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mdzs88
If the liquid latex from rubber trees is white, why are car tyres black?
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "gsch2hj", "gscjly9" ]
[ "They add carbon to make them black, if they were white they would just get dirty immediately, also black helps with protecting against UV damage from the sun" ]
[ 26 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
bv3kyd
how does uv light clean stuff?
I came across a wireless charger that cleans cell phones with uv light. Also advertised that it cleaned credit cards, key fobs and even pacifiers. Is it possible to clean germs with lights? I don’t understand this sorcery
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "epktk0w" ]
[ "It doesn't clean stuff, but it kills. Specifically it kills microorganism. The microorganism ar actually what we worry the most about when we worry about stuff being dirty. Dirt doesn't make you sick. Bacteria do and UV-light can kill bacteria. This technology is used to for example make water safer to drink. It works well enough and is widely used around the world. I would like caution though that a cheap USB-charger likely isn't going to be all that good at killing germs with UV light. I would not rely on the claims made by the manufacturer to keep you healthy." ]
[ 7 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
e4e7q5
Why does cooked meat (chicken breast, pork chop, steak) become peelable?
By peelable, I mean that it appears as though cooking meat isolates the muscle fibers and makes them "clump" in the absence of blood and juices. Is this correct? How come you can peel extremely thin strips of meat away from the rest?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "f99q7h3" ]
[ "Muscles are made up of tons of individual fibers, and when cooked, collagen in the meat begins to contract and toughen, which as you said, sort of fuses everything together and makes it tougher to chew, and easier to peel the fibers apart. This is also why meat cooked low and slow is much more tender and succulent than meat that is cooked quickly on high heat. The high temp causes the fibers to contract and become chewy, and causes the meat to shrink dramatically because it literally squeezes the moisture out." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
m8tnno
Why is it so easy to make a box so that no light enters, but blocking out sound is much more difficult? This is also in context to my own bedroom!
Do the waves “penetrate” in a different way? Is it about sense perception?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "grkzqz9" ]
[ "Sound operates on a different frequency scale (a million times slower) and so will vibrate through solid objects. Light will reflect off solid objects easier. In contrast to your question, light will travel through a vacuum whereas sound will not." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8lpm1y
why acne inflammation (hyper-pigmentation) lasts longer than other cuts / bruises
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dzhozfa" ]
[ "Aesthetician here. Acne lesions are an inflamed infection. This inflammation triggers the melanocytes in the skin and causes them to be hyper sensitive to sunlight. A simple cut that heals neatly without getting infected is less likely to develop post inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Also, your face gets more sun exposure than the rest of the body usually. If its annoying you, apply tyrosinase inhibitors like kojic acid, azalaic acid, arbutin or oligopeptide 10 in addition to mineral based sunscreens and a retinol every evening. It'll clear up quicker that way." ]
[ 18 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
d2x5kw
Why is rhyming satisfying, and does it cause a chemical reaction in the brain?
Psychology
explainlikeimfive
[ "ezxddq8", "ezxucwp", "ezy7pjy" ]
[ "Because our brains are designed to recognize and use patterns. We feel satisfied when things in the world match a pattern. Rhyming is one type of sound pattern that makes us satisified as the same sounds repeat with different meaning. The ability to string different meanings using the same pattern is considered impressive when looking at poems, songs, or rap lyrics. However, our sense of patterns can come with issues. For example, the gamblers fallacy. Just because you have lost many times does not mean your next chance has any higher odds but our pattern-finding brain can trick us to think that way." ]
[ 73 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8wxnw9
Why do humans vomit at the sight of something exceptionally disgusting?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e1z8r05" ]
[ "It's a protective instinct. Think of our ancestors who may be interested in a left-over meal. The body lets us know that this wouldn't be a good idea by turning our stomachs." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8s0l65
Are there situations in which a person has to manually write code in Binary (i.e. when a new CPU model comes out or if someone wanted to create a new CPU architecture)?
Engineering
explainlikeimfive
[ "e0vkhc7", "e0vk4lt", "e0vk7ai" ]
[ "Writing in binary isn't needed because there are alphabetized commands that dirrctly map to the binary commands. These commands are called assembly language. Writing assembly is equiv to writing binary commands." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ca3slz
How do paper cups not get wet?
Additionally, why does it get wet (or translucent) when alcohol is poured in?
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "et5nbms" ]
[ "Paper cups usually have a waterproof wax lining. Alcohol - I.e. ethanol happens to be a good solvent and might erode some of that layer making it translucent." ]
[ 12 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
7j4kkd
Why are tasks like whistling easy once you learn them, but hard to explain/teach others?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dr3m9fs", "dr4g7e5", "dr42gcf" ]
[ "Because they're muscle memory that you inherently learn through trial and error. They're easy once you learn because your body remembers exactly what it needs to do in order to do the thing. However, all the things that are required in order to do something like whistle or even roll your \"R\"s are difficult to describe even if you know how to do them. Similar to how you can theoretically tell someone how to play a guitar and even show them but they have to develop the muscle memory on their own in order to do it. I once tried to teach my friend how to roll her \"R\"s since she was learning Spanish and she couldn't manage it for the life of her. I tried to tell her to \"relax your tongue and try to push air both under and over your tongue\" but it didn't work. She still can't do it." ]
[ 16 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9ac1lh
There are multiple species of bears, sharks, monkeys, etc. How come there are not multiple species of humans?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e4ub15r", "e4ub2pn", "e4uc56i", "e4ue20i", "e4ud4vg", "e4ucsah", "e4uf5zm", "e4ufoux" ]
[ "There were at one time but they all died out (except us). Pretty crazy to think about. URL_0" ]
[ 314 ]
[ [ "https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/people/7-homo-species-close-present-human-existed-earth/" ], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidae" ], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_chimpanzee", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_gorilla", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapanuli_orangutan", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_orangutan", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_gorilla" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gymcbg
Where does wind come from?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "ftb958v" ]
[ "Wind comes when two regions of air of differing pressure meet. Higher pressure flows into lower pressure, and the air moving is what causes the wind. IIRC it’s usually temperature differences, but I’m not 100% on that. There was an experiment I remember doing in school with water that was dyed different colors that made it really easy to visualize, but I’m not sure how recreatable that would be." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
drvjdw
Why do corrosive substances get stored in glass containers?
Wouldn’t they deteriorate with highly corrosive acids/bases like perchloric acid?
