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1967_19 | Unable to effectively reach out to the youth, due to language and generation barriers, Chinese clan associations face an aging membership and a problem of finding successors to clan leadership positions. This is a pertinent problem pointed by Tan Koh Tiang.
Reaching out and moving ahead
In light of the decline and challenges faced by the Chinese clan associations, it is imperative for Chinese clans to adopt steps to ensure their survival. The emphasis for change and adaptation are highlighted by top Singapore government officials. BG Lee Hsien Loong said "whether the clans are able to remain vibrant and relevant to the new generation, rejuvenate themselves and attract younger members will depend to a large extent, on how successfully they adapt their role to changing social conditions." |
1967_20 | In order to strive for change, Tan Koh Tiang admits while the Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan had served its traditional purpose in the past, it is looking towards a focus on promoting Teochew culture, tradition and values today. The Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan which presently engages actively in a wide range of cultural activities such as workshop on Chinese dance, Chinese martial arts, Chinese painting, Chinese calligraphy competitions and Chinese essay-writing competition. In 1983, it formed a cultural and education section and set up an education and cultural centre in the Teochew Building and in 1985 the cultural and education section was enlarged to become a cultural committee, responsible for promoting educational, cultural and recreational activities. |
1967_21 | Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan continues to promote links with the Teochew hometown (Chaoshan) in China as a means to promote Teochew tradition and culture. Speaking at the 12th Teochew International Convention, the then-Deputy Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong concurred with such activities and also suggested that clans could help youths discover their cultural route in order to counter the weakening sense of heritage and tradition among the young.
The Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan also reflected a sense of adaptability with changing times through its ability to accept and harness on technology. In 1987, it established a computer centre and was the first clan association to conduct computer courses. In 1998 it set up the Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan website to reach out to the Internet population. It also keeps in touch and notifies its members through the use of email and the press. These outreach through email, press and websites are largely carried out in Mandarin. |
1967_22 | By riding on the technological advancement and promoting Teochew culture, Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan hopes to reach out to youths to ensure a succession of future leadership. The need for incoming young blood in the Chinese clans is of utmost importance. As DPM Lee Hsien Loong mentioned, "clan associations have to induct fresh blood into their leadership ranks and pass on the reins of leadership to the next generation in a smooth, progressive manner…then the clan association will remain dynamic and vibrant and will not become obsolete in modern Singapore". The Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan provides scholarship to both local Teochews and Teochew students from China. It hopes that these scholarship recipients will promote the Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan and encourage more youths to join the clan association. In early 2008, the Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan also established the Young Teochew Group and aims to hit a 100 strong membership ; currently as of April 2008, its membership strength stands |
1967_23 | at 30 people. Tan Koh Tiang said that it was mainly the China Teochew youths who responded to the scholarship provision and joined Young Teochew Group. |
1967_24 | As the Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan moves ahead, they make conscious efforts to collaborate with other local and overseas clan associations. Such collaboration fosters relationship between clans, provides opportunity for clans to learn from each other, tackle common clan issues and boost survivability. As addressed by then Deputy Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at the SFCCA 15th anniversary dinner, "clan associations should therefore look beyond themselves and work or even merge with one another in order to consolidate leadership and organizational resources". The Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan, participates in previous Teochew International Conventions and also hosted the 4th and 12th convention in 1987 and 2003 respectively. Such conventions allow clans to build ties and link up with each other for future clan developments and activities. The Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan also attended anniversary celebrations of its counterparts in various states of Malaysia, as well as the anniversary of |
1967_25 | celebration activities held by the Federated Teochew Association of Malaya. It has received officials, delegations and opera troupes from Chaozhou and Shantou region and the Southeast Asian study tour delegation of the Hong Kong Chinese Chamber of Commerce. It has also organised tours to Malaysia, Hong Kong, Japan and the eight districts in Chaozhou and Shantou region to broaden members' general knowledge about Teochew culture and strengthen clan ties. |
1967_26 | References
External links
Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan
Ngee Ann Kong Si
Singaporean society
Teochew culture in Singapore |
1968_0 | Ľudovít Velislav Štúr (; ; 28 October 1815 – 12 January 1856), known in his era as Ludevít Štúr, was a Slovak revolutionary politician, and writer. As a leader of the Slovak national revival in the 19th century, and the author of the Slovak language standard, he is lauded as one of the most important figures in Slovak history.
Štúr was an organizer of the Slovak volunteer campaigns during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. He was also a politician, poet, journalist, publisher, teacher, philosopher, linguist and member of the Hungarian Parliament.
Background |
1968_1 | Language dispute
At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, Slovaks were divided concerning the literary language to be used:
Catholics continued to use the standard that had developed in Slovak writing by 1610. Anton Bernolák's language codified in the 1780s was an attempt to blend that standard with the west-Slovak idiom of the university town of Trnava (Nagyszombat), but most authors respected Bernolák's standard only to the degree that it did not diverge from the traditional written standard;
Most Lutherans diverged from that standard in the late 17th – early 18th century and began to adhere strictly to the archaic language of the Moravian Bible of Kralice, whose imitation became a matter of faith with them during their persecution by the Habsburgs.
This situation did not change until the 1840s, when Ľudovít Štúr became the chief figure of the Slovak national movement. |
1968_2 | At the same time, modern nations started to develop in Europe and in the Kingdom of Hungary. The Hungarians favoured the idea of a centralized state, although the Magyar population was only some 40% of the population of the Hungarian Kingdom in the 1780s. This was unacceptable to other national groups, including the Slovaks, and they expressed their disapproval. |
1968_3 | Slovak language
In the 1830s, a new generation of Slovaks began to make themselves heard. They had grown up under the influence of the national movement at the prestigious Lutheran Lýceum (preparatory high school and college) in Bratislava, where the Czech-Slav Society (also called the "Society for the Czechoslovak Language and Literature") had been founded in 1829. Initially, the society operated in accordance with the ideas of Ján Kollár, a Protestant minister, poet, and academic, supporter of Czech-Slovak unity, and of the users of the language of Bible of Kralice. In the latter part of the decade, when Ľudovít Štúr came to the fore, its activities intensified. The most prominent representatives of the new generation were, along with Ľudovít Štúr, Jozef Miloslav Hurban (1817–1888) and Michal Miloslav Hodža (1811–1870). |
1968_4 | Ľudovít Štúr expressed his philosophy in one sentence: "My country is my being, and every hour of my life shall be devoted to it". Štúr, a Lutheran, was aware of the fact that Czech, the language of educated Lutherans, was not enough to carry out a national campaign, and that Slovaks, if they were ever to become autonomous and be an effective force against Magyarization, needed a language they could call their own. The central Slovak dialect was chosen as the basis of a literary language. Štúr's codification work was disapproved of by Ján Kollár and the Czechs, who saw it as an act of Slovak withdrawal from the idea of a common Czecho-Slovak nation and a weakening of solidarity. But the majority of Slovak scholars, including the Catholics (using Bernolák's codification until then), welcomed the notion of codification. The standard language thus became an important political tool.
March 1848 – August 1849 |
1968_5 | Štúr's notions (an autonomous Slovak area, a Slovak Diet (assembly), Slovak schools, etc.) came to fruition simultaneously with the 1848 Revolution in Hungary, which dealt with the liberation of peasants from serfdom and other national and ethnic issues. Hungarian revolutionaries called for Hungary’s separation from Vienna, but at the same time, they wanted to see Hungary as one nation with one language and one educational system. But the desires of the Magyars for a centralized Hungarian state ran contrary to the wishes of other national groups, including the Slovaks. Slovak and Hungarian revolutionary claims ran counter to each other. |
1968_6 | In the spring of 1848, Slovak leaders spread their ideas throughout Upper Hungary. Slovak nationalists, mainly in the progressive western and central Upper Hungary, joined them. In May 1848, a huge public meeting took place in Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš (Liptószentmiklós; present Liptovský Mikuláš), where a pan-Slovak program, known as Žiadosti slovenského národa ("Requirements of the Slovak Nation") was proclaimed and generally approved. Ethnic Slovaks sought to back this revolutionary manifesto by force of arms. The provisional Hungarian revolutionary government was not willing to accept the “Requirements” document and the situation developed into open hostility between Hungarian and Slovak revolutionaries. |
1968_7 | In September 1848, the Slovak National Council was established in Vienna and it forthwith proclaimed the secession of the Slovak territory from Hungary. The so-called September campaign (consisting of 6000 volunteers) took place in western Upper Hungary. Slovak demands remained unfulfilled. Between November 1848 and April 1849, the armed Slovaks helped the Habsburg king – along with imperial troops in present-day Hungary – to defeat Hungarians and their revolutionary government on present-day Slovak territory (the so-called Winter Campaign or Volunteer Campaigns). In March 1849, Slovaks even temporarily managed to start to administer Slovakia themselves and they sent a petition (the March Petition) to the emperor. However, in the summer of 1849, the Russians helped the Habsburg monarchy defeat the revolutionary Hungarians, and in November, when the Slovaks were not needed anymore, the Slovak corps was dissolved in Vienna. Then in December 1851, Emperor Franz Joseph abolished the last |
1968_8 | vestiges of constitutionalism and began to rule as an absolute emperor. Francis Joseph continued his centralization policies. This came to be known as the period of neo-absolutism. Certain Slovak demands were met, however. In the northern counties of the Kingdom of Hungary, the Slovak language was allowed for official communication and was introduced in lower schools (see in section Charakteristika of Bachovský absolutizmus resp. Bachove Slovenské noviny). But in higher courts, the Slovaks faced the same Germanization as all the other ethnicities. Ján Kollár, who became a professor at Vienna University, obtained permission to print Slovak newspapers and was appointed a court adviser. |
1968_9 | Biography
Early life
Ľudovít Štúr was born on 28 October 1815 in Uhrovec, in the Austrian Empire (in the same house where Alexander Dubček was later born) as the second child of Samuel and Anna Štúr. He was baptized in the Evangelical Lutheran church in Uhrovec. He acquired his basic education, including the study of Latin, from his father Samuel, who was a teacher. From 1827–1829, he studied in Győr where he attended a lower grammar school. There, he improved his knowledge of history, and the German, Greek, and Hungarian languages. These studies inspired his admiration of Pavel Jozef Šafárik, Ján Kollár and Jiří Dobrovsky. In 1829, he decided to change schools. |
1968_10 | From 1829 to 1836, Ľudovít Štúr studied at the prestigious Lutheran Lýceum (preparatory high school and college) in Pressburg and became a member of the Czech-Slav Society, which stimulated his interest in all Slav nations. At the Lýceum was a famous professor, Juraj Palkovič, in the Department of the Czechoslovak Language and Ancient Literature, the only such department at a Protestant school of higher education in 19th century Hungary. |
1968_11 | In 1831, Ľudovít Štúr wrote his first poems. From January to September 1834, he temporarily interrupted his studies due to a lack of finances, and returned to Zayugróc, where he worked as a scribe for Count Károly Zay. Later that year, he resumed his studies, was active in the historical and literary circle of the Czech-Slav Society, was responsible for correspondence with members of the Society, gave private lessons in the house of a merchant in Pressburg (today: Bratislava), taught younger students at the Lýceum, and established contacts with important foreign and Czech scholars. On 17 December 1834, he was elected secretary of the Czech-Slav Society at the Lýceum. |
1968_12 | Slovak national movement
In May 1835, Ľudovít Štúr persuaded Jozef Hurban to become involved in the Slovak national movement. Also that year, he was co-editor of the Plody ("Fruits") almanac, a compilation of the best works of the members of the Czech-Slav Society, including poems of Štúr's. He became vice-president of the Czech-Slav Society, teaching older students at the Lýceum the history of the Slavs and their literatures. |
1968_13 | In 1836, Štúr wrote a letter to Czech historian František Palacký, in which he stated that the Czech language used by the Protestants in Upper Hungary had become incomprehensible for ordinary Slovaks, and proposed the creation of a unified Czechoslovak language, provided that the Czechs would be willing to use some Slovak words – just like Slovaks would officially accept some Czech words. But the Czechs were unwilling to accept this, and so Štúr and his friends decided to introduce a completely new Slovak language standard instead. On 24 April 1836, a trip to Devín Castle (Dévény, now part of Bratislava) by the members of the Slovak national movement took place, led by Štúr as the vice-president of the Czech-Slav Society. The beginning of his group's extensive efforts on behalf of national awareness are linked to this visit to the ruins of Devín Castle, woven together with legends and reminders of Great Moravia. The members of the Czech-Slav Society swore here to be true to the |
1968_14 | national cause, deciding to travel around Upper Hungary to drum up support for their ideas. At the castle, they also adopted additional Slavic names (e.g., Jozef Hurban became Jozef Miloslav Hurban, etc.). |
1968_15 | From 1836 to 1838, as deputy (non-stipendiary assistant) for Professor Palkovič, Chair of the Czechoslovak Language and Literature Department at the Lýceum where he was previously a student, he taught History of Slavic Literature. He continued to write poetry and under his leadership, the number of members of the Czech-Slav Society continuously increased. In this year, a poem of Štúr's was published in printed form for the first time: Óda na Hronku ("An ode to Hronka"). In April 1837, the Czech-Slav Society was banned due to a commotion between students at the Lýceum. One week later, Štúr founded the Institute of the Czechoslovak Language and Literature, within which the activities of the Czech-Slav Society continued. In that year, he continued to write articles for newspapers and journals, including Tatranka, Hronka, Květy (Czech), Časopis českého musea, Danica (Croatian) and Tygodnik literacki (Polish). |
1968_16 | Travels in Germany and early political works
From 1838 to 1840, he attended the (Protestant) University of Halle in Germany, where he studied linguistics, history, and philosophy. He was influenced by the works of the German philosophers Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Johann Gottfried Herder. Also during this period, his poetic cycle Dumky večerní ("Evening Thoughts", written in Czech) was published in the Czech journal Květy. He left Pressburg for Halle in September 1838. On his way to Halle, he spent more than a month in Prague, in the company of Czech patriots. In the spring of 1839, Štúr made a long journey to the Upper and Lower Lusatia in Germany (inhabited by Slavs) and got in touch with the Slavs there. He wrote the short travelogue Cesta do Lužic vykonaná na jar 1839 ("A journey to Lusatia made in the spring of 1839"), written in Czech and published in the Czech journal Časopis českého musea. |
1968_17 | In 1840, he returned to Bratislava via Prague and Hradec Králové (Königgrätz), where he spent some time in the house of publisher Jan Pospíšil. From October, he was once again working as deputy for Professor Palkovič at the Department of the Czecho-Slav Language and Literature at the Evangelical Lutheran Lýceum, teaching courses of grammar and Slav history, and continuing his activities at the Institute of the Czechoslovak Language. |
1968_18 | During 1841–1844, Štúr was co-editor of Palkovič's literary magazine, Tatranka. In 1841, he started activities aimed at publishing a Slovak political newspaper. He wrote defenses and polemic texts, as well as his Starý a nový věk Slovákov ("The old and the new age of the Slovaks"), written in Old Czech and published in 1935 (not in Slovak until 1994). On 16 August 1841, Štúr and his friends ascended Kriváň (a symbolic mountain in Slovak culture), an event that is now commemorated by annual excursions to its summit. In 1842, he initiated the first Slovenský prestolný prosbopis, a Slovak petition to the Royal Court in Vienna requiring the government to stop national persecutions by the Hungarians in Upper Hungary. His application for a licence to publish a newspaper was turned down in the same year. |
1968_19 | Codification of Slovak
On 2 February 1843, in Pressburg, Štúr and his friends decided to create a new Slovak language standard (later used as a basis for contemporary literary Slovak), based on central Slovak dialects – a common language that would unify all Slovaks speaking many different dialects. From 26 to 29 June 1843, a special committee met to investigate the Institute of Czechoslovak Language at the Lýceum, also interrogating Štúr. |
1968_20 | In July 1843, his defense, Die Beschwerden und Klagen der Slaven in Ungarn über die gesetzwidrigen Übergriffe der Magyaren ("The complaints and grievances of the Slavs in Hungary about the illegal malfeasances of the Hungarians"), which editorial offices throughout 19th century Hungary had refused to publish, was published in Leipzig, Germany. From 11 to 16 July 1843, at the parish house of J. M. Hurban in Hlboké, the leaders of the Slovak national movement – Štúr, J. M. Hurban, and M.M. Hodža – agreed on how to codify the new Slovak language standard and how to introduce it to the public. On 17 July 1843, they visited Ján Hollý, an important writer and representative of the older Bernolák Slovak language standard, in Dobrá Voda and informed him about their plans. On 11 October 1843, although the committee did not find anything illegal about Štúr's activities, Štúr was ordered to stop lecturing and was removed from the function of deputy for Prof. Palkovič. However, Štúr continued to |
1968_21 | give lectures. On 31 December 1843, he was definitively deprived of the function of deputy for Prof. Palkovič. As a result, in March 1844, 22 students left Pressburg in protest; 13 of them went to study at the Evangelical Lýceum in the town of Levoča (Lőcse). One of the supporting students was Janko Matuška, who took the opportunity to write a hymn, "Nad Tatrou sa blýska", which later became the official anthem of the Slovak Republic. |
1968_22 | From 1843 to 1847, Štúr worked as a private linguist. In 1844, he wrote Nárečja slovenskuo alebo potreba písaňja v tomto nárečí ("The Slovak dialect or, the necessity of writing in this dialect"). On 19 May 1844, a second Slovenský prestolný prosbopis was sent to Vienna, but had little influence. But in 1844, other Slovak authors (often Štúr’s students) started to use the new Slovak language standard. On 27 August, he participated in the founding convention of the Slovak association Tatrín, the first nationwide association. |
1968_23 | On 1 August 1845, the first issue of Slovenskje národňje novini ("Slovak National Newspaper", published until 9 June 1848) was published. One week later, its literary supplement, Orol Tatranský ("The Tatra Eagle", published until 6 June 1848) was also published. In this newspaper, written in the new Slovak language, he gradually shaped a Slovak political program. He based this on the precept that the Slovaks were one nation, and that they therefore had a right to their own language, culture, schools - and particularly to political autonomy within Hungary. The projected expression of this autonomy was to be a Slovak Diet. Also that year, his brochure Das neunzehnte Jahrhundert und der Magyarismus ("The 19th century and Magyarism"), written in German, was published in Vienna.
Career in the Hungarian Diet |
1968_24 | In 1846, Štúr got to know the well-situated noble family Ostrolúcky in Zemianske Podhradie (Nemesváralja), who later helped him to become a deputy in the Diet of Hungary in Pressburg. He also fell in love with Adela Ostrolúcka. In addition, his books Nárečja Slovenskuo alebo potreba písaňja v tomto nárečí (1844) and Nauka reči Slovenskej ("The Theory of the Slovak language") were published in Pressburg. In Nárečia Slovenskuo, he rebutted Kollár's concept of only four Slavic tribes (Russians, Poles, Czechoslovaks and Southern Slavs), and listed reasons for the introduction of the new language, which was based on central Slovak dialects and used phonetic spelling. In Nauka reči Slovenskej, he explained the grammar of the new language standard. In the same year, the upset Kollár and his followers published the compilation work Hlasové o potřebě jednoty spisovného jazyka pro Čechy, Moravany a Slováky ("Voices in favour of the necessity of a unified literary language of the Czechs, |
1968_25 | Moravians and Slovaks"), written in Czech. |
1968_26 | In August 1847, at the 4th convention of the Tatrín association in Čachtice, Catholics and Protestants proclaimed that they "definitively agree to use only the newly codified Štúr language standard". On 30 October 1847, he became an ablegate for the town of Zvolen (Zólyom) in the "Parlamentum Publicum" (Diet) in Pressburg. From 17 November 1847 to 13 March 1848, he gave five important speeches at the Diet, in which he demanded the abolition of serfdom in Hungary, the introduction of civil rights, and the use of the Slovak language in elementary schools. The Diet met only until 11 April 1848 due to the 1848 Revolution. |
1968_27 | 1848/49 Revolution
On 1 April 1848 in Vienna, Štúr and his colleagues prepared the Slavic Congress of Prague. On 20 April 1848, he arrived in Prague on the invitation of the Czech J. V. Frič, where he won the support of Czech student members of the association Slávie, regarding his attempts to enforce the Slovak language. On 30 April 1848, he initiated the establishment of "Slovanská lipa" (Slavic lime tree) in Prague – an association aimed at promoting the mutual cooperation of Slavs. |
1968_28 | In May 1848, he was a co-author of the official petition, Žiadosti slovenského národa ("Requirements of the Slovak Nation"). The Žiadosti slovenského národa were publicly declared in Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš, with Ján Francisci-Rimavský as the reader. In it, the Slovaks demanded autonomy within Hungary, proportional representation in the Hungarian Assembly, the creation of a Slovak Diet to administer their own region, for Slovak to become the official language, and for educational institutions at all levels to use Slovak. They also called for universal suffrage and democratic rights – e.g., freedom of the press and public assembly. They requested that peasants be released from serfdom, and that their lands be returned to them. But on 12 May 1848, the Hungarian government issued a warrant for the leaders of the Slovak movement: Štúr, Hurban, and Hodža. The persecuted Štúr arrived in Prague on 31 May 1848. On 2 June 1848, he participated in the Slavic Congress there. |
1968_29 | On 19 June 1848, he went to Zagreb, Croatia, because the Slavic Congress was interrupted by fighting in Prague, and became an editor of the Croatian magazine Slavenski Jug. With financial support from some Serbs, he and J. M. Hurban started to prepare an uprising against the Hungarian government. The "Slovak Uprising" occurred between September 1848 and November 1849. In September 1848, Štúr travelled to Vienna and participated in preparations for the Slovak armed uprising. On 15–16 September 1848, the Slovak National Council, the supreme Slovak political and military organisation, consisting of Štúr, Hurban, and Hodža (as politicians), and the Czechs B. Bloudek, F. Zach, and B. Janeček (as military experts), was created in Vienna. On 19 September 1848 in Myjava, the Slovak National Council declared independence from the Hungarian government and called on the Slovak nation to start an armed uprising. However, the Council only managed to control their local region. |
1968_30 | Štúr, Hurban, and others met in Prague on 7 October 1848 to discuss how to proceed with the uprising. Upon his return to Vienna in November, Štúr (with a group of Slovak volunteers, on one of the so-called Volunteer Campaigns) traversed northern Hungary from Čadca (Csaca), arriving in Prešov (Eperjes) in March 1849. On 20 March 1849, he led a delegation to meet with the Austrian king in the Czech town of Olomouc and presented the demands of the Slovak nation. From March until June, Štúr – along with Hurban, Hodža, Bórik, Chalúpka, and others – negotiated in Vienna for a solution to the Slovak demands. But on 21 November 1849, the Slovak volunteer corps was officially demobilized in Pressburg, and the disappointed Štúr retreated to his parents' home in Uhrovec. |
1968_31 | Later life
The later years of Štúr's life saw him engage in further linguistic and literary work. In the autumn of 1850, he attempted but failed to receive a license to publish a Slovak national newspaper. In December of that year, he participated in a delegation to Vienna concerning Slovak schools and the Tatrín association. Several personal tragedies also occurred during his later life. His brother Karol died on 13 January 1851. Štúr moved into the house of Karol's family in Modra (near Pressburg) to care for his seven children. He lived there under police supervision. On 27 July 1851, his father died, and his mother moved to Trenčín (Trencsén). |
1968_32 | In October 1851, he participated in meetings in Pressburg concerning reforms of the codified Slovak language standard. The reforms, involving mainly a transition from the phonetic spelling to an etymological one, were later introduced by M. M. Hodža and Martin Hattala in 1851–1852, but Štúr, among others, also participated in the preparations. The result of these reforms was the Slovak language standard still in use today, with only some minor changes since then. |
1968_33 | In Modra in 1852, Štúr finished his essay O národních písních a pověstech plemen slovanských ("On national songs and myths of Slavic kin"), written in Czech and published in Bohemia the next year. In addition, he wrote his important philosophical book, Das Slawenthum und die Welt der Zukunft ("Slavdom and the world of the future"), written in German, and published in Russian in 1867 and 1909 (subsequently published in German in 1931, and in Slovak in 1993). Among other things, he recapitulated the events that brought the Slovaks to the desperate situation of that time, and suggested cooperation with Russia as a solution, thus moving away from Slovak nationalism toward pan-Slavism. |
1968_34 | In 1853, his platonic female friend, Adela, died in Vienna on 18 March. He also went to Trenčín to help care for his ill mother, until she died on 28 August. The only compilation of his poetry, Spevy a piesne ("Singings and songs"), was published in Pressburg that year. On 11 May 1854, he gave a speech at the unveiling of the Ján Hollý monument in Dobrá Voda (Ján Hollý having died in 1849). Štúr had also written a poem in his honour.
On 22 December 1855, Štúr accidentally shot and wounded himself during a hunt near Modra. In the last days of his life, he was mainly supported by his friend Ján Kalinčiak. On 12 January 1856, Ľudovít Štúr died in Modra. A national funeral was held there in his honour.
Legacy
Štúr has been featured on Czechoslovak and Slovak banknotes throughout the 20th century. He has appeared on the Czechoslovakian 50 Koruna note of 1987 and on the Slovakian 500 Koruna note since 1993. |
1968_35 | The town of Parkan (Párkány in Hungarian) on the Hungarian border was renamed in his honour, though without the agreement of the town's residents, as Štúrovo in 1948.
The asteroid 3393 Štúr, about 9.6 km in diameter and discovered on 28 November by Milan Antal at the Hungarian observatory at Piszkéstető, is named after him.
Despite the importance of his work in defining the Slovak literary standard and orthography, he was an anti-semite; he opposed Jewish emancipation and promoted the divisive claim that Slovak Jews could not belong to the Slovak nation.
See also
History of Slovakia
History of Bratislava
References
http://www.slovakia.culturalprofiles.net/?id=3999
http://www.stur.sk
http://travel.spectator.sme.sk/articles/1843/slovakias_garibaldi
http://www.nbs.sk/sk/bankovky-a-mince/slovenska-mena/bankovky
Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: Modern Issues 1961–present. George S. Cuhag (editor) (18th ed.). Krause Publications.
External links |
1968_36 | Josette A. Baer, "National Emancipation, Not the Making of Slovakia: Ludovit Stur's Conception of the Slovak Nation" (2003) In: Studies in Post-Communism Occasional Papers Series published by Center for Post-Communist Studies, St. Francis Xavier University, Canada.
Website dedicated to Ľudovít Štúr (in Slovak)
Text of Nauka reči Slovenskej (in the Štúr's Slovak language standard)
1815 births
1856 deaths
People from Bánovce nad Bebravou District
Slovak Lutherans
Slovak philologists
Slovak writers
Slovak politicians
Slovak philosophers
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni
People of the Slovak Uprising of 1848–49
Firearm accident victims
19th-century Lutherans
Deaths by firearm in Slovakia
Accidental deaths in Slovakia
Participants of the Slavic Congress in Prague 1848 |
1969_0 | The following lists events that happened during 2021 in New Zealand.
Incumbents
Regal and vice-regal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Patsy Reddy until 28 September, and then Cindy Kiro from 21 October
Government
Legislature term: 53rd New Zealand Parliament
The Sixth Labour Government, elected in 2020, continues.
Speaker of the House – Trevor Mallard
Prime Minister – Jacinda Ardern
Deputy Prime Minister – Grant Robertson
Leader of the House – Chris Hipkins
Minister of Finance – Grant Robertson
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Nanaia Mahuta
Other party leaders in parliament
National – Judith Collins until 25 November, then Christopher Luxon from 30 November (leader of the Opposition)
Green – James Shaw and Marama Davidson
ACT – David Seymour
Māori Party – Rawiri Waititi and Debbie Ngarewa-Packer
Judiciary
Chief Justice – Helen Winkelmann
Main centre leaders |
1969_1 | Mayor of Auckland – Phil Goff
Mayor of Tauranga – Tina Salisbury (acting), then Anne Tolley (as chair of commissioners) from 9 February
Mayor of Hamilton – Paula Southgate
Mayor of Wellington – Andy Foster
Mayor of Christchurch – Lianne Dalziel
Mayor of Dunedin – Aaron Hawkins
Events
January
29 December 2020 to 3 January – Riots between inmates and prison guards at Waikeria Prison, causing major fire damage to the complex.
1 January – A bomb threat closes Gisborne Airport, causing evacuations and delayed flights. |
1969_2 | February
2 February – Lead is found in water of two Otago towns, Waikouaiti and Karitāne.
9 February – Māori Party co-leader and Member of Parliament Rawiri Waititi is not allowed to speak because he was wearing a traditional pendant rather than a tie.
15 February – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Auckland moves to Alert Level 3, while the rest of New Zealand moves to Alert Level 2.
17 February – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Auckland moves to Alert Level 2 from midnight while the rest of New Zealand reverts to Alert Level 1 from midnight.
21 February – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Auckland moves to Alert Level 1 at midnight.
27 February – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Auckland moves back into an Alert Level 3 lockdown for the next seven days while the rest of New Zealand moves back to an Alert Level 2. |
1969_3 | March
5 March
A tsunami warning is issued following a 7.1M at 2.27am near East Cape and Gisborne.
A 7.4M at 6.40am hits the Kermadec Islands.
A tsunami threat and warning is issued for New Zealand after a 8.1M earthquake in the Kermadec Islands. The Beehive Bunker has been activated. Tsunami land threat was dropped at 1.20pm by GNS to a beach and marine threat. The national tsunami advisory was later dropped at 3.43pm.
COVID-19 in New Zealand: Jacinda Ardern announces that Auckland will move to Alert Level 2 lockdown from Alert Level 3, with the rest of New Zealand moving down to Alert Level 1, at 6am, on 7 March. The Ardern ministry will review the alert level of Auckland at the start of the weekend following the alert downgrade.
7 March – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Auckland moves to Alert Level 2, with the rest of New Zealand moving to Alert Level 1.
12 March – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Auckland moves to Alert Level 1 at midday. |
1969_4 | April
19 April – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Quarantine-free travel with Australia begins.
May
10 May – Four people are injured during a stabbing attack at a Countdown supermarket in central Dunedin
17 May – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Quarantine-free travel with the Cook Islands begins.
20 May – The 2021 Budget is delivered.
24 May – Dame Cindy Kiro is announced as the next Governor-General.
30 May – A state of emergency is announced in Ashburton, Selwyn and Timaru districts as torrential rain hits the Canterbury region. |
1969_5 | June
7 June – The 2021 Queen's Birthday Honours are announced.
19 June – A tornado hit the southern Auckland suburb of Papatoetoe, killing one man and injuring two others.
22 June – COVID-19 in New Zealand: New Zealand pauses the travel bubble with New South Wales as cases of COVID-19 surge in Sydney.
23 June – COVID-19 in New Zealand: The Wellington Region moves to Alert Level 2, following a positive case of the delta variant flew to Wellington from Sydney. No outbreak occurred.
July
2 July – The government releases the dates of the Matariki public holiday for the next thirty years.
23 July – New Zealand athletes begin competing at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
August
8 August – New Zealand athletes finish competing at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
17 August – COVID-19 in New Zealand: New Zealand enters Alert Level 4, following a positive case of the Delta Variant of COVID-19 in Auckland.
24 August to 5 September 2021 – Athletes compete at the 2020 Summer Paralympics. |
1969_6 | September
1 September - COVID-19 in New Zealand: New Zealand except for Auckland and Northland moved to Alert Level 3. 3 September – Seven people are injured during a stabbing attack at a Countdown supermarket in LynnMall, West Auckland. The attacker was shot and killed by police.
14 September – Co-leaders of the Māori Party (), Rawiri Waititi and Debbie Ngarewa-Packer launch a petition urging the Parliament of New Zealand to rename the official name of the nation to Aotearoa, alongside restoring the Māori names of all towns, cities and places by 2026. Within hours from its launch, it had gathered more than 5000 signatures.
October
21 October
Dame Cindy Kiro is sworn in as the 22nd Governor-General of New Zealand.
