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which is the most common use of opt-in e-mail marketing | A common example of permission marketing is a newsletter sent to an advertising firm 's customers . Such newsletters inform customers of upcoming events or promotions , or new products . In this type of advertising , a company that wants to send a newsletter to their customers may ask them at the point of purchase if they would like to receive the newsletter . | a newsletter sent to an advertising firm 's customers | Email marketing | email marketing | Email marketing is the act of sending a commercial message , typically to a group of people , using email . In its broadest sense , every email sent to a potential or current customer could be considered email marketing . It usually involves using email to send advertisements , request business , or solicit sales or donations , and is meant to build loyalty , trust , or brand awareness . Marketing emails can be sent to a purchased lead list or a current customer database . The term usually refers to sending email messages with the purpose of enhancing a merchant 's relationship with current or previous customers , encouraging customer loyalty and repeat business , acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately , and sharing third - party ads . | Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Types 2.1 Transactional emails 2.2 Direct emails 2.2. 1 Mobile email marketing 3 Comparison to traditional mail 3.1 Advantages 3.2 Disadvantages 4 Opt - in email advertising 5 Legal requirements 5.1 Australia 5.2 Canada 5.3 European Union 5.4 United States 6 See also 7 References History Email marketing has evolved rapidly alongside the technological growth of the 21st century . Prior to this growth , when emails were novelties to the majority of customers , email marketing was not as effective . In 1978 , Gary Thuerk of Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) sent out the first mass email to approximately 400 potential clients via the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ( ARPANET ) . This email resulted in $13 million worth of sales in DEC products , and highlighted the potential of marketing through mass emails . However , as email marketing developed as an effective means of direct communication , users began blocking out content from emails with filters and blocking programs . In order to effectively communicate a message through email , marketers had to develop a way of pushing content through to the end user , without being cut out by automatic filters and spam removing software . This resulted in the birth of triggered marketing emails , which are sent to specific users based on their tracked online browsing patterns . Historically , it has been difficult to measure the effectiveness of marketing campaigns because target markets can not be adequately defined . Email marketing carries the benefit of allowing marketers to identify returns on investment and measure and improve efficiency . Email marketing allows marketers to see feedback from users in real time , and to monitor how effective their campaign is in achieving market penetration , revealing a communication channel 's scope . At the same time , however , it also means that the more personal nature of certain advertising methods , such as television advertisements , can not be captured . Types Email marketing can be carried out through different types of emails : Transactional emails Transactional emails are usually triggered based on a customer 's action with a company . To be qualified as transactional or relationship messages , these communications ' primary purpose must be `` to facilitate , complete , or confirm a commercial transaction that the recipient has previously agreed to enter into with the sender '' along with a few other narrow definitions of transactional messaging . Triggered transactional messages include dropped basket messages , password reset emails , purchase or order confirmation emails , order status emails , reorder emails , and email receipts . The primary purpose of a transactional email is to convey information regarding the action that triggered it . But , due to their high open rates ( 51.3 % compared to 36.6 % for email newsletters ) , transactional emails are an opportunity to introduce or extend the email relationship with customers or subscribers ; to anticipate and answer questions ; or to cross-sell or up - sell products or services . Many email newsletter software vendors offer transactional email support , which gives companies the ability to include promotional messages within the body of transactional emails . There are also software vendors that offer specialized transactional email marketing services , which include providing targeted and personalized transactional email messages and running specific marketing campaigns ( such as customer referral programs ) . Direct emails Direct email involves sending an email solely to communicate a promotional message ( for example , a special offer or a product catalog ) . Companies usually collect a list of customer or prospect email addresses to send direct promotional messages to , or they rent a list of email addresses from service companies . Safe mail marketing is also used . Mobile email marketing Email marketing develops large amounts of traffic through smartphones and tablets . Marketers are researching ways to advertise to more users and to make them view advertising for longer . However , the rate of delivery is still relatively low due to better filtering - out of advertising and users having multiple email accounts for different purposes . Because emails are generated according to the tracked behavior of consumers , it is possible to send advertising which is based on the recipient 's behavior . Because of this , modern email marketing is perceived more often as a pull strategy rather than a push strategy . Comparison to traditional mail There are both advantages and disadvantages to using email marketing in comparison to traditional advertising mail . Advantages Email marketing is popular with companies for several reasons : An exact return on investment can be tracked ( `` track to basket '' ) and has proven to be high when done properly . Email marketing is often reported as second only to search marketing as the most effective online marketing tactic . Email marketing is significantly cheaper and faster than traditional mail , mainly because of the high cost and time required in a traditional mail campaign for producing the artwork , printing , addressing , and mailing . Businesses and organizations who send a high volume of emails can use an ESP ( email service provider ) to gather information about the behavior of the recipients . The insights provided by consumer response to email marketing help businesses and organizations understand and make use of consumer behavior . Email provides a cost - effective method to test different marketing content , including visual , creative , marketing copy , and multimedia assets . The data gathered by testing in the email channel can then be used across all channels of marketing campaigns , both print and digital . Advertisers can reach substantial numbers of email subscribers who have opted in ( i.e. , consented ) to receive the email . Almost half of American Internet users check or send email on a typical day , with emails delivered between 1 am and 5 am local time outperforming those sent at other times in open and click rates . Email is popular with digital marketers , rising an estimated 15 % in 2009 to £ 292 million in the UK . If compared to standard email , direct email marketing produces higher response rate and higher average order value for e-commerce businesses . Disadvantages As of mid-2016 email deliverability is still an issue for legitimate marketers . According to the report , legitimate email servers averaged a delivery rate of 73 % in the U.S. ; six percent were filtered as spam , and 22 % were missing . This lags behind other countries : Australia delivers at 90 % , Canada at 89 % , Britain at 88 % , France at 84 % , Germany at 80 % and Brazil at 79 % . Additionally , consumers receive on average circa 90 emails per day . Companies considering the use of an email marketing program must make sure that their program does not violate spam laws such as the United States ' Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act ( CAN - SPAM ) , the European Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 , or their Internet service provider 's acceptable use policy . Opt - in email advertising Opt - in email advertising , or permission marketing , is a method of advertising via email whereby the recipient of the advertisement has consented to receive it . This method is one of several developed by marketers to eliminate the disadvantages of email marketing . Opt - in email marketing may evolve into a technology that uses a handshake protocol between the sender and receiver . This system is intended to eventually result in a high degree of satisfaction between consumers and marketers . If opt - in email advertising is used , the material that is emailed to consumers will be `` anticipated '' . It is assumed that the recipient wants to receive it , which makes it unlike unsolicited advertisements sent to the consumer . Ideally , opt - in email advertisements will be more personal and relevant to the consumer than untargeted advertisements . A common example of permission marketing is a newsletter sent to an advertising firm 's customers . Such newsletters inform customers of upcoming events or promotions , or new products . In this type of advertising , a company that wants to send a newsletter to their customers may ask them at the point of purchase if they would like to receive the newsletter . With a foundation of opted - in contact information stored in their database , marketers can send out promotional materials automatically using autoresponders -- known as drip marketing . They can also segment their promotions to specific market segments . Legal requirements Australia The Australian Spam Act 2003 is enforced by the Australian Communications and Media Authority , widely known as `` ACMA '' . The act defines the term unsolicited electronic messages , states how unsubscribe functions must work for commercial messages , and gives other key information . Fines range with 3 fines of AU $110,000 being issued to Virgin Blue Airlines ( 2011 ) , Tiger Airways Holdings Limited ( 2012 ) and Cellar master Wines Pty Limited ( 2013 ) . Canada The `` Canada Anti-Spam Law '' ( CASL ) went into effect on July 1 , 2014 . CASL requires an explicit or implicit opt - in from users , and the maximum fines for noncompliance are CA $ 1 million for individuals and $10 million for businesses . European Union In 2002 the European Union ( EU ) introduced the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications . Article 13 of the Directive prohibits the use of personal email addresses for marketing purposes . The Directive establishes the opt - in regime , where unsolicited emails may be sent only with prior agreement of the recipient ; this does not apply to business email addresses . The directive has since been incorporated into the laws of member states . In the UK it is covered under the Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 and applies to all organizations that send out marketing by some form of electronic communication . United states The CAN - SPAM Act of 2003 was passed by Congress as a direct response of the growing number of complaints over spam e-mails . Congress determined that the US government was showing an increased interest in the regulation of commercial electronic mail nationally , that those who send commercial e-mails should not mislead recipients over the source or content of them , and that all recipients of such emails have a right to decline them . The act authorizes a US $16,000 penalty per violation for spamming each individual recipient . However , it does not ban spam emailing outright , but imposes laws on using deceptive marketing methods through headings which are `` materially false or misleading '' . In addition there are conditions which email marketers must meet in terms of their format , their content and labeling . As a result , many commercial email marketers within the United States utilize a service or special software to ensure compliance with the act . A variety of older systems exist that do not ensure compliance with the act . To comply with the act 's regulation of commercial email , services also typically require users to authenticate their return address and include a valid physical address , provide a one - click unsubscribe feature , and prohibit importing lists of purchased addresses that may not have given valid permission . In addition to satisfying legal requirements , email service providers ( ESPs ) began to help customers establish and manage their own email marketing campaigns . The service providers supply email templates and general best practices , as well as methods for handling subscriptions and cancellations automatically . Some ESPs will provide insight and assistance with deliverability issues for major email providers . They also provide statistics pertaining to the number of messages received and opened , and whether the recipients clicked on any links within the messages . The CAN - SPAM Act was updated with some new regulations including a no - fee provision for opting out , further definition of `` sender '' , post office or private mail boxes count as a `` valid physical postal address '' and definition of `` person '' . These new provisions went into effect on July 7 , 2008 . See also CAUCE -- Coalition Against Unsolicited Commercial Email Customer engagement Suppression list Email spam - Unsolicited email marketing References Jump up ^ `` spam unsolicited e-mail '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PUBLIC LAW 108 -- 187 -- DEC . 16 , 2003 117 STAT. 2699 '' ( PDF ) . U.S Government GPO . Jump up ^ ADIKESAVAN , T. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEST PRACTICES AND APPLICATIONS IN BUSINESS . ISBN 8120348966 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MECLABS , content : MarketingSherpa , design : Scott McDaniel , code : Steve Beger , ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` New Survey Data : Email 's ROI Makes Tactic Key for Marketers in 2009 '' . MarketingSherpa.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pew Internet & American Life Project , `` Tracking surveys '' , March 2000 -- March 2009 Jump up ^ How Scheduling Affects Rates . Mailermailer.com ( July 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ BtoB Magazine , `` Early Email Blasts Results in Higher Click & Open Rates '' Archived 2011 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , September 2011 Jump up ^ UK e-mail marketing predicted to rise 15 % . MediaWeek.co.uk ( 13 October 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Why Email Marketing is King '' . Harvard Business Review ( 21 August 2012 ) Jump up ^ Roberts , A. `` Email deliverability is on the decline : report '' , ClickZ Jump up ^ Radicati , Sara . `` Email Statistics Report , 2014 - 2018 '' ( PDF ) . The Radicati Group , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Information '' . Consumer Information . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fairhead , N. ( 2003 ) `` All hail the brave new world of permission marketing via email '' ( Media 16 , August 2003 ) Jump up ^ Dilworth , Dianna ( 2007 ) . `` Ruth 's Chris Steak House sends sizzling e-mails for special occasions '' . DMNews . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ O'Brian J. & Montazemia , A. ( 2004 ) Management Information Systems ( Canada : McGraw - Hill Ryerson Ltd . ) Jump up ^ `` Spam : enforcement actions '' . Australian Communications and Media Authority . Australian Communications and Media Authority . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moorcraft , Bethan . `` Law could force idle brokers back to dark ages '' . Insurance Business . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's law on spam '' . Government of Canada . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 ... Jump up ^ The Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 Archived November 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved on July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CAN - SPAM Act : A Compliance Guide for Business '' . FTC.gov . BCP Business Center . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FTC Approves New Rule Provision Under The CAN - SPAM Act '' . FTC.gov . June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 16 CFR Part 316 Definitions and Implementation Under the CAN -- SPAM Act ; Final Rule '' ( PDF ) . FTC.gov . May 21 , 2008 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email_marketing&oldid=814071202 '' Categories : Advertising by medium Email Digital marketing Market research Marketing techniques Online advertising Spamming Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from January 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 19 : 06 . 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how i.met your mother who is the mother | Tracy McConnell , better known as `` The Mother '' , is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . | Tracy McConnell | The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) | the mother ( how i met your mother ) | Tracy McConnell , better known as `` The Mother '' , is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . | The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after . The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger . In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=802354471 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional female musicians Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 17 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mother%20%28How%20I%20Met%20Your%20Mother%29 | 1 |
