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5x76ae
Why do puppies always want to lick your face?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "defz9fv", "deg8bht", "deg6ktl", "degd8wc", "deft2cb", "deg8zbr", "deggpeu", "defz0os", "degalgg", "deg3ijg", "deg98n8", "degd9mh", "degdu7h", "degpfmk", "degobgp", "degld4w" ]
[ "Licking to show affection is a functional behavior that puppies learn from their mother and littermates. Maternal licking and licking among littermates helps strengthen family bonds. A dog licking your face is expressing his affection for you and trying to strengthen the familial bond he has with you." ]
[ 6296 ]
[ [], [], [ "http://pets.thenest.com/dogs-lick-humans-faces-5892.html" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://animals.mom.me/wolves-show-affection-3515.html" ], [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
bruxkr
How does buprenorphine and naloxone interact with each other in Suboxone? I've heard that buprenorphine is more potent than morphine, how does the naloxone prevent this?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "eograjc" ]
[ "Naloxone is not well absorbed orally while buprenorphine is. At high enough dosage, the effect of naloxone (which blocks opioid effects) does start to become significant, which decreases the effect from dose escalation. The biggest reason is for injection though, as naloxone is fully active there, and injecting will not give you a significant high, and might even precipitate withdrawal." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6hpbmp
Why aren't all nocturnal predators black?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dj02ors", "dj02ljd" ]
[ "Black is only good camoflauge in total or near-total darkness. In the wild there is still dim light from the stars or moon, and most animals have MUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUCH better night vision than people. The black predator would still be visible against a not as black background." ]
[ 11 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
npen37
How does a flash bang work?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "h04lrty", "h04opbq" ]
[ "Sensory overload. Creates a very bright light to temporarily blind people, and a loud bang that gives tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and disables a person's ability to both see and hear opponents, which totally disorientates them until they're recovered." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6ju85l
What happens to the ''victim'' when a Heron bird swallows it whole, how does it die?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "djh04i8", "djh42fj" ]
[ "The Heron's stomach has lots of acid and not much oxygen, both pretty fatal to any fish unlucky enough to end up inside." ]
[ 33 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
e1sgmd
How did we first attempt to completely and elaborately translate one language to another?
Was it done by those who were born biracial or multiracial with complete knowledge of both parents' languages? Or was it done after learning the other language word by word while getting tp understand the
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "f8s0gnf" ]
[ "Neither. There was no single moment when someone said \"OK, I'm now perfectly suited to translate one entire language into another one and vice versa. Here we go....\" Rather, over vast swaths of time, as explorers, merchants and just people living on the fringes of their tribes' (or whatever group) geographic ranges came into contact with others more and more, multi-lingual people came to exist. At some point, likely when it became beneficial for trade or travel purposes (i.e., when someone could make money from it), translation guides were developed, and these were formalized more and more over time as connections between the two (or more) groups grew. Now in some modern/recent academic and cultural preservation projects, there have been translation projects, but those are aimed mostly at preserving \"dying\" languages." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
day0wi
How do proper nouns translate into sign language?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "f1w074g", "f1vztl9", "f1vy74v", "f1wdl6s" ]
[ "People who sign create shortcut or specific signs to represent names of people they know. So between friends and family you will have a sign to represent the names of your parents, siblings, close friends, pets, and people you interact with frequently. These shortcuts usually include a tongue-and-cheek reference to something they are known for or their appearance. For example a friend of mine is 'S' followed by the sign for 'Cat' because her names starts with S and she volunteers at a pet shelter. For unfamiliar people the name is finger spelled letter by letter until such a time as that person is assigned a sign language name. For famous people these shortcut signs become standardized throughout the community because their names are mentioned so often. President Obama for example is the sign for 'O' followed by 'flag' While President Trump the last time I checked was a sign representing his comb-over. My favorite persons name is sign is Shakespeare. Which is you make the sign for a 'spear' and shake it." ]
[ 60 ]
[ [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
89fus1
What's the difference between Gram + and Gram - bacteria? And why are ones + and other -?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dwqmvkr", "dwqmudh" ]
[ "The Gram characteristic refers to a staining methodology developed by... Gram. Bacteria that stain with the technique are (+), those that do not are (-). (Although there are Gram + bacteria that do not stain). The biological difference is in the cell wall. In general: Gram + have thicker cell walls, and no outer membrane. They can survive higher salt, but tend to be more sensitive to antibiotics. Gram - have thinner cell walls, but have the chemically important outer membrane. They are more sensitive to salt, but tend to resist more antibiotics. There's plenty of exceptions to those rules, but the general patterns are informative." ]
[ 9 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9waj4q
Why does something remarkable in a song (like a bass drop or a hype inducing song) sometimes run chills down my spine? What is this feeling called and why does it happen?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e9j8amv" ]
[ "That's a rush of dopamine, and the effect is called the Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response, or ASMR. r/ASMR is pretty good for that, as is YouTube." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8bwrb9
How can we get such good quality photos printed on clothing/t-shirts?
I saw on Twitter people wearing cheesy sweatshirts with their significant other on them. These photos are super realistic and detailed. How can a photo even be translated to a t-shirt? I can’t imagine the process.
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dxac7qm" ]
[ "There are a few ways. You can print on to thermal transfer paper and then use an iron to transfer the image, which gives you great results but will start to crumble quickly in the wash. You can screen print, where you print the image onto separate masks for each colour, then apply dye through those masks onto the shirt - that's expensive for a one off, but is good for short runs. You can get computer controlled sewing machines and actually stitch the pattern into the shirt, which isn't as detailed but is very long lasting." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9esmci
Why do erections occur even when we‘re fast asleep?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e5r9pkt" ]
[ "Hormone fluctuations. Testosterone levels are actually highest in the morning which is why men wake up with wood...also why men stop getting morning wood when they get old and levels drop." ]
[ 7 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
bvdlwf
Why is the land west of the Nile greener than the east?
I've been looking at maps of ancient civilization lately, and while looking at modern Egypt on Google Earth, I noticed that there's significantly more green on the west side than the east, and is also greener on the southeast of the Faiyum, between it and the Nile, than it is on the other side. I also recently played Assassin's Creed: Origins, and the greenery is the same there. Why is this?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "epo9uj7" ]
[ "Its probably downhill. Does your map show relief? You should be able to see contour lines indicating uphill or downhill" ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
69oo7j
Why Scaring People feels so rewarding?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dh89jwi", "dh89njv", "dh8965h" ]
[ "**TL;DR: Power.** A big part of our social structure is based on one person having power over other people. Most of us either want to lead, are jealous of the leader, or understand we're not the right person to be that leader. We see this in a lot of other animals like horses and sheep. The large-and-in-charge 'stallion' or 'ram' gets the girls and leads the pack by showing their power. Scaring someone - making them react in a startled way - shows you have some power over them, and gives you a little jolt of satisfaction when you do it. Applies just as much when we're young and just figuring things out as when we're older." ]
[ 27 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gqmffy
Why are the capacitors so big, while the transistors are tiny?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "frtl9gb", "frtkf2i" ]
[ "They are very different kinds of devices. All a transistor (in a computer) is doing is controlling the flow of a tiny current. This doesn't need the transistor to be large, in fact it can be very small and still do its job brilliantly. However if we look at transistors that are designed to deal with bigger currents (inside a power supply for example), they are larger as they need more material to not be destroyed by the larger currents. Capacitors are essentially two conductive sheets very close together. The capacitance is directly related to the electric field within the capacitor. To increase the strength of the electric field we can move the sheets closer, make the sheets bigger, or put a better dielectric (a material) between the two. If we have reached the limit of how close they can get, and already have the best material between them, then all we can do is make the sheets bigger. This means that we have to make the capacitor itself larger." ]
[ 11 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
62m2z9
Why won't instant pudding (US style) set with soy milk?
