "Stoney Burke", "Rawhide", "Daniel Boone", "Gunsmoke", "The Dakotas", "I Dream of Jeannie", "Get Smart", "Zane Grey Theater" and "The Outer Limits" (episode "The Inheritors", 1964). He died at the age of 69 in Encino, California, from a heart attack. His body was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea. Ted de Corsia Ted de Corsia (September 29, 1903 – April 11, 1973) was an American radio, film, and television actor best remembered for his role as a gangster who turned state's evidence in the film "The Enforcer" (1951). Edward Gildea De Corsia was born in Brooklyn, New York. De Corsia was a member of the cast of	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender and the New Racism by Patricia Hill Collins is a work of critical theory that discusses the way that race, class and gender intersect to affect the lives of African American men and women in many different ways, but with similar results. The book explores the way that new forms of racism can work to oppress black people, while filling them with messages of liberation. "Black Sexual Politics" also examines the way a narrow sexual politics based on American ideas/ ideals of masculinity, femininity and the appropriate expression of sexuality work to repress gay and hetero, male and female. Collins' work also proposes a liberatory politics for black Americans, centered on honest dialogue about the way stereotypical imagery and limiting racist and sexist ideology have harmed African Americans in the past, and how African Americans might progress beyond these ideas and their manifestations to become active change agents in their own communities. The book starts from the premise that in order to achieve a more progressive black political agenda, African Americans need to look critically at the way race, class and gender intersect in their lives to create different responses. Looking at the black community as a monolith may prevent us from seeing that African American women are the targets of specific social welfare policies or that African American men are being disproportionately incarcerated. Both of these results stem from racism, but take on a gendered approach. In "Black Sexual Politics", Hill Collins proposes several ideas for black liberation, though the book is focused on getting individuals to find creative ways to challenge racism, sexism and homophobia as it manifests itself in their own communities. One idea that Hill Collins purports is that African Americans need to create and support avenues of self-expression that allow them to tell their own stories about the effects of racism/ sexism/ homophobia, and to share their emotional and sexual experiences as African American persons. This work is being done, but is largely in its infancy. Hill Collins also argues that it is critical for African Americans to define new visions of success that resist traditional Western/ American views. She argues that equating masculinity with wealth and femininity with submissiveness and financial dependence is harmful to all groups, but especially for African Americans, who have been traditionally locked out of the economic opportunity structure. In a society where black men face threats to their economic well being, and disproportionately are incarcerated and lack access to quality education, any vision of masculinity that suggests that to be a man is to be financially successful puts a great number of black males at odds. Collins argues for a new, more holistic version of success, that includes visions of the importance of personal character apart from economic achievement. Hill Collins argues that there needs to be a culture of honesty in the black community, whereby black persons can express their ideas and identities in a whole way. If we do not create the space for black people to express their sexual perspectives freely, then we create a space where the silence and deceptiveness that leads to the spread of HIV/ AIDS to continue. When we can discuss sexuality from multiple perspectives, we allow people the space to talk about sex and sexuality and feel more comfortable engaging their partners in dialogues about their own sexual history, sexual feelings, and lead to STD testing and full appreciation and connection of one another. In "Black Sexual Politics" Collins expresses the view that the black community will not reach its progressive political agenda, nor will it be able to successfully address social issues such as the HIV/ AIDS crisis affecting the black community, if it does not allow marginalized voices like women and LGBT persons to express their perspectives and lifestyles. Collins believes that a group cannot be truly revolutionary or progressive if it works to oppress others. She also believes that a view of the black community that values some identities and expressions over others limits the connectedness that others in that community feel, and prevents issues disproportionately affecting them to be discussed in meaningful ways. She argues that a narrow black sexual politics that places extreme value on limiting views of the role of the male and the role of the female, and also on the role of appropriate and socially acceptable sexual behavior works to deny LGBT people their agency, and prevents honest dialogue about different types of sexual lifestyles. This can work to the oppression of LGBT people, but also of heterosexual women and men, oppressed by views of sexuality which limit their sexual expression, and thus limit the space for them to talk about their lifestyles in a way that breeds honesty, self-affirmation and prevents the spread of disease. Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender and the New Racism by Patricia Hill Collins is a work of critical theory that discusses the way that race, class and gender intersect to affect the lives of African American men and women in many different ways, but with similar results. The book explores the way that new forms of racism can work to oppress black people, while filling them with messages of liberation. "Black Sexual Politics" also examines the way a narrow sexual	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Brad Bell (golfer) Brad Bell (born September 1, 1961) is an American professional golfer. Bell was born in Sacramento, California. He played college golf at UC Davis and UCLA where he was a two-time All-American. Bell played on the European Tour in 1986 and 1987 where his best finish was T-37 at the 1986 Scandinavian Enterprise Open. He played on the Ben Hogan Tour (now Nationwide Tour) in 1990, winning the Ben Hogan South Texas Open. He played on the PGA Tour in 1991 and 1992, where his best finish was T-14 at the 1992 Buick Southern Open. Bell is now a golf course architect with his own design company, Brad Bell Golf Course Design. Brad Bell (golfer) Brad Bell (born September 1, 1961) is an American professional golfer. Bell was born in Sacramento, California. He played college golf at UC Davis and UCLA where he was a two-time All-American. Bell played on the European Tour in 1986 and 1987 where his best finish was T-37 at the 1986 Scandinavian Enterprise Open. He played on the Ben Hogan Tour (now Nationwide Tour) in 1990, winning the Ben Hogan South Texas Open. He played on the PGA Tour in 1991 and	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Bluecrest Health Bluecrest Health is a privately run health screening company founded in the UK in 2012 and based in Worthing, West Sussex. Bluecrest offer a range of screenings in the UK and Ireland; clinics are set up at mobile sites across the country. A division of Bluecrest Health Screening, Bluecrest Wellness, also offers health screening to corporate clients, providing health screening at a range of locations to company employees. Food manufacturer Danone UK offers free annual health checks to all of its staff via Bluecrest. Hertfordshire County Council makes the offer to all its employees but through a salary sacrifice scheme. Other clients include Capita. The company was named Healthcare and Wellbeing Provider of Year in the Workplace Savings & Benefits Awards 2016. Bluecrest Health Bluecrest Health is a privately run health screening company founded in the UK in 2012 and based in Worthing, West Sussex. Bluecrest offer a range of screenings in the UK and Ireland; clinics are set up at mobile sites across the country. A division of Bluecrest Health Screening, Bluecrest Wellness, also offers health screening to corporate clients, providing health screening at a range of locations to company employees. Food manufacturer Danone UK offers free	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Chuck Garfien Chuck Garfien is an anchor/reporter for NBC Sports Chicago. He's the host of White Sox Pregame/Postgame Live, and is the station's sideline reporter for the Chicago Bulls. Since joining NBC Sports Chicago in 2004, Garfien has won 6 Chicago/Midwest Emmy awards for feature stories on Chicago sports. Along with his work on-air and writing for nbcsportschicago.com, Garfien hosts the White Sox Talk Podcast, featuring interviews, news and discussions regarding the club. Prior to joining NBC Sports Chicago, Garfien was an anchor/reporter for Fox Sports Net in Denver. He served a two-year stint with ESPN and was one of the original anchors on ESPNEWS. He was the Sports Director for two years at WWJ-TV/WKBD-TV, the CBS and UPN affiliates in Detroit, and was a sports anchor/reporter for WABC-TV in New York City. Garfien was also a sports anchor/reporter at WHTM-TV in Harrisburg, PA and had his first on-air sportscasting job at WPBN-TV in Traverse City, MI. Garfien is a board member for the Illinois Council Against Handgun Violence. He graduated from USC with a degree in communications and attended Homewood-Flossmoor High School. Garfien's broadcasting career began at Homewood-Flossmoor High School, where he spent 4 years working for WHFH. He was the station manager during his senior year. Chuck Garfien Chuck Garfien is an anchor/reporter for NBC Sports Chicago. He's the host of White Sox Pregame/Postgame Live, and is the station's sideline reporter for the Chicago Bulls. Since joining NBC Sports Chicago in 2004, Garfien has won 6 Chicago/Midwest Emmy awards for feature stories on Chicago sports. Along with his work on-air and writing for nbcsportschicago.com, Garfien hosts the White Sox Talk Podcast, featuring interviews, news and discussions regarding the club. Prior to joining NBC Sports Chicago, Garfien was an anchor/reporter for Fox Sports Net in Denver. He served a	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
ACAMPs Apoptotic-cell associated molecular patterns (ACAMPs) are molecular markers present on cells which are going through apoptosis, i.e. programmed cell death (similarly, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are markers of invading pathogens and Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are markers of damaged tissue). The term was used for the first time by C. D. Gregory in 2000. Recognition of these patterns by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of phagocytes then leads to phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell. These patterns include eat-me signals on the apoptotic cells, loss of don’t-eat-me signals on viable cells and come-get-me signals (also find-me signals)) secreted by the apoptotic cells in order to attract phagocytes (mostly macrophages and immature dendritic cells). Thanks to these markers, apoptotic cells, unlike necrotic cells, do not trigger the unwanted immune response. Eat-me signals mark the apoptotic cells for phagocytes which can subsequently engulf them and actively prevent the inflammation. Various molecular markers can serve as eat-me signals, particularly a change in composition of the cell membrane, modifications of molecules on the cell surface, changed charge on the plasma membrane, or indirectly the extracellular bridging molecules. Deposition of different phospholipids in the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is strictly asymmetric. On a viable cell, phosphatidylserine is only present in the inner layer of the cell membrane – this is maintained by aminophospholipid translocase. During apoptosis, the phospholipid scrambling activity occurs and the aminophospholipid translocase activity is reduced. Consequently, the phosphatidylserine content in the outer leaflet of the membrane is quickly increased. It is then recognized by one or more receptors of the phagocytes. The phosphatidylserine molecules can also be oxidized and contribute to the induction of engulfment. Some molecules naturally present on cells can also work as eat-me signals after certain modifications. The externalized phospholipids can be oxidized and recognized by scavenger receptors of the phagocytes. Similarly, adhesion molecule ICAM3, normally recognized by macrophage integrins, is after alteration bound by macrophage CD14. Additionally, some intracellular molecules are displayed on the cell surface after induction of the apoptotic program to ease the recognition. As an example, annexin I is externalized in the same locations as phosphatidylserine and helps with clustering phagocytic phosphatidylserine receptors around the apoptotic cell. Another externalized molecule marking apoptotic cells is calreticulin. Generally, the ability of apoptotic cells to change their charge with polyanionic structures marks them as a target for phagocytosis. Extracellular bridging molecules are serum proteins which facilitate connection between apoptotic cell and phagocyte. They can also be seen as secreted forms of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). These include collectins, components of complement pathways (e.g. C1q, C3b) and other molecules found in extracellular space. Collectins (e.g. mannose-binding lectin and surfactant protein A) bind the altered surface sugars on apoptotic cell and enable easier uptake by phagocytes which recognize their complex with calreticulin. Besides complement particles C1q and C3b which help to opsonize the apoptotic cells, also thrombospondin, pentraxins (C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P), β2GP1, MFG-E8 and GAS-6 are also capable of creating a bridge between macrophage and apoptotic cell. Don’t-eat-me signals (also SAMPs = self-associated molecular patterns) are present on all host viable cells and actively protect the cells from engulfment. They achieve this by facilitating a detachment of phagocytes from the cell (CD31-CD31 interaction) or even sending repulsive signals towards the phagocyte (CD47-SIRPα interaction). Another molecule, CD300a binds the externalized phospholipids and prevents the phagocytosis. During apoptosis, these signals must be removed or changed in order not to block the ingestion by phagocyte. Another marker of non-apoptotic cells is specific surface molecules glycosylation. The sugar chains are usually terminated with sialic acid which then binds various molecules and receptors and efficiently prevents the cell from phagocytosis. Non-apoptotic cells also express complement inhibitors, preventing the assembly of C3 convertase or the lytic pore. Among soluble inhibitors there are factor H, C1 inhibitor, C4b-binding protein, factor I, S protein or clusterin, the membrane-bound inhibitors are CR1, membrane cofactor protein (MCF), decay accelerating factor (DAF) or protectin (CD59). Phagocytes are attracted to the site with apoptotic cells by so-called come-get-me or find-me signals. During apoptosis, caspase 3 activates the Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2, leading to release of lysophosphatidylcholine which acts as such attractant. Other find-me signals include fractalkine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, ATP and UTP nucleotides, or endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II). Diversity of ACAMPs requires many receptor families for their recognition. These include scavenger receptors (e.g. CD36, CD68, LOX-1 recognizing oxidized LDL), integrins (e.g. αβrecognizing MFG-E8 or thrombospondin), lectins (binding the altered sugars), the receptor tyrosine kinase MER (recognizing GAS-6), LRP1 (interacts with calreticulin which is a known C1q receptor), or complement receptors (CR3 and CR4). There is a variety of receptors which recognize the externalized phosphatidylserine. Among others, brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing molecule 4 (TIM-4) and TIM-1, stabilin-2, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), The phosphatidylserine receptor (PSR), previously thought to mediate the engulfment of apoptotic cells, was shown to only indirectly contribute to the process. Certain molecules which are numbered among ACAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) because they share structural characteristics with PAMPs. As an example, CD14 normally binds lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the surface of gram-negative bacteria but can also recognize LPS-like structures