what type of fertilisation takes place in humans | The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum . The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation , follows with ovulation , and finishes with fertilization . Various exceptions to this sequence are possible , including artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , external ejaculation without copulation , or copulation shortly after ovulation . Upon encountering the secondary oocyte , the acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat of the egg . The sperm plasma then fuses with the egg 's plasma membrane , the sperm head disconnects from its flagellum and the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to reach the uterus . | Human fertilization | human fertilization | Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm , usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube . The result of this union is the production of a zygote cell , or fertilized egg , initiating prenatal development . Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century . | The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum . The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation , follows with ovulation , and finishes with fertilization . Various exceptions to this sequence are possible , including artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , external ejaculation without copulation , or copulation shortly after ovulation . Upon encountering the secondary oocyte , the acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat of the egg . The sperm plasma then fuses with the egg 's plasma membrane , the sperm head disconnects from its flagellum and the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to reach the uterus . In vitro fertilization ( IVF ) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb , in vitro . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 1.1 Corona radiata 1.2 Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane 1.3 Sperm preparation 1.4 Zona pellucida 1.4. 1 Cortical reaction 2 Fusion 2.1 Cell membranes 2.2 Transformations 2.3 Replication 2.4 Mitosis 3 Fertilization age 4 Diseases 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Anatomy ( edit ) Corona radiata ( edit ) The sperm binds through the corona radiata , a layer of follicle cells on the outside of the secondary oocyte . Fertilization occurs when the nucleus of both a sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid cell , known as zygote . The successful fusion of gametes forms a new organism . Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane ( edit ) Where the spermatozoon is about to pierce , the yolk ( ooplasm ) is drawn out into a conical elevation , termed the cone of attraction or reception cone . Once the spermatozoon has entered , the peripheral portion of the yolk changes into a membrane , the perivitelline membrane , which prevents the passage of additional spermatozoa . Sperm preparation ( edit ) Further information : Acrosome reaction At the beginning of the process , the sperm undergoes a series of changes , as freshly ejaculated sperm is unable or poorly able to fertilize . The sperm must undergo capacitation in the female 's reproductive tract over several hours , which increases its motility and destabilizes its membrane , preparing it for the acrosome reaction , the enzymatic penetration of the egg 's tough membrane , the zona pellucida , which surrounds the oocyte . Zona pellucida ( edit ) After binding to the corona radiata the sperm reaches the zona pellucida , which is an extra-cellular matrix of glycoproteins . A special complementary molecule on the surface of the sperm head binds to a ZP3 glycoprotein in the zona pellucida . This binding triggers the acrosome to burst , releasing enzymes that help the sperm get through the zona pellucida . Some sperm cells consume their acrosome prematurely on the surface of the egg cell , facilitating the penetration by other sperm cells . As a population , sperm cells have on average 50 % genome similarity so the premature acrosomal reactions aid fertilization by a member of the same cohort . It may be regarded as a mechanism of kin selection . Recent studies have shown that the egg is not passive during this process . Cortical reaction ( edit ) Once the sperm cells find their way past the zona pellucida , the cortical reaction occurs . Cortical granules inside the secondary oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell , causing enzymes inside these granules to be expelled by exocytosis to the zona pellucida . This in turn causes the glyco - proteins in the zona pellucida to cross-link with each other -- i.e. the enzymes cause the ZP2 to hydrolyse into ZP2f -- making the whole matrix hard and impermeable to sperm . This prevents fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm . The cortical reaction and acrosome reaction are both essential to ensure that only one sperm will fertilize an egg . Fusion ( edit ) Fertilization and implantation in humans . After the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the oocyte ( also called ovocyte ) , the tail and the outer coating of the sperm disintegrate and the cortical reaction takes place , preventing other sperm from fertilizing the same egg . The oocyte now undergoes its second meiotic division producing the haploid ovum and releasing a polar body . The sperm nucleus then fuses with the ovum , enabling fusion of their genetic material . Cell membranes ( edit ) The fusion of cell membranes of the secondary oocyte and sperm takes place . Transformations ( edit ) In preparation for the fusion of their genetic material both the oocyte and the sperm undergo transformations as a reaction to the fusion of cell membranes . The oocyte completes its second meiotic division . This results in a mature ovum . The nucleus of the oocyte is called a pronucleus in this process , to distinguish it from the nuclei that are the result of fertilization . The sperm 's tail and mitochondria degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus . This is why all mitochondria in humans are of maternal origin . Still , a considerable amount of RNA from the sperm is delivered to the resulting embryo and likely influences embryo development and the phenotype of the offspring . Replication ( edit ) The pronuclei migrate toward the center of the oocyte , rapidly replicating their DNA as they do so to prepare the zygote for its first mitotic division . Mitosis ( edit ) Usually 23 chromosomes from spermatozoon and 23 chromosomes from egg cell fuse ( half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome ) . Their membranes dissolve , leaving no barriers between the male and female chromosomes . During this dissolution , a mitotic spindle forms between them . The spindle captures the chromosomes before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm . Upon subsequently undergoing mitosis ( which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrioles in anaphase ) the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together . Thus , the first mitosis of the union of sperm and oocyte is the actual fusion of their chromosomes . Each of the two daughter cells resulting from that mitosis has one replica of each chromatid that was replicated in the previous stage . Thus , they are genetically identical . Fertilization age ( edit ) Fertilization is the event most commonly used to mark the zero point in descriptions of prenatal development of the embryo or fetus . The resultant age is known as fertilization age , fertilizational age , embryonic age , fetal age or ( intrauterine ) developmental ( IUD ) age . Gestational age , in contrast , takes the beginning of the last menstrual period ( LMP ) as the zero point . By convention , gestational age is calculated by adding 14 days to fertilization age and vice versa . In fact , however , fertilization usually occurs within a day of ovulation , which , in turn , occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation ( LMP ) . There is also considerable variability in this interval , with a 95 % prediction interval of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP - to - ovulation time of 14.6 . In a reference group representing all women , the 95 % prediction interval of the LMP - to - ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days . The average time to birth has been estimated to be 268 days ( 38 weeks and two days ) from ovulation , with a standard deviation of 10 days or coefficient of variation of 3.7 % . Fertilization age is sometimes used postnatally ( after birth ) as well to estimate various risk factors . For example , it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation . Diseases ( edit ) Various disorders can arise from defects in the fertilization process . Polyspermy results from multiple sperm fertilizing an egg . However , some researchers have found that in rare pairs of fraternal twins , their origin might have been from the fertilization of one egg cell from the mother and eight sperm cells from the father . This possibility has been investigated by computer simulations of the fertilization process . See also ( edit ) Spontaneous conception , the unassisted conception of a subsequent child after prior use of assisted reproductive technology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garrison , Fielding . An Introduction to the History of Medicine , pages 566 - 567 ( Saunders 1921 ) . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.americanpregnancy.org/preventingpregnancy/pregnancyfaqmyths.html Jump up ^ Lawyers Guide to Forensic Medicine SBN 978 - 1 - 85941 - 159 - 9 By Bernard Knight - Page 188 `` Pregnancy is well known to occur from such external ejaculation ... '' Jump up ^ `` Fertilization of the Ovum '' . Gray 's Anatomy . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Fertilization '' . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Angier , Natalie ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Sleek , Fast and Focused : The Cells That Make Dad Dad '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Suzanne Wymelenberg , Science and Babies , National Academy Press , page 17 Jump up ^ Richard E. Jones and Kristin H. Lopez , Human Reproductive Biology , Third Edition , Elsevier , 2006 , page 238 Jump up ^ `` Fertilization : The Cortical Reaction '' . Boundless . Boundless . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Jodar , M. ; Selvaraju , S. ; Sendler , E. ; Diamond , M.P. ; Krawetz , S.A. ; for the Reproductive Medicine Networks ( 2013 ) . `` The presence , role and clinical use of spermatozoal RNAs '' . Human Reproduction Update. 19 ( 6 ) : 604 -- 624 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt031 . PMC 3796946 . PMID 23856356 . ^ Jump up to : Marieb , Elaine M. Human Anatomy and Physiology , 5th ed . pp. 1119 - 1122 ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4989 - 8 Jump up ^ https://www.genderselectionauthority.com/blog/five-facts-about-xx-or-xy Jump up ^ Wagner F , Erdösová B , Kylarová D ( December 2004 ) . `` Degradation phase of apoptosis during the early stages of human metanephros development '' . Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 148 ( 2 ) : 255 -- 6 . doi : 10.5507 / bp. 2004.054 . PMID 15744391 . Jump up ^ Robinson , H.P. ; Fleming , J.E.E. ( 1975 ) . `` A Critical Evaluation of Sonar `` crown - Rump Length '' Measurements `` . BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 82 ( 9 ) : 702 -- 710 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 0528.1975. tb00710. x . ^ Jump up to : Geirsson RT ( May 1991 ) . `` Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment '' . Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1 ( 3 ) : 212 -- 9 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1469 - 0705.1991. 01030212. x . PMID 12797075 . Jump up ^ Derived from a standard deviation in this interval of 2.6 , as given in : Fehring RJ , Schneider M , Raviele K ( 2006 ) . `` Variability in the phases of the menstrual cycle '' . J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 35 ( 3 ) : 376 -- 84 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1552 - 6909.2006. 00051. x . PMID 16700687 . Jump up ^ Jukic AM , Baird DD , Weinberg CR , McConnaughey DR , Wilcox AJ ( 2013 ) . `` Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation '' . Hum . Reprod. 28 ( 10 ) : 2848 -- 55 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / det297 . PMC 3777570 . PMID 23922246 . Jump up ^ Jobe , Alan H ( 2004 ) . `` Post-conceptional age and IVH in ECMO patients '' . The Journal of Pediatrics. 145 ( 2 ) : A2 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpeds. 2004.07. 010 . External links ( edit ) Fertilization ( Conception ) ( hide ) Human physiology of sexual reproduction Menstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm ) Oogenesis ( oogonium oocyte ootid ovum ) Germ cell ( gonocyte gamete ) Human sexual behavior Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilisation / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Life span Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization Virilization ) Puberty ( Gonadarche Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche ) Maternal age / Paternal age Climacteric ( Menopause Late - onset hypogonadism ) Tanner scale Egg Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Andrology Hormone Breast Thelarche Breast development Lactation Breastfeeding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_fertilization&oldid=831042507 '' Categories : Fertility Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština فارسی Français Hrvatski Latviešu नेपाली Polski Português Русский Slovenčina 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 11 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20fertilization | 2 |