If you read the directions on a box of instant pudding, it generally involves adding milk to the mix, whisking, and chilling. However, there is a warning that the pudding won't set with soy milk. I've used almond milk and it semi-sets. So what's going on here? What does animal milk have that is lacking in the other types that causes this chemical reaction?
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "dfnl8vo" ]
[ "If I'm not mistaken, the reason is because soy milk doesn't contain casein. Casein is a protein found in milk from mammals, and has certain properties that make it a good at being a \"glue\" when this type of milk is added to recipes to make other things." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
f98yar
Why does water go through your system so quickly?
I'm making an attempt to be healthier and have been drinking a lot of water recently. Typically I'd have a glass or two of water a day, and the rest of my sustenance was coffee or pop. For some reason, now that I'm drinking much more water, I'm urinating more often. What is it about water that makes you urinate more? Or is it the other way around, where there's something about coffee and pop that makes you retain it longer and urinate less?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fiq58gc", "fiq2h0s" ]
[ "Your body only uses what it needs and gets rid of the excess. When it notices it has a whole bunch of water it doesn’t require it sends it straight through you. The reason this is good for you is toxins get diluted more and are flushed out faster. The downside is many of your essential vitamins and minerals will also be flushed out quickly. That’s why it’s important to eat nutritious food daily and not just once in a while. In regards to your second question. You can get dehydrated easily if you only drink coffee and pop. Coffee and pop are what’s known as a diuretic. This means it causes more water to be excreted by your cells. This will initially cause frequent peeing but will quickly dehydrate you, at which point you’ll pee much less frequently." ]
[ 9 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
93sny5
What is the funny taste we experience after hitting our heads too hard?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e3fragq", "e3fs2ln" ]
[ "Post traumatic dysgeusia The short version is that it's your body undergoing trauma and your salivary glands sort of going haywire temporarily. It is not an adrenal response or spinal/brain fluid as most people falsely perpetuate." ]
[ 71 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
g2mefg
How do children learning two native languages at the same time distinguish them from each other?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "fnma16r", "fnm9ggn" ]
[ "My niece speaks Spanish and English, both learned from birth. She did not distinguish them until she was about 3; she used a mix of the two (One of her classic first sentences was \"What nosotros eat por cena?). At that point she realized that my parents (her grandparents) could not understand Spanish. She started referring to them as Grandparents speak and Dad speak named after the people who she used them with. Even today she seems to distinguish them more by who she can speak it with rather than the countries of origin or places that speak them." ]
[ 15 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
d6j7tg
How does google maps know when you're riding a motorcycle and when you're driving a car?
Google is 90% accurate in this
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "f0tjw5o" ]
[ "It uses the accelerometers and motion sensors built into the device on which it's being used. For instance, when going through a smooth turn at speed, a motorcycle will always lean. It has to lean to turn, and Google knows this, so it can look for trends like this." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
jrh5yb
What is the use of gyroscope in airplanes? What is the concept behind it?
Engineering
explainlikeimfive
[ "gbt6e17", "gbt64zr", "gbtian2" ]
[ "Gyroscopes have an internal spinning disk, which will always remain level, no matter the orientation of the housing. Therefore are used as a reference line for measuring the pitch and roll of the aircraft." ]
[ 9 ]
[ [], [], [ "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_indicator", "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heading_indicator" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
iea0o1
If the entire world is in a ‘Global Recession’ then why is it a recession and not just ‘new normal’
Economics
explainlikeimfive
[ "g2e3d3l" ]
[ "Recession is never normal. Recession means shrinking. At some point the economies of the world will normalize and start growing again. Then we will no longer be in a recession. Economics wise, a recession is 2 quarters of shrinkage." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
d16ghq
the reason behind those stomach noises when you’re hungry
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "ezi39vu" ]
[ "The noises are actually there all the time, its just more obvious when you're hungry. Your intestines rhythmically and move to push liquids and gases through you. Those contractions are what makes the noise. When its full you dont really notice, but when empty it becomes a much more hollow sound. Just like how tapping on a bucket of sand would create brief, quiet noises, but on an empty one that noise would be a lot louder." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gqfflt
Why do meats like steak need to "rest" before being consumed? I've never done this and I've always enjoyed my food. Am I missing out on something extraordinary?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "frsd1ij", "frsekvx" ]
[ "So when you cook meat like steak or chicken breast you are putting a lot of different forces (or stress) on the meat. Letting it rest for a few minutes gives the cut of meat time to allow the juices time to reabsorb into the muscle fibers, allowing for a juicer cut of meat. You'll notice when you let it rest that there is less juice on the plate which means it's all inside the meat." ]
[ 36 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
e7r3x3
Where do black market organs end up going and why?
I've heard about how much human body parts are worth on the black market, but I'm curious as to why and where they end up going? Surely anyone able to afford a black market liver for a liver transplant can just go to a hospital and find one somehow right? Are hospitals receiving black market organs?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "fa3h4bg", "fa3d9ar" ]
[ "The \"problem\" that black market organs solve is not the lack of access to a healthcare system for wealthy individuals, it's a lack of organs available through ethical means. Someone can wait for a very long time on a donor, or they might not be prioritized depending on what system is used to determine who is eligible to get a transplant. Perhaps the person is worried about their health deteriorating too much while they hope for a donor because they are not at the top of the waiting lust, or because they don't fulfill whatever demands the healthcare system makes on a receiver, and they want to circumvent that." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
iisyzq
Why do razor bumps happen?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "g38t0ly", "g38w7gc", "g38wlxb", "g391zrc" ]
[ "1. Razor lifts up the hair and cuts it down to just at/under the skin level 2. Skin slightly damaged, grows over the hair 3. Hair & dirt trapped under the skin 4. Hair tries to grow and break through the skin, causing irritation 5. Also trapped dirt causes infection" ]
[ 176 ]
[ [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
alhjut
Why have batteries not advanced in their lifespan as fast as external storage has grown in storage capacity and managed to become smaller?
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "efe26le", "efe2i2z" ]
[ "Because they are completely different technologies with completely different functions and underlying technologies and methods of function." ]
[ 16 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gnuyxc
Why was weed banned and vaping getting pushed of shelves by governors yet cigarettes and cigars are still being sold even though they cause life long health problems?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "frbz56m" ]
[ "Corporate Money in politics is a huge issue for the world and the US. Our government isn’t ran on good ideas but on who is the highest bidder. Cigarette company’s have a lot of money. Weed companies don’t." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5oovgp
what is the difference between race and ethnicity?
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "dckwjxe" ]
[ "In common English usage? Nothing. Technically the term race is a broad category of commonly shared phenotypes. This was actual science at one time and during that time they determined that there are 3 races. These are Caucasoid (European, Middle Eastern, Western Asia), Mongoloid (Asia, Polynesia and the Americas), Negroid (Africa, some Polynesia, and Australia). Later some broke things up further making the Americas their own racial group and making polynesia their own racial group. But this is considered bad science now. Most people use the older linguistic usage of race which can be a synonym for ethnicity, tribe, and clan. For all practical purposes it is interchangeable with ethnicity save that race tends to focus on genetic heritage only and ethnicity acknowledges cultural traditions and inheritances." ]
[ 12 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
kw3ijh
Look I'm sorry but I genuinely can't tell the difference between $2 olive oil & $50 olive oil. I've even been on a tour to explain why they're different, my brain simply - doesn't care.
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "gj1znnw" ]
[ "OK, so you don't care, what's odd about that? I think that multi-million dollar Jackson Pollock paintings look like paint spilled on the floor and wouldn't pay a nickel for one. So what? You're talking about your personal taste, that's not something we can explain, it's inside you. There's nothing wrong with having personal opinions, and there is no reason everybody ought to expect to think and like the same things. Humans are all unique individuals." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9t1x29
What's the difference between steam and water vapor?
Why is steam exclusively hot, while water vapor can be lower temperatures?