Chemistry
explainlikeimfive
[ "f6lcacd", "f6ldchv" ]
[ "\"Corrosive\" is a non-scientific, catch-all term, and it can apply to just about anything. Salt water is corrosive. As with all things in chemistry, different substances react with some things but not others. Hydrofluoric acid, for example, will corrode glass, but not most plastics, whereas hydrochloric acid will not corrode glass. This means you can't store hydrofluoric acid in glass, but you can store hydrochloric acid in glass. Glass is mostly composed of silica (SiO2) and silicates (SiO3), which leads to strong covalent bonds between the silicon and oxygen atoms. Most acids can't break up these bonds, which makes glass inert to these substances. Metals are not good because they will react with acids to form metal salts and hydrogen gas." ]
[ 18 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5oal0y
Why is NATO obsolete?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dchukf7", "dchu5pb", "dchu192" ]
[ "NATO was originally formed to oppose the Russians. The Russia have changed a bit since then and really would like NATO to stop opposing them from for example annexing some errant Baltic republic so they tell everyone that there is no more need for NATO. Russia telling you that NATO is obsolete is like thief telling you, you don't need to lock your door." ]
[ 7 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
l1hahi
= How does an atomic clock work?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gjzgob3" ]
[ "Atomic clocks take a very pure substance, typically cesium or rubidium, and energize it with microwaves. These microwaves raise electrons in the cesium atom to a higher energy level. When the electrons return to their preferred energy level, they emit a radio frequency photon. The frequency of this photon is extremely precisely known. By measuring the radio signal, you can have an extremely precise signal at this specific frequency, thenyou just count up the oscillations to get the time." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
c64cca
How come the atmosphere under a tree's shadow is so much cooler than elsewhere? And why is the temperature change so sudden? Shouldn't the air be circulating enough to even the temperatures out?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "es5ywoq", "es60x2c" ]
[ "The atmosphere likely will be a very similar temperature, but in the shade you're not getting the direct hit of IR radiated heat from the Sun. That's the vast majority of the difference you perceive." ]
[ 29 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ggy4ic
Is everything in the known universe on a similar plane? What do we see if we have a telescope at the very north or south pole looking directly up?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "fq5e9s0", "fq5ec98" ]
[ "No. The known universe goes in all directions and does not share a plane. The galaxy has a plane, the solar system has a plane, and these two planes are off by about 60 degrees according to google. Looking straight up from the North pole would be looking at least somewhat outside of our galaxy, where there are subsequently other galaxies off in the distance. Plus, while very roughly flat, the milky way *is not flat* and there are plenty of stars 'above' and 'below' us." ]
[ 9 ]
[ [], [ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Plutoorbit1.5sideview.gif" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
eltii1
What does it mean to get a "second wind" and does it happen to animals too?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fdkceqo" ]
[ "Second wind refers to when your body goes from anaerobic to aerobic when exercising or doing physical activity. Simply means when your body goes from using no oxygen to using oxygen. Your body will use what is in the blood at the beginning of physical activity and then while that is being used, the body is working to replenish the oxygen in the blood. Second wind comes in when the body finally catches up to replenishing the oxygen so there is a balance of the oxygen being used with what’s being replenished." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8r619m
How could an additional source of light make the light from my phone or TV easier on my eyes?
I was told through all of my upbringing whenever I sat in a dark room with the TV on or later years when i was on my phone, that I should turn on the light. Why would a brighter surrounding make the screens light easier on my eyes?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e0ot6vw", "e0ow75u" ]
[ "If the room is overwhelmingly dark, except for the TV, then your pupils will be wide open to let lots of light in. If the room is relatively bright, your pupils will be smaller and thus let less light in. The idea is that this lets less \"harmful\" TV light in, although TVs themselves shouldn't give off too much harmful light anyway. This IS a totally valid idea when it comes to crappy sunglasses: If you wear sunglasses that are \"just\" dark but don't actually block the (harmful) UV light from the sun, then you are actually doing more damage to your eyes than if you didn't wear the sunglasses in the first place." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
mw5t5d
What determines a particular aircraft's rate of climb and rate of descent, and can their pitch ever safely exceed those angles?
If I'm flying a plane, what determines how quickly I can ascend? Is the most extreme possible rate of climb just as safe as a lower rate? Does optimal fuel consumption factor in? If I hypothetically just wanted to ascend as quickly as I could, what are the limitations and dangers and catches? Are there similar limits and concerns when it comes to descending? I've given this the "Physics" flair but if "Engineering" would be better I can change it. Thanks!
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "gvg3s3g", "gvg4ztq" ]
[ "You only have so much thrust available, and if you climb too quickly you will lose speed and that hurts your ability to create lift which is what makes you climb in the first place. Lose all your speed and you can't climb at all. In fact you will descend very rapidly. So, it's a combination of weight, thrust, and lift. Power gives you speed which gives you lift." ]
[ 7 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9gktr9
Do human corpses sun burn?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e64ttlf" ]
[ "No. The skin cells are dead so they can’t react with the sun and damage your skin. Also, there is no active blood flow so the reddening effect of the skin can’t occur. And what else is a sunburn? Heat sensation and pain. Can’t feel either sensation when you are dead. However, Your skin would dry out in the sun faster than if it were not. This, and your body would be decaying and the gasses/bloating would eventually create a totally different texture, look and colour to your skin and the heat of the sun would only accelerate this process. So does the sun change the dead bodys skin? Yes. Sunburn? No." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
b2pbj9
how people can have eye colors such as blue and green but not orange or purple?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "eiu5r84", "eiub342" ]
[ "Eye color is determined by how much or how little melanin there is in the iris. More melanin leads to the darker shades and green irises, and having little to no melanin gives us the blue and grey irises. Since melanin is what gives us the pigment in our iris, the color limitations of melanin is why there aren't any more different colors of eyes." ]
[ 17 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gcm5wo
Why is to so hard to wake up and get out of bed in the morning?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fpc8skg", "fpcbbs3", "fpc7rym" ]
[ "It's not hard. Whats hard is ignoring the desire to go back to sleep. Solution is to have a greater desire to get out of bed for." ]
[ 12 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
87y7ux
Why are coastlines oftentimes self-similar fractals?
Examples of it being mentioned are 0:59 in [this] ( URL_0 ) video and 1:52 in [this] ( URL_1 ) video. To clarify: I'm **not** asking for an explanation of the coastline measurement paradox (something that has been answered before on this sub), I'm asking for an explanation as to why coastlines exhibit a self-similar fractal structure.
Mathematics
explainlikeimfive
[ "dwgj74s" ]
[ "Coastlines aren't self-similar. Self-similarity is an easy way to construct a fractal, but not all fractals need to be self-similar. In mathematics you're simply more likely to encounter self-similar fractals as it's way easier to describe them or work with them in a proof. Fractal itself just means a shape that doesn't stop being \"bumby\", no matter how much you zoom into it." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
a6h2f1
why are anti material rifles better at destroying military equipment rather then anti personal? And what part of it makes it that way?
Engineering
explainlikeimfive
[ "ebur09g", "ebuv26w" ]
[ "Anti material rifles are good at destroying equipment because they use very powerful ammunition. The .50BMG cartridge used in most American anti material rifles has more than 6 times the energy of the 7.62x51mm cartridge used in marksmen's rifles. A large high energy bullet is good at punching into engine blocks and other tough targets, and can even hold a sizable amount of explosive inside the projectile, but both the bullet and the rifle that fires it are extremely heavy and bulky. A 50 caliber rifle can definitely be effective as an anti personnel weapon, but a much lighter weapon will kill someone just as dead, will have much less recoil and can allow a soldier to carry much more ammunition. Another factor is than most .50 caliber ammunition isn't intended to be used to used in super accurate long range roles, so anti material rifles often end up being less accurate than real \"sniper rifles\" simply because their ammo can't be trusted to give consistent accuracy." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [], [ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Raufoss_NM140_MP_%28en%29.svg/2880px-Raufoss_NM140_MP_%28en%29.svg.png" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6juyg4
Why do many governments allow 16 year olds to marry, reproduce and engage in sexual activity with little to no repercussion, but allow only over 18/21s from watching porn?
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "djh754j" ]
[ "TLDR: Morality > Logic in the legal system Almost all laws are created to simmer down an angry public after something bad happened. This means they're completely based off of the location, time, and emotions surrounding a particular incident and there really is very little logic used in the drafting process. So to see morality shaping our laws let's take your example. Many religious organizations preach about the evils of pornography, but legislatures can't outright ban it's use without a riot. This means they had to change the language to say minors shouldn't be watching porn, which sounds good and fair so why not? Thus it's become law. Now remember these very same organizations and legislatures believe a baby out of wedlock is an incredibly immoral thing, and seeing as how teenage pregnancy is still a common occurrence you can't very well tell them *not* to marry or risk sending half of the South to hell. You see the same thing with a number of other topics such as drug law, gun law, and my personal favorite example [prostitution.]( URL_0 )" ]
[ 4 ]
[ [ "https://youtu.be/bjeq3NYUw2M?t=323" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6zt8aa
Why do we instinctively raise our hands to our mouths when we are shocked or surprised?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dmyheow" ]
[ "To stop ourselves from screaming. If you notice in the horror movies, if they are terrified when hiding from a monster and dont want to be found out, they put their hand to their mouth." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
7tq601
How did the gun from the Nintendo game Duck Hunt work?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dteeskz", "dteerv4" ]
[ "IIRC the screen would flash every time you pulled the trigger. Based on reflective light bouncing off angled light gun, game could detect where on screen the gun was pointed." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [], [ "http://mentalfloss.com/article/26875/how-did-duck-hunt-gun-work" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8roszc
Why aren't ocean-faring boats covered to keep out the water? (pseudo-submarine)
Maybe just a shower thought, but im watching shows where boats are being pummeled by strong waves in storm and tipping over (nautical term?) and it seems like it would solve a few issues...