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who had the most wins in the nfl | Active quarterback Tom Brady holds the records for most wins with 220 , most regular season wins with 195 , and most postseason wins with 25 , as of Week 16 of the 2017 NFL season . Having played the entirety of his career with the New England Patriots , each of Brady 's win records also apply to wins with a single team . | Tom Brady | List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders | list of national football league career quarterback wins leaders | The following is a list of the top National Football League ( NFL ) quarterbacks in wins . In the NFL , the quarterback is the only position that is credited with records of wins and losses . | Active quarterback Tom Brady holds the records for most wins with 220 , most regular season wins with 195 , and most postseason wins with 25 , as of Week 16 of the 2017 NFL season . Having played the entirety of his career with the New England Patriots , each of Brady 's win records also apply to wins with a single team . Among retired players , the record for most wins is held by Peyton Manning with 200 . In his final professional game , Manning set the then - record for wins , surpassing Brett Favre who retired with 199 wins . Other previous record - holders include John Elway ( 162 ) , Fran Tarkenton ( 130 ) , and Johnny Unitas ( 124 ) . Otto Graham holds the record for the highest winning percentage with a minimum of 35 wins at . 788 ( 61 wins to 16 losses ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Quarterbacks with most total wins in NFL history 2 Next in Line 3 Quarterbacks with most regular season wins in NFL history 4 See also 5 References Quarterbacks with most total wins in NFL history ( edit ) This sortable table shows the top 100 NFL quarterbacks in order of total wins , both regular season and playoffs , since the start of the modern era , 1950 . The table also shows every team that a quarterback played for . If two quarterbacks have the same number of wins , the player with the highest winning percentage is ranked first . When sorting teams : Players are listed in order of number of wins for team . The following are grouped together Arizona , Phoenix and St. Louis Cardinals Los Angeles and St. Louis Rams Los Angeles and San Diego Chargers Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders Tennessee Titans and Houston Oilers Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts ( except 1950 Baltimore Colts , a separate franchise which folded ) To reset the table to its default sorting settings , simply reload the page . Updated through the December 31 games . Active player Winning percentage ≥ . 600 Winning percentage ≥ . 700 Hall of Fame Quarterbacks ranked by total wins , then winning percentage Rank Quarterback Seasons Teams Regular Season Playoffs Career wins Career losses Ties Win Pct Updated through Tom Brady 2000 -- present New England a ! New England 196 55 25 9 221 64 0 . 775 Week 17 Peyton Manning 1998 -- 2011 Indianapolis A ! Indianapolis Colts 141 67 9 10 200 92 0 . 685 2012 -- 2015 Denver B ! Denver 45 12 5 Brett Favre 1991 Atlanta F ! Atlanta 0 0 199 123 0 . 618 1992 -- 2007 Green Bay a ! Green Bay 160 93 12 10 2008 NY Jets E ! New York Jets 9 7 2009 -- 2010 Minnesota F ! Minnesota 17 12 John Elway 1983 -- 1998 Denver A ! Denver 148 82 14 7 162 89 . 645 5 Dan Marino 1983 -- 1999 Miami a ! Miami 147 93 8 10 155 103 0 . 601 6 Ben Roethlisberger 2004 -- present Pittsburgh A ! Pittsburgh 135 63 13 7 148 70 0 . 679 Week 17 7 Drew Brees 2001 -- 2005 San Diego Chargers 30 28 0 148 111 0 . 571 2006 -- present New Orleans a ! New Orleans 112 78 6 Week 17 8 Joe Montana 1979 -- 1992 San Francisco a ! San Francisco 100 39 14 5 133 54 0 . 711 1993 -- 1994 Kansas City E ! Kansas City 17 8 9 Fran Tarkenton 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 Minnesota a ! Minnesota 91 73 6 5 130 114 6 . 533 1967 -- 1971 NY Giants E ! New York Giants 33 36 10 Johnny Unitas 1956 -- 1972 Indianapolis B ! Baltimore Colts 117 61 6 124 66 . 649 1973 San Diego Chargers 11 Terry Bradshaw 1970 -- 1983 Pittsburgh b ! Pittsburgh 107 51 14 5 121 56 0 . 684 12 Eli Manning 2004 -- present NY Giants a ! New York Giants 111 103 8 119 107 0 . 527 2017 season 13 Jim Kelly 1986 -- 1996 Buffalo A ! Buffalo 101 59 9 8 110 67 0 . 621 14 Philip Rivers 2004 -- present San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 106 86 5 110 91 0 . 547 2017 season 15 Donovan McNabb 1999 -- 2009 Philadelphia a ! Philadelphia 92 49 9 7 107 69 . 607 Washington I ! Washington 5 8 2011 Minnesota J ! Minnesota 5 16 Troy Aikman 1989 -- 2000 Dallas A ! Dallas 94 71 11 105 75 0 . 583 17 Warren Moon 1984 -- 1993 Tennessee B ! Houston Oilers 70 69 6 105 108 0 . 493 1994 -- 1996 Minnesota D ! Minnesota 21 18 0 1997 -- 1998 Seattle E ! Seattle 11 13 1999 -- 2000 Kansas City J ! Kansas City 0 18 Aaron Rodgers 2005 -- present Green Bay b ! Green Bay 94 48 9 7 103 55 0 . 652 2017 season 19 Ken Stabler 1970 -- 1979 Oakland a ! Oakland Raiders 69 26 7 103 54 . 655 1980 -- 1981 Tennessee E ! Houston Oilers 16 12 0 1982 -- 1984 New Orleans D ! New Orleans 11 11 20 Bart Starr 1956 -- 1971 Green Bay c ! Green Bay 94 57 9 103 58 6 . 635 21 Steve Young 1985 -- 1986 Tampa Bay F ! Tampa Bay 16 102 55 0 . 650 1987 -- 1999 San Francisco b ! San Francisco 91 33 8 6 22 Joe Flacco 2008 -- present Baltimore Ravens A ! Baltimore Ravens 92 62 10 5 102 67 0 . 604 2017 season 23 Phil Simms 1979 -- 1993 NY Giants b ! New York Giants 95 64 6 101 68 0 . 598 24 Dave Krieg 1980 -- 1991 Seattle a ! Seattle 70 49 101 83 0 . 549 1992 -- 1993 Kansas City F ! Kansas City 13 8 0 1994 Detroit F ! Detroit 5 0 1995 Arizona H ! Arizona Cardinals 12 Chicago F ! Chicago 6 6 1997 -- 1998 Tennessee M ! Tennessee Oilers 0 0 25 Drew Bledsoe 1993 -- 2001 New England C ! New England 63 60 101 98 0 . 508 2002 -- 2004 Buffalo D ! Buffalo 23 25 2005 -- 2006 Dallas F ! Dallas 12 10 26 Len Dawson 1957 -- 1959 Pittsburgh M ! Pittsburgh 0 99 60 8 . 617 1960 -- 1961 Cleveland J ! Cleveland 0 1962 -- 1975 Kansas City A ! Dallas Texans / Kansas City 93 56 5 27 Bob Griese 1967 -- 1980 Miami b ! Miami 92 56 6 5 98 61 . 614 28 Matt Ryan 2008 -- present Atlanta A ! Atlanta 95 63 5 98 68 0 . 590 Week 17 29 Roger Staubach 1969 -- 1979 Dallas B ! Dallas 85 29 11 6 96 35 0 . 733 30 Steve McNair 1995 -- 2005 Tennessee a ! Houston Oilers / Tennessee Oilers / Titans 76 55 5 96 67 0 . 589 2006 -- 2007 Baltimore Ravens B ! Baltimore Ravens 15 7 0 31 Ken Anderson 1971 -- 1986 Cincinnati A ! Cincinnati 91 81 93 85 0 . 522 32 Carson Palmer 2004 -- 2010 Cincinnati D ! Cincinnati 46 51 0 93 91 . 505 2011 -- 2012 Oakland G ! Oakland Raiders 8 16 2013 -- present Arizona B ! Arizona Cardinals 38 21 2017 season 33 Vinny Testaverde 1987 -- 1992 Tampa Bay C ! Tampa Bay 24 48 92 126 . 422 1993 -- 1995 Cleveland F ! Cleveland 16 15 1996 -- 1997 Baltimore Ravens C ! Baltimore Ravens 8 20 1998 -- 2003 2005 NY Jets C ! New York Jets 35 26 Dallas G ! Dallas 5 10 2006 New England G ! New England 0 0 2007 Carolina D ! Carolina 34 Matt Hasselbeck 1999 -- 2000 Green Bay x ! Green Bay 0 0 91 80 0 . 532 2001 -- 2010 Seattle b ! Seattle 69 62 6 5 2011 -- 2012 Tennessee G ! Tennessee Titans 11 10 2013 -- 2015 Indianapolis F ! Indianapolis Colts 5 35 Alex Smith 2005 -- 2012 San Francisco E ! San Francisco 38 36 90 66 . 576 2013 -- present Kansas City B ! Kansas City 50 26 Week 17 36 Dan Fouts 1973 -- 1987 San Diego Chargers 86 84 89 88 . 503 37 Jim Hart 1966 -- 1983 Arizona A ! St. Louis Cardinals 87 88 87 88 5 . 497 1984 Washington Y ! Washington 0 0 38 Roman Gabriel 1962 -- 1972 Los Angeles Rams 74 39 0 86 66 7 . 563 1973 -- 1977 Philadelphia H ! Philadelphia 12 25 39 Craig Morton 1965 -- 1974 Dallas E ! Dallas 32 14 86 67 . 562 1974 -- 1976 NY Giants K ! New York Giants 8 25 1977 -- 1982 Denver c ! Denver 41 23 40 Randall Cunningham 1985 -- 1995 Philadelphia b ! Philadelphia 63 43 85 58 . 594 1997 -- 1999 Minnesota g ! Minnesota 16 7 2000 Dallas J ! Dallas Baltimore Ravens F ! Baltimore Ravens 0 41 Bobby Layne 1948 Chicago H ! Chicago 0 0 84 62 5 . 573 1949 New York Bulldogs 10 1950 -- 1958 Detroit B ! Detroit 53 29 1958 -- 1962 Pittsburgh D ! Pittsburgh 27 22 42 Kerry Collins 1995 -- 1998 Carolina C ! Carolina 22 20 84 103 0 . 449 1998 New Orleans F ! New Orleans 5 1999 -- 2003 NY Giants D ! New York Giants 35 33 2004 -- 2005 Oakland H ! Oakland Raiders 7 21 2006 -- 2010 Tennessee E ! Tennessee Titans 15 17 0 2011 Indianapolis z ! Indianapolis Colts 0 43 Joe Theismann 1974 -- 1985 Washington a ! Washington 77 47 6 83 49 0 . 629 44 Mark Brunell 1994 Green Bay x ! Green Bay 0 0 83 78 0 . 516 1995 -- 2003 Jacksonville a ! Jacksonville 63 54 2004 -- 2006 Washington F ! Washington 15 18 2008 -- 2009 New Orleans J ! New Orleans 0 2010 -- 2011 NY Jets H ! New York Jets 0 0 45 Boomer Esiason 1984 -- 1992 1997 Cincinnati C ! Cincinnati 62 61 83 95 0 . 466 1993 -- 1995 NY Jets D ! New York Jets 15 27 Arizona I ! Arizona Cardinals 5 46 John Hadl 1962 -- 1972 San Diego Chargers 59 54 0 82 77 9 . 515 1973 -- 1974 LA Rams E ! Los Angeles Rams 15 0 1974 -- 1975 Green Bay d ! Green Bay 7 12 1976 -- 1977 Tennessee K ! Houston Oilers 5 47 Tony Romo 2004 -- 2016 Dallas C ! Dallas 78 49 80 53 0 . 602 48 Rich Gannon 1987 -- 1992 Minnesota E ! Minnesota 19 16 80 59 0 . 576 1993 Washington L ! Washington 1995 -- 1998 Kansas City G ! Kansas City 11 8 1999 -- 2004 Oakland C ! Oakland Raiders 45 29 49 Jim Plunkett 1971 -- 1975 New England D ! New England 23 38 80 74 0 . 519 1976 -- 1977 San Francisco G ! San Francisco 11 15 1979 -- 1986 Oakland D ! Oakland / LA Raiders 38 19 8 50 Joe Ferguson 1973 -- 1984 Buffalo B ! Buffalo 77 86 80 95 0 . 457 1985 -- 1986 Detroit G ! Detroit 1988 -- 1989 Tampa Bay I ! Tampa Bay 0 1990 Indianapolis H ! Indianapolis Colts 0 0 51 Y.A. Tittle 1950 Baltimore Colts 6 78 54 5 . 588 1951 -- 1960 San Francisco d ! San Francisco 45 31 0 1961 -- 1964 NY Giants F ! New York Giants 32 13 0 52 Ron Jaworski 1974 -- 1976 LA Rams H ! Los Angeles Rams 0 0 77 73 . 513 1977 -- 1986 Philadelphia A ! Philadelphia 69 67 Miami F ! Miami 0 0 1989 Kansas City H ! Kansas City 53 Kurt Warner 1998 -- 2003 LA Rams D ! St. Louis Rams 35 15 5 76 53 0 . 589 NY Giants k ! New York Giants 5 2005 -- 2009 Arizona E ! Arizona Cardinals 27 30 54 Brad Johnson 1994 -- 1998 2005 -- 2006 Minnesota C ! Minnesota 28 18 0 76 56 0 . 576 1999 -- 2000 Washington E ! Washington 17 10 2001 -- 2004 Tampa Bay B ! Tampa Bay 26 23 2007 -- 2008 Dallas J ! Dallas 55 John Brodie 1957 -- 1973 San Francisco C ! San Francisco 74 76 76 79 8 . 491 56 Steve Grogan 1975 -- 1990 New England b ! New England 75 60 0 75 63 0 . 543 57 Jay Cutler 2006 -- 2008 Denver F ! Denver 17 20 75 80 0 . 484 2009 -- 2016 Chicago A ! Chicago 51 51 2017 -- present Miami D ! Miami 6 8 2017 season 58 Russell Wilson 2012 -- present Seattle C ! Seattle 65 30 8 73 34 . 681 2017 season 59 Jake Plummer 1997 -- 2002 Arizona D ! Arizona Cardinals 30 52 71 71 0 . 500 2003 -- 2006 Denver D ! Denver 39 15 60 Daryle Lamonica 1963 -- 1966 Buffalo E ! Buffalo 0 70 21 6 . 753 1967 -- 1974 Oakland B ! Oakland Raiders 62 16 5 61 Jim McMahon 1982 -- 1988 Chicago B ! Chicago 46 15 70 33 0 . 680 1989 San Diego Chargers 7 1990 -- 1992 Philadelphia I ! Philadelphia 9 1993 Minnesota H ! Minnesota 8 0 1994 Arizona J ! Arizona Cardinals 0 1995 -- 1996 Green Bay x ! Green Bay 0 0 62 Sonny Jurgensen 1957 -- 1963 Philadelphia G ! Philadelphia 17 22 69 73 7 . 487 1964 -- 1974 Washington B ! Washington 52 51 63 Chris Chandler 1988 -- 1989 Indianapolis E ! Indianapolis Colts 10 6 69 86 0 . 445 1990 -- 1991 Tampa Bay K ! Tampa Bay 0 6 1991 -- 1993 Arizona G ! Phoenix Cardinals 5 12 1994 LA Rams k ! Los Angeles Rams St. Louis Rams 6 1995 -- 1996 Tennessee H ! Houston Oilers 11 14 1997 -- 2001 Atlanta D ! Atlanta 34 33 2002 -- 2004 Chicago G ! Chicago 5 8 64 Jim Harbaugh 1987 -- 1993 Chicago D ! Chicago 35 30 0 68 77 0 . 469 1994 -- 1997 Indianapolis D ! Indianapolis Colts 20 26 1998 Baltimore Ravens E ! Baltimore Ravens 5 7 1998 -- 2000 San Diego Chargers 6 11 65 Danny White 1976 -- 1988 Dallas D ! Dallas 62 30 5 5 67 35 0 . 657 66 Earl Morrall 1956 San Francisco J ! San Francisco 67 38 . 634 1957 -- 1958 Pittsburgh F ! Pittsburgh 6 7 1958 -- 1964 Detroit D ! Detroit 15 11 1965 -- 1967 NY Giants J ! New York Giants 8 12 1968 -- 1971 Indianapolis C ! Baltimore Colts 22 1972 -- 1976 Miami c ! Miami 11 0 67 Jack Kemp 1957 Pittsburgh H ! Pittsburgh 0 0 67 41 . 617 1960 -- 1962 Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers 22 6 0 1962 -- 1969 Buffalo C ! Buffalo 43 31 68 Jim Everett 1986 -- 1993 LA Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams 46 59 66 92 0 . 418 1994 -- 1996 New Orleans C ! New Orleans 17 30 1997 San Diego Chargers 0 69 Charlie Conerly 1948 -- 1961 NY Giants C ! New York Giants 65 39 0 65 41 . 612 70 Cam Newton 2011 -- present Carolina A ! Carolina 62 45 65 48 . 575 Week 17 71 Jay Schroeder 1985 -- 1987 Washington D ! Washington 24 7 64 40 0 . 615 1988 -- 1992 Oakland F ! LA Raiders 32 25 1993 Cincinnati G ! Cincinnati 0 1994 Arizona F ! Arizona Cardinals 5 72 Joe Namath 1965 -- 1976 NY Jets A ! New York Jets 60 61 64 64 . 500 1977 LA Rams I ! Los Angeles Rams 73 Norm Van Brocklin 1949 -- 1957 LA Rams C ! Los Angeles Rams 42 20 63 38 . 624 1958 -- 1960 Philadelphia F ! Philadelphia 19 16 0 74 Andy Dalton 2011 -- present Cincinnati B ! Cincinnati 63 44 0 63 48 . 566 2017 season 75 Michael Vick 2001 -- 2006 Atlanta C ! Atlanta 38 28 63 54 . 538 2009 -- 2013 Philadelphia E ! Philadelphia 20 20 0 2014 NY Jets G ! New York Jets 2015 Pittsburgh G ! Pittsburgh 76 Trent Dilfer 1994 -- 1999 Tampa Bay A ! Tampa Bay 38 38 63 56 0 . 529 2000 Baltimore Ravens D ! Baltimore Ravens 7 0 2001 -- 2004 Seattle F ! Seattle 8 2005 Cleveland G ! Cleveland 7 2007 San Francisco K ! San Francisco 5 77 Billy Kilmer 1967 -- 1970 New Orleans E ! New Orleans 11 29 63 57 . 525 1971 -- 1978 Washington C ! Washington 50 23 5 78 Otto Graham 1950 -- 1955 Cleveland A ! Cleveland 57 13 61 16 . 788 79 Jake Delhomme 1999 , 2002 New Orleans G ! New Orleans 61 43 0 . 587 2003 -- 2009 Carolina B ! Carolina 53 37 5 Cleveland I ! Cleveland 2011 Houston Texans x ! Houston Texans 0 0 80 Jeff Garcia 1999 -- 2003 San Francisco F ! San Francisco 35 36 60 62 0 . 492 Cleveland H ! Cleveland 7 2005 Detroit H ! Detroit 2006 , 2009 Philadelphia J ! Philadelphia 5 2007 -- 2008 Tampa Bay D ! Tampa Bay 14 10 0 2011 Houston Texans x ! Houston Texans 0 0 81 Matthew Stafford 2009 -- present Detroit A ! Detroit 60 65 0 60 68 0 . 469 2017 season 82 Steve Bartkowski 1975 -- 1985 Atlanta B ! Atlanta 55 66 60 71 0 . 458 1986 LA Rams G ! Los Angeles Rams 83 Charley Johnson 1961 -- 1969 Arizona C ! St. Louis Cardinals 36 28 59 57 8 . 508 1970 -- 1971 Tennessee J ! Houston Oilers 11 1972 -- 1975 Denver E ! Denver 20 18 84 Dan Pastorini 1971 -- 1979 Tennessee C ! Houston Oilers 53 54 59 63 0 . 484 1980 Oakland I ! Oakland Raiders 1981 LA Rams L ! Los Angeles Rams Philadelphia K ! Philadelphia 0 0 85 Frank Ryan 1958 -- 1961 LA Rams F ! Los Angeles Rams 5 5 58 29 . 661 1962 -- 1968 Cleveland D ! Cleveland 52 22 1969 -- 1970 Washington x ! Washington 0 0 86 Neil O'Donnell 1991 -- 1995 Pittsburgh C ! Pittsburgh 39 22 58 49 0 . 542 1996 -- 1997 NY Jets F ! New York Jets 8 12 1998 Cincinnati F ! Cincinnati 9 1999 -- 2003 Tennessee I ! Tennessee Titans 6 87 Brian Sipe 1974 -- 1983 Cleveland B ! Cleveland 57 55 0 57 56 0 . 504 88 Milt Plum 1957 -- 1961 Cleveland E ! Cleveland 33 16 0 56 42 6 . 567 1962 -- 1967 Detroit C ! Detroit 23 25 1968 LA Rams m ! Los Angeles Rams 0 0 1969 NY Giants m ! New York Giants 0 0 89 Bobby Hebert 1985 -- 1992 New Orleans B ! New Orleans 49 26 0 56 47 0 . 544 1993 -- 1996 Atlanta E ! Atlanta 7 18 90 Tommy Kramer 1977 -- 1989 Minnesota B ! Minnesota 54 56 56 58 0 . 491 1990 New Orleans I ! New Orleans 0 0 91 Bernie Kosar 1985 -- 1993 Cleveland C ! Cleveland 53 51 56 58 . 491 1993 Dallas K ! Dallas 0 1994 -- 1996 Miami F ! Miami 0 92 Trent Green 1997 -- 1998 Washington H ! Washington 6 8 56 59 0 . 487 2000 & 2008 LA Rams J ! St. Louis Rams 2001 -- 2006 Kansas City C ! Kansas City 48 40 0 2007 Miami G ! Miami 0 5 93 Jeff Hostetler 1985 -- 1992 NY Giants G ! New York Giants 16 9 0 55 33 0 . 625 1993 -- 1996 Oakland E ! LA / Oakland Raiders 33 22 1997 Washington K ! Washington 94 Ed Brown 1954 -- 1961 Chicago C ! Chicago 41 25 0 55 39 5 . 581 1962 -- 1965 Pittsburgh E ! Pittsburgh 14 13 1965 Indianapolis G ! Baltimore Colts 0 0 95 George Blanda 1949 -- 1958 Chicago E ! Chicago 8 12 55 51 . 519 1960 -- 1966 Tennessee D ! Houston Oilers 44 38 1967 -- 1975 Oakland J ! Oakland Raiders 0 96 Steve DeBerg 1978 -- 1980 San Francisco H ! San Francisco 7 28 54 89 . 378 1981 -- 1983 Denver G ! Denver 5 6 0 1984 -- 1987 , 1992 -- 1993 Tampa Bay E ! Tampa Bay 8 29 1988 -- 1991 Kansas City D ! Kansas City 31 20 1993 Miami e ! Miami 1998 Atlanta G ! Atlanta 0 97 Stan Humphries 1989 -- 1990 Washington J ! Washington 53 34 0 . 609 1992 -- 1997 San Diego Chargers 47 29 98 Norm Snead 1961 -- 1963 Washington G ! Washington 9 30 52 100 7 . 349 1964 -- 1970 Philadelphia D ! Philadelphia 28 50 1971 Minnesota I ! Minnesota 0 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 NY Giants H ! New York Giants 11 14 1974 -- 1975 San Francisco I ! San Francisco 6 99 Ken O'Brien 1984 -- 1992 NY Jets B ! New York Jets 50 55 0 50 61 . 451 1993 Philadelphia N ! Philadelphia 0 100 Jon Kitna 1997 -- 2000 Seattle D ! Seattle 18 15 0 50 75 0 . 401 2001 -- 2005 Cincinnati E ! Cincinnati 18 28 2006 -- 2008 Detroit E ! Detroit 10 26 2010 -- 2011 Dallas H ! Dallas 5 Rank Quarterback Seasons Teams Career wins Career losses Ties Win Pct Updated through Regular Season Playoffs ^ * Note : Bobby Layne is listed as having started all 12 games for the Bulldogs ( NFL ) in 1949 . The record for that team is 1 -- 10 -- 1 . Combined with his official post -- 1949 won -- loss -- tied record of 80 -- 51 -- 4 ( 0.607 ) , his overall estimated won -- loss -- tied record is 81 -- 61 -- 5 ( 0.568 ) . ^ † Note : The 1950 Baltimore Colts are a defunct NFL team , not part of the current Colts franchise . Charlie Conerly is estimated to have gone 7 -- 8 -- 0 as a starter from 1948 -- 1949 . Combined with his official post-1949 won - loss - tied record of 58 -- 31 -- 1 ( 0.650 ) , his overall estimated won - loss - tied record is 65 -- 39 -- 1 ( 0.624 ) . Otto Graham also started 53 games for the Cleveland Browns when they were in the All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) . He finished his professional career ( AAFC and NFL ) with a 105 -- 17 -- 4 regular - season record ( 84.0 % win rate ) . Graham took his team to the championship game in all ten of his professional seasons winning seven of them ( 4 AAFC and 3 NFL ) . Next in Line ( edit ) Next 3 Active Quarterbacks in line Quarterback Seasons Played Teams Regular Season Playoffs Career wins Career losses Ties Win Pct Updated through Schaub , Matt Matt Schaub 2004 -- present 4 teams , currently Atlanta 47 45 48 46 0 . 511 backup Fitzpatrick , Ryan Ryan Fitzpatrick 2005 -- present 7 teams , currently Tampa Bay 48 70 48 70 0 . 407 backup Luck , Andrew Andrew Luck 2012 -- present Indianapolis Colts 43 27 46 30 0 . 605 2017 season Quarterbacks with most regular season wins in NFL history ( edit ) Active Player Hall of Fame QB Updated through the 2017 season . Rank Quarterback Wins Tom Brady 196 Brett Favre 186 Peyton Manning John Elway 148 5 Dan Marino 147 6 Drew Brees 142 7 Ben Roethlisberger 135 8 Fran Tarkenton 124 9 Johnny Unitas 118 10 Joe Montana 117 11 Eli Manning 111 12 Terry Bradshaw 107 13 Philip Rivers 106 14 Warren Moon 102 15 Jim Kelly 101 16 Dave Krieg 98 Drew Bledsoe Donovan McNabb 19 Ken Stabler 96 20 Phil Simms 95 Matt Ryan 22 Bart Starr 94 Len Dawson Troy Aikman Steve Young Aaron Rodgers 27 Bob Griese 92 Carson Palmer Joe Flacco 30 Ken Anderson 91 Steve McNair 32 Vinny Testaverde 90 33 Alex Smith 88 Rank Quarterback Wins 34 Jim Hart 87 35 Roman Gabriel 86 Dan Fouts 37 Roger Staubach 85 Matt Hasselbeck 39 John Hadl 82 Randall Cunningham 41 Bobby Layne 81 Craig Morton Kerry Collins 44 Boomer Esiason 80 45 Joe Ferguson 79 46 Y.A. Tittle 78 Mark Brunell Tony Romo 49 Joe Theismann 77 50 Rich Gannon 76 51 Steve Grogan 75 52 John Brodie 74 53 Ron Jaworski 73 Jay Cutler 55 Jim Plunkett 72 Brad Johnson 57 Sonny Jurgensen 69 Jake Plummer 59 Jim McMahon 67 Chris Chandler Kurt Warner 62 Daryle Lamonica 66 Jim Harbaugh 64 Charlie Conerly 65 Jack Kemp Russell Wilson Rank Quarterback Wins 67 Jim Everett 64 68 Earl Morrall 63 Andy Dalton 70 Joe Namath 62 Danny White Cam Newton 73 Norm Van Brocklin 61 Billy Kilmer Jay Schroeder Michael Vick 77 Matthew Stafford 60 78 Charley Johnson 59 Steve Bartkowski 80 Trent Dilfer 58 Jeff Garcia 82 Otto Graham 57 Frank Ryan Brian Sipe 85 Milt Plum 56 Dan Pastorini Bobby Hebert Trent Green Jake Delhomme 90 Ed Brown 55 Neil O'Donnell 92 Tommy Kramer 54 93 George Blanda 53 Steve DeBerg Bernie Kosar 96 Norm Snead 52 97 Jeff Hostetler 51 98 Ken O'Brien 50 Stan Humphries Jon Kitna See also ( edit ) List of National Football League records ( individual ) # QB Wins NFL starting quarterback playoff records List of most consecutive starts by a National Football League quarterback References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning Statistics '' . pPro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` John Elway Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Marino Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Roethlisberger Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Montana Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Fran Tarkenton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Unitas Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . 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Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby Layne Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Collins Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Theismann Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Brunell Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Boomer Esiason Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` John Hadl Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Romo Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Rich Gannon Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Plunkett Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Ferguson Statistics '' . 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( hide ) National Football League records and leaders General Super Bowl records Team playoff records Team records Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts 99 - yard pass play All - purpose yards Scoring Passing Career Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards 5,000 passing yards Completions Passer rating Wins Playoff win -- loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards Completion percentage Rating Game Touchdowns Perfect passer rating 400 passing yards Rushing Career Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receiving Career Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards Receptions Defense Career Sacks Interceptions Annual Sacks Interceptions Special teams Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Kickoff return yards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_career_quarterback_wins_leaders&oldid=818143757 '' Categories : National Football League records and achievements Lists of National Football League quarterbacks Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 21 : 28 . 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what happened to the lost settlement of roanoke | Roanoke Colony | roanoke colony | The Roanoke Colony ( / ˈroʊəˌnoʊk / ) , also known as the Lost Colony , was established in 1585 on Roanoke Island in what is today 's Dare County , North Carolina . It was a late 16th - century attempt by Queen Elizabeth I to establish a permanent English settlement in North America . The colony was founded by Sir Walter Raleigh . | The colonists disappeared during the Anglo - Spanish War , three years after the last shipment of supplies from England . Their disappearance gave rise to the nickname `` The Lost Colony '' . There is no conclusive evidence as to what happened to the colonists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Raleigh 's charter 3 First voyages to Roanoke Island 3.1 In the New World 4 Lost Colony 4.1 Return to the Lost Colony 5 Thomas Harriot 6 Investigations into Roanoke 7 Reports of John Smith and William Strachey 8 Hypotheses about the disappearance 8.1 Integration with local tribes 8.2 Other theories 8.2. 1 Spanish 8.2. 2 Dare Stones 8.2. 3 Virginia Pars Map 9 Archaeological evidence 10 Climate factors 11 Lost Colony of Roanoke DNA Project 12 In popular culture 12.1 Books 12.2 Comics 12.3 Film 12.4 TV 12.5 Internet 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Background The enterprise was originally financed and organized by Sir Humphrey Gilbert , who drowned in 1583 returning from a voyage to the fishing settlement at St. John 's , Newfoundland . Sir Humphrey Gilbert 's half - brother Sir Walter Raleigh later gained his brother 's charter from the Queen and subsequently executed the details of the charter through his delegates Ralph Lane and Richard Grenville , Raleigh 's distant cousin . Raleigh 's charter A watercolor of the fort in Guyanailla Bay , which is likely similar to the fort constructed on Roanoke On March 25 , 1584 , Queen Elizabeth I granted Raleigh a charter for the colonization of the area of North America . This charter specified that Raleigh needed to establish a colony in North America , or lose his right to colonization . The Queen and Raleigh intended that the venture should provide riches from the New World . The queen 's charter said that Raleigh was supposed to `` discover , search , find out , and view such remote heathen and barbarous Lands , Countries , and territories ... to have , hold , occupy , and enjoy '' . The queen 's charter also said that Raleigh was supposed to establish a base from which to send privateers on raids against the treasure fleets of Spain . The purpose of these raids was to tell Spain that England was ready for war . The original charter basically told Raleigh to establish a military base to counteract the activities of the Spaniards . Raleigh himself never visited North America , although he led expeditions in 1595 and 1617 to South America 's Orinoco River basin in search of the legendary golden city of El Dorado . First Voyages to Roanoke Island On April 27 , 1584 , Raleigh dispatched an expedition led by Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore the eastern coast of North America . They arrived on Roanoke Island on July 4 and soon established relations with the local natives , the Secotans and Croatans . Barlowe returned to England with two Croatans named Manteo and Wanchese , who were able to describe the politics and geography of the area to Raleigh . Based on the information given , Raleigh organized a second expedition , to be led by Sir Richard Grenville . Sir Walter Raleigh Grenville 's fleet departed Plymouth on April 9 , 1585 , with five main ships : Tiger ( Grenville 's ) , Roebuck , Red Lion , Elizabeth , and Dorothy . A severe storm off the coast of Portugal separated Tiger from the rest of the fleet . The captains had a contingency plan if they were separated , which was to meet up again in Puerto Rico , and Tiger arrived in the `` Baye of Muskito '' ( Guayanilla Bay ) on May 11 . While waiting for the other ships , Grenville established relations with the resident Spanish while simultaneously engaging in some privateering against them . He also built a fort . Elizabeth arrived soon after the fort 's construction . Grenville eventually tired of waiting for the remaining ships and departed on June 7 . The fort was abandoned , and its location remains unknown . Tiger sailed through Ocracoke Inlet on June 26 , but it struck a shoal , ruining most of the food supplies . The expedition succeeded in repairing the ship and , in early July , reunited with Roebuck and Dorothy , which had arrived in the Outer Banks with Red Lion some weeks previous . Red Lion had dropped off its passengers and left for Newfoundland for privateering . In the New World During the initial exploration of the mainland coast and the native settlements , the Europeans blamed the natives of the village of Aquascogoc for stealing a silver cup . As retaliation , the settlers sacked and burned the village . English writer and courtier Richard Hakluyt 's contemporaneous reports also describe this incident . ( Hakluyt 's reports of the first voyage to Roanoke were compiled from accounts by various financial backers , including Sir Walter Raleigh . Hakluyt himself never traveled to the New World . ) Despite this incident and a lack of food , Grenville decided to leave Ralph Lane and 107 men to establish a colony at the north end of Roanoke Island , promising to return in April 1586 with more men and fresh supplies . The group disembarked on August 17 , 1585 , and built a small fort on the island . There are no surviving renderings of the Roanoke fort , but it was likely similar in structure to the one in Guayanilla Bay . Grenville in the Tiger on only his seventh day of sail captured ( after a three - day battle ) a rich Spanish galleon , Santa Maria de San Vicente off Bermuda which he took with him as a prize back to England . As April 1586 passed , there was no sign of Grenville 's relief fleet . Meanwhile , in June , bad blood resulted from the destruction of the village , and this spurred an attack on the fort by the local Native Americans , which the colonists were able to repel . Soon after the attack , Sir Francis Drake was on his way home from a successful raid in the Caribbean , and he stopped at the colony and offered to take the colonists back to England . Several accepted , including metallurgist Joachim Gans . On this return voyage , the Roanoke colonists introduced tobacco , maize , and potatoes to England . The relief fleet arrived shortly after Drake 's departure with the colonists . Finding the colony abandoned , Grenville returned to England with the bulk of his force , leaving behind a small detachment of fifteen men both to maintain an English presence and to protect Raleigh 's claim to Roanoke Island . Lost Colony In 1587 , Raleigh dispatched a new group of 115 colonists to establish a colony on Chesapeake Bay . They were led by John White , an artist and friend of Raleigh who had accompanied the previous expedition to Roanoke , and was appointed governor of the 1587 colony . White and Raleigh named 12 assistants to aid in the settlement . They were ordered to stop at Roanoke to pick up the small contingent left there by Grenville the previous year , but when they arrived on July 22 , 1587 , they found nothing except a skeleton that may have been the remains of one of the English garrison . Baptism of Virginia Dare , the first English child born in North America . Lithograph , 1880 When they could find no one , the master pilot Simon Fernandez refused to let the colonists return to the ships , insisting that they establish the new colony on Roanoke . His motives remain unclear , however , and new evidence offered by author Brandon Fullam indicates not only that Fernandez had good reason for his actions , but that the decision to alter the Chesapeake Bay destination had already been agreed to prior to their arrival at Roanoke . White re-established relations with the Croatan and other local tribes , but those with whom Lane had fought previously refused to meet with him . Shortly thereafter , colonist George Howe was killed by a native while searching alone for crabs in Albemarle Sound . The colonists persuaded Governor White to return to England to explain the colony 's desperate situation and ask for help . Left behind were about 115 colonists -- the remaining men and women who had made the Atlantic crossing plus White 's newly born granddaughter Virginia Dare , the first English child born in the Americas . White sailed for England in late 1587 , although crossing the Atlantic at that time of year was a considerable risk . Plans for a relief fleet were delayed first by the captain 's refusal to return during the winter , and then the attack on England of the Spanish Armada and the subsequent Anglo - Spanish War . Every able English ship joined the fight , leaving White without a means to return to Roanoke at the time . In the spring of 1588 , White managed to acquire two small vessels and sailed for Roanoke ; however , his attempt to return was thwarted when the captains of the ships attempted to capture several Spanish ships on the outward - bound voyage ( in order to improve their profits ) . They themselves were captured and their cargo seized . With nothing left to deliver to the colonists , the ships returned to England . Return to the Lost Colony Further information : Watts ' West Indies and Virginia expedition The discovery of the word `` Croatoan '' carved onto a stockade board Because of the continuing war with Spain , White was unable to mount another resupply attempt for an additional three years . He finally gained passage on a privateering expedition organised by John Watts and Walter Raleigh . They agreed to stop off at Roanoke on the way back after raiding the Spanish in the Caribbean . White landed on August 18 , 1590 , on his granddaughter 's third birthday , but found the settlement deserted . His men could not find any trace of the 90 men , 17 women , and 11 children , nor was there any sign of a struggle or battle . The only clue was the word `` CROATOAN '' carved into a post of the fence around the village , and the letters C-R-O carved into a nearby tree . All the houses and fortifications had been dismantled , which meant that their departure had not been hurried . Before he had left the colony , White instructed the colonists that , if anything happened to them , they should carve a Maltese cross on a tree nearby , indicating that their absence had been forced . There was no cross , and White took this to mean that they had moved to Croatoan Island ( now known as Hatteras Island ) , but he was unable to conduct a search . A massive storm was forming and his men refused to go any farther ; the next day , they left . Thomas Harriot Born in 1560 , Thomas Harriot entered Raleigh 's employment in the early 1580s , after graduating from the University of Oxford . Harriot may have been among the men of Arthur Barlowe 's 1584 expedition of the colony . He trained the members of Raleigh 's first Roanoke expedition in navigational skills and eventually sailed to Roanoke with the second group of settlers , where his skills as a naturalist became particularly important along with those of painter and settlement leader John White . Between their arrival in Roanoke in April 1585 and the July 1586 departure , Harriot and White both conducted detailed studies of the Roanoke area , with Harriot compiling his samples and notes into several notebooks that did not survive the colony 's disappearance . Harriot also wrote descriptions of the surrounding flora and fauna of the area , which survive in his work A Brief and True Report of the New Founde Land of Virginia , written as a report on the colony 's progress to the English government on the request of Raleigh . Viewed by modern historians as propaganda for the colony , this work has become vastly important to Roanoke 's history due to Harriot 's observations on wildlife as well as his depictions of Indian activities at the time of the colony 's disappearance . Harriot reports that relations between the Roanoke Indians and the English settlers were mutually calm and prosperous , contradicting other historical evidence that catalogs the bloody struggles between the Roanoke Indians and both of Raleigh 's commanders , Sir Richard Grenville and his successor , Ralph Lane . Harriot recounts little to none of these accounts in his report to England and does not mention the disorderly state of the colony under either Grenville 's or Lane 's tenure , correctly assuming these facts would prevent Roanoke from gaining more settlers . Harriot 's text did not reach England , or the English press , until 1588 , by which time the fate of the `` Lost Colony '' was sealed in all but name . Investigations into Roanoke Reconstructed fortifications at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site Twelve years went by before Raleigh decided to find out what happened to his colony . Led by Samuel Mace , this 1602 expedition differed from previous voyages in that Raleigh bought his own ship and guaranteed the sailors ' wages so that they would not be distracted by privateering . However , Raleigh still hoped to make money from the trip , and Mace 's ship landed in the Outer Banks to gather aromatic woods or plants such as sassafras that would generate a decent profit back in England . By the time they could turn their attention to the colonists , the weather had turned bad and they were forced to return without even making it to Roanoke Island . By this time , having been arrested for treason , Raleigh was unable to send any further missions . There was one final expedition in 1603 led by Bartholomew Gilbert with the intention of finding Roanoke colonists . Their intended destination was Chesapeake Bay , but bad weather forced them to land in an unspecified location near there . The landing team , including Gilbert himself , was killed by a group of Native Americans for unknown reasons on July 29 . The remaining crew were forced to return to England empty - handed . Meanwhile , the Spanish had different reasons for wanting to find the colony . Knowing of Raleigh 's plans to use Roanoke as a base for privateering , they were hoping to destroy it . Moreover , they had been getting mostly inaccurate reports of activities there , and they imagined the colony to be far more successful than it actually was . In 1590 , they found the remnants of the colony purely by accident , but assumed it was only an outlying base of the main settlement , which they believed was in the Chesapeake Bay area ( John White 's intended location ) . But just as the Anglo - Spanish War prevented White from returning in a timely manner , Spanish authorities in the New World could not muster enough support back home for such a venture . Reports of John Smith and William Strachey Once the Jamestown settlement was established in 1607 , efforts were undertaken by the English to acquire information from the Powhatan tribe about Roanoke . The first definitive information concerning the fate of the Lost Colony came from Captain John Smith , leader of the Jamestown Colony from 1608 to 1609 . According to chronicler Samuel Purchas , Smith learned from Chief Powhatan that he had personally conducted the slaughter of the Roanoke colonists just prior to the arrival of the Jamestown settlers because they were living with the Chesepians , a tribe living in the eastern portion of the present - day South Hampton Roads sub-region who were related to the Pamlico tribe in Carolina and who refused to merge with the Powhatans . This shocking information was reported to England and by the spring of 1609 , King James and the Royal Council were convinced that Chief Powhatan was responsible for the slaughter of the Lost Colony . The second source of Chief Powhatan 's involvement was William Strachey , Secretary of the Jamestown colony in 1610 -- 11 . Strachey 's The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia seemed to confirm Smith 's report and provided additional information : the colonists had been living peacefully among a group of natives beyond Powhatan 's domain for more than twenty years when they were massacred . Furthermore , Powhatan himself seemed to have directed the slaughter because of prophecies by his priests that he would be overthrown by people from that area , and he reportedly produced several English - made iron implements to back his claim . The information from these two sources , John Smith and William Strachey , provides the basis for the traditional view that the Lost Colony was slaughtered by Chief Powhatan , and versions of the Powhatan - Lost Colony - slaughter scenario have persisted for more than 400 years . However , no bodies were found and no archaeological evidence has been found to support this claim . Furthermore , recent re-examination of the Smith and Strachey sources advanced by author and researcher Brandon Fullam has suggested that the massacre described by Powhatan was actually of the 15 people left behind by the first Roanoke expedition , leaving the fate of the second colony still unknown . Hypotheses about the disappearance Integration with local tribes The Francis Nelson ( or Zuniga ) map , c. 1607 As per Smith 's and Strachey 's reports , Dr. David Beers Quinn theorized that the colonists moved north to integrate with the Chesepians that Chief Powhatan claimed to have killed . To make the journey northward , Quinn believed that they used the pinnace and other small boats to transport themselves and their belongings . Naturally , if that were the mode of transportation , the colonists could have gone to live in other locations as well . In her 2000 book Roanoke : Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony , historian Lee Miller postulated that some of the Lost Colony survivors sought shelter with the Chowanoke , who were attacked by another tribe , identified by the Jamestown Colony as the `` Mandoag '' ( an Algonquian name commonly given to enemy nations ) . The Mandoag are believed to be either the Tuscarora , an Iroquois - speaking tribe , or the Eno , also known as the Wainoke . The so - called `` Zuniga Map '' ( named for Pedro de Zúñiga , the Spanish ambassador to England , who had secured a copy and passed it on to Philip III of Spain ) , drawn about 1607 by the Jamestown settler Francis Nelson , also gives credence to this claim . The map states `` four men clothed that came from roonock '' were living in an Iroquois site on the Neuse . William Strachey wrote that , at the Indian settlements of Peccarecanick and Ochanahoen , there were reportedly two - story houses with stone walls . The Indians supposedly had learned how to build them from the Roanoke settlers . In both cases , as stated above , it is equally possible that these were survivors of Chief Powhatan 's attack on the first Jamestown colonists . There were also reported sightings of European captives at various Indian settlements during the same time period . Strachey wrote in 1612 that four English men , two boys and one girl had been sighted at the Eno settlement of Ritanoc , under the protection of a chief called Eyanoco . Strachey reported that the captives were forced to beat copper and that they had escaped the attack on the other colonists and fled up the Chaonoke river , the present - day Chowan River in Bertie County , North Carolina . John Lawson wrote in his 1709 work A New Voyage to Carolina that the Croatans living on Hatteras Island used to live on Roanoke Island and claimed to have white ancestors : A farther Confirmation of this we have from the Hatteras Indians , who either then lived on Ronoak - Island , or much frequented it . These tell us , that several of their Ancestors were white People , and could talk in a Book , as we do ; the Truth of which is confirm 'd by gray Eyes being found frequently amongst these Indians , and no others . They value themselves extremely for their Affinity to the English , and are ready to do them all friendly Offices . It is probable , that this Settlement miscarry 'd for want of timely Supplies from England ; or thro ' the Treachery of the Natives , for we may reasonably suppose that the English were forced to cohabit with them , for Relief and Conversation ; and that in process of Time , they conform 'd themselves to the Manners of their Indian Relations . From the early 17th century to the middle 18th century , European colonists reported encounters with gray - eyed American Indians who claimed descent from the colonists ( although at least one , a story of a Welsh priest who met a Doeg warrior who spoke the Welsh language , is likely to be a hoax ) . Records from French Huguenots who settled along the Tar River in 1696 tell of meeting Tuscaroras with blond hair and blue eyes not long after their arrival . As Jamestown was the nearest English settlement , and they had no record of being attacked by Tuscarora , the likelihood that the origin of those fair - skinned natives was the Lost Colony is high . Fred Willard and Phillip MacMullan believe that the colonists along with the Croatans relocated to villages along the Alligator River in an area known as `` Beechland '' , slightly inland from Roanoke Island . Archeological remains of settlements have been discovered in the area , including coffins with Christian markings on them where there had been no previous record of a grave site , but their hypothesis is mostly based on oral histories and also lacks any definitive evidence . In the late 1880s , North Carolina state legislator Hamilton McMillan discovered that his `` redbones '' ( those of Indian blood ) neighbors in Robeson County claimed to have been descended from the Roanoke settlers . He also noticed that many of the words in their language had striking similarities to obsolete English words . Furthermore , many of the family names were identical to those listed in Hakluyt 's account of the colony . Thus on February 10 , 1885 , convinced that these were the descendants of the Lost Colony , he helped to pass the `` Croatan bill '' , that officially designated the population around Robeson county as Croatan . Two days later on February 12 , 1885 , the Fayetteville Observer published an article regarding the Robeson people 's origins . This article states : They say that their traditions say that the people we call the Croatan Indians ( though they do not recognize that name as that of a tribe , but only a village , and that they were Tuscaroras ) , were always friendly to the whites ; and finding them destitute and despairing of ever receiving aid from England , persuaded them to leave ( Roanoke Island ) , and go to the mainland ... They gradually drifted away from their original seats , and at length settled in Robeson , about the center of the county ... However , the case was far from settled . A similar legend claims that the now extinct Saponi of Person County , North Carolina , are descended from the English colonists of Roanoke Island . However , no documented evidence exists to link the Saponi to the Roanoke colonists . Other tribes claiming partial descent from surviving Roanoke colonists include the Catawba ( who absorbed the Shakori and Eno people ) , and the Coree and the people who call themselves the Lumbee . Samuel A'Court Ashe was convinced that the colonists had relocated westward to the banks of the Chowan River in Bertie County , and Conway Whittle Sams claimed that after being attacked by Wanchese and Powhatan , the colonists scattered to multiple locations : the Chowan River , and south to the Pamlico and Neuse Rivers . Other theories Spanish Another theory is that the Spanish destroyed the colony . Earlier in the century , the Spanish did destroy evidence of the French colony of Fort Charles in coastal South Carolina and then massacred the inhabitants of Fort Caroline , a French colony near present - day Jacksonville , Florida . However , a Spanish attack is unlikely , as the Spanish were still looking for the location of England 's failed colony as late as 1600 , ten years after White discovered that the colony was missing . Dare stones Main article : Dare Stones From 1937 to 1941 , a series of inscribed stones were discovered that were claimed to have been written by Eleanor Dare , mother of Virginia Dare . They told of the travelings of the colonists and their ultimate deaths . Most historians believe that they are a fraud , but there are some today who still believe at least one of the stones to be genuine . Virginia Pars map In May 2011 , Brent Lane of the First Colony Foundation was studying the Virginia Pars Map , which was made by John White during his 1585 visit to Roanoke Island , and noticed two patches where the map had been corrected . The patches are made of paper contemporaneous with that of the map . Lane asked researchers at the British Museum in London , where the map has been kept since 1866 , what might be under the patches , sparking a research investigation . On May 3 , 2012 , at Wilson Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , members of the Foundation and representatives of the museum announced the discovery of `` a large , square - shaped symbol with oddly shaped corners . '' This symbol , presumed to represent a fort , is visible when the map is viewed on a light box . Some scholars speculate that the colonists relocated to that location , on what is now called Salmon Creek in the Bertie County community of Merry Hill . The Scotch Hall Preserve golf course community was planned on the site , but it has not been fully developed . The discovery of new information on the map led to more study of artifacts previously found , as well as additional digs in 2012 and 2014 . Archaeological evidence In 1993 , Hurricane Emily caused numerous relics to appear , and David Phelps of East Carolina University later began digging in the area and found evidence the settlers lived with the native people . In 1998 , East Carolina University organized `` The Croatoan Project '' , an archaeological investigation into the events at Roanoke . The excavation team sent to Hatteras Island uncovered what they believed to be a 10 karat ( 42 % ) gold 16th - century English signet ring , gun flints , and two copper farthings ( produced sometime in the 1670s ) at the site of the ancient Croatan capital , 50 miles ( 80 km ) from the old Roanoke Colony . Genealogists were able to trace the lion crest on the signet ring to the Kendall coat of arms , and concluded that the ring most likely belonged to one Master Kendall who is recorded as having lived in the Roanoke Colony from 1585 to 1586 . If this is the case , the ring represents the first material connection between the Roanoke colonists and the Native Americans on Hatteras Island . However , archaeologist David Phelps did not have the ring tested , and Charles Ewen , who continued Phelps ' work after Phelps retired , had the ring tested and found the ring was brass . Ewen announced his findings in April 2017 . Mark Horton of the University of Bristol said he was not convinced that this news proved the ring did not date to the 16th century . It is also believed that the reason for the extreme deficiency in archaeological evidence is due to shoreline erosion . Since all that was found was a rustic looking fort on the north shore , and this location is well - documented and backed up , it is believed that the settlement must have been nearby . The northern shore , between 1851 and 1970 , lost 928 feet ( 283 m ) because of erosion . If in the years leading up to and following the brief life of the settlement at Roanoke , shoreline erosion was following the same trend , it is likely the site of the dwellings is underwater , along with any artifacts or signs of life . Archaeological investigations continue to find tantalizing clues and funding is being sought to continue recent excavations . Climate factors In 1998 , a team led by climatologist David W. Stahle , of the University of Arkansas and archaeologist Dennis B. Blanton of the College of William and Mary used tree ring cores from 800 - year - old bald cypresses taken from the Roanoke Island area of North Carolina and the Jamestown area of Virginia to reconstruct precipitation and temperature chronologies . The researchers concluded that the settlers of the Lost Colony landed at Roanoke Island in the summer of the worst growing - season drought in 800 years . `` This drought persisted for 3 years , from 1587 to 1589 , and is the driest 3 - year episode in the entire 800 - year reconstruction , '' the team reported in the journal Science . A map shows that `` the Lost Colony drought affected the entire southeastern United States but was particularly severe in the Tidewater region near Roanoke ( Island ) . '' The authors suggested that the Croatan who were shot and killed by the colonists may have been scavenging the abandoned village for food as a result of the drought . Lost Colony of Roanoke DNA Project The Lost Colony of Roanoke DNA Project was founded in 2007 by a group led by Roberta Estes , who owns a private DNA - testing company , in order to solve the mystery of the Lost Colony using historical records , migration patterns , oral histories and DNA testing . The project used Y chromosome , Mitochondrial DNA and Autosomal DNA . As of 2016 , they have not yet been able to positively identify any descendants of the colony . In popular culture This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Books The White Doe : The Fate of Virginia Dare ( 1901 ) is one of the many novels about the most settlers of the Roanoke Colony , Virginia Dare , that details the theory of assimilation . In this story , Dare is married off into the Croatan tribe . The Daughter of Virginia Dare ( 1908 ) is another novel about Virginia Dare , in which the author claims Dare to be the mother of Pocahontas . Rising Shore Roanoke ( 2007 ) by Deborah Homsher The Missing Book 3 : Sabotaged ( 2010 ) by Margaret Peterson Haddix Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter by Seth Grahame - Smith , released in 2010 , features a character called Henry , a vampire who was a part of the Roanoke Colony . Through this character , the novel presents a situation in which `` Cro '' referred to the Colony 's Doctor Crowley . In this fictional version of events , the Colony was wiped out by Dr. Crowley , a vampire who then turned Henry into a vampire to be his companion . The Last American Vampire is the 2015 sequel to Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter . This time , the story follows the character , Henry . He reveals that he lied about the death of Virginia Dare and that in truth , he kept her alive and raised her as his own . In this version of events , Dare is still alive and lives on as a vampire . Comics Marvel 1602 , a 2003 comic book series , provides an alternate timeline in which the Roanoke Colony thrived and places many Marvel characters , such as Steve Rogers in this situation . Marvel Comics Presents , an American comic book anthology series published by Marvel Comics , included a story in which the responsible of the disappearance of the Roanoke Colony was a Vinland viking settler turned into a vampire circa AD 1000 . Film The dramatic feature , The Legend of Two Path ( 1998 ) , recounts the arrival of the English settlers from the viewpoint of the Native Americans of Roanoke Island in 1584 . 2004 crime thriller Mindhunters is about someone who goes missing from a group of FBI trainees , only to be found in the Lost Colony after leaving the word ' Croatoan ' behind as a clue . Wraiths of Roanoke , otherwise known as The Lost Colony is a 2007 Sci Fi original movie the features the perspective of Ananias Dare , the father of Virginia and the one John White leaves in charge of the Colony while he is gone . In this fictional story , Vikings are responsible for the Colony 's disappearance , and the victims become ghosts that haunt the island . Ananias Dare defeats the ghosts and sends Virginia away from the island , who is then raised by Manteo , the Croatan . TV Stephen King 's 1999 miniseries , Storm of the Century is loosely based on the story of the Roanoke Colony and offers a theory as to what happened . In cancelled TV series , FreakyLinks ( 2000 ) , character Embry 's brother dies whilst investigating the disappearance of the Roanoke Colony . Virginia Dare is alive as a demonic being in this story who is revealed to have been responsible for killing off the Roanoke Colony . In 2005 TV series Haven , a character dreams of the Roanoke Colony . The word ' Croatoan ' comes to symbolize a monster . The first season of Sleepy Hollow ( 2013 ) connects The Legend of Sleepy Hollow to the story of the Roanoke Colony . In this adaptation , the Horseman of Pestilence supposedly visited Roanoke Island and infected its inhabitants with plague . Virginia Dare became a ghost and led her fellow settlers to Upstate New York where they continue to haunt to this day . American Horror Story : Roanoke , which came out in 2016 , is the sixth season of American Horror Story , features the colonists from real life as spirits that haunt North Carolina due to a deal that John White 's wife made with a witch . As a result , they must perform blood rituals and murder people during the month of October . Internet `` The Mysterious Disappearance of the Roanoke Colony '' , released on November 17 , 2017 , is an episode of BuzzFeed Unsolved : Supernatural in which the various theories that surround the disappearance are discussed . See also List of colonists at Roanoke Charlesfort - Santa Elena Site List of people who disappeared mysteriously Timeline of the colonization of North America References Jump up ^ `` Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh March 25 , 1584 '' . University of Groningen . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , David B. ( February 1985 ) . Set Fair for Roanoke : Voyages and Colonies , 1584 -- 1606 . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4123 - 5 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.designhammer.com , Website graphic design and web development by DesignHammer Media Group LLC , Building Smarter Websites . `` North Carolina History Project : Roanoke Island '' . www.northcarolinahistory.org . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kupperman , Karen Ordahl ( January 25 , 1984 ) . Roanoke , The Abandoned Colony . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 7339 - 1 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Campbell - Dollaghan , Kelsey . `` New Discoveries Could Explain What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Handbook to Roanoke Revisited '' . Fort Raleigh National Historic Site . National Park Service . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Milton , Giles ( October 19 , 2001 ) . Big Chief Elizabeth : The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42018 - 5 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Blacker , Irwin ( 1965 ) . Hakluyt 's Voyages : The Principle Navigations Voyages Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation . New York : The Viking Press . p. 522 . Jump up ^ Lane , Ralph . `` The Account by Ralph Lane . An account of the particularities of the imployments of the English men left in Roanoke by Richard Grenville under the charge of Master Ralph Lane Generall of the same , from the 17 . of August 1585 . until the 18 . of June 1586 . at which time they departed the Countrey ; sent and directed to Sir Walter Ralegh '' . Old South Leaflets ( General Series ) ; No. 119 . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller p 104 ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Walter Lynwood ( 1909 ) . The South in the Building of the Nation : History of the States . The Southern historical publication society . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Lee ( 2000 ) . Roanoke : Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony . Arcade Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 584 - 4 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fullam , Brandon The Lost Colony of Roanoke : New Perspectives , Chapt. 3 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6786 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Grizzard , Frank E. ; Smith , D. Boyd ( 2007 ) . Jamestown Colony : A Political , Social , and Cultural History . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 637 - 4 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neville , John D . `` The John White Colony '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Harriot , Thomas . Nina Baym , ed . A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia . The Norton Anthology of American Literature . Jump up ^ Zandt , Cynthia J. Van ( 2008 - 07 - 08 ) . Brothers Among Nations : The Pursuit of Intercultural Alliances in Early America , 1580 -- 1660 . Oxford University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780199720552 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Parramore , Thomas C. ; Stewart , Peter C. ; Bogger , Tommy L. ( April 2000 ) . Norfolk : The First Four Centuries . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1988 - 1 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Strachey , William ( 1612 ) . The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia : Expressing the cosmographie and commodities of the country , togither with the manners and customes of the people . Hakluyt Society . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gabriel - Powell , Andy ( October 14 , 2016 ) . Richard Grenville and the Lost Colony of Roanoke . McFarland . pp. 118 -- 120 . ISBN 9781476626680 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McMullan , Jr. , Philip S. `` A Search for the Lost Colony in Beechland '' . The Lost Colony Center for Science and Research . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fullam , Brandon The Lost Colony of Roanoke : New Perspectives. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6786 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Smallwood , Arwin D. ( October 16 , 2002 ) . Bertie County : An Eastern Carolina History . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 2395 - 8 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Douglas ( August 31 , 2010 ) . Half Moon : Henry Hudson and the Voyage That Redrew the Map of the New World . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60819 - 098 - 0 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stick , David ( November 1983 ) . Roanoke Island , The Beginnings of English America . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4110 - 5 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Warner , Charles Dudley , Captain John Smith , 1881 . Repr. in Captain John Smith ; Project Gutenberg Text ; accessed April 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lawson , John ( 1709 ) . A New Voyage to Carolina . London . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Williams , Gwyn A. ( 1979 ) . Madoc , The Making of a Myth . Eyre Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 413 - 39450 - 7 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Croatan Indians of Robeson '' . Fayetteville Observer ( SUBSCRIPTION REQUIRED ) . February 12 , 1885 . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ La Vere , David ( July 2009 ) . `` The 1937 Chowan River ' Dare Stone ' : A Re-evaluation '' . North Carolina Historical Review . Jump up ^ `` Ancient map gives clue to fate of ' Lost Colony ' '' . Science News . The Telegraph . 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Price , Jay ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Old map offers new clues to fate of the Lost Colony '' . The Charlotte Observer . Jump up ^ Waggoner , Martha ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Researchers hopeful that NC site is that of Lost Colony '' . News & Observer . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hampton , Jeff ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Artifacts show Lost Colony settlers lived with natives '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Family Crest on Sixteenth - Century Gold Ring Tentatively Identified '' . Roanoke Colonies Research Newsletter . East Carolina University . May 1999 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Croatan Dig 1998 -- 1999 Season '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2000 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Croatan 16 '' . Jump up ^ Duncan , Charles ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` A simple lab test throws doubt on ' Lost Colony ' theories '' . News & Observer . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Andrew ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Mystery of Roanoke Endures Yet Another Cruel Twist '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Robert ; Kenton Bosserman ( September 1972 ) . `` Shoreline Erosion and the Lost Colony '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 62 ( 3 ) : 424 -- 426 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1972. tb00875. x . Jump up ^ Emery , Theo ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Roanoke Island Colony : Lost , and Found ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Stahle , David W. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` The Lost Colony and Jamestown Droughts '' . Science . 280 ( 5363 ) : 564 -- 567 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 280.5363. 564 . PMID 9554842 . Jump up ^ Caroline Lee Heuer ; Jonathon T. Overpeck . `` Drought : A Paleo Perspective -- Lost Colony and Jamestown Drought '' . Ncdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephenie Koehn , `` DNA pro at work on an old mystery / Brighton area woman a part of Lost Colony research '' , The Ann Arbor News , ( Ann Arbor , MI ) , 27 July 2007 , hosted at Lost Colony website Jump up ^ Kaminski , Len ( w ) , Heck , Don ( p ) , Ivy , Chris ( i ) , Ivy , Chris ( col ) , Starkings , Richard ( let ) , Kavanagh , Terry ) ( ed ) . `` Norse Blood '' Marvel Comics Presents 63 : 25 ( November 1990 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics Further reading Hariot , Thomas , John White and John Lawson ( 1999 ) . A Vocabulary of Roanoke . Evolution Publishing : Merchantville , NJ . ISBN 1 - 889758 - 81 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) This volume contains practically everything known about the Croatan language spoken on Roanoke Island . Miller , Lee , Roanoke : Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony Retrieved April 2011 Giles Milton ( 2000 ) . Big Chief Elizabeth . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 26501 - 1 . Critically acclaimed account , based on contemporary travel accounts from 1497 -- 1611 , of attempts to establish a colony in the Roanoke area . Milton is also the author of the 2013 children 's fictional work , Children of the Wild , which tells the story of the colony through the eyes of four English children . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roanoke Colony . The finding of Raleigh 's lost colony ( 1907 ) The Lost Colony of Roanoke loses its portrait of Queen Elizabeth I Kingdom of England History Timeline Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Anglo - Normans Angevin Empire England in the Late Middle Ages Wars of the Roses Tudor period Stuart period English Renaissance English Reformation Elizabethan era Union of the Crowns Overseas possessions Gunpowder Plot Jacobean era Civil War Interregnum Commonwealth of England The Protectorate Restoration Popish Plot Glorious Revolution Maritime history Economy in the Middle Ages Union with Scotland Royal Houses Wessex Knýtlinga Normandy Angevin Plantagenet Lancaster York Tudor Stuart Orange - Nassau Politics Law Witenagemot Curia regis Parliament House of Lords House of Commons Monarchy Council of State Lord Protector Peerage Privy Council Ministries Secretary of State Governance Elizabethan Star Chamber Whigs Tories Acts of Parliament : to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 1642 -- 1660 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Military Anglo - Saxon military Warfare English Army New Model Army Royal Navy Ships History Geography Counties Islands Places Towns Castles Palaces Demographics English language English people list Culture Religion Church of England Cuisine Folklore Morris dance Country dance Architecture Anglo - Saxon English Gothic Tudor Elizabethan Jacobean Queen Anne Georgian Symbols National flag ( list ) Heraldry Coat of arms College of Arms Royal badges Royal supporters Royal standards Crown Jewels Tudor rose Oak tree St George St George 's Day Articles on the history of England Coordinates : 35 ° 55 ′ 42 '' N 75 ° 42 ′ 15 '' W / 35.928259 ° N 75.704098 ° W / 35.928259 ; - 75.704098 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&oldid=843591647 '' Categories : Roanoke Colony Colonial North Carolina Colonization history of the United States Colonial United States ( British ) English colonization of the Americas Former English colonies Dare County , North Carolina Elizabeth I of England History of the Thirteen Colonies 1580s in North America 1580s in the British Empire Pre-statehood history of North Carolina Ghost towns in North Carolina Lost cities and towns Missing people Unexplained disappearances States and territories established in 1585 States and territories disestablished in the 1590s 1585 establishments in North America 1590s disestablishments in North America 1585 establishments in the British Empire 1590s disestablishments in England 16th century in North America 1590s missing person cases Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia semi-protected pages Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 25 . 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what are the different regions of africa and how do they differ | List of regions of Africa | list of regions of africa | The continent of Africa is commonly divided into five regions or subregions , four of which are in Sub-Saharan Africa , though some definitions may contain four ( removing Central Africa ) or six regions ( separating the horn of Africa into its own region ) . | Contents ( hide ) 1 List of subregions in Africa 2 Directional approach 3 Physiographic approach 4 Linguistic approach 4.1 By official language 4.2 By indigenous language family 5 Investment approach 6 See also 7 References List of subregions in Africa ( edit ) The five UN subregions : Northern Africa Eastern Africa Central Africa Western Africa Southern Africa Region Country Northern Africa Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara Eastern Africa Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mayotte Mozambique Reunion Rwanda Seychelles Somalia South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Central Africa Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Western Africa Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Ivory Coast Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Saint Helena Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Southern Africa Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland Directional approach ( edit ) One common approach categorises Africa directionally , e.g. , by cardinal direction ( compass direction ) : North Africa lies north of the Sahara and runs along the Mediterranean coast . West Africa is the portion roughly west of 10 ° east longitude , excluding Northern Africa and the Maghreb . West Africa contains large portions of the Sahara Desert and the Adamawa Mountains . East Africa stretches from the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa to Mozambique , including Madagascar Central Africa is the large mass at the center of Africa which either does not fall squarely into any other region or only partially does so . Southern Africa consists of the portion generally south of - 10 ° latitude and the great rainforests of Congo . This approach is taken , for example , in the United Nations geoscheme for Africa and the regions of the African Union . Physiographic approach ( edit ) Satellite image of Africa , showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area Another common approach divides Africa by using features such as landforms , climatic regions , or vegetation types : Nile Valley Nile Delta Atlas Mountains Nubia ( Lower Nubia ) The Sahara Desert is the massive but largely empty region in North Africa that contains the world 's largest hot deserts The Maghreb is a region of northwest Africa encompassing the coastlands and Atlas Mountains of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia . The Sahel region covers a belt of grasslands south of the Sahara stretching from Senegal to Sudan . The Sudan region lies just below the Sahel but is slightly more humid and arable . Sudanian Savanna The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts for hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea , and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden . It encompasses Ethiopia , Eritrea , Somalia and Djibouti . Ethiopian Highlands ( Roof of Africa ) Sub-Saharan Africa is the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara . The Guinea region is distinguished from the neighboring Sudan region by its rainforests and runs along the Atlantic coast from Guinea to Nigeria . Sudan ( region ) Negroland Rhodesia ( region ) ( Northern Rhodesia , Southern Rhodesia ) Mayombe The Congo Basin is the rainforest region The Chad Basin The Chad Basin is the largest endorheic drainage basin in Africa , centered on Lake Chad . East African Rift . The region contains Tanzania , Kenya , Uganda . Eastern Rift mountains Rift Valley Lakes African Great Lakes Swahili Coast Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Barbary Coast Mittelafrika Igboland ( Mbaise ) Maputaland Linguistic approach ( edit ) Map showing the traditional language families represented in Africa : Afroasiatic ( Semitic - Hamitic ) Austronesian ( Malay - Polynesian ) Indo - European Khoisan Niger - Congo : Bantu Central and Eastern Sudanese Central Bantoid Eastern Bantoid Guinean Mande Western Bantoid Nilo - Saharan : Kanuri Nilotic Songhai Main article : Languages of Africa By official language ( edit ) Official languages in Africa Afrikaans Portuguese Arabic Spanish English Swahili French other languages Anglophone Africa includes five countries in West Africa ( The Gambia , Sierra Leone , Liberia , Ghana , and the most populous African country Nigeria , as well as a part of Cameroon ) that are separated by Francophone countries , South Sudan , and a large continuous area in Southern Africa and the African Great Lakes . Arabophone Africa includes the four most populous Arabic - speaking countries ( Egypt , Sudan , Morocco , Algeria ) as well as Tunisia , Mauritania and Chad , and includes a majority of both the population and the area of the Arabic - speaking countries . French has also kept a strong role in the Maghreb countries , though this has receded somewhat with official Arabization . Francophone Africa is a continuous area in West Africa and Central Africa , plus Madagascar and Djibouti . Lusophone Africa consists of the widely separated countries of Cabo Verde , Guinea - Bissau , Sao Tome and Principe , Angola , and Mozambique . Equatorial Guinea is the only African country where the Spanish language is official , though French and more recently Portuguese have also been added as official languages . Swahili is widely used as an inter language in East Africa ; its use for official and educational functions is greatest in Tanzania . Ethiopia and Somalia use the Afro - Asiatic Amharic and Somali languages , respectively , as their official languages , although Arabic also serves as a secondary language in Somalia . Eritrea and parts of Ethiopia use the Tigrinya language and Arabic language as working languages . By indigenous language family ( edit ) Niger -- Congo languages and Nilo - Saharan languages are spoken in most of Sub-Saharan Africa . Nilo - Saharan occupies a smaller area but is highly diverse , and may be related as a parent or sibling of Niger -- Congo . Afro - Asiatic languages are spoken in North Africa , the Horn of Africa , as well as parts of the Sahel . Khoisan languages are spoken in desert areas of Southern Africa , but were formerly spoken over a larger area , and are thought to include two small languages ( Hadza and Sandawe ) in the African Great Lakes . Austronesian languages originating from Southeast Asia are spoken in Madagascar . Investment approach ( edit ) Investment divisions of Africa . Source : RisCura A slightly less common , but equally important method of division of the continent is by investment factors . For the purposes of investing , Africa is not a single destination with a single set of standardized risk factors and homogeneous potential for reward . Although some high - level similarities are evident , digging into the specifics of certain regions and countries shows that Africa comprises a range of distinct investment destinations , each with its own attractions , flaws , cultural differences and business practices . The investment approach was first developed by global , independent financial analytics provider and investment consultant , RisCura . Maghreb region Otherwise known as the western portion of Northern Africa , these countries form the Arab Maghreb Union , established in 1989 . The region was established with the goal of functioning as a unified political and economic grouping . Political unrest in the region has stunted progress since its inception but hope still remains that the Union will fulfill its purpose in years to come . Algeria , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco and Tunisia are included in this region . Egypt and Sudan Previously united under British rule , these countries still share strong ties , as well as one significant commonality -- the trade facilitation through transport on the Nile River . As Egypt does not fall within the Arab Maghreb Union , it is separated from the rest of North Africa . However , Egypt 's strong economic and cultural ties with the Middle East bring natural trading partners , and it is often seen grouped with the Middle East for investment purposes . Francophone West Africa This is a commonly recognized region on the continent , and typically includes Mauritania . However , Mauritania is sometimes allocated to the Maghreb region as it is found to have closer ties to the North African countries . These French - speaking countries share more than just a language . Due to their common history as French colonies , they also share similar legal and socio - political systems . The countries in this group are Benin , Burkina Faso , Cape Verde , Côte d'Ivoire , Guinea , Mali , Niger , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal and Togo . Nigeria On its own , Nigeria is the size of the entire Maghreb region on an aggregated - GDP basis . While Nigeria is traditionally grouped with the rest of West Africa , its reliance on the rest of the region is less pronounced , likely as a result of its massive standalone GDP , its access to international markets via its six large ports , and its population of over 170 million people . East Africa This is a combination of the East African Community ( Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda and Burundi ) , the LAPSSET corridor ( Kenya , South Sudan and Ethiopia ) as well as Djibouti , a crucial link to the Indian Ocean for Ethiopia and South Sudan . Kenya has traditionally headlined this region through consistently generating the largest GDP and acts as the primary route to international trade through the Mombasa port . Central Africa This market is the same as that defined by the African Development Bank with the exception of Madagascar , which here is classified as Southern Africa ( ex-SA ) . On a GDP basis ( USD ) and by population , the Central Africa region is on par with the Francophone West African region . Countries included here are Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad and the Democratic Republic of Congo , as well as Equatorial Guinea and Gabon . Southern Africa excluding South Africa ( ex-SA ) This incorporates countries south of central and eastern Africa , and north of the South African border . The region has support from the most developed economy on the continent from the south , and access to capital coming out of South Africa as large companies look to expand into the rest of the continent . The group comprises Angola ( which offers substantial oil resources ) , Botswana , Comoros , Madagascar , Malawi , Mauritius , Mozambique , Namibia , Reunion , Zambia ( substantial supply of copper ) and Zimbabwe . South Africa Like Nigeria , South Africa is a large African economy on a standalone basis . Due to the developed nature of South Africa relative to the rest of the continent , it has not been included in the Southern African region . South Africa boasts the largest GDP per capita of all the regions ( double that of Nigeria ) and is the most advanced investment destination on the continent . The South African market includes Lesotho and Swaziland due to their reliance and proximity to SA . The Swazi lilangeni is pegged to the South African rand , which is also accepted as currency within the country . Other West Africa This region includes Ghana , Liberia , Sierra Leone , Guinea - Bissau and The Gambia . See also ( edit ) Regions of the African Union United Nations geoscheme for Africa Africa portal List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Overview of Module Twenty : Southern Africa '' . Exploring Africa . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Compelling investment markets in Africa -- Inside Riscura 's Bright Africa 2015 Report : Debbie O'Hanlon , Senior Analyst , RisCura ( Infographics ) African Business News African Financial & Economic News '' . African Business Central . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Segmenting Africa into meaningful markets Bright Africa '' . www.riscura.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Meaningful African markets for investment '' . Capital Markets in Africa . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` UMA '' . www.maghrebarabe.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` What Is the Arab Spring ? '' . About.com News & Issues . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan - Egypt Relations '' . www.globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Trading Peace in Egypt and Israel '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` What it takes to succeed in Francophone Africa '' ( PDF ) . hide List of regions of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_regions_of_Africa&oldid=846015670 '' Categories : Regions of Africa Africa - related lists Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Galego Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 18 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20regions%20of%20Africa | 5 |
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who played mantis guardians of the galaxy 2 | Pom Klementieff ( born 3 May 1986 ) is a French actress . She was trained at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris and has appeared in such films as Loup ( 2009 ) , Sleepless Night ( 2011 ) and Hacker 's Game ( 2015 ) . She plays the role of Mantis in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . | Pom Klementieff | Pom Klementieff | pom klementieff | Pom Klementieff ( born 3 May 1986 ) is a French actress . She was trained at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris and has appeared in such films as Loup ( 2009 ) , Sleepless Night ( 2011 ) and Hacker 's Game ( 2015 ) . She plays the role of Mantis in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . | Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Pom Klementieff was born in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada , to a Korean mother and French - Russian father , who was working there as a consul with the French government . She had a brother who committed suicide . Her parents chose the name `` Pom '' because it is similar in pronunciation to the Korean words for both `` spring '' ( 봄 ) and `` tiger '' ( 범 ) . Klementieff lived in Canada for one year before her family traveled extensively due to her father 's job , and she lived in Japan and the Ivory Coast before settling in France . Klementieff later said that travelling at an early age gave her a `` gypsy soul '' . Klementieff 's father died of cancer when she was 5 , and her mother was schizophrenic and unable to care for children , so Klementieff was raised by her paternal uncle and aunt . Her uncle , whom she described as `` like my second father '' , died on her 18th birthday . Klementieff briefly attended law school after her uncle 's death to appease her aunt , but did not find the career path appealing . She also worked as a waitress and saleswoman in France . She started acting at age 19 at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris . A few months into her education , she won a theater competition that awarded her free classes for two years with the school 's top teachers . Career ( edit ) Klementieff in 2018 Klementieff 's first professional acting job was the French independent film Après lui ( 2007 ) , portraying the stepdaughter of the protagonist played by Catherine Deneuve . Filming for her scenes took three days . During one scene , Klementieff was supposed to push someone down a set of stairs but accidentally fell down the stairs herself , and director Gaël Morel kept that shot in the final film . Her first leading role was in Loup ( 2009 ) , a French film about a tribe of reindeer herders in the Siberian mountains . During filming , Klementieff stayed in a camp , hours from the nearest village , where temperatures dropped well below zero . During filming she befriended nomads who lived there , worked with real wolves , rode reindeer , and swam with a horse in a lake . Klementieff made her Hollywood debut in Spike Lee 's Oldboy ( 2013 ) , a remake of the South Korean film of the same name . She portrayed Haeng - Bok , the bodyguard of the antagonist played by Sharlto Copley . A fan of the original film , Klementieff heard about the part through Roy Lee , a producer with the remake , and took boxing lessons after learning the role involved martial arts . After showcasing her boxing skills during her audition , Lee asked her to go home and come back wearing a more feminine outfit and make - up , like her character in the film . She contributed some of her own clothes to the character 's wardrobe , and trained three hours a day for two months for an on - screen fight with star Josh Brolin . Klementieff came up with the name Haeng - Bok , Korean for `` happiness '' , herself after Lee asked her to research possible names for the character . Klementieff moved to Los Angeles after Oldboy was filmed and began pursuing more Hollywood auditions . She continued taekwondo after the film , and has a purple belt as of the summer of 2014 . Her next acting role was the film Hacker 's Game ( 2015 ) , in which she plays a hacker she compared to Lisbeth Salander from the novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . Klementieff used her boxing skills again in the film , and due to the movie 's low budget , she had to do her own make - up and chose her own wardrobe . It was her idea to dye her hair purple for the role , to which the directors first objected but later acquiesced . She joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe with her role as Mantis in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Après lui Emilie 2008 The Easy Way NHI 2009 Loup Nastazya 2009 Pigalle , la nuit Sandra TV series ( eight episodes ) 2011 Borderline Naomi 2011 Sleepless Night Lucy 2011 Delicacy Waitress 2011 Love Lasts Three Years Julia 2011 Silhouettes Valerie 2012 Radiostars The pizza girl 2012 Porn in the Hood Tia 2012 À l'ombre du palmier Le modèle Short film 2012 El Turrrf Pom Short film 2013 Paris à tout prix Jess 2013 Oldboy Haeng - Bok 2014 RossFit Short film 2015 Hacker 's Game Loise 2016 Seed Cat Short film 2017 Ingrid Goes West Harley Chung 2017 Newness Bethany 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Mantis 2017 Alteration Elsa Short film 2018 Avengers : Infinity War Mantis Post-production 2019 Untitled Avengers film Post-production See also ( edit ) Biography portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Qui es - tu Pom Klementieff ? / Who are you Pom Klementieff ? '' . Première ( in French ) . France . 7 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Additional WebCitation archive on 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Klementieff , Pom ( @ pomklementieff ) ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` I 'm French . NOT Canadian - French '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 30 April 2017 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Actress Pom Klementieff from Spike Lee 's Oldboy '' . Filler Magazine . 2 ( 5 ) . Summer 2014 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Han , Steve ( November 2013 ) . `` Korean French Actress Pom Klementieff Makes US Debut in ' Oldboy ' Remake '' . KoreAm . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . So I told ( filmmaker Spike Lee ) , my father died when I was 5 . My mother , she is schizophrenic , so she could n't take care of me and my brother , who committed suicide a few months before the audition ( for Lee 's remake of Oldboy ) . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Mina ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` Q&A with Pom Klementieff '' . Anthem Magazine . Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : De Ville , Reece ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Oldboy 's ass kicking , earth moving Pom Klementieff '' . TheDigitalFix.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( 28 January 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War adds Mantis from Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pom Klementieff . Pom Klementieff on IMDb Pom Klementieff at AllMovie Pettit , Stephanie ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` Meet Pom Klementieff , the Actress Behind the Buzzed - About New Character Mantis in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . People . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . VIAF : 166829042 LCCN : no2014090484 ISNI : 0000 0003 7182 9433 BNF : cb162591522 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pom_Klementieff&oldid=829523540 '' Categories : 1986 births Living people 21st - century French actresses Actresses from Quebec City Alumni of the Cours Florent French film actresses French people of Korean descent French people of Russian descent French television actresses Actresses of Korean descent Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 04 : 09 . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pom%20Klementieff | 6 |
who did the voice of the magician in frosty the snowman | Frosty the Snowman ( film ) | frosty the snowman ( film ) | Frosty the Snowman is a 1969 animated Christmas television special based on the song `` Frosty the Snowman '' . The program , which first aired on December 7 , 1969 on CBS ( where it continues to air annually ) , was produced for television by Rankin / Bass Productions and featured the voices of comedians Jimmy Durante as the film 's narrator ( Durante 's final performance in a film ) and Jackie Vernon as the title character . | Arthur Rankin , Jr. and Jules Bass wanted to give the show and its characters the look of a Christmas card , so Paul Coker , Jr. , a greeting card and Mad magazine artist , was hired to do the character and background drawings . The animation was produced by Mushi Production in Japan , with then - Mushi staffer Osamu Dezaki among the animation staff . Rankin / Bass veteran writer Romeo Muller adapted and expanded the story for television as he had done with Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer . TV Guide ranked the special number 4 on its 10 Best Family Holiday Specials list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production credits 4 Soundtrack 5 Television rights 6 Home media 6.1 VHS and LaserDisc 6.2 DVD and Blu - ray 7 Sequels 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) One December afternoon , a little girl named Karen and her friends create a snowman after a class Christmas party at school . After several suggestions of what to call their snowman ( including `` Oatmeal '' and `` Christopher Columbus '' ) , Karen decides to name him `` Frosty . '' Later , the children acquire a top hat discarded by inept magician Professor Hinkle . Karen places the hat on top of Frosty 's head , and the snowman comes to life ( and always says `` Happy Birthday ! '' in response ) . When Hinkle learns of the magic power his hat actually possesses , he takes it back and departs , pretending that he did not see Frosty come to life . However , the professor 's pet rabbit , Hocus Pocus , returns the hat to Frosty and the children . Frosty soon senses the temperature is rising and worries about melting away . The children suggest putting him on the next train to the North Pole , where he will never melt , and they all parade into the city on the way to the train station , where Frosty has his confrontation with the traffic cop mentioned in the song 's lyrics . When Karen explains that Frosty came to life and does n't know what a traffic light or a lamp post is , the traffic cop lets Frosty go . At the train station , Frosty stows away aboard a refrigerated train car , since neither he nor the children have any money for a train ticket . As the train is about to leave the station , Karen and Hocus decide to join Frosty for the ride to keep him company . With that , Frosty , Karen , and Hocus wave goodbye to the other kids as the train takes off . Unbeknownst to them , Hinkle has also hitched a ride on the train , intending to get his hat back . As the train continues up north , however , Frosty notices Karen is freezing and starting to catch a cold , so they jump off the train , leaving Hinkle behind once again . Hinkle , seeing them escape , jumps off the train too , but falls down a mountain and crashes into a tree where a pile of snow falls on him . At Frosty 's request , Hocus convinces some forest animals who are preparing for Christmas to build a campfire for Karen . Fearing that Karen still can not survive for long in the cold weather , Frosty asks Hocus who might be able to help them . Hocus suggests ( by pantomiming ) the President of the United States and the United States Marines , before suggesting Santa Claus . Frosty agrees , and promptly takes credit for the idea himself ( much to Hocus ' annoyance ) . Hocus hops off to get Santa , but Hinkle then confronts Frosty and Karen once more and blows out Karen 's campfire . Frosty and Karen are again forced to flee , this time with Karen riding on Frosty 's back as he slides head - first down a hill . At the bottom of the slope , Karen and Frosty discover a greenhouse filled with Christmas poinsettias . Despite Karen 's objections , Frosty steps inside the warm greenhouse with her , suggesting that he could afford to lose a little weight while she warms up . Unfortunately , an angry and vengeful Hinkle catches up to them immediately after and locks them in the greenhouse . Hocus brings Santa Claus to the greenhouse only to find Karen in tears and Frosty melted on the floor due to Hinkle 's cruel act . Santa explains to Karen that Frosty is made from Christmas snow , and that he can never completely disappear , only take the form of summer rain , until next December . With a gust of cold wind through the open greenhouse door , the puddle that was Frosty blows out the door and magically changes back into his typical snowman form . Before Santa can put the finishing touch on Frosty and bring him back to life , as Hocus arrives with the hat , Hinkle arrives on the scene and again demands the return of his hat . He relents only when threatened with being removed from Santa 's Christmas list for the rest of his life if he put so much as one finger on the hat . Santa states that if Hinkle is truly repentant for his mean attitude and harming Frosty , and if he goes home and writes `` I am really sorry for what I did to Frosty '' a hundred zillion times , he may find a gift in his stocking on Christmas morning , which makes Hinkle bid Frosty and Karen farewell and run home to repeatedly write his apologies , assuming he may get a new hat . Finally , Santa then places the magic hat back on top of Frosty 's head , and the snowman returns to life again . After celebrating , Santa takes Karen home and Frosty to the North Pole , but promises that Frosty will be back next winter . The end credits show all the characters the next Christmas marching through the town square with Frosty in the lead , singing the `` Frosty the Snowman '' song . Among them is a redeemed Professor Hinkle , who is proudly wearing his new top hat . At the end of the parade , Frosty gets back into Santa 's waiting sleigh and they return to the North Pole , with Frosty proclaiming , `` I 'll be back on Christmas Day ! '' Voice cast ( edit ) Jackie Vernon as Frosty Jimmy Durante as himself ( Narrator ) June Foray as Karen ( original airing ) , schoolteacher , and Karen 's friends ( original airing ) Suzanne Davidson as Karen ( later airings , uncredited ) Billy De Wolfe as Professor Hinkle Paul Frees as the traffic cop , ticket man , and Santa Claus Production credits ( edit ) Produced and Directed by Arthur Rankin , Jr. and Jules Bass Written by Romeo Muller Based on the Original Song by Steve Nelson , Jack Rollins © 1951 Hill - Range Songs Production Designer : Paul Coker , Jr . Continuity Designer : Don Duga Animation Production by Mushi Studio Supervising Director : Steve Nakagawa Animation Director : Osamu Dezaki ( uncredited ) Animation : Akio Sugino , Sadao Miyamoto ( both uncredited ) Music Composed and Directed by Maury Laws Sound Effects Engineers : Jim Harris , Phil Kaye Supervising Film Editing : Irwin Goldress © 1969 Videocraft International Limited Soundtrack ( edit ) CD cover Released by Rhino on October 1 , 2002 , the entire audio portion of Frosty the Snowman is available on CD along with the entire audio portion of Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town , the Rankin / Bass special produced in 1970 . This edition contains the full dialogue and song audio of both specials . The track listing is as follows : Medley : Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town ... Be Prepared To Pay 25 : 18 Medley : Put One Foot In Front Of The Other ... Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town ( finale ) 24 : 55 Frosty The Snowman Theme & Narration ( Beginning ) 13 : 45 Frosty The Snowman Theme & Narration ( Conclusion ) 11 : 48 Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town ( Soundtrack Version ) 1 : 50 Frosty The Snowman ( Soundtrack Version ) 1 : 04 Television rights ( edit ) In the United States , CBS continues to hold the telecast rights to the original program ( under license from the current copyright holder , Universal Television , and still airs it yearly with the CBS - produced sequel Frosty Returns ( see below ) . The CBC holds broadcast rights in Canada . The special also airs on Freeform in some territories . However , CBS does not own the telecast rights to the 1976 sequel Frosty 's Winter Wonderland ( that special currently airs on Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas each year ) , which prompted CBS to produce its own `` sequel '' of sorts , Frosty Returns ( see below ) . Home Media ( edit ) VHS and LaserDisc ( edit ) Family Home Entertainment released Frosty the Snowman on VHS as part of the Christmas Classics Series in 1989 and 1993 , with multiple re-prints throughout the 1990s . It was paired with The Little Drummer Boy on LaserDisc in 1992 . Upon its 1989 and 1993 releases , the special was also bundled in box sets with the other Rankin / Bass Christmas specials including Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town , the 1973 Chuck Jones holiday special , A Very Merry Cricket and the sequel Frosty Returns which aired on CBS in 1992 . In 1998 , Sony Wonder and Golden Books Family Entertainment released the special on VHS , and also paired it with these other Rankin / Bass Christmas specials including Cricket on the Hearth in the separate Holiday Classics Collection box sets . DVD and Blu - ray ( edit ) The special was also released on DVD by Sony Wonder and Classic Media in 2002 and 2004 , and by Genius Entertainment in 2007 . Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment released it on DVD and Blu - ray on October 12 , 2010 , and on the DVD / Blu - ray combo pack on November 6 , 2012 . Most DVD releases also include Frosty Returns . On September 8 , 2015 , Classic Media released both the special and Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town in their 45th Anniversary Collector 's Edition on Blu - ray and DVD in addition to the 50th Anniversary release of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer in 2014 . Sequels ( edit ) Frosty returned in several sequels : Frosty 's Winter Wonderland -- This 1976 sequel by Rankin / Bass was also written by Romeo Muller . Narration is provided by Andy Griffith ( Durante had suffered a stroke that had forced his retirement in 1972 and eventually killed him ) . Jackie Vernon once again reprised his role as the voice of Frosty . Animation is produced by Topcraft in Japan . Unlike the original , the sequel takes place later in the winter season and is based upon the 1934 song `` Winter Wonderland ; '' it features Frosty 's pursuit of a wife and efforts to preserve him into the springtime . Furthermore , it makes no mention whatsoever of Christmas ; in fact it could be considered more a `` winter solstice '' special than a Christmas special as it celebrates the season of winter . Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July -- This 1979 Rankin / Bass feature - length sequel was filmed in `` Animagic '' stop - motion animation in the style of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and Rudolph 's Shiny New Year . While the Frosty specials were 30 minutes long , and the Rudolph specials were 60 minutes , this ambitious special was feature length , at 97 minutes long ( 120 minutes on television , including commercials ) . Vernon once again played the role of Frosty , in his last time for Rankin / Bass playing the voice of Frosty . This film features Frosty and his family as supporting characters . This is the only other Frosty cartoon to mention Christmas or Santa Claus in addition to the 1969 original . Frosty Returns -- This 1992 half - hour special is not truly a sequel to the 1969 classic , as it was produced not by Rankin / Bass but by CBS . The characters , setting , voices and animation ( by Bill Melendez ) are vastly different . Despite this , it is shown with the original special every year on CBS and was even included as a bonus on its DVD release . John Goodman provides the voice of Frosty in this special , and Jonathan Winters serves as narrator . Frosty 's appearance is physically different , his personality and humor have changed , and he has the ability to live without his top hat , in direct contrast with the original and its other sequels . Also in contrast to the original specials , the special avoids all mention of Christmas ( despite the special portraying the beginning of winter ) and has an environmentalist theme , as Frosty works to stop a corporate executive whose product wipes out snow packs with one spray . The Legend of Frosty the Snowman -- This 2005 straight - to - video film was produced by Classic Media , the previous rights holder for the original Rankin / Bass special , and the remainder of their pre-1974 library . This movie has been bundled with the original 1969 Rankin / Bass special and the CBS sequel , and has also aired on Cartoon Network . The appearance of Frosty resembles much more the Rankin / Bass character design from their original animation , and Professor Hinkle returns in two cameo appearances -- shown in a picture and flashback . Frosty is voiced by Bill Fagerbakke , best known as the voice of Patrick Star on SpongeBob SquarePants . And it , like Frosty Returns and Frosty 's Winter Wonderland , also never mentions anything to do with Christmas whatsoever . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TV Guide Guide to TV . Barnes and Noble. 2004 . p. 574 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5634 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Frosty the Snowman ( film ) Holiday Central at CBS.com Frosty the Snowman on IMDb Christmas portal film portal United States portal Japan portal 1960s portal Rankin / Bass Productions Television specials Return to Oz Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer The Edgar Bergen & Charlie McCarthy Show The Ballad of Smokey the Bear Cricket on the Hearth Mouse on the Mayflower The Little Drummer Boy Frosty the Snowman The Mad , Mad , Mad Comedians Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town Here Comes Peter Cottontail The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye : The Emperor 's New Clothes Mad Mad Mad Monsters Willie Mays and the Say - Hey Kid Red Baron That Girl in Wonderland ' Twas the Night Before Christmas The Year Without a Santa Claus The First Christmas : The Story of the First Christmas Snow The First Easter Rabbit Frosty 's Winter Wonderland Rudolph 's Shiny New Year The Little Drummer Boy , Book II The Easter Bunny Is Comin ' to Town The Hobbit Nestor , the Long - Eared Christmas Donkey The Stingiest Man in Town Jack Frost Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July The Return of the King Pinocchio 's Christmas The Leprechaun 's Christmas Gold The Flight of Dragons The Coneheads The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus The Wind in the Willows Santa Baby ! Feature films Willy McBean and his Magic Machine The Daydreamer The Wacky World of Mother Goose Mad Monster Party ? 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