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "e8t2z5y", "e8t339g" ]
[ "Other answers are not correct: steam is NOT visible. What you are seeing as \"steam\" is droplets of *liquid* water as the steam (which is an invisible gas) condenses as it cools in the air. That is the same as fog and clouds: droplets of liquid water suspended in the air. As for the right answer, your guess is correct. Steam is just water vapor that is hotter than the boiling point, where liquid water can no longer exist. Water vapor is the more general term." ]
[ 16 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
7k2kxh
How do programmers code chess-playing computers to make mistakes?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "drb2k7p", "drb2tfd", "drb27id", "drb2qau" ]
[ "You don't specifically code it to make mistakes. You code it so it doesn't pick the best move. Chess programs work by testing out a large number of moves into the future and assigning points generally based on how many pieces it is able to keep and how many pieces it is able to capture from the opponent. On \"Easy\" mode, the computer just won't look as many moves into the future, or won't pick the best possible moves out of all the possibilities it found." ]
[ 44 ]
[ [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
a8fcwi
Is depression curable from a neurological perspective?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "eca882k", "eca844s" ]
[ "Not for 100 percent of people. However, I was actually cured of it from ketamine infusion therapy. It’s still considered off label and experimental, but up to 85 percent of people who receive it will see major improvements to their mental health and some people, such as myself, will actually never need medication again. I’m 3 years symptom free, after struggling with suicidal depression for over two decades....but my results are atypical. Most recipients will need a booster infusion every six months to a year...but it’s a simple 45 minute outpatient procedure It’s gaining more and more mainstream traction in the US and there are clinics that offer the treatment in almost every major city. The problem is because it is off label and experimental, insurance will not cover it and it costs about 3500 dollars out of pocket for the full 6 infusion treatment course. It’s a great alternative treatment with high efficacy that is worth looking into if you’re suffering from depression, ptsd or anxiety issues that don’t respond well to other medications." ]
[ 8 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gvvvl9
Why Do Objects Feel Lighter After Lifting Something Heavy?
I've been a baseball player all my life and I've always used bat weights. I've never truly understood why they worked so well. Why does this effect occur?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fsrepgh", "fsritk1" ]
[ "The human body is both powerfully adaptable, and incredibly lazy. if given the opportunity, it will perform motions that use the least amount of energy, for the sake of efficiency. However, if you go in with heavy lifting, the body says \"fine ok, this is what we're doing\" and allocates the necessary resources to lift heavy things. it then adapts (temporarily) to that being the new \"standard\" and other things feel lighter by comparison. However if you slack for a period of time, they will feel heavy again because your body has gone back into *power save mode*. EDIT: not to say this is how muscle is built, it's not. this is just about the temporary perception of things feeling lighter. Building muscle and actually becoming stronger overall is a different process. A fun activity: jump on a trampoline for a half hour. then stand on normal ground and try to jump. Your body will have adapted to the trampoline as a temporary default, and jumping on normal ground you will feel like a ton of bricks." ]
[ 22 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ipeaag
How are business people who bankrupt multiple businesses still able to open businesses?
How do they keep getting loans for new businesses to run into the ground? Does it lower their personal credit score?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "g4ji7dt", "g4jp4nl" ]
[ "Many people don't understand that the US Bankruptcy Code is actually intended to serve as a positive and encouraging tool to save a struggling business. In the world of business, taking advantage of its provisions is not an embarrassment. Many Americans seem to think it is, but it is not. A person may never file personal bankruptcy, yet be associated with corporate bankruptcy multiple times. A corporation is a separate legal entity from a person, so a corporation going bankrupt does not automatically impact the personal assets, other than the value of their investment in the company's stock, or credit score of its owners or shareholders. The most important point: A chapter 11 bankruptcy is not the end of a business. It’s a strategy for eliminating or reducing debt, using the courts you work with lenders to show that your company, while in trouble now, still has profit potential in the future. Chapter 7 bankruptcy is different. In a chapter 7 bankruptcy the company's assets are sold to pay of creditors, and the business is closed. If there are not enough assets to pay the creditors, well... tough. However after closing a business, there is no law preventing a person from incorporating and starting a new business. And as long as more of your businesses make money than fail then you can keep going." ]
[ 23 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6l6ua2
Why and how does stress effect your stomach?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "djs283u" ]
[ "Well. If you are stressed your body sends out some hormones. One of these hormones is the hormone \"cortisol\". This hormone causes a faster heartbeat and a faster breathing. Your body is preparing for a very hard situation. To increase the speed of breathing and heartbeating, your body takes the energy(blood with oxygen) from less important areas like your stomach. To digest food, your body needs a bunch of energy which he hasn't at this time. Your body stops the digesting of food and the rest food is locked in your stomach. This causes a hurting stomach. Some persons are puking or having diarrhea because the body tries to get rid of the food. The reason why some people are behaving different when they're stressed isn't known yet." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
a05bxk
What happens to our brain when we concentrate?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "eaepshb" ]
[ "Think of your brain like a room full of kids with ideas. Each wants to do something and they're just shouting over each other. \"Concentrate!\" Is the teacher shouting to get their attention. She takes their ideas one at a time and decides what the whole class should focus on." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5x51wd
Why do Britain and other English empire countries still bow to monarchs? What real purpose does the queen serve?
I just read the entire Wikipedia entry on Elizabeth's reign, and it seems like she does almost nothing at all. She goes on tours, gives speeches, holds dinners, and gives her opinion on certain matters. Of her accomplishments, the only things I can find read like "The Queen's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised." Or "the Queen's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted." To me, an American, it seems ridiculous that anyone would respect such a person. Nonetheless, when I make fun of her on Reddit, lots of people rush to Elizabeth's defense. They seem very offended. I suppose she is a symbol for their culture, but why? Her office is completely unnecessary. Is it just because they don't want to change the old ways? Is there more to it than that? I just don't get what all the fuss is about. To me, she is an old bat in a silly hat.
Repost
explainlikeimfive
[ "defbvy5", "def9yu8", "defa09d", "defn592", "defpb34", "defcoxz", "deffuy4", "defocda" ]
[ "The monarch is head of state, as opposed to head of government (that would be the Prime Minister); in European republics, the monarch is usually replaced by a President, who may have more definite powers and is either directly or indirectly elected. The head of state basically represents the country, while the head of government sets the broad agenda for the legislature and also chairs the cabinet. The US President effectively combines the roles of head of state and head of government, which is sometimes problematic in terms of diplomacy: a recent petition (signed by 1.8 million people) called on the government not to accord President Trump the honour of a full state visit due to controversies surrounding his conduct as head of government. In the last few centuries, the role of monarch has declined, and since Victoria has kept out of party politics altogether -- in public, that is. In private, she has regular audiences with the Prime Minister in which they talk of matters of state. In theory, the most important role the British monarch has is to ensure good governance, but it's unclear how much she can actually do to that end. It's also unclear just how much influence she does have on government policy, since the details of her meetings with the PM are confidential. It is known that Margaret Thatcher, a Conservative, once complained that if the queen could vote, she would vote Liberal Democrat. The murky nature of her exact role, given that she is unelected and accountable only to constitutional law (whatever that may be on a given day), obviously makes a lot of people nervous. On the other hand, given her very long reign (her first Prime Minister was Winston Churchill), her experience may well be extremely useful. Diplomatically, she performs a role that is arguably very important. As head of state, she meets other heads of states, and that certainly helps to oil the complex machinery of international relations. It may be helpful that, since she is a hereditary monarch, she doesn't have to toe the party line or keep one eye on her approval ratings." ]
[ 36 ]
[ [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" ], [], [], [ "https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/10/01/australia-had-a-government-shutdown-once-it-ended-with-the-queen-firing-everyone-in-parliament/?utm_term=.b79d4b07eb65" ], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
auk57f
What is equity market?
Well, I saw a few posts about it in r/mapporn and decided post my first post :D.