on apoptotic cells. C1q and collectins are other PRRs which could potentially recognize both PAMPs and ACAMPs structures. It is necessary to additionally use the unique recognition pathways for distinguishing the two cases (for example, the Toll-like receptors signalling directs the proinflammatory response triggered by PAMPs). ACAMPs Apoptotic-cell associated molecular patterns (ACAMPs) are molecular markers present on cells which are going through apoptosis, i.e. programmed cell death (similarly, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are markers of invading pathogens and Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are markers of damaged tissue). The term was used for the first time by C. D. Gregory in 2000. Recognition of these patterns by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of phagocytes then leads to phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell. These patterns include eat-me signals on the apoptotic cells, loss of don’t-eat-me signals on viable cells	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Volixibat Volixibat (INN; development code SHP626) is a medication under development as a possible treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the most severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). No other pharmacotherapy yet exists for NASH, so there is interest in whether volixibat can prove to be both safe and effective. To encourage development and testing, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued fast track status. Volixibat is an IBAT inhibitor, meaning that it blocks the function of the IBAT protein (ileal bile acid transporter), which is also called SLC10A2 (solute carrier family 10 member 2) or ASBT (apical sodium–bile acid transporter). IBAT is most highly expressed in the ileum, where it is found on the brush border membrane of enterocytes. It is responsible for the initial uptake of bile acids, particularly conjugated bile acids, from the intestine as part of their enterohepatic circulation. Volixibat Volixibat (INN; development code SHP626) is a medication under development as a possible treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the most severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). No other pharmacotherapy yet exists for NASH, so there is interest in whether volixibat can prove to be both safe and effective. To encourage development	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Biryukove Biryukove (; , "Biryukovo") is an urban-type settlement in Sverdlovsk Raion of Luhansk Oblast, a part of Ukraine. Population: . It is situated in 18 km from Sverdlovsk near the river Kundrjutsja, feeder of Seversky Donets. The nearest railway station, Dolzhanskaya, is situated in 12 km out of Biryukove. Villages Bratskoe and Dovzhanske is under subordination of Biryukove, because it is a center of Village Council. Biryukove was found in 1778 by serfs from villages Rovenky and Krasnovka, as village Krinichnoe (). In December 1917 Soviet government take a control under village. In 1920 it was renamed in Biryukove, in honor of the Communist, chairman of the Council of Peasant Deputies Biryukov V.M., who was killed in March by local opponents of Soviet government. About a thousand of citizens were participants of World War II, about 340 died, more than 700 were decorated. In 1964 it got a status of urban-type settlement. Since 2014, Biryukove has been controlled by forces of the Luhansk People's Republic. On July 7, 2014, one Ukrainian border guard was wounded after a mortar attack on this town's checkpoint, south of Sverdlovsk, Luhansk Oblast. Biryukove Biryukove (; , "Biryukovo") is an urban-type settlement in Sverdlovsk	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Feminization of language In linguistics, feminization has two mutually independent meanings. First, it refers to the process of re-classifying nouns and adjectives which as such refer to male beings, including occupational terms, as feminine. This is done most of the time by adding inflectional suffixes denoting a female (such as the standard suffix "-ess" in English, and its equivalent "-a" in Spanish). In some languages with grammatical gender, for example Dutch, there is a tendency to assign the feminine gender to certain – in particular abstract – nouns which are originally masculine or neuter. This also happened to some words in Middle English (which, in contrast to Modern English, had grammatical gender) which denoted virtue and vice. In Modern English, in spite of it being a gender-neutral language, certain non-human things that are usually neuter are still sometimes feminized by way of figure of speech, especially countries and ships (see also , ). Feminists believe the use of the generic masculine to refer to someone who's gender is unknown erases women and should be abolished. There are a number of arguments against such prescriptive rules however. Double gender marking is prevalent in radical political pamphlets and manifestos. This is difficult to track, however, as these types of publications are written by many groups and tend to be published by organizations that don't keep detailed records of their activities. Female members of a profession can be referred to with the masculine ending -e (eg. presidente) or the feminine -essa (eg. presidentessa). A 2001 study by Mucchi-Faina and Barro showed that women professionals are more persuasive when using the masculine ending while a 2012 study by Merkel et al. show there was no difference in perception. Noun declension is asymmetrical in Russian. Women can be referred to with suffixes of the first or second declension but men can only be referred to with first declension suffixes. "Man" is commonly used to mean 'one' and is frequently used in general statements. It is similar to English indefinite "you" or "one." Feminine job titles are usually created by adding -in to the grammatically masculine word in question. Informatiker (singular or plural). The feminine form is Informatikerin (singular) and Informatikerinnen (plural). Feminization of language In linguistics, feminization has two mutually independent meanings. First, it refers to the process of re-classifying nouns and adjectives which as such refer to male beings, including occupational terms, as feminine.	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Ing Cup The Ing Cup is an international Go tournament, with a large cash prize of over US$400,000. It was begun by, and is named after, Ing Chang-ki. In the 7th Ing Cup (2012/13), Fan Tingyu (b. 1996) beat Park Junghwan (b. 1993) [3-1] and became the youngest Ing Cup winner in history. In the semifinal, Fan defeated Xie He, and Park defeated Lee Chang-ho. The Ing Cup is sponsored by Ing, Yomiuri Shimbun, the Nihon-Kiin, and Kansai-Kiin, and held every 4 years (and thus often nicknamed Go Olympics). The competition has its own rules and an 8-point komi. The time allotment is 3.5 hours for each player, while players are available to buy an extra 35 minutes for an additional 2-point komi a maximum of three times. The first rounds are knockouts, while the semi-finals and finals are a best-of-3 and best-of-5 respectively. Ing Cup The Ing Cup is an international Go tournament, with a large cash prize of over US$400,000. It was begun by, and is named after, Ing Chang-ki. In the 7th Ing Cup (2012/13), Fan Tingyu (b. 1996) beat Park Junghwan (b. 1993) [3-1] and became the youngest Ing Cup winner in history. In the semifinal,	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Ménilmontant Ménilmontant () is a neighbourhood of Paris, situated in the city's 20th arrondissement. It is affectionately known to locals as "Ménilmuche". Originally a hamlet within the independent commune (municipality) of Belleville, Ménilmontant was, like other suburban communes surrounding the French capital, absorbed into the city of Paris in 1860. The name is said to derive from "Mesnil Mautemps", meaning "bad weather house". By the 16th century "mautemps" had been corrupted into "montant" (meaning "climbing"), probably owing to its situation on a hill overlooking Paris. In 1832, the area also served as the location of a retreat, established by the Saint-Simonian theorist Enfantin and forty followers. Before its 1860 absorption into Paris, Ménilmontant lay beyond the capital's tax border "(octroi)", so that wine was cheaper there, leading to the development of numerous drinking establishments, known as "guinguettes", in the 18th century. It has long been a predominantly working-class neighborhood, and in the early 1830s became notorious for the commune established there by the Saint-Simonians before being banned by the authorities. Ménilmontant is served by the Ménilmontant station of the Métro. Ménilmontant Ménilmontant () is a neighbourhood of Paris, situated in the city's 20th arrondissement. It is affectionately known to locals	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Carlos Alfredo Peyrellade Carlos Alfredo Peyrellade Zaldivar (1840-1908) was a Haitian classical pianist and music educator. He is best known as founder of the Carlos Alfredo Peyrellade Conservatory of music in Havana, Cuba. Peyrellade was born in Port-au-Prince into a musical family. His brothers Emilio, Eduardo (1846-1830) and Federico were also musicians. Carlos studied music with Nicolás Ruiz Espadero in Cuba, and his father sent him to continue his studies in Paris with Camille Marie Stamaty and Pierre Maleden. He made his debut at the Salle Pleyel Salón Saint Germain and Salón Beethoven with Belgian flautist Delphin Allard, and afterward he conducted a career as a concert pianist in Europe. Peyrellade served as accompanist for the Círculo de la Unión Artística de París and replaced Louis Moreau Gottschalk in New York as professor at the piano academy. In 1865 Peyrellade returned to Port-au-Prince, where he played a number of concerts that helped pay for the redemption of slaves. He worked from 1866 to 1871 as professor for the Benemérita Popular Santa Cecilia, and eventually settled in Havana. Before the Cuban War of Independence, Dutch pianist Hubert de Blanck located in Havana, and went on to establish a Cuban conservatory of music in 1885. During the war, De Blanck was involved with the revolutionaries and was arrested and deported. Peyrellade took over his conservatory and went on to open and operate music schools in Havana and Camagüey as the Carlos Alfredo Peyrellade Conservatories. Peyrellade also wrote several popular songs. He died in Havana in 1908. A number of notable musicians graduated from the Peyrellade conservatories, including Jaime Prats, Ernesto Lecuona, Adolfo Fernández, Cecilia Arizti, Rita Montaner, Tania León, Héctor García, Josie Pujol, and Dulce Beatriz. Carlos Alfredo Peyrellade Carlos Alfredo Peyrellade Zaldivar (1840-1908) was a Haitian classical pianist and music educator.	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
UEFA Euro 2016 squads For UEFA Euro 2016, the 24 participating national teams had to submit squads of 23 players – of which three had to be goalkeepers – by 31 May 2016, 10 days prior to the opening match of the tournament. In the event that a player on the submitted squad list suffered an injury or illness prior to his team's first match of the tournament, that player could be replaced, provided that the team doctor and a doctor from the UEFA Medical Committee both confirmed that the injury or illness is severe enough to prevent the player's participation in the tournament. The age listed for each player is on 10 June 2016, the first day of the tournament. The number of caps listed for each player does not include any matches played after the start of UEFA Euro 2016. The club listed is the club for which the player last played a competitive match prior to the tournament. The nationality for each club reflects the national association (not the league) to which the club is affiliated. Manager: Didier Deschamps France announced their squad on 12 May. Raphaël Varane was initially on the squad but was replaced by Adil Rami after injury. On 28 May, Jérémy Mathieu was replaced by Samuel Umtiti due to an injury. On 31 May, Lassana Diarra was replaced by Morgan Schneiderlin because of an injury. The squad numbers were announced on 30 May. Manager: Anghel Iordănescu Romania announced their final squad on 31 May. Manager: Gianni De Biasi Albania named their final squad on 31 May. Manager: Vladimir Petković Switzerland announced their final squad on 30 May. Manager: Roy Hodgson England named their final squad on 31 May. Manager: Leonid Slutsky Russia announced their final squad on 21 May. Midfielder Alan Dzagoev was in the original squad but injured a metatarsal and was replaced by Dmitri Torbinski. On 7 June, Igor Denisov was replaced by Artur Yusupov after an injury. Manager: Chris Coleman Wales announced their final squad on 31 May. Manager: Ján Kozák Slovakia announced their final squad on 30 May. Manager: Joachim Löw Germany announced their final squad on 31 May. On 7 June, Antonio Rüdiger suffered an injury and was replaced by Jonathan Tah one day later. Manager: Mykhaylo Fomenko Ukraine announced their final squad on 31 May. Manager: Adam Nawałka Poland announced their final squad on 30 May. Manager: Michael O'Neill Northern Ireland announced their squad on 28 May. Manager: Vicente del Bosque Spain announced their final squad on 31 May. Manager: Pavel Vrba Czech Republic announced their final squad on 31 May. Manager: Fatih Terim Turkey announced their final squad on 31 May. Manager: Ante Čačić Croatia named their final squad on 31 May. Manager: Marc Wilmots Belgium announced their final squad on 31 May. Manager: Antonio Conte Italy announced their final squad on 31 May. Manager: Martin O'Neill Republic of Ireland announced their final squad on 31 May. Manager: Erik Hamrén Sweden announced their final squad on 11 May. Manager: Fernando Santos Portugal announced their final squad on 17 May. Managers: Heimir Hallgrímsson & Lars Lagerbäck Iceland announced their final squad on 9 May. Manager: Marcel Koller Austria announced their final squad on 31 May. Manager: Bernd Storck Hungary announced their final squad on 31 May. The above table is the same when it comes to league representation, with only the following exceptions: Only England had all its players from the nation's club teams. Iceland, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland had none of their players from the respective nation's club teams. UEFA Euro 2016 squads	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
1952 Afghan parliamentary election A royal proclamation was issued calling upon the people to elect the eighth National Assembly, consisting of 171 seats, within three months. As no census of population has ever been taken there were no electoral lists, the February 1952 election in Afghanistan consisted in calling public meetings in which people voted for the official candidates by acclamation. In Kabul, where the election took place on April 20, there were two opposition candidates, but the government candidates were said to be elected by considerable majorities; however, out of about 50,000 entitled to vote, only 7,000 actually voted. 1952 Afghan parliamentary election A royal proclamation was issued calling upon the people to elect the eighth National Assembly, consisting of 171 seats, within three months. As no census of population has ever been taken there were no electoral lists, the February 1952 election in Afghanistan consisted in calling public meetings in which people voted for the official candidates by acclamation. In Kabul, where the election took place on April 20, there were two opposition candidates, but the government candidates were said to be elected by considerable majorities; however, out of about 50,000 entitled to vote, only 7,000 actually voted.	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