Engineering
explainlikeimfive
[ "e0t0s7k", "e0t0vvi" ]
[ "Like, container ships? Because they're loaded and unloaded from the top. In the port, a huge gantry rolls along over them, picks the containers up one by one, and deposits them on a shore vehicle. You couldn't do that if the ship had a roof. Cruise ships? They basically are already. The only stuff on the outside of those boats is outdoor spaces– lounge chairs, pools, etc– where it wouldn't be the same if it were indoors." ]
[ 8 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
kpu2or
how does alcohol make an introverted person come out of their shell for that period of time?
I see people who are silent and being by themselves, but once they consume alcohol, they are like an extroverted version of them. They socialise, talk, dance and what not. How does this happen ?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gi0122p" ]
[ "I think a big part of it is that alcohol lowers your inhibitions and for many people their “introverted-ness” (myself included — so more of a personal trait) is knowingly not putting myself out there, part social anxiety, part not wanting to “insert myself” into an attention grabbing place, but when consuming alcohol I care a lot less about what others may or may not think of me, I let my guard down, and I “over-think” less, so alcohol “allows” me some more freedoms and become more like our naturally extroverted counterparts. Just my opinion though. For others is may be different." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
bgr6q6
I've heard that a pinpoint of the sun on Earth would kill you within a certain large distance, but lightning can be 5x hotter than the sun's surface, how does it not kill people around it
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "elmysx1" ]
[ "The *surface* of the Sun is around 5000 °C. But the *inside* of the Sun is at 15 million °C and is denser than air, in fact, denser even than water. If you took a little bit and set it free on Earth, you'd have a big, radioactive explosion." ]
[ 9 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
l4wso9
How does your brain decide what to hallucinate?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gkr109m", "gkr6t3h" ]
[ "The drugs make a total mess in your brain's chemistry. That causes pretty much random synapses to activate, which in turn results in random neurons firing. Then, say, a random bunch of neurons randomly fires in the exact combination that causes your memory to bring about the picture of Richard Pryor and transfer it to your cognition. Very simplified version, but can't think of any better explanation rn." ]
[ 17 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
a6g44w
Why are we able to sense people's presence?
I'm not going for anything metaphysical here, but I think we all know the sensation of simply knowing when someone is in a room or near us. I often can tell when someone is present, even if they haven't made a sound, and others I've talked to have shared a similar "ability"/sense, so I assume it's common. My biggest guess is that it has something to do with air flow and our ability to pick up on pressure differences and nearly imperceptible sounds, but that's a generally uneducated guess.
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "ebui0r9", "ebuj8pm", "ebuk5ve", "ebuj37d" ]
[ "Look up Baader-Meinhof phenomenon. It‘s a cognitive bias. You blend out all the times you turned around and thought someone was there but there wasn‘t." ]
[ 36 ]
[ [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
88jazd
why do mountains form in clumps/why are there 10 of 14 of the highest peak in one spot? (the Himalayas)
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dwl055c" ]
[ "Mountains form through movements of the earth's tectonic plates, which you can imagine as floating pieces of rock earth, under which there's molten magma. Sometimes, magma under a plate builds up and solidifies and forms a dome. This can form a mountain that stands alone. Sometimes, multiple plates \"push\" against each other, or slide against each other. This forms mountain ranges. What happens to the surface when the plates push against each other? It sort of folds and crumples up near the fault line. The himalayas are fold mountains in this way. The huuuge Indian plate pushed up against the rest of asia, and crumpled up the area where they crashed. No wonder they all formed in one place, and so many of the highest peaks are from there. The final form of the mountain(s) also depends on erosion after a while, by wind and water. The himalayas are relatively young, this way. And still standing tall." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
hygtfg
Do animals get bored?
For example a cow living on a farm. It eats, drinks, gets milked and spends the whole day in one place, gets back in the stabe, sleep and repeat. Do they experience the same boredoom we do? Or is it because they know no other life beside that?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fzcn1p3", "fzcohpo" ]
[ "We can't exactly interview a cow to get it's opinion, but [we can infer from their reaction to being released after cooped up all winter]( URL_0 ) that they probably experience a sort of restlessness after being stuck in one area without anything to do. If boredom is a desire for something to do, animals most probably experience it. All animals have drives. My dog has a prey drive that makes her very insistent that I give her something to chase like a ball. A animal who's needs are met probably doesn't experience boredom. A sloth is probably quite content to just hang out and digest food." ]
[ 7 ]
[ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uA8dAnlD51o" ], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
61d4gc
Why do movie subtitle translations change the content unnecessarily?
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "dfdla4t", "dfdwujg" ]
[ "If the movie has a Russian dub, it could be a transcript of the dub (not a translation of the English). The reverse happens a lot in anime. Where the English subtitles are translated from the Japanese, not a transcript of the English dubbing. It's also possible that the person hired to translate the movie isn't perfectly fluent in English or Russian. Could be the translator misinterpreted the scene." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
66wh28
How do single celled beings "know" what they're supposed to do/"want" to do?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dgls17a", "dglxes8", "dglvp28", "dglx24e", "dgm72ef" ]
[ "I personally like to think of simpler life forms as like tiny computer programs. Their DNA is their \"source code,\" and the cell itself is the hardware it runs on. So a tiny cell 'knows' to avoid being eaten by larger cells because it's \"source code\" told it to build receptors on its cell membrane that are programmed to detects certain nearby chemicals, and one particular chemical triggers a flight response. Other chemicals do the opposite -- they indicate a source of nutrients, and cause a chemical chain reaction that makes the cell move toward the food source. Once in range, various other mechanisms begin to operate, drawing in the food and disassembling it for processing. But everything was built by following the template in the DNA, and certain triggers result in certain behavior." ]
[ 535 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
92yer2
In newest wifi standard, how can encrypted data become invalidated after 1 bruteforce attempt?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e39emsk", "e39b4mn", "e39m9qd" ]
[ "It's a misinterpretation of the author, captured data will stay there and another attack will be able to be used later on the same data. What does WPA3 have then? WPA3 implemented Forward Secrecy, where the key used to encrypt the current block is not the same as the key to encrypt a next block. So even if it is possible to brute force the key from a certain block, you won't be able to use that key to decrypt the data from another block." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6fgl7o
On a celestial body with no forms of life could a wound become infected?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dihzlpp", "dihzhei" ]
[ "Absolutely. I'm assuming that the wound is on a human body, though I'm pretty sure this applies to plenty of other animals too. The human body is filthy, inside and out. Plenty of microbial life lives on you epidermis, and would happily infect an opening in your skin if given the chance. On top of that, plenty of places like your mouth or gut contain other microbial life that could cause a wound to get infected if there's proper exposure." ]
[ 8 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
acx9c4
Why do some viruses like distemper only affect one species while others like rabies affects all or at least most mammals?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "edboa3f" ]
[ "When you get down to it it's really just about what it evolved to do. Think of it like this: you have grizzly bears which are more \"generalists\", they eat smaller mammals, birds, berries, fish. And then you have pandas, which are \"specialists\", they only eat bamboo. Some bodies are built to survive on a variety of things while others specialize in one thing. Similarly, some viruses are specialized for one species while others aren't as picky I'm not sure the molecular aspect can be ELI5'd, but I think Richard Preston had a metaphor in one of his books where he described it as different species of cells having a different \"stickiness\" to them, and some viruses match its \"stickiness\" and can get inside it while others don't quite match, so can't get in" ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gg4e7d
The idea that travelling at the speed of lìght makes one age at a different rate to those of their home planet.