Economics
explainlikeimfive
[ "eh90ud4" ]
[ "Equity Market usually refers to the stock market, the trading of shares of companies. Equity is an ownership stake in something, and investors, etc. refer to the equity market for stocks, as opposed to the bond market, commodities market, derivatives markets and such" ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
892oy2
why/how does "pumping" on a swing set work?
What is it about "pumping" on a swing that gets me from stationary to moving, to nearly touching the sky? I feel like it would have something to do with placement of body mass and inertia, but when I watch a kid swinging (or tbh when I hit up those swings) it seems counter-productive.
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "dwopx60" ]
[ "Yarr! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: how does swinging on a swing set work? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_2 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How does \"pumping\" your legs make a swing go higher? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_25 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does \"pumping\" your legs on a swingset make you go faster/higher? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_6 comments_) 1. [ELI5: how do we \"push\" ourselves on a swing set? What magical physics are involved? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_3 comments_)" ]
[ 6 ]
[ [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/472hqx/eli5_why_does_pumping_your_legs_on_a_swingset/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ffgfw/eli5_how_do_we_push_ourselves_on_a_swing_set_what/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/369fr2/eli5_how_does_pumping_your_legs_make_a_swing_go/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4akjip/eli5_how_does_swinging_on_a_swing_set_work/" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ko6aa6
If an 8y.o. was in a coma for 10 years would their body have grown to be a typical 18yo body?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "ghojpub", "ghojnhn", "gholr3a" ]
[ "Definitely not. Their muscles would be so small because of the atrophy and their body would grow but likely not at the same rate as someone not in a coma." ]
[ 15 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
fs3egb
Why do the files on a smartphone not become corrupt when it runs out of battery power, but it would happen to a games console?
What is it that is different?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "flz7bsf", "flz9tb2", "flzjddn" ]
[ "Smartphones rarely ever shut down. Also, when your phone gets down to 0% battery, it's not actually at 0%, it can be anywhere from between 5% and 20% actual charge. This is because the battery needs to have a little bit of power to continue working, and also gives the operating system enough time to do a proper shutdown." ]
[ 9 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
71evgy
How do websites know when I’m on a mobile and when on desktop?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dna7m0r", "dna7p2s" ]
[ "Part of the request your browser sends to the webserver is an \"agent string\" which identifies what browser, version, what OS, what version of that and some other details. From those tidbits its fairly easy to determine if you're mobile. For example, my browser here at work [reports via this site]( URL_0 ): > Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 From my phone I get: > Mozilla/5.0 (Linux;Android 6.0.1, < model of my phone > Build/ < build info > etc. etc." ]
[ 20 ]
[ [ "http://www.whoishostingthis.com/tools/user-agent/" ], [ "http://www.whatsmyua.info/" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6x9i49
The new "cancer drills" invented by scientists
[Link to the article]( URL_0 )
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dme9oeh" ]
[ "They have developed molecules that can bind to cell membranes. These molecules have functional groups that can be induced to spin using UV light. When the scientists introduce the molecular motors aka nanomachines to cells, they will bind to the cell membrane. When UV light is shined on the cells, the rotors will spin, disrupting the membrane aka breaking it apart." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ba9g84
Why does adding a "radius" or "fillet" reduce fatigue in certain metal joints?
Engineering
explainlikeimfive
[ "ek9wvfh", "ek9wvmr" ]
[ "Sharp edges are stress risers. Stress is defined as a force applied over an area. So if you apply a large force over a small area, you get high stresses. This idea of stress can be used to calculate when something will fail. When you get dramatic changes in geometry, you get large stresses. A sharp corner is a very dramatic change in geometry, so you will get a very high stress at that point. The higher the stress the sooner a part will fail due to fatigue. Fun fact: This is why many packages have serrated edges. It makes them easier to rip open." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
g76yli
How is it possible children in foster care go to horrible foster parents?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "fof811f", "fof9zow", "fofb2m3" ]
[ "Attorney here who has served as a guardian ad listen for minor children on countless cases. While I have seen some absolutely incredible foster families, the majority, in my experience, have been completely fucked. The parents were doing it either for the money or fucked up personal reasons. And the department of Human Resources here is so desperate for foster families, as long as you have a pulse, no criminal history, and complete a training course, they’ll throw kids at you." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5my4ir
Why do we feel warmer when moving our body?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dc76rcr", "dc77fa6" ]
[ "When you move your body, you're creating more heat. Plus, moving around gets your heart rate going, and that gives you more blood flow, which keeps you warm. If you've ever worked out really hard in cold weather, you'll notice steam starts to come off of you. That doesn't happen when you're sitting still." ]
[ 8 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
d0jeh4
How do they get babies and infants to act/co-operate in movies?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "ez9wr3a", "ez9xp3b" ]
[ "They're pre-screened for temperament in the casting process, take them through a mock-up (or the actual) set with someone who isn't a parent and see if they get fussy. Otherwise they're playing the role of \"baby\" so the acting is pretty natural. If it does get fussy, you can get another baby. They all kinda look the same." ]
[ 20 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ftv2yq
Why are fiscal years different than calendar years?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "fm98c7v", "fm988e5", "fm98g68", "fm9a16q", "fm9ibk6", "fma2u8h", "fma5j7i", "fm9z33v", "fma75y1", "fma0r6u", "fma3lms", "fma922r", "fm9hp5u", "fm9oeu3" ]
[ "Because they can be, though they aren't always. Let's consider a department store like Macy's or Belk. These stores do an enormous amount of business in November and December... right around the time a calendar year system would have them trying to close out their books. Fiscal Year closing is a huge deal and having it happen during your busy times is a recipe for disaster. At the same time, business dries up considerably for them by the end of January. So in both cases they run a fiscal year that runs Feb 1 to January 31st. Because that way they are closing out their books during a slow time AND they are capturing their biggest months for each fiscal year." ]
[ 2553 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://libguides.ctstatelibrary.org/hg/colonialresearch/calendar" ], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5wz1zd
Why do we compare defence budgets between countries?
Economics
explainlikeimfive
[ "dedxzl6", "dedxyjg" ]
[ "It's not necessarily the dollar (or other currency) amount that country spends on defense that's significant, but rather the overall percentage of their gross domestic product. Out of all the profit a particular country makes as a whole, how much do they dedicate toward capabilities of war. This is further scrutinized in alliances such as NATO. NATO countries have agreed to spend equally on defense of the community. Understanding that each country is different, of a different size and capable of producing different exports and revenues, instead of assigning a dollar amount for all these nations to spend, they agreed on a percentage of GDP to spend" ]
[ 4 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6gdek3
If you are listening to a song, in say, Mandarin, how do you know what "form" of a word the singer is using if the song doesn't allow for intonation?
Do you just have to guess? Or does it depend on the language/context of the song.
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "dipj2vk" ]
[ "It's pretty much based on context. Taking Mandarin as an example, there's hundreds if not thousands of pairs of words which sound exactly the same, including intonation (for example, the words for 'road' and 'deer' are both 'lu4' where the number is one of four intonations). Some ambiguity can be removed with the use of phrases, such as 'ma3 lu4', which specifically refers to a road. Otherwise, context is key." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
60xc4n
Why do humans like music? And why do people like different kinds of music?
Just wondering
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dfai28b" ]
[ "The first answer is no one knows for sure. Google music theory. The second answer is largely because you tend to like songs the more you hear them, and music companies blast the same shit over and over, which is why pop music is popular with younger people. But as you grow into adulthood the reason for liking particular music has many dofferent factors." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6vq7mk
How did the first of ancient travellers communicate with people from a different part of the world, without knowing their language?