The Cruise of the Make-Believes The Cruise of the Make-Believes is a lost 1918 American silent dramatic feature film starring Lila Lee in her first motion picture. It was directed by George Melford and is based on a 1907 novel by Tom Gallon. Famous Players-Lasky produced and Paramount Pictures released. The film was released at the height of the 1918 flu pandemic. As described in a film magazine, Bessie Meggison (Lee) lives in the slums with her drunken father Daniel Meggison (Hacket) and presides over a boarding house. Gilbert Byfield, a wealthy youth who is writing a book, lives nearby in a cheap room. He becomes acquainted with Bessie and together they sail on many imaginary voyages on an improvised yacht in her back yard. Gilbert gives her father permission to take Bessie to his estate in the country for a month's vacation. Daniel Meggison invites his slum friends and drinks to his heart's content while Bessie entertains dozens of urchins. Gilbert returns and learns that Meggison has told Bessie that the estate belongs to him. Gilbert is also confronted by his fiance, and Bessie realizes that all of her family wealth is a sham. Heartbroken, she returns to her slum home. Gilbert finds her on the make believe ship and promises her that her dream of riches will come true. The Cruise of the Make-Believes The Cruise of the Make-Believes is a lost 1918 American silent dramatic feature film starring Lila Lee in her first motion picture. It was directed by George Melford and is based on a 1907 novel by Tom Gallon. Famous Players-Lasky produced and Paramount Pictures released. The film was released at the height of the 1918 flu pandemic. As described in a film magazine, Bessie Meggison (Lee) lives in the slums with her drunken father	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Charles McCabe Charles McCabe (1915–1983) was a columnist for the "San Francisco Chronicle" from the mid-1950s until his death May 1, 1983 at the age of 68. He was born and raised in New York's "Hells Kitchen" and was educated by the Jesuits. McCabe started as a police reporter for the "New York American" in 1936 and later worked for the "Puerto Rico World-Journal", United Press and "The San Francisco Examiner" before joining the "Chronicle" in the mid-1950s. McCabe wrote a book called "Tall Girls are Grateful" which humorously reflected upon his love/hate relationship with women, and another called "The Good Man's Weakness" recording his wry thoughts on drinking, the other love/hate relationship in his life. Another book was a biography of his grandfather-in-law, the newspaper man, E. W. Scripps, who was also principal founder and supporter of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Scripps Foundation. There is also a compilation of his essays put together in the book "The Fearless Spectator" by Chronicle Books (1970) McCabe was renowned in San Francisco for his satirical newspaper column in the "Chronicle" under the byline "The Fearless Spectator", and for his robust social life centered on the many "watering holes" he frequented. While at the "Chronicle", his boss Scott Newhall assigned him to do a column for the sports section of the newspaper. McCabe knew little about sports and had virtually no interest in the subject. Newhall dubbed him the "fearless spectator" and took publicity photographs of McCabe perched on a shooting stick, wearing a derby and looking bored. Initially the column was placed in the sports section but having little if anything to do with sports it was eventually moved to the features section. A black and white icon of McCabe in the bowler hat always sat next to the title of his column "The Fearless Spectator" McCabe would arrive at the "Chronicle" offices at 5th and Mission at what his colleagues called the "ungodly hour" of 8AM. He would feverishly type up his column and then leave before 9AM to get his breakfast of five or six "Green Deaths" at Gino and Carlo, a bar in San Francisco's North Beach neighborhood. McCabe professed little interest in what his readers wrote to him. His editorial assistant, Mike Brown, would write touching or apologetic replies to most if not all of the letters. It is interesting that many people still remember the beautiful letters and indicate that the letters formed their opinion about McCabe yet he never read nor wrote any of them. McCabe as previously noted was a satirical journalist. While there were sometimes underlying political implications in his columns, it was not common. In the late 1950s, US Steel proposed to build a huge building (the US Steel Tower) near the Embarcadero and towering 80 feet higher than the West Tower of the nearby Bay Bridge. Both McCabe and Herb Caen another "SF Chronicle" columnist wrote strongly against its construction. The project was eventually abandoned. McCabe was a frequent imbiber at his favorite bar Gino and Carlo, in North Beach where he enjoyed his "Green Death"; at Mooney's Irish Pub for the Irish whiskey and conversation; and sometimes at Dino and Carlo's Bar, also in North Beach for the dark beer, music, and a monthly get together with his friend Ron Small. Green Death was the nickname for Ranier Ale. This was McCabe's favorite beer and he often wrote about his fondness for the brew in his column. After his death, his friend Denis Prescott poured a bottle of the brew over the side of the cruise ship the "Santa Maria" in memory of McCabe. McCabe traveled on the "Santa Maria" frequently and was well known and liked by the ship's crew. They stopped the ship and announced the event just prior to the ceremonial pouring "I went to Dino and Carlo's bar in North Beach every so often with my friend Ron Small. Ron would frequently meet there with an older guy who I was told worked at the SF Chronicle and on one occasion this Mr. Charles McCabe and I were sitting there waiting for Ron to arrive. Ron eventually showed up accompanied with the scruftiest looking person I had ever seen. This other guy looked like a unwashed biker. He wore a helmet that reminded me of a Nazi WW2 military helmet. The Grateful Dead were becoming popular around this time and I flashed that this must be "PigPen" from their band. I moaned "good god" Mr. McCabe said nothing just looked amused. Ron introduced our latest friend as George. Upon closer inspection he was neither dirty nor scrufty, just unshaved. McCabe asked what he was drinking. Ron quickly said - "like you Charlie, he doesn't like the beer here - I bring stuff for him" and pulled out a quart container of chocolate milk. George thanked Ron, quaffed down a good pint and then we all began to talk. Later I learned this was the Hell's Angel biker Chocolate George. I also learned that the milk carton contained only half chocolate milk and the other half some unspecified hard stuff. McCabe said that there was now a new name among the drinks that he might write about. First "Green Death" and now "Chocolate Surprise". McCabe had four children with Peggy Scripps McCabe: Margaret Ellen "Nini" McCabe, Charles K. McCabe, Peter McCabe, and Mary Pierce. Charles McCabe was found dead on May 1, 1983 in his San Francisco apartment by his daughter. He had apparently tripped and hit his head while falling. He died of a severe concussion More than 400 friends, colleagues and faithful readers gathered at St. Francis of Assisi Church in North Beach on May 4 for a final farewell to Charles McCabe, the stylish essayist who wrote a popular column for the "Chronicle" for nearly 25 years. The Mass of Resurrection was celebrated by his friend John M. Ring, pastor of Our Lady of Carmel Church in Mill Valley, who praised the writer for having "a restless heart and mind and spirit, which were his greatest gifts." "Charles couldn't stand anything phony, whether it be presidents, governors, oily-tongued clergymen or razor blades," the priest told a group that included socialites, journalists and many blue-collar drinking buddies. The Mass was planned in accordance with McCabe's will, in which he asked that the music at his funeral include Bach's "Sheep May Safely Graze" and that three Shakespeare sonnets be read by his friend and attorney, Carlos Bea. McCabe was also known for his satirical sayings. One of his more notable quotes was "Any clod can have the facts, but having opinions is an art." <BR> Another was "McCabe's Law: Nobody "has" to do "anything"." "This was a sort of "golden age" at the Chronicle. Pulitzer Prize winners Herb Caen and Stanton Delaplane along with Art Hoppe and Charles McCabe wonderful columnists all, were writing for the Chronicle at the same time. While I was fortunate to have known both Charlie and Herb, I wasn't their colleague, just a brash youngster" Charles McCabe Charles McCabe (1915–1983) was a columnist for the "San Francisco Chronicle" from the mid-1950s until his death May 1, 1983 at the	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Grey-headed fish eagle The grey-headed fish eagle ("Haliaeetus ichthyaetus") is a fish-eating bird of prey from South East Asia. It is a large stocky raptor with adults having dark brown upper body, grey head and lighter underbelly and white legs. Juveniles are paler with darker streaking. It is often confused with the lesser fish eagle ("Haliaeetus humilis") and the Pallas's fish eagle. The lesser fish eagle is similar in plumage but smaller and the Pallas’s fish eagle shares the same habitat and feeding behaviour but is larger with longer wings and darker underparts. Is often called tank eagle in Sri Lanka due to its fondness for irrigation tanks. The grey-headed fish eagle is included in the order Accipitriformes and the family Accipitridae, which includes most birds of prey except for the ospreys and falcons. Lerner & Mindell placed the grey-headed fish eagle in the subfamily Haliaeetinae, which includes the genera "Haliaeetus" (sea eagles) It was first described by Horsfield in 1841 as "Falco ichthyaetus". This paraphyletic group forms a close sister relationship with the subfamily Milvinae (composed of two genera, "Milvus" and "Haliatur"), based on the shared trait of basal fusion of the second and third phalanges found only in these two groups. Some taxonomic authorities place this species in the monotypic genus Ichthyophaga. A smallish to medium-sized but quite bulky fish eagle. Has a small bill, a small head on long neck, rounded tail and shortish legs with unfeathered tarsi and long talons. Wings aren’t very long and wingtips reach less than halfway down tail. Males and females are sexually dimorphic. The grey-headed fish eagle has a body length of 61–75 cm. Females are heavier than males at 2.3–2.7 kg compared to 1.6 kg. The tail measures between 23–28 cm and the tarsus 8.5–10 cm. The wingspan measure between 155–170 cm. Adults are grey-brown with a pale grey head and pale iris, belly and tail are white with the having a broad black subterminal band. Breast and neck are brown, with the wings on top dark brown with blacker primaries and below brown. Juveniles the head and neck are brown, greyer on the ides of throat, with buff supercilia and whitish streaks. The rest of the upperparts are darker brown, edged with grey and secondaries and tertials faintly barred. Tail black and white marbled with broader dark subterminal band and white tip. Belly and thighs white, while breast and flanks brown streaked with white. Iris is darker than adult. As juveniles mature subterminal band becomes more prominent, head becomes greyer and loses streaking becoming uniformly brown. The grey-headed fish eagle has a wide distribution (38˚ N to 6˚ S) that encompasses India and South-East Asia to Malaysia, Western Indonesia and Philippines. It is generally uncommon but can be rare or local. In North and East India it is found in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Assam. It is uncommon in North and East Sri Lanka, rare and local in Nepal and uncommon and local in Bangladesh. It is rare and local in South Thailand and rare in Laos; scarce in Vietnam, Cambodia and Malaysia to Sumatra; very rare in Java and Sulawesi except for a small local population and scarce in Borneo and the Philippines. Grey-headed fish eagles live in lowland forests up to 1,500 m above sea-level. Their nests are close to bodies of water such as slow-moving rivers and streams, lakes, lagoons, reservoirs, marshes, swamps and coastal lagoons and estuaries. They are also known to frequent irrigation tanks in Sri Lanka, hence where their alternate English in Sri Lanka comes from. It is a sedentary bird that can be solitary or occur in pairs. It is non-migratory. Juveniles disperse from the breeding areas, presumably in search of mates or another food source. The grey headed fish eagle spends much of its time perching upright on bare branches over water bodies, occasionally flying down to catch fish. Flight is heavy looking with sharp and full wing-beats on flattish wings. Spends little time in the air soaring possibly due to habitat it lives in and no other aerial displays have been described. The breeding season of the grey-headed fish eagle usually takes place between November and May across most of its mainland range, but changes from December to March in Sri Lanka, November to January in India. Nests have been found in January–March in Burma, April in Sumatra and August in Borneo, it is unclear whether these nest were old or being used for breeding. Breeding in the Prek Toal protected area of the Tonlé Sap follow the flood regimes that begin in September, with eggs near hatching or hatching at peak flood waters in October–November. The grey-headed fish eagle builds a huge stick nest, up to 1.5 metres across and, with repeated use, up to 2 metres deep. The nest is lined with green leaves and were situated in tall trees (8–30 m) on or near the top of the tree with an open crown structure, which can be in a forest or a standalone tree. Nest sites were always near or by a water source with the avoidance of human habitations and is consistent with other fish eagles due to ease of access and food abundance. The clutch size can be between 2 and 4 eggs but usually 2 unmarked white eggs are laid per couple. Little is known about the level of parental care employed by the grey headed fish eagle, the evidence points towards monogamy and shared parental care duties. Both incubation, foraging and fledgling feeding are carried out by the male and female, with incubation lasting 45–50 days and the fledgling period 70 days. As the common name suggests the grey-headed fish eagle is a specialist piscivore, which preys upon live fish and scavenges dead fish and occasionally reptiles and terrestrial birds and small mammals. Tingay et al. found that the diet of the grey-headed fish eagle in the Prek Toal protected area of the Tonlé Sap contains the endangered Tonlé Sap water snake. Whether this is the primary prey item of their diet or a seasonal occurrence in this are remains unclear. The most common method of foraging used is to catch fish from a hunting perch close to a water source with a short flight to snatch prey on the water surface or just below. Also quarters over stretches of river or lakes and fish too heavy to lift may be dragged to bank to devour. It is also dynamic in prey pursuit and can catch fish in rough water such as rapids. Both species in the genus "Ichthyophaga" have strongly recurved talons like the osprey (Pandionidae) a specialisation for catching fish, which is lacking in the genus "Haliaeetus" (sea eagles). The calls of the grey-headed fish eagle include a gurgling "awh-awhr" and "chee-warr" repeated 5–6 times, an owlish "ooo-wok", "ooo-wok", "ooo-wok", a nasally honking "uh-wuk" and a loud high pitched scream. These begin as subdued low short notes each succeeding one more strongly upturned and more strident then previous then dying away again and are uttered from a perch or on the wing. Fledglings give a longer nasal "uuuw-whaar" that starts low and subdued then becomes, louder and higher and strident. During the breeding season becomes quite vocal, with calls being loud and far carrying, often calling also at night. Although not currently considered to be threatened with extinction, the population of grey-headed fish eagles is declining, the result of numerous and varied threats. The loss of suitable wetland habitat, deforestation, over-fishing, siltation, persecution, human disturbance and pollution resulting in a loss of nesting sites and reduced food supply. Tingay et al. noted that these statements are based mostly on anecdotal evidence, although their studies found a definitive negative link between human habitation and grey-headed fish eagle nest occupancy rates in Cambodia. Another critical threat to the Cambodian populations of the grey-headed fish eagle on the Tonlé Sap is the damming of the Mekong River for hydropower, which will possibly have adverse effects on critical	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