I need someone to make sense of it for me. I appreciate the clock scenario where it stays at 12 o'clock if you move away from it at the speed of lìght, but regardless of how fast someone travels, their body will still age just as fast as anyone else (roughly). I don't understand how just putting distance between someone's self and the rest of Earth would somehow make them age at a slower rate? You're aging, just further away.. Hope this makes sense!
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "fpxik28", "fpxfzxu", "fpxqell", "fpy42xt" ]
[ "The time dilation of special relativity is not an optical result of light taking longer to catch up. It is an objective fact - if I move relative to you near the speed of light, time will in actual fact be moving slower for me. This has been experimentally confirmed with extremely accurate clocks. There is an additional observational factor that has to do with light's finite speed of travel, but as you suspect that doesn't affect how much time passes for us, it just affects how we see something. If you take all the light you see and put it through the calculations to correct for the mere finite speed effects, you will still see time dilation happening." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [], [], [ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Time-dilation-002-mod.svg" ], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_contraction", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
bpmhm3
How do muscles work? How can you lift a weight greater than your own bodyweight?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "env6b9c" ]
[ "Muscle physiology is difficult to describe in ELI5 but I'll try. Imagine your muscle is like a bunch of horses. When you need to move something, you pick the least amount of horses you can to move it, that way you won't tire them all out. If you do the same movement again, you pick a different set of horses to move it so the first ones can rest. As you get stronger, your horses get bigger so they can move more weight. As they practice, your horses work better together - instead of 5 moving forward and 2 backwards, all 7 move forwards together. When you've done a lot of moving, eventually the horses get tired and can't move as much. Less-ELI5: muscles work by shortening. The fibers have cross bridges that essentially latch onto each other and pull each other together, which generates force as they pull two things closer together (two of your bones). Strength depends on the size of the muscle (ie larger fibers can generate more force) and how well different muscles, as well as muscle fibers in the same muscle can work together to generate more force (intra and inter muscular coordination)." ]
[ 12 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ab0tiy
My Phone Charger
Does a plugged-in wall charger still draw electricity even when it's not charging? If not, how does my phone battery tell it to 'turn on' then? Please explain like I'm 2 yrs old instead.
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "ecwkmv5", "ecwktsh" ]
[ "It might use electricity but only an incredibly tiny bit. The way your phone tells it to start charging is by completing a circuit. When nothing is plugged into the charger the circuit is open and no electricity is flowing. When you plug your phone in then the circuit is completed and electricity can flow." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
j42mh8
How did ancient civilizations know about planets vs stars?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "g7fzfyt", "g7g3ahg" ]
[ "Planets move, stars do not. Over the course of a year, our angle to the planets changes significantly, and the planets themselves move. The same is not true for stars." ]
[ 15 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5nh7dn
How is food at chain restaurants exactly the same at every location?
I've heard different explanations, even that all the meals come pre packaged and just get heated up in a microwave, but that sounds wrong to me. How is it possible that I can order the same menu item at Chili's in Maine, Alabama, and Hawaii, and always get the exact same thing?
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "dcbh6lt", "dcbho3u" ]
[ "Because chains use structured methods to ensure the same experience at different locations. They do this by using uniform training methods, equipment, and supplies. Each restaurant is essentially the same engine in a slightly different looking car." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
7tv7eq
What happens to a living human body in a vacuum, assuming it has an ample air supply? (breathing from a tank or tube for example)
Repost
explainlikeimfive
[ "dtfg6l2" ]
[ "If you've got an air supply, your lungs will burst from the pressure of the air inside. You'd actually probably live a little longer if you didn't have an air supply. Step 1: exhale. The low pressure causes water to vaporize, so you'll feel \"boiling\" of the moisture in your mouth, and your skin will swell up (but probably not burst). You'll be getting unadulterated cosmic rays, so that's bad. And if you're in sunlight, expect a terrible sunburn. Soon after you'll get the bends from the sudden decompression. But you won't freeze instantly because without air around you, your body can't radiate heat quickly enough to do so, despite being \"cold\" in space. Somewhere in all of this, you'll die." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5plgec
Why did the Pittsburgh Mills mall sell at auction for just $100?
This past week, the Pittsburgh Mills mall sold at an auction for a mere [$100]( URL_0 ). I understand the mall is far-from-profitable, only about 50% full, losing ground to online stores, etc... but if you get the whole shebang for $100 and you don't inherit any of its debts (and only owe property taxes), couldn't you sell it for scrap and make more than $100 just from the light bulbs?
Economics
explainlikeimfive
[ "dcs2mre", "dcs1y4e" ]
[ "The bank is foreclosing on the owners. The owners are not contesting the foreclosure. The bank want to take possession of the property to cover the loan. The \"auction\" consisted of one bidder, Wells Fargo. This was done so the could legally transfer ownership. But the bank basically bought the mall from itself, because the bank holds the mortgage." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ktyjec
When a bruise or blood blister heals, where does the blood go?
If bruises and blood blisters are bleeding beneath the skin, when it heals that blood has to have gone somewhere right?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gioyo10" ]
[ "It's cleared out by various white blood cells. Ultimately, the breakdown products of red blood cells - particularly hemoglobin - are processed by the liver. This produces a chemical called *bilirubin*, which is a major component of bile; that bile is duped into your intestines and you poop it out. It's why poop and bruises have the same colors (pale yellow to brown and black), actually - both get their color from bilirubin and its breakdown products." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6f5w9r
How is push-to-start button on cars safer from theft than the old school manual-key-to-start?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "difo7ui" ]
[ "Simply, it isn't. The push vs latest version of turn has no bearing on security. With a modern​ turn key, the turning doesn't start the car. It's the key electronics that start the car. The mechanical motion is just user design." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6aiiii
Why is it that downloading through Steam slows my internet, but watching YouTube doesn't?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dhetl45" ]
[ "When you watch a video it only needs to send the video as fast as it needs to in order to play it back. When you download a large file from Steam it attempts to get you the file as quickly as possible." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9s1y4t
Why has acid rain become a thing of the past when we still have pollution problems globally that would contribute to its formation (i.e. smog)?
It seems that reports of acid rain have dropped off severely since I was a kid, but we have daily reports on air quality and we hear about the smog problems in places like California and China, have we just changed what we put into the atmosphere to reduce the likelihood of this happening?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "e8lge1i", "e8lt6qu", "e8lw5hy" ]
[ "It is mainly caused by Sulfur Dioxide in the atmosphere. The Clean Air Act passed in the 70s severely cut back on the amount released with new regulations about air scrubbers in power plants/cars. The main cause of sulfur dioxide is also Coal used in power production. Nowadays Natural Gas is Cheaper, Easier to transport, much more efficient (the waste heat can be used to spin secondary turbines granting even more power) and much cleaner than coal for power generation so it is the fuel of choice. [Also catalytic converters became required on cars past 1975]( URL_1 ) which helped remove a large amount of sulfur dioxide from exhaust. Acid rain still affects many country's with lax regulations such as China however it doesn't get talked about much because honestly \"out of sight out of mind\". [Even better news is that soil damage in the US from acod rain has finally bottomed out and nature has began the slow process of cleaning up all the damaged soil in the Northeast.]( URL_0 )" ]
[ 47 ]
[ [ "https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/06/acid-rain-thing-past", "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converter" ], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
l6otx4
How do you short more than 100% of available shares?