Repost
explainlikeimfive
[ "dm243iu", "dm2414b" ]
[ "Like we do today, with gestures, pointing, and drawing. If I'm dropped in a foreign country and need to communicate, the first thing is to see if they can speak or understand my language, however unlikely. Next is pictures, they really are worth 1000 words, if I draw a picture of a steak and gesture to my mouth like I'm eating then 99% of the time the fact that I'm hungry will be communicated. The other 1% I have just insulted his mother and he takes my head off, but still communication with out knowing the language." ]
[ 8 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
eqt2fh
How does your body know when to stop regrowing cells from a wound
I could use a less extreme example, say an infected hangnail, but I'm wondering about incidents where people have a serious spider bite or MRSA infection where a lot of tissue is dead and a hole is left that needs to heal. Doctors remove the dead tissue, and your body fills in the hole with new tissue. Is DNA responsible for regrowing tissue and skin to fill in the hole? Is that what stops the cells from regrowing beyond a certain point? ie: not having a large bump where the wound was vs a smooth patch of skin? Maybe I'm overlooking that doctors are doing skin grafts or something else to repair the damage in the hand in serious conditions, but I get infected hangnails sometimes where there is a hole left in my finger and it eventually grows back in. I've always wondered how the body knows when to stop regrowing a certain area on the body.
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fewsphi", "fex2env" ]
[ "More or less, each cell in your body has a set of instructions or modes it functions in. When you have a wound that needs repaired, rather than the brain telling the body to heal, the individual cells see that they are next to a wound and switch into repair mode. Each cell will function in repair mode while it is adjacent to a wound. If a given cell is surrounded by healthy cells, it will switch back to normal operating mode. If these modes don’t switch appropriately (usually due to a mutation to the cell’s dna) this can lead to cancer or an autoimmune disease. The cells are stuck in heal mode, they will reproduce at really fast rates and the new cells will have that damaged dna. If cells get stuck in a fight infection mode, they can start attacking the normal cells in the body (auto-immune disease)." ]
[ 13 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
lmxkhv
How do phones vibrate?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gnxlp3k" ]
[ "The same way everything vibrates - they put a motor in it, that spins an intentionally unbalanced weight. [ Like this]( URL_0 )" ]
[ 3 ]
[ [ "https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/2297/8953/products/24_57_8e759f19-69f0-4529-974c-33a88f4f3ca1_800x.jpg?v=1503494697" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5m7uap
Why do clouds turn dark when they are about to start raining?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "dc1gr1d" ]
[ "When sunlight hits water or ice in a cloud, it refracts, bending in direction. With small clouds, some sunlight bounces around inside and eventually makes it out towards the ground. Rain clouds are larger, so less sunlight makes it through the cloud without being redirected away. Less sunlight passing through makes for darker clouds." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5pgfaf
What is the difference between http and https?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dcr0cer", "dcr0nkx" ]
[ "The S in httpS stands for \"secure\". What this means is basically two things - encryption and authentication. Encryption simply means that the data send between your computer and the server is encrypted. Anyone intercepting this communication should be unable to decrypt it. Authentication means that the server sends a digitally signed certificate which proves the server is indeed the entity that it claim it is. This way, for example, you can know for sure that the banking website that you just entered your credentials in is indeed your bank, and not a phishing website that wants to steal your password." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [], [ "paypal.com", "http://paypal.com", "https://paypal.com" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gog7sp
- with captchas, multi factor authentication, email verifications and so much more at disposal how are the biggest social platforms still riddled with bots in high percentages ?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "frfm9n6", "frfmr2g", "frg01lh", "frft97u" ]
[ "A lot of these processes can be done programmatically. Often times its more of an annoying hindrance than an impassable boundary." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
mkppro
what and how does radiation effect the body?
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "gth53x0" ]
[ "It depends on what type of radiation, the exposure level, and the length of exposure, and they area of the body exposed. Generally, the most dangerous radiation types are ionizing. They either are electrically charged (alpha, beta) or create an electrical charge when interacting with other materials (gamma, x-ray (high energy), neutron (through decay)). The primary damage is caused to genetic materials in cells. This results in the greatest effects being seen in rapidly growing and reproducing cellular structures (digestive tract, reproductive organs). It will either kill the cell outright or interfere with its reproduction, preventing it or causing it to occur out of control (cancer). Watch the HBO mini-series Chernobyl. They do a good job demonstrating the symptoms of severe radiation exposure with the fire fighters that first respond to the reactor. The initial onset of symptoms, followed by an apparent recovery, that then quickly transitions to severe symptoms and death. We don't have any natural senses that allow us to detect these types of radiation. Unless you have detection equipment, you won't know you have been exposed until you begin experiencing symptoms. Non-ionizing radiation still causes damage and can kill you. Thermal radiation (Infra-red light) is capable of creating severe burns with enough intensity and time." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
kx51yf
If heat comes from the sun then why it is cold at the top of the mountains? Shouldn't it be hot because it is closer to the sun?
Earth Science
explainlikeimfive
[ "gj81tp3", "gj81qkt" ]
[ "It’s a matter of scale, compared to other factors. So yes it is closer to the sun, maybe a few thousand metres closer, but the sun is 93 million miles away, so you would expect, without any other factors, for it to be maybe a tiny amount hotter. A much more influential factor is air pressure, if you pressurise any gas it gets hotter, and air pressure at the top of a mountain is much lower then at sea level, which means colder!" ]
[ 8 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
hqz7ut
why cold canned/bottled drink taste better than cold drink in carton or plastic bottle?
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "fy10gkk" ]
[ "Storage condition. So soda beverages (imma call em pop) are carbonated. Carbonation is in the form of CO2 which is a gas. Gas as we know is floaty air vapor juice. So, we must contain it. Well various containers are able to contain the gas better or worse from each other. So, take plastic bottles, most plastic pop bottles are PET. PET as it turns out leaks like a mofo permeation wise. So, you lose a whole lot of CO2 compared to can which is usually aluminum. Same with carton, cannot hold the CO2 as well. The aluminum traps all the CO2 in the soda, and that's why it has that crisp bubbly taste compared to the other packaging choices. NOW from an ecological perspective the story changes. PET and cartons are much easier to recycle than aluminum and leave less of a carbon footprint. So while the perceived quality is less than a can, the benefits to society and the planet are better. So eventually it be good to get rid of all metal cans. TLDR, amount of trapped carbonation is what makes us perceive soda to taste better. Can holds carbonation better than plastic or carton. Also for god mode, find soda in a glass bottle, its even better than can." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6w5ips
Why isn't it possible to wring a cloth completely dry?
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "dm5hmw7", "dm5ht5s" ]
[ "Water, at the molecular level, forms attachments to fibers that are absorbant like cotton. The small weak forces keep the water attached and prevent you from physically removing it by trapping it and also providing it a haven. You can't compress the fibers with your hands hard enough to squeeze the small pockets where the water resides and remove them. So between the cotton being a good absorbant and your lack of physical strengh required to manually remove the water, some will inevitably remain. Even in a \"dry\" shirt, there is still ~1-3% moisture in the shirt at all times due to the cotton absorbing water straight out of the air or off your skin." ]
[ 13 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9uub11
Why isn't election day a national holiday in the USA?
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "e9724e6" ]
[ "Because it is in the better interest of the bankers that own the USA that fewer people vote. Fewer turnouts at the polls mean fewer brains to wash. Fewer brains to wash means it's easier to get the politicians they paid for in office. Also the electoral college. Also gerrymandering. Also our system is corrupt. Help." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
di5q6w
why the atmospheric air doesn't move to huge vacuum of outer space?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "f3thfvi", "f3thrac", "f3tkpov", "f3tikl7" ]
[ "like all matter in the universe, air has mass. thus, the gravity of the earth attracts it, and it stays close to the surface." ]
[ 12 ]
[ [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5x02wt
Why is breathing pure oxygen toxic?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dee6fo7" ]
[ "Oxygen is highly reactive. It's that reactivity that makes oxygen useful in your body, but too much can be toxic. Your body has a lot of precisely tuned molecular machinery dedicated to managing the harmful effects of oxygen, but if you breathe in too much, you overwhelm it and the oxygen starts damaging your cells faster than the effects can be repaired or reduced. If you need a metaphor, think of it like throwing too much fuel on a fire and the fire getting out of control." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5v9f55
My trainer said that if one muscle group, like my shoulders, are sore, then it's likely that it is caused by a muscle imbalance in another part of my body, like my lower back. Can someone explain?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "de0b6fb" ]
[ "I was having the same conversation with my physiotherapist last week. The way she explained it was that just about every activity you can think of recruits muscle groups all over your body. Lifting, running, walking, bending, even standing all involve various combinations of back, core, leg and arm muscles. What you're talking about can happen if one muscle group gets hurt and the rest pitch in to take the burden off of the injured muscles. When I pulled my right hamstring while running last year, my physiotherapist suspected that it happened because of a smaller injury to my left hip and IT band which caused me to overwork my right side. It might happen because of poor form when exercising, not recruiting back and core muscles when doing squats will put all of the strain on your legs, making them work harder than they need to. And like others have said, if the muscle group that you're working on isn't strong enough, you'll start recruiting other muscles to finish the job. This is why proper form is so important when exercising." ]
[ 14 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
926iw9
Why is it when it rains, peoples old injurys or places they had surgery on tend to hurt them?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e33f8jy" ]
[ "Some say it is primarily psychological; conformation bias mostly. Your knee hurts a lot, and it rains sometimes, so eventually your knee will hurt right before it rains, and you will remember those times and forget the others. But my favorite theory is air pressure. Before it rains, the air pressure drops. Your body already has an internal pressure, and in places where it is not properly put to gether, (i.e. the places where it had been previously injured,) the internal pressure staying the same and the external pressure droping could cause it to move in uncomfortable ways." ]
[ 11 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9rejyi
what is kN and what is the difference between kN and nm?
I work on a ferry, and we use kN to fasten the ship. Wondering what kind of force we’re dealing with?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "e8g9hao" ]
[ "A kilonewton is 1000 newtons, which is the SI unit of force (kg m/s^2). nm would normally be nanometers, but nanometers is how you discuss light waves not sea-going vessels. You might be thinking of Nm, which is newton-meters - a measure of torque. The difference is that kilonewtons would refer to a linear force. For example, the force holding the line taut would be in kilonewtons. Measures of torque are used when you're dealing with a rotating mechanism. So if you've got a winch that is used to tighten the line, you'd newton-meters to express the amount of force the winch delivers." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5x71ho
Why is political corruption worse in some countries than others? How does a corrupt country become less corrupt?
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "defu8gb" ]
[ "I’m being completely serious here, although it may seem that I am trolling, but IMO a lot of countries “reduce\" corruption by simply legitimizing it and calling it something else. That way, they can claim less corruption, because they have set up a complex technical framework that gives it another definition. Essentially, it seems to me the more I read about corruption, if you just add a couple of steps in between the parties, enough plausible deniability is gained that people can pretend the process isn’t corrupt." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
es3oh9
what's the point of .99 in prices ?
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "ff7kxkj" ]
[ "There is a psychological element of making the price look cheaper than it is. I think there is also a strong cultural tradition of people doing it and others following it because they think there must be science behind it." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
mr72uy
Why do people iodize salt?
Was in a cafe today and saw this salt canister that said iodised salt. Why do they do that to the salt? What does it add?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gukipsv", "gukiutv", "gukjmvz", "gukiq4s", "gukilcs", "gukswgr", "guks9gk" ]
[ "Iodine, in tiny amounts is necessary for the human body. It was found in the early 20th century that people were not getting enough in our diets. Salt is an easy delivery mechanism because it doesn't spoil and generally speaking it's a predictable delivery method for the amount necessary." ]
[ 61 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
aev9o1
Why do fingernails turn white when they pass your skin?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "edsz0nc", "edsxc7u" ]
[ "Your fingernails are always white. But, they're also a little see-through. So, when they're still attached to your finger you can see through them to the pink skin below." ]
[ 51 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5tof6i
How does college research funding work? If a company funds a professors research then why wouldn't the company just hire the professor as a direct employee? Also who would ultimately own the research?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "ddnymfi" ]
[ "It's cheaper to fund a professor's research than to hire them, and still fund the research. There are two main reasons for this. Governments will have grants that match company contributions, thereby giving the company as much as ten times the return on investment (but more typically around double). The other main reason is that universities themselves contribute - not only do they already pay the professor's salary, but they also often have existing laboratories (the universities are, in turn, frequently funded by a combination of government grants, industrial partnerships, rich old guys wanting their names on buildings, and, increasingly, student tuition). As for who owns the research, it's a complicated issue, and is typically up for negotiation. A professor needs to publish, but since this need is tied to their need for funding, they'll accept less publishing rights if the company pays more. If a company doesn't want their research public, there are three things they'll usually consider. First is to require a hold on publication. This means that the research group cannot publish their findings for three years (or however long the company negotiates). The second is to normalize or obscure the data. An example of this would be to say \"losses decreased by 3.1%\" rather than saying \"losses decreased from 0.387 to 0.375\". The third is to develop research projects where parts of the results are publishable, and parts are not. An example might be research on simulated noise developed by a new car design. The actual noise results might be published, while the methods of simulating the noise are kept proprietary. This would let the company develop new tools for simulating noise, while still releasing useful information on the design. tl;dr, it's cheaper to fund than to hire, and ownership is negotiable" ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
bmz227
Why are most big felines that live in the savanna diurnal?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "en0vdfv" ]
[ "Predators are active when their prey is most vulnerable. Somewhat counterintuitively, the various prey animals the big African cats hunt are harder to get while asleep. The herd packs in a lot tighter at night and singling out one individual to attack is difficult. When foraging the animals spread out more and can be separated from the herd more easily. Injury means death for a predator, and charging into a sleeping herd of zebras means you have to fight them all instead of just one. Sure you get the drop on one of them, but the racket will awake forty more." ]
[ 17 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6jobae
What are the long term effects of casual alcohol consumption (ex 3-5 drinks per week) and how do the effects differ from alcoholism/heavy drinking?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "djftvy3", "djfs1hb", "djfteeb", "djg1fbs", "djfy1ed", "djg2xix", "djfsmsc" ]
[ "First of all, there is a difference between alcoholism and heavy drinking. Alcoholism is a psychological dependency on alcohol, where the individual cannot or will not stop drinking despite whatever bad effects it is having on his life, health, job, and family. Alcoholism and heavy drinking typically go hand in hand, in that most alcoholics are heavy drinkers, but not all heavy drinkers are alcoholics. In my medical practice I have encountered plenty of people who drank a lot, but as soon as they were told that it was harming their health they just stopped. Many of us have known (or in some cases been) the heavy college partier who consumed completely unhealthy amounts while in school but gave it up as soon as they hit the \"real world\". There is at least some genetic component to becoming alcoholic. The average adult can handle about two drinks per day/14 per week without any major long term problem. Any more than that, and there is increasing risk of liver damage. The liver is a remarkable organ with a high capacity to regenerate itself. Most people who shows sings of alcoholic liver damage are able to reverse it if they quit drinking. The healing potential of the liver does have a breaking point however, and severe long term damage may be permanent, usually called cirrhosis of the liver. Enough liver damage can ultimately be fatal. Note that the above is for the average person. Some people can consume more without a problem. Some (including some particular ethnic groups) will do damage with less. A blood test can usually spot early signs of liver damage." ]
[ 208 ]
[ [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitotoxicity" ], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
7v0tw9
Why are my muscles sore after jumping in cold water?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dtotsga" ]
[ "From what I understand, our bodies defenses against hypothermia is to shiver. This involves involuntary muscle contractions to generate heat. These muscles contractions still can cause muscle soreness just like working out." ]
[ 39 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
asgfeu
Why is our dishwasher unable to remove raw protein from dishes?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "egu4qsx", "egu9n96", "egu8qu8" ]
[ "Meat is *Carbon. Carbon is tiny and has a grip fills the poors of a plate when heated. Heat makes the carbon expand (excite) Think of how dense an icecube is vs water. the thing is that when cooled the carbon solidifies. Some of these make barbs(grip) the plate. I've been a dishwasher in 5 restaraunt kitchens (Soaking plates does not help and is a wives tale) You've got pry, then lightly scrap (soft spoon) Blast, Scrub Blast. If you have alot of water pressure it helps. I hot water blast, cold water rinse. But there is alot of other little tricks, this is just the a few. Salt is helpful too." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
igo75p
; Why do electronics in general start messing up over time?
if there are no moving parts in electronics and computers can only do what they’re coded to do an nothing more than what makes them slow and buggy over time?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "g2uxa6f", "g2uwvii", "g2vg5b7", "g2v4e3x", "g2vusrd" ]
[ "There is some physical degradation that happens in the electronics: corrosion and heat are two big factors. What you probably are experiencing though is added complexity. As programs and operating systems get more and more complex, they require more and more resources to do those complicated things. Without additional hardware, the experience seems slower. It’s kind of like if your one man lemonade stand expanded to include all the menu items of a chick fil a bit you didn’t build a proper restaurant with a large enough kitchen and drive through to serve all your new customers. You’d have a line around the block at your folding table, and the experience would be excruciatingly slow for customers. But it’s not because your folding table lost a leg - you’ve just got a grossly more complex operation. And with more and more complex things to do come more opportunities for “bugs” (aka screwups). At your lemonade stand there are only a few mistakes you can make - wrong amount of sugar/water/lemons, spilling drink, etc. But at chick fil a there are seemingly limitless things that can go wrong - cooking mistakes and cash register failures and leaks in the roof and clogged toilets and things you never thought of in your lemonade stand days." ]
[ 19 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6ullbb
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, and it is impossible to get out more energy than you put in. That said, how can nuclear weapons, and bombs in general, generate sooooo much explosive output given their small size relative to their huge explosions?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "dltlryi", "dltm7so", "dluft5i" ]
[ "Because the energy put into creating heavy elements (like uranium) is very high. So when you convert it back into lighter elements you get a lot of energy out. its like if you have a bicycle hooked up to a generator which splits water into hydrogen and oxygen via electrolysis, and then when you have done it for a long time and have a lot of hydrogen and oxygen split from each other, then you can get a lot of energy from igniting it and letting them form back into H2O. Most heavy elements (heavier than iron) were made in the cores of supermassive stars at the point where they exploded in a supernova. Some of the heavy elements were made when objects crashed (especially stars colliding into each other after circling each other for a long time), because the area between the cores becomes super-energetic due to the area being compressed. Sort of like the air in front of returning spacecraft being compressed and super-heated, but with cores of stars instead of a tiny capsule. And the atmosphere they compress is already thousands of degrees when beginning the compressing. That being said, nuclear fission and fusion bombs are actually not very efficient, you only get a small portion of the energy out. If we were to make an equal size anti-matter bomb compared to a nuclear fission bomb, then the bomb would be thousands of times more powerful because the entire mass of the core of the bomb would be converted into energy, instead of just a fraction of the mass of the core." ]
[ 12 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gsw3js
Why is chicken meat white, but beef red?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fs8b0gx", "fs8ja9u", "fs97355", "fs8r4cm", "fs8jnd4", "fs8os5k", "fs9sotq", "fs9uw8k", "fsa8wd9" ]
[ "Some meat is muscle built for endurance like running, and needs a lot of oxygen. So it has a lot of special proteins that store and carry oxygen around, and these proteins happen to be red. So this meat is also red. Other meat is muscle built for quick powerful movements like jumping, and needs a lot of energy. So it has a lot of special sugar that stores energy in it, and it happens to be white. So this meat is also white. Edit: I am not a doctor or a biologist - so I don't really know if a duck breast can outrun a human thigh. Thank you for the gold kind stranger!" ]
[ 14101 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
aj6txi
How does discord's echoing cancelling work?
How does Discord's non echo work? When I plug a speaker in as a headset people cannot hear themselves when they talk, and my speaker is right next to my mic. I'm just interested in how this works.
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "eetagee" ]
[ "Sound can be represented by a waveform - think of a graph of a squiggle where the x-axis is time and the y-axis is amplitude. An echo is the same waveform, attenuated a bit and shifted in time. Knowing this, we can implement something termed an 'adaptive filter' that essentially just looks for a correlation between our current waveform and a past waveform. If it finds a high degree of correlation, it cancels out the current waveform on the assumption that it's an echo of the past waveform." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
e7vvrb
How do they make dams watertight if the cement is underwater and wet?
Engineering
explainlikeimfive
[ "fa6erk8", "fa6go5k", "fa7aapx", "fa6fnz8", "fa6cvzm" ]
[ "Dams are typically built with roller compacted concrete. While it is porous at a technical level and not \"water tight\", it's not going to result in water seeping through it any more (significantly less in reality) than natural environment materials that do things like hold water into lakes. It's easy to hear things like \"concrete isn't water tight\" that come out of things like residential construction where you're worried about warping of your fine hardwood floors. That concern for a 6\" concrete pad just doesn't play out for the needs of damns, the type of concrete used and their size." ]
[ 14 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6qvksf
When things are loading on my computer, why does the status bar often jump quickly to 99% and then stay there for a long time?
Repost
explainlikeimfive
[ "dl0a7wa", "dl0a5dl", "dl0f3ec" ]
[ "The status bar is something that gets updated explicitly. So if the program has to load 100 data files the programmers just map one file to 1% of the loading process. But the 100th file might be way bigger so it may take longer. Or the 99% of the process is the loading of the data (again a linear mapping from data to load to %) and the last % is to unpack them. So overall it is bad programming of the developers OR something that just can't be timed. Like a download from a server, a version check etc. where the programmers can't know how long it takes in relation to other operations." ]
[ 47 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gjw92y
why and how do anti-depressants fuck with libido and sexual drive?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fqnhkdv" ]
[ "it's pretty complicated, and not really proven. to keep it short: you have multiple important messengers in the brain, among those for example: Dopamin and serotonin for example SSRIs keep serotonine floating around in you brain. that makes you happy. but there is a balance to be had, and usually dopamine and others get reduced then. but they are responsible for you wanting to have sex. there are some antidepressants that aren't as bad as others in regards of sex impact, but they usually have other downsides." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
l6id7x
How is it a Full Moon tomorrow (at least where I'm at), but 99.6% illuminated compared to 99.8% illuminated the next night?
I use a moon following app and tomorrow is considered a Full Moon but 99.6% illuminated. The next night it is 99.8% illuminated but considerd a waning gibbeous.
Earth Science
explainlikeimfive
[ "gl0uv6w" ]
[ "The full moon is on January 28 at 19:16 UTC. What time it is for you depend on your local time zone. The full moon is at the same moment for any location on earth. The app you use is likely correct but hides some information from you. Because the illumination of the moon changes during the day it has to pick some time or calculate an average illumination for that day. It could also be something like the illumination when it is higher in the sky for you or the average value in the sky. So it is not unreasonable that some definitions like that result in slightly more lunar illumination the day after the full moon. If the used value is the illumination for the start of the day then if the full moon is after 12:00 is should be larger at the start of the next day. I would use [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) for moon data and it shows a small difference in illumination depending on where you are on earth. I found values from 99.2 to 99,4% right now." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [ "https://www.timeanddate.com/moon/phases/" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
bv0wkm
What’s preventing companies from putting something along the lines of “you agree to pay us $1000” somewhere deep inside the terms and conditions that no one reads but agrees to anyways?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "epk1b45", "epk2sdx", "epk32av", "epk3ipc", "epk6fzj", "epk4otq", "epk0j93", "epkaa6w" ]
[ "Well first of all, you should *always* read every contract and term of service/condition of use *fully*. That being said, companies or parties can't just throw whatever they want in there. There are number of legal reasons that could render part or all of a legal agreement unenforceable. What you're describing is called unconscionability. Unconscionability means that a term in the contract or something inherent in or about the agreement is either so unfair or so against what society as a whole considers acceptable that the contract simply cannot be allowed to stand as is. So if some party added a clause to an agreement that says you have to give them your first born child or that you agree to be turned into a human centipede, a court would (at least in theory) invalidate that." ]
[ 91 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
iiiy5n
why haven't auto makers developed a warning system for infants left in hot cars?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "g36zhg6" ]
[ "Seems entirely too specific for a default addition to a vehicle. Also, people shouldnt need to be reminded of their CHILD. Some people shouldnt have kids." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9vmj16
How were/are tyrants able to have their orders put in place?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "e9dd5uo", "e9dpizz", "e9di4wt", "e9ddhpi", "e9df411", "e9dsliz" ]
[ "So this is a really interesting line of questioning. There have been countless case studies on Nazi Germany and the sociology at play behind it, how it was allowed to happen by so many people, and who was really to shoulder the blame for it all. Questions asked were \"is Hitler guilty for issuing the orders, or are the people guilty for following them?\" The truth is ambiguous here, but the ELI5 version is this: People in large groups tend to be ushered in by the pack mentality of it. Rabid nationalism, or cult-followings tend to change the way people think, especially when they're benefiting from a system or set of orders put in place. People may find themselves more morally flexible when they feel the entire world is against them, as it's safer and easier to just agree to do whatever is being asked than it would be to resist. Often times the punishment for not following such evil orders of torture/execution is just as bad as the orders themselves. Lastly, the system/leadership in place may just be enabling psychopathy in some people who end up in positions of power or prestige. Again, I cite Nazi Germany, and in it so many people were simply inhuman in terms of their moral compass. The system in place at the time enabled their behavior. This may provide some insight for you: URL_0 Not trying to make this all about Nazi Germany but it's the most flagrant example I can think of regarding your question." ]
[ 25 ]
[ [ "https://www.ushmm.org/learn/introduction-to-the-holocaust/ethical-leaders/background/causes-and-motivations" ], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" ], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
bodfxl
How does oxygen reach the brain?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "enesweh" ]
[ "The red cells in your blood pick up oxygen in your lungs, then the heart pumps the blood around your body, including to the brain." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
7co6e0
How are IP addresses allocated when using mobile data such as 3G/4G?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dprb6tv", "dprbk4x" ]
[ "Same way, it's still a network of routers and switches. Think of the cell towers and 4g antennae as the wireless access point. Your pc and cell phone access the same isp infrastructure after a certain point." ]
[ 9 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
lf5wlk
why does severe anxiety develop tics sometimes?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "gmk428p" ]
[ "Not an answer but to help mess with your mind even more it can also cause visual and auditory hallucinations" ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
86xi56
Why are the planets in our solar system in the same vertical plane?
Repost
explainlikeimfive
[ "dw8kiva" ]
[ "The orbits of the planets are coplanar because during the Solar System's formation, the planets formed out of a disk of dust which surrounded the Sun. Because that disk of dust was a disk, all in a plane, all of the planets formed in a plane as well. Stolen from Ask an Astronomer at URL_0" ]
[ 7 ]
[ [ "Cornel.edu" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8cnb8b
Why did empires colonize other lands that were not originally their own?
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "dxg7l4q" ]
[ "To own more land and have more things. Its kinda tough to expand your empire if you never take any land that isn’t yours already..." ]
[ 9 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
b3fgtc
Why can people look at the sun during sunrise and sunset without damage, but it is absolutely prohibited to look at the sun during noon?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "eiz5ro4" ]
[ "Never look directly at the sun, even at sunrise or sunset. At sunrise and sunset the sunlight has to travel through a *lot* more atmosphere, which filters out more of the dangerous UV light (and is also why sunrise and sunset turn the sky red) due to the angle the light comes at. The atmosphere is fairly thin compared to cosmic scales, so having a light shine directly on top of you is a huge difference from a light shining from the side where it travels through many times more atmosphere." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
aicplt
Why Minus*Minus is PLUS?
Mathematics
explainlikeimfive
[ "eemqkqk" ]
[ "When I say \"Eat!\" I am encouraging you to eat (positive) But when I say \"Do not eat!\" I am saying the opposite (negative). Now if I say \"Do NOT not eat!\", I am saying I don't want you to starve, so I am back to saying \"Eat!\" (positive)." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6sz9jp
How can a projector spraying light at a white surface create the colour black?
Since black is the absence of light, wouldn't a projector be emitting nothing in the black sections of the frame? Wouldn't this just show up as the same colour as the screen you're projecting onto?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dlgpckf", "dlgpujg", "dlgr8nc" ]
[ "Yes. This is why you need to dim the lights when using a projector. So that the unlit parts look dark." ]
[ 12 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9y29xg
When scientists discover a new element, how do they figure out what its atomic number is? I'm especially curious how they did this many decades ago.
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "e9xlgn4", "e9xnl84" ]
[ "The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus. This is also how we know we aren't \"missing\" any elements... there can't be an element between 101 and 102 because you can't have an element with 101.5 protons." ]
[ 15 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
g0msxq
can a city legalized weed in an illegal weed state?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "fnag8dw" ]
[ "Yes and no. I don't know if a City government has the authority to outright legalize it, but they can change enforcement laws to the extent that small amounts are legal." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9eq0ue
How to chickens keep their heads so stable despite the motion of their body?
I've always seen those videos where people move the chickens body all around but yet the head stays perfectly still. How do they do that? Edit: I apologize for the typo in the title.
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e5qnu3y" ]
[ "They have specific muscles in there neck that keep there neck completely still but there body moves with t" ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5v876l
Why are nuclear weapons seen as the "be all end all: of weaponry so to speak
I understand that they do damage which is what you want in a weapon but you can get similar results with cheaper means. I'm not slandering nuclear weaponry or anything like that, just curious as to why they are so sought after.
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "ddzz3sz" ]
[ "Nuclear weapons tend to be much, much larger than conventional explosives in terms of output. The Hiroshima bomb was a single bomb equivalent to 15,000 tons of TNT. That's a _lot_ of TNT. During the Cold War the US and USSR fielded weapons in the tens of _millions_ of tons of TNT, per bomb. You simply _can't_ accomplish that with conventional means — a 10 megaton bomb can essentially destroy the entire New York metro area in an instant (it is 3-4 times the explosive output of _all of World War II_, including the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki). Modern thermonuclear weapons are on the order of hundreds of thousands of tons of TNT equivalent — smaller than those monster bombs, but still 10-20 times the bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. When you can threaten to destroy an entire city in an instant — much less an entire nation in a day — it does change things. Such things are _not_ normally attainable by conventional means." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
632btx
how celebrity actors get paid
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dfqqod6", "dfqyh71" ]
[ "I assume you just mean an actor in like a TV show or movie and so on. *Everything* is negotiated. Generally unless you'rehuge A-lister like Tom Cruise, who could command some generous terms, you just get paid a flat fee. How and when that fee is paid out is again negotiated. Although a lump sum payment is common. For example: You may get $20,000 per episode of a sitcom. Or $100,000 for shooting a movie. For lesser actors, there are specific pay rates that the unions have negotiated and you often get paid that for small, mundane roles for unknown actors and such. Only the top best of the best actors can get things like percentage of the gross or other items where the money starts to get pretty intense, above that of a usually already large fee for their services. Actor contracts are often some of the most complex contracts around as well, and they have all types of craziness about how everything is calculated and paid, contingencies when/if issues happen, how to get out of the contract (for both sides), and everything else you can think of." ]
[ 8 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]