Prime Minister Ardern announces an agreement on a New Zealand–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement, promising zero-tariffs and a $970m economic boost. |
1969_7 | November
25 November – Judith Collins loses a confidence vote as leader of the National Party after her handling over a historic allegation regarding Simon Bridges. Shane Reti becomes interim leader.
30 November – Christopher Luxon is elected leader of the National Party.
December
2 December - COVID-19 in New Zealand:'' The alert level system is dropped in favour of the new traffic light system at 11:59 pm. Northland, Auckland, Taupō, Rotorua, Kawerau, Whakatane, Ōpōtiki, Gisborne, Wairoa, Whanganui and Ruapehu regions initially moved to ‘Red’ while the rest of the country was moved into ‘Orange.’
16 December – The 2021 New Zealand bravery awards are announced.
31 December – The 2022 New Year Honours are announced.
Holidays and observances
Public holidays in New Zealand in 2021 are as follows: |
1969_8 | 1 January – New Year's Day
2 January – Day after New Year's Day
4 January – Day after New Year's Day observed
6 February – Waitangi Day
8 February – Waitangi Day observed
2 April – Good Friday
5 April – Easter Monday
25 April – Anzac Day
26 April – Anzac Day observed
7 June – Queen's Birthday
25 October – Labour Day
25 December – Christmas Day
26 December – Boxing Day
27 December – Christmas Day observed
28 December – Boxing Day observed
Sports
Olympics
New Zealand sends a team of 225 competitors across 21 sports.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! !! !! Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7 || 6 || 7 || 20
|}
Paralympics
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! !! !! Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 6 || 3 || 3 || 12
|}
Rowing
New Zealand Secondary School Championships (Maadi Cup)
Maadi Cup (boys' U18 coxed eight) – Christ's College
Levin Jubilee Cup (girls' U18 coxed eight) – Rangi Ruru Girls' School
Star Trophy (overall points) – Rangi Ruru Girls' School |
1969_9 | Shooting
Ballinger Belt – Mike Collings (Te Puke)
Deaths
January
6 January – Alan Burgess, cricketer (born 1920)
8 January – Stewart McKnight, cricketer, curler (born 1935)
12 January – John Ward, cricketer (born 1937)
17 January – Tom Prebble, educationalist, university administrator (born 1945)
18 January – Ash Gardiner, rugby union player (born 1946)
20 January
Doug Bowden, cricketer (born 1927)
Bill Sheat, lawyer, arts advocate (born 1930)
26 January
Ben Te Haara, Māori Anglican bishop (born 1932)
Peter Thorburn, rugby union player and coach (born 1939)
Peter Vere-Jones, actor (born 1939)
30 January – Bill Hammond, artist (born 1947)
February
3 February – Peter Nicholls, sculptor (born 1936)
4 February – Solomon Faine, microbiologist (born 1926)
6 February – Bruce Taylor, cricketer (born 1943)
22 February – Peter Rattray, cricketer (born 1958) |
1969_10 | March
3 March – Jonathan Temm, lawyer (born 1962)
5 March – Francis Small, civil engineer, scouting leader (born 1946)
12 March – Avenal McKinnon, art historian, writer (born 1949)
15 March – Miriama Rauhihi Ness, Māori activist, social worker (born 1951)
18 March – David Braithwaite, politician (born 1937)
April
3 April – John Edgar, sculptor and medallist (born 1950)
8 April – John da Silva, boxer and wrestler (born 1934)
15 April – Leon van den Eijkel, artist (born 1940)
17 April – John Ogilvie, cricketer (born 1931)
18 April
Mary Earle, food technologist (born 1929)
Iain Gallaway, cricketer and broadcaster (born 1922)
19 April – Mike Dormer, cricketer (born 1937)
27 April – Dave Cull, television presenter, writer, politician (born 1950) |
1969_11 | May
3 May – Steve McKean, basketball coach (born )
4 May – Margaret Forsyth, netball player and coach, politician (born 1961)
8 May
George Skudder, rugby union player (born 1948)
Rana Waitai, politician (born 1942)
10 May – Jenny King, librarian (born 1929)
14 May – David McPhail, comedian, actor, writer (born 1945)
15 May – Emily Mair, opera singer, pianist, vocal coach (born 1928)
17 May
Nan Kinross, nurse and nursing academic (born 1926)
Janet Shackleton, hurdler (born 1928)
21 May – Merv Norrish, diplomat, public servant (born 1926)
23 May – Ross Taylor, geochemist (born 1925) |
1969_12 | June
1 June – Ian Shearer, politician (born 1941)
2 June – Les Rackley, boxing trainer (born 1929)
4 June – Tilly Hirst, netball player (born 1941)
7 June – Richard Nunns, traditional Māori instrumentalist (born 1945)
9 June – Steve Mrkusic, architect (born 1928)
11 June
Dame Georgina Kirby, Māori leader and women's advocate (born 1936)
Ron Sang, architect, art collector (born 1938)
12 June – Robert Edgcumbe, 8th Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, peer (born 1939)
14 June
Sir Eion Edgar, businessman and philanthropist (born 1945)
Sir Ian Hassall, paediatrician and children's advocate (born 1941)
16 June – John Osmers, anti-apartheid activist, Anglican bishop (born 1935)
17 June – Fane Flaws, musician, songwriter, artist (born 1951)
19 June – Colin Loader, rugby union player (born 1931)
24 June – Tom Flaws, cricketer (born 1932)
25 June – John Sigley, cricketer (born 1931) |
1969_13 | July
6 July – Mary Fama, applied mathematician (born 1938)
9 July
Betty Gilderdale, children's author (born 1923)
Ngaire Lane, swimmer (born 1925)
11 July – George Petersen, biochemist (born 1933)
15 July – Bruce Watt, rugby union player and coach (born 1939)
18 July – Philip Sherry, newsreader and local-body politician (born 1933)
19 July – Paratene Matchitt, artist (born 1933)
28 July – Malcolm McCaw, cricketer, accountant (born 1930) |
1969_14 | August
1 August – Kihi Ngatai, Ngāi Te Rangi leader, horticulturalist (born 1930)
3 August – Brian Maunsell, Olympic boxer (born 1937)
4 August – Graham McRae, motor racing driving (born 1940)
5 August
Brian Henderson, broadcaster (born 1931)
Murray Rose, politician (born 1939)
7 August – Mark Weedon, rugby union player (born 1968)
8 August – Perry Harris, rugby union player (born 1946)
9 August – Olivia Podmore, cyclist (born 1997)
10 August
Don McKechnie, cricket player and umpire (born 1944)
John Riordan, jockey (born 1936)
Peter Whittle, mathematician (born 1927)
11 August – Sir David Levene, businessman, philanthropist (born 1929)
14 August – Francis Mossman, actor (born 1988)
15 August
Greg Rowlands, rugby union player (born 1947)
Gary Woollard, rugby league player (born 1942)
16 August – Marilynn Webb, artist and educator (born 1937)
17 August – Tom Larkin, public servant, diplomat (born 1917) |
1969_15 | 18 August – Austin Mitchell, academic, broadcaster, politician, writer (born 1934)
19 August
Sir Michael Cullen, politician (born 1945)
Lyn Hartley, local-body politician (born 1941)
23 August – Gary Tricker, painter and printmaker (born 1938)
24 August
Bruce Culpan, rower (born 1930)
Harry Kent, cyclist (born 1947)
25 August – Max Cryer, broadcaster, entertainer, writer (born 1935)
28 August – Joye Evans, guiding leader (born 1929) |
1969_16 | September
1 September
Noel Dellow, cricketer (born 1929)
Alison Gray, writer, social researcher (born 1943)
4 September
Martin Thompson, artist (born 1956)
Lydia Wevers, literary academic, editor and critic (born 1950)
5 September – Viv Stephens, cricket player and administrator (born 1953)
6 September
Billy Apple, artist (born 1935)
Peter Arnold, cricket player and administrator (born 1926)
17 September – Angela Ballara, historian (born 1944)
19 September – Dame Jocelyn Fish, women's rights advocate (born 1930)
23 September
Taito Phillip Field, politician (born 1952)
John Mitchell, historian (born 1941)
24 September – Waka Nathan, rugby union player, coach and administrator (born 1940)
30 September
Dorothea Brown, librarian (born 1938)
Jenny Kirk, politician (born 1945) |
1969_17 | October
1 October – Earle Wells, sailor, rower (born 1933)
4 October
Laurie Davidson, yacht designer (born 1926)
John Hastie, sport shooter and gunsmith (born 1938)
Joy Watson, children's author (born 1938)
5 October – Pam Williams, businesswoman, philanthropist (born 1933)
6 October – Sir Noel Anderson, jurist (born 1944)
8 October
Jack Manning, architect (born 1928)
Ian Ormond, association footballer (born 1949)
11 October – Barry Mora, opera singer (born 1940)
13 October – Ray Cranch, rugby league player and administrator (born 1923)
18 October
Fred Goodall, cricket umpire (born 1938)
Sean Wainui, rugby union player (born 1995)
19 October – Bob Graham, rugby union player and coach (born 1936)
31 October – Dame Catherine Tizard, politician, governor-general (1990–1996) (born 1931) |
1969_18 | November
13 November
Michael Corballis, pyschologist, author (born 1936)
Jack Kiddey, cricketer (born 1929)
Keith Mann, fencer, sports administrator (born 1932)
15 November – Sir Rod Weir, businessman (born 1927)
16 November – John Luxton, politician (born 1946)
23 November – Robert Ellis, artist (born 1929)
27 November – Jimmy O'Dea, trade unionist and activist (born 1935)
December
2 December – Lyndsey Leask, softball administrator (born 1935)
6 December – Tom Horton, air force pilot (born 1919)
9 December
Brian Aldridge, cricket umpire (born 1940)
Julie Brougham, equestrian (born 1954)
12 December – Maʻafu Tukuiʻaulahi, Tongan noble (born )
24 December – Terry Morrison, rugby union player, sprinter (born 1951)
27 December – Keri Hulme, writer (born 1947)
30 December – Billy Harrison, rugby league player (born 1938)
See also
Country overviews |
1969_19 | New Zealand
History of New Zealand
History of modern New Zealand
Outline of New Zealand
Government of New Zealand
Politics of New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
Years in New Zealand
Notes
References
Years in New Zealand
Years of the 21st century in New Zealand
2020s in New Zealand |
1970_0 | Don is a 1978 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Chandra Barot and produced by Nariman Irani. The film stars Amitabh Bachchan, Zeenat Aman, and Pran. Bachchan plays the titular dual role, as Bombay underworld criminal Don and his lookalike Vijay. Written by Salim–Javed, the plot revolves around Vijay, a Bombay slum-dweller who resembles the powerful criminal Don, being asked by police superintendent D'Silva (Iftekhar) to masquerade as Don due to the latter's death, in order to act as an informant for the police and track down the root of the criminal organization. The film features music by Kalyanji Anandji, with lyrics by Anjaan and Indeevar. |
1970_1 | It was the third highest-grossing Indian film of 1978, and was classified a golden jubilee by Box Office India. The film spawned the Don franchise; Javed Akhtar's son Farhan Akhtar created a remake Don: The Chase Begins Again (2006) and its sequel Don 2 (2011), both starring Shah Rukh Khan. It also inspired several South Indian remakes, notably the Tamil film Billa (1980), a breakthrough film for Rajinikanth. Don is also known for its theme music, which was used in the American Dad! episode "Tearjerker" (2008). The intro to "Yeh Mera Dil" was sampled by the Black Eyed Peas for the song "Don't Phunk with My Heart" (2005). The movie was also unofficially remade in 1991 into Punjabi language Pakistani movie titled Cobra. Don is one of the films that catapulted Bachchan to superstardom in his career. |
1970_2 | Plot
The film begins with Don as one of the most successful criminals in Bombay who always eludes the authorities, marking himself on Interpol's "Most Wanted" list. To that end, the police, led by Deputy Superitendent of Police D'Silva and Inspector Verma, is working with Interpol operative R.K. Malik in their attempts to nab Don. When one of Don's men named Ramesh decides to leave the gang, Don kills him, provoking Ramesh's fiancée Kamini and Ramesh's sister Roma to swear vengeance on Don. Kamini tries to seduce Don in an attempt to have the police arrest him, but her plan backfires as Don plays wise to her moves and kills her before escaping once again. Training herself in judo and karate, Roma enters Don's gang after deceiving them into thinking that she too is on the wrong side of the law, impressing Don in allowing her to work for him without suspecting any ulterior motive. |
1970_3 | After years of unsuccessful attempts, the police finally succeed in nabbing Don, and D'Silva plans to take him into custody alive in order to reveal the source of crime that Don relies on. Unfortunately, Don dies succumbing to his wounds inflicted by the police during the chase, botching D'Silva's plan. Still wanting a chance to take down Don's gang, D'Silva buries Don's body while ensuring many people to believe he may still be alive as the only ones who know of Don's death are himself, the graveyard priest and his followers. As luck would have it, D'Silva remembers his previous encounter with a slum-dwelling simpleton named Vijay who is an exact lookalike of Don. Meeting up with Vijay, D'Silva explains the situation to him and hatches a plan to have Vijay pose as Don so that he can get the police to arrest the rest of Don's gang and find out the source of crime that they rely on. |
1970_4 | As a startup, D'Silva and Vijay staged an 'accident' that lands Vijay in the hospital under police custody, prompting Roma and Don's gang, currently led by Don's right-hand man Narang, to free Vijay, allowing him to infiltrate the gang under the guise of having amnesia. Around the same time, a man named Jasjit "JJ" Ahuja is released from jail and wants revenge against Don and his gang, as they got him arrested for a past robbery that he was involved in. It was also told that JJ only took the job with the intention of using the money to save his wife from death, but was caught by D'Silva in the act; JJ also intends to reunite with his children Deepu and Muni, who are currently taken care of by Vijay himself. As part of his mission, Vijay finds a red diary containing evidence regarding to Don's criminal activities. Vijay replaces the diary with a blank one while telling Narang and the gang members that he is going to take revenge on D'Silva for capturing him, but is actually going to |
1970_5 | him to give him the real diary. As Vijay heads off, Roma tries to attack him in an attempt to avenge both Ramesh and Kamini's deaths. However, D'Silva intervenes and confesses about Don's death and the situation to Roma, who apologizes to Vijay and agrees to help him out in taking down the gang members. Using the diary, Vijay and Roma learned more about Don's past and feigned moments of doing notorious acts to maintain their covers to Narang and the gang members. D'Silva even learned that the diary also reveals the existence of a notorious crimelord named Vardhan serving as the source of crime in Bombay, and that all of the gang members are working for him (even Don and Narang are nothing more than just middlemen reporting to Vardhan). Despite this, there is no indication to finding out Vardhan's identity as it remains unknown. |
1970_6 | After Vijay feigns a moment of regaining his memories to the gang members, this prompts them to announce a celebration on Don's return. However, things take a drastic turn when Malik and the police (acting upon Vijay's information) raided the celebration, and D'Silva is killed in the crossfire, leaving Vijay, Narang and the gang members to be arrested as Malik and the police mistook Vijay for Don. With D'Sliva dead and no one to vouch for him, Vijay is forced to escape, and the commotion caused Narang and the gang members to finally learn that Vijay is an impostor just as they too escape from captivity, swearing to kill him. To make matters worse, Vijay learns that the diary (the sole evidence to prove his innocence) is stolen by JJ, who attempts to use it to reunite with his children. Despite this, Vijay avoids getting captured by the police and the criminals with the help from Roma, who maintains her cover to the gang members. Vijay and Roma then meet up with JJ and explain to him |
1970_7 | about the events, prompting him to ally with Vijay and Roma. However, the trio are horrified to learn that Malik himself is actually Vardhan, as he captured the real R.K. Malik and posed as the latter to cover his identity. They are even more horrified to learn that Vardhan was the one who murdered D'Silva during the raid-up, and that he already exposed Roma's identity to the gang members before having them kidnap Deepu and Muni so that they can force the trio to surrender themselves and the diary to Vardhan. |
1970_8 | Meeting up in the same graveyard where Don was buried, Vijay, Roma and JJ meet up with Vardhan and his gang members, who are holding Deepu and Muni hostage. During a long standoff between the trio and the gang members, Vardhan snatches the diary and burns it before calling in Inspector Verma and the police to the scene to have the trio and the gang members arrested so that he can get away scot-free. However, anticipating the possibility that Vardhan would try to escape, Vijay cleverly revealed that the diary that Vardhan burned was the blank one that he switched, just as he hands the real diary over to Inspector Verma, exposing Vardhan's identity and occupation to the police. As a result, Vardhan ends up being arrested and sent to prison along with his gang members for their crimes, and all charges against Vijay are dropped while JJ is reunited with Deepu and Muni. The film ends with Vijay, Roma, JJ, Deepu and Muni happily walking away from the police station, satisfied that they took |
1970_9 | down Vardhan and his gang members for good. |
1970_10 | Cast and crew |
1970_11 | Cast
Amitabh Bachchan as
Mark Donald a.k.a "Don": One of the most wanted criminals and a middleman working for Vardhaan. The police are always unsuccessful at nabbing him until his death.
Vijay Pal: A slum-dwelling yet a kind-hearted man who is the spitting image of Don before posing as the latter in order to help the police arrest Don's gang members. He is the main protagonist of the film.
Zeenat Aman as Roma Bhagat: A young woman whose brother Ramesh works for Don. Roma despises Don for his having murdered her brother and fiance. Serving as a spy for the police, she joins Don's business with the secret motive of killing him, unaware that Don died after his last encounter with the police.
Pran as Jasjit "J. J." Ahuja, a family man who wants revenge against D'Silva and the gang members for the death of his wife and the separation of his children. |
1970_12 | Iftekhar as DCP Rajpal D'Silva: He was the one who assigned Vijay to pose as Don following the latter's death in hopes of taking down the gang members. He eventually ends up being killed by Vardhaan.
Om Shivpuri as R. K. Malik (fake) / Vardhaan Makhija: the manipulative and notorious crimelord that all criminals (including Don and Narang) are answering to. He is also revealed to have impersonated himself as Interpol operative R. K. Malik to cover his identity. He is the main antagonist of the film.
Pinchoo Kapoor as R. K. Malik (real): An Interpol operative who was captured by Vardhaan, who stole his identity.
Satyen Kappu as Inspector Suresh Verma: A police inspector allied with Mr. D'Silva.
Jagdish Raj as a Police Officer
Keshav Rana as a Police Officer
Abhimanyu Sharma as Inspector Omkar Sharma
Prem Sagar as the Police Inspector inspecting the Ambulance
Paidi Jairaj as Dayal Kumar: Roma's judo & karate instructor |
1970_13 | Kamal Kapoor as Narang Singh: Don's right-hand man. It is later revealed that just like Don himself, Narang is a middleman working for Vardhaan the entire time. He is the secondary antagonist of the film.
Arpana Choudhary as Anita Rajan: Don's sole henchwoman working for Vardhaan
Helen as Kamini Arora: Ramesh's finance. She swore revenge on Don for killing Ramesh, but ends up being killed by Don as well. (special appearance)
M. B. Shetty as Shakaal: One of Don's goons working for Vardhaan
Mac Mohan as Mac: One of Don's goons working for Vardhaan
Baby Bilkish as Munni Ahuja: J. J.'s daughter
Alankar Joshi as Deepak "Deepu" Ahuja: J. J.'s son
Moolchand as Govinda
H. L. Pardesi as Banarsi Panwalla
Gyanesh DJ as a Police Officer
Sharad Kumar as Ramesh Bhagat: Roma's brother and Kamini's fiancé. He started out as one of Don's goons, but when he decides to leave, he ends up getting killed by Don.
Kedar Saigal as a Doctor
Rajan Haksar as Kishan |
1970_14 | Yusuf Khan as Vikram: One of Don's goons working for Vardhaan
Manik Irani as a Goon |
1970_15 | Crew
Director: Chandra Barot
Writer: Salim–Javed (Salim Khan, Javed Akhtar)
Producer: Nariman A. Irani
Production Company: Nariman Films
Cinematographer: Nariman A. Irani
Editor: Wamanrao
Art Director: Sudhendu Roy
Costume Designer: Ramola Bachchan, V. Scharwachter
Wardrobe: S. Irani, Manikrao Jagtap, Mani J. Rabadi, Mehboob Shaikh
Stunts: Haji Khan, A. Mansoor
Choreographer: P. L. Raj
Music Director: Kalyanji Anandji
Lyricist: Anjaan, Indeevar
Playback Singers: Asha Bhosle, Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar |
1970_16 | Production |
1970_17 | Producer and cinematographer Nariman Irani was in a financial mess when his film Zindagi Zindagi (1972), starring Sunil Dutt flopped. He was in debt for Rs 1.2 million and couldn't pay the money off on a cinematographer's salary. When he was doing the cinematography for Manoj Kumar's major hit Roti Kapada Aur Makaan (1974), the film's cast (Amitabh Bachchan, Zeenat Aman, Pran) and crew (assistant director Chandra Barot) decided to help him out. They all recommended that he produce another film and that they would participate in its production. They all approached scriptwriting duo Salim–Javed (Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar), who gave them an untitled script that had already been rejected by the entire industry. The cinematographer Nariman Irani, while working on Chhailla Babu, decided to borrow most of the plot of Chhailla Babu and shared a modified story idea with Chandra Barot, who made the new modified story as the film Don (1978). The script had a character named Don. Bachchan would |
1970_18 | play Don, and Barot would direct the film. Aman and Pran would play key roles in the film. |
1970_19 | The film took three-and-a-half years to complete. Before filming was completed, producer Irani died from an accident on the set of another film he was working on. Barot faced budget restraints but received aid. Barot showed the film to his mentor Manoj Kumar, who felt that the film was too tight and needed a song in the midst of the action-filled film, and so "Khaike Paan Banaraswala" was added into the film. Don was released without any promotion on 12 May 1978 and was declared a flop the first week. Within a week after an adding the song "Khaike Paan Banaraswala", the song by itself became a big hit, and by word of mouth spread, so by the second week, the film's fortunes were reversed, and the film was declared a blockbuster. The profits from the film were given to Irani's widow to settle her husband's debts.
The hit-song "Khaike Pan Banaraswala" sung by Kishore Kumar was choreographed by P.L. Raj. |
1970_20 | Don was produced on a budget of 70lakh ($860,000). Adjusted for inflation, its budget is equivalent to $ million (22crore) in 2016.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack of the film has been composed by the duo Kalyanji Anandji, while the lyrics were written by Anjaan and Indeevar.
According to film music expert Rajesh Subramanian, the song "Khaike Pan Banaraswala" was composed by Babla, the younger brother of a famous music director Kalyanji Anandji.
Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle received accolades at filmfare for the tracks "Khaike Pan Banaraswala" and "Yeh Mera Dil" respectively, both of which have also been remixed in the remake.
Box office
At the Indian box office, the film grossed 7crore ($8.6million). Adjusted for inflation, its box office gross is equivalent to $ million (218crore) in 2016.
Awards
Legacy and influence
Don series |
1970_21 | The film was remade in 2006 as Don starring Shah Rukh Khan in the lead role of Don, Priyanka Chopra as Roma, Arjun Rampal as Jasjit, Boman Irani as D'Silva, and Om Puri as Malik. It was directed by Farhan Akhtar. With some changes in the script, the film proved to be one of the highest-grossing films of the year. A sequel to that film, Don 2, was released on 23 December 2011.
Remakes in other languages
Telugu
Don was first remade in 1979 in Telugu as Yugandhar, starring NTR, Jayasudha and Jayamalini.
In 2009, a second Telugu remake titled Billa was released, starring Prabhas, Anushka Shetty, Namitha and Krishnam Raju, and Jayasudha in a different role than the one she played in Yugandhar. This film used the same title as the Tamil remakes. |
1970_22 | Tamil
It was also remade in 1980 in Tamil as Billa, starring Rajinikanth. Helen, who played Kamini in the original Hindi film Don (1978), repeated her role in this remake. Billa was a breakthrough film for Rajinikanth, establishing him as the top star of South Indian cinema.
The 2006 Hindi remake starring Shah Rukh Khan, titled Don, inspired the Tamil directors who made the Ajith Kumar starrer Billa — a remake of the same-titled Rajinikanth film.
Billa II (2012) is a Tamil film starring Ajith and a prequel to Billa (2007).
Malayalam
In 1986, the movie was remade in Malayalam as Shobaraj, starring Mohanlal and Madhavi.
Lollywood
In 1991, the movie was remade into a Punjabi language Pakistani movie titled Cobra, starring Sultan Rahi and Nadira. |
1970_23 | Music
A sample from the song "Yeh Mera Dil" was used by The Black Eyed Peas for their hit song "Don't Phunk with My Heart" in 2005. The song won the Black Eyed Peas their first Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group, while the composers for "Yeh Mera Dil", Kalyanji Anandji, were awarded the BMI Award for being the originators of the melodies used in "Don't Phunk with My Heart."
The third season American Dad! episode "Tearjerker" (2008) uses the 1978 Don theme music in its intro sequence.
References
External links |
1970_24 | 1978 films
Indian films
1970s Hindi-language films
Films set in Mumbai
Films about organised crime in India
1970s crime action films
1970s action thriller films
1970s crime thriller films
Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji
Hindi films remade in other languages
Indian action thriller films
Indian crime action films
Indian crime thriller films
Films with screenplays by Salim–Javed
1970s Urdu-language films
Urdu films remade in other languages
Films featuring an item number
Girls with guns films
Films shot in Mumbai
1970s masala films
Films about lookalikes |
1971_0 | Buster Welch (May 23, 1928), born near Sterling City, Texas, is a cutting horse trainer and inductee into the NCHA Members Hall of Fame, American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame, National Cutting Horse Association Riders Hall of Fame and Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame. Buster was chosen as the recipient of the 2012 National Golden Spur Award for his "outstanding contributions to the ranching and livestock industry".
Buster won the NCHA World Championship four times, and the NCHA World Championship Futurity five times. The most notable horses he trained include Marion's Girl, Chickasha Mike, Money's Glo who he trained and in 1962 won the first NCHA World Championship Futurity, in 1963 he won it on Chickasha Glo, in 1966 on Rey Jay's Pete, in 1971 on Dry Doc, and in 1977 on Peppy San Badger. He won the NCHA World Championship on Marion's Girl in 1954 and 1956. He trained Mr San Peppy and won the NCHA World Championship in 1974 and 1976. |
1971_1 | Early life
Buster Welch was born on May 23, 1928, near Sterling City Texas. Buster's ancestral heritage dates back to Tennessean roots and family settlements in Texas before the Civil War. He was born and raised to early childhood near the divide of the Colorado and Concho Rivers, north of Sterling City, Texas. His mother died shortly after his birth, leaving his grandparents to raise him for a time on their stock farm. His father remarried, and moved the family to Midland, Texas, where he worked for Atlantic Richfield. While still in grade school, Buster had run away from home several times, and would skip school to spend time at the stockyards where he learned to ride broncs. At age 13, he left home permanently and landed a job breaking horses, working large herds of cattle, and tending to various other ranch chores for cattlemen, Foy and Leonard Proctor, in Midland, Texas. It was there that Buster learned the basics of riding and working cattle that followed him into adulthood. |
1971_2 | After leaving Proctor's, Buster worked for many prominent ranches such as the 6666 Ranch, Pitchfork Ranch, King Ranch, Long X, and a few other ranches where he developed his skills working with rough stock and cattle. His goal was to one day have a ranch of his own.
Personal life
In the early 1980s, Buster and his wife Sheila, lived and worked in Kingsville, Texas, on the King Ranch. Sheila rode cutting horses and competed in cutting horse competition. She won several championship titles, and earned over $1 million in NCHA earnings. In the late 2000s, they sold their 25,000 acre Double Mountain River Ranch, and moved to the adjacent 18,000 acre Chriswell Ranch. They eventually moved to Rotan, Texas, and raised cattle under the "B Lazy W" brand to supply the retail demand for naturally fed beef. Buster continued to train cutting horses and managed to expand the ranch to include both leased and owned land comprising over 60,000 acres.
Sheila died on December 7, 2014, at age 76. |
1971_3 | Career
When he was 18 years old, Welch took advantage of the new National Cutting Horse Association, and by the early 1950s had begun to establish himself as a horseman able to train a horse to "some degree of finish". Also, cutting horses had begun to really make their mark as contest livestock. Welch had always planned to establish himself in cattle ranching and was running 800 head on leased land when a drought "focused his options". |
1971_4 | One of the locations where Welch worked for a ranch was for Homer Ingham in Las Vegas, New Mexico. Welch claims that Ingham, "gave me my first real opportunity in training horses". Welch broke and trained horses for him and also for Warren Shoemaker, his neighbor. On Shoemaker's urging, Welch decided to purchase a six-year-old unbroken stallion named Chickasha Mike for $125 from Ingham. Chickasha Mike was by American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame sire Billy Clegg. Welch broke Mike, used him in his ranch work, and for cutting. Since the horse seemed to have an aptitude for cutting, Welch took him to some local contests. In 1952, Mike won his first five events. Awhile later Welch sold Mike to Bill Hale of Odessa, Texas, for $8,500, and Hale sold him to Leonard Proctor, Welch's previous employer. |
1971_5 | Welch's first competition on a cutting horse was on Chickaska Mike. By showing Chickasha Mike as a cutting horse, Welch established the horse, an American Quarter Horse, as a notable sire of cutting horse champions. Due to Welch's training, Chickasha Mike became the 1956 NCHA Reserve World Champion. Proctor owned the horse when he won the 1956 NCHA Reserve World Championship. |
1971_6 | An oilman named Marion Flynt of Midland, Texas, saw Welch's first competition on Chickasha Mike. Flynt was impressed enough to send Welch his best mare, Marion's Girl, by Silver Wimpy and out of Scharbauer mare, to train. The mare was foaled in 1948. Flynt had purchased the mare from her breeder, prominent rancher Clarence Scharbauer Jr., when she was 2 years old for $2,000. She won back $1,677 of her purchase price in one of her first competitions. Welch took the mare from coast to coast to campaign her when she was 6 and 8 years old. Under Welch's tutelage and expert riding, Marion's Girl won the NCHA World Championship in 1954. They gave her a year off to rest in 1955. Then, in 1956 she and Welch won the title again. The mare won a career total of $35,000, which would be significant earnings when adjusted for higher purses awarded now. Welch called her the smartest and best cutting horse he ever rode. The mare died when she was 9 years old and never produced any foals. |
1971_7 | In 1960, Welch trained a horse named Jessie Jack owned by C.E. Boyd, Jr. of Houston, Texas; he rode the horse to win the NCHA World Champion Stallion title.
In 1962, Welch and other competitors started the NCHA Futurity. The NCHA Futurity is an event for 3-year-old horses who have not been shown before. In 1962, the NCHA Futurity held its first event at the Nolan County Coliseum in Sweetwater, Texas. Welch rode Money Glo, owned by C.E. Boyd, III, in the event. The duo marked 224 to win, earned $3,838.12, and the status of having won the first event. Money Glo's sire, King Glo, owned by C.E. Boyd, Jr. brought his owner a $1,000 Breeders Award.
From 1962 to 1963, Welch served on the NCHA's Executive Committee; he also served as an NCHA director. |
1971_8 | In 1963, Welch marked 218 on Chickasha Glo in the NCHA Futurity for a second straight win. They won $4,277, which was a new record for a cutting horse. Chickasha Glo was also sired by King Glo, and Boyd earned a second consecutive $1,000 Breeders Award. In 1964, he placed fifth riding Glo Doc. |
1971_9 | By November 1965, Money Glo had a new owner, Repps Guitar. Repps Guitar had Welch take Money Glo to the NCHA Finals in Las Vegas, Nevada. There were at least 77 horses competing for the championship. Welch won the first round, tied for third place in the second round, and tied for fourth place in the average. Welch returned home after the championship ended and decided to open his own cutting horse school, which attracted students from across the US and as far away as Australia. At the time, Welch was living in the Ranch, right outside of Roscoe, Texas. He was also leasing two ranches, the former C.E. Boyd, Jr. Ranch and the L.S. Howard Ranch. He was operating and managing three ranches, managing and showing horses, and running a cutting school. |
Subsets and Splits