also at night. Although not currently considered to be threatened with extinction, the population of grey-headed fish eagles is declining, the result of numerous and varied threats. The loss of suitable wetland habitat, deforestation, over-fishing, siltation, persecution, human disturbance and pollution resulting in a loss of nesting sites and reduced food supply. Tingay et al. noted that these statements are based mostly on anecdotal evidence, although their studies found a definitive negative link between human habitation and grey-headed fish eagle nest occupancy rates in Cambodia. Another critical threat to the Cambodian populations of the grey-headed fish eagle on the Tonlé Sap is the damming of the Mekong River for hydropower, which will possibly have adverse effects on critical flood regimes of the Tonlé Sap. The grey-headed fish eagle is currently listed as Near-Threatened on the IUCN Red List. The population is estimated to be between 10,000–100,000 mature individuals on the basis that it may not exceed a five figure total. This estimate was completed in 2001 with poor data quality, combined with a marked decrease in populations is would be reasonable to assume that the number is closer to 10,000 and bordering on being classified Vulnerable. The population is spread out over 5 million km² and is now thought be only common locally, with moderate rapid population decline throughout its range. Although there are no active conservation measures currently in place for the grey-headed fish eagle, there is an annual monitoring programme for the breeding population in the Prek Toal protected area at the Tonlé Sap Lake in Cambodia, which has been conducted each year since 2006. The programme provides baseline information on the ecology of the species and the status and distribution of the breeding population. A number of other conservation actions have also been proposed by the IUCN, these include surveys to reveal important areas and regularly monitor at various sites throughout its range, protect forests in areas known to be important to the species and conduct awareness campaigns involving local residents to engender pride in the species and encourage better care of wetland areas. Grey-headed fish eagle The grey-headed fish eagle ("Haliaeetus ichthyaetus") is a fish-eating bird of prey from South East Asia. It is a large stocky raptor with adults having dark brown upper body, grey head and lighter underbelly	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Christy Heffernan Christy Heffernan (born 26 December 1957) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a full-forward for the Kilkenny senior team. Born in Glenmore, County Kilkenny, Heffernan first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of twenty-two when he first linked up with the Kilkenny senior team. He made his senior debut during the 1981 championship. Heffernan went on to play a key part for Kilkenny, and won four All-Ireland medals, seven Leinster medals and four National Hurling League medals. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on two occasions. As a member of the Leinster inter-provincial team on a number of occasions, Heffernan won one Railway Cup medal in 1989. At club level he is a one-time All-Ireland medallist with Glenmore. In addition to this he also won two Leinster medals and five championship medals. He also captained the Glenmore Senior Football team to victory in the 1989 county final, also winning man of the match by scoring 5 points from the middle of the field. Throughout his career Heffernan made 32 championship appearances. He retired from inter-county hurling following the conclusion of the 1993 championship. Heffernan is widely regarded as one of Kilkenny's all-time greatest players. During his playing days he won one All-Star award, while he was later chosen at full-forward on the Kilkenny Hurling Team of the Century. Heffernan played his club hurling with his local Glenmore club. He enjoyed much success with the club and won his first senior county title as captain in 1987. Heffernan won a second county medal in 1990 and this was quickly converted into a Leinster club title. Glenmore later defeated Patrickswell in the All-Ireland final, with Heffernan scoring the winning goal in the 33rd minute. In 1992 Heffernan won his third county medal. 1995 saw Glenmore winning a fourth county title which was subsequently converted into a second Leinster club title for Heffernan. Heffernan first came to prominence on the inter-county scene in the early 1980s. He was a member of the Kilkenny senior hurling team that won the National Hurling League in 1982 and later collected his first Leinster title. Heffernan subsequently won his first All-Ireland medal as Kilkenny defeated Cork in the championship decider. The following year Heffernan won his second National League title before winning his second Leinster title. He later won his second consecutive All-Ireland medal following a second consecutive defeat of Cork in the final. Kilkenny lost their provincial crown for the following few years, however, Heffernan won a third National League medal and a third Leinster medal in 1986, however, ‘the Cats’ were beaten in the All-Ireland semi-final. In 1987 Heffernan won his fourth Leinster title, however, Kilkenny went on to lose the All-Ireland final to Galway. Heffernan’s side took a back seat to Offaly for the next few years in the Leinster Championship, however, he did win a forth National League title in 1990. In 1991 Heffernan was appointed captain of the Kilkenny hurling team. That year he won a fifth Leinster medal, however, his side were subsequently defeated by Tipperary in the All-Ireland final. 1992 saw Heffernan add a sixth provincial title to his collection and he later claimed a third All-Ireland medal when he came on as a substitute in Kilkenny’s defeat of Cork in the All-Ireland final. In 1993 he collected a seventh Leinster title before once again coming on as a substitute to claim a fourth All-Ireland medal in Kilkenny’s defeat of Galway in the All-Ireland final. Christy Heffernan Christy Heffernan (born 26 December 1957) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a full-forward for the	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Garbage (computer science) In computer science, garbage includes objects, data, or other regions of the memory of a computer system (or other system resources), which will not be used in any future computation by the system, or by a program running on it. As computer systems all have finite amounts of memory, it is frequently necessary to "deallocate" garbage and return it to the heap, or memory pool, so the underlying memory can be reused. Garbage is generally classified into two types: semantic garbage that is any object or data never accessed by a running program for any combination of program inputs, and syntactic garbage that refers to objects or data within a program's memory space but unreachable from the program's root set. Objects and/or data which are not garbage are said to be "live". Casually stated, syntactic garbage is data that "cannot" be reached, while semantic garbage is data that "will not" be reached. More precisely, syntactic garbage is data that is unreachable due to the reference graph (there is no path to it), which can be determined by many algorithms, as discussed in tracing garbage collector and only requires analyzing the data, not the code. Semantic garbage is data that will not be accessed, either because it is unreachable (hence also syntactic garbage), or reachable but will not be accessed; this latter requires analysis of the code, and is in general an undecidable problem. Syntactic garbage is a (usually strict) subset of semantic garbage as it is entirely possible for an object to hold a reference to another object without the latter object being used. In the following simple stack implementation in Java, elements popped from the stack become semantic garbage once there are no outside references to them: This is because there is still a reference to the object from codice_1, but the object will never be accessed again through this reference, since codice_1 is private to the class and the codice_3 method only returns references to elements it has not already popped (once codice_4 is decremented, that element will never be accessed again by this class). However, this requires analysis of the code of the class, which is undecidable in general. If a later codice_5 call re-grows the stack to the previous size, overwriting this last reference, then the object will become syntactic garbage, since it is unreachable, and will be eligible for garbage collection. An example of the automatic collection of syntactic garbage, by reference counting garbage collection, can be produced using the Python command-line interpreter: In this session, an object is created, its location in the memory is displayed, and the only reference to the object is then destroyed—there is no way to ever use the object again from this point on, as there are no references to it. This becomes apparent when we try to access the original reference: As it is impossible to refer to the object, it has become useless: the object is garbage. Since Python uses garbage collection, it automatically deallocates the memory that was used for the object so that it may be used again: Note that the Bar instance now resides at the memory location 0x54f30; at the same place as where our previous object, the Foo instance, was located. Since the Foo instance was destroyed, freeing up the memory used to contain it, the interpreter creates the Bar object at the same memory location as before, making good use of the available resources. Garbage consumes heap memory, and thus one wishes to collect it (to minimize memory use, and allow faster memory allocation and prevent out-of-memory errors by reducing heap fragmentation and memory use). However, collecting garbage takes time, and if done manually, requires coding overhead. Further, collecting garbage destroys objects and thus can cause calls to finalizers, executing potentially arbitrary code at an arbitrary point in the program's execution. Incorrect garbage collection (deallocating memory that is not garbage), primarily due to errors in manual garbage collection (rather than errors in garbage collectors), results in memory safety violations (often security holes) due to use of dangling pointers. Syntactic garbage can be collected automatically, and garbage collectors have been extensively studied and developed. Semantic garbage cannot be automatically collected in general, and thus cause memory leaks even in garbage-collected languages. Detecting and eliminating semantic garbage is typically done using a specialized debugging tool called a heap profiler, which allows one to see what objects are live and how they are reachable, enabling one to remove the unintended reference. The problem of managing the deallocation of garbage is a well-known one in computer science. Several approaches are taken: Garbage (computer science) In computer science, garbage includes objects, data, or other regions of the memory of a computer system (or other system resources), which will not be used in any	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Metuisela Talebula Metuisela Talebula (born 20 May 1991) is a Fijian rugby union footballer. He plays fullback, fly-half and wing for Bordeaux Bègles and Fiji. Talebula was selected to play for the Fiji Juniors to the 2011 IRB Junior World Championship in Italy. He scored three tries in the tournament and also helped Fiji finish in their best position at sixth. He joined the Fiji Sevens team and helped the Fiji team lift the 2011 Gold Coast Sevens cup title. During the 2011–12 IRB Sevens World Series, he also helped Fiji lift two more titles by winning the 2012 Hong Kong Sevens where he was the top point scorer collecting 52 points and 2012 London Sevens. In the 2012 Scotland Sevens he was also awarded the top scorer scoring 88 points including joint top-try scorer with eight tries. Altogether, Talebula scored 271 points in that season which includes 25 tries. He joined the Fiji senior team right after the final leg of the Sevens series. He was included in the Fiji team for the 2012 IRB Pacific Nations Cup. Talebula made his debut for Fiji against Scotland at Churchill Park in Lautoka on 16 June 2012. He came off the bench in the 60th minute as a full-back replacement for Waisea Nayacalevu and after a brilliant counter by winger, Isimeli Koniferedi, he scored an individual try. He played his next test on the same ground starting at fullback. He scored two tries and kicked a conversion in their win against Tonga. He was selected in the Fiji 15's team to the 2012 end-of-year rugby union tests with tests against Gloucester, Ireland, England and Georgia. In summer 2013, Talebula led the Fiji Sevens team to a third place during the Sevens World Cup 2013 being the top try scorer of the tournament with 7 tries and finishing second on the point scorer list with 43 points. At the end of 2013, Talebula was selected for the Autumn internationals including games against Portugal, Romania, Italy and the Barbarians. Unfortunately, he missed both the first game against Portugal (due to an injury) and the one against the Barbarians (game with Bordeaux). However, he scored a try in each of the other two games starting at fullback. In 2014, Talebula has been included in the Fijian squad playing Italy (2014 mid-year rugby union tests), the Pacific Nations Cup and the World Cup Qualifier against the Cook Islands. In June 2012 Talebula signed a contract with French Top 14 side Bordeaux Bègles. In his first season, he has played 22 games for them scoring 43 points including eight tries. During the Top 14 season (2013–14) Talebula managed to top the try scoring list with some great indidividual efforts leaving some of the worlds best wingers behind. His 15 tries in 23 appearances brought UBB close to the playoffs although it wasn't enough in the end. In autumn 2013 he extended his contract with UBB until 2015 against some expectations that he would join one of the European top clubs at the end of the season. Metuisela Talebula Metuisela Talebula (born 20 May 1991) is a Fijian rugby union footballer. He plays fullback, fly-half and wing for Bordeaux Bègles and Fiji. Talebula was selected to play for the Fiji Juniors to the 2011 IRB Junior World Championship in Italy. He scored three tries in the tournament and also helped Fiji finish in their best position at sixth. He joined the Fiji Sevens team and helped the Fiji team lift the 2011 Gold Coast Sevens cup title. During the 2011–12 IRB Sevens World Series, he also helped	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Overlay (poker) In poker, an overlay is the gap between a poker tournament's guaranteed prize pool and the actual prize pool generated by entrants. For example, if a tournament has a guaranteed prize pool of $10,000, a buy in of $100 and 90 players enter, the players will contribute only $9,000 to the prizepool. The rest of the prizepool (in this example $1,000)—made up by the tournament host—would be the overlay for the tournament. Overlays are far more common in online poker than in live poker simply due to the volume of tournaments online and the fierce competition for players online. Overlay (poker) In poker, an overlay is the gap between a poker tournament's guaranteed prize pool and the actual prize pool generated by entrants. For example, if a tournament has a guaranteed prize pool of $10,000, a buy in of $100 and 90 players enter, the players will contribute only $9,000 to the prizepool. The rest of the prizepool (in this example $1,000)—made up by the tournament host—would be the overlay for the tournament. Overlays are far more common in online poker than in live poker simply due to the volume of tournaments online and the fierce competition for	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Balachka Balachka (; ) are the dialects of Ukrainian spoken by the Cossacks of North Caucasus, especially in the region around the Kuban River. The term originated from the Ukrainian term "balakaty'", which colloquially means "to talk", "to chat". Some linguists characterize Balachka vernacular as a dialect or group of dialects. Balachka does not appear as a separate language on any language codes. Nevertheless, some Cossacks consider it to be a separate language and at least one academic case has been made in this regard. The most significant instance of the Cossack dialect is the Kuban-Black Sea Balachka. Originally starting as a central Ukrainian dialect used by the Black Sea Cossacks who moved to the Kuban in 1792. Over the years the language began to acquire more Russian vocabulary, coinciding with the rising literacy rates in the late 19th century. The Kuban Cossack Chorus artistic director Viktor Zakharchenko points to the local folk songs dating to early and mid-19th century., where those that originated in the Kuban would have their own unique literary flavour and differ from those in standard Russian and Ukrainian. During the 1897 Russian census the dialect was classified as Little Russian language rather than Great Russian. It is not known how widespread the use of "Balachka" is. Education and strict requirements of the Russian Academy of Sciences mean that local press such as TV and radio adhere to standard Russian, with a notable exception for historical films (particularly those involving Cossacks) and Folk music groups and ensembles, such as the Kuban Cossack Chorus. As a result, there has been a gradual erosion in the use of authentic dialects and accents, with unique terms being slowly replaced by standard Russian ones. This is particularly noticeable in the younger generations. At the same time, beginning in the early 1990s, the re-awakening of the Cossacks movement was often done with rekindling of old traditions. It is thus not surprising that many Cossacks use Balachka (or some of its elements) in their speech to punctuate their Cossack heritage and/or affiliation. Political aspects have played a direct role in the classification of the Kuban Balachka. Although this Balachka was initially officially classified as a dialect of the Little Russian language (the official term in pre-revolutionary Russia for the Ukrainian language), and some Ukrainian sources actively support the idea of Balachka being a dialect of the Ukrainian language, this is being contested by some Russian linguistic research, and some of the Kuban Cossacks themselves, who point out that already by the 1860s there was a separate dialect that morphed out of Ukrainian and Russian. Balachka Balachka (; ) are the dialects of Ukrainian spoken by the Cossacks of North Caucasus, especially in the region around the Kuban River. The term originated from the Ukrainian term "balakaty'", which colloquially means "to talk", "to chat". Some linguists characterize Balachka vernacular as a dialect or group of dialects. Balachka does not appear as a separate language on any language codes. Nevertheless, some Cossacks consider it	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