Economics
explainlikeimfive
[ "gl1yu36", "gl1xx7q", "gl1yblg", "gl1x2ik" ]
[ "Alex has 100 shares. That's all there are. Bill borrows the 100 shares from Alex and sells them to Chad. Bill borrows the 20 of the shares Chad just purchased and sells them to Diggory. There are now 80 shares held by Chad, although Chad has a claim on 20 more. Diggory holds 20 shares. Alex also has a claim on 100 shares which were lent. Chad decides to keep the 80 shares and doesn't offer to sell / release the 20 shares which were lent. Diggory also decides to keep the 20 shares purchased. Bill is SOL and has to offer increasingly high amounts in the market to clear the 120 share debt owed. Bill owes 100 shares to Alex and 20 shares to Chad. Maybe try this with Monopoly money or Monopoly properties and IOU notes. I haven't closely followed this case and I'm surprised that 120% of the shares are owed. That's very poor practice.." ]
[ 23 ]
[ [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
i0nao6
Why is it that USA has so few Presidential candidates for such a dense population? And why are most of them so old?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "fzqflqw", "fzqj1j2" ]
[ "We have a two party political system. Other parties exist, but the system is designed to really favor two parties specifically and it is very rare for an independent or third party candidate to get voted into any office. And oftentimes when you *do* see an independent in Congress or state government, they were frequently a member of a party before breaking ties with it after already being elected. There are several other political candidates but they have virtually no chance of winning." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
63h0a9
If you put a potato into boiling oil, why does it cook differently compared to in boiling water?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dfu0xfy", "dfu124d", "dfu0o33" ]
[ "Boiling oil is 350-450 degrees F. Boiling water is 212 degrees F. Frying is about twice as hot, which means water in the outer part of the food is rapidly turned to steam and released from the food. That creates a crispy crust (or in the case of thin chips a crispy chip)." ]
[ 20 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
7dg8mh
Why do you sometimes wake up and your mouth feels fuzzy with bacteria, but this never happens during the day?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dpxklmf", "dpxu11t" ]
[ "Eating, drinking, talking, and just salivating help wash clean mouth surfaces while awake. One would hope all of these are sharply reduced during sleep." ]
[ 20 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9k20ky
If dragons weren't real, why do so many ancient cultures have depictions of them?
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "e6vuev8", "e6vunjb", "e6vvo4z", "e6vvvt6", "e6vu9qy", "e6vvwc9", "e6vv4hh", "e6vvfzz", "e6vw4mb", "e6vw6au" ]
[ "From my current knowledge, I have a few different explanations. I’ll put an edit for whenever a person with the correct knowledge comments. I put the reasons in order of what I believe most in. * A lot mythical creatures were based on fossils. Dinosaurs are the likely cause of dragons. It also wasn’t until the 1800’s that we (as humans) decided that animals truly can go extinct, so medieval folk were like, “This is one giant looking lizard. Oh crap! That must mean there are giant lizards going about.” “George, if there was giant lizards bout these parts, surely we woulda’ve seen it.” “Jack! That must mean it flys!!” *Music stops playing in the local tavern.* *Everyone in a blind panic sets the building on fire.* *Tavern owner blames fire breathing giant lizards for insurance reasons, rather than admitting he left his electric plasma space stove on, then splashed blue milk on it.* * Culture spread across the Silk Road from China, though we don’t see to many dragons in India. * Old wives tale...? Edit: * (credit to noobiepoobie) Dragons truly do exist, and the governments are just trying to hide this fact." ]
[ 289 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://youtu.be/6grLJyqIM8E" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
bs2e0x
Why do hamsters "freeze" sometimes, where they get a thousand-yard state and and are barely responsive?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "eoicd2b" ]
[ "It's a widespread behavior in the animal kingdom. Freezing up in response to a threat in hopes to not be seen or heard. When you say \"no obvious predators in sight\", the animal could have still caught a scent or heard something out of the ordinary. If it's something they're unfamiliar with, it is in their best interest to wait and see/hear what happens next." ]
[ 12 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
akfb02
What is the difference between the World Wide Web and the Internet?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "ef4dvo9" ]
[ "The Internet is a network that provides many services: email, DNS lookup, VOIP phone calls, and **web browsing**. The WWW is the part of the Internet that's visible using web browsing. There is another sorta-WWW part of the Internet, that only visible with the Tor encrypted browser. Some people call this the dark web, but that term was originally dark net, for all the parts of the Internet that aren't email and WWW." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
72t1xo
If all life is coded with DNA, can all genes be spliced?
I understand that there are mechanisms in place which change the way two identical sets of genes are expressed in different creatures. So i understand that you cannot slap plant code that is responsible for leaf regeneration and expect the genes to regrow human limbs and bones. As far as I understand, it is similar to how different softwares can have different sets of rules in which to interpret different values. The same value in binary could represent the color of a pixel in the context of a photo editor while representing a position in a 3d grid within the context of a 3d program. The framework is the only thing that changed in this scenario. That being said, despite physical and technological limitations of our time, is it theoretically possible to code the correct framework to carry over almost any set of genetic instructions to almost any creature? Could the human genome be modified to accommodate the genetic code for grass to grow in place of our hair?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dnl1rek", "dnl3a5s" ]
[ "I mean Kind of? But like, not really? Here's what I mean. DNA usually works in threes. What I mean by that is every three pieces (we call them nitrogen bases) of nonjunk DNA encodes for an amino acid. Those amino acids combine in some very cool ways to form proteins, which makes up a stupid-high amount of your body and it's components. Here's the kicker, though. Not every animal can make every amino acid, and therefore not every protein can be made by every animal. So, in a purely theoretical sense, if an animal could produce every amino acid and fold them into the exact proteins of another animal, you might just be able to get an animal to produce the structure of another one. But, you wouldn't necessarily be able to give it a blood supply, have it produce the correct markers for the immune system, etc, because DNA has to encode for THOSE structures as well." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
fwyou9
I’m an apprentice electrician and having some trouble understanding... well, how electricity works lol. What’s the difference between Amps, Volts, Watts, and Ohms?
Engineering
explainlikeimfive
[ "fmr80kj", "fmr9kpj", "fmr9jiz" ]
[ "The ELI5 version is that electrons are the carriers of electricity in the vast majority of cases. The main thing to know about electrons is that they carry negative charge and are a fundamental particle (they can't be broken down into smaller particles) of nature. Like all negatively charged things, they are attracted to positive charge, or at least much less densely packed negative charge. So with that basic stuff, Amps is how many electrons are moving on a wire per second. Volts is a measure of how \"crowded\" the electrons are. High voltage is an area of positive charge, or at least much less crowded negative charge than low voltage. Ohms is a measure of how much resistance to flow. If electrons were cars, a two lane dirt road in the country would be high ohms, a 12 lane superhighway would be low ohms. Watts are just a measure of how much power is being created or generated or being consumed. If you have a lot of flow of electrons (Amps) moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration (Voltage drop), you have a lot of power generated or consumed. If you have any questions, feel free to help." ]
[ 27 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
donefa
What happens to the physical money when doing international transfers?
Imagine you deposit $1000 cash in the US into your bank account at bank A. Then you transfer the money to your partners account in Germany at bank B and your partner withdraws the equivalent amount of money in euros. What happens to the cash when sending money from Bank A to Bank B?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "f5p075s", "f5p02av", "f5pbebi" ]
[ "In the most simplistic terms. Your bank in the US will have a contract in place with a transferring bank in the US. They will do an electronic transfer to the Transferring US Bank. The transferring bank in the US with agree a transfer with a Transferring Bank in Germany and the Transferring bank in Germany will do a transfer to the Destination Bank. So in-country bank to bank transfers don't involve trucks driving around with bank notes and change for every transfer. The transfer is electronic and the bank will keep a electronic record of the total balance of transfers between them for all their client's transactions (in both directions) and will balance this out from time to time in a variety of methods. In the old days this used to be physically transferring gold between them. Now-a-days it is more likely to be bonds being transferred, but can be stocks, gold, options, property or balances held at other banks and also actual cash obviously. International bank to bank is pretty much the same. The Transferring Banks will agree to buy/sell Euros for Dollars at a particular spot exchange rate. The books between those banks will get balanced from time to time but the immediate consequence for your individual transaction is that the German Transferring Bank will take an IOU from the US Transferring Bank." ]
[ 21 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
dmodym
What makes someone an actual "adult"?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "f53b10b" ]
[ "Living with your parents is the same thing as having roommates, as long as you are self sufficient, work, etc. You're being a basic adult. Living with your parents, not working, and them taking care of you is not being a basic adult. Who cares who the roommates are if you cant afford to live alone you cant live alone. That simple." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ait9h9
Does all light work for photosynthesis?