HAT-trie The HAT-Trie is a type of radix trie that uses array nodes to collect individual key–value pairs under radix nodes and hash buckets into an associative array. Unlike a simple hash table, HAT-tries store key–value in an ordered collection. The original inventors are Nikolas Askitis and Ranjan Sinha. Dr. Askitis shows that building and accessing the HAT-trie key/value collection is considerably faster than other sorted access methods and is comparable to the Array Hash which is an unsorted collection. This is due to the cache-friendly nature of the data structure which attempts to group access to data in time and space into the 64 byte cache line size of the modern CPU. A new HAT-Trie starts out as a NULL pointer representing an empty node. The first added key allocates the smallest array node and copies into it the key/value pair, which becomes the first root of the trie. Each subsequent key/value pair is added to the initial array node until a maximum size is reached after which the node is burst by re-distributing its keys into a hash bucket with new underlying array nodes, one for each occupied hash slot in the bucket. The hash bucket becomes the new root of the trie. The key strings are stored in the array nodes with a length encoding byte prefixed to the key value bytes. The value associated with each key can be stored either in-line alternating with the key strings, or placed in a second array, e.g., memory immediately after and joined to the array node. Once the trie has grown into its first hash bucket node, the hash bucket distributes new keys according to a hash function of the key value into array nodes contained underneath the bucket node. Keys continue to be added until a maximum number of keys for a particular hash bucket node is reached. The bucket contents are then re-distributed into a new radix node according to the stored key value's first character, which replaces the hash bucket node as the trie root (e.g. see Burstsort). The existing keys and values contained in the hash bucket are each shortened by one character and placed under the new radix node in a set of new array nodes. Sorted access to the collection is provided by enumerating keys into a cursor by branching down the radix trie to assemble the leading characters, ending at either a hash bucket or an array node. Pointers to the keys contained in the hash bucket or array node are assembled into an array that is part of the cursor for sorting. Since there is a maximum number of keys in a hash bucket or array node, there is a pre-set fixed limit to the size of the cursor at all points in time. After the keys for the hash bucket or array node are exhausted by get-next (or get-previous) (see Iterator) the cursor is moved into the next radix node entry and the process repeats. HAT-trie The HAT-Trie is a	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Kalana Greene Kalana Lanette Greene (born July 13, 1987), is an American professional women's basketball guard, who currently plays for the Minnesota Lynx of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), and CCC Polkowice in Poland. She played her college career at the University of Connecticut, where the Huskies were the 2009 and 2010 NCAA national Champions. Greene grew up in St. Stephen, South Carolina, as the daughter of Addison and Cynthia Greene. Greene played basketball for Timberland High School in St. Stephen, South Carolina. She helped her team win twenty or more games for three consecutive seasons, and in her senior year, she led the team to its first ever state championship. She averaged 17 points per game as a freshman; by the time she was a senior, she averaged 28 points, 18 rebounds, nine steals and eight assists per game. Greene was named a WBCA All-American. She participated in the 2005 WBCA High School All-America Game, where she scored four points. Greene's choices came down to Georgia and Connecticut. She liked the Georgia program, but the UConn program, with both a family atmosphere and an expectation you have to work hard for everything you get swayed her to choose to come to join the University of Connecticut Huskies. Greene suffered a major knee injury in a game on December 17, 2007 against South Carolina, an injury that would end her season. It turned out to be a damaged ACL and torn LCL. UConn rarely played South Carolina, but set up a two-game series, with a game in 2007 against South Carolina in Connecticut, with a return trip to South Carolina in 2008, scheduled so that Greene could play in her home state as a senior. Her coach, Geno Auriemma, worried it might be a career-ending injury. She worked hard to rehabilitate her knee, including staying on campus over the summer to work out in the gym every day. She played the following season, for a team that won the national championship, although not at the same level as before her injury. During the year, she had to make a decision whether to leave as an academic senior, or return for a fifth year. Players who are injured during a year can get an additional year of eligibility, if they haven't played too many games in the season. Greene's injury occurred in the eighth game of her junior season, so she was eligible to return if she chose. She considered her options,and chose to return for a fifth year. On March 9, 2010, Greene played in her 151st game as a UConn Husky, more than any other player in UConn Women's basketball history, breaking the mark held by Renee Montgomery. Greene played in 157 games in her complete college career, an NCAA record. Greene helped lead UConn to the Championship of the Big East Tournament, and earned Most Outstanding Player of the tournament for her performance. Greene was the 13th overall selection in the 2010 WNBA Draft, selected by the New York Liberty. After playing one season for the Liberty, she was traded to the Connecticut Sun for the draft rights of Sydney Colson, the Texas A&M selected by the Sun in the second round of the 2011 WNBA draft. Greene plays for CCC Polkowice in Poland – silver medalist of the PLKK 2010/2011 season. Kalana Greene Kalana Lanette Greene (born July 13, 1987), is an American professional women's basketball guard, who currently plays for the Minnesota Lynx of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), and CCC Polkowice in Poland. She played her college career at the University of Connecticut,	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
The Last Harvest: Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore The Last Harvest was an exhibition of Rabindranath Tagore's paintings to mark the 150th anniversary of Tagore's birth. It was commissioned by the Ministry of Culture, India and organised with the National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA). It consisted of 208 paintings drawn from the collections of Visva Bharati and the NGMA. The exhibition was curated by art historian R. Siva Kumar. Asia Art Archive later classified the exhibition as a "world event". Within the 150th birth anniversary year it was conceived as three separate but similar exhibitions, and travelled simultaneously in three circuits. The first selection was shown at Museum of Asian Art, Berlin, Asia Society, New York, National Museum of Korea, Seoul, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Petit Palais, Paris, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome, National Visual Arts Gallery (Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, McMichael Canadian Art Collection, Ontario, National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi, National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai. An illustrated catalogue, titled "", with essays by international Tagore experts was published to accompany the exhibition. The book covered Tagore's art and other aspects of his work and life. Surrounded by several painters Rabindranath had always wanted to paint. Writing and music, playwriting and acting came to him naturally and almost without training, as it did to several others in his family, and in even greater measure. But painting eluded him. Yet he tried repeatedly to master the art and there are several references to this in his early letters and reminiscence. In 1900 for instance, when he was nearing forty and already a celebrated writer, he wrote to Jagadishchandra Bose, "You will be surprised to hear that I am sitting with a sketchbook drawing. Needless to say, the pictures are not intended for any salon in Paris, they cause me not the least suspicion that the national gallery of any country will suddenly decide to raise taxes to acquire them. But, just as a mother lavishes most affection on her ugliest son, so I feel secretly drawn to the very skill that comes to me least easily." He also realized that he was using the eraser more than the pencil, and dissatisfied with the results he finally withdrew, deciding it was not for him to become a painter. Although he gave up the hope of becoming an artist around 1900, Rabindranath continued to doodle in his manuscripts. He turned struck-out words into ornamental motifs and sometimes linked the scratched out words on the pages of his manuscripts into an art-nouveau-like arabesque. This continued without much change until the end of 1923. Then almost all of a sudden on the pages of the notebook he used during his tour of 1924 his doodles proliferated and assumed more representational and expressive intent. Victoria Ocampo who spotted these during his stay in Argentina as her guest was impressed and found artistic merit in them. "He played with erasures," she wrote, "following them from verse to verse with his pen, making lines that suddenly jumped into life out of this play: prehistoric monsters, birds, faces appeared." These doodles in the Purabi manuscript that excited Ocampo in 1924 mark the beginnings of Rabindranath"s artistic career. Rabindrnath himself recognised such doodles as the beginnings of his art and wrote: "The only training I had from my young days was the training in rhythm in thought, the rhythm in sound. I had come to know that rhythm gives reality to that which is desultory, which is insignificant in itself. And therefore, when the scratches in my manuscript cried, like sinners, for salvation, and assailed my eyes with the ugliness of their irrelevance, I often took more time in rescuing them into a merciful finality of rhythm than in carrying on what was my obvious task." He also called this his "unconscious training in drawing." And described the imagery that emerged as follows: "... when the vagaries of the ostracized mistakes had their conversion into rhythmic inter-relationship, giving birth to unique forms and characters. Some assumed the temperate exaggeration of a probable animal that had unaccountably missed its chance of existence… Some lines showed anger, some placid benevolence, through some lines ran an essential laughter. ... These lines often expressed passions that were abstract, evolved characters that hung upon subtle suggestions." After four years of involved doodling, Rabindranath began to do independent paintings in 1928. And six years after she first noticed the expressive strength of his doodles in 1930 Ocampo helped him organize the first exhibition of his paintings in Paris. This was followed by a string of exhibitions across Europe, in Russia, England and America. He was the first Indian artist to be exhibited widely in the West. He felt that different as his works were from the art of his Indian contemporaries they stood a better chance to be appreciated in the West. And many of his first viewers in the West, and these included seasoned artists and connoisseurs, were appreciative. However, they were fleeting encounters and they saw his work as an extension of Western art and not in relation to the totality of his oeuvre or in relation to India. His familiarity with the "primitive" and modern traditions of art played a role in his emergence as a painter. But it is only in the context of post-forties Indian art that Rabindranath's paintings find their true place in the history of modernism and it is in this context they need to be looked at. Though Rabindranath began to paint only in 1928 when he was sixty-seven he painted well over two thousand paintings. It was as Abanindranath Tagore said a "volcanic eruption" that continued unabated for the last thirteen years of his life. Coming at the end of a hugely creative life spreading across six decades and involving work in several mediums and genres the question of how his paintings relate to the rest of his oeuvre rises. Is there a unifying theme or universal "truth" running through all his creations? It would be difficult to give a categorical and simple answer but the following words of Rabindranath from My Pictures, a statement he made in 1930 in connection with his paintings might contain a lead. "But one thing which is common to all arts is the principle of rhythm which transforms inert materials into living creations. My instinct for it and my training in its use led me to know that lines and colours in art are no carriers of information; they seek their rhythmic incarnation in pictures. Their ultimate purpose is not to illustrate or to copy some outer fact or inner vision, but to evolve a harmonious wholeness which finds its passage through our eyesight into imagination. It neither questions our mind for meaning nor burdens it with unmeaningness, for it is, above all, meaning." "The Last Harvest" is an international exhibition commissioned and fully supported by the Government of India as part of Rabindranath's 150th birth anniversary celebrations. It brings together a representative selection of his works culled from the collections of Rabindra Bhavana and Kala Bhavana at Santiniketan, and the National Gallery of Modern Art. Rabindranath's life, his works and the history of his institutions mark a progress from nationalism to universal humanism. His paintings belong to the period of universal humanism and linked as they may be to personal experiences they have a universal appeal. In consonance with it Rabindranath did not title his drawings and paintings. He also did not date most of them. Thus they come to us as an open-ended oeuvre, encouraging us to respond to them with our sensibilities and find linkages between them. In other words, he encourages the viewers to embark on a curatorial process. This exhibition is one such effort. In this exhibition the works are grouped into what may be considered four important facets	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Bhavana and Kala Bhavana at Santiniketan, and the National Gallery of Modern Art. Rabindranath's life, his works and the history of his institutions mark a progress from nationalism to universal humanism. His paintings belong to the period of universal humanism and linked as they may be to personal experiences they have a universal appeal. In consonance with it Rabindranath did not title his drawings and paintings. He also did not date most of them. Thus they come to us as an open-ended oeuvre, encouraging us to respond to them with our sensibilities and find linkages between them. In other words, he encourages the viewers to embark on a curatorial process. This exhibition is one such effort. In this exhibition the works are grouped into what may be considered four important facets of his oeuvre. His earliest paintings grew out of the doodles he did in his manuscripts while attempting to turn crossed out words and discarded lines into visually exciting motifs. These have an element of playful inventiveness and involve morphological cross-projections that defy perceptual experience. If the subliminal played an important part in his first paintings, painting itself led him to pay attention to the pageant of forms in nature. The landscapes included in these selections are a token of this shift. As he progressed he also began to see the human body not merely as form but as gestures carrying within them the seeds of visual narration and theatre – ambivalent as they may remain without the benefit of names. A third group of paintings bring this into focus. And finally there are his representations of the human face; hovering between hieratic masks and individualised portraits, they turn countenance into characters. The four groups may be highlighted thus: Group 1 This group contains some of his earliest paintings, they are either geometrical or arabesque and have an element of playful inventiveness involving morphological cross-projections that defy reality. Group 2 Nature was an enduring theme in Rabindranath's writings and songs, he felt a deep companionship with nature since his childhood. A more meditative and observant come through in his landscapes and flower pieces. Group 3 As a playwright and actor Rabindranath was sensitive to gesture and its dramatic and narrative potential; the paintings in this group bring this into focus. Group 4 This group consists of his representations of the human face into which he reads traces of social and personal life. They are products of observation and psychological probing. Finally a word about the title. For Rabindranath who welcomed contact with other cultures to foster creativity, and for whom the touchstone of authenticity was not the lineage of one"s language but one"s ability to make it one"s own, the value of art lay not in its source or style but in being an imperative of life. And painting was the last enchantment of his life, his last personal imperative. "I am hopelessly entangled in the spell that the lines have cast all around me…. If I were a free agent ... unburdened by any care," he wrote to close friend in 1928 just when he was embarking on his career as a painter, "I would live by the Padma and gather a harvest of pictures and nothing but pictures to load the Golden Boat of Time with." He was burdened with too many commitments to allow himself that privilege but the harvest has been good (well over two thousand paintings in thirteen years) and this exhibition carries a small part of it eighty years after he himself had ferried it across the world for the first time. "The Last Harvest" received highly appreciable reviews across the globe. The British newspaper "Daily Telegraph" reported,"Tagore is such a fascinating figure that for the fans of his work the art will illuminate his poems and fictions; and for those coming cold, this ("The Last Harvest") serves as a delightful introduction." "The Independent" rated the exhibition as one of the five best shows to have opened in London in 2011. Mumbai Boss declared it the best museum exhibition saying, "At this gathering of about 100 works, one of the largest since his death, fluidly curated by historian R. Siva Kumar, the viewer was given a peek into a less assured Tagore, as a 60-something artist, who used his innate sense of linguistic artistry to permeate his at-times fantastical works. There were animals invented, idyllic landscapes, portraits and drawings that showed him to have an astonishing grasp of what it meant to endow a visual expression with the same raw beauty as its written equivalent." Daily News and Analysis reported, "Tagore's imagination created paintings that underline his sheer genius. Yet, they were untitled, left to viewers to interpret." According to "The Times of India", "The Last Harvest" was "A rare display of artworks by Tagore". "Like a skipping stone, Tagore’s style glanced off a variety of inspirations – wood-cuts, surrealist imagery, North American folk art – and yet was sharply distinctive. "The Last Harvest", curated by Professor Raman Siva Kumar of Visva-Bharati University, presents one of the most elaborate exhibitions of Tagore’s paintings that we’ve seen." reported Firstpost. The Last Harvest: Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore The Last Harvest was an exhibition of Rabindranath Tagore's paintings to mark the 150th anniversary of Tagore's birth. It was commissioned by the Ministry of Culture, India and organised with the National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA). It consisted of 208 paintings drawn from the collections of Visva Bharati and the NGMA. The exhibition was curated by	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
St. Charles College (Sudbury) St. Charles College is a high school located at 1940 Hawthorne Drive in Greater Sudbury, Ontario. The school motto is ""Goodness Discipline and Knowledge"" and is based on the Basilian motto, "Bonitatem et disciplinam et scientiam doce me", which comes from Psalm 119 of the Bible `- "Teach me good judgement and knowledge: for I believe your commandments". The school was established in 1951 by the city's Catholic school board, in conjunction with the Basilian Fathers, as a boys-only school. (Girls attended Marymount College.) The school's original campus was located on Pine Street in the city's west end. In the early 1980s, enrolment so exceeded the school's capacity that a second campus, located in the former St. Hubert School on Travers Street in the West-End neighbourhood, was launched for Grade 9 students. The school also used the site of the former Collège Sacré-Coeur on Notre-Dame Avenue. In 1986, the Catholic and public school boards traded redundant buildings and St. Charles College moved to a new campus in Garson, the site of the former Garson-Falconbridge Secondary School. In 1993, the boards traded buildings again, and the school moved to its present campus. At that time, the school also became co-educational, admitting female students for the first time. Renovations took place during 2014 and are now completed as of September 2015. Renovations included the new main office extension, cafeteria, and grade 7/8 classrooms/hallway. The school is known for its dominant sports teams such as Cards hockey, soccer, football, golf, and many more. The school is also known for its superior arts department. The arts department puts on three high quality performances for the public every year. Starting with its annual Christmas concert, musical production in May, and its spring concert. The school mascot is a cardinal and is a reference to the cardinals of the Vatican. In 2015, a Catholic priest complained about the prominence of the Cardinal logo on the building and the school board quietly decided to remove the sign from its prominent position. This has yet to be done, as there is little support in the community for such a move and the sign is symbol of pride among students and staff. St. Charles College (Sudbury) St. Charles College is a high school located at 1940 Hawthorne Drive in Greater Sudbury, Ontario. The school motto is ""Goodness Discipline and Knowledge"" and is based on the	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
2019 Major League Baseball All-Star Game The 2019 Major League Baseball All-Star Game will be the 90th Major League Baseball All-Star Game. The game will be hosted by the Cleveland Indians and will be played at Progressive Field on July 9, 2019. The decision to name Cleveland the host city was announced on January 27, 2017 by Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred. It will be the sixth All-Star Game in Cleveland, and the first since 1997; this will establish the Indians as the team to have hosted the most All-Star Games, breaking a four-way tie with the Pittsburgh Pirates, St. Louis Cardinals, and Cincinnati Reds, who have each hosted the game five times. It is also the first time since 2014 that an American League team has hosted the event. This All-Star Game will also coincide with the 25th anniversary of Progressive Field and make it the second All-Star Game hosted by that ballpark.. Alex Cora of the defending World Series champion Boston Red Sox will manage the American League, and Dave Roberts of the Los Angeles Dodgers will manage the National League for the second consecutive year. Bidding for the 2019 All-Star Game began roughly five years before in 2014, according to Indians owner Paul Dolan. The selection of Cleveland to host the 2019 All-Star Game was heavily influenced by two major factors. The first involves recent improvement and growth throughout downtown Cleveland. The second factor is the recent success enjoyed by the Indians which culminated in an appearance in the 2016 World Series. Though the Indians fell to the Chicago Cubs in seven games that year, Commissioner Manfred spoke highly of the city and its response to the World Series, stating that, "Cleveland's a baseball town and it will be a great host for the Midsummer Classic." Recent renovations and improvements in Progressive Field also influenced the decision to name the ballpark as the All-Star Game host for the second time. Estimates place the economic benefit Cleveland will see as the event's host city in the range of $60-65 million. The Indians and Major League Baseball unveiled the logo for the 2019 All-Star Game on August 7, 2018. 2019 Major League Baseball All-Star Game The 2019 Major League Baseball All-Star Game will be the 90th Major League Baseball All-Star Game. The game will be hosted by the Cleveland Indians and will be played at Progressive Field on	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Gas carrier A gas carrier (or gas tanker) is a ship designed to transport LPG, LNG or liquefied chemical gases in bulk. The seaborne transport of liquefied gases began in 1934 when a major international company put two combined oil/LPG tankers into operation. The ships, basically oil tankers, had been converted by fitting small, riveted, pressure vessels for the carriage of LPG into cargo tank spaces. This enabled transport over long distances of substantial volumes of an oil refinery by-product that had distinct advantages as a domestic and commercial fuel. LPG is not only odourless and non-toxic, it also has a high calorific value and a low sulphur content, making it very clean and efficient when being burnt. Today, most fully pressurised oceangoing LPG carriers are fitted with two or three horizontal, cylindrical or spherical cargo tanks and have typical capacities between 20,000 TO 1,00,000 Tonnes and Length overall ranging from 220 m to 260 m. However, in recent years a number of larger-capacity fully pressurised ships have been built, most notably a series of ships, built in Japan between 2003 and 2013. Fully pressurised ships are still being built in numbers and represent a cost-effective, simple way of moving LPG to and from smaller gas terminals. Compressed natural gas carrier Compressed natural gas carrier (CNG)ships are designed to transport natural gas under high pressure. CNG carriers are economical for medium distance marine transport. These ships carried gases in a semi-pressurized/semi-refrigerated state however due to further development semi-pressurised/fully refrigerated gas carriers had become the shipowners' choice by providing high flexibility in cargo handling. These carriers, incorporating tanks either cylindrical, spherical or bi-lobe in shape, are able to load or discharge gas cargoes at both refrigerated and pressurised storage facilities. Ethylene carriers are the most sophisticated of the gas tankers and have the ability to carry not only most other liquefied gas cargoes but also ethylene at its atmospheric boiling point of . These ships feature cylindrical, insulated, stainless steel cargo tanks able to accommodate cargoes up to a maximum specific gravity of 1.8 at temperatures ranging from a minimum of −104 °C to a maximum of and at a maximum tank pressure of 4 bar. They are built to carry liquefied gases at low temperature and atmospheric pressure between terminals equipped with fully refrigerated storage tanks. However, discharge through a booster pump and cargo heater makes it possible to discharge to pressurized tanks too. The first purpose-built, lpg tanker was the m/t Rasmus Tholstrup from a Swedish shipyard to a Danish design. Prismatic tanks enabled the ship's cargo carrying capacity to be maximised, thus making fully refrigerated ships highly suitable for carrying large volumes of cargo such as LPG, ammonia and vinyl chloride over long distances. Today, fully refrigerated ships range in capacity from . LPG carriers in the size range are often referred to as VLGCs (Very Large Gas Carriers). Although LNG carriers are often larger in terms of cubic capacity, this term is normally only applied to fully refrigerated LPG carriers. The main type of cargo containment system utilised on board modern fully refrigerated ships are independent tanks with rigid foam insulation. The insulation used is quite commonly polyurethane foam. Older ships can have independent tanks with loosely filled perlite insulation. In the past, there have been a few fully refrigerated ships built with semi-membrane or integral tanks and internal insulation tanks, but these systems have only maintained minimal interest. The large majority of such ships currently in service have been constructed by shipbuilders in Japan and Korea. The majority of LNG carriers are between in capacity. In the modern fleet of LNG carriers, there is an interesting exception concerning ship size. This is the introduction of several smaller ships of between having been built in 1994 and later to service the needs of importers of smaller volumes. These vessels are designed to transport liquefied gas. Builders of Liquefied Gas Carriers are: The Gas Codes, developed by International Maritime Organization apply to all gas carriers regardless of size. There are three Gas Codes and these are described below. Gas carriers built after June 1986 (the IGC Code) The Code which applies to new gas carriers (built after 30 June 1986) is the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk. In brief, this Code is known as the IGC Code. The IGC Code, under amendments to International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), is mandatory for all new ships. As proof that a ship complies with the Code, an International Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk should be on board. In 1993, the IGC Code was amended and the new rules came into effect on 1 July 1994. Ships on which construction started on or after 1 October 1994 should apply the amended version of the Code but ships built earlier may comply with previous editions of the IGC Code. Gas carriers built between 1976 and 1986 (the GC Code) The regulations covering gas carriers built after 1976 but before July 1986 are included in the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk. It is known as the Gas Carrier Code or GC Code in short. Since 1975, International Maritime Organization (IMO) has approved four sets of amendments to the GC Code. The latest was adopted in June 1993. All amendments are not necessarily agreed by every government. Although this Code is not mandatory, many countries have implemented it into national law. Accordingly, most charterers will expect such ships to meet with Code standards and, as proof of this, to have on board a Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk. Gas carriers built before 1977 (the Existing Ship Code) The regulations covering gas carriers built before 1977 are contained in the Code for Existing Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk. Its content is similar to the GC Code, though less extensive. The Existing Ship Code was completed in 1976 after the GC Code had been written. It therefore summarises current shipbuilding practice at that time. It remains as an IMO recommendation for all gas carriers in this older fleet of ships. The Code is not mandatory but is applied by some countries for ship registration and in other countries as a necessary fulfilment prior to port entry. Accordingly, many ships of this age are required by charterers to meet with Code standards and to have on board a Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk. A cargo containment system is the total arrangement for containing cargo including, where fitted: For cargoes carried at temperatures between the ship's hull may act as the secondary barrier and in such cases it may be a boundary of the hold space. The basic cargo tank types utilised on board gas carriers are in accordance with the list below:— Independent Type Type A Independent Tanks are prismatic and supported on insulation-bearing blocks typically consisting of wooden chocks and located by anti-roll chocks located at the top of the tank inside the void space and anti-flotation chocks located inside the void space usually just above the double bottom tanks. The tanks are normally divided by a centreline liquid-tight bulkhead; by this feature, together with the chamfered upper part of the tank, the free liquid surface effect is reduced and thus the virtual rise of the Centre of gravity and the stability is increased. When these cargo tanks are designed to carry LPG (at −50 °C), the tank is constructed of fine-grained low-carbon manganese steel or even stainless steel as seen in the Maersk J class Ships. The hold space (void space) in this design is normally filled with dry inert gas or Nitrogen	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