Or is sunlight the best
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "eeqarvf", "eeqa4hy", "eeqbzy8", "eeqdj7x" ]
[ "So, we need to clarify that there are two components here that determine the usefulness of a light to plants. Spectrum and intensity. Plants use a small portion of the overall spectrum, and not even all of the visible light (plants are green because that's what they don't use and it's bounced off of them to our eyes). They also need a certain amount of intensity, which is a way of saying the amount of energy input it gets So, sunlight is the \"best\" because it has all the required components the plant needs. Not surprising when we consider that the plants evolved to take advantage of what's available. This doesn't mean that artificial lights can't be used though. Your average florescent, incandescent, or LED build isn't likely to put out enough energy (though incandescents come closest of those three) and LED and fluorescents typically don't put out enough of the spectrum. There are, of course, exceptions depending on the bulb and the plant in question. There are grow lights, which are lights designed to work for plants so you don't have to rely on the sun which isn't always shining when you want it to (night and clouds) which, as far as I'm aware, are typically a large scale incandescent or halogen bulbs TL;DR Sun is best, but plants could use some artificial lights." ]
[ 21 ]
[ [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
acgsst
How are oranges pre-sliced by nature?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "ed7srt1", "ed7ughf" ]
[ "They're not. They are individual pieces like petals of a flower only the fruit of the orange tree does not blossom. I feel like there should be a haiku version of this somewhere." ]
[ 18 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
66cdcx
What is the difference between "gray water" and "blue water"
I understand what green water is, but from what I found on the internet gray water seems to be the water we contaminate by using them to produce specific things, but isn't blue water the same thing? Water from the see we use to create stuff / use while flushing and which then gets contaminated?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dghd9nm" ]
[ "*Gray water* is waste water from cleaning like sinks, bathing, and laundry. *Black water* is waste water from plumbing like toilets. *Blue water* is ocean water out of sight of a coast. *Green water* is ocean water near a coast. *Brown water* is rivers and lakes." ]
[ 7 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5sd1x1
What causes us to feel tired, and what naturally causes us to wake up after sleeping?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dde61rm" ]
[ "Melatonin, which is produced by the pineal gland (also known in many cultures as the 'third eye'). Basically Melatonin is the sleep hormone. It regulates our sleep cycles. It's supposed to be hindered by unnatural light, meaning that staring at your phone, or having too much artificial light on after dark can very seriously ruin your sleep pattern. This is why we have \"Night Mode\" or \"Night Shift\" settings on our phones. So that the light coming off of it isn't too harsh, and doesn't severely affect our ability to produce melatonin." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
lvseqv
Why do we instinctively smile when happy or joyful?
My 4 month old smiles whenever she recognizes somebody yet she’s too young to have learned/been taught/mimic this.
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gpfec3s" ]
[ "She's not too young. She's been watching the other people around her for four months, and focused on their faces. I read a study when my kids were little where they took newborns and stuck their tongues out at them to see how early they could learn to copy it. One little girl was able to copy it when she was only 8 hours old!" ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6bdl6l
Why isn't there significant talk about forming a third party in the US during this current political climate?
It seems like an opportune moment. I understand the potential damage to Dems in the midterms, but I need more thoughts on the matter. Is it possible for us to shift from the two party dominant system? Is this the moment or is it too dangerous now?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dhlqchl", "dhlqm6d", "dhlqjy2", "dhlqe9l" ]
[ "One of the most robust conclusions of the literature on political science is that a winner take all voting system (like the US') will lead to the consolidation of political parties into two. Pretend there are two parties, L and R which are left and right wing respectively. I then start a new party named LoC (which is left of center). A left of center voter who finds me the most agreeable of the three parties will likely not vote for me if they think things out, though. If he and other people like him vote for my party, it would mean that left wing support has been split between my party and L, leaving R with a majority share of the vote. Him voting for the party that he most agreed with led to the party he disagrees with the most winning. TL,DR: The US' election system makes it virtually impossible for a third party to emerge and certain that in the long run there will only be two parties." ]
[ 21 ]
[ [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gha597
Did the subprime mortgage crisis affect the people who had fixed-rate mortgages as well?
Let’s say some people in the middle class were only on their 1st year of a 5-year fixed mortgage rate during the subprime crisis, they shouldn’t have been impacted by the inflating interest rates for at least another 4 years right?
Economics
explainlikeimfive
[ "fq7lp6u" ]
[ "The crisis lowered home prices across the country -- some locations more than others. So, even if you had a good loan, you could be locked in at a higher amount than your house was worth. Leaving you \"underwater\". A lot of people can weather their home being \"underwater\". If you can stay where you are and keep making your mortgage payments, then eventually, you'll either pay off enough principal or home values will rebound. But if you lose your job and need to sell, or if you need to relocate, or if this was a second home that you were just hoping to 'flip' then being underwater is really bad. Selling your home doesn't cover the mortgage on it and you end up on the hook for the difference." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
kcim6e
Why is it common to dislike being hot when feeling nauseous? Why do colder temperatures ease the sickness feeling?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gfqp3dd" ]
[ "Often times, your body warms up to kill the stuff it thinks is making you sick - and your body starts letting you know it’s uncomfortable and wants to be cooler so it doesn’t hurt itself. So the part of your brain that you understand tells you that you’re warm/hot and need to cool down." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
jhpw70
How do people end up working at Intelligence agencies? I feel like you just don't "find" the job in the newspaper or online.
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "ga1595x", "ga19w71" ]
[ "Actually, the CIA had posted ads in newspapers for analysts. I’ve known someone that worked there and she had no prior intel experience and a degree in Anthropology. Many are recruited from prior military service. The Air Force, Army, Navy, and Marines all have their own version of an intel specialist with various specialties. You can apply through this link here. URL_0" ]
[ 12 ]
[ [ "https://www.cia.gov/careers/opportunities/support-professional/view-jobs.html" ], [ "USAjobs.gov", "https://USAjobs.gov" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
cv7m21
why do tampons in North America have applicators?
I have never seen applicator tampons where I am from but recently learnt that they are the most common type in America
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "ey2dgay", "ey2ib2u" ]
[ "My understanding is that it's 'cleaner', and btw not just North America, at least also the UK" ]
[ 13 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9e5k5e
How comes that you can connect a smart bracelet and a pair of headphones by bluetooth to a phone but not two separate headphones?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e5ma9m3" ]
[ "This is because the phones aren't designed to send audio to two different headsets. Just because it's technically possible doesn't mean the software has an option to let you do it. The vast majority of phone users only ever want to to connect one set of headphones so the phone makers don't bother to add the option to allow connections to more than one audio device." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
f86x8y
How can I hear faster molecules?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "fiji6sv" ]
[ "As molecules get hotter, the velocity of sound increases due to the fact the medium is excited. Because its velocity has increased, more wavelengths are compressed into a single second. You can actually calculate it pretty easily: T = W/V Where W = wavelength, V = velocity and T = period. To get your frequency, you just convert your period to Hertz with f = 1/T If you just plug some dummy numbers in there, you'll see that 'f' will increase alongside 'V' Heat becomes an irritating problem for musicians that use things like trombones. As their instrument increases in temperature during their performance, the frequency of their sound goes up as well." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
mbhnog
Why do we commonly eat lamb over mutton but not veal over beef?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "grxxaql" ]
[ "Mutton is generally considered to be pretty low quality hence why lamb is preferred over it. Where beef is far more sustainable from grown cattle and of perfectly fine quality. So harvesting young cattle to obtain an edible product isn't necessary" ]
[ 4 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6eil9q
Why are expired forms of ID not acceptable as proof of your DOB?
Let's say you're trying to buy a pack of smokes and they want proof of your date of birth. So you pull out your drivers license and hand it over, but they won't accept that because it's expired. Why is that? I also heard some mention once that it's technically illegal to do that, but not sure how true that is.
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "diakabg", "diakb7w" ]
[ "First off, why make IDs expire in the first place? Why not just give someone an ID and say, \"Okay, you're good?\" Well... * Your appearance will change over the years. It won't work out too well if you're in your 30s and still using an ID with 16-year-old you. Some folks age gracefully, but not all of us do. * IDs will likely be updated at some point with a new design and new anti-counterfitting measures. Having licenses expire gives them a chance to swap out old designs for new, so they remove old IDs from circulation. * It may also serve as a way to keep folks accountable. You can give someone a driver's license that's good forever, but a person's ability to drive will NOT be good forever. What if you originally got your license with 20/20 vision, but your vision worsened as you got older? You would need an updated license that reflects your new need to corrective lenses. Having licenses expire lets them update things like that. So now onto why we don't use expired forms of ID as DOB verification. Why is that? Probably because expired IDs could be passed off to someone else to pretend that they're older than they are. Say you have a younger sibling and the family resemblance is strong. If you license expires, you renew it, but you're still eligible to use it as ID, you can give it to your younger sibling for them to drive, drink, gamble, or whatever else they can do now without age restrictions. In essence, it sort of undermines the system that's in place, so they make sure that expired IDs cannot be used to avoid abuse like this." ]
[ 9 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
jwnkpu
What is the difference between correlation and causation
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "gcr7yrd", "gcr7bal", "gcr7q10", "gcr7ne3" ]
[ "Correlation mean there is a link between two events. Causation mean that one of the two event is causing the other. A cool example is in New York city when they found out that when more ice cream were sold, there was more crime. This is correlation, when one event (sell of ice cream) increase, another event (crime) also increase proportionally. But of course there isn't any causation between the two. Selling more ice cream don't cause more crime and making more crime don't increase the selling of ice cream. Sometime it's just random chance that there is correlation between two event. Other time like with ice cream and crime it was a third event that were causing both. In this exemple, Summer was the cause of more crime and more ice cream sold." ]
[ 11 ]
[ [], [], [ "https://churchoftheflyingspaghettimonsteraustralia.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/pchart1.jpg" ], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
b8hmka
What makes a conscious person conscious?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "ejxv2jo", "ejxtunr" ]
[ "In a really simplified and abstract sense, it is the ability to process sensory information and formulate thoughts on your own initiative. So you are conscious as long as you can receive and handle information." ]
[ 4 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
jfd97j
Single Celled Organisms
Do they literally have just one cell, or do they have many cells but all of one type? How do they manage to do things like move, eat and have some basic form of instinct with only one (or one type) of cell? What things are physically/biologically impossible for a single celled organism to be able to do (that a multi celled organism could do)?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "g9jhsp8" ]
[ "> Do they literally have just one cell Yes. They move by changing shape or swimming using little hair-like organelles called flagella. The ones that eat other organisms do it by absorbing the organism into themselves and metabolizing it. They cannot play country music, as they do not know three chords." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
jjqzg1
What is Ray Tracing in GPU
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gae8mzp" ]
[ "An attempt to more accurately simulate light by tracing and bouncing a bajillion lines all over the place similarly to how light would." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
85rhq4
Can the whole internet have 0 ping at least in the future?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dvzixhh", "dvziytg" ]
[ "No. Nothing, period, can travel faster than the speed of light. No matter how fast your data transfer speeds are, distance equals time. Even with unlimited bandwidth, latency is unavoidable. New York to London is 3500 miles. Even at the speed of light, that's over 18ms of travel time. Your minimum round trip ping would be 36ms." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
f8tten
- How is gravity induced in spaceships traveling in space?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "finf9u5", "finf806" ]
[ "What makes you think it is? In general the only practical way this can be done is by having a rotating structure and using centripetal force to simulate gravity. To date - mankind has not built such a structure in space." ]
[ 12 ]
[ [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=im-JM0f_J7s", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=im-JM0f\\_J7s", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4470275/" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
6d6pdu
Why is it illegal to download movies/music/games/etc, but people can sell used copies? Either way the company isn't getting a cut after the first time.
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "di0brlr" ]
[ "First off, the difference is that a digital copy is endlessly duplicable, while a physical item changes hands -- if you sell a CD, you no longer have access to that CD. But you could copy a music or video file and still have that media while also selling it. Secondly, there are laws that define \"first-sale doctrine\" -- that specifically state one can sell, rent, loan, destroy, give away, etc. something once they purchase it. The company that produces it loses rights to dictate how product is used once bought. But this applies to physical items, not electronic media. So you can rent a DVD if you buy it for your video store, or your can donate that old Abercrombie logo sweatshirt to the homeless and there's nothing that the producer can do to stop that... but the law doesn't say you can duplicate an MP3." ]
[ 19 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
fsdncs
How the gut micro-biome of a Cesarean delivered baby is different from a normally delivered baby?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fm0rxg8" ]
[ "You do not have a gut micro biome in the womb. It is something you get after being born. And the first bacteria that ends up in your digestive system will have an advantage over later bacteria as it will have time to increase in number. So your gut micro biome is largely influenced by the first things that enters your digestive system as you open your mouth and starts breathing. During a cesarean section this would mostly be the bacteria in the air of the hospital as doctors keep the opening quite tidy and clean. A normal delivery on the other hand is a lot more messy. Not only is the baby taking its first breaths of air just inches from their mothers anus but a lot of the same muscles used during delivery of a baby is also used for going to the toilet. The first micro biome a baby gets into their digestion system therfore have a closer resemblence to the micro biome found in their mothers toilet bowl which eventually came from their digestive system." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
esfcdu
how do fields exist?
Why/how are fields a thing where animals can graze, why are they not covered by forest or something of the like? Did all the trees just agree to not grow there?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "ff9lxqe", "ffa41fr" ]
[ "Trees may have trouble growing in some areas for different reasons - Nutrients, rainfall, salinity, altitude ect - where grasses can prosper. Also, fire, animal, or human action can clear out forest, leaving grasslands." ]
[ 58 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
o77lxg
What's are the differences between bulletproof glass and anti-scratch glass?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "h2x20dj" ]
[ "Bulletproof glass is all about catching the bullet and not letting it through. This often hurts the appearance of the glass, but not it's function. Anti-scratch glass is all about maintaining the appearance, you can still break it." ]
[ 6 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
cmmgq8
How do people age differently in space?
Physics
explainlikeimfive
[ "ew3azt6" ]
[ "This is not really strictly a thing about either aging or space. What is real is that time passes slower for objects that appear to move compared to you and that time also moves faster the lower down a gravity well you are. Objects in orbit around Earth both move fast and are slightly less affected by earth's gravity due to being father away from it. These combined effects mean if you send a person up into orbit around earth time passes slightly slower for them than for a person on earth. They age slower. Of course the effect is only in the area of tiny fractions of a second for months and years staying in orbit, so it really isn't big enough to have much impact. In theory however the effect can be much greater if you only move fast enough or go down a deep enough gravity well. In fiction this has been used to describe space travelers returning home from a long journey to find all their loved ones having aged much more then them and potentially even outliving human civilization and it has also been used tell tales about people who get to close to things like black holes and become nearly frozen in time from an outside perspective. In practice we only ever seen effects on a very small scale that we need to take into account for precision measuing like satellite navigation. Time travel is not really possible that way even theoretically except forward. You can spend a year moving on a very fast orbit to come back and have more than a year passed on the ground. You can thus in theory travel into the future. what you can't do is travel back in in time. To travel back in time you would actually need to go faster than light. In fact the difference between going faster than light and going back in time is just a matter of perspective really, fact that most sci-fi conveniently ignores. If we had some sort of magical FTL-drive, we could totally use it to go back in time and try to murder our grandfathers or Hitler or step on butterflies while hunting a T-Rex." ]
[ 11 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
nprvew
Do humans have innate survival instincts?
Birds innately know how to build nests. Bees can make hives and search for pollen. It’s incredible they just “know” how to do these things. What is the human equivalent?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "h06ljf7", "h06lm7f" ]
[ "We have lots of survival instincts, from newborn babies instinctively searching for a nipple, to our propensity to pay attention to and protect small, weak creatures with large heads and eyes. We have an instinctual love for water - this sets us apart from our closest cousins, chimpanzees, who due to their denser body structure can not float or swim and have a natural aversion to open water. We have natural love for throwing things - children will throw things given half a chance. To each other, at each other, at anything really. We have a strong natural aversion to the smell of faeces and dead bodies, which sets us apart from animals like dogs, who seem to enjoy the smell. We also have tendency to lean our heads together - almost no other animal does this, and it has been theorized that this helps the harmless head louse spread, which is a sort of inoculation against the much more dangerous body louse. Those are just a few of the ones off the top of my head." ]
[ 16 ]
[ [], [ "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_reflexes#Sucking_reflex" ] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
flnknb
Why is the recommendation to wash your hands for 20 seconds but the same rules don't apply to washing dirty dishes?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fkzljln", "fkzl9c9" ]
[ "Pores, creases, and under nails and inbetween fingers are hard to clean out which is why we need to clean for 20-30 seconds. Though some dishes need to be soaked for awhile or cleaned longer for the harder food particles, grease, and stains, or like an iron skillet which needs more careful attention to cleaning due to pores in the iron. Think of your hand like a hard to clean plate/bowl or like an iron skillet if you must." ]
[ 12 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5woy01
Why does binary use 0 and 1 instead of 1 and 2?
Mathematics
explainlikeimfive
[ "debqx61", "debqqp7", "debq91l", "debyuj9", "debxedu" ]
[ "The same reason our base-10 number system uses 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. There is no symbol 10 in base 10. Any base has symbols up to, but not including the base you say it is. So base 10 has symbols up to 9. Binary has all the symbols up to 1." ]
[ 12 ]
[ [], [], [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
nmkmu5
fecal/bacteria transplants
Please explain what is happening during this procedure and why this is a good thing.
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gzp9rlt" ]
[ "Some people's digestive tract doesn't have the right balance of bacteria. So doctors can take my feces and transplant it into your digestive tract, hoping that the bacteria will grow and flourish and heal your malfunctioning gut. This actually works quite well in some cases." ]
[ 8 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
h0w5y6
How does buying a stock and holding it for let’s say 10+ years help make you more money?
Economics
explainlikeimfive
[ "ftoi3dh" ]
[ "Two ways: The company the stock is from can pay you dividends (a percentage of its value for having the stock and thus a part of the company) and the second is that it can increase in value over time, based on valuation of the overall market." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
gnkvvr
On Google you can see the usage of a word over the past century or so. Why do words sometime have a figure stating that a word like "PayPal" is used from 1890-1910? I know that Google looks at archived data. So where is this information coming from?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "fraeqku", "fracf54" ]
[ "One thing I've noticed at the Internet Archive is that you might get hits for, say, the Watergate scandal in the 1920s. When you check the book you find that it's a work from the 1920s that was reprinted in the 1980s with a 1986 introduction that mentions Watergate. Also, many works are misdated. At the Archive you find lots of magazines that are dated, say 1956, but are actually from a completely different decade. Google might have similar problems." ]
[ 19 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
95guqc
Why is it instinctive to hold our breath (or to breath less deeply) when under stress/in pain, given that that's completely counterproductive?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "e3slsez" ]
[ "It's the same instinct that makes you hold your breath when you're about to put out some serious physical strain, why exactly we do it is not sure, some say it's to focus on the physical activity without the bother of breathing. But for pain it's indeed counter-productive. Edit: Came to realize we probably hold our breath because right before that we take a big gulp of air to endure the activity." ]
[ 8 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
5xoi6k
Earlier today I went into some deep, existential thought about life and how it works and didn't feel like myself. Now I feel normal again. What happened earlier?
Other
explainlikeimfive
[ "dejozkm", "dejogia", "dejo97c" ]
[ "It's called a dissociative state. In psychology, dissociation is any of a wide array of experiences from mild detachment from immediate surroundings to more severe detachment from physical and emotional experience. The major characteristic of all dissociative phenomena involves a detachment from reality, rather than a loss of reality as in psychosis. Dissociation is commonly displayed on a continuum. In mild cases, dissociation can be regarded as a coping mechanism or defense mechanisms in seeking to master, minimize or tolerate stress – including boredom or conflict. At the nonpathological end of the continuum, dissociation describes common events such as daydreaming while driving a vehicle. Further along the continuum are non-pathological altered states of consciousness." ]
[ 34 ]
[ [], [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
68amxj
Why is it, "Beer before liquor you'll never be sicker?"
Just curious what the science is behind this. What chemically happens in your stomach that causes this specific effect as opposed to drinking liquor first?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dgx0z2o", "dgx27vd" ]
[ "the idea is that if you get drunk on bear first you wont feel the affects of the much stronger liquor and end up drinking way to much." ]
[ 10 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
caf0mk
how does an air conditioner work?
Technology
explainlikeimfive
[ "et8b1to" ]
[ "i can put it in lay terms. ur fridge has a gas container and this gas get really cold when it gets out of the container, so we runnit through tubes which freeze and we blow air around the frozen tubes which cools the fridge. then when the gas comes out the other side of the tubes a compressor pumps it back into its original container so it can be re released again and again and again." ]
[ 5 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
8jnzns
Why when you haven't eaten for a while do you sometimes get dizzy and lightheaded?
I woke up at 9 am and had been snacking on chips but after a while without eating i got a headache and started feeling dizzy and lightheaded...
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "dz12zos" ]
[ "Low Blood Sugar, I think. It makes sense that when your body needs energy to immediately perform a task that’s everyday in nature, it is not going to try and burn the fat you have stored but would ask for carbs and sugars. So, the low blood sugar causes fatigue, and dizziness and light-headedness is a reaction to that." ]
[ 3 ]
[ [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
ne6ry8
Why can't we swallow rapidly?
Biology
explainlikeimfive
[ "gyf09c0", "gyfe9kh" ]
[ "Swallowing is quite a complicated process--it involves the movement of a large chunk of thyroid cartilage and also requires the passage through to the windpipe to be closed off, to avoid food or water getting in there. That all takes time. If you try to short-cut it then it won't work very well--I'm sure you've choked on something when you tried to swallow it too fast." ]
[ 9 ]
[ [], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]
9cu2be
Why does the music when you're on hold sound so crappy/distorted?
Culture
explainlikeimfive
[ "e5d9dnq", "e5d9gkb", "e5d9m7x" ]
[ "Traditional telephone lines can only transfer sound frequencies between 300 and 3,400 hertz. Humans can hear from 20 to 20,000Hz and this is roughly the same range as music uses. Therefore, on a phone line you will lose lot of the bass (low frequencies) and treble (high frequencies) which causes the music to sound crappy." ]
[ 16 ]
[ [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2A8q3XIhu0" ], [] ]
[ "url" ]
[ "url" ]