on insulation-bearing blocks typically consisting of wooden chocks and located by anti-roll chocks located at the top of the tank inside the void space and anti-flotation chocks located inside the void space usually just above the double bottom tanks. The tanks are normally divided by a centreline liquid-tight bulkhead; by this feature, together with the chamfered upper part of the tank, the free liquid surface effect is reduced and thus the virtual rise of the Centre of gravity and the stability is increased. When these cargo tanks are designed to carry LPG (at −50 °C), the tank is constructed of fine-grained low-carbon manganese steel or even stainless steel as seen in the Maersk J class Ships. The hold space (void space) in this design is normally filled with dry inert gas or Nitrogen but may be ventilated with air during a ballast or gas free passage. The Conch design has been developed for carriage of LNG (at-163oC). The material for these cargo tanks has to be either 9% nickel steel or aluminium. The maximum allowable relief vapour setting (MARVS) is < 0. 7 bar. Type B Independent Tanks are generally spherical and welded to a vertical cylindrical skirt, which is the lone connection to the ship's main hull. The hold space (void space) in this design is normally filled with dry inert gas or Nitrogen but may be ventilated with air during a ballast or gas free passage. A protective steel dome covers the primary barrier above deck level, and insulation encloses the outside of the primary barrier surface. This containment system has been used for carriage of LNG. The material of construction is either 9% nickel steel or aluminium. The maximum Allowable relief vapour setting (MARVS) is < 0. 7 bar. Type C Independent Tanks are deck pressure vessels or cylindrical pressure tanks mounted horizontally on two or more cradle-shaped foundations. The tanks may be fitted on, below or partly below deck and be both longitudinally and transversely located. Lobe-type tanks are commonly used at the forward end of the ship, to improve the poor utilization of the hull volume. This containment system is used for LPG, Ethylene and small scale LNG carriers. The material, if used for the construction of tanks designed to carry ethylene, is 5% nickel steel. The maximum Allowable relief vapour setting (MARVS) is > 0. 7 bar. and Some other types such as: have been fully designed and approved but have not been commercially used yet. Vinyl chloride commonly carried on gas carriers is a known as a human carcinogen, particularly liver cancer. It is not only dangerous when inhaled but can also be absorbed by the skin. Skin irritation and watering of the eyes indicate dangerous levels of VCM may be present in the atmosphere. Caution must be exerted while dealing with such cargoes, precautions such as use of Chemical suits Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA's) and gas tight goggles must be worn at all times to prevent exposure. Chlorine and ammonia are other toxic cargoes carried. Almost all cargo vapours are flammable. When ignition occurs, it is not the liquid which burns but the evolved vapour that burns. Flameless explosions which result out of cold cargo liquid coming into sudden contact with water do not release much energy. Pool fires which are the result of a leaked pool of cargo liquid catching fire and jet fires which are the result of the leak catching fire are grave hazards. Flash fires occur when there is a leak and does not ignite immediately but after the vapours travel some distance downwind and getting ignited and are extremely dangerous. Vapour cloud explosions and boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion are the most grave flammability hazards on gas carriers. The cargoes are carried at extremely low temperatures, from , and hence frostbite due to exposure of skin to the cold vapours or liquid is a very real hazard. Asphyxia occurs when the blood cannot take a sufficient supply of oxygen to the brain. A person affected may experience headache, dizziness and inability to concentrate, followed by loss of consciousness. In sufficient concentrations any vapour may cause asphyxiation, whether toxic or not. 1. Exposure to more than 2,000 ppm – fatal in 30 minutes, 6,000 ppm – fatal in minutes, 10,000 ppm – fatal and intolerable to unprotected skin. 2. Anhydrous ammonia is not dangerous when handled properly, but if not handled carefully it can be extremely dangerous. It is not as combustible as many other products that we use and handle every day. However, concentrations of gas burn and require precautions to avoid fires. 3. Mild exposure can cause irritation to eye, nose and lung tissues. Prolonged breathing can cause suffocation. When large amounts are inhaled, the throat swells shut and victims suffocate. Exposure to vapours or liquid also can cause blindness 4. The water-absorbing nature of anhydrous ammonia that causes the greatest injury (especially to the eyes, nose, throat or lungs), and which can cause permanent damage. It is a colourless gas at atmospheric pressure and normal temperature, but under pressure readily changes into a liquid. Anhydrous ammonia has a high affinity for water. Anhydrous ammonia is a hygroscopic compound, this means it will seek moisture source that may be the body of the operator, which is composed of 90 percent water. When a human body is exposed to anhydrous ammonia the chemical freeze burns its way into the skin, eyes or lungs. This attraction places the eyes, lungs, and skin at greatest risk because of their high moisture content. Caustic burns result when the anhydrous ammonia dissolves into body tissue. Most deaths from anhydrous ammonia are caused by severe damage to the throat and lungs from a direct blast to the face. An additional concern is the low boiling point of anhydrous ammonia. The chemical freezes on contact at room temperature. It will cause burns similar to, but more severe than, those caused by dry ice. If exposed to severe cold flesh will become frozen. At first, the skin will become red (but turn subsequently white); the affected area is painless, but hard to touch, if left untreated the flesh will die and may become gangrenous. 5. The human eye is a complex organ made up of about 80 percent water. Ammonia under pressure can cause extensive, almost immediate damage to the eye. The ammonia extracts the fluid and destroys eye cells and tissue in minutes. 6. Draining of ammonia into sea while pre-cooling of the hard-arm or during disconnection operations is not an eco-friendly operation. As a small quantity of ammonia as low as (LC50) is hazardous to Salmon as per ICSC, USA. Consumption of such fish could be dangerous to humans. Gas carrier A gas carrier (or gas tanker) is a ship designed to transport LPG, LNG or liquefied	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Los Borrachos del Tablón Los Borrachos del Tablón (Drunks of bleachers in English) is the "barra brava" of the Club Atlético River Plate. It is one of the scariest barra brava groups in Argentina. Under the leadership Luisito Pereyra and Edgar "Diariero" ("Newspaper Man") Butassi, the barra brava was involved in fights and controversies; however, the intensity of involvement in crime and fight did not compare to today. In 1996 after a River Plate game against Club Atlético Independiente a battle against the fans of Independiente (not the barra brava) would set the beginning of the end for Pereyra and Butassi's hold on the organization. The battle ended with the loss of Christian Rousoulis, an Independiente fan, who was stabbed by members of Los Borrachos. This caused a tense internal problems that split the firm into two leaving both bosses Luisito and El Diariero powerless. Later on, they would face charges related to the Rousoulis case. The two sections of the firm were now under the leadership of new faces. One of the groups, led by bosses "El Zapatero" and "El Monito" Saldivia, had their base in Constitución neighborhood and it was rumored that they were tied to the political Partido Justicialista. "Los Patovicas," the other group of the firm, was led by two close friends who were on the third lines of the firm prior to 1997. These two were middle class men Adrian Rousseau and Alan Schlenker, who lived in the upper-class neighborhood of Belgrano. In 2002, before a River Plate-Newell's Old Boys game Los Patovicas confronted the Newell's barra brava right outside the stadium in order to show their power and intimidate the group led by El Zapatero and El Monito. As the section's numbers began to increase all the other factions of the firm had no choice but to join Schlenker and Rousseau's side. As president of the Club Jose Maria Aguilar was finishing his first year as head of River, Los Patovicas became the head of Los Borrachos as they cleaned up the section and sent messages to all those with 'bad intentions.' Nazareno one of the members was beaten up as an example because he was stealing from fans in the stadium. Later on the band of Fuerte Apache led by Martin Stambuli also joined "Los Patovicas". Fuerte Apache is one of the most dangerous neighborhoods in the Greater Buenos Aires. With significant support from board members and outstanding organization Los Borrachos became the most feared and well respected barra brava in Argentina. Other barras bravas admitted this fact and refused to confront Los Borrachos. Transportation, sales, services, stolen flags from other barras bravas, and weapons were evidence of the power of this barra brava. In 2003, La 12, which is Boca Juniors (River's eternal rival) barra brava, avoided a scheduled battle with Los Borrachos, a move that placed much more respect on River's side. In a 2002 summer Superclasico (vs Boca Juniors), Boca was up 4-0 in the first half. As Boca's barra brava and fans began making fun of River, Los Borrachos were able to break the hurdles dividing them from the Boca Juniors fans (La 12), injuring many of them. . The following year while driving up to Rosario to watch their side play Rosario Central, Los Borrachos confronted a bus of Newell's firm (one of the big rival firms) on Highway 9, in a battle that killed two Newell's fans. Up to this day, some members of Los Borrachos still face charges because of the deaths. One of the members, close to William Schlenker (brother of Alan), also faced charges because he beat up a university student who was wearing Rosario Central shorts in a restaurant in the Belgrano neighborhood. Apparently the university student was told by the defendant to take the shorts off in that neighborhood, and he responded "C'mon I can't take off my shorts in front of everyone." Another encounter took place in the Copa Libertadores match up against Brazil's Corinthians. The firm beat up police outside the Stadium in Brazil. During the 2006 World Cup, the power of Los Borrachos was at a peak. They had great relationship with the players, were in a great financial position (earnings of $ 70,000 a month), and had the support of the board members. While other barras bravas, such as Boca's and Independiente's, had to stay in places like the Czech Republic and Poland because of expenses, Los Borrachos were able to stay in Munich and some say that the top leaders stayed in the house of Martin Demichelis. During the games they did not use their assigned seating, causing the FIFA to suspend them from any other games during the World Cup. The firm was able to hire Germany's top lawyers and eventually were able to overturn FIFA's decision. They came back from Germany with pockets full and many believe that arrogance was the start of the decline. When they came back from Germany, the firm went to Paraguay to see the Libertad vs River Plate match, for the Copa Libertadores de America. River down 3-1 in the second half, Los Borrachos began fighting the police. During the fight Los Borrachos were wearing the River Plate Jersey they usually and it was recorded on tape. Paraguay's justice pressed charges against the firm's top bosses. Due to all the power, Adrian Rousseau and Alan Schlenker started having their differences, to the point where the firm split. After the falling out between the two leaders, there have been serious fights between groups loyal to the different leaders. The most serious one occurred on February 11, 2007, in what has been dubbed "The Battle of the Mud Huts," since it happened on that recreational section of the Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti, which caused Argentine courts to suspend the stadium for three games. On May 6, 2007, the two groups fought again, this time just outside the stadium after a game, with two people suffering serious knife-wounds, and many others lesser injuries. Later on, they fought again but this time in the parking lot of a Wal-Mart. The night of August 7, Gonzalo Acro (Rosseau's right-hand man) was shot three times as he was coming home from the gym. Acro died a day later. Immediately after his death, relatives and Rosseau came out to the media, claiming Acro was not involved in the power struggle. Media and even members close to Rosseau came out saying that Acro was in fact Rosseau's right-hand man all along and, to prove his lack of innocence in the issue, pointed to him as the one that stabbed the wheels of the players' vehicles two years earlier, in a game that River lost 3-1 to Racing Club. Schlenker's side was immediately blamed and accused of the murder; however, they denied everything. Schlenker was on the run immediately after the incident as apparently he was hiding in Cordoba. Most of the members of the firm are currently under custody, however none of them was found guilty yet. In 2009, "El Colo" Luna, who was hiding in Barcelona and Italy, admitted to the murder through a video saying it was an accidental shot that left the gun. He was later found by Italian police and arrested. However, investigators doubt that he was the murderer, and everything points to either William or Alan Schlenker as the murderers. Los Borrachos del Tablón Los Borrachos del Tablón (Drunks of bleachers in English) is the "barra brava" of the Club Atlético River Plate. It is one of the scariest barra brava groups in Argentina. Under the leadership Luisito Pereyra and Edgar "Diariero" ("Newspaper Man") Butassi, the barra brava was involved in fights and controversies; however, the intensity of involvement in crime and fight did not compare to today. In 1996 after a	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Paulina Lebl-Albala Paulina Lebl-Albala (August 9, 1891 – October 8, 1967) was a Serbian feminist, translator, literary critic, literature theoretician, and professor of literature in Belgrade. A co-founder of the Yugoslav Association of University-Educated Women (1927), she also served as the organization's president. Paulina Lebl was born in Belgrade, Serbia She was the youngest child in the family of Simon Lébl, an engineer in the French company which raised the railway in Serbia. Her mother was Natalie and there were three sisters, Hermina, Jelena, and Ruža. She grew up in the city's Ashkenazi community. She finished elementary and middle school in Niš, with third and fourth year at the Girls' College (1904–06). Between 1906-09, she attended and graduated from the First Women's Gymnasium, studying under Jovan Skerlić, Pavle Popović (1868–1939), and Bogdan Popović in the Faculty of Philosophy, classics department, where she participated in the literary club "Nada". Her published translations of "Glanz" and "Allegro furiozo" by Ida Boy-Ed appeared in "Politika" in 1906 and 1907 and were the first translations of Boy-Ed's work. The "Prosvetni pregled" (Education Review) No. 1, released "On reading", in 1909, for which she won an award. In the same year, she began studies in architecture in Belgrade, leaving after a semester. From 1909 through 1913, she studied Serbian and French literature at the Faculty of Philology at the University of Belgrade. In 1909 and in 1912–14, she published translations of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Ludwig Thoma, Paul-Louis Hervier, Maurice Barrès, Heinrich Heine, Gustave Flaubert, and Oscar Wilde; during the same period, she published the original works of Victor Hugo, as well as literary and theater reviews. At the end of 1913, Lebl-Albala began teaching at the First Women's Gymnasium. From 1914 until 1918, Lebl-Albala published in the journals "Odjek" ("Response") (Nis), "Književni jug" ("Literary South") (Zagreb), and "Moderna žena" ("Modern Women") (Zagreb); she was in Switzerland 1917–18. Lebl-Albala was back in Belgrade in 1918-39. She became a professor in the Second Girls Gymnasium in 1920. She married David Albala, a physician, Zionist leader and president of Belgrade's Sephardi community on March 14 of that year at the Sephardic Synagogue. They had a daughter, Jelena Albala Gojić in 1925. A feminist, she became a member of the "Drustvo za prosvećivanje žene i zaštitu njenih prava" ("Society for Women's Enlightenment and Protection of their Rights") in 1925, she was also active in Zionist youth work. Other memberships included the Management Association of Professors and PEN Club. For eight years, she served as president of the Yugoslav Association of University-Educated Women. A literature theoretician, from 1919 through 1939, Lebl-Albala wrote essays, literary discussions, criticism, reviews, stories, travel articles about women and youth, translations and other contributions which were published in newspapers and journals; some of these were, "Revue Yougoslave", "Misao", "Ženski pokret", "Prosvetni glasnik", "SKG", "Prilozi", "LMS", "Strani pregled", "Politika", "Javnost", "Književni jug", "Glasnik jugoslovenskog ženskog saveza", "Beogradske opštinske novine", "Južni pregled", "Krug", "Naša stvarnost", "Život i rad", "Žena danas", and "Vidici". She wrote discussions and reviews of the works of Dositej Obradović, Njegoš, Ljubomir Nenadović, Jovan Skerlić, Borisav Stanković, Branislav Nušić, Bogdan Popović, Jovan Sterija Popović, Jovan Dučić, Stanislav Vinaver, as well as Heine, Hugo, Herman Hesse, A. Smedlej, and Germaine de Staël. Her work appeared in a number of publications, including Ljubomir Nenadović's, "Odabrane strane" (1926), Božidar Knežević's, "Misli" (1931), Bulletin of the Association of University-Educated Women (1931-1935), "L'Oeuvre litteraire des femmes yougoslaves" (1936), in which he wrote the preface and introduction of individual chapters, as well as "Monahinja Jefimija" (1936). In 1937, she became the editor of "Glasnik Jugoslovenskog ženskog saveza" ("Bulletin of the Yugoslav Women's Association"). In 1940, she moved to Washington, D.C., joining her husband at the Yugoslav Embassy. She wrote for the "Yugoslav News Bulletin" (Yugoslav Information Center, New York City, 1942) and in Pittsburgh newspapers (1941, 1944–45). After her husband's death in 1942, Lebl-Albala and her daughter settled in New York City. Lebl-Albala returned to Belgrade in 1945, and was mentioned in the 1947 edition of the "Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature" in the section on Serbian writers. She did translation work for Metro Goldwyn Meyer and Columbia Pictures during this time. In 1947, she made Aliyah with the first group of emigrants for Israel, after which, she visited Rome (1951–53) and Windsor, Ontario, Canada (1955), before emigrating to the US where she lived with her daughter in Los Angeles, California. She died there in 1967. She is mentioned in "Encyclopaedia Hebraica", "Jewish Almanac", and the "Bulletin of the Association of Yugoslav Jews in the United States". Published in 2005, "Tako je nekad bilo" ("That's how it once was") is a compilation book of Lebl-Albala's memories. Paulina Lebl-Albala Paulina Lebl-Albala (August 9, 1891 – October 8, 1967) was a Serbian feminist, translator, literary critic, literature theoretician, and professor of	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Jaime Jaime is a common Spanish and Portuguese masculine given name for Jacob, James, Jamie, or Jacques. In Occitania Jacobus became "Jacome" and later "Jacme". In east Spain, "Jacme" became "Jaime"; in Aragon it became "Chaime", in Catalonia it became "Jaume". In western Spain Jacobus became "Iago", in Portugal it became "Tiago". The name "Saint James" developed in Spanish to "Santiago", in Portuguese to "São Tiago". The names "Diego" (Spanish) and "Diogo" (Portuguese) are also Iberian versions of "Jaime". In the United States, Jaime is used as an independent masculine given name, along with given name Jimmy. For females, it remains less popular, not appearing on the top 1,000 U.S. female names for the past 5 years. It is an alternative spelling of Jamie. Jaime Jaime is a common Spanish and Portuguese masculine given name for Jacob, James, Jamie, or Jacques. In Occitania Jacobus became "Jacome" and later "Jacme". In east Spain, "Jacme" became "Jaime"; in Aragon it became "Chaime", in Catalonia it became "Jaume". In western Spain Jacobus became "Iago", in Portugal it became "Tiago". The name "Saint James" developed in Spanish to "Santiago", in Portuguese to "São Tiago". The names "Diego" (Spanish) and "Diogo" (Portuguese) are also Iberian	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Battus I of Cyrene Battus I of Cyrene (), also known as Battus Aristotle (Βάττος Ἀριστοτέλης) or Aristaeus (Ἀρισταῖος) was the founder of the Ancient Greek colony of Cyrene. He was its first king, the first Greek king in Africa and the founder of the Battiad dynasty. He also has a butterfly named after him, Battus philenor. Battus was born in an unknown village on the Greek island of Thera. What is known of Battus’ family background is from the Greek historian Herodotus. His father, Polymnestus, was a Therean nobleman and his mother was named Phronima. She was a princess of Oaxus (a city on the Greek island of Crete). Her father, Etearchus or Eteachos, was King of Oaxus. When Phronima’s mother, then Queen of Oaxus (whose name is unknown) died, Etearchus remarried. Phronima’s stepmother (whose name is also unknown) became Queen. She did everything to torment Phronima, most notably by falsely accusing her of fornication. When Etearchus heard of this, he befriended a Therean merchant living in Oaxus called Themiston and convinced him to swear an oath that he would perform any task the king asked him to do. Etearchus fetched Phronima, had her put in Themiston’s charge, and asked him to throw her into the sea. Themiston, in order to clear himself of the obligation, took Phronima on his ship, lowered her into water with a rope, and hauled her back in the ship (i.e. he did not kill her as ordered). Themiston then sailed with Phronima back to his home island of Thera. There, Phronima became the mistress of a distinguished nobleman called Polymnestus, who was a member of the Minyan family of the Euphemidae. Phronima bore Polymnestus a son, Battus. Herodotus does not give his real name, but according to Pindar, his birth name was Aristotle. Justin gives him the name of Aristaeus and states after his death in Cyrene he was worshipped by the name of Aristaeus. In any case, Battus in ancient Greek means "stammer" (because he had a speech impediment as a child), while in the Libyan language battus means "king". Herodotus opines that he was not known as Battus until he left for Libya. In "ca." 639 BC the king of Thera, Grinnus, travelled from the island to visit the oracle of Delphi, to seek advice on various matters. At that time, Thera had a severe drought and there was no rainfall for seven years. The population was also increasing and could no longer support its residents. One of the men that accompanied the king was Battus. When Grinnus asked for the priestess' advice, she gave him a seemingly irrelevant response. She told him that he must go to Libya and found a city there, on advice from the God Apollo. The king was too old for this journey and commissioned Battus to complete the task. The only problem was that neither of them knew where Libya was. When Grinnus and Battus returned to Thera, the drought had worsened and the people were in great distress. The king sent some Thereans to once again seek the advice of the Oracle. The priestess repeated the same message, that they must found a colony in Libya for their fortunes to mend. Grinnus then sent a group of men from the island to travel to Crete to inquire about the natives of Libya or anyone who had been to Libya. The group of men landed in Itanus and met a fisherman called Corobius, who explained to the men that he had once been blown out of course and ended up on Platea, an island off the Libyan coast. The Thereans paid Corobius to come with them to Thera and shortly after, with a small party and Corobius as pilot, they set sail for Libya. The men landed on Platea and left Corobius there with enough supplies for a short while and then returned to their island bringing good news about finding the new colony. Corobius agreed to wait on Platea for a length of time, however his supplies began to run out. Luckily, a Samian vessel bound for Egypt under command of Colaeus was re-routed to Platea due to poor weather conditions. The crew gave Corobius enough food to last one year. Colaeus and his crew were anxious to reach their destination as easterly winds prevented them from travelling to Egypt and they were driven as west as the Pillar of Hercules (modern Strait of Gibraltar). By their luck they landed at the wealthy trading post of Tartessus. When the group of Thereans returned to their island and had told everyone of the new settlement, they decided then to send a new party of people representing the seven villages of the island (drawn by lot). The King and the people picked Battus as the leader for the journey to Platea. Battus and the others sailed in two penteconters. When the two ships had reached the coast, Battus could not decide what next to do and ordered that they sail back home. When they returned to Thera, however, the locals refused to allow them back on the shore and threw things at them from the harbour, shouting for Battus and his crew to go back. Battus and the two ships journeyed once more to Platea, where they lived for two years, unable to establish themselves properly there. Leaving one man on the island, they returned to Delphi and consulted the Oracle again about Libya and their current poor conditions. She advised them to settle on the mainland. So, they sailed back to Platea, and established a settlement, a town called Aziris (south of Platea near a river and many valleys). The Thereans lived there for six years on friendly terms with the Libyans. After a treaty with the locals, the Libyans persuaded them to leave Aziris and took them west through fine agricultural country called Irasa to Apollo's Fountain. The Libyan guides told Battus and his group of men ‘this is the place for you settle in, for here there is a hole in the sky’. This may refer to amount of great rainfall in the area, which is rare in Africa. Battus named this new settlement (founded in "ca." 630 BC) Cyrene. The name comes from a fountain called "Cyre", which was believed to have been consecrated to Apollo. In addition to naming the settlement, Battus made all the colonists swear an oath. There is an inscription dated from the 4th century BC, which claims to contain the original oath. Although little is known of Battus' reign, he appeared to govern with mildness and moderation. He was also apparently a vigorous ruler, successful in cementing a colony and taking advantages of the natural surrounding environment. Battus died in 600 BC and was worshipped as a heroic figure by his subjects. His grave is near the marketplace which joins the road whose construction he ordered, leading to the temple of Apollo. A statue of Battus was dedicated at Delphi, by the subjects of Cyrene. He is represented riding in a chariot driven by the nymph of Cyrene, with a figure symbolising Libya in the act of crowning him King. His dynasty is known as the Battiad dynasty after him. He was succeeded by his son Arcesilaus I. Battus I of Cyrene Battus I of Cyrene (), also known as Battus Aristotle (Βάττος Ἀριστοτέλης) or Aristaeus (Ἀρισταῖος) was the founder of the Ancient Greek colony of Cyrene. He was its first king, the first Greek king in Africa and the founder of the Battiad dynasty. He also has a butterfly named after him, Battus philenor. Battus was born in an unknown village on the Greek island of Thera. What is known of Battus’ family background is from the Greek historian Herodotus. His father, Polymnestus, was a Therean	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
Society Stores Supermarkets Society Stores Supermarkets is a supermarket chain in Kenya. The head office of Society Stores is located in the town of Thika, approximately , by road, northeast of Nairobi, the capital and largest city in Kenya. As of February 2016, Society Stores owns and operates several supermarkets in Kenya, including at the following locations: title=Society Stores opens first outlet in Nairobi to tap growing retail trade\|accessdate=6 April 2016\|date=6 April 2016 \|first=Annie \|last=Njanja \| newspaper=Business Daily Africa\|location=Nairobi}}</ref> The first Society Store in Thika opened in November 2014. It was followed by the Maua store in June 2015 and the Meru outlet in October 2015. The Naivaha store opened in December 2015, with Limuru to follow in early 2016. The sixth store is scheduled to open in the Nairobi suburb of Kayole, during the second half of 2016. The shares stock of Society Stores Supermarkets are privately owned, with the majority in the hands of the founder-owner-chairman-CEO, Trushar Khetia. Society Stores Supermarkets Society Stores Supermarkets is a supermarket chain in Kenya. The head office of Society Stores is located in the town of Thika, approximately , by road, northeast of Nairobi, the capital and largest city in Kenya. As	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
New Rochelle artist colony The New Rochelle artist colony was a community of artists, actors, musicians, playwrights and writers who settled in the city of New Rochelle, New York during the early twentieth century. By the 1920s, New Rochelle had more artists per capita than almost any city in the United States, and newspaper headlines were referring to the community as "Greenwich Village without the Greenwich." The colony included the dance team of Vernon and Irene Castle, actor Francis Wilson, writer Augustus Thomas, and artists Robert I. Aitken, Edward Kemble, Rufus Zogbaum, Alton Tobey and Julian Hawthorne. Ellen Emmett Rand, F. Tolles Chamberlain, Alonzo Klaw, H. R. Stanton, Herman Lambden, Sophie Schuyler Day, Montague Castle, Martha B. Bintiff, and A. Phimister Proctor were some of the other lesser known artists. The New Rochelle artist colony was best known for its number of prominent American illustrators. In the early 1920s more than fifty percent of the illustrations in the country's best-selling publications, and 90% of the illustrations in "The Saturday Evening Post", were produced by artists from the city. Norman Rockwell was a member of the community. Clyde Forsythe, who shared Frederic Remington's former studio with Rockwell early on, convinced him to submit cover ideas to the "Saturday Evening Post". Rockwell later created over 320 covers over the course of his career. Forsythe also introduced Rockwell to his second wife, Mary Barstow, who was a nationally syndicated cartoonist. For Rockwell, living in New Rochelle in the 1920s in the presence of its many illustrators and artists encouraged his intuition that illustration was a worthy use of artistic talent. Among the most gratifying signs that he had indeed become a serious contender in the art world was the respect shown him by New Rochelle's coterie of famous illustrators. Coles Phillips, a freelance illustrator, developed a signature device, the "Fade-away Girl", that appeared in popular magazines and in advertisements. He blocked in parts of the face and figure and left the rest to the imagination. Nell Brinkley illustrated newspaper romance stories and was often called the "Queen of Cartoons". Her "Brinkley Girl" became the 1920s equivalent of Charles Dana Gibson's "Gibson Girl" two decades earlier. Most of the illustrators who lived in New Rochelle were commercially successful, designing covers and illustrations for popular magazines as well as images for advertising and cartoon strips. They were national celebrities in the days before television, as print was the way people got their information and they were acquainted with these artists on a daily basis. Most were paid well enough to live comfortable suburban lifestyles. J. C. Leyendecker, creator of the Arrow Collar Man advertising image and frequent contributor to the "Saturday Evening Post", lived in a large chateau and estate overlooking Long Island Sound. Syndicated political cartoonist Clare Briggs built the Tudor revival home 'Blue Anchor', adjacent to the golf course of the Wykagyl Country Club where he was a member. Frederic Remington, known for his drawings and paintings of the American West, lived in one of the gothic-revival homes designed by Alexander Jackson Davis on Lather's Hill. New Rochelle's illustrators included: In 1912, a number of artists from the community organized the New Rochelle Art Association. The organization set formal goals among which were to “set an educational standard in the Fine Arts and promote interest in art in the community.”. The associations founding members included Norman Rockwell, J. C. Leyendecker, F. X. Leyendecker, Ernest Albert, Frederick Dana Marsh, G. Glen Newell, Orson Lowell, Remington Schuyler, Alta West Salisbury, George T. Tobin, Lucius W. Hitchcock, Edward Penfield, and A. G. Heaton. New Rochelle artist	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter