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[ "Sonny & Cher", "1967-1969: Career woes", "What are their carer woes?", "Sonny and Cher's career had stalled by 1968 as album sales quickly dried up.", "Which of their album was the most successful?", "their third album, In Case You're In Love. It peaked at number 45 in the U.S. charts. It contained two hit singles,", "Which of the singles in the album were listed?", "\"The Beat Goes On\" (No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100) and \"Little Man\" (No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100),", "Did they win any award or recognition at this time?", "In an attempt to capitalize on the duo's initial success, Bono speedily arranged a film project for the duo to star in.", "Was the film project a success?", "the 1967 feature, Good Times, was a major bomb," ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? may refer to:\n\nWhat Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (novel), a 1960 suspense novel by Henry Farrell\n What Ever Happened to Baby Jane (film), a 1962 American psychological thriller, based on the novel.\n What Ever Happened to..., a 1991 ABC television film, based on the novel" ]

[ "Sonny & Cher were an American pop and entertainment duo in the 1960s and 1970s, made up of husband and wife Sonny Bono and Cher. The couple started their career in the mid-1960s as R&B backing singers for record producer Phil Spector.", "The couple started their career in the mid-1960s as R&B backing singers for record producer Phil Spector. The pair first achieved fame with two hit songs in 1965, \"Baby Don't Go\" and \"I Got You Babe\".", "The pair first achieved fame with two hit songs in 1965, \"Baby Don't Go\" and \"I Got You Babe\". Signing with Atco/Atlantic Records, they released three studio albums in the late 1960s, as well as the soundtrack recordings for two unsuccessful movies, Good Times and Chastity, with Cher contributing vocals to one cut, \"Chastity's Song (Band of Thieves)\".", "Signing with Atco/Atlantic Records, they released three studio albums in the late 1960s, as well as the soundtrack recordings for two unsuccessful movies, Good Times and Chastity, with Cher contributing vocals to one cut, \"Chastity's Song (Band of Thieves)\". In 1972, after three years of silence, the couple returned to the studio and released two other albums under the MCA/Kapp Records label.", "In 1972, after three years of silence, the couple returned to the studio and released two other albums under the MCA/Kapp Records label. In the 1970s, they also positioned themselves as media personalities with two top ten TV shows in the US, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour and The Sonny & Cher Show.", "In the 1970s, they also positioned themselves as media personalities with two top ten TV shows in the US, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour and The Sonny & Cher Show. The couple's career as a duo ended in 1975 following their divorce.", "The couple's career as a duo ended in 1975 following their divorce. In the decade they spent together, Sonny and Cher were nominated for two Grammy Awards and sold over 40 million records worldwide. Rolling Stone ranked them No. 18 on its list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time.", "18 on its list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time. Performing under her first name, Cher went on to a highly successful career as a solo singer and actress, while Sonny Bono was eventually elected to Congress as a Republican U.S. Representative from California.", "Performing under her first name, Cher went on to a highly successful career as a solo singer and actress, while Sonny Bono was eventually elected to Congress as a Republican U.S. Representative from California. The two performers were inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1998, following Sonny's death in a skiing accident.", "The two performers were inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1998, following Sonny's death in a skiing accident. Career 1962–1964: The origin Cherilyn Sarkisian first met Salvatore Bono in a Los Angeles coffee shop in November 1962, when she was sixteen.", "Career 1962–1964: The origin Cherilyn Sarkisian first met Salvatore Bono in a Los Angeles coffee shop in November 1962, when she was sixteen. Eleven years her senior, Bono was working for record producer Phil Spector at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood.", "Eleven years her senior, Bono was working for record producer Phil Spector at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood. The two became best friends, eventual lovers, and were supposedly married in 1964, but Bono says in his autobiography that it was not an official marriage. They were legally wed after their only child, Chaz, was born.", "They were legally wed after their only child, Chaz, was born. Through Bono, Cher started as a session singer, and sang backup on several of Spector's classic recordings, including \"Be My Baby\" by the Ronettes, \"You've Lost That Loving Feeling\" by The Righteous Brothers and Darlene Love's \"A Fine, Fine Boy\".", "Through Bono, Cher started as a session singer, and sang backup on several of Spector's classic recordings, including \"Be My Baby\" by the Ronettes, \"You've Lost That Loving Feeling\" by The Righteous Brothers and Darlene Love's \"A Fine, Fine Boy\". In Darlene Love's recording, the listener can clearly hear Cher and Sonny close to the mic (along with Love, who recorded her own backing vocals).", "In Darlene Love's recording, the listener can clearly hear Cher and Sonny close to the mic (along with Love, who recorded her own backing vocals). 1965–1966: Career development With Bono continuing to write, arrange and produce the songs, the couple's first incarnation was as the duo \"Caesar and Cleo\".", "1965–1966: Career development With Bono continuing to write, arrange and produce the songs, the couple's first incarnation was as the duo \"Caesar and Cleo\". They released some singles in 1964, including \"The Letter\", with Vault Records, and \"The Letter\", \"Do You Wanna Dance\" and \"Love Is Strange\", with Reprise Records.", "They released some singles in 1964, including \"The Letter\", with Vault Records, and \"The Letter\", \"Do You Wanna Dance\" and \"Love Is Strange\", with Reprise Records. In September 1964, they released \"Baby Don't Go\" under the name of Sonny & Cher, which became their first regional hit.", "In September 1964, they released \"Baby Don't Go\" under the name of Sonny & Cher, which became their first regional hit. The song was later included on the 1965 Reprise compilation Baby Don't Go – Sonny & Cher and Friends, which also included songs from artists such as Bill Medley, The Lettermen and The Blendells.", "The song was later included on the 1965 Reprise compilation Baby Don't Go – Sonny & Cher and Friends, which also included songs from artists such as Bill Medley, The Lettermen and The Blendells. The duo released their first album Look at Us in the summer of 1965.", "The duo released their first album Look at Us in the summer of 1965. The album contained the number one single \"I Got You Babe\". Look at Us peaked at number two on the Billboard chart for eight weeks in the later part of 1965.", "Look at Us peaked at number two on the Billboard chart for eight weeks in the later part of 1965. The couple appeared on many of the top television shows of the era including The Ed Sullivan Show, American Bandstand, Where The Action Is, Hollywood A Go-Go, Hollywood Palace, Hullabaloo, Beat Club, Shindig!, Ready Steady Go!", "The couple appeared on many of the top television shows of the era including The Ed Sullivan Show, American Bandstand, Where The Action Is, Hollywood A Go-Go, Hollywood Palace, Hullabaloo, Beat Club, Shindig!, Ready Steady Go! and Top of the Pops.", "and Top of the Pops. and Top of the Pops. They also appeared as themselves in the film Wild on the Beach, singing \"It's Gonna Rain\". On their first album Bono also displayed his political interest long before running for Congress in the lyrics of the song, \"The Revolution Kind\".", "On their first album Bono also displayed his political interest long before running for Congress in the lyrics of the song, \"The Revolution Kind\". As the followup to the success of Look at Us, they released their second studio album in April 1966, The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér, which peaked at number 34.", "As the followup to the success of Look at Us, they released their second studio album in April 1966, The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér, which peaked at number 34. The two dressed in animal skins with Bono wearing knee high caveman boots and Cher going barefoot.", "The two dressed in animal skins with Bono wearing knee high caveman boots and Cher going barefoot. During 1965, five of their songs were in US Billboard Top 20, a record passed only by Elvis Presley and behind famous artists like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and others.", "During 1965, five of their songs were in US Billboard Top 20, a record passed only by Elvis Presley and behind famous artists like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and others. Periodic solo releases by Cher continued during this period, including major successes with \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\", and Burt Bacharach & Hal David's theme from \"Alfie\" (as heard in the motion picture Alfie, as well as a single release), both in 1966.", "Periodic solo releases by Cher continued during this period, including major successes with \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\", and Burt Bacharach & Hal David's theme from \"Alfie\" (as heard in the motion picture Alfie, as well as a single release), both in 1966. They sided with the young people being harassed on the Sunset Strip during the Sunset Strip curfew riots; they were removed from their promised position of honor in the Tournament of Roses Parade in January 1967.", "They sided with the young people being harassed on the Sunset Strip during the Sunset Strip curfew riots; they were removed from their promised position of honor in the Tournament of Roses Parade in January 1967. 1967–1969: Career woes In 1967 Sonny and Cher released their third album, In Case You're In Love.", "1967–1969: Career woes In 1967 Sonny and Cher released their third album, In Case You're In Love. It peaked at number 45 in the U.S. charts. It contained two hit singles, both written by Bono, \"The Beat Goes On\" ( 6 on the Billboard Hot 100) and \"Little Man\" (No.", "It contained two hit singles, both written by Bono, \"The Beat Goes On\" ( 6 on the Billboard Hot 100) and \"Little Man\" (No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100).", "21 on the Billboard Hot 100). In an attempt to capitalize on the duo's initial success, Bono speedily arranged a film project for the duo to star in. But the 1967 feature, Good Times, was a major bomb, despite the efforts of fledgling director William Friedkin and co-star George Sanders.", "But the 1967 feature, Good Times, was a major bomb, despite the efforts of fledgling director William Friedkin and co-star George Sanders. After Good Times flopped in 1968, Columbia Pictures immediately sold rights to their intended follow-up film Speedway to MGM. The couple were replaced by Elvis Presley and Nancy Sinatra.", "The couple were replaced by Elvis Presley and Nancy Sinatra. In 1969, another film, Chastity, starring Cher, written and produced by Sonny, was also a commercial bomb. Sonny and Cher's career had stalled by 1968 as album sales quickly dried up.", "Sonny and Cher's career had stalled by 1968 as album sales quickly dried up. Their gentle, easy-listening pop sound and drug-free life had become unpopular in an era increasingly consumed with the psychedelic rock of the evolving landscape of American pop culture during the late 1960s.", "Their gentle, easy-listening pop sound and drug-free life had become unpopular in an era increasingly consumed with the psychedelic rock of the evolving landscape of American pop culture during the late 1960s. Bono decided to forge ahead, carving a new career for the duo in Las Vegas resorts, where they sharpened their public persona with Cher as the wise-cracking, glamorous singer, and Bono as the good-natured recipient of her insults.", "Bono decided to forge ahead, carving a new career for the duo in Las Vegas resorts, where they sharpened their public persona with Cher as the wise-cracking, glamorous singer, and Bono as the good-natured recipient of her insults. In reality, Bono controlled every aspect of their act, from the musical arrangements to the joke-writing.", "In reality, Bono controlled every aspect of their act, from the musical arrangements to the joke-writing. While success was slow to come, their luck improved when network TV talent scouts attended a show, noting their potential appeal for a variety series.", "While success was slow to come, their luck improved when network TV talent scouts attended a show, noting their potential appeal for a variety series. Sonny and Cher also welcomed their first child, Chastity (named after Cher's movie), born on March 4, 1969.", "Sonny and Cher also welcomed their first child, Chastity (named after Cher's movie), born on March 4, 1969. 1970–1977: TV success and divorce In 1970, Sonny and Cher starred in their first television special, The Nitty Gritty Hour, a mixture of slapstick comedy, skits, and live music.", "1970–1977: TV success and divorce In 1970, Sonny and Cher starred in their first television special, The Nitty Gritty Hour, a mixture of slapstick comedy, skits, and live music. The appearance was a critical success, which led to numerous guest spots on other television shows.", "The appearance was a critical success, which led to numerous guest spots on other television shows. They also appeared in The New Scooby-Doo Movies as guest stars. Sonny and Cher caught the eye of CBS head of programming Fred Silverman while guest-hosting The Merv Griffin Show, and Silverman offered the duo their own variety show.", "Sonny and Cher caught the eye of CBS head of programming Fred Silverman while guest-hosting The Merv Griffin Show, and Silverman offered the duo their own variety show. The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour debuted in 1971 as a summer replacement series.", "The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour debuted in 1971 as a summer replacement series. The show returned to prime time later that year and was an immediate hit, quickly reaching the Top 10. The show received 15 Emmy Award nominations during its run, winning one for direction, throughout its initial four seasons on CBS.", "The show received 15 Emmy Award nominations during its run, winning one for direction, throughout its initial four seasons on CBS. The duo also revived their recording career, releasing the album All I Ever Need Is You, and charting two more top ten hits: \"All I Ever Need Is You\", and \"A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done\" in 1972.", "The duo also revived their recording career, releasing the album All I Ever Need Is You, and charting two more top ten hits: \"All I Ever Need Is You\", and \"A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done\" in 1972. Sonny and Cher's dialogues were patterned after the successful nightclub routines of Louis Prima and Keely Smith: the happy-go-lucky husband squelched by a tart remark from the unamused wife.", "Sonny and Cher's dialogues were patterned after the successful nightclub routines of Louis Prima and Keely Smith: the happy-go-lucky husband squelched by a tart remark from the unamused wife. The show featured a stock company of zany comedians, including Teri Garr, Freeman King, Ted Ziegler, Billy Van and Murray Langston (later The Unknown Comic on The Gong Show).", "The show featured a stock company of zany comedians, including Teri Garr, Freeman King, Ted Ziegler, Billy Van and Murray Langston (later The Unknown Comic on The Gong Show). One sketch satirizing CBS's detective show Cannon and its portly star William Conrad was so successful that Sonny and Cher staged several follow-ups, with Tony Curtis as \"Detective Fat\".", "One sketch satirizing CBS's detective show Cannon and its portly star William Conrad was so successful that Sonny and Cher staged several follow-ups, with Tony Curtis as \"Detective Fat\". Everybody in these sketches wore wide-waisted \"fat suits\" (similar to hoop skirts), so Detective Fat and his clients and his suspects would spend most of the time bumping each other and bouncing across the crowded room.", "Everybody in these sketches wore wide-waisted \"fat suits\" (similar to hoop skirts), so Detective Fat and his clients and his suspects would spend most of the time bumping each other and bouncing across the crowded room. By the third season of the Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour, the marriage of Sonny and Cher was falling apart; the duo separated later that year.", "By the third season of the Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour, the marriage of Sonny and Cher was falling apart; the duo separated later that year. The show imploded, while still rating in the top 10. What followed was a very public divorce (finalized on June 26, 1975).", "What followed was a very public divorce (finalized on June 26, 1975). Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance By an Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy for The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour in 1974.", "Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance By an Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy for The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour in 1974. Bono launched his own show, The Sonny Comedy Revue, in the fall of 1974, retaining the \"Sonny and Cher\" troupe of comedians and writers.", "Bono launched his own show, The Sonny Comedy Revue, in the fall of 1974, retaining the \"Sonny and Cher\" troupe of comedians and writers. Cher also announced plans to star in a new variety series of her own.", "Cher also announced plans to star in a new variety series of her own. Critics predicted that Bono would be the big winner with a solo comedy vehicle, and held little hope for Cher's more musical showcase. After only six weeks, however, Bono's show was abruptly canceled.", "After only six weeks, however, Bono's show was abruptly canceled. The Cher show debuted as an elaborate, all-star television special on February 16, 1975, featuring Flip Wilson, Bette Midler, and special guest Elton John.", "The Cher show debuted as an elaborate, all-star television special on February 16, 1975, featuring Flip Wilson, Bette Midler, and special guest Elton John. Cloris Leachman and Jack Albertson both won Emmy Awards for their appearances as guest-stars a few weeks later, and the series received four additional Emmy nominations that year.", "Cloris Leachman and Jack Albertson both won Emmy Awards for their appearances as guest-stars a few weeks later, and the series received four additional Emmy nominations that year. The first season ranked in the Top 25 of the year-end ratings.", "The first season ranked in the Top 25 of the year-end ratings. As a result of the divorce, Sonny and Cher went their separate ways until Cher attended the opening of one of Bono's restaurants in something of a reconciliation.", "As a result of the divorce, Sonny and Cher went their separate ways until Cher attended the opening of one of Bono's restaurants in something of a reconciliation. The Sonny & Cher Show returned in 1976, even though they were no longer married (the duo \"reunited\" with a humorous handshake).", "The Sonny & Cher Show returned in 1976, even though they were no longer married (the duo \"reunited\" with a humorous handshake). After struggling with low ratings through 1977, Sonny and Cher finally parted ways for good.", "After struggling with low ratings through 1977, Sonny and Cher finally parted ways for good. In 1976, Mego Toys also released a line of toys and dolls, in the likeness of Sonny & Cher. The release of these fashion dolls coincided with the popularity of The Sonny & Cher Show.", "The release of these fashion dolls coincided with the popularity of The Sonny & Cher Show. 1978–1999: After Sonny and Cher Sonny Bono went on to an acting career and later entered politics, eventually becoming a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Cher went on to become a Grammy Award-winning solo singer and an Academy Award-winning actress.", "Cher went on to become a Grammy Award-winning solo singer and an Academy Award-winning actress. The couple made two surprise impromptu reunion performances: the first on The Mike Douglas Show in the spring of 1979, singing a medley of \"United We Stand\" and \"Without You\", and the second on November 13, 1987, on Late Night with David Letterman where they performed their hit song \"I Got You Babe\"; it turned out to be the last time the two would perform together.", "The couple made two surprise impromptu reunion performances: the first on The Mike Douglas Show in the spring of 1979, singing a medley of \"United We Stand\" and \"Without You\", and the second on November 13, 1987, on Late Night with David Letterman where they performed their hit song \"I Got You Babe\"; it turned out to be the last time the two would perform together. In early 1999, And the Beat Goes On: The Sonny and Cher Story, directed by David Burton Morris and starring Jay Underwood and Renee Faia, was broadcast on ABC.", "In early 1999, And the Beat Goes On: The Sonny and Cher Story, directed by David Burton Morris and starring Jay Underwood and Renee Faia, was broadcast on ABC. The TV movie was based on the autobiography of Bono, and focuses on the relationship between the couple during the early 1960s to their divorce in the late 1970s.", "The TV movie was based on the autobiography of Bono, and focuses on the relationship between the couple during the early 1960s to their divorce in the late 1970s. This movie was also nominated for two Emmy Awards.", "This movie was also nominated for two Emmy Awards. Bono's death, music copyright On January 5, 1998, Bono died of injuries from hitting a tree while skiing at Heavenly Ski Resort in Lake Tahoe. He was 62 years old. Bono's death came just days after Michael Kennedy died in a similar accident.", "Bono's death came just days after Michael Kennedy died in a similar accident. Bono's widow, Mary, was selected to fill the remainder of his congressional term, and was re-elected in her own right, serving until she was defeated for re-election in 2012.", "Bono's widow, Mary, was selected to fill the remainder of his congressional term, and was re-elected in her own right, serving until she was defeated for re-election in 2012. She continues to champion many of her late husband's causes, including the ongoing fight as how to best save the Salton Sea.", "She continues to champion many of her late husband's causes, including the ongoing fight as how to best save the Salton Sea. The funeral, unbeknownst to Cher, was broadcast live on CNN. She gave a tearful eulogy, after which the attendees sang the song \"The Beat Goes On\".", "She gave a tearful eulogy, after which the attendees sang the song \"The Beat Goes On\". In front of millions, Cher tearfully and effusively praised Bono, calling him \"the most unforgettable character I've ever met\".", "In front of millions, Cher tearfully and effusively praised Bono, calling him \"the most unforgettable character I've ever met\". His final resting place is Desert Memorial Park in nearby Cathedral City, California, the same cemetery in which Frank Sinatra was laid to rest later that same year.", "His final resting place is Desert Memorial Park in nearby Cathedral City, California, the same cemetery in which Frank Sinatra was laid to rest later that same year. The epitaph on Bono's headstone reads: \"And The Beat Goes On\".", "The epitaph on Bono's headstone reads: \"And The Beat Goes On\". In 1998, Sonny and Cher received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television. Cher appeared at the event with Mary Bono, who accepted the award on behalf of her late husband.", "Cher appeared at the event with Mary Bono, who accepted the award on behalf of her late husband. Cher paid tribute to Bono in the CBS special Sonny and Me: Cher Remembers, calling her grief \"something I never plan to get over\".", "Cher paid tribute to Bono in the CBS special Sonny and Me: Cher Remembers, calling her grief \"something I never plan to get over\". During the same year, Cher also released her twenty-second album Believe that was highly influenced by Bono's death, and in the booklet Cher wrote \"In memory of Son\".", "During the same year, Cher also released her twenty-second album Believe that was highly influenced by Bono's death, and in the booklet Cher wrote \"In memory of Son\". When Cher and Bono divorced, they agreed to split revenue from the songs recorded together.", "When Cher and Bono divorced, they agreed to split revenue from the songs recorded together. When Bono died, one-third of his interest passed to wife Mary Bono-Mack, and one-sixth interests were split amongst his children. Cher sued UMG in 2009, claiming she and Bono's heirs were owed $5,000,000 in \"hidden\" royalties.", "Cher sued UMG in 2009, claiming she and Bono's heirs were owed $5,000,000 in \"hidden\" royalties. Legacy and achievements Author Joseph Murrells described Sonny & Cher as \"part of the leading exponents of the rock-folk-message type of song, a hybrid combining the best and instrumentation of rock music with folk lyric and often lyrics of protest.\"", "Legacy and achievements Author Joseph Murrells described Sonny & Cher as \"part of the leading exponents of the rock-folk-message type of song, a hybrid combining the best and instrumentation of rock music with folk lyric and often lyrics of protest.\" The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour received numerous Emmy nominations; Director Art Fisher won for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series in 1972.", "The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour received numerous Emmy nominations; Director Art Fisher won for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series in 1972. Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 1974.", "Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 1974. Sonny and Cher received the following honors: 1966: Grammy nomination for Best New Artist 1972: Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance 1998: Received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 2015: Ranked No.", "Sonny and Cher received the following honors: 1966: Grammy nomination for Best New Artist 1972: Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance 1998: Received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 2015: Ranked No. 18 on Rolling Stone's list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time Filmography Discography Look at Us (1965) The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér (1966) In Case You're in Love (1967) All I Ever Need Is You (1972) Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (1974) See also Cher Sonny Bono Supercouple List of number-one hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 References Notes Books Sonny And Cher - Thomas Braun (1978).", "18 on Rolling Stone's list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time Filmography Discography Look at Us (1965) The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér (1966) In Case You're in Love (1967) All I Ever Need Is You (1972) Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (1974) See also Cher Sonny Bono Supercouple List of number-one hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 References Notes Books Sonny And Cher - Thomas Braun (1978). And The Beat Goes On - Sonny Bono (1991).", "And The Beat Goes On - Sonny Bono (1991). The First Time - Cher (1998).", "The First Time - Cher (1998). External links Behind the Making of Sonny & Cher: Complete Discography & Recording History to 1970 The Wondrous World of Sonny & Cher Information sites + American pop rock music groups American musical duos American pop music groups Atco Records artists Atlantic Records artists Cher Married couples MCA Records artists Musical groups established in 1964 Rock music duos Sonny Bono Male–female musical duos Reprise Records artists Warner Records artists" ]

[ "Sonny & Cher", "1967-1969: Career woes", "What are their carer woes?", "Sonny and Cher's career had stalled by 1968 as album sales quickly dried up.", "Which of their album was the most successful?", "their third album, In Case You're In Love. It peaked at number 45 in the U.S. charts. It contained two hit singles,", "Which of the singles in the album were listed?", "\"The Beat Goes On\" (No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100) and \"Little Man\" (No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100),", "Did they win any award or recognition at this time?", "In an attempt to capitalize on the duo's initial success, Bono speedily arranged a film project for the duo to star in.", "Was the film project a success?", "the 1967 feature, Good Times, was a major bomb,", "What happened when the project failed?", "After Good Times flopped in 1968, Columbia Pictures immediately sold rights to their intended follow-up film Speedway to MGM.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Sonny and Cher also welcomed their first child, Chastity Sun Bono, born on March 4, 1969." ]

[ "Dominique \"Dom\" Guinard is the CTO of EVRYTHNG. He is a technologist, entrepreneur and developer with a career dedicated to building the Internet of Things both in the cloud and on embedded Things. He is particularly known for his early contributions to the Web of Things alongside with other researchers such as Vlad Trifa, Erik Wilde and Friedemann Mattern. Guinard is a published researcher, a book author and a recognized expert in Internet of Things technologies\n\nCareer\n\nGuinard studied Computer Science at Université de Fribourg and graduated with a master's degree in computer science with a minor in business administration. During his studies he also worked at and co-founded several startups (Spoker, Dartfish, GMIPSoft), taught computer science and software developed at several private and public schools.\n\nGuinard began working on the Internet of Things in 2005 with Sun Microsystems working on RFID applications. He continued studying the field with his a master's thesis at Lancaster University on Ubiquitous Computing. After graduating from university, he went on to get his PhD in Computer Science at ETH Zurich. During his time as a PhD he also worked as a Research Associate for SAP where he met Vlad Trifa. Both focused on the Internet of Things applications at SAP especially looking at the integration of real-world devices such as wireless sensor networks to business processes and enterprise software (e.g., ERPs).\n\nThe complexity of these integrations at the time lead them to look for simpler integration mechanisms. In 2007 they defined an application layer for the Internet of Things that uses Web standards called the Web of Things and founded the Webofthings.org community to promote the use of Web standards in the IoT. Guinard wrote his Ph.D thesis on the Web of Things, particularly looking at the physical mashups of Things on the Web. His thesis was granted an ETH Medal in 2012\n. Towards the end of his Ph.D worked applying the Web of Things concepts to Smart Supply chains and IoT applications in manufacturing environments at the MIT Auto-ID Lab with Professor Sanjay Sarma.\n\nIn 2011, Guinard co-founded EVRYTHNG together with Vlad Trifa, Niall Murphy and Andy Hobsbawm. The founding idea of EVRYTHNG was to create digital identities and Web APIs for all kinds of objects: from consumer goods to consumer electronics. As such, EVRYTHNG was the first commercial Web of Things platform. Dominique has been the CTO of EVRYTHNG since then, overseeing all the technical aspects of the platform.\n\nIn 2015, Guinard co-authored the Web Thing Model which was accepted as an official W3C member submission. The Web Thing model is a first attempt at creating a simple Web based standard for the application layer of the Internet of Things.\n\nPublications\n\nGuinard published a number of scientific articles in journals and conferences\n\ncovering many aspects of the Internet of Things and the Web of Things. One of his most cited publications is \"Towards the Web of Things: Web Mashups for Embedded Devices\" which lays the foundations for integrating everyday devices and sensors to the Web.\n\nGuinard co-authored a number of books\n\nrelated IoT and in particular \"Building the Web of Things\". This book was the first to provide an applicable step-by-step guide about how to implement Web-based smart products and applications using Node.js and the Raspberry Pi.\n\nReferences\n\nLiving people\nETH Zurich alumni\nSwiss computer scientists\nInternet of things\n1981 births", "Daniel Clark Blackburn (born May 20, 1983) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played 63 regular-season games for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL), going 20–32–11 with 1 shutout.\n\nMinor league career\nBorn in Quebec, Blackburn moved to Canmore, Alberta as a teen and played major junior hockey with the Western Hockey League's Kootenay Ice in Cranbrook, British Columbia. In 2001, he was named the Canadian Hockey League's Goaltender of the Year. Blackburn was drafted by the New York Rangers in the first round of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft, 10th overall.\n\nNHL career\nFor most of 2001–02, Blackburn served as backup to longtime Rangers goalie, Mike Richter, playing in 31 games, a large total for a backup goaltender. He was selected as the goaltender for the 2002 NHL All-Rookie Team and posted a 3.28 goals against average (GAA) and .898 save percentage.\n\nWith Richter out with a head injury, Blackburn recorded his only career shutout on November 7, 2002, in a 1–0 overtime win over the Calgary Flames. Blackburn dismissed concerns that the heavy workload would be too much for him by pointing out that he had endured a heavier workload in juniors. However, after 17 consecutive starts, Blackburn eventually burned out, playing less effectively and tiring. It was becoming clear that Richter's difficulties with post-concussion syndrome were unlikely to abate, and that more help was needed. \"We had to make a deal,\" Glen Sather claimed. \"I did not want to see Danny lose his confidence and struggle, or for our team to struggle.\"\n\nSather traded for Nashville Predator Mike Dunham, an experienced number-one goaltender, to let Blackburn develop at a consistent rate. Blackburn finished the 2002–03 season with a 3.17 GAA and a .890 save percentage.\n\nInjuries and retirement\nA shoulder injury forced him into retirement in 2005.\n\nHe retired after missing the entire 2003–04 NHL season due to a nerve injury sustained just before training camp to his left shoulder due to a weightlifting mishap. He had nerve exploration surgery on March 31, 2004, then made an attempt to return to hockey, sporting a pair of blockers rather than the conventional blocker/catcher combination, as his injury rendered him incapable of rotating his glove hand. On February 1, 2005, he joined the Victoria Salmon Kings of the ECHL, going 3–9–0, with a 3.54 GAA in 12 games. On September 15, during the Rangers training camp, he suffered a strained MCL. Subsequently, Blackburn announced his retirement on September 25. Had Blackburn continued to attempt a comeback, he would have forfeited an insurance payout of approximately six million dollars.\n\nAfter his retirement, Blackburn enrolled at Arizona State University. He later became the manager of business development for the Goaltender Development Institute. He currently resides in Dallas, Texas and Waltham, Massachusetts. When asked if he ever envisioned a return to hockey, he was quoted as saying, \"Never, I doubt I will ever put goalie pads on again. I don't have interest in playing net.\" He also stated, \"It's not bittersweet, you know what? I don't really miss it anymore - it's been such a long time. It was a chapter of my life and I'm on to the next....I don't have any regrets at all about what transpired or the way things happened for me. I really enjoy what I do now in the business world....From my point of view, I was really fortunate, even though I was only there for a couple of years. It really set up the rest of my life for all the things that I want to do, from there on out.\"\n\nOn December 31, 2011, Blackburn participated in the 2012 Winter Classic Alumni Game at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, playing in goal for the Rangers alumni against the Philadelphia Flyers alumni.\n\nAwards and honours\n\nCareer statistics\n\nRegular season and playoffs\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1983 births\nCanadian ice hockey goaltenders\nIce hockey people from Quebec\nKootenay Ice players\nLiving people\nNational Hockey League first round draft picks\nNew York Rangers draft picks\nNew York Rangers players\nSportspeople from Montreal\nVictoria Salmon Kings players" ]

[ "Sonny & Cher were an American pop and entertainment duo in the 1960s and 1970s, made up of husband and wife Sonny Bono and Cher. The couple started their career in the mid-1960s as R&B backing singers for record producer Phil Spector.", "The couple started their career in the mid-1960s as R&B backing singers for record producer Phil Spector. The pair first achieved fame with two hit songs in 1965, \"Baby Don't Go\" and \"I Got You Babe\".", "The pair first achieved fame with two hit songs in 1965, \"Baby Don't Go\" and \"I Got You Babe\". Signing with Atco/Atlantic Records, they released three studio albums in the late 1960s, as well as the soundtrack recordings for two unsuccessful movies, Good Times and Chastity, with Cher contributing vocals to one cut, \"Chastity's Song (Band of Thieves)\".", "Signing with Atco/Atlantic Records, they released three studio albums in the late 1960s, as well as the soundtrack recordings for two unsuccessful movies, Good Times and Chastity, with Cher contributing vocals to one cut, \"Chastity's Song (Band of Thieves)\". In 1972, after three years of silence, the couple returned to the studio and released two other albums under the MCA/Kapp Records label.", "In 1972, after three years of silence, the couple returned to the studio and released two other albums under the MCA/Kapp Records label. In the 1970s, they also positioned themselves as media personalities with two top ten TV shows in the US, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour and The Sonny & Cher Show.", "In the 1970s, they also positioned themselves as media personalities with two top ten TV shows in the US, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour and The Sonny & Cher Show. The couple's career as a duo ended in 1975 following their divorce.", "The couple's career as a duo ended in 1975 following their divorce. In the decade they spent together, Sonny and Cher were nominated for two Grammy Awards and sold over 40 million records worldwide. Rolling Stone ranked them No. 18 on its list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time.", "18 on its list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time. Performing under her first name, Cher went on to a highly successful career as a solo singer and actress, while Sonny Bono was eventually elected to Congress as a Republican U.S. Representative from California.", "Performing under her first name, Cher went on to a highly successful career as a solo singer and actress, while Sonny Bono was eventually elected to Congress as a Republican U.S. Representative from California. The two performers were inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1998, following Sonny's death in a skiing accident.", "The two performers were inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1998, following Sonny's death in a skiing accident. Career 1962–1964: The origin Cherilyn Sarkisian first met Salvatore Bono in a Los Angeles coffee shop in November 1962, when she was sixteen.", "Career 1962–1964: The origin Cherilyn Sarkisian first met Salvatore Bono in a Los Angeles coffee shop in November 1962, when she was sixteen. Eleven years her senior, Bono was working for record producer Phil Spector at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood.", "Eleven years her senior, Bono was working for record producer Phil Spector at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood. The two became best friends, eventual lovers, and were supposedly married in 1964, but Bono says in his autobiography that it was not an official marriage. They were legally wed after their only child, Chaz, was born.", "They were legally wed after their only child, Chaz, was born. Through Bono, Cher started as a session singer, and sang backup on several of Spector's classic recordings, including \"Be My Baby\" by the Ronettes, \"You've Lost That Loving Feeling\" by The Righteous Brothers and Darlene Love's \"A Fine, Fine Boy\".", "Through Bono, Cher started as a session singer, and sang backup on several of Spector's classic recordings, including \"Be My Baby\" by the Ronettes, \"You've Lost That Loving Feeling\" by The Righteous Brothers and Darlene Love's \"A Fine, Fine Boy\". In Darlene Love's recording, the listener can clearly hear Cher and Sonny close to the mic (along with Love, who recorded her own backing vocals).", "In Darlene Love's recording, the listener can clearly hear Cher and Sonny close to the mic (along with Love, who recorded her own backing vocals). 1965–1966: Career development With Bono continuing to write, arrange and produce the songs, the couple's first incarnation was as the duo \"Caesar and Cleo\".", "1965–1966: Career development With Bono continuing to write, arrange and produce the songs, the couple's first incarnation was as the duo \"Caesar and Cleo\". They released some singles in 1964, including \"The Letter\", with Vault Records, and \"The Letter\", \"Do You Wanna Dance\" and \"Love Is Strange\", with Reprise Records.", "They released some singles in 1964, including \"The Letter\", with Vault Records, and \"The Letter\", \"Do You Wanna Dance\" and \"Love Is Strange\", with Reprise Records. In September 1964, they released \"Baby Don't Go\" under the name of Sonny & Cher, which became their first regional hit.", "In September 1964, they released \"Baby Don't Go\" under the name of Sonny & Cher, which became their first regional hit. The song was later included on the 1965 Reprise compilation Baby Don't Go – Sonny & Cher and Friends, which also included songs from artists such as Bill Medley, The Lettermen and The Blendells.", "The song was later included on the 1965 Reprise compilation Baby Don't Go – Sonny & Cher and Friends, which also included songs from artists such as Bill Medley, The Lettermen and The Blendells. The duo released their first album Look at Us in the summer of 1965.", "The duo released their first album Look at Us in the summer of 1965. The album contained the number one single \"I Got You Babe\". Look at Us peaked at number two on the Billboard chart for eight weeks in the later part of 1965.", "Look at Us peaked at number two on the Billboard chart for eight weeks in the later part of 1965. The couple appeared on many of the top television shows of the era including The Ed Sullivan Show, American Bandstand, Where The Action Is, Hollywood A Go-Go, Hollywood Palace, Hullabaloo, Beat Club, Shindig!, Ready Steady Go!", "The couple appeared on many of the top television shows of the era including The Ed Sullivan Show, American Bandstand, Where The Action Is, Hollywood A Go-Go, Hollywood Palace, Hullabaloo, Beat Club, Shindig!, Ready Steady Go! and Top of the Pops.", "and Top of the Pops. and Top of the Pops. They also appeared as themselves in the film Wild on the Beach, singing \"It's Gonna Rain\". On their first album Bono also displayed his political interest long before running for Congress in the lyrics of the song, \"The Revolution Kind\".", "On their first album Bono also displayed his political interest long before running for Congress in the lyrics of the song, \"The Revolution Kind\". As the followup to the success of Look at Us, they released their second studio album in April 1966, The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér, which peaked at number 34.", "As the followup to the success of Look at Us, they released their second studio album in April 1966, The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér, which peaked at number 34. The two dressed in animal skins with Bono wearing knee high caveman boots and Cher going barefoot.", "The two dressed in animal skins with Bono wearing knee high caveman boots and Cher going barefoot. During 1965, five of their songs were in US Billboard Top 20, a record passed only by Elvis Presley and behind famous artists like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and others.", "During 1965, five of their songs were in US Billboard Top 20, a record passed only by Elvis Presley and behind famous artists like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and others. Periodic solo releases by Cher continued during this period, including major successes with \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\", and Burt Bacharach & Hal David's theme from \"Alfie\" (as heard in the motion picture Alfie, as well as a single release), both in 1966.", "Periodic solo releases by Cher continued during this period, including major successes with \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\", and Burt Bacharach & Hal David's theme from \"Alfie\" (as heard in the motion picture Alfie, as well as a single release), both in 1966. They sided with the young people being harassed on the Sunset Strip during the Sunset Strip curfew riots; they were removed from their promised position of honor in the Tournament of Roses Parade in January 1967.", "They sided with the young people being harassed on the Sunset Strip during the Sunset Strip curfew riots; they were removed from their promised position of honor in the Tournament of Roses Parade in January 1967. 1967–1969: Career woes In 1967 Sonny and Cher released their third album, In Case You're In Love.", "1967–1969: Career woes In 1967 Sonny and Cher released their third album, In Case You're In Love. It peaked at number 45 in the U.S. charts. It contained two hit singles, both written by Bono, \"The Beat Goes On\" ( 6 on the Billboard Hot 100) and \"Little Man\" (No.", "It contained two hit singles, both written by Bono, \"The Beat Goes On\" ( 6 on the Billboard Hot 100) and \"Little Man\" (No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100).", "21 on the Billboard Hot 100). In an attempt to capitalize on the duo's initial success, Bono speedily arranged a film project for the duo to star in. But the 1967 feature, Good Times, was a major bomb, despite the efforts of fledgling director William Friedkin and co-star George Sanders.", "But the 1967 feature, Good Times, was a major bomb, despite the efforts of fledgling director William Friedkin and co-star George Sanders. After Good Times flopped in 1968, Columbia Pictures immediately sold rights to their intended follow-up film Speedway to MGM. The couple were replaced by Elvis Presley and Nancy Sinatra.", "The couple were replaced by Elvis Presley and Nancy Sinatra. In 1969, another film, Chastity, starring Cher, written and produced by Sonny, was also a commercial bomb. Sonny and Cher's career had stalled by 1968 as album sales quickly dried up.", "Sonny and Cher's career had stalled by 1968 as album sales quickly dried up. Their gentle, easy-listening pop sound and drug-free life had become unpopular in an era increasingly consumed with the psychedelic rock of the evolving landscape of American pop culture during the late 1960s.", "Their gentle, easy-listening pop sound and drug-free life had become unpopular in an era increasingly consumed with the psychedelic rock of the evolving landscape of American pop culture during the late 1960s. Bono decided to forge ahead, carving a new career for the duo in Las Vegas resorts, where they sharpened their public persona with Cher as the wise-cracking, glamorous singer, and Bono as the good-natured recipient of her insults.", "Bono decided to forge ahead, carving a new career for the duo in Las Vegas resorts, where they sharpened their public persona with Cher as the wise-cracking, glamorous singer, and Bono as the good-natured recipient of her insults. In reality, Bono controlled every aspect of their act, from the musical arrangements to the joke-writing.", "In reality, Bono controlled every aspect of their act, from the musical arrangements to the joke-writing. While success was slow to come, their luck improved when network TV talent scouts attended a show, noting their potential appeal for a variety series.", "While success was slow to come, their luck improved when network TV talent scouts attended a show, noting their potential appeal for a variety series. Sonny and Cher also welcomed their first child, Chastity (named after Cher's movie), born on March 4, 1969.", "Sonny and Cher also welcomed their first child, Chastity (named after Cher's movie), born on March 4, 1969. 1970–1977: TV success and divorce In 1970, Sonny and Cher starred in their first television special, The Nitty Gritty Hour, a mixture of slapstick comedy, skits, and live music.", "1970–1977: TV success and divorce In 1970, Sonny and Cher starred in their first television special, The Nitty Gritty Hour, a mixture of slapstick comedy, skits, and live music. The appearance was a critical success, which led to numerous guest spots on other television shows.", "The appearance was a critical success, which led to numerous guest spots on other television shows. They also appeared in The New Scooby-Doo Movies as guest stars. Sonny and Cher caught the eye of CBS head of programming Fred Silverman while guest-hosting The Merv Griffin Show, and Silverman offered the duo their own variety show.", "Sonny and Cher caught the eye of CBS head of programming Fred Silverman while guest-hosting The Merv Griffin Show, and Silverman offered the duo their own variety show. The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour debuted in 1971 as a summer replacement series.", "The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour debuted in 1971 as a summer replacement series. The show returned to prime time later that year and was an immediate hit, quickly reaching the Top 10. The show received 15 Emmy Award nominations during its run, winning one for direction, throughout its initial four seasons on CBS.", "The show received 15 Emmy Award nominations during its run, winning one for direction, throughout its initial four seasons on CBS. The duo also revived their recording career, releasing the album All I Ever Need Is You, and charting two more top ten hits: \"All I Ever Need Is You\", and \"A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done\" in 1972.", "The duo also revived their recording career, releasing the album All I Ever Need Is You, and charting two more top ten hits: \"All I Ever Need Is You\", and \"A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done\" in 1972. Sonny and Cher's dialogues were patterned after the successful nightclub routines of Louis Prima and Keely Smith: the happy-go-lucky husband squelched by a tart remark from the unamused wife.", "Sonny and Cher's dialogues were patterned after the successful nightclub routines of Louis Prima and Keely Smith: the happy-go-lucky husband squelched by a tart remark from the unamused wife. The show featured a stock company of zany comedians, including Teri Garr, Freeman King, Ted Ziegler, Billy Van and Murray Langston (later The Unknown Comic on The Gong Show).", "The show featured a stock company of zany comedians, including Teri Garr, Freeman King, Ted Ziegler, Billy Van and Murray Langston (later The Unknown Comic on The Gong Show). One sketch satirizing CBS's detective show Cannon and its portly star William Conrad was so successful that Sonny and Cher staged several follow-ups, with Tony Curtis as \"Detective Fat\".", "One sketch satirizing CBS's detective show Cannon and its portly star William Conrad was so successful that Sonny and Cher staged several follow-ups, with Tony Curtis as \"Detective Fat\". Everybody in these sketches wore wide-waisted \"fat suits\" (similar to hoop skirts), so Detective Fat and his clients and his suspects would spend most of the time bumping each other and bouncing across the crowded room.", "Everybody in these sketches wore wide-waisted \"fat suits\" (similar to hoop skirts), so Detective Fat and his clients and his suspects would spend most of the time bumping each other and bouncing across the crowded room. By the third season of the Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour, the marriage of Sonny and Cher was falling apart; the duo separated later that year.", "By the third season of the Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour, the marriage of Sonny and Cher was falling apart; the duo separated later that year. The show imploded, while still rating in the top 10. What followed was a very public divorce (finalized on June 26, 1975).", "What followed was a very public divorce (finalized on June 26, 1975). Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance By an Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy for The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour in 1974.", "Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance By an Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy for The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour in 1974. Bono launched his own show, The Sonny Comedy Revue, in the fall of 1974, retaining the \"Sonny and Cher\" troupe of comedians and writers.", "Bono launched his own show, The Sonny Comedy Revue, in the fall of 1974, retaining the \"Sonny and Cher\" troupe of comedians and writers. Cher also announced plans to star in a new variety series of her own.", "Cher also announced plans to star in a new variety series of her own. Critics predicted that Bono would be the big winner with a solo comedy vehicle, and held little hope for Cher's more musical showcase. After only six weeks, however, Bono's show was abruptly canceled.", "After only six weeks, however, Bono's show was abruptly canceled. The Cher show debuted as an elaborate, all-star television special on February 16, 1975, featuring Flip Wilson, Bette Midler, and special guest Elton John.", "The Cher show debuted as an elaborate, all-star television special on February 16, 1975, featuring Flip Wilson, Bette Midler, and special guest Elton John. Cloris Leachman and Jack Albertson both won Emmy Awards for their appearances as guest-stars a few weeks later, and the series received four additional Emmy nominations that year.", "Cloris Leachman and Jack Albertson both won Emmy Awards for their appearances as guest-stars a few weeks later, and the series received four additional Emmy nominations that year. The first season ranked in the Top 25 of the year-end ratings.", "The first season ranked in the Top 25 of the year-end ratings. As a result of the divorce, Sonny and Cher went their separate ways until Cher attended the opening of one of Bono's restaurants in something of a reconciliation.", "As a result of the divorce, Sonny and Cher went their separate ways until Cher attended the opening of one of Bono's restaurants in something of a reconciliation. The Sonny & Cher Show returned in 1976, even though they were no longer married (the duo \"reunited\" with a humorous handshake).", "The Sonny & Cher Show returned in 1976, even though they were no longer married (the duo \"reunited\" with a humorous handshake). After struggling with low ratings through 1977, Sonny and Cher finally parted ways for good.", "After struggling with low ratings through 1977, Sonny and Cher finally parted ways for good. In 1976, Mego Toys also released a line of toys and dolls, in the likeness of Sonny & Cher. The release of these fashion dolls coincided with the popularity of The Sonny & Cher Show.", "The release of these fashion dolls coincided with the popularity of The Sonny & Cher Show. 1978–1999: After Sonny and Cher Sonny Bono went on to an acting career and later entered politics, eventually becoming a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Cher went on to become a Grammy Award-winning solo singer and an Academy Award-winning actress.", "Cher went on to become a Grammy Award-winning solo singer and an Academy Award-winning actress. The couple made two surprise impromptu reunion performances: the first on The Mike Douglas Show in the spring of 1979, singing a medley of \"United We Stand\" and \"Without You\", and the second on November 13, 1987, on Late Night with David Letterman where they performed their hit song \"I Got You Babe\"; it turned out to be the last time the two would perform together.", "The couple made two surprise impromptu reunion performances: the first on The Mike Douglas Show in the spring of 1979, singing a medley of \"United We Stand\" and \"Without You\", and the second on November 13, 1987, on Late Night with David Letterman where they performed their hit song \"I Got You Babe\"; it turned out to be the last time the two would perform together. In early 1999, And the Beat Goes On: The Sonny and Cher Story, directed by David Burton Morris and starring Jay Underwood and Renee Faia, was broadcast on ABC.", "In early 1999, And the Beat Goes On: The Sonny and Cher Story, directed by David Burton Morris and starring Jay Underwood and Renee Faia, was broadcast on ABC. The TV movie was based on the autobiography of Bono, and focuses on the relationship between the couple during the early 1960s to their divorce in the late 1970s.", "The TV movie was based on the autobiography of Bono, and focuses on the relationship between the couple during the early 1960s to their divorce in the late 1970s. This movie was also nominated for two Emmy Awards.", "This movie was also nominated for two Emmy Awards. Bono's death, music copyright On January 5, 1998, Bono died of injuries from hitting a tree while skiing at Heavenly Ski Resort in Lake Tahoe. He was 62 years old. Bono's death came just days after Michael Kennedy died in a similar accident.", "Bono's death came just days after Michael Kennedy died in a similar accident. Bono's widow, Mary, was selected to fill the remainder of his congressional term, and was re-elected in her own right, serving until she was defeated for re-election in 2012.", "Bono's widow, Mary, was selected to fill the remainder of his congressional term, and was re-elected in her own right, serving until she was defeated for re-election in 2012. She continues to champion many of her late husband's causes, including the ongoing fight as how to best save the Salton Sea.", "She continues to champion many of her late husband's causes, including the ongoing fight as how to best save the Salton Sea. The funeral, unbeknownst to Cher, was broadcast live on CNN. She gave a tearful eulogy, after which the attendees sang the song \"The Beat Goes On\".", "She gave a tearful eulogy, after which the attendees sang the song \"The Beat Goes On\". In front of millions, Cher tearfully and effusively praised Bono, calling him \"the most unforgettable character I've ever met\".", "In front of millions, Cher tearfully and effusively praised Bono, calling him \"the most unforgettable character I've ever met\". His final resting place is Desert Memorial Park in nearby Cathedral City, California, the same cemetery in which Frank Sinatra was laid to rest later that same year.", "His final resting place is Desert Memorial Park in nearby Cathedral City, California, the same cemetery in which Frank Sinatra was laid to rest later that same year. The epitaph on Bono's headstone reads: \"And The Beat Goes On\".", "The epitaph on Bono's headstone reads: \"And The Beat Goes On\". In 1998, Sonny and Cher received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television. Cher appeared at the event with Mary Bono, who accepted the award on behalf of her late husband.", "Cher appeared at the event with Mary Bono, who accepted the award on behalf of her late husband. Cher paid tribute to Bono in the CBS special Sonny and Me: Cher Remembers, calling her grief \"something I never plan to get over\".", "Cher paid tribute to Bono in the CBS special Sonny and Me: Cher Remembers, calling her grief \"something I never plan to get over\". During the same year, Cher also released her twenty-second album Believe that was highly influenced by Bono's death, and in the booklet Cher wrote \"In memory of Son\".", "During the same year, Cher also released her twenty-second album Believe that was highly influenced by Bono's death, and in the booklet Cher wrote \"In memory of Son\". When Cher and Bono divorced, they agreed to split revenue from the songs recorded together.", "When Cher and Bono divorced, they agreed to split revenue from the songs recorded together. When Bono died, one-third of his interest passed to wife Mary Bono-Mack, and one-sixth interests were split amongst his children. Cher sued UMG in 2009, claiming she and Bono's heirs were owed $5,000,000 in \"hidden\" royalties.", "Cher sued UMG in 2009, claiming she and Bono's heirs were owed $5,000,000 in \"hidden\" royalties. Legacy and achievements Author Joseph Murrells described Sonny & Cher as \"part of the leading exponents of the rock-folk-message type of song, a hybrid combining the best and instrumentation of rock music with folk lyric and often lyrics of protest.\"", "Legacy and achievements Author Joseph Murrells described Sonny & Cher as \"part of the leading exponents of the rock-folk-message type of song, a hybrid combining the best and instrumentation of rock music with folk lyric and often lyrics of protest.\" The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour received numerous Emmy nominations; Director Art Fisher won for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series in 1972.", "The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour received numerous Emmy nominations; Director Art Fisher won for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series in 1972. Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 1974.", "Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 1974. Sonny and Cher received the following honors: 1966: Grammy nomination for Best New Artist 1972: Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance 1998: Received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 2015: Ranked No.", "Sonny and Cher received the following honors: 1966: Grammy nomination for Best New Artist 1972: Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance 1998: Received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 2015: Ranked No. 18 on Rolling Stone's list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time Filmography Discography Look at Us (1965) The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér (1966) In Case You're in Love (1967) All I Ever Need Is You (1972) Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (1974) See also Cher Sonny Bono Supercouple List of number-one hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 References Notes Books Sonny And Cher - Thomas Braun (1978).", "18 on Rolling Stone's list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time Filmography Discography Look at Us (1965) The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér (1966) In Case You're in Love (1967) All I Ever Need Is You (1972) Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (1974) See also Cher Sonny Bono Supercouple List of number-one hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 References Notes Books Sonny And Cher - Thomas Braun (1978). And The Beat Goes On - Sonny Bono (1991).", "And The Beat Goes On - Sonny Bono (1991). The First Time - Cher (1998).", "The First Time - Cher (1998). External links Behind the Making of Sonny & Cher: Complete Discography & Recording History to 1970 The Wondrous World of Sonny & Cher Information sites + American pop rock music groups American musical duos American pop music groups Atco Records artists Atlantic Records artists Cher Married couples MCA Records artists Musical groups established in 1964 Rock music duos Sonny Bono Male–female musical duos Reprise Records artists Warner Records artists" ]

[ "Sonny & Cher", "1967-1969: Career woes", "What are their carer woes?", "Sonny and Cher's career had stalled by 1968 as album sales quickly dried up.", "Which of their album was the most successful?", "their third album, In Case You're In Love. It peaked at number 45 in the U.S. charts. It contained two hit singles,", "Which of the singles in the album were listed?", "\"The Beat Goes On\" (No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100) and \"Little Man\" (No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100),", "Did they win any award or recognition at this time?", "In an attempt to capitalize on the duo's initial success, Bono speedily arranged a film project for the duo to star in.", "Was the film project a success?", "the 1967 feature, Good Times, was a major bomb,", "What happened when the project failed?", "After Good Times flopped in 1968, Columbia Pictures immediately sold rights to their intended follow-up film Speedway to MGM.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Sonny and Cher also welcomed their first child, Chastity Sun Bono, born on March 4, 1969.", "What other things did he attempt during his career?", "Bono decided to forge ahead, carving a new career for the duo in Las Vegas resorts," ]

[ "This is a list of the Spring 1978 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates. The top 25 players and ties graduated onto the PGA Tour. There were 150 players in the field.\n\nRegional qualifying for the northeast was held at Grossinger's Country Club in Liberty, New York. The field was 50 players. Mike Zach was medallist at 286 (+2). Overall, 17 players from the northeast regional moved on to final qualifying.\n\nBrothers Bob Byman and Ed Byman qualified for the finals. It was the 3rd attempt for Bob and the 5th attempt for Ed. Both missed qualifying by a shot the previous year. The professional Lance Ten Broeck also qualified for the finals. It was at least his second time at the PGA Tour Qualifying Tournament.\n\nTournament summary \nFinal qualifying was held at University of New Mexico course in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The event was held June 7–10. A number of notable golfers with successful amateur careers attempted to qualify for the tour. They included Bill Sander, the 1976 U.S. Amateur champion, Scott Simpson, the 1976 and 1977 NCAA champion in golf, and John Fought, the 1977 U.S. Amateur champion. After two rounds, 25th place was at 143 strokes. At this point Fought was the only one inside the prospective cut-off point with 142 strokes. Sander was at 146 strokes and Simpson was at 148 strokes. Ultimately from this group, only Sander moved on.\n\nIn his third attempt at PGA Tour Qualifying School, Adam Adams, Jr. successfully made it onto the PGA Tour. He tied for 4th place. In addition, Mike Zach, the medallist from the northeast regional, was also successful, finishing in a tie for 6th place. The Byman brothers also successfully qualified.\n\nList of graduates \n\nSource:\n\nReferences\n\n1978 1\nPGA Tour Qualifying School Graduates\nPGA Tour Qualifying School Graduates", "Can Vies (also known as Centre Social Autogestionat Can Vies) is a building located in the Sants neighborhood of Barcelona, built in 1879. It has been squatted since 1997 when a group of youths occupied it and began using it as a self-managed social centre and infoshop. In late May 2014 riots broke out in a successful attempt to stop an eviction. The building was partially demolished and rebuilt by the local community.\n\nEviction attempt\nIn May 2014, negotiations took place between the owners of the building, Barcelona's public transport operator Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona and the squatters. After the negotiations failed, the building was evicted on May 26 and demolition works commenced. As a result, Barcelona experienced riots and protests during the following nights. The protests also spread to the cities of Madrid, Mallorca and Valencia. The government sent an additional 200 police officers to Barcelona to help in dealing with the protests. In a successful attempt to stop the demolition, protesters built barricades and set the excavator on fire.\n\nReconstruction\nThe building was resquatted and a community-based reconstruction program begun. The local government announced on May 30 that the building would not be demolished. Can Vies launched a crowdfunding campaign to fund the rebuilding costs, which were estimated at €70,000. In the end, €90,000 was quickly raised.\n\nSee also\nSquatting in Spain\n\nReferences\n\nBuildings and structures in Barcelona\nSquats in Spain\nInfoshops" ]

[ "Sonny & Cher were an American pop and entertainment duo in the 1960s and 1970s, made up of husband and wife Sonny Bono and Cher. The couple started their career in the mid-1960s as R&B backing singers for record producer Phil Spector.", "The couple started their career in the mid-1960s as R&B backing singers for record producer Phil Spector. The pair first achieved fame with two hit songs in 1965, \"Baby Don't Go\" and \"I Got You Babe\".", "The pair first achieved fame with two hit songs in 1965, \"Baby Don't Go\" and \"I Got You Babe\". Signing with Atco/Atlantic Records, they released three studio albums in the late 1960s, as well as the soundtrack recordings for two unsuccessful movies, Good Times and Chastity, with Cher contributing vocals to one cut, \"Chastity's Song (Band of Thieves)\".", "Signing with Atco/Atlantic Records, they released three studio albums in the late 1960s, as well as the soundtrack recordings for two unsuccessful movies, Good Times and Chastity, with Cher contributing vocals to one cut, \"Chastity's Song (Band of Thieves)\". In 1972, after three years of silence, the couple returned to the studio and released two other albums under the MCA/Kapp Records label.", "In 1972, after three years of silence, the couple returned to the studio and released two other albums under the MCA/Kapp Records label. In the 1970s, they also positioned themselves as media personalities with two top ten TV shows in the US, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour and The Sonny & Cher Show.", "In the 1970s, they also positioned themselves as media personalities with two top ten TV shows in the US, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour and The Sonny & Cher Show. The couple's career as a duo ended in 1975 following their divorce.", "The couple's career as a duo ended in 1975 following their divorce. In the decade they spent together, Sonny and Cher were nominated for two Grammy Awards and sold over 40 million records worldwide. Rolling Stone ranked them No. 18 on its list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time.", "18 on its list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time. Performing under her first name, Cher went on to a highly successful career as a solo singer and actress, while Sonny Bono was eventually elected to Congress as a Republican U.S. Representative from California.", "Performing under her first name, Cher went on to a highly successful career as a solo singer and actress, while Sonny Bono was eventually elected to Congress as a Republican U.S. Representative from California. The two performers were inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1998, following Sonny's death in a skiing accident.", "The two performers were inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1998, following Sonny's death in a skiing accident. Career 1962–1964: The origin Cherilyn Sarkisian first met Salvatore Bono in a Los Angeles coffee shop in November 1962, when she was sixteen.", "Career 1962–1964: The origin Cherilyn Sarkisian first met Salvatore Bono in a Los Angeles coffee shop in November 1962, when she was sixteen. Eleven years her senior, Bono was working for record producer Phil Spector at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood.", "Eleven years her senior, Bono was working for record producer Phil Spector at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood. The two became best friends, eventual lovers, and were supposedly married in 1964, but Bono says in his autobiography that it was not an official marriage. They were legally wed after their only child, Chaz, was born.", "They were legally wed after their only child, Chaz, was born. Through Bono, Cher started as a session singer, and sang backup on several of Spector's classic recordings, including \"Be My Baby\" by the Ronettes, \"You've Lost That Loving Feeling\" by The Righteous Brothers and Darlene Love's \"A Fine, Fine Boy\".", "Through Bono, Cher started as a session singer, and sang backup on several of Spector's classic recordings, including \"Be My Baby\" by the Ronettes, \"You've Lost That Loving Feeling\" by The Righteous Brothers and Darlene Love's \"A Fine, Fine Boy\". In Darlene Love's recording, the listener can clearly hear Cher and Sonny close to the mic (along with Love, who recorded her own backing vocals).", "In Darlene Love's recording, the listener can clearly hear Cher and Sonny close to the mic (along with Love, who recorded her own backing vocals). 1965–1966: Career development With Bono continuing to write, arrange and produce the songs, the couple's first incarnation was as the duo \"Caesar and Cleo\".", "1965–1966: Career development With Bono continuing to write, arrange and produce the songs, the couple's first incarnation was as the duo \"Caesar and Cleo\". They released some singles in 1964, including \"The Letter\", with Vault Records, and \"The Letter\", \"Do You Wanna Dance\" and \"Love Is Strange\", with Reprise Records.", "They released some singles in 1964, including \"The Letter\", with Vault Records, and \"The Letter\", \"Do You Wanna Dance\" and \"Love Is Strange\", with Reprise Records. In September 1964, they released \"Baby Don't Go\" under the name of Sonny & Cher, which became their first regional hit.", "In September 1964, they released \"Baby Don't Go\" under the name of Sonny & Cher, which became their first regional hit. The song was later included on the 1965 Reprise compilation Baby Don't Go – Sonny & Cher and Friends, which also included songs from artists such as Bill Medley, The Lettermen and The Blendells.", "The song was later included on the 1965 Reprise compilation Baby Don't Go – Sonny & Cher and Friends, which also included songs from artists such as Bill Medley, The Lettermen and The Blendells. The duo released their first album Look at Us in the summer of 1965.", "The duo released their first album Look at Us in the summer of 1965. The album contained the number one single \"I Got You Babe\". Look at Us peaked at number two on the Billboard chart for eight weeks in the later part of 1965.", "Look at Us peaked at number two on the Billboard chart for eight weeks in the later part of 1965. The couple appeared on many of the top television shows of the era including The Ed Sullivan Show, American Bandstand, Where The Action Is, Hollywood A Go-Go, Hollywood Palace, Hullabaloo, Beat Club, Shindig!, Ready Steady Go!", "The couple appeared on many of the top television shows of the era including The Ed Sullivan Show, American Bandstand, Where The Action Is, Hollywood A Go-Go, Hollywood Palace, Hullabaloo, Beat Club, Shindig!, Ready Steady Go! and Top of the Pops.", "and Top of the Pops. and Top of the Pops. They also appeared as themselves in the film Wild on the Beach, singing \"It's Gonna Rain\". On their first album Bono also displayed his political interest long before running for Congress in the lyrics of the song, \"The Revolution Kind\".", "On their first album Bono also displayed his political interest long before running for Congress in the lyrics of the song, \"The Revolution Kind\". As the followup to the success of Look at Us, they released their second studio album in April 1966, The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér, which peaked at number 34.", "As the followup to the success of Look at Us, they released their second studio album in April 1966, The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér, which peaked at number 34. The two dressed in animal skins with Bono wearing knee high caveman boots and Cher going barefoot.", "The two dressed in animal skins with Bono wearing knee high caveman boots and Cher going barefoot. During 1965, five of their songs were in US Billboard Top 20, a record passed only by Elvis Presley and behind famous artists like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and others.", "During 1965, five of their songs were in US Billboard Top 20, a record passed only by Elvis Presley and behind famous artists like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and others. Periodic solo releases by Cher continued during this period, including major successes with \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\", and Burt Bacharach & Hal David's theme from \"Alfie\" (as heard in the motion picture Alfie, as well as a single release), both in 1966.", "Periodic solo releases by Cher continued during this period, including major successes with \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\", and Burt Bacharach & Hal David's theme from \"Alfie\" (as heard in the motion picture Alfie, as well as a single release), both in 1966. They sided with the young people being harassed on the Sunset Strip during the Sunset Strip curfew riots; they were removed from their promised position of honor in the Tournament of Roses Parade in January 1967.", "They sided with the young people being harassed on the Sunset Strip during the Sunset Strip curfew riots; they were removed from their promised position of honor in the Tournament of Roses Parade in January 1967. 1967–1969: Career woes In 1967 Sonny and Cher released their third album, In Case You're In Love.", "1967–1969: Career woes In 1967 Sonny and Cher released their third album, In Case You're In Love. It peaked at number 45 in the U.S. charts. It contained two hit singles, both written by Bono, \"The Beat Goes On\" ( 6 on the Billboard Hot 100) and \"Little Man\" (No.", "It contained two hit singles, both written by Bono, \"The Beat Goes On\" ( 6 on the Billboard Hot 100) and \"Little Man\" (No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100).", "21 on the Billboard Hot 100). In an attempt to capitalize on the duo's initial success, Bono speedily arranged a film project for the duo to star in. But the 1967 feature, Good Times, was a major bomb, despite the efforts of fledgling director William Friedkin and co-star George Sanders.", "But the 1967 feature, Good Times, was a major bomb, despite the efforts of fledgling director William Friedkin and co-star George Sanders. After Good Times flopped in 1968, Columbia Pictures immediately sold rights to their intended follow-up film Speedway to MGM. The couple were replaced by Elvis Presley and Nancy Sinatra.", "The couple were replaced by Elvis Presley and Nancy Sinatra. In 1969, another film, Chastity, starring Cher, written and produced by Sonny, was also a commercial bomb. Sonny and Cher's career had stalled by 1968 as album sales quickly dried up.", "Sonny and Cher's career had stalled by 1968 as album sales quickly dried up. Their gentle, easy-listening pop sound and drug-free life had become unpopular in an era increasingly consumed with the psychedelic rock of the evolving landscape of American pop culture during the late 1960s.", "Their gentle, easy-listening pop sound and drug-free life had become unpopular in an era increasingly consumed with the psychedelic rock of the evolving landscape of American pop culture during the late 1960s. Bono decided to forge ahead, carving a new career for the duo in Las Vegas resorts, where they sharpened their public persona with Cher as the wise-cracking, glamorous singer, and Bono as the good-natured recipient of her insults.", "Bono decided to forge ahead, carving a new career for the duo in Las Vegas resorts, where they sharpened their public persona with Cher as the wise-cracking, glamorous singer, and Bono as the good-natured recipient of her insults. In reality, Bono controlled every aspect of their act, from the musical arrangements to the joke-writing.", "In reality, Bono controlled every aspect of their act, from the musical arrangements to the joke-writing. While success was slow to come, their luck improved when network TV talent scouts attended a show, noting their potential appeal for a variety series.", "While success was slow to come, their luck improved when network TV talent scouts attended a show, noting their potential appeal for a variety series. Sonny and Cher also welcomed their first child, Chastity (named after Cher's movie), born on March 4, 1969.", "Sonny and Cher also welcomed their first child, Chastity (named after Cher's movie), born on March 4, 1969. 1970–1977: TV success and divorce In 1970, Sonny and Cher starred in their first television special, The Nitty Gritty Hour, a mixture of slapstick comedy, skits, and live music.", "1970–1977: TV success and divorce In 1970, Sonny and Cher starred in their first television special, The Nitty Gritty Hour, a mixture of slapstick comedy, skits, and live music. The appearance was a critical success, which led to numerous guest spots on other television shows.", "The appearance was a critical success, which led to numerous guest spots on other television shows. They also appeared in The New Scooby-Doo Movies as guest stars. Sonny and Cher caught the eye of CBS head of programming Fred Silverman while guest-hosting The Merv Griffin Show, and Silverman offered the duo their own variety show.", "Sonny and Cher caught the eye of CBS head of programming Fred Silverman while guest-hosting The Merv Griffin Show, and Silverman offered the duo their own variety show. The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour debuted in 1971 as a summer replacement series.", "The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour debuted in 1971 as a summer replacement series. The show returned to prime time later that year and was an immediate hit, quickly reaching the Top 10. The show received 15 Emmy Award nominations during its run, winning one for direction, throughout its initial four seasons on CBS.", "The show received 15 Emmy Award nominations during its run, winning one for direction, throughout its initial four seasons on CBS. The duo also revived their recording career, releasing the album All I Ever Need Is You, and charting two more top ten hits: \"All I Ever Need Is You\", and \"A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done\" in 1972.", "The duo also revived their recording career, releasing the album All I Ever Need Is You, and charting two more top ten hits: \"All I Ever Need Is You\", and \"A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done\" in 1972. Sonny and Cher's dialogues were patterned after the successful nightclub routines of Louis Prima and Keely Smith: the happy-go-lucky husband squelched by a tart remark from the unamused wife.", "Sonny and Cher's dialogues were patterned after the successful nightclub routines of Louis Prima and Keely Smith: the happy-go-lucky husband squelched by a tart remark from the unamused wife. The show featured a stock company of zany comedians, including Teri Garr, Freeman King, Ted Ziegler, Billy Van and Murray Langston (later The Unknown Comic on The Gong Show).", "The show featured a stock company of zany comedians, including Teri Garr, Freeman King, Ted Ziegler, Billy Van and Murray Langston (later The Unknown Comic on The Gong Show). One sketch satirizing CBS's detective show Cannon and its portly star William Conrad was so successful that Sonny and Cher staged several follow-ups, with Tony Curtis as \"Detective Fat\".", "One sketch satirizing CBS's detective show Cannon and its portly star William Conrad was so successful that Sonny and Cher staged several follow-ups, with Tony Curtis as \"Detective Fat\". Everybody in these sketches wore wide-waisted \"fat suits\" (similar to hoop skirts), so Detective Fat and his clients and his suspects would spend most of the time bumping each other and bouncing across the crowded room.", "Everybody in these sketches wore wide-waisted \"fat suits\" (similar to hoop skirts), so Detective Fat and his clients and his suspects would spend most of the time bumping each other and bouncing across the crowded room. By the third season of the Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour, the marriage of Sonny and Cher was falling apart; the duo separated later that year.", "By the third season of the Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour, the marriage of Sonny and Cher was falling apart; the duo separated later that year. The show imploded, while still rating in the top 10. What followed was a very public divorce (finalized on June 26, 1975).", "What followed was a very public divorce (finalized on June 26, 1975). Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance By an Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy for The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour in 1974.", "Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance By an Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy for The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour in 1974. Bono launched his own show, The Sonny Comedy Revue, in the fall of 1974, retaining the \"Sonny and Cher\" troupe of comedians and writers.", "Bono launched his own show, The Sonny Comedy Revue, in the fall of 1974, retaining the \"Sonny and Cher\" troupe of comedians and writers. Cher also announced plans to star in a new variety series of her own.", "Cher also announced plans to star in a new variety series of her own. Critics predicted that Bono would be the big winner with a solo comedy vehicle, and held little hope for Cher's more musical showcase. After only six weeks, however, Bono's show was abruptly canceled.", "After only six weeks, however, Bono's show was abruptly canceled. The Cher show debuted as an elaborate, all-star television special on February 16, 1975, featuring Flip Wilson, Bette Midler, and special guest Elton John.", "The Cher show debuted as an elaborate, all-star television special on February 16, 1975, featuring Flip Wilson, Bette Midler, and special guest Elton John. Cloris Leachman and Jack Albertson both won Emmy Awards for their appearances as guest-stars a few weeks later, and the series received four additional Emmy nominations that year.", "Cloris Leachman and Jack Albertson both won Emmy Awards for their appearances as guest-stars a few weeks later, and the series received four additional Emmy nominations that year. The first season ranked in the Top 25 of the year-end ratings.", "The first season ranked in the Top 25 of the year-end ratings. As a result of the divorce, Sonny and Cher went their separate ways until Cher attended the opening of one of Bono's restaurants in something of a reconciliation.", "As a result of the divorce, Sonny and Cher went their separate ways until Cher attended the opening of one of Bono's restaurants in something of a reconciliation. The Sonny & Cher Show returned in 1976, even though they were no longer married (the duo \"reunited\" with a humorous handshake).", "The Sonny & Cher Show returned in 1976, even though they were no longer married (the duo \"reunited\" with a humorous handshake). After struggling with low ratings through 1977, Sonny and Cher finally parted ways for good.", "After struggling with low ratings through 1977, Sonny and Cher finally parted ways for good. In 1976, Mego Toys also released a line of toys and dolls, in the likeness of Sonny & Cher. The release of these fashion dolls coincided with the popularity of The Sonny & Cher Show.", "The release of these fashion dolls coincided with the popularity of The Sonny & Cher Show. 1978–1999: After Sonny and Cher Sonny Bono went on to an acting career and later entered politics, eventually becoming a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Cher went on to become a Grammy Award-winning solo singer and an Academy Award-winning actress.", "Cher went on to become a Grammy Award-winning solo singer and an Academy Award-winning actress. The couple made two surprise impromptu reunion performances: the first on The Mike Douglas Show in the spring of 1979, singing a medley of \"United We Stand\" and \"Without You\", and the second on November 13, 1987, on Late Night with David Letterman where they performed their hit song \"I Got You Babe\"; it turned out to be the last time the two would perform together.", "The couple made two surprise impromptu reunion performances: the first on The Mike Douglas Show in the spring of 1979, singing a medley of \"United We Stand\" and \"Without You\", and the second on November 13, 1987, on Late Night with David Letterman where they performed their hit song \"I Got You Babe\"; it turned out to be the last time the two would perform together. In early 1999, And the Beat Goes On: The Sonny and Cher Story, directed by David Burton Morris and starring Jay Underwood and Renee Faia, was broadcast on ABC.", "In early 1999, And the Beat Goes On: The Sonny and Cher Story, directed by David Burton Morris and starring Jay Underwood and Renee Faia, was broadcast on ABC. The TV movie was based on the autobiography of Bono, and focuses on the relationship between the couple during the early 1960s to their divorce in the late 1970s.", "The TV movie was based on the autobiography of Bono, and focuses on the relationship between the couple during the early 1960s to their divorce in the late 1970s. This movie was also nominated for two Emmy Awards.", "This movie was also nominated for two Emmy Awards. Bono's death, music copyright On January 5, 1998, Bono died of injuries from hitting a tree while skiing at Heavenly Ski Resort in Lake Tahoe. He was 62 years old. Bono's death came just days after Michael Kennedy died in a similar accident.", "Bono's death came just days after Michael Kennedy died in a similar accident. Bono's widow, Mary, was selected to fill the remainder of his congressional term, and was re-elected in her own right, serving until she was defeated for re-election in 2012.", "Bono's widow, Mary, was selected to fill the remainder of his congressional term, and was re-elected in her own right, serving until she was defeated for re-election in 2012. She continues to champion many of her late husband's causes, including the ongoing fight as how to best save the Salton Sea.", "She continues to champion many of her late husband's causes, including the ongoing fight as how to best save the Salton Sea. The funeral, unbeknownst to Cher, was broadcast live on CNN. She gave a tearful eulogy, after which the attendees sang the song \"The Beat Goes On\".", "She gave a tearful eulogy, after which the attendees sang the song \"The Beat Goes On\". In front of millions, Cher tearfully and effusively praised Bono, calling him \"the most unforgettable character I've ever met\".", "In front of millions, Cher tearfully and effusively praised Bono, calling him \"the most unforgettable character I've ever met\". His final resting place is Desert Memorial Park in nearby Cathedral City, California, the same cemetery in which Frank Sinatra was laid to rest later that same year.", "His final resting place is Desert Memorial Park in nearby Cathedral City, California, the same cemetery in which Frank Sinatra was laid to rest later that same year. The epitaph on Bono's headstone reads: \"And The Beat Goes On\".", "The epitaph on Bono's headstone reads: \"And The Beat Goes On\". In 1998, Sonny and Cher received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television. Cher appeared at the event with Mary Bono, who accepted the award on behalf of her late husband.", "Cher appeared at the event with Mary Bono, who accepted the award on behalf of her late husband. Cher paid tribute to Bono in the CBS special Sonny and Me: Cher Remembers, calling her grief \"something I never plan to get over\".", "Cher paid tribute to Bono in the CBS special Sonny and Me: Cher Remembers, calling her grief \"something I never plan to get over\". During the same year, Cher also released her twenty-second album Believe that was highly influenced by Bono's death, and in the booklet Cher wrote \"In memory of Son\".", "During the same year, Cher also released her twenty-second album Believe that was highly influenced by Bono's death, and in the booklet Cher wrote \"In memory of Son\". When Cher and Bono divorced, they agreed to split revenue from the songs recorded together.", "When Cher and Bono divorced, they agreed to split revenue from the songs recorded together. When Bono died, one-third of his interest passed to wife Mary Bono-Mack, and one-sixth interests were split amongst his children. Cher sued UMG in 2009, claiming she and Bono's heirs were owed $5,000,000 in \"hidden\" royalties.", "Cher sued UMG in 2009, claiming she and Bono's heirs were owed $5,000,000 in \"hidden\" royalties. Legacy and achievements Author Joseph Murrells described Sonny & Cher as \"part of the leading exponents of the rock-folk-message type of song, a hybrid combining the best and instrumentation of rock music with folk lyric and often lyrics of protest.\"", "Legacy and achievements Author Joseph Murrells described Sonny & Cher as \"part of the leading exponents of the rock-folk-message type of song, a hybrid combining the best and instrumentation of rock music with folk lyric and often lyrics of protest.\" The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour received numerous Emmy nominations; Director Art Fisher won for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series in 1972.", "The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour received numerous Emmy nominations; Director Art Fisher won for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series in 1972. Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 1974.", "Cher won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 1974. Sonny and Cher received the following honors: 1966: Grammy nomination for Best New Artist 1972: Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance 1998: Received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 2015: Ranked No.", "Sonny and Cher received the following honors: 1966: Grammy nomination for Best New Artist 1972: Grammy nomination for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance 1998: Received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 2015: Ranked No. 18 on Rolling Stone's list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time Filmography Discography Look at Us (1965) The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér (1966) In Case You're in Love (1967) All I Ever Need Is You (1972) Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (1974) See also Cher Sonny Bono Supercouple List of number-one hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 References Notes Books Sonny And Cher - Thomas Braun (1978).", "18 on Rolling Stone's list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time Filmography Discography Look at Us (1965) The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér (1966) In Case You're in Love (1967) All I Ever Need Is You (1972) Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (1974) See also Cher Sonny Bono Supercouple List of number-one hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 References Notes Books Sonny And Cher - Thomas Braun (1978). And The Beat Goes On - Sonny Bono (1991).", "And The Beat Goes On - Sonny Bono (1991). The First Time - Cher (1998).", "The First Time - Cher (1998). External links Behind the Making of Sonny & Cher: Complete Discography & Recording History to 1970 The Wondrous World of Sonny & Cher Information sites + American pop rock music groups American musical duos American pop music groups Atco Records artists Atlantic Records artists Cher Married couples MCA Records artists Musical groups established in 1964 Rock music duos Sonny Bono Male–female musical duos Reprise Records artists Warner Records artists" ]

[ "Carousel (musical)", "Film, television and concert versions", "When was the film version released?", "A film version of the musical was made in 1956, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones. It follows the musical's story fairly closely,", "Wa it remde after that?", "The film was released only a few months after the release of the film version of Oklahoma!. It garnered some good reviews," ]

[ "KSPR-TV, VHF analog channel 6, was a CBS-affiliated television station in Casper, Wyoming, United States, between 1957 and 1959. The station was owned by radio station KSPR (1470 AM). The station closed as a result of competition from a local cable system; it would be more than 20 years before a second commercial station opened in Casper.\n\nHistory\nThe station went on the air August 12, 1957 as a CBS affiliate, matching the radio station, the only CBS radio outlet in the state of Wyoming. Coinciding with the launch of the television station, KSPR radio and TV moved into new quarters on East Second Street.\n\nBy July 1959, reports were circulating that KSPR-TV would close before year's end, and the fuel on the fire only accelerated when Rocky Mountain Tele Stations, owner of KTWO-TV (channel 2), announced it would buy KSPR radio from their common owner, Don Hathaway, for $150,000. The rumors were true, and KSPR-TV ceased broadcasting July 21, 1959, despite a well regarded slate of programming.\n\nOwner Hathaway would blame cable television for the demise of KSPR-TV. Within less than a year of going on air, the station stated to the Federal Communications Commission that cable had made it harder to get programs and the station might have been off the air even then without the financial support of KSPR radio. In December 1959, the United States Senate subcommittee on communications held a hearing in Casper, at which Hathaway testified that the local cable firm, Able Cable (Community Television, Inc.), had made the sale of advertising difficult by importing Denver stations; this prompted national advertisers, including the Campbell Soup Company, to avoid buying air time on channel 6, which the cable did not carry. In his testimony, Hathaway noted that the cable system, which had 6,000 subscribers prior to the launch of KTWO-TV, had dropped to 3,500 when KSPR-TV took to the air and was growing again with Casper back to one local outlet. KTWO purchased the KSPR building and moved the television station in; Hathaway sold additional equipment to Community Television, whose owner, Bill Daniels, planned to use it to start a television station at Farmington, New Mexico.\n\nAfter KSPR-TV ceased broadcasting, KTWO-TV proposed the removal of channel 6 to Lander for use as a satellite station. This did not take place, though KTWO made a second and even more daring proposal. It proposed the creation of the first commercial television duopoly in the United States by activating channel 6, saying a second independent station was not viable and that it could air more network programs on a second channel.\n\nThe Natrona County school board voted in 1961 to seek use of the channel for educational use. A further commercial application was made in 1964 by Duhamel Broadcasting Enterprises, owner of KOTA-TV in Rapid City, South Dakota. In 1965, the channel was officially allocated noncommercial and the state launched a bid to put it and channel 8 at Laramie on the air.\n\nNo facility materialized on channel 6 until December 1981, when Casper College activated a translator for public station KRMA in Denver on channel 6. In 1987, the translator switched from airing KRMA to KCWC, the new public station in Riverton that had signed on in 1983. It was replaced with a full-service license as KPTW in 2007.\n\nReferences\n\nSPR-TV\n1957 establishments in Wyoming\nTelevision channels and stations established in 1957\n1959 disestablishments in Wyoming\nTelevision channels and stations disestablished in 1959\nDefunct television stations in the United States", "WCAN-TV, UHF analog channel 25, was a CBS-affiliated television station that was licensed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States and served the Milwaukee area from 1953 to 1955. The station was owned by Midwest Broadcasting. The channel 25 allocation (subsequently moved to channel 24) was then used by WCGV-TV (unrelated to WCAN-TV) until January 8, 2018, when it went off the air and moved to a subchannel of CW affiliate WVTV as a result of the FCC spectrum auction.\n\nHistory\nWCAN, which first signed on the air at 11:25 P.M. Central Time on September 6, 1953, was the first UHF and second overall television station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A primary affiliate of the CBS network, perhaps it is most noted for having been the only CBS affiliate in Wisconsin to air Edward R. Murrow's See It Now broadcast of March 9, 1954, in which the anti-Communist campaign of Wisconsin Senator Joseph R. McCarthy was criticized. As a CBS affiliate, the station did well in the ratings, even surpassing NBC affiliate WTMJ-TV, rare at the time for a UHF station. The station, along with WOKY-TV (channel 19, now WVTV), was also profitable as a CBS affiliate, and helped spur purchases of UHF converter boxes in the Milwaukee area.\n\nOn October 21, 1954, CBS purchased rival WOKY, a part-time ABC/Dumont affiliate, for $335,000 and announced it was moving its affiliation from WCAN-TV to the newly acquired station. WCAN-TV owner Lou Poller sold CBS the studio facilities of WCAN-TV, effectively merging the station into WOKY-TV, which then took on the new call sign WXIX. The last day of broadcasting for WCAN-TV was February 26, 1955, after which Poller turned the license for the station back to the Federal Communications Commission. CBS had given Poller the old WOKY-TV studio to continue broadcasting on Channel 25, but Poller never did so.\n\nIn 1958, the FCC shifted the UHF channel allocations in Milwaukee from Channels 19, 25 and 31 to Channels 18, 24 and 30. Lou Poller held a construction permit to put a new station on Channel 24, but sold it in December 1966 to Field Communications, which had just put WFLD on the air in Chicago and was seeking to expand that independent station's market coverage with a full-powered repeater station in Milwaukee. However, Field never built the station, and the permit was deleted by the FCC in 1969. WCGV-TV, whose original construction permit dates back only to 1973, started broadcasting on Channel 24 in 1980, coincidentally using the old WCAN-TV studio site on North 27th Street in Milwaukee.\n\nReferences\n\nTelevision channels and stations established in 1953\n1953 establishments in Wisconsin\nTelevision channels and stations disestablished in 1955\n1955 disestablishments in Wisconsin\nCAN-TV\nDefunct television stations in the United States\nCAN-TV" ]

[ "Carousel is the second musical by the team of Richard Rodgers (music) and Oscar Hammerstein II (book and lyrics). The 1945 work was adapted from Ferenc Molnár's 1909 play Liliom, transplanting its Budapest setting to the Maine coastline.", "The 1945 work was adapted from Ferenc Molnár's 1909 play Liliom, transplanting its Budapest setting to the Maine coastline. The story revolves around carousel barker Billy Bigelow, whose romance with millworker Julie Jordan comes at the price of both their jobs.", "The story revolves around carousel barker Billy Bigelow, whose romance with millworker Julie Jordan comes at the price of both their jobs. He participates in a robbery to provide for Julie and their unborn child; after it goes tragically wrong, he is given a chance to make things right.", "He participates in a robbery to provide for Julie and their unborn child; after it goes tragically wrong, he is given a chance to make things right. A secondary plot line deals with millworker Carrie Pipperidge and her romance with ambitious fisherman Enoch Snow.", "A secondary plot line deals with millworker Carrie Pipperidge and her romance with ambitious fisherman Enoch Snow. The show includes the well-known songs \"If I Loved You\", \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" and \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". Richard Rodgers later wrote that Carousel was his favorite of all his musicals.", "Richard Rodgers later wrote that Carousel was his favorite of all his musicals. Following the spectacular success of the first Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, Oklahoma! (1943), the pair sought to collaborate on another piece, knowing that any resulting work would be compared with Oklahoma!, most likely unfavorably.", "(1943), the pair sought to collaborate on another piece, knowing that any resulting work would be compared with Oklahoma!, most likely unfavorably. They were initially reluctant to seek the rights to Liliom; Molnár had refused permission for the work to be adapted in the past, and the original ending was considered too depressing for the musical theatre.", "They were initially reluctant to seek the rights to Liliom; Molnár had refused permission for the work to be adapted in the past, and the original ending was considered too depressing for the musical theatre. After acquiring the rights, the team created a work with lengthy sequences of music and made the ending more hopeful.", "After acquiring the rights, the team created a work with lengthy sequences of music and made the ending more hopeful. The musical required considerable modification during out-of-town tryouts, but once it opened on Broadway on April 19, 1945, it was an immediate hit with both critics and audiences.", "The musical required considerable modification during out-of-town tryouts, but once it opened on Broadway on April 19, 1945, it was an immediate hit with both critics and audiences. Carousel initially ran for 890 performances and duplicated its success in the West End in 1950.", "Carousel initially ran for 890 performances and duplicated its success in the West End in 1950. Though it has never achieved as much commercial success as Oklahoma!, the piece has been repeatedly revived, recorded several times and was filmed in 1956.", "Though it has never achieved as much commercial success as Oklahoma!, the piece has been repeatedly revived, recorded several times and was filmed in 1956. A production by Nicholas Hytner enjoyed success in 1992 in London, in 1994 in New York and on tour. Another Broadway revival opened in 2018.", "Another Broadway revival opened in 2018. In 1999, Time magazine named Carousel the best musical of the 20th century. Background Liliom Ferenc Molnár's Hungarian-language drama, Liliom, premiered in Budapest in 1909.", "Background Liliom Ferenc Molnár's Hungarian-language drama, Liliom, premiered in Budapest in 1909. The audience was puzzled by the work, and it lasted only thirty-odd performances before being withdrawn, the first shadow on Molnár's successful career as a playwright. Liliom was not presented again until after World War I.", "Liliom was not presented again until after World War I. When it reappeared on the Budapest stage, it was a tremendous hit. Except for the ending, the plots of Liliom and Carousel are very similar.", "Except for the ending, the plots of Liliom and Carousel are very similar. Andreas Zavocky (nicknamed Liliom, the Hungarian word for \"lily\", a slang term for \"tough guy\"), a carnival barker, falls in love with Julie Zeller, a servant girl, and they begin living together.", "Andreas Zavocky (nicknamed Liliom, the Hungarian word for \"lily\", a slang term for \"tough guy\"), a carnival barker, falls in love with Julie Zeller, a servant girl, and they begin living together. With both discharged from their jobs, Liliom is discontented and contemplates leaving Julie, but decides not to do so on learning that she is pregnant.", "With both discharged from their jobs, Liliom is discontented and contemplates leaving Julie, but decides not to do so on learning that she is pregnant. A subplot involves Julie's friend Marie, who has fallen in love with Wolf Biefeld, a hotel porter—after the two marry, he becomes the owner of the hotel.", "A subplot involves Julie's friend Marie, who has fallen in love with Wolf Biefeld, a hotel porter—after the two marry, he becomes the owner of the hotel. Desperate to make money so that he, Julie and their child can escape to America and a better life, Liliom conspires with lowlife Ficsur to commit a robbery, but it goes badly, and Liliom stabs himself.", "Desperate to make money so that he, Julie and their child can escape to America and a better life, Liliom conspires with lowlife Ficsur to commit a robbery, but it goes badly, and Liliom stabs himself. He dies, and his spirit is taken to heaven's police court.", "He dies, and his spirit is taken to heaven's police court. As Ficsur suggested while the two waited to commit the crime, would-be robbers like them do not come before God Himself.", "As Ficsur suggested while the two waited to commit the crime, would-be robbers like them do not come before God Himself. Liliom is told by the magistrate that he may go back to Earth for one day to attempt to redeem the wrongs he has done to his family, but must first spend sixteen years in a fiery purgatory.", "Liliom is told by the magistrate that he may go back to Earth for one day to attempt to redeem the wrongs he has done to his family, but must first spend sixteen years in a fiery purgatory. On his return to Earth, Liliom encounters his daughter, Louise, who like her mother is now a factory worker.", "On his return to Earth, Liliom encounters his daughter, Louise, who like her mother is now a factory worker. Saying that he knew her father, he tries to give her a star he stole from the heavens. When Louise refuses to take it, he strikes her.", "When Louise refuses to take it, he strikes her. Not realizing who he is, Julie confronts him, but finds herself unable to be angry with him. Liliom is ushered off to his fate, presumably Hell, and Louise asks her mother if it is possible to feel a hard slap as if it was a kiss.", "Liliom is ushered off to his fate, presumably Hell, and Louise asks her mother if it is possible to feel a hard slap as if it was a kiss. Julie reminiscently tells her daughter that it is very possible for that to happen.", "Julie reminiscently tells her daughter that it is very possible for that to happen. An English translation of Liliom was credited to Benjamin \"Barney\" Glazer, though there is a story that the actual translator, uncredited, was Rodgers' first major partner Lorenz Hart.", "An English translation of Liliom was credited to Benjamin \"Barney\" Glazer, though there is a story that the actual translator, uncredited, was Rodgers' first major partner Lorenz Hart. The Theatre Guild presented it in New York City in 1921, with Joseph Schildkraut as Liliom, and the play was a success, running 300 performances.", "The Theatre Guild presented it in New York City in 1921, with Joseph Schildkraut as Liliom, and the play was a success, running 300 performances. A 1940 revival with Burgess Meredith and Ingrid Bergman was seen by both Hammerstein and Rodgers.", "A 1940 revival with Burgess Meredith and Ingrid Bergman was seen by both Hammerstein and Rodgers. Glazer, in introducing the English translation of Liliom, wrote of the play's appeal: And where in modern dramatic literature can such pearls be matched—Julie incoherently confessing to her dead lover the love she had always been ashamed to tell; Liliom crying out to the distant carousel the glad news that he is to be a father; the two thieves gambling for the spoils of their prospective robbery; Marie and Wolf posing for their portrait while the broken-hearted Julie stands looking after the vanishing Liliom, the thieves' song ringing in her ears; the two policemen grousing about pay and pensions while Liliom lies bleeding to death; Liliom furtively proffering his daughter the star he has stolen for her in heaven.", "Glazer, in introducing the English translation of Liliom, wrote of the play's appeal: And where in modern dramatic literature can such pearls be matched—Julie incoherently confessing to her dead lover the love she had always been ashamed to tell; Liliom crying out to the distant carousel the glad news that he is to be a father; the two thieves gambling for the spoils of their prospective robbery; Marie and Wolf posing for their portrait while the broken-hearted Julie stands looking after the vanishing Liliom, the thieves' song ringing in her ears; the two policemen grousing about pay and pensions while Liliom lies bleeding to death; Liliom furtively proffering his daughter the star he has stolen for her in heaven. ...", "... ... The temptation to count the whole scintillating string is difficult to resist. Inception In the 1920s and 1930s, Rodgers and Hammerstein both became well known for creating Broadway hits with other partners.", "Inception In the 1920s and 1930s, Rodgers and Hammerstein both became well known for creating Broadway hits with other partners. Rodgers, with Lorenz Hart, had produced a string of over two dozen musicals, including such popular successes as Babes in Arms (1937), The Boys from Syracuse (1938) and Pal Joey (1940).", "Rodgers, with Lorenz Hart, had produced a string of over two dozen musicals, including such popular successes as Babes in Arms (1937), The Boys from Syracuse (1938) and Pal Joey (1940). Some of Rodgers' work with Hart broke new ground in musical theatre: On Your Toes was the first use of ballet to sustain the plot (in the \"Slaughter on Tenth Avenue\" scene), while Pal Joey flouted Broadway tradition by presenting a knave as its hero.", "Some of Rodgers' work with Hart broke new ground in musical theatre: On Your Toes was the first use of ballet to sustain the plot (in the \"Slaughter on Tenth Avenue\" scene), while Pal Joey flouted Broadway tradition by presenting a knave as its hero. Hammerstein had written or co-written the words for such hits as Rose-Marie (1924), The Desert Song (1926), The New Moon (1927) and Show Boat (1927).", "Hammerstein had written or co-written the words for such hits as Rose-Marie (1924), The Desert Song (1926), The New Moon (1927) and Show Boat (1927). Though less productive in the 1930s, he wrote material for musicals and films, sharing an Oscar for his song with Jerome Kern, \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\", which was included in the 1941 film Lady Be Good.", "Though less productive in the 1930s, he wrote material for musicals and films, sharing an Oscar for his song with Jerome Kern, \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\", which was included in the 1941 film Lady Be Good. By the early 1940s, Hart had sunk into alcoholism and emotional turmoil, becoming unreliable and prompting Rodgers to approach Hammerstein to ask if he would consider working with him.", "By the early 1940s, Hart had sunk into alcoholism and emotional turmoil, becoming unreliable and prompting Rodgers to approach Hammerstein to ask if he would consider working with him. Hammerstein was eager to do so, and their first collaboration was Oklahoma! (1943).", "(1943). (1943). Thomas Hischak states, in his The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, that Oklahoma! is \"the single most influential work in the American musical theatre. In fact, the history of the Broadway musical can accurately be divided into what came before Oklahoma! and what came after it.\"", "and what came after it.\" An innovation for its time in integrating song, character, plot and dance, Oklahoma! would serve, according to Hischak, as \"the model for Broadway shows for decades\", and proved a huge popular and financial success.", "would serve, according to Hischak, as \"the model for Broadway shows for decades\", and proved a huge popular and financial success. Once it was well-launched, what to do as an encore was a daunting challenge for the pair. Film producer Samuel Goldwyn saw Oklahoma!", "Film producer Samuel Goldwyn saw Oklahoma! and advised Rodgers to shoot himself, which according to Rodgers \"was Sam's blunt but funny way of telling me that I'd never create another show as good as Oklahoma!\" As they considered new projects, Hammerstein wrote, \"We're such fools.", "As they considered new projects, Hammerstein wrote, \"We're such fools. No matter what we do, everyone is bound to say, 'This is not another Oklahoma! \" Oklahoma! had been a struggle to finance and produce.", "had been a struggle to finance and produce. Hammerstein and Rodgers met weekly in 1943 with Theresa Helburn and Lawrence Langner of the Theatre Guild, producers of the blockbuster musical, who together formed what they termed \"the Gloat Club\".", "Hammerstein and Rodgers met weekly in 1943 with Theresa Helburn and Lawrence Langner of the Theatre Guild, producers of the blockbuster musical, who together formed what they termed \"the Gloat Club\". At one such luncheon, Helburn and Langner proposed to Rodgers and Hammerstein that they turn Molnár's Liliom into a musical.", "At one such luncheon, Helburn and Langner proposed to Rodgers and Hammerstein that they turn Molnár's Liliom into a musical. Both men refused—they had no feeling for the Budapest setting and thought that the unhappy ending was unsuitable for musical theatre.", "Both men refused—they had no feeling for the Budapest setting and thought that the unhappy ending was unsuitable for musical theatre. In addition, given the unstable wartime political situation, they might need to change the setting from Hungary while in rehearsal.", "In addition, given the unstable wartime political situation, they might need to change the setting from Hungary while in rehearsal. At the next luncheon, Helburn and Langner again proposed Liliom, suggesting that they move the setting to Louisiana and make Liliom a Creole.", "At the next luncheon, Helburn and Langner again proposed Liliom, suggesting that they move the setting to Louisiana and make Liliom a Creole. Rodgers and Hammerstein played with the idea over the next few weeks, but decided that Creole dialect, filled with \"zis\" and \"zose\", would sound corny and would make it difficult to write effective lyrics.", "Rodgers and Hammerstein played with the idea over the next few weeks, but decided that Creole dialect, filled with \"zis\" and \"zose\", would sound corny and would make it difficult to write effective lyrics. A breakthrough came when Rodgers, who owned a house in Connecticut, proposed a New England setting.", "A breakthrough came when Rodgers, who owned a house in Connecticut, proposed a New England setting. Hammerstein wrote of this suggestion in 1945, I began to see an attractive ensemble—sailors, whalers, girls who worked in the mills up the river, clambakes on near-by islands, an amusement park on the seaboard, things people could do in crowds, people who were strong and alive and lusty, people who had always been depicted on the stage as thin-lipped puritans—a libel I was anxious to refute ... as for the two leading characters, Julie with her courage and inner strength and outward simplicity seemed more indigenous to Maine than to Budapest.", "Hammerstein wrote of this suggestion in 1945, I began to see an attractive ensemble—sailors, whalers, girls who worked in the mills up the river, clambakes on near-by islands, an amusement park on the seaboard, things people could do in crowds, people who were strong and alive and lusty, people who had always been depicted on the stage as thin-lipped puritans—a libel I was anxious to refute ... as for the two leading characters, Julie with her courage and inner strength and outward simplicity seemed more indigenous to Maine than to Budapest. Liliom is, of course, an international character, indigenous to nowhere.", "Liliom is, of course, an international character, indigenous to nowhere. Rodgers and Hammerstein were also concerned about what they termed \"the tunnel\" of Molnár's second act—a series of gloomy scenes leading up to Liliom's suicide—followed by a dark ending.", "Rodgers and Hammerstein were also concerned about what they termed \"the tunnel\" of Molnár's second act—a series of gloomy scenes leading up to Liliom's suicide—followed by a dark ending. They also felt it would be difficult to set Liliom's motivation for the robbery to music.", "They also felt it would be difficult to set Liliom's motivation for the robbery to music. Molnár's opposition to having his works adapted was also an issue; he had famously turned down Giacomo Puccini when the great composer wished to transform Liliom into an opera, stating that he wanted the piece to be remembered as his, not Puccini's.", "Molnár's opposition to having his works adapted was also an issue; he had famously turned down Giacomo Puccini when the great composer wished to transform Liliom into an opera, stating that he wanted the piece to be remembered as his, not Puccini's. In 1937, Molnár, who had recently emigrated to the United States, had declined another offer from Kurt Weill to adapt the play into a musical.", "In 1937, Molnár, who had recently emigrated to the United States, had declined another offer from Kurt Weill to adapt the play into a musical. The pair continued to work on the preliminary ideas for a Liliom adaptation while pursuing other projects in late 1943 and early 1944—writing the film musical State Fair and producing I Remember Mama on Broadway.", "The pair continued to work on the preliminary ideas for a Liliom adaptation while pursuing other projects in late 1943 and early 1944—writing the film musical State Fair and producing I Remember Mama on Broadway. Meanwhile, the Theatre Guild took Molnár to see Oklahoma!", "Meanwhile, the Theatre Guild took Molnár to see Oklahoma! Molnár stated that if Rodgers and Hammerstein could adapt Liliom as beautifully as they had modified Green Grow the Lilacs into Oklahoma!, he would be pleased to have them do it. The Guild obtained the rights from Molnár in October 1943.", "The Guild obtained the rights from Molnár in October 1943. The playwright received one percent of the gross and $2,500 for \"personal services\". The duo insisted, as part of the contract, that Molnár permit them to make changes in the plot. At first, the playwright refused, but eventually yielded.", "At first, the playwright refused, but eventually yielded. Hammerstein later stated that if this point had not been won, \"we could never have made Carousel.\" In seeking to establish through song Liliom's motivation for the robbery, Rodgers remembered that he and Hart had a similar problem in Pal Joey.", "In seeking to establish through song Liliom's motivation for the robbery, Rodgers remembered that he and Hart had a similar problem in Pal Joey. Rodgers and Hart had overcome the problem with a song that Joey sings to himself, \"I'm Talking to My Pal\". This inspired \"Soliloquy\".", "This inspired \"Soliloquy\". This inspired \"Soliloquy\". Both partners later told a story that \"Soliloquy\" was only intended to be a song about Liliom's dreams of a son, but that Rodgers, who had two daughters, insisted that Liliom consider that Julie might have a girl.", "Both partners later told a story that \"Soliloquy\" was only intended to be a song about Liliom's dreams of a son, but that Rodgers, who had two daughters, insisted that Liliom consider that Julie might have a girl. However, the notes taken at their meeting of December 7, 1943 state: \"Mr. Rodgers suggested a fine musical number for the end of the scene where Liliom discovers he is to be a father, in which he sings first with pride of the growth of a boy, and then suddenly realizes it might be a girl and changes completely.\"", "However, the notes taken at their meeting of December 7, 1943 state: \"Mr. Rodgers suggested a fine musical number for the end of the scene where Liliom discovers he is to be a father, in which he sings first with pride of the growth of a boy, and then suddenly realizes it might be a girl and changes completely.\" Hammerstein and Rodgers returned to the Liliom project in mid-1944.", "Hammerstein and Rodgers returned to the Liliom project in mid-1944. Hammerstein was uneasy as he worked, fearing that no matter what they did, Molnár would disapprove of the results. Green Grow the Lilacs had been a little-known work; Liliom was a theatrical standard.", "Green Grow the Lilacs had been a little-known work; Liliom was a theatrical standard. Molnár's text also contained considerable commentary on the Hungarian politics of 1909 and the rigidity of that society. A dismissed carnival barker who hits his wife, attempts a robbery and commits suicide seemed an unlikely central character for a musical comedy.", "A dismissed carnival barker who hits his wife, attempts a robbery and commits suicide seemed an unlikely central character for a musical comedy. Hammerstein decided to use the words and story to make the audience sympathize with the lovers.", "Hammerstein decided to use the words and story to make the audience sympathize with the lovers. He also built up the secondary couple, who are incidental to the plot in Liliom; they became Enoch Snow and Carrie Pipperidge.", "He also built up the secondary couple, who are incidental to the plot in Liliom; they became Enoch Snow and Carrie Pipperidge. \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" was repurposed from a song, \"A Real Nice Hayride\", written for Oklahoma! but not used.", "but not used. but not used. Molnár's ending was unsuitable, and after a couple of false starts, Hammerstein conceived the graduation scene that ends the musical. According to Frederick Nolan in his book on the team's works: \"From that scene the song \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" sprang almost naturally.\"", "According to Frederick Nolan in his book on the team's works: \"From that scene the song \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" sprang almost naturally.\" In spite of Hammerstein's simple lyrics for \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", Rodgers had great difficulty in setting it to music.", "In spite of Hammerstein's simple lyrics for \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", Rodgers had great difficulty in setting it to music. Rodgers explained his rationale for the changed ending, Liliom was a tragedy about a man who cannot learn to live with other people.", "Rodgers explained his rationale for the changed ending, Liliom was a tragedy about a man who cannot learn to live with other people. The way Molnár wrote it, the man ends up hitting his daughter and then having to go back to purgatory, leaving his daughter helpless and hopeless. We couldn't accept that.", "We couldn't accept that. We couldn't accept that. The way we ended Carousel it may still be a tragedy but it's a hopeful one because in the final scene it is clear that the child has at last learned how to express herself and communicate with others.", "The way we ended Carousel it may still be a tragedy but it's a hopeful one because in the final scene it is clear that the child has at last learned how to express herself and communicate with others. When the pair decided to make \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" into an ensemble number, Hammerstein realized he had no idea what a clambake was like, and researched the matter.", "When the pair decided to make \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" into an ensemble number, Hammerstein realized he had no idea what a clambake was like, and researched the matter. Based on his initial findings, he wrote the line, \"First came codfish chowder\".", "Based on his initial findings, he wrote the line, \"First came codfish chowder\". However, further research convinced him the proper term was \"codhead chowder\", a term unfamiliar to many playgoers. He decided to keep it as \"codfish\".", "He decided to keep it as \"codfish\". When the song proceeded to discuss the lobsters consumed at the feast, Hammerstein wrote the line \"We slit 'em down the back/And peppered 'em good\". He was grieved to hear from a friend that lobsters are always slit down the front.", "He was grieved to hear from a friend that lobsters are always slit down the front. The lyricist sent a researcher to a seafood restaurant and heard back that lobsters are always slit down the back. Hammerstein concluded that there is disagreement about which side of a lobster is the back.", "Hammerstein concluded that there is disagreement about which side of a lobster is the back. One error not caught involved the song \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\", in which sheep are depicted as seeking to mate in late spring—they actually do so in the winter.", "One error not caught involved the song \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\", in which sheep are depicted as seeking to mate in late spring—they actually do so in the winter. Whenever this was brought to Hammerstein's attention, he told his informant that 1873 was a special year, in which sheep mated in the spring.", "Whenever this was brought to Hammerstein's attention, he told his informant that 1873 was a special year, in which sheep mated in the spring. Rodgers early decided to dispense with an overture, feeling that the music was hard to hear over the banging of seats as latecomers settled themselves.", "Rodgers early decided to dispense with an overture, feeling that the music was hard to hear over the banging of seats as latecomers settled themselves. In his autobiography, Rodgers complained that only the brass section can be heard during an overture because there are never enough strings in a musical's small orchestra.", "In his autobiography, Rodgers complained that only the brass section can be heard during an overture because there are never enough strings in a musical's small orchestra. He determined to force the audience to concentrate from the beginning by opening with a pantomime scene accompanied by what became known as \"The Carousel Waltz\".", "He determined to force the audience to concentrate from the beginning by opening with a pantomime scene accompanied by what became known as \"The Carousel Waltz\". The pantomime paralleled one in the Molnár play, which was also used to introduce the characters and situation to the audience.", "The pantomime paralleled one in the Molnár play, which was also used to introduce the characters and situation to the audience. Author Ethan Mordden described the effectiveness of this opening: Other characters catch our notice—Mr.", "Author Ethan Mordden described the effectiveness of this opening: Other characters catch our notice—Mr. Bascombe, the pompous mill owner, Mrs. Mullin, the widow who runs the carousel and, apparently, Billy; a dancing bear; an acrobat.", "Bascombe, the pompous mill owner, Mrs. Mullin, the widow who runs the carousel and, apparently, Billy; a dancing bear; an acrobat. But what draws us in is the intensity with which Julie regards Billy—the way she stands frozen, staring at him, while everyone else at the fair is swaying to the rhythm of Billy's spiel.", "But what draws us in is the intensity with which Julie regards Billy—the way she stands frozen, staring at him, while everyone else at the fair is swaying to the rhythm of Billy's spiel. And as Julie and Billy ride together on the swirling carousel, and the stage picture surges with the excitement of the crowd, and the orchestra storms to a climax, and the curtain falls, we realize that R & H have not only skipped the overture and the opening number but the exposition as well.", "And as Julie and Billy ride together on the swirling carousel, and the stage picture surges with the excitement of the crowd, and the orchestra storms to a climax, and the curtain falls, we realize that R & H have not only skipped the overture and the opening number but the exposition as well. They have plunged into the story, right into the middle of it, in the most intense first scene any musical ever had.", "They have plunged into the story, right into the middle of it, in the most intense first scene any musical ever had. Casting and out-of-town tryouts The casting for Carousel began when Oklahoma!s production team, including Rodgers and Hammerstein, was seeking a replacement for the part of Curly (the male lead in Oklahoma!).", "Casting and out-of-town tryouts The casting for Carousel began when Oklahoma!s production team, including Rodgers and Hammerstein, was seeking a replacement for the part of Curly (the male lead in Oklahoma!). Lawrence Langner had heard, through a relative, of a California singer named John Raitt, who might be suitable for the part.", "Lawrence Langner had heard, through a relative, of a California singer named John Raitt, who might be suitable for the part. Langner went to hear Raitt, then urged the others to bring Raitt to New York for an audition.", "Langner went to hear Raitt, then urged the others to bring Raitt to New York for an audition. Raitt asked to sing \"Largo al factotum\", Figaro's aria from The Barber of Seville, to warm up.", "Raitt asked to sing \"Largo al factotum\", Figaro's aria from The Barber of Seville, to warm up. The warmup was sufficient to convince the producers that not only had they found a Curly, they had found a Liliom (or Billy Bigelow, as the part was renamed).", "The warmup was sufficient to convince the producers that not only had they found a Curly, they had found a Liliom (or Billy Bigelow, as the part was renamed). Theresa Helburn made another California discovery, Jan Clayton, a singer/actress who had made a few minor films for MGM.", "Theresa Helburn made another California discovery, Jan Clayton, a singer/actress who had made a few minor films for MGM. She was brought east and successfully auditioned for the part of Julie. The producers sought to cast unknowns.", "The producers sought to cast unknowns. Though many had played in previous Hammerstein or Rodgers works, only one, Jean Casto (cast as carousel owner Mrs. Mullin, and a veteran of Pal Joey), had ever played on Broadway before.", "Though many had played in previous Hammerstein or Rodgers works, only one, Jean Casto (cast as carousel owner Mrs. Mullin, and a veteran of Pal Joey), had ever played on Broadway before. It proved harder to cast the ensemble than the leads, due to the war—Rodgers told his casting director, John Fearnley, that the sole qualification for a dancing boy was that he be alive.", "It proved harder to cast the ensemble than the leads, due to the war—Rodgers told his casting director, John Fearnley, that the sole qualification for a dancing boy was that he be alive. Rodgers and Hammerstein reassembled much of the creative team that had made Oklahoma! a success, including director Rouben Mamoulian and choreographer Agnes de Mille.", "a success, including director Rouben Mamoulian and choreographer Agnes de Mille. Miles White was the costume designer while Jo Mielziner (who had not worked on Oklahoma!) was the scenic and lighting designer. Even though Oklahoma!", "Even though Oklahoma! Even though Oklahoma! orchestrator Russell Bennett had informed Rodgers that he was unavailable to work on Carousel due to a radio contract, Rodgers insisted he do the work in his spare time. He orchestrated \"The Carousel Waltz\" and \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" before finally being replaced by Don Walker.", "He orchestrated \"The Carousel Waltz\" and \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" before finally being replaced by Don Walker. A new member of the creative team was Trude Rittmann, who arranged the dance music.", "A new member of the creative team was Trude Rittmann, who arranged the dance music. Rittmann initially felt that Rodgers mistrusted her because she was a woman, and found him difficult to work with, but the two worked together on Rodgers' shows until the 1970s.", "Rittmann initially felt that Rodgers mistrusted her because she was a woman, and found him difficult to work with, but the two worked together on Rodgers' shows until the 1970s. Rehearsals began in January 1945; either Rodgers or Hammerstein was always present.", "Rehearsals began in January 1945; either Rodgers or Hammerstein was always present. Raitt was presented with the lyrics for \"Soliloquy\" on a five-foot long sheet of paper—the piece ran nearly eight minutes. Staging such a long solo number presented problems, and Raitt later stated that he felt that they were never fully addressed.", "Staging such a long solo number presented problems, and Raitt later stated that he felt that they were never fully addressed. At some point during rehearsals, Molnár came to see what they had done to his play. There are a number of variations on the story.Fordin, pp.", "There are a number of variations on the story.Fordin, pp. 231–32 As Rodgers told it, while watching rehearsals with Hammerstein, the composer spotted Molnár in the rear of the theatre and whispered the news to his partner. Both sweated through an afternoon of rehearsal in which nothing seemed to go right.", "Both sweated through an afternoon of rehearsal in which nothing seemed to go right. At the end, the two walked to the back of the theatre, expecting an angry reaction from Molnár. Instead, the playwright said enthusiastically, \"What you have done is so beautiful. And you know what I like best? The ending!\"", "The ending!\" The ending!\" Hammerstein wrote that Molnár became a regular attendee at rehearsals after that. Like most of the pair's works, Carousel contains a lengthy ballet, \"Billy Makes a Journey\", in the second act, as Billy looks down to the Earth from \"Up There\" and observes his daughter.", "Like most of the pair's works, Carousel contains a lengthy ballet, \"Billy Makes a Journey\", in the second act, as Billy looks down to the Earth from \"Up There\" and observes his daughter. In the original production the ballet was choreographed by de Mille.", "In the original production the ballet was choreographed by de Mille. It began with Billy looking down from heaven at his wife in labor, with the village women gathered for a \"birthing\". The ballet involved every character in the play, some of whom spoke lines of dialogue, and contained a number of subplots.", "The ballet involved every character in the play, some of whom spoke lines of dialogue, and contained a number of subplots. The focus was on Louise, played by Bambi Linn, who at first almost soars in her dance, expressing the innocence of childhood.", "The focus was on Louise, played by Bambi Linn, who at first almost soars in her dance, expressing the innocence of childhood. She is teased and mocked by her schoolmates, and Louise becomes attracted to the rough carnival people, who symbolize Billy's world.", "She is teased and mocked by her schoolmates, and Louise becomes attracted to the rough carnival people, who symbolize Billy's world. A youth from the carnival attempts to seduce Louise, as she discovers her own sexuality, but he decides she is more girl than woman, and he leaves her.", "A youth from the carnival attempts to seduce Louise, as she discovers her own sexuality, but he decides she is more girl than woman, and he leaves her. After Julie comforts her, Louise goes to a children's party, where she is shunned.", "After Julie comforts her, Louise goes to a children's party, where she is shunned. The carnival people reappear and form a ring around the children's party, with Louise lost between the two groups. At the end, the performers form a huge carousel with their bodies.", "At the end, the performers form a huge carousel with their bodies. The play opened for tryouts in New Haven, Connecticut on March 22, 1945. The first act was well-received; the second act was not. Casto recalled that the second act finished about 1:30 a.m. The staff immediately sat down for a two-hour conference.", "The staff immediately sat down for a two-hour conference. Five scenes, half the ballet, and two songs were cut from the show as the result. John Fearnley commented, \"Now I see why these people have hits. I never witnessed anything so brisk and brave in my life.\"", "I never witnessed anything so brisk and brave in my life.\" De Mille said of this conference, \"not three minutes had been wasted pleading for something cherished. Nor was there any idle joking. ... We cut and cut and cut and then we went to bed.\"", "... We cut and cut and cut and then we went to bed.\" By the time the company left New Haven, de Mille's ballet was down to forty minutes.", "By the time the company left New Haven, de Mille's ballet was down to forty minutes. A major concern with the second act was the effectiveness of the characters He and She (later called by Rodgers \"Mr. and Mrs. God\"), before whom Billy appeared after his death.", "A major concern with the second act was the effectiveness of the characters He and She (later called by Rodgers \"Mr. and Mrs. God\"), before whom Billy appeared after his death. Mr. and Mrs. God were depicted as a New England minister and his wife, seen in their parlor.Block (ed. ), p. 129.", "), p. 129. ), p. 129. At this time, according to the cast sheet distributed during the Boston run, Dr. Seldon was listed as the \"Minister\". The couple was still part of the show at the Boston opening.", "The couple was still part of the show at the Boston opening. Rodgers said to Hammerstein, \"We've got to get God out of that parlor\". When Hammerstein inquired where he should put the deity, Rodgers replied, \"I don't care where you put Him.", "When Hammerstein inquired where he should put the deity, Rodgers replied, \"I don't care where you put Him. Put Him on a ladder for all I care, only get Him out of that parlor!\"", "Put Him on a ladder for all I care, only get Him out of that parlor!\" Hammerstein duly put Mr. God (renamed the Starkeeper) atop a ladder, and Mrs. God was removed from the show.", "Hammerstein duly put Mr. God (renamed the Starkeeper) atop a ladder, and Mrs. God was removed from the show. Rodgers biographer Meryle Secrest terms this change a mistake, leading to a more fantastic afterlife, which was later criticized by The New Republic as \"a Rotarian atmosphere congenial to audiences who seek not reality but escape from reality, not truth but escape from truth\".", "Rodgers biographer Meryle Secrest terms this change a mistake, leading to a more fantastic afterlife, which was later criticized by The New Republic as \"a Rotarian atmosphere congenial to audiences who seek not reality but escape from reality, not truth but escape from truth\". Hammerstein wrote that Molnár's advice, to combine two scenes into one, was key to pulling together the second act and represented \"a more radical departure from the original than any change we had made\".", "Hammerstein wrote that Molnár's advice, to combine two scenes into one, was key to pulling together the second act and represented \"a more radical departure from the original than any change we had made\". A reprise of \"If I Loved You\" was added in the second act, which Rodgers felt needed more music.", "A reprise of \"If I Loved You\" was added in the second act, which Rodgers felt needed more music. Three weeks of tryouts in Boston followed the brief New Haven run, and the audience there gave the musical a warm reception.", "Three weeks of tryouts in Boston followed the brief New Haven run, and the audience there gave the musical a warm reception. An even shorter version of the ballet was presented the final two weeks in Boston, but on the final night there, de Mille expanded it back to forty minutes, and it brought the house down, causing both Rodgers and Hammerstein to embrace her.", "An even shorter version of the ballet was presented the final two weeks in Boston, but on the final night there, de Mille expanded it back to forty minutes, and it brought the house down, causing both Rodgers and Hammerstein to embrace her. Synopsis Act 1 Two young female millworkers in 1873 Maine visit the town's carousel after work.", "Synopsis Act 1 Two young female millworkers in 1873 Maine visit the town's carousel after work. One of them, Julie Jordan, attracts the attention of the barker, Billy Bigelow (\"The Carousel Waltz\").", "One of them, Julie Jordan, attracts the attention of the barker, Billy Bigelow (\"The Carousel Waltz\"). When Julie lets Billy put his arm around her during the ride, Mrs. Mullin, the widowed owner of the carousel, tells Julie never to return.", "When Julie lets Billy put his arm around her during the ride, Mrs. Mullin, the widowed owner of the carousel, tells Julie never to return. Julie and her friend, Carrie Pipperidge, argue with Mrs. Mullin. Billy arrives and, seeing that Mrs. Mullin is jealous, mocks her; he is fired from his job.", "Billy arrives and, seeing that Mrs. Mullin is jealous, mocks her; he is fired from his job. Billy, unconcerned, invites Julie to join him for a drink.", "Billy, unconcerned, invites Julie to join him for a drink. As he goes to get his belongings, Carrie presses Julie about her feelings toward him, but Julie is evasive (\"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\").", "As he goes to get his belongings, Carrie presses Julie about her feelings toward him, but Julie is evasive (\"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\"). Carrie has a beau too, fisherman Enoch Snow (\"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\"), to whom she is newly engaged.", "Carrie has a beau too, fisherman Enoch Snow (\"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\"), to whom she is newly engaged. Billy returns for Julie as the departing Carrie warns that staying out late means the loss of Julie's job.", "Billy returns for Julie as the departing Carrie warns that staying out late means the loss of Julie's job. Mr. Bascombe, owner of the mill, happens by along with a policeman, and offers to escort Julie to her home, but she refuses and is fired.", "Mr. Bascombe, owner of the mill, happens by along with a policeman, and offers to escort Julie to her home, but she refuses and is fired. Left alone, she and Billy talk about what life might be like if they were in love, but neither quite confesses to the growing attraction they feel for each other (\"If I Loved You\").", "Left alone, she and Billy talk about what life might be like if they were in love, but neither quite confesses to the growing attraction they feel for each other (\"If I Loved You\"). Over a month passes, and preparations for the summer clambake are under way (\"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\").", "Over a month passes, and preparations for the summer clambake are under way (\"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\"). Julie and Billy, now married, live at Julie's cousin Nettie's spa. Julie confides in Carrie that Billy, frustrated over being unemployed, hit her.", "Julie confides in Carrie that Billy, frustrated over being unemployed, hit her. Carrie has happier news—she is engaged to Enoch, who enters as she discusses him (\"(When I Marry) Mister Snow (reprise))\". Billy arrives with his ne'er-do-well whaler friend, Jigger.", "Billy arrives with his ne'er-do-well whaler friend, Jigger. The former barker is openly rude to Enoch and Julie, then leaves with Jigger, followed by a distraught Julie.", "The former barker is openly rude to Enoch and Julie, then leaves with Jigger, followed by a distraught Julie. Enoch tells Carrie that he expects to become rich selling herring and to have a large family, larger perhaps than Carrie is comfortable having (\"When the Children Are Asleep\").", "Enoch tells Carrie that he expects to become rich selling herring and to have a large family, larger perhaps than Carrie is comfortable having (\"When the Children Are Asleep\"). Jigger and his shipmates, joined by Billy, then sing about life on the sea (\"Blow High, Blow Low\").", "Jigger and his shipmates, joined by Billy, then sing about life on the sea (\"Blow High, Blow Low\"). The whaler tries to recruit Billy to help with a robbery, but Billy declines, as the victim—Julie's former boss, Mr. Bascombe—might have to be killed.", "The whaler tries to recruit Billy to help with a robbery, but Billy declines, as the victim—Julie's former boss, Mr. Bascombe—might have to be killed. Mrs. Mullin enters and tries to tempt Billy back to the carousel (and to her).", "Mrs. Mullin enters and tries to tempt Billy back to the carousel (and to her). He would have to abandon Julie; a married barker cannot evoke the same sexual tension as one who is single. Billy reluctantly mulls it over as Julie arrives and the others leave.", "Billy reluctantly mulls it over as Julie arrives and the others leave. She tells him that she is pregnant, and Billy is overwhelmed with happiness, ending all thoughts of returning to the carousel.", "She tells him that she is pregnant, and Billy is overwhelmed with happiness, ending all thoughts of returning to the carousel. Once alone, Billy imagines the fun he will have with Bill Jr.—until he realizes that his child might be a girl, and reflects soberly that \"you've got to be a father to a girl\" (\"Soliloquy\").", "Once alone, Billy imagines the fun he will have with Bill Jr.—until he realizes that his child might be a girl, and reflects soberly that \"you've got to be a father to a girl\" (\"Soliloquy\"). Determined to provide financially for his future child, whatever the means, Billy decides to be Jigger's accomplice.", "Determined to provide financially for his future child, whatever the means, Billy decides to be Jigger's accomplice. The whole town leaves for the clambake.", "The whole town leaves for the clambake. Billy, who had earlier refused to go, agrees to join in, to Julie's delight, as he realizes that being seen at the clambake is integral to his and Jigger's alibi (\"Act I Finale\").", "Billy, who had earlier refused to go, agrees to join in, to Julie's delight, as he realizes that being seen at the clambake is integral to his and Jigger's alibi (\"Act I Finale\"). Act 2 Everyone reminisces about the huge meal and much fun (\"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\").", "Act 2 Everyone reminisces about the huge meal and much fun (\"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\"). Jigger tries to seduce Carrie; Enoch walks in at the wrong moment, and declares that he is finished with her (\"Geraniums In the Winder\"), as Jigger jeers (\"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\").", "Jigger tries to seduce Carrie; Enoch walks in at the wrong moment, and declares that he is finished with her (\"Geraniums In the Winder\"), as Jigger jeers (\"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\"). The girls try to comfort Carrie, but for Julie all that matters is that \"he's your feller and you love him\" (\"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\").", "The girls try to comfort Carrie, but for Julie all that matters is that \"he's your feller and you love him\" (\"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\"). Julie sees Billy trying to sneak away with Jigger and, trying to stop him, feels the knife hidden in his shirt.", "Julie sees Billy trying to sneak away with Jigger and, trying to stop him, feels the knife hidden in his shirt. She begs him to give it to her, but he refuses and leaves to commit the robbery. As they wait, Jigger and Billy gamble with cards. They stake their shares of the anticipated robbery spoils.", "They stake their shares of the anticipated robbery spoils. Billy loses: his participation is now pointless. Unknown to Billy and Jigger, Mr. Bascombe, the intended victim, has already deposited the mill's money. The robbery fails: Bascombe pulls a gun on Billy while Jigger escapes.", "The robbery fails: Bascombe pulls a gun on Billy while Jigger escapes. Billy stabs himself with his knife; Julie arrives just in time for him to say his last words to her and die. Julie strokes his hair, finally able to tell him that she loved him.", "Julie strokes his hair, finally able to tell him that she loved him. Carrie and Enoch, reunited by the crisis, attempt to console Julie; Nettie arrives and gives Julie the resolve to keep going despite her despair (\"You'll Never Walk Alone\").", "Carrie and Enoch, reunited by the crisis, attempt to console Julie; Nettie arrives and gives Julie the resolve to keep going despite her despair (\"You'll Never Walk Alone\"). Billy's defiant spirit (\"The Highest Judge of All\") is taken Up There to see the Starkeeper, a heavenly official.", "Billy's defiant spirit (\"The Highest Judge of All\") is taken Up There to see the Starkeeper, a heavenly official. The Starkeeper tells Billy that the good he did in life was not enough to get into heaven, but so long as there is a person alive who remembers him, he can return for a day to try to do good to redeem himself.", "The Starkeeper tells Billy that the good he did in life was not enough to get into heaven, but so long as there is a person alive who remembers him, he can return for a day to try to do good to redeem himself. He informs Billy that fifteen years have passed on Earth since his suicide, and suggests that Billy can get himself into heaven if he helps his daughter, Louise.", "He informs Billy that fifteen years have passed on Earth since his suicide, and suggests that Billy can get himself into heaven if he helps his daughter, Louise. He helps Billy look down from heaven to see her (instrumental ballet: \"Billy Makes a Journey\"). Louise has grown up to be lonely and bitter.", "Louise has grown up to be lonely and bitter. The local children ostracize her because her father was a thief and a wife-beater. In the dance, a young ruffian, much like her father at that age, flirts with her and abandons her as too young.", "In the dance, a young ruffian, much like her father at that age, flirts with her and abandons her as too young. The dance concludes, and Billy is anxious to return to Earth and help his daughter. He steals a star to take with him, as the Starkeeper pretends not to notice.", "He steals a star to take with him, as the Starkeeper pretends not to notice. Outside Julie's cottage, Carrie describes her visit to New York with the now-wealthy Enoch. Carrie's husband and their many children enter to fetch her—the family must get ready for the high school graduation later that day.", "Carrie's husband and their many children enter to fetch her—the family must get ready for the high school graduation later that day. Enoch Jr., the oldest son, remains behind to talk with Louise, as Billy and the Heavenly Friend escorting him enter, invisible to the other characters.", "Enoch Jr., the oldest son, remains behind to talk with Louise, as Billy and the Heavenly Friend escorting him enter, invisible to the other characters. Louise confides in Enoch Jr. that she plans to run away from home with an acting troupe.", "Louise confides in Enoch Jr. that she plans to run away from home with an acting troupe. He says that he will stop her by marrying her, but that his father will think her an unsuitable match. Louise is outraged: each insults the other's father, and Louise orders Enoch Jr. to go away.", "Louise is outraged: each insults the other's father, and Louise orders Enoch Jr. to go away. Billy, able to make himself visible at will, reveals himself to the sobbing Louise, pretending to be a friend of her father. He offers her a gift—the star he stole from heaven.", "He offers her a gift—the star he stole from heaven. She refuses it and, frustrated, he slaps her hand. He makes himself invisible, and Louise tells Julie what happened, stating that the slap miraculously felt like a kiss, not a blow—and Julie understands her perfectly.", "He makes himself invisible, and Louise tells Julie what happened, stating that the slap miraculously felt like a kiss, not a blow—and Julie understands her perfectly. Louise retreats to the house, as Julie notices the star that Billy dropped; she picks it up and seems to feel Billy's presence (\"If I Loved You (Reprise)\").", "Louise retreats to the house, as Julie notices the star that Billy dropped; she picks it up and seems to feel Billy's presence (\"If I Loved You (Reprise)\"). Billy invisibly attends Louise's graduation, hoping for one last chance to help his daughter and redeem himself.", "Billy invisibly attends Louise's graduation, hoping for one last chance to help his daughter and redeem himself. The beloved town physician, Dr. Seldon (who resembles the Starkeeper) advises the graduating class not to rely on their parents' success or be held back by their failure (words directed at Louise).", "The beloved town physician, Dr. Seldon (who resembles the Starkeeper) advises the graduating class not to rely on their parents' success or be held back by their failure (words directed at Louise). Seldon prompts everyone to sing an old song, \"You'll Never Walk Alone\".", "Seldon prompts everyone to sing an old song, \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". Billy, still invisible, whispers to Louise, telling her to believe Seldon's words, and when she tentatively reaches out to another girl, she learns she does not have to be an outcast.", "Billy, still invisible, whispers to Louise, telling her to believe Seldon's words, and when she tentatively reaches out to another girl, she learns she does not have to be an outcast. Billy goes to Julie, telling her at last that he loved her.", "Billy goes to Julie, telling her at last that he loved her. As his widow and daughter join in the singing, Billy is taken to his heavenly reward. Principal roles and notable performers ° denotes original Broadway cast Musical numbers Act I\"List of Songs\", Carousel at the IBDB Database.", "Principal roles and notable performers ° denotes original Broadway cast Musical numbers Act I\"List of Songs\", Carousel at the IBDB Database. Retrieved July 18, 2012 \"The Carousel Waltz\" – Orchestra \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\" – Carrie Pipperidge and Julie Jordan \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" – Carrie \"If I Loved You\" – Billy Bigelow and Julie \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" – Nettie Fowler and Chorus \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" (reprise) – Carrie, Enoch Snow and Female Chorus \"When the Children Are Asleep\" – Enoch and Carrie \"Blow High, Blow Low\" – Jigger Craigin, Billy and Male Chorus \"Soliloquy\" – BillyAct II \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" – Carrie, Nettie, Julie, Enoch and Chorus \"Geraniums in the Winder\" – Enoch * \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" – Jigger and Chorus \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\"", "Retrieved July 18, 2012 \"The Carousel Waltz\" – Orchestra \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\" – Carrie Pipperidge and Julie Jordan \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" – Carrie \"If I Loved You\" – Billy Bigelow and Julie \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" – Nettie Fowler and Chorus \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" (reprise) – Carrie, Enoch Snow and Female Chorus \"When the Children Are Asleep\" – Enoch and Carrie \"Blow High, Blow Low\" – Jigger Craigin, Billy and Male Chorus \"Soliloquy\" – BillyAct II \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" – Carrie, Nettie, Julie, Enoch and Chorus \"Geraniums in the Winder\" – Enoch * \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" – Jigger and Chorus \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\" – Julie \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" – Nettie \"The Highest Judge of All\" – Billy Ballet: \"Billy Makes a Journey\" – Orchestra \"If I Loved You\" (reprise) – Billy Finale: \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" (reprise) – Company Productions Early productions The original Broadway production opened at the Majestic Theatre on April 19, 1945.", "– Julie \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" – Nettie \"The Highest Judge of All\" – Billy Ballet: \"Billy Makes a Journey\" – Orchestra \"If I Loved You\" (reprise) – Billy Finale: \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" (reprise) – Company Productions Early productions The original Broadway production opened at the Majestic Theatre on April 19, 1945. The dress rehearsal the day before had gone badly, and the pair feared the new work would not be well received.", "The dress rehearsal the day before had gone badly, and the pair feared the new work would not be well received. One successful last-minute change was to have de Mille choreograph the pantomime. The movement of the carnival crowd in the pantomime had been entrusted to Mamoulian, and his version was not working.", "The movement of the carnival crowd in the pantomime had been entrusted to Mamoulian, and his version was not working. Rodgers had injured his back the previous week, and he watched the opening from a stretcher propped in a box behind the curtain. Sedated with morphine, he could see only part of the stage.", "Sedated with morphine, he could see only part of the stage. As he could not hear the audience's applause and laughter, he assumed the show was a failure. It was not until friends congratulated him later that evening that he realized that the curtain had been met by wild applause.", "It was not until friends congratulated him later that evening that he realized that the curtain had been met by wild applause. Bambi Linn, who played Louise, was so enthusiastically received by the audience during her ballet that she was forced to break character, when she next appeared, and bow.", "Bambi Linn, who played Louise, was so enthusiastically received by the audience during her ballet that she was forced to break character, when she next appeared, and bow. Rodgers' daughter Mary caught sight of her friend, Stephen Sondheim, both teenagers then, across several rows; both had eyes wet with tears.", "Rodgers' daughter Mary caught sight of her friend, Stephen Sondheim, both teenagers then, across several rows; both had eyes wet with tears. The original production ran for 890 performances, closing on May 24, 1947.", "The original production ran for 890 performances, closing on May 24, 1947. The original cast included John Raitt (Billy), Jan Clayton (Julie), Jean Darling (Carrie), Eric Mattson (Enoch Snow), Christine Johnson (Nettie Fowler), Murvyn Vye (Jigger), Bambi Linn (Louise) and Russell Collins (Starkeeper).", "The original cast included John Raitt (Billy), Jan Clayton (Julie), Jean Darling (Carrie), Eric Mattson (Enoch Snow), Christine Johnson (Nettie Fowler), Murvyn Vye (Jigger), Bambi Linn (Louise) and Russell Collins (Starkeeper). In December 1945, Clayton left to star in the Broadway revival of Show Boat and was replaced by Iva Withers; Raitt was replaced by Henry Michel in January 1947; Darling was replaced by Margot Moser.Hischak, p. 62 After closing on Broadway, the show went on a national tour for two years.", "In December 1945, Clayton left to star in the Broadway revival of Show Boat and was replaced by Iva Withers; Raitt was replaced by Henry Michel in January 1947; Darling was replaced by Margot Moser.Hischak, p. 62 After closing on Broadway, the show went on a national tour for two years. It played for five months in Chicago alone, visited twenty states and two Canadian cities, covered and played to nearly two million people.", "It played for five months in Chicago alone, visited twenty states and two Canadian cities, covered and played to nearly two million people. The touring company had a four-week run at New York City Center in January 1949.", "The touring company had a four-week run at New York City Center in January 1949. Following the City Center run, the show was moved back to the Majestic Theatre in the hopes of filling the theatre until South Pacific opened in early April. However, ticket sales were mediocre, and the show closed almost a month early.", "However, ticket sales were mediocre, and the show closed almost a month early. The musical premiered in the West End, London, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on June 7, 1950.", "The musical premiered in the West End, London, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on June 7, 1950. The production was restaged by Jerome Whyte, with a cast that included Stephen Douglass (Billy), Iva Withers (Julie) and Margot Moser (Carrie).", "The production was restaged by Jerome Whyte, with a cast that included Stephen Douglass (Billy), Iva Withers (Julie) and Margot Moser (Carrie). Carousel ran in London for 566 performances, remaining there for over a year and a half.", "Carousel ran in London for 566 performances, remaining there for over a year and a half. Subsequent productions Carousel was revived in 1954 and 1957 at City Center, presented by the New York City Center Light Opera Company.", "Subsequent productions Carousel was revived in 1954 and 1957 at City Center, presented by the New York City Center Light Opera Company. Both times, the production featured Barbara Cook, though she played Carrie in 1954 and Julie in 1957 (playing alongside Howard Keel as Billy).", "Both times, the production featured Barbara Cook, though she played Carrie in 1954 and Julie in 1957 (playing alongside Howard Keel as Billy). The production was then taken to Belgium to be performed at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair, with David Atkinson as Billy, Ruth Kobart as Nettie, and Clayton reprising the role of Julie, which she had originated.", "The production was then taken to Belgium to be performed at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair, with David Atkinson as Billy, Ruth Kobart as Nettie, and Clayton reprising the role of Julie, which she had originated. In August 1965, Rodgers and the Music Theater of Lincoln Center produced Carousel for 47 performances.", "In August 1965, Rodgers and the Music Theater of Lincoln Center produced Carousel for 47 performances. John Raitt reprised the role of Billy, with Jerry Orbach as Jigger and Reid Shelton as Enoch Snow. The roles of the Starkeeper and Dr. Seldon were played by Edward Everett Horton in his final stage appearance.", "The roles of the Starkeeper and Dr. Seldon were played by Edward Everett Horton in his final stage appearance. The following year, New York City Center Light Opera Company brought Carousel back to City Center for 22 performances, with Bruce Yarnell as Billy and Constance Towers as Julie.", "The following year, New York City Center Light Opera Company brought Carousel back to City Center for 22 performances, with Bruce Yarnell as Billy and Constance Towers as Julie. Nicholas Hytner directed a new production of Carousel in 1992, at London's Royal National Theatre, with choreography by Sir Kenneth MacMillan and designs by Bob Crowley.", "Nicholas Hytner directed a new production of Carousel in 1992, at London's Royal National Theatre, with choreography by Sir Kenneth MacMillan and designs by Bob Crowley. In this staging, the story begins at the mill, where Julie and Carrie work, with the music slowed down to emphasize the drudgery.", "In this staging, the story begins at the mill, where Julie and Carrie work, with the music slowed down to emphasize the drudgery. After work ends, they move to the shipyards and then to the carnival.", "After work ends, they move to the shipyards and then to the carnival. As they proceed on a revolving stage, carnival characters appear, and at last the carousel is assembled onstage for the girls to ride.Block, p. 175 Louise is seduced by the ruffian boy during her Act 2 ballet, set around the ruins of a carousel.", "As they proceed on a revolving stage, carnival characters appear, and at last the carousel is assembled onstage for the girls to ride.Block, p. 175 Louise is seduced by the ruffian boy during her Act 2 ballet, set around the ruins of a carousel. Michael Hayden played Billy not as a large, gruff man, but as a frustrated smaller one, a time bomb waiting to explode.", "Michael Hayden played Billy not as a large, gruff man, but as a frustrated smaller one, a time bomb waiting to explode. Hayden, Joanna Riding (Julie) and Janie Dee (Carrie) all won Olivier Awards for their performances. Patricia Routledge played Nettie.", "Patricia Routledge played Nettie. Patricia Routledge played Nettie. Enoch and Carrie were cast as an interracial couple whose eight children, according to the review in The New York Times, looked like \"a walking United Colors of Benetton ad\". Clive Rowe, as Enoch, was nominated for an Olivier Award.", "Clive Rowe, as Enoch, was nominated for an Olivier Award. The production's limited run from December 1992 through March 1993 was a sellout. It re-opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London in September 1993, presented by Cameron Mackintosh, where it continued until May 1994.", "It re-opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London in September 1993, presented by Cameron Mackintosh, where it continued until May 1994. The Hytner production moved to New York's Vivian Beaumont Theater, where it opened on March 24, 1994, and ran for 322 performances.", "The Hytner production moved to New York's Vivian Beaumont Theater, where it opened on March 24, 1994, and ran for 322 performances. This won five Tony Awards, including best musical revival, as well as awards for Hytner, MacMillan, Crowley and Audra McDonald (as Carrie).", "This won five Tony Awards, including best musical revival, as well as awards for Hytner, MacMillan, Crowley and Audra McDonald (as Carrie). The cast also included Sally Murphy as Julie, Shirley Verrett as Nettie, Fisher Stevens as Jigger and Eddie Korbich as Enoch.", "The cast also included Sally Murphy as Julie, Shirley Verrett as Nettie, Fisher Stevens as Jigger and Eddie Korbich as Enoch. One change made from the London to the New York production was to have Billy strike Louise across the face, rather than on the hand.", "One change made from the London to the New York production was to have Billy strike Louise across the face, rather than on the hand. According to Hayden, \"He does the one unpardonable thing, the thing we can't forgive. It's a challenge for the audience to like him after that.\"", "It's a challenge for the audience to like him after that.\" The Hytner Carousel was presented in Japan in May 1995. A U.S. national tour with a scaled-down production began in February 1996 in Houston and closed in May 1997 in Providence, Rhode Island.", "A U.S. national tour with a scaled-down production began in February 1996 in Houston and closed in May 1997 in Providence, Rhode Island. Producers sought to feature young talent on the tour, with Patrick Wilson as Billy and Sarah Uriarte Berry, and later Jennifer Laura Thompson, as Julie.", "Producers sought to feature young talent on the tour, with Patrick Wilson as Billy and Sarah Uriarte Berry, and later Jennifer Laura Thompson, as Julie. A revival opened at London's Savoy Theatre on December 2, 2008, after a week of previews, starring Jeremiah James (Billy), Alexandra Silber (Julie) and Lesley Garrett (Nettie).", "A revival opened at London's Savoy Theatre on December 2, 2008, after a week of previews, starring Jeremiah James (Billy), Alexandra Silber (Julie) and Lesley Garrett (Nettie). The production received warm to mixed reviews. It closed in June 2009, a month early.", "It closed in June 2009, a month early. Michael Coveney, writing in The Independent, admired Rodgers' music but stated, \"Lindsay Posner's efficient revival doesn't hold a candle to the National Theatre 1992 version\".", "Michael Coveney, writing in The Independent, admired Rodgers' music but stated, \"Lindsay Posner's efficient revival doesn't hold a candle to the National Theatre 1992 version\". A production at Theater Basel, Switzerland, in 2016 to 2017, with German dialogue, was directed by Alexander Charim and choreographed by Teresa Rotemberg.", "A production at Theater Basel, Switzerland, in 2016 to 2017, with German dialogue, was directed by Alexander Charim and choreographed by Teresa Rotemberg. Bryony Dwyer, Christian Miedl and Cheryl Studer starred, respectively, as Julie Jordan, Billy Bigelow and Nettie Fowler.<ref>[http://operabase.com/diary.cgi?lang=en&code=wsba&date=20161215 \"Richard Rodgers: Carousel\"] , Diary: Theater Basel, Operabase.com.", "Bryony Dwyer, Christian Miedl and Cheryl Studer starred, respectively, as Julie Jordan, Billy Bigelow and Nettie Fowler.<ref>[http://operabase.com/diary.cgi?lang=en&code=wsba&date=20161215 \"Richard Rodgers: Carousel\"] , Diary: Theater Basel, Operabase.com. Retrieved on March 8, 2018</ref> A semi-staged revival by the English National Opera opened at the London Coliseum in 2017.", "Retrieved on March 8, 2018</ref> A semi-staged revival by the English National Opera opened at the London Coliseum in 2017. The production was directed by Lonny Price, conducted by David Charles Abell, and starred Alfie Boe as Billy, Katherine Jenkins as Julie and Nicholas Lyndhurst as the Starkeeper.", "The production was directed by Lonny Price, conducted by David Charles Abell, and starred Alfie Boe as Billy, Katherine Jenkins as Julie and Nicholas Lyndhurst as the Starkeeper. The production received mixed to positive reviews. The third Broadway revival began previews in February 2018 at the Imperial Theatre and officially opened on April 12.", "The third Broadway revival began previews in February 2018 at the Imperial Theatre and officially opened on April 12. It closed on September 16, 2018. The production starred Jessie Mueller, Joshua Henry, Renée Fleming, Lindsay Mendez and Alexander Gemignani. The production was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Justin Peck.", "The production was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Justin Peck. The songs \"Geraniums in the Winder\" and \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" were cut from this revival.", "The songs \"Geraniums in the Winder\" and \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" were cut from this revival. Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times, \"The tragic inevitability of Carousel has seldom come across as warmly or as chillingly as it does in this vividly reimagined revival.", "Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times, \"The tragic inevitability of Carousel has seldom come across as warmly or as chillingly as it does in this vividly reimagined revival. ... [W]ith thoughtful and powerful performances by Mr. Henry and Ms. Mueller, the love story at the show's center has never seemed quite as ill-starred or, at the same time, as sexy.", "... [W]ith thoughtful and powerful performances by Mr. Henry and Ms. Mueller, the love story at the show's center has never seemed quite as ill-starred or, at the same time, as sexy. ... [T]he Starkeeper ... assumes new visibility throughout, taking on the role of Billy's angelic supervisor.\"", "... [T]he Starkeeper ... assumes new visibility throughout, taking on the role of Billy's angelic supervisor.\" Brantley strongly praised the choreography, all the performances and the designers.", "Brantley strongly praised the choreography, all the performances and the designers. He was unconvinced, however, by the \"mother-daughter dialogue that falls so abrasively on contemporary ears\", where Julie tries to justify loving an abusive man, and other scenes in Act 2, particularly those set in heaven, and the optimism of the final scene.", "He was unconvinced, however, by the \"mother-daughter dialogue that falls so abrasively on contemporary ears\", where Julie tries to justify loving an abusive man, and other scenes in Act 2, particularly those set in heaven, and the optimism of the final scene. Most of the reviewers agreed that while the choreography and performances (especially the singing) were excellent, characterizing the production as sexy and sumptuous, O'Brien's direction did little to help the show deal with modern sensibilities about men's treatment of women, instead indulging in nostalgia.", "Most of the reviewers agreed that while the choreography and performances (especially the singing) were excellent, characterizing the production as sexy and sumptuous, O'Brien's direction did little to help the show deal with modern sensibilities about men's treatment of women, instead indulging in nostalgia. From July to September 2021 the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London is presenting a staging by its artistic director Timothy Sheader, with choreography by Drew McOnie.", "From July to September 2021 the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London is presenting a staging by its artistic director Timothy Sheader, with choreography by Drew McOnie. The cast includes Carly Bawden as Julie, Declan Bennett as Billy and Joanna Riding as Nettie.", "The cast includes Carly Bawden as Julie, Declan Bennett as Billy and Joanna Riding as Nettie. Film, television and concert versions [[File:Boothbay Harbor in Summer.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Boothbay Harbor, Maine, where the location shots for Carousels movie version were filmed]] A film version of the musical was made in 1956, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones.", "Film, television and concert versions [[File:Boothbay Harbor in Summer.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Boothbay Harbor, Maine, where the location shots for Carousels movie version were filmed]] A film version of the musical was made in 1956, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones. It follows the musical's story fairly closely, although a prologue, set in the Starkeeper's heaven, was added.", "It follows the musical's story fairly closely, although a prologue, set in the Starkeeper's heaven, was added. The film was released only a few months after the release of the film version of Oklahoma! It garnered some good reviews, and the soundtrack recording was a best seller.", "It garnered some good reviews, and the soundtrack recording was a best seller. As the same stars appeared in both pictures, however, the two films were often compared, generally to the disadvantage of Carousel.", "As the same stars appeared in both pictures, however, the two films were often compared, generally to the disadvantage of Carousel. Thomas Hischak, in The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, later wondered \"if the smaller number of Carousel stage revivals is the product of this often-lumbering [film] musical\".", "Thomas Hischak, in The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, later wondered \"if the smaller number of Carousel stage revivals is the product of this often-lumbering [film] musical\". There was also an abridged (100 minute) 1967 network television version that starred Robert Goulet, with choreography by Edward Villella.", "There was also an abridged (100 minute) 1967 network television version that starred Robert Goulet, with choreography by Edward Villella. The New York Philharmonic presented a staged concert version of the musical from February 28 to March 2, 2013, at Avery Fisher Hall.", "The New York Philharmonic presented a staged concert version of the musical from February 28 to March 2, 2013, at Avery Fisher Hall. Kelli O'Hara played Julie, with Nathan Gunn as Billy, Stephanie Blythe as Nettie, Jessie Mueller as Carrie, Jason Danieley as Enoch, Shuler Hensley as Jigger, John Cullum as the Starkeeper, and Kate Burton as Mrs. Mullin.", "Kelli O'Hara played Julie, with Nathan Gunn as Billy, Stephanie Blythe as Nettie, Jessie Mueller as Carrie, Jason Danieley as Enoch, Shuler Hensley as Jigger, John Cullum as the Starkeeper, and Kate Burton as Mrs. Mullin. Tiler Peck danced the role of Louise to choreography by Warren Carlyle.", "Tiler Peck danced the role of Louise to choreography by Warren Carlyle. The production was directed by John Rando and conducted by Rob Fisher. Charles Isherwood of The New York Times wrote, \"this is as gorgeously sung a production of this sublime 1945 Broadway musical as you are ever likely to hear.\"", "Charles Isherwood of The New York Times wrote, \"this is as gorgeously sung a production of this sublime 1945 Broadway musical as you are ever likely to hear.\" It was broadcast as part of the PBS Live from Lincoln Center series, premiering on April 26, 2013.", "It was broadcast as part of the PBS Live from Lincoln Center series, premiering on April 26, 2013. Music and recordings Musical treatment Rodgers designed Carousel to be an almost continuous stream of music, especially in Act 1. In later years, Rodgers was asked if he had considered writing an opera.", "In later years, Rodgers was asked if he had considered writing an opera. He stated that he had been sorely tempted to, but saw Carousel in operatic terms. He remembered, \"We came very close to opera in the Majestic Theatre. ... There's much that is operatic in the music.\"", "There's much that is operatic in the music.\" Rodgers uses music in Carousel in subtle ways to differentiate characters and tell the audience of their emotional state.", "Rodgers uses music in Carousel in subtle ways to differentiate characters and tell the audience of their emotional state. In \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\", the music for the placid Carrie is characterized by even eighth-note rhythms, whereas the emotionally restless Julie's music is marked by dotted eighths and sixteenths; this rhythm will characterize her throughout the show.", "In \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\", the music for the placid Carrie is characterized by even eighth-note rhythms, whereas the emotionally restless Julie's music is marked by dotted eighths and sixteenths; this rhythm will characterize her throughout the show. When Billy whistles a snatch of the song, he selects Julie's dotted notes rather than Carrie's.", "When Billy whistles a snatch of the song, he selects Julie's dotted notes rather than Carrie's. Reflecting the close association in the music between Julie and the as-yet unborn Louise, when Billy sings in \"Soliloquy\" of his daughter, who \"gets hungry every night\", he uses Julie's dotted rhythms.", "Reflecting the close association in the music between Julie and the as-yet unborn Louise, when Billy sings in \"Soliloquy\" of his daughter, who \"gets hungry every night\", he uses Julie's dotted rhythms. Such rhythms also characterize Julie's Act 2 song, \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'\".", "Such rhythms also characterize Julie's Act 2 song, \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'\". The stable love between Enoch and Carrie is strengthened by her willingness to let Enoch not only plan his entire life, but hers as well.", "The stable love between Enoch and Carrie is strengthened by her willingness to let Enoch not only plan his entire life, but hers as well. This is reflected in \"When the Children Are Asleep\", where the two sing in close harmony, but Enoch musically interrupts his intended's turn at the chorus with the words \"Dreams that won't be interrupted\".", "This is reflected in \"When the Children Are Asleep\", where the two sing in close harmony, but Enoch musically interrupts his intended's turn at the chorus with the words \"Dreams that won't be interrupted\". Rodgers biographer Geoffrey Block, in his book on the Broadway musical, points out that though Billy may strike his wife, he allows her musical themes to become a part of him and never interrupts her music.", "Rodgers biographer Geoffrey Block, in his book on the Broadway musical, points out that though Billy may strike his wife, he allows her musical themes to become a part of him and never interrupts her music. Block suggests that, as reprehensible as Billy may be for his actions, Enoch requiring Carrie to act as \"the little woman\", and his having nine children with her (more than she had found acceptable in \"When the Children are Asleep\") can be considered to be even more abusive.", "Block suggests that, as reprehensible as Billy may be for his actions, Enoch requiring Carrie to act as \"the little woman\", and his having nine children with her (more than she had found acceptable in \"When the Children are Asleep\") can be considered to be even more abusive. The twelve-minute \"bench scene\", in which Billy and Julie get to know each other and which culminates with \"If I Loved You\", according to Hischak, \"is considered the most completely integrated piece of music-drama in the American musical theatre\".", "The twelve-minute \"bench scene\", in which Billy and Julie get to know each other and which culminates with \"If I Loved You\", according to Hischak, \"is considered the most completely integrated piece of music-drama in the American musical theatre\". The scene is almost entirely drawn from Molnár and is one extended musical piece; Stephen Sondheim described it as \"probably the single most important moment in the revolution of contemporary musicals\".", "The scene is almost entirely drawn from Molnár and is one extended musical piece; Stephen Sondheim described it as \"probably the single most important moment in the revolution of contemporary musicals\". \"If I Loved You\" has been recorded many times, by such diverse artists as Frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, Sammy Davis Jr., Mario Lanza and Chad and Jeremy.", "\"If I Loved You\" has been recorded many times, by such diverse artists as Frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, Sammy Davis Jr., Mario Lanza and Chad and Jeremy. The D-flat major theme that dominates the music for the second act ballet seems like a new melody to many audience members.", "The D-flat major theme that dominates the music for the second act ballet seems like a new melody to many audience members. It is, however, a greatly expanded development of a theme heard during \"Soliloquy\" at the line \"I guess he'll call me 'The old man' \".", "It is, however, a greatly expanded development of a theme heard during \"Soliloquy\" at the line \"I guess he'll call me 'The old man' \". When the pair discussed the song that would become \"Soliloquy\", Rodgers improvised at the piano to give Hammerstein an idea of how he envisioned the song.", "When the pair discussed the song that would become \"Soliloquy\", Rodgers improvised at the piano to give Hammerstein an idea of how he envisioned the song. When Hammerstein presented his collaborator with the lyrics after two weeks of work (Hammerstein always wrote the words first, then Rodgers would write the melodies), Rodgers wrote the music for the eight-minute song in two hours.", "When Hammerstein presented his collaborator with the lyrics after two weeks of work (Hammerstein always wrote the words first, then Rodgers would write the melodies), Rodgers wrote the music for the eight-minute song in two hours. \"What's the Use of Wond'rin' \", one of Julie's songs, worked well in the show but was never as popular on the radio or for recording, and Hammerstein believed that the lack of popularity was because he had concluded the final line, \"And all the rest is talk\" with a hard consonant, which does not allow the singer a vocal climax.", "\"What's the Use of Wond'rin' \", one of Julie's songs, worked well in the show but was never as popular on the radio or for recording, and Hammerstein believed that the lack of popularity was because he had concluded the final line, \"And all the rest is talk\" with a hard consonant, which does not allow the singer a vocal climax. Irving Berlin later stated that \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" had the same sort of effect on him as the 23rd Psalm.", "Irving Berlin later stated that \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" had the same sort of effect on him as the 23rd Psalm. When singer Mel Tormé told Rodgers that \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" had made him cry, Rodgers nodded impatiently. \"You're supposed to.\"", "\"You're supposed to.\" The frequently recorded song has become a widely accepted hymn.Rodgers, p. 240 The cast recording of Carousel proved popular in Liverpool, like many Broadway albums, and in 1963, the Brian Epstein-managed band, Gerry and the Pacemakers had a number-one hit with the song.", "The frequently recorded song has become a widely accepted hymn.Rodgers, p. 240 The cast recording of Carousel proved popular in Liverpool, like many Broadway albums, and in 1963, the Brian Epstein-managed band, Gerry and the Pacemakers had a number-one hit with the song. At the time, the top ten hits were played before Liverpool F.C.", "At the time, the top ten hits were played before Liverpool F.C. home matches; even after \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" dropped out of the top ten, fans continued to sing it, and it has become closely associated with the soccer team and the city of Liverpool.", "home matches; even after \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" dropped out of the top ten, fans continued to sing it, and it has become closely associated with the soccer team and the city of Liverpool. A BBC program, Soul Music, ranked it alongside \"Silent Night\" and \"Abide With Me\" in terms of its emotional impact and iconic status.", "A BBC program, Soul Music, ranked it alongside \"Silent Night\" and \"Abide With Me\" in terms of its emotional impact and iconic status. Recordings The cast album of the 1945 Broadway production was issued on 78s, and the score was significantly cut—as was the 1950 London cast recording.", "Recordings The cast album of the 1945 Broadway production was issued on 78s, and the score was significantly cut—as was the 1950 London cast recording. Theatre historian John Kenrick notes of the 1945 recording that a number of songs had to be abridged to fit the 78 format, but that there is a small part of \"Soliloquy\" found on no other recording, as Rodgers cut it from the score immediately after the studio recording was made.Fick, David.", "Theatre historian John Kenrick notes of the 1945 recording that a number of songs had to be abridged to fit the 78 format, but that there is a small part of \"Soliloquy\" found on no other recording, as Rodgers cut it from the score immediately after the studio recording was made.Fick, David. \"The Best Carousel Recording\", June 11, 2009.", "\"The Best Carousel Recording\", June 11, 2009. Retrieved on April 7, 2016 A number of songs were cut for the 1956 film, but two of the deleted numbers had been recorded and were ultimately retained on the soundtrack album.", "Retrieved on April 7, 2016 A number of songs were cut for the 1956 film, but two of the deleted numbers had been recorded and were ultimately retained on the soundtrack album. The expanded CD version of the soundtrack, issued in 2001, contains all of the singing recorded for the film, including the cut portions, and nearly all of the dance music.", "The expanded CD version of the soundtrack, issued in 2001, contains all of the singing recorded for the film, including the cut portions, and nearly all of the dance music. The recording of the 1965 Lincoln Center revival featured Raitt reprising the role of Billy.", "The recording of the 1965 Lincoln Center revival featured Raitt reprising the role of Billy. Studio recordings of Carousels songs were released in 1956 (with Robert Merrill as Billy, Patrice Munsel as Julie, and Florence Henderson as Carrie), 1962 and 1987.", "Studio recordings of Carousels songs were released in 1956 (with Robert Merrill as Billy, Patrice Munsel as Julie, and Florence Henderson as Carrie), 1962 and 1987. The 1987 version featured a mix of opera and musical stars, including Samuel Ramey, Barbara Cook and Sarah Brightman.", "The 1987 version featured a mix of opera and musical stars, including Samuel Ramey, Barbara Cook and Sarah Brightman. Kenrick recommends the 1962 studio recording for its outstanding cast, including Alfred Drake, Roberta Peters, Claramae Turner, Lee Venora, and Norman Treigle.", "Kenrick recommends the 1962 studio recording for its outstanding cast, including Alfred Drake, Roberta Peters, Claramae Turner, Lee Venora, and Norman Treigle. Both the London (1993) and New York (1994) cast albums of the Hytner production contain portions of dialogue that, according to Hischak, speak to the power of Michael Hayden's portrayal of Billy.", "Both the London (1993) and New York (1994) cast albums of the Hytner production contain portions of dialogue that, according to Hischak, speak to the power of Michael Hayden's portrayal of Billy. Kenrick judges the 1994 recording the best all-around performance of Carousel on disc, despite uneven singing by Hayden, due to Sally Murphy's Julie and the strong supporting cast (calling Audra McDonald the best Carrie he has heard).", "Kenrick judges the 1994 recording the best all-around performance of Carousel on disc, despite uneven singing by Hayden, due to Sally Murphy's Julie and the strong supporting cast (calling Audra McDonald the best Carrie he has heard). The Stratford Festival issued a recording in 2015.", "The Stratford Festival issued a recording in 2015. Critical reception and legacy The musical received almost unanimous rave reviews after its opening in 1945. According to Hischak, reviews were not as exuberant as for Oklahoma! as the critics were not taken by surprise this time.", "as the critics were not taken by surprise this time. John Chapman of the Daily News termed it \"one of the finest musical plays I have ever seen and I shall remember it always\".", "John Chapman of the Daily News termed it \"one of the finest musical plays I have ever seen and I shall remember it always\". The New York Times's reviewer, Lewis Nichols, stated that \"Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 2d, who can do no wrong, have continued doing no wrong in adapting Liliom into a musical play.", "The New York Times's reviewer, Lewis Nichols, stated that \"Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 2d, who can do no wrong, have continued doing no wrong in adapting Liliom into a musical play. Their Carousel is on the whole delightful.\"", "Their Carousel is on the whole delightful.\" Wilella Waldorf of the New York Post, however, complained, \"Carousel seemed to us a rather long evening. The Oklahoma! formula is becoming a bit monotonous and so are Miss de Mille's ballets. All right, go ahead and shoot! \"Suskin, Steven.", "\"Suskin, Steven. \"Suskin, Steven. Opening Night on Broadway. Schirmer Trade Books, 1990, p. 147. .", "Schirmer Trade Books, 1990, p. 147. . Dance Magazine gave Linn plaudits for her role as Louise, stating, \"Bambi doesn't come on until twenty minutes before eleven, and for the next forty minutes, she practically holds the audience in her hand\".", "Dance Magazine gave Linn plaudits for her role as Louise, stating, \"Bambi doesn't come on until twenty minutes before eleven, and for the next forty minutes, she practically holds the audience in her hand\". Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune also applauded the dancing: \"It has waited for Miss de Mille to come through with peculiarly American dance patterns for a musical show to become as much a dance as a song show.\"", "Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune also applauded the dancing: \"It has waited for Miss de Mille to come through with peculiarly American dance patterns for a musical show to become as much a dance as a song show.\" When the musical returned to New York in 1949, The New York Times reviewer Brooks Atkinson described Carousel as \"a conspicuously superior musical play ... Carousel, which was warmly appreciated when it opened, seems like nothing less than a masterpiece now.\"", "When the musical returned to New York in 1949, The New York Times reviewer Brooks Atkinson described Carousel as \"a conspicuously superior musical play ... Carousel, which was warmly appreciated when it opened, seems like nothing less than a masterpiece now.\" In 1954, when Carousel was revived at City Center, Atkinson discussed the musical in his review: Carousel has no comment to make on anything of topical importance.", "In 1954, when Carousel was revived at City Center, Atkinson discussed the musical in his review: Carousel has no comment to make on anything of topical importance. The theme is timeless and universal: the devotion of two people who love each other through thick and thin, complicated in this case by the wayward personality of the man, who cannot fulfill the responsibilities he has assumed.", "The theme is timeless and universal: the devotion of two people who love each other through thick and thin, complicated in this case by the wayward personality of the man, who cannot fulfill the responsibilities he has assumed. ... Billy is a bum, but Carousel recognizes the decency of his motives and admires his independence.", "... Billy is a bum, but Carousel recognizes the decency of his motives and admires his independence. There are no slick solutions in Carousel. Stephen Sondheim noted the duo's ability to take the innovations of Oklahoma! and apply them to a serious setting: \"Oklahoma!", "and apply them to a serious setting: \"Oklahoma! is about a picnic, Carousel is about life and death.\"", "is about a picnic, Carousel is about life and death.\" Critic Eric Bentley, on the other hand, wrote that \"the last scene of Carousel is an impertinence: I refuse to be lectured to by a musical comedy scriptwriter on the education of children, the nature of the good life, and the contribution of the American small town to the salvation of souls.", "Critic Eric Bentley, on the other hand, wrote that \"the last scene of Carousel is an impertinence: I refuse to be lectured to by a musical comedy scriptwriter on the education of children, the nature of the good life, and the contribution of the American small town to the salvation of souls. \"New York Times critic Frank Rich said of the 1992 London production: \"What is remarkable about Mr. Hytner's direction, aside from its unorthodox faith in the virtues of simplicity and stillness, is its ability to make a 1992 audience believe in Hammerstein's vision of redemption, which has it that a dead sinner can return to Earth to do godly good.\"", "\"New York Times critic Frank Rich said of the 1992 London production: \"What is remarkable about Mr. Hytner's direction, aside from its unorthodox faith in the virtues of simplicity and stillness, is its ability to make a 1992 audience believe in Hammerstein's vision of redemption, which has it that a dead sinner can return to Earth to do godly good.\" The Hytner production in New York was hailed by many critics as a grittier Carousel, which they deemed more appropriate for the 1990s.", "The Hytner production in New York was hailed by many critics as a grittier Carousel, which they deemed more appropriate for the 1990s. Clive Barnes of the New York Post called it a \"defining Carousel—hard-nosed, imaginative, and exciting.\"", "Clive Barnes of the New York Post called it a \"defining Carousel—hard-nosed, imaginative, and exciting.\" Critic Michael Billington has commented that \"lyrically [Carousel] comes perilously close to acceptance of the inevitability of domestic violence.\"", "Critic Michael Billington has commented that \"lyrically [Carousel] comes perilously close to acceptance of the inevitability of domestic violence.\" BroadwayWorld.com stated in 2013 that Carousel is now \"considered somewhat controversial in terms of its attitudes on domestic violence\" because Julie chooses to stay with Billy despite the abuse; actress Kelli O'Hara noted that the domestic violence that Julie \"chooses to deal with – is a real, existing and very complicated thing.", "BroadwayWorld.com stated in 2013 that Carousel is now \"considered somewhat controversial in terms of its attitudes on domestic violence\" because Julie chooses to stay with Billy despite the abuse; actress Kelli O'Hara noted that the domestic violence that Julie \"chooses to deal with – is a real, existing and very complicated thing. And exploring it is an important part of healing it.\"", "And exploring it is an important part of healing it.\" Rodgers considered Carousel his favorite of all his musicals and wrote, \"it affects me deeply every time I see it performed\".", "Rodgers considered Carousel his favorite of all his musicals and wrote, \"it affects me deeply every time I see it performed\". In 1999, Time magazine, in its \"Best of the Century\" list, named Carousel the Best Musical of the 20th century, writing that Rodgers and Hammerstein \"set the standards for the 20th century musical, and this show features their most beautiful score and the most skillful and affecting example of their musical storytelling\".", "In 1999, Time magazine, in its \"Best of the Century\" list, named Carousel the Best Musical of the 20th century, writing that Rodgers and Hammerstein \"set the standards for the 20th century musical, and this show features their most beautiful score and the most skillful and affecting example of their musical storytelling\". Hammerstein's grandson, Oscar Andrew Hammerstein, in his book about his family, suggested that the wartime situation made Carousel's ending especially poignant to its original viewers, \"Every American grieved the loss of a brother, son, father, or friend ... the audience empathized with [Billy's] all-too-human efforts to offer advice, to seek forgiveness, to complete an unfinished life, and to bid a proper good-bye from beyond the grave.\"", "Hammerstein's grandson, Oscar Andrew Hammerstein, in his book about his family, suggested that the wartime situation made Carousel's ending especially poignant to its original viewers, \"Every American grieved the loss of a brother, son, father, or friend ... the audience empathized with [Billy's] all-too-human efforts to offer advice, to seek forgiveness, to complete an unfinished life, and to bid a proper good-bye from beyond the grave.\" Author and composer Ethan Mordden agreed with that perspective: If Oklahoma!", "Author and composer Ethan Mordden agreed with that perspective: If Oklahoma! developed the moral argument for sending American boys overseas, Carousel offered consolation to those wives and mothers whose boys would only return in spirit. The meaning lay not in the tragedy of the present, but in the hope for a future where no one walks alone.", "The meaning lay not in the tragedy of the present, but in the hope for a future where no one walks alone. Awards and nominations Original 1945 Broadway productionNote: The Tony Awards were not established until 1947, and so Carousel was not eligible to win any Tonys at its premiere.", "Awards and nominations Original 1945 Broadway productionNote: The Tony Awards were not established until 1947, and so Carousel was not eligible to win any Tonys at its premiere. 1957 revival 1992 London revival 1994 Broadway revival 2018 Broadway revival References Bibliography Block, Geoffrey. Enchanted Evenings: The Broadway Musical from Show Boat to Sondheim.", "Enchanted Evenings: The Broadway Musical from Show Boat to Sondheim. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2004. . Block, Geoffrey (ed.) The Richard Rodgers Reader. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2006. . Bradley, Ian. You've Got to Have a Dream: The Message of the Broadway Musical.", "You've Got to Have a Dream: The Message of the Broadway Musical. Louisville, Ky., Westminster John Knox Press, 2005. 978-0-664-22854-5. Easton, Carol. No Intermission: The Life of Agnes DeMille. Jefferson, N.C.: Da Capo Press, 2000 (1st DaCapo Press edition). . Fordin, Hugh.", ". Fordin, Hugh. Fordin, Hugh. Getting to Know Him: A Biography of Oscar Hammerstein II. Jefferson, N.C.: Da Capo Press, 1995 reprint of 1986 edition. . Hammerstein, Oscar Andrew. The Hammersteins: A Musical Theatre Family. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2010. .", "New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2010. . Hischak, Thomas S. The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. . Hyland, William G. Richard Rodgers. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998. . Molnár, Ferenc. Liliom: A Legend in Seven Scenes and a Prologue.", "Liliom: A Legend in Seven Scenes and a Prologue. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1921. Mordden, Ethan. \"Rodgers & Hammerstein\". New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1992. . Nolan, Frederick. The Sound of Their Music: The Story of Rodgers and Hammerstein.", "The Sound of Their Music: The Story of Rodgers and Hammerstein. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books, 2002. . Rodgers, Richard. Musical Stages: An Autobiography. Jefferson, N.C. Da Capo Press, 2002 reprint of 1975 edition. . Secrest, Meryle. Somewhere for Me: A Biography of Richard Rodgers.", "Somewhere for Me: A Biography of Richard Rodgers. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books, 2001. .", "Cambridge, Massachusetts: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books, 2001. . External links Carousel at guidetomusicaltheatre.com Carousel info page on StageAgent.com – Carousel plot summary and character descriptions (1967 TV adaptation) 1945 musicals Broadway musicals Musicals by Rodgers and Hammerstein West End musicals Musicals based on plays Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Maine in fiction Fiction set in 1873 Fiction about the afterlife Plays set in Maine Plays set in the 19th century Tony Award-winning musicals" ]

[ "Carousel (musical)", "Film, television and concert versions", "When was the film version released?", "A film version of the musical was made in 1956, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones. It follows the musical's story fairly closely,", "Wa it remde after that?", "The film was released only a few months after the release of the film version of Oklahoma!. It garnered some good reviews,", "When did it air on tv?", "There was also an abridged (100 minute) 1967 network television version that starred Robert Goulet, with choreography by Edward Villella.", "Did it win any awards?", "It garnered some good reviews, and the soundtrack recording was a best seller. As the same stars appeared in both pictures, however, the two films were often compared," ]

[ "Road Trips Volume 2 Number 2 is two-CD live album by the American rock band the Grateful Dead. The sixth in their \"Road Trips\" series of albums, it was the first to contain a complete concert — the February 14, 1968 show at the Carousel Ballroom (later known as the Fillmore West) in San Francisco, California. Bonus material on Disc 1, as well as the bonus disc offered to early purchasers, comes from the Grateful Dead and Quicksilver Messenger Service \"Tour of the Great Pacific Northwest\", immediately preceding the Carousel Ballroom show. The album was released on March 21, 2009.\n\nThe Carousel & Seattle concerts\n\nAlthough the Valentine's Day show at the Carousel was not the first rock concert there, it was the first show under the management auspices of the Dead, Quicksilver and Jefferson Airplane, who had leased the venue to compete with the Avalon Ballroom and Bill Graham's Fillmore Auditorium. Thus, the show was billed as the \"Grand Opening\". The Grateful Dead shared the bill with Country Joe and the Fish. The cover of Road Trips Volume 2 Number 2 incorporates artwork by Stanley Mouse that was used in the poster promoting the concert.\n\nLive material from this show, along with recordings of other concerts from the same era, was used in the creation of Anthem of the Sun, a Dead album that is an amalgam of studio and live material.\n\nThe seven tracks from Seattle are believed to have been mislabeled. The show actually occurred on January 27, 1968, not January 23.\n\nDark Star\n\nRoad Trips Volume 2 Number 2 contains two performances of \"Dark Star\" — one from the February 14, 1968 concert at the Carousel Ballroom, and one from February 2, 1968, at the Crystal Ballroom in Portland, Oregon. A third performance of the song, from the Eagles Auditorium in Seattle, Washington, is included on the bonus disc.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDisc One\n\nFebruary 14, 1968, Carousel Ballroom – 1st Set\n\nBonus Material, January–February, 1968\n\nDisc Two\n\nFebruary 14, 1968, Carousel Ballroom – 2nd Set\n\"That's It for the Other One\" > (Garcia, Kreutzmann, Lesh, McKernan, Weir) – 9:30\n\"New Potato Caboose\" > (Lesh, Petersen) – 8:48\n\"Born Cross-Eyed\" > (Weir) – 2:38\n\"Spanish Jam – 12:28\n\"Alligator\" > (Lesh, McKernan, Hunter) – 14:30\n\"Caution (Do Not Stop on Tracks)\" > (Garcia, Kreutzmann, Lesh, McKernan, Weir) – 10:00\n\"Feedback\" (Garcia, Kreutzmann, Lesh, McKernan, Weir) – 6:10\n\"In the Midnight Hour\" (Steve Cropper, Wilson Pickett) – 10:35\n\nBonus Disc\nBonus Material, January, 1968\n\"Viola Lee Blues\" (Noah Lewis) (1/23/68 Seattle, WA) – 22:46\n\"Good Morning Little School Girl\" (Sonny Boy Williamson) (1/20/68 Eureka, CA) – 12:14\n\"New Potato Caboose\" (Lesh, Petersen) (1/30/68 Eugene, OR) – 12:40\n\"Dark Star\" > (Grateful Dead, Hunter) (1/23/68 Seattle, WA) – 7:45\n\"China Cat Sunflower\" > (Garcia, Hunter) (1/23/68 Seattle, WA) – 5:08\n\"The Eleven\" (Hunter, Lesh) (1/23/68 Seattle, WA) – 6:00\n\"Turn On Your Love Light\" (Scott, Malone) (1/23/68 Seattle, WA) – 12:55\n\nPersonnel\n\nMusicians\n\n Jerry Garcia – lead guitar, vocals\n Mickey Hart – drums\n Bill Kreutzmann – drums\n Phil Lesh – electric bass, vocals\n Ron \"Pigpen\" McKernan – organ, vocals\n Bob Weir – rhythm guitar, vocals\n\nProduction\n\n Produced by Grateful Dead\n Compilation produced by David Lemieux and Blair Jackson\n Recorded by Dan Healy\n CD Mastering by Jeffrey Norman at Garage Audio Mastering, Petaluma CA\n Audio Restoration by Jamie Howarth / Plangent Processes\n Cover art by Scott McDougall\n Original Poster by Stanley Mouse\n Photo by Ted Streshinsky\n Package design by Steve Vance\n Special Thanks to Matt Smith\n\nReferences\n\nRoad Trips albums\n2009 live albums", "The Darling Harbour Carousel is a heritage-listed carousel located at the concourse under the Western Distributor at Darling Harbour in the Sydney central business district in the City of Sydney local government area, New South Wales, Australia. It is also known as The Carousel. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 28 June 2002.\n\nHistory \nThe Darling Harbour Carousel was purchased and imported to Australia in 1894 by Thomas Kale. It was purchased second-hand and required extensive refurbishment, including the replacement of the planks between the horses with a continuous platform. At that time the horses had no rise and fall motion. Around 1910 Kale employed Herbert Thompson, an Australian engineer, to design and install a system to enable the horses to \"gallop\". Kale operated the carousel in 1912 outside the Customs House at Circular Quay as part of the official celebrations for the arrival of the American Naval \"White\" Fleet. In the 1920s Kale sold the Carousel to his son, David Kale.\n\nUnder David Cale's ownership the Carousel travelled around NSW and was a regular fixture at most major agricultural shows, fairs and special events. Many of the painted scenes which decorated the Carousel were redone during this era by a local artist, Paddy Murray. The Carousel appeared in the Sydney Royal Easter Show from the 1920s to 1939, and operated in various other locations and events. From 1941, the Carousel was lodged at Manly Amusement Pier, the wartime conditions restricting its operations. The Carousel recommenced operation after the end of World War II at Manly Pier.\n\nIn 1951 David Kale sold the Carousel to Porter and Smit, the operators of the Manly Amusement Pier. An electric motor drive system was fitted to the Carousel in 1951. In 1957 the Carousel was purchased by David Kale's grandson, Allen. Allen Kale had assisted his grandfather with its operation in Sydney prior to World War II. The Carousel recommenced operations in 1957. The condition of the carousel had deteriorated in the period between World War II and 1951. Alan Kale refurbished various aspects of the carousel. The carousel remained fixed at Manly until the 1970s.\n\nIn 1986 the Carousel was purchased by the Darling Harbour Authority to be a permanent fixture in the Darling Harbour Authority area. It was stored for two years, then put into operation in 1988, until 1990, when Allen Kale was engaged to manage and oversee its restoration which continued until 1993. A special pavilion was built over the carousel in 1993 to protect it when not in operation (designed by architect Feiko Bouman). Allen Kale's son Bruce, a sign writer, was involved in the restoration of the paintings and paintwork of the carousel.\n\nThe Carousel has been in operation in Darling Harbour, during weekends and school holidays since 1996.\n\nDescription \nThe Darling Harbour Carousel is a portable, three row, suspended-gallopers carousel (fitted with thirty wooden horses and two replica vintage cars). It is driven by an electric motor but retains its complete steam boiler and engine intact and operable, through the boiler is currently out of commission. It is fitted with Gebruder Bruder pneumatic band organ. The carousel is permanently stationed within an octagonal pavilion which has steel framing, a glazed roof and metal roller shutter doors between each of the eight posts supporting the roof.\n\nThe carousel is founded on a four-wheel centre truck made up from a timber wagon. The central, vertical drive shaft of the centre truck turns a set of twelve horizontal timber beams called \"swifts\", radiating from the centre shaft. The timber floor platform is supported by a substructure of radial beams and intermediate struts. The horses are three abreast and occupy ten of twelve segments of the circular platform, the other two having replica vintage cars. The carousel is covered by a canvas dome canopy, and liberally festooned with lights.\n\nThe two power systems to drive the Carousel are both mounted on the centre truck. One is the original steam boiler and engines, the other being the electric motor which is used at present.\n\nThe decorative panels and artwork of the carousel are: on the rounding boards around the outside of the roofing structure, on the twelve top centre shutters of the centre truck, on the portable bottom centre shutters which conceal the centre truck, on the banner boards hanging from the swifts between the rows of horses, around the floor and sides of the floor platform. Decoration includes timber panelling, mirrors, and painted scenes including: Venetian gondolas, Aboriginal Australians hunting kangaroos, Native Americans pursuing a western covered wagon, sea shells, various animals, nursery rhyme scenes, a lighthouse, tall ships and a Manly ferry steamship.\n\nThe band organ is manufactured by Gebruder Bruder. It is a 52 key stop pipe organ with two drums, one of which has a cymbal. The organ is wholly contained within a varnished timber casing - elaborately decorated. The machine is pneumatically operated, controlled by a perforated paper roll. The organ is mounted on a four-wheel timber carriage, acquired from a farm in NSW and converted for this purpose.\n\nThe Darling Harbour Carousel is a rare, complete and intact example of an Edwardian carousel, and is representative of a wider variety of similar machines. The Darling Harbour Carousel retains its steam engine and original workings, and demonstrates the methods of construction and operation that are associated with the \"golden age\" of carousels (1890s and 1920s).\n\nModifications and dates \n\n date initially built unknown\n 1894 - imported to Australia\n - system installed to enable horses to 'gallop'\n 1920s - painted English scenes redone and replaced with Australian scenes\n 1938 - boiler reconstructed by \"Carmichaels\" boiler works\n 1948 - crankshafts for galloping motion renewed\n 1951 - electric motor drive system fitted to Carousel\n 1950s - machine refurbished, much of timber replaced (platform), horses repaired, electric switch gear refurbished\n unknown date - two sleighs/chariots replaced by replica vintage cars\n 1963 - steam engine and boiler refurbished\n 1960s - Band Organ refurbished, painted scenes repaired / refurbished\n 1976 - wrought iron rods tying radial beams to centre shaft replaced with steel rods\n 1990-1993 - Carousel restored, and a special pavilion erected over it\n\nHeritage listing \nThe Darling Harbour Carousel is a rare, complete and intact example of an Edwardian carousel, and is representative of a wider variety of similar machines. The Darling Harbour Carousel retains its steam engine and original workings, and demonstrates the methods of construction and operation that are associated with the \"golden age\" of carousels (1890s and 1920s). Its rich decorations are entertainingly attractive and form both an expression of traditional fairground architecture and an exposition of the popular idiom, appropriately demonstrating on-going adaptation to times and places.\n\nThe Darling Harbour Carousel has been part of Sydney's cultural life for most of the twentieth century, associated with many major cultural festivals and events, and has travelled throughout much of NSW as a central entertainment of the important agricultural shows and fairs. It continues to entertain children and adults alike in its present location as part of a major tourist locality in Sydney.\n\nThe Carousel was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 28 June 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.\n\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.\n\nThe Darling Park Carousel is closely associated with the late Victorian - Edwardian era of country fairs and amusement parks; the period in which mechanical amusement devices were introduced into social recreational activities.\n\nThe development of fairgrounds and travelling shows has a range of historic associations relating to the impact of the industrial revolution and the accompanying social changes during the nineteenth century. Fairgrounds and travelling shows occupied, in their time, a position of much more importance than amusement parks have today, when there is a wide diversity of recreational activities and opportunities.\n\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.\n\nThe Carousel is a complete and integrated visual attraction, with a fine balance of different elements such as mirrors, lights, painted screens and painted embellishments. All the elements combine to create a single entity which is impressive both for the total aesthetic effect and the fine details.\n\nThe Darling Harbour Carousel demonstrates a high degree of aesthetic skill in the details of its decorations, and particularly in the carved timber elements such as the horses and centre shutters.\n\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.\n\nThe Carousel is a popular attraction within a heavily used tourist precinct in Sydney. Its continued high level of patronage is evidence of the interest and enjoyment that it continues to provide for the citizens of, and visitors to, the city.\n\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.\n\nThe Carousel has the ability to demonstrate the workings of a steam-driven carousel as they were operated at the turn of the century.\n\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.\n\nThe Darling Harbour Carousel is one of the very few traditional carousels surviving in the world which retains its original form and fittings, especially its steam propulsion unit, intact and in working order.\n\nThe Darling Harbour Carousel is believed to be the oldest known operating carousel in Australia.\n\nThe Darling Harbour Carousel has been operated by a single family for most of its life and as such, reflects the tradition of the carnival family that is a central aspect of the cultural environment that created such machines in the latter half of the nineteenth century.\n\nThe Darling Harbour Carousel provides an opportunity in NSW to experience a traditional amusement park \"joy ride\" on a permanent, daily basis. This experience is rare in NSW today, following the redevelopment of Luna Park.\n\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.\n\nThe Darling Harbour Carousel is a representative example of carousels manufactured in England in the 1890s. It is believed to be the oldest known operating carousel in Australia.\n\nThe Darling Harbour Carousel is a fine representation of the bright, attractive and rich decoration in the popular arts idiom applied to carousels. It demonstrates both traditional English decorations alongside a range of local adaptations of the English style.\n\nThe Darling Harbour Carousel demonstrates the principle characteristics of construction, materials, fittings and decoration associated with the peak period of carousel construction.\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nAttribution\n\nExternal links\n\nNew South Wales State Heritage Register\nSydney central business district\nCarousels\nEntertainment venues in New South Wales\nArticles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register" ]

[ "Carousel is the second musical by the team of Richard Rodgers (music) and Oscar Hammerstein II (book and lyrics). The 1945 work was adapted from Ferenc Molnár's 1909 play Liliom, transplanting its Budapest setting to the Maine coastline.", "The 1945 work was adapted from Ferenc Molnár's 1909 play Liliom, transplanting its Budapest setting to the Maine coastline. The story revolves around carousel barker Billy Bigelow, whose romance with millworker Julie Jordan comes at the price of both their jobs.", "The story revolves around carousel barker Billy Bigelow, whose romance with millworker Julie Jordan comes at the price of both their jobs. He participates in a robbery to provide for Julie and their unborn child; after it goes tragically wrong, he is given a chance to make things right.", "He participates in a robbery to provide for Julie and their unborn child; after it goes tragically wrong, he is given a chance to make things right. A secondary plot line deals with millworker Carrie Pipperidge and her romance with ambitious fisherman Enoch Snow.", "A secondary plot line deals with millworker Carrie Pipperidge and her romance with ambitious fisherman Enoch Snow. The show includes the well-known songs \"If I Loved You\", \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" and \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". Richard Rodgers later wrote that Carousel was his favorite of all his musicals.", "Richard Rodgers later wrote that Carousel was his favorite of all his musicals. Following the spectacular success of the first Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, Oklahoma! (1943), the pair sought to collaborate on another piece, knowing that any resulting work would be compared with Oklahoma!, most likely unfavorably.", "(1943), the pair sought to collaborate on another piece, knowing that any resulting work would be compared with Oklahoma!, most likely unfavorably. They were initially reluctant to seek the rights to Liliom; Molnár had refused permission for the work to be adapted in the past, and the original ending was considered too depressing for the musical theatre.", "They were initially reluctant to seek the rights to Liliom; Molnár had refused permission for the work to be adapted in the past, and the original ending was considered too depressing for the musical theatre. After acquiring the rights, the team created a work with lengthy sequences of music and made the ending more hopeful.", "After acquiring the rights, the team created a work with lengthy sequences of music and made the ending more hopeful. The musical required considerable modification during out-of-town tryouts, but once it opened on Broadway on April 19, 1945, it was an immediate hit with both critics and audiences.", "The musical required considerable modification during out-of-town tryouts, but once it opened on Broadway on April 19, 1945, it was an immediate hit with both critics and audiences. Carousel initially ran for 890 performances and duplicated its success in the West End in 1950.", "Carousel initially ran for 890 performances and duplicated its success in the West End in 1950. Though it has never achieved as much commercial success as Oklahoma!, the piece has been repeatedly revived, recorded several times and was filmed in 1956.", "Though it has never achieved as much commercial success as Oklahoma!, the piece has been repeatedly revived, recorded several times and was filmed in 1956. A production by Nicholas Hytner enjoyed success in 1992 in London, in 1994 in New York and on tour. Another Broadway revival opened in 2018.", "Another Broadway revival opened in 2018. In 1999, Time magazine named Carousel the best musical of the 20th century. Background Liliom Ferenc Molnár's Hungarian-language drama, Liliom, premiered in Budapest in 1909.", "Background Liliom Ferenc Molnár's Hungarian-language drama, Liliom, premiered in Budapest in 1909. The audience was puzzled by the work, and it lasted only thirty-odd performances before being withdrawn, the first shadow on Molnár's successful career as a playwright. Liliom was not presented again until after World War I.", "Liliom was not presented again until after World War I. When it reappeared on the Budapest stage, it was a tremendous hit. Except for the ending, the plots of Liliom and Carousel are very similar.", "Except for the ending, the plots of Liliom and Carousel are very similar. Andreas Zavocky (nicknamed Liliom, the Hungarian word for \"lily\", a slang term for \"tough guy\"), a carnival barker, falls in love with Julie Zeller, a servant girl, and they begin living together.", "Andreas Zavocky (nicknamed Liliom, the Hungarian word for \"lily\", a slang term for \"tough guy\"), a carnival barker, falls in love with Julie Zeller, a servant girl, and they begin living together. With both discharged from their jobs, Liliom is discontented and contemplates leaving Julie, but decides not to do so on learning that she is pregnant.", "With both discharged from their jobs, Liliom is discontented and contemplates leaving Julie, but decides not to do so on learning that she is pregnant. A subplot involves Julie's friend Marie, who has fallen in love with Wolf Biefeld, a hotel porter—after the two marry, he becomes the owner of the hotel.", "A subplot involves Julie's friend Marie, who has fallen in love with Wolf Biefeld, a hotel porter—after the two marry, he becomes the owner of the hotel. Desperate to make money so that he, Julie and their child can escape to America and a better life, Liliom conspires with lowlife Ficsur to commit a robbery, but it goes badly, and Liliom stabs himself.", "Desperate to make money so that he, Julie and their child can escape to America and a better life, Liliom conspires with lowlife Ficsur to commit a robbery, but it goes badly, and Liliom stabs himself. He dies, and his spirit is taken to heaven's police court.", "He dies, and his spirit is taken to heaven's police court. As Ficsur suggested while the two waited to commit the crime, would-be robbers like them do not come before God Himself.", "As Ficsur suggested while the two waited to commit the crime, would-be robbers like them do not come before God Himself. Liliom is told by the magistrate that he may go back to Earth for one day to attempt to redeem the wrongs he has done to his family, but must first spend sixteen years in a fiery purgatory.", "Liliom is told by the magistrate that he may go back to Earth for one day to attempt to redeem the wrongs he has done to his family, but must first spend sixteen years in a fiery purgatory. On his return to Earth, Liliom encounters his daughter, Louise, who like her mother is now a factory worker.", "On his return to Earth, Liliom encounters his daughter, Louise, who like her mother is now a factory worker. Saying that he knew her father, he tries to give her a star he stole from the heavens. When Louise refuses to take it, he strikes her.", "When Louise refuses to take it, he strikes her. Not realizing who he is, Julie confronts him, but finds herself unable to be angry with him. Liliom is ushered off to his fate, presumably Hell, and Louise asks her mother if it is possible to feel a hard slap as if it was a kiss.", "Liliom is ushered off to his fate, presumably Hell, and Louise asks her mother if it is possible to feel a hard slap as if it was a kiss. Julie reminiscently tells her daughter that it is very possible for that to happen.", "Julie reminiscently tells her daughter that it is very possible for that to happen. An English translation of Liliom was credited to Benjamin \"Barney\" Glazer, though there is a story that the actual translator, uncredited, was Rodgers' first major partner Lorenz Hart.", "An English translation of Liliom was credited to Benjamin \"Barney\" Glazer, though there is a story that the actual translator, uncredited, was Rodgers' first major partner Lorenz Hart. The Theatre Guild presented it in New York City in 1921, with Joseph Schildkraut as Liliom, and the play was a success, running 300 performances.", "The Theatre Guild presented it in New York City in 1921, with Joseph Schildkraut as Liliom, and the play was a success, running 300 performances. A 1940 revival with Burgess Meredith and Ingrid Bergman was seen by both Hammerstein and Rodgers.", "A 1940 revival with Burgess Meredith and Ingrid Bergman was seen by both Hammerstein and Rodgers. Glazer, in introducing the English translation of Liliom, wrote of the play's appeal: And where in modern dramatic literature can such pearls be matched—Julie incoherently confessing to her dead lover the love she had always been ashamed to tell; Liliom crying out to the distant carousel the glad news that he is to be a father; the two thieves gambling for the spoils of their prospective robbery; Marie and Wolf posing for their portrait while the broken-hearted Julie stands looking after the vanishing Liliom, the thieves' song ringing in her ears; the two policemen grousing about pay and pensions while Liliom lies bleeding to death; Liliom furtively proffering his daughter the star he has stolen for her in heaven.", "Glazer, in introducing the English translation of Liliom, wrote of the play's appeal: And where in modern dramatic literature can such pearls be matched—Julie incoherently confessing to her dead lover the love she had always been ashamed to tell; Liliom crying out to the distant carousel the glad news that he is to be a father; the two thieves gambling for the spoils of their prospective robbery; Marie and Wolf posing for their portrait while the broken-hearted Julie stands looking after the vanishing Liliom, the thieves' song ringing in her ears; the two policemen grousing about pay and pensions while Liliom lies bleeding to death; Liliom furtively proffering his daughter the star he has stolen for her in heaven. ...", "... ... The temptation to count the whole scintillating string is difficult to resist. Inception In the 1920s and 1930s, Rodgers and Hammerstein both became well known for creating Broadway hits with other partners.", "Inception In the 1920s and 1930s, Rodgers and Hammerstein both became well known for creating Broadway hits with other partners. Rodgers, with Lorenz Hart, had produced a string of over two dozen musicals, including such popular successes as Babes in Arms (1937), The Boys from Syracuse (1938) and Pal Joey (1940).", "Rodgers, with Lorenz Hart, had produced a string of over two dozen musicals, including such popular successes as Babes in Arms (1937), The Boys from Syracuse (1938) and Pal Joey (1940). Some of Rodgers' work with Hart broke new ground in musical theatre: On Your Toes was the first use of ballet to sustain the plot (in the \"Slaughter on Tenth Avenue\" scene), while Pal Joey flouted Broadway tradition by presenting a knave as its hero.", "Some of Rodgers' work with Hart broke new ground in musical theatre: On Your Toes was the first use of ballet to sustain the plot (in the \"Slaughter on Tenth Avenue\" scene), while Pal Joey flouted Broadway tradition by presenting a knave as its hero. Hammerstein had written or co-written the words for such hits as Rose-Marie (1924), The Desert Song (1926), The New Moon (1927) and Show Boat (1927).", "Hammerstein had written or co-written the words for such hits as Rose-Marie (1924), The Desert Song (1926), The New Moon (1927) and Show Boat (1927). Though less productive in the 1930s, he wrote material for musicals and films, sharing an Oscar for his song with Jerome Kern, \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\", which was included in the 1941 film Lady Be Good.", "Though less productive in the 1930s, he wrote material for musicals and films, sharing an Oscar for his song with Jerome Kern, \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\", which was included in the 1941 film Lady Be Good. By the early 1940s, Hart had sunk into alcoholism and emotional turmoil, becoming unreliable and prompting Rodgers to approach Hammerstein to ask if he would consider working with him.", "By the early 1940s, Hart had sunk into alcoholism and emotional turmoil, becoming unreliable and prompting Rodgers to approach Hammerstein to ask if he would consider working with him. Hammerstein was eager to do so, and their first collaboration was Oklahoma! (1943).", "(1943). (1943). Thomas Hischak states, in his The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, that Oklahoma! is \"the single most influential work in the American musical theatre. In fact, the history of the Broadway musical can accurately be divided into what came before Oklahoma! and what came after it.\"", "and what came after it.\" An innovation for its time in integrating song, character, plot and dance, Oklahoma! would serve, according to Hischak, as \"the model for Broadway shows for decades\", and proved a huge popular and financial success.", "would serve, according to Hischak, as \"the model for Broadway shows for decades\", and proved a huge popular and financial success. Once it was well-launched, what to do as an encore was a daunting challenge for the pair. Film producer Samuel Goldwyn saw Oklahoma!", "Film producer Samuel Goldwyn saw Oklahoma! and advised Rodgers to shoot himself, which according to Rodgers \"was Sam's blunt but funny way of telling me that I'd never create another show as good as Oklahoma!\" As they considered new projects, Hammerstein wrote, \"We're such fools.", "As they considered new projects, Hammerstein wrote, \"We're such fools. No matter what we do, everyone is bound to say, 'This is not another Oklahoma! \" Oklahoma! had been a struggle to finance and produce.", "had been a struggle to finance and produce. Hammerstein and Rodgers met weekly in 1943 with Theresa Helburn and Lawrence Langner of the Theatre Guild, producers of the blockbuster musical, who together formed what they termed \"the Gloat Club\".", "Hammerstein and Rodgers met weekly in 1943 with Theresa Helburn and Lawrence Langner of the Theatre Guild, producers of the blockbuster musical, who together formed what they termed \"the Gloat Club\". At one such luncheon, Helburn and Langner proposed to Rodgers and Hammerstein that they turn Molnár's Liliom into a musical.", "At one such luncheon, Helburn and Langner proposed to Rodgers and Hammerstein that they turn Molnár's Liliom into a musical. Both men refused—they had no feeling for the Budapest setting and thought that the unhappy ending was unsuitable for musical theatre.", "Both men refused—they had no feeling for the Budapest setting and thought that the unhappy ending was unsuitable for musical theatre. In addition, given the unstable wartime political situation, they might need to change the setting from Hungary while in rehearsal.", "In addition, given the unstable wartime political situation, they might need to change the setting from Hungary while in rehearsal. At the next luncheon, Helburn and Langner again proposed Liliom, suggesting that they move the setting to Louisiana and make Liliom a Creole.", "At the next luncheon, Helburn and Langner again proposed Liliom, suggesting that they move the setting to Louisiana and make Liliom a Creole. Rodgers and Hammerstein played with the idea over the next few weeks, but decided that Creole dialect, filled with \"zis\" and \"zose\", would sound corny and would make it difficult to write effective lyrics.", "Rodgers and Hammerstein played with the idea over the next few weeks, but decided that Creole dialect, filled with \"zis\" and \"zose\", would sound corny and would make it difficult to write effective lyrics. A breakthrough came when Rodgers, who owned a house in Connecticut, proposed a New England setting.", "A breakthrough came when Rodgers, who owned a house in Connecticut, proposed a New England setting. Hammerstein wrote of this suggestion in 1945, I began to see an attractive ensemble—sailors, whalers, girls who worked in the mills up the river, clambakes on near-by islands, an amusement park on the seaboard, things people could do in crowds, people who were strong and alive and lusty, people who had always been depicted on the stage as thin-lipped puritans—a libel I was anxious to refute ... as for the two leading characters, Julie with her courage and inner strength and outward simplicity seemed more indigenous to Maine than to Budapest.", "Hammerstein wrote of this suggestion in 1945, I began to see an attractive ensemble—sailors, whalers, girls who worked in the mills up the river, clambakes on near-by islands, an amusement park on the seaboard, things people could do in crowds, people who were strong and alive and lusty, people who had always been depicted on the stage as thin-lipped puritans—a libel I was anxious to refute ... as for the two leading characters, Julie with her courage and inner strength and outward simplicity seemed more indigenous to Maine than to Budapest. Liliom is, of course, an international character, indigenous to nowhere.", "Liliom is, of course, an international character, indigenous to nowhere. Rodgers and Hammerstein were also concerned about what they termed \"the tunnel\" of Molnár's second act—a series of gloomy scenes leading up to Liliom's suicide—followed by a dark ending.", "Rodgers and Hammerstein were also concerned about what they termed \"the tunnel\" of Molnár's second act—a series of gloomy scenes leading up to Liliom's suicide—followed by a dark ending. They also felt it would be difficult to set Liliom's motivation for the robbery to music.", "They also felt it would be difficult to set Liliom's motivation for the robbery to music. Molnár's opposition to having his works adapted was also an issue; he had famously turned down Giacomo Puccini when the great composer wished to transform Liliom into an opera, stating that he wanted the piece to be remembered as his, not Puccini's.", "Molnár's opposition to having his works adapted was also an issue; he had famously turned down Giacomo Puccini when the great composer wished to transform Liliom into an opera, stating that he wanted the piece to be remembered as his, not Puccini's. In 1937, Molnár, who had recently emigrated to the United States, had declined another offer from Kurt Weill to adapt the play into a musical.", "In 1937, Molnár, who had recently emigrated to the United States, had declined another offer from Kurt Weill to adapt the play into a musical. The pair continued to work on the preliminary ideas for a Liliom adaptation while pursuing other projects in late 1943 and early 1944—writing the film musical State Fair and producing I Remember Mama on Broadway.", "The pair continued to work on the preliminary ideas for a Liliom adaptation while pursuing other projects in late 1943 and early 1944—writing the film musical State Fair and producing I Remember Mama on Broadway. Meanwhile, the Theatre Guild took Molnár to see Oklahoma!", "Meanwhile, the Theatre Guild took Molnár to see Oklahoma! Molnár stated that if Rodgers and Hammerstein could adapt Liliom as beautifully as they had modified Green Grow the Lilacs into Oklahoma!, he would be pleased to have them do it. The Guild obtained the rights from Molnár in October 1943.", "The Guild obtained the rights from Molnár in October 1943. The playwright received one percent of the gross and $2,500 for \"personal services\". The duo insisted, as part of the contract, that Molnár permit them to make changes in the plot. At first, the playwright refused, but eventually yielded.", "At first, the playwright refused, but eventually yielded. Hammerstein later stated that if this point had not been won, \"we could never have made Carousel.\" In seeking to establish through song Liliom's motivation for the robbery, Rodgers remembered that he and Hart had a similar problem in Pal Joey.", "In seeking to establish through song Liliom's motivation for the robbery, Rodgers remembered that he and Hart had a similar problem in Pal Joey. Rodgers and Hart had overcome the problem with a song that Joey sings to himself, \"I'm Talking to My Pal\". This inspired \"Soliloquy\".", "This inspired \"Soliloquy\". This inspired \"Soliloquy\". Both partners later told a story that \"Soliloquy\" was only intended to be a song about Liliom's dreams of a son, but that Rodgers, who had two daughters, insisted that Liliom consider that Julie might have a girl.", "Both partners later told a story that \"Soliloquy\" was only intended to be a song about Liliom's dreams of a son, but that Rodgers, who had two daughters, insisted that Liliom consider that Julie might have a girl. However, the notes taken at their meeting of December 7, 1943 state: \"Mr. Rodgers suggested a fine musical number for the end of the scene where Liliom discovers he is to be a father, in which he sings first with pride of the growth of a boy, and then suddenly realizes it might be a girl and changes completely.\"", "However, the notes taken at their meeting of December 7, 1943 state: \"Mr. Rodgers suggested a fine musical number for the end of the scene where Liliom discovers he is to be a father, in which he sings first with pride of the growth of a boy, and then suddenly realizes it might be a girl and changes completely.\" Hammerstein and Rodgers returned to the Liliom project in mid-1944.", "Hammerstein and Rodgers returned to the Liliom project in mid-1944. Hammerstein was uneasy as he worked, fearing that no matter what they did, Molnár would disapprove of the results. Green Grow the Lilacs had been a little-known work; Liliom was a theatrical standard.", "Green Grow the Lilacs had been a little-known work; Liliom was a theatrical standard. Molnár's text also contained considerable commentary on the Hungarian politics of 1909 and the rigidity of that society. A dismissed carnival barker who hits his wife, attempts a robbery and commits suicide seemed an unlikely central character for a musical comedy.", "A dismissed carnival barker who hits his wife, attempts a robbery and commits suicide seemed an unlikely central character for a musical comedy. Hammerstein decided to use the words and story to make the audience sympathize with the lovers.", "Hammerstein decided to use the words and story to make the audience sympathize with the lovers. He also built up the secondary couple, who are incidental to the plot in Liliom; they became Enoch Snow and Carrie Pipperidge.", "He also built up the secondary couple, who are incidental to the plot in Liliom; they became Enoch Snow and Carrie Pipperidge. \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" was repurposed from a song, \"A Real Nice Hayride\", written for Oklahoma! but not used.", "but not used. but not used. Molnár's ending was unsuitable, and after a couple of false starts, Hammerstein conceived the graduation scene that ends the musical. According to Frederick Nolan in his book on the team's works: \"From that scene the song \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" sprang almost naturally.\"", "According to Frederick Nolan in his book on the team's works: \"From that scene the song \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" sprang almost naturally.\" In spite of Hammerstein's simple lyrics for \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", Rodgers had great difficulty in setting it to music.", "In spite of Hammerstein's simple lyrics for \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", Rodgers had great difficulty in setting it to music. Rodgers explained his rationale for the changed ending, Liliom was a tragedy about a man who cannot learn to live with other people.", "Rodgers explained his rationale for the changed ending, Liliom was a tragedy about a man who cannot learn to live with other people. The way Molnár wrote it, the man ends up hitting his daughter and then having to go back to purgatory, leaving his daughter helpless and hopeless. We couldn't accept that.", "We couldn't accept that. We couldn't accept that. The way we ended Carousel it may still be a tragedy but it's a hopeful one because in the final scene it is clear that the child has at last learned how to express herself and communicate with others.", "The way we ended Carousel it may still be a tragedy but it's a hopeful one because in the final scene it is clear that the child has at last learned how to express herself and communicate with others. When the pair decided to make \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" into an ensemble number, Hammerstein realized he had no idea what a clambake was like, and researched the matter.", "When the pair decided to make \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" into an ensemble number, Hammerstein realized he had no idea what a clambake was like, and researched the matter. Based on his initial findings, he wrote the line, \"First came codfish chowder\".", "Based on his initial findings, he wrote the line, \"First came codfish chowder\". However, further research convinced him the proper term was \"codhead chowder\", a term unfamiliar to many playgoers. He decided to keep it as \"codfish\".", "He decided to keep it as \"codfish\". When the song proceeded to discuss the lobsters consumed at the feast, Hammerstein wrote the line \"We slit 'em down the back/And peppered 'em good\". He was grieved to hear from a friend that lobsters are always slit down the front.", "He was grieved to hear from a friend that lobsters are always slit down the front. The lyricist sent a researcher to a seafood restaurant and heard back that lobsters are always slit down the back. Hammerstein concluded that there is disagreement about which side of a lobster is the back.", "Hammerstein concluded that there is disagreement about which side of a lobster is the back. One error not caught involved the song \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\", in which sheep are depicted as seeking to mate in late spring—they actually do so in the winter.", "One error not caught involved the song \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\", in which sheep are depicted as seeking to mate in late spring—they actually do so in the winter. Whenever this was brought to Hammerstein's attention, he told his informant that 1873 was a special year, in which sheep mated in the spring.", "Whenever this was brought to Hammerstein's attention, he told his informant that 1873 was a special year, in which sheep mated in the spring. Rodgers early decided to dispense with an overture, feeling that the music was hard to hear over the banging of seats as latecomers settled themselves.", "Rodgers early decided to dispense with an overture, feeling that the music was hard to hear over the banging of seats as latecomers settled themselves. In his autobiography, Rodgers complained that only the brass section can be heard during an overture because there are never enough strings in a musical's small orchestra.", "In his autobiography, Rodgers complained that only the brass section can be heard during an overture because there are never enough strings in a musical's small orchestra. He determined to force the audience to concentrate from the beginning by opening with a pantomime scene accompanied by what became known as \"The Carousel Waltz\".", "He determined to force the audience to concentrate from the beginning by opening with a pantomime scene accompanied by what became known as \"The Carousel Waltz\". The pantomime paralleled one in the Molnár play, which was also used to introduce the characters and situation to the audience.", "The pantomime paralleled one in the Molnár play, which was also used to introduce the characters and situation to the audience. Author Ethan Mordden described the effectiveness of this opening: Other characters catch our notice—Mr.", "Author Ethan Mordden described the effectiveness of this opening: Other characters catch our notice—Mr. Bascombe, the pompous mill owner, Mrs. Mullin, the widow who runs the carousel and, apparently, Billy; a dancing bear; an acrobat.", "Bascombe, the pompous mill owner, Mrs. Mullin, the widow who runs the carousel and, apparently, Billy; a dancing bear; an acrobat. But what draws us in is the intensity with which Julie regards Billy—the way she stands frozen, staring at him, while everyone else at the fair is swaying to the rhythm of Billy's spiel.", "But what draws us in is the intensity with which Julie regards Billy—the way she stands frozen, staring at him, while everyone else at the fair is swaying to the rhythm of Billy's spiel. And as Julie and Billy ride together on the swirling carousel, and the stage picture surges with the excitement of the crowd, and the orchestra storms to a climax, and the curtain falls, we realize that R & H have not only skipped the overture and the opening number but the exposition as well.", "And as Julie and Billy ride together on the swirling carousel, and the stage picture surges with the excitement of the crowd, and the orchestra storms to a climax, and the curtain falls, we realize that R & H have not only skipped the overture and the opening number but the exposition as well. They have plunged into the story, right into the middle of it, in the most intense first scene any musical ever had.", "They have plunged into the story, right into the middle of it, in the most intense first scene any musical ever had. Casting and out-of-town tryouts The casting for Carousel began when Oklahoma!s production team, including Rodgers and Hammerstein, was seeking a replacement for the part of Curly (the male lead in Oklahoma!).", "Casting and out-of-town tryouts The casting for Carousel began when Oklahoma!s production team, including Rodgers and Hammerstein, was seeking a replacement for the part of Curly (the male lead in Oklahoma!). Lawrence Langner had heard, through a relative, of a California singer named John Raitt, who might be suitable for the part.", "Lawrence Langner had heard, through a relative, of a California singer named John Raitt, who might be suitable for the part. Langner went to hear Raitt, then urged the others to bring Raitt to New York for an audition.", "Langner went to hear Raitt, then urged the others to bring Raitt to New York for an audition. Raitt asked to sing \"Largo al factotum\", Figaro's aria from The Barber of Seville, to warm up.", "Raitt asked to sing \"Largo al factotum\", Figaro's aria from The Barber of Seville, to warm up. The warmup was sufficient to convince the producers that not only had they found a Curly, they had found a Liliom (or Billy Bigelow, as the part was renamed).", "The warmup was sufficient to convince the producers that not only had they found a Curly, they had found a Liliom (or Billy Bigelow, as the part was renamed). Theresa Helburn made another California discovery, Jan Clayton, a singer/actress who had made a few minor films for MGM.", "Theresa Helburn made another California discovery, Jan Clayton, a singer/actress who had made a few minor films for MGM. She was brought east and successfully auditioned for the part of Julie. The producers sought to cast unknowns.", "The producers sought to cast unknowns. Though many had played in previous Hammerstein or Rodgers works, only one, Jean Casto (cast as carousel owner Mrs. Mullin, and a veteran of Pal Joey), had ever played on Broadway before.", "Though many had played in previous Hammerstein or Rodgers works, only one, Jean Casto (cast as carousel owner Mrs. Mullin, and a veteran of Pal Joey), had ever played on Broadway before. It proved harder to cast the ensemble than the leads, due to the war—Rodgers told his casting director, John Fearnley, that the sole qualification for a dancing boy was that he be alive.", "It proved harder to cast the ensemble than the leads, due to the war—Rodgers told his casting director, John Fearnley, that the sole qualification for a dancing boy was that he be alive. Rodgers and Hammerstein reassembled much of the creative team that had made Oklahoma! a success, including director Rouben Mamoulian and choreographer Agnes de Mille.", "a success, including director Rouben Mamoulian and choreographer Agnes de Mille. Miles White was the costume designer while Jo Mielziner (who had not worked on Oklahoma!) was the scenic and lighting designer. Even though Oklahoma!", "Even though Oklahoma! Even though Oklahoma! orchestrator Russell Bennett had informed Rodgers that he was unavailable to work on Carousel due to a radio contract, Rodgers insisted he do the work in his spare time. He orchestrated \"The Carousel Waltz\" and \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" before finally being replaced by Don Walker.", "He orchestrated \"The Carousel Waltz\" and \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" before finally being replaced by Don Walker. A new member of the creative team was Trude Rittmann, who arranged the dance music.", "A new member of the creative team was Trude Rittmann, who arranged the dance music. Rittmann initially felt that Rodgers mistrusted her because she was a woman, and found him difficult to work with, but the two worked together on Rodgers' shows until the 1970s.", "Rittmann initially felt that Rodgers mistrusted her because she was a woman, and found him difficult to work with, but the two worked together on Rodgers' shows until the 1970s. Rehearsals began in January 1945; either Rodgers or Hammerstein was always present.", "Rehearsals began in January 1945; either Rodgers or Hammerstein was always present. Raitt was presented with the lyrics for \"Soliloquy\" on a five-foot long sheet of paper—the piece ran nearly eight minutes. Staging such a long solo number presented problems, and Raitt later stated that he felt that they were never fully addressed.", "Staging such a long solo number presented problems, and Raitt later stated that he felt that they were never fully addressed. At some point during rehearsals, Molnár came to see what they had done to his play. There are a number of variations on the story.Fordin, pp.", "There are a number of variations on the story.Fordin, pp. 231–32 As Rodgers told it, while watching rehearsals with Hammerstein, the composer spotted Molnár in the rear of the theatre and whispered the news to his partner. Both sweated through an afternoon of rehearsal in which nothing seemed to go right.", "Both sweated through an afternoon of rehearsal in which nothing seemed to go right. At the end, the two walked to the back of the theatre, expecting an angry reaction from Molnár. Instead, the playwright said enthusiastically, \"What you have done is so beautiful. And you know what I like best? The ending!\"", "The ending!\" The ending!\" Hammerstein wrote that Molnár became a regular attendee at rehearsals after that. Like most of the pair's works, Carousel contains a lengthy ballet, \"Billy Makes a Journey\", in the second act, as Billy looks down to the Earth from \"Up There\" and observes his daughter.", "Like most of the pair's works, Carousel contains a lengthy ballet, \"Billy Makes a Journey\", in the second act, as Billy looks down to the Earth from \"Up There\" and observes his daughter. In the original production the ballet was choreographed by de Mille.", "In the original production the ballet was choreographed by de Mille. It began with Billy looking down from heaven at his wife in labor, with the village women gathered for a \"birthing\". The ballet involved every character in the play, some of whom spoke lines of dialogue, and contained a number of subplots.", "The ballet involved every character in the play, some of whom spoke lines of dialogue, and contained a number of subplots. The focus was on Louise, played by Bambi Linn, who at first almost soars in her dance, expressing the innocence of childhood.", "The focus was on Louise, played by Bambi Linn, who at first almost soars in her dance, expressing the innocence of childhood. She is teased and mocked by her schoolmates, and Louise becomes attracted to the rough carnival people, who symbolize Billy's world.", "She is teased and mocked by her schoolmates, and Louise becomes attracted to the rough carnival people, who symbolize Billy's world. A youth from the carnival attempts to seduce Louise, as she discovers her own sexuality, but he decides she is more girl than woman, and he leaves her.", "A youth from the carnival attempts to seduce Louise, as she discovers her own sexuality, but he decides she is more girl than woman, and he leaves her. After Julie comforts her, Louise goes to a children's party, where she is shunned.", "After Julie comforts her, Louise goes to a children's party, where she is shunned. The carnival people reappear and form a ring around the children's party, with Louise lost between the two groups. At the end, the performers form a huge carousel with their bodies.", "At the end, the performers form a huge carousel with their bodies. The play opened for tryouts in New Haven, Connecticut on March 22, 1945. The first act was well-received; the second act was not. Casto recalled that the second act finished about 1:30 a.m. The staff immediately sat down for a two-hour conference.", "The staff immediately sat down for a two-hour conference. Five scenes, half the ballet, and two songs were cut from the show as the result. John Fearnley commented, \"Now I see why these people have hits. I never witnessed anything so brisk and brave in my life.\"", "I never witnessed anything so brisk and brave in my life.\" De Mille said of this conference, \"not three minutes had been wasted pleading for something cherished. Nor was there any idle joking. ... We cut and cut and cut and then we went to bed.\"", "... We cut and cut and cut and then we went to bed.\" By the time the company left New Haven, de Mille's ballet was down to forty minutes.", "By the time the company left New Haven, de Mille's ballet was down to forty minutes. A major concern with the second act was the effectiveness of the characters He and She (later called by Rodgers \"Mr. and Mrs. God\"), before whom Billy appeared after his death.", "A major concern with the second act was the effectiveness of the characters He and She (later called by Rodgers \"Mr. and Mrs. God\"), before whom Billy appeared after his death. Mr. and Mrs. God were depicted as a New England minister and his wife, seen in their parlor.Block (ed. ), p. 129.", "), p. 129. ), p. 129. At this time, according to the cast sheet distributed during the Boston run, Dr. Seldon was listed as the \"Minister\". The couple was still part of the show at the Boston opening.", "The couple was still part of the show at the Boston opening. Rodgers said to Hammerstein, \"We've got to get God out of that parlor\". When Hammerstein inquired where he should put the deity, Rodgers replied, \"I don't care where you put Him.", "When Hammerstein inquired where he should put the deity, Rodgers replied, \"I don't care where you put Him. Put Him on a ladder for all I care, only get Him out of that parlor!\"", "Put Him on a ladder for all I care, only get Him out of that parlor!\" Hammerstein duly put Mr. God (renamed the Starkeeper) atop a ladder, and Mrs. God was removed from the show.", "Hammerstein duly put Mr. God (renamed the Starkeeper) atop a ladder, and Mrs. God was removed from the show. Rodgers biographer Meryle Secrest terms this change a mistake, leading to a more fantastic afterlife, which was later criticized by The New Republic as \"a Rotarian atmosphere congenial to audiences who seek not reality but escape from reality, not truth but escape from truth\".", "Rodgers biographer Meryle Secrest terms this change a mistake, leading to a more fantastic afterlife, which was later criticized by The New Republic as \"a Rotarian atmosphere congenial to audiences who seek not reality but escape from reality, not truth but escape from truth\". Hammerstein wrote that Molnár's advice, to combine two scenes into one, was key to pulling together the second act and represented \"a more radical departure from the original than any change we had made\".", "Hammerstein wrote that Molnár's advice, to combine two scenes into one, was key to pulling together the second act and represented \"a more radical departure from the original than any change we had made\". A reprise of \"If I Loved You\" was added in the second act, which Rodgers felt needed more music.", "A reprise of \"If I Loved You\" was added in the second act, which Rodgers felt needed more music. Three weeks of tryouts in Boston followed the brief New Haven run, and the audience there gave the musical a warm reception.", "Three weeks of tryouts in Boston followed the brief New Haven run, and the audience there gave the musical a warm reception. An even shorter version of the ballet was presented the final two weeks in Boston, but on the final night there, de Mille expanded it back to forty minutes, and it brought the house down, causing both Rodgers and Hammerstein to embrace her.", "An even shorter version of the ballet was presented the final two weeks in Boston, but on the final night there, de Mille expanded it back to forty minutes, and it brought the house down, causing both Rodgers and Hammerstein to embrace her. Synopsis Act 1 Two young female millworkers in 1873 Maine visit the town's carousel after work.", "Synopsis Act 1 Two young female millworkers in 1873 Maine visit the town's carousel after work. One of them, Julie Jordan, attracts the attention of the barker, Billy Bigelow (\"The Carousel Waltz\").", "One of them, Julie Jordan, attracts the attention of the barker, Billy Bigelow (\"The Carousel Waltz\"). When Julie lets Billy put his arm around her during the ride, Mrs. Mullin, the widowed owner of the carousel, tells Julie never to return.", "When Julie lets Billy put his arm around her during the ride, Mrs. Mullin, the widowed owner of the carousel, tells Julie never to return. Julie and her friend, Carrie Pipperidge, argue with Mrs. Mullin. Billy arrives and, seeing that Mrs. Mullin is jealous, mocks her; he is fired from his job.", "Billy arrives and, seeing that Mrs. Mullin is jealous, mocks her; he is fired from his job. Billy, unconcerned, invites Julie to join him for a drink.", "Billy, unconcerned, invites Julie to join him for a drink. As he goes to get his belongings, Carrie presses Julie about her feelings toward him, but Julie is evasive (\"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\").", "As he goes to get his belongings, Carrie presses Julie about her feelings toward him, but Julie is evasive (\"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\"). Carrie has a beau too, fisherman Enoch Snow (\"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\"), to whom she is newly engaged.", "Carrie has a beau too, fisherman Enoch Snow (\"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\"), to whom she is newly engaged. Billy returns for Julie as the departing Carrie warns that staying out late means the loss of Julie's job.", "Billy returns for Julie as the departing Carrie warns that staying out late means the loss of Julie's job. Mr. Bascombe, owner of the mill, happens by along with a policeman, and offers to escort Julie to her home, but she refuses and is fired.", "Mr. Bascombe, owner of the mill, happens by along with a policeman, and offers to escort Julie to her home, but she refuses and is fired. Left alone, she and Billy talk about what life might be like if they were in love, but neither quite confesses to the growing attraction they feel for each other (\"If I Loved You\").", "Left alone, she and Billy talk about what life might be like if they were in love, but neither quite confesses to the growing attraction they feel for each other (\"If I Loved You\"). Over a month passes, and preparations for the summer clambake are under way (\"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\").", "Over a month passes, and preparations for the summer clambake are under way (\"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\"). Julie and Billy, now married, live at Julie's cousin Nettie's spa. Julie confides in Carrie that Billy, frustrated over being unemployed, hit her.", "Julie confides in Carrie that Billy, frustrated over being unemployed, hit her. Carrie has happier news—she is engaged to Enoch, who enters as she discusses him (\"(When I Marry) Mister Snow (reprise))\". Billy arrives with his ne'er-do-well whaler friend, Jigger.", "Billy arrives with his ne'er-do-well whaler friend, Jigger. The former barker is openly rude to Enoch and Julie, then leaves with Jigger, followed by a distraught Julie.", "The former barker is openly rude to Enoch and Julie, then leaves with Jigger, followed by a distraught Julie. Enoch tells Carrie that he expects to become rich selling herring and to have a large family, larger perhaps than Carrie is comfortable having (\"When the Children Are Asleep\").", "Enoch tells Carrie that he expects to become rich selling herring and to have a large family, larger perhaps than Carrie is comfortable having (\"When the Children Are Asleep\"). Jigger and his shipmates, joined by Billy, then sing about life on the sea (\"Blow High, Blow Low\").", "Jigger and his shipmates, joined by Billy, then sing about life on the sea (\"Blow High, Blow Low\"). The whaler tries to recruit Billy to help with a robbery, but Billy declines, as the victim—Julie's former boss, Mr. Bascombe—might have to be killed.", "The whaler tries to recruit Billy to help with a robbery, but Billy declines, as the victim—Julie's former boss, Mr. Bascombe—might have to be killed. Mrs. Mullin enters and tries to tempt Billy back to the carousel (and to her).", "Mrs. Mullin enters and tries to tempt Billy back to the carousel (and to her). He would have to abandon Julie; a married barker cannot evoke the same sexual tension as one who is single. Billy reluctantly mulls it over as Julie arrives and the others leave.", "Billy reluctantly mulls it over as Julie arrives and the others leave. She tells him that she is pregnant, and Billy is overwhelmed with happiness, ending all thoughts of returning to the carousel.", "She tells him that she is pregnant, and Billy is overwhelmed with happiness, ending all thoughts of returning to the carousel. Once alone, Billy imagines the fun he will have with Bill Jr.—until he realizes that his child might be a girl, and reflects soberly that \"you've got to be a father to a girl\" (\"Soliloquy\").", "Once alone, Billy imagines the fun he will have with Bill Jr.—until he realizes that his child might be a girl, and reflects soberly that \"you've got to be a father to a girl\" (\"Soliloquy\"). Determined to provide financially for his future child, whatever the means, Billy decides to be Jigger's accomplice.", "Determined to provide financially for his future child, whatever the means, Billy decides to be Jigger's accomplice. The whole town leaves for the clambake.", "The whole town leaves for the clambake. Billy, who had earlier refused to go, agrees to join in, to Julie's delight, as he realizes that being seen at the clambake is integral to his and Jigger's alibi (\"Act I Finale\").", "Billy, who had earlier refused to go, agrees to join in, to Julie's delight, as he realizes that being seen at the clambake is integral to his and Jigger's alibi (\"Act I Finale\"). Act 2 Everyone reminisces about the huge meal and much fun (\"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\").", "Act 2 Everyone reminisces about the huge meal and much fun (\"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\"). Jigger tries to seduce Carrie; Enoch walks in at the wrong moment, and declares that he is finished with her (\"Geraniums In the Winder\"), as Jigger jeers (\"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\").", "Jigger tries to seduce Carrie; Enoch walks in at the wrong moment, and declares that he is finished with her (\"Geraniums In the Winder\"), as Jigger jeers (\"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\"). The girls try to comfort Carrie, but for Julie all that matters is that \"he's your feller and you love him\" (\"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\").", "The girls try to comfort Carrie, but for Julie all that matters is that \"he's your feller and you love him\" (\"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\"). Julie sees Billy trying to sneak away with Jigger and, trying to stop him, feels the knife hidden in his shirt.", "Julie sees Billy trying to sneak away with Jigger and, trying to stop him, feels the knife hidden in his shirt. She begs him to give it to her, but he refuses and leaves to commit the robbery. As they wait, Jigger and Billy gamble with cards. They stake their shares of the anticipated robbery spoils.", "They stake their shares of the anticipated robbery spoils. Billy loses: his participation is now pointless. Unknown to Billy and Jigger, Mr. Bascombe, the intended victim, has already deposited the mill's money. The robbery fails: Bascombe pulls a gun on Billy while Jigger escapes.", "The robbery fails: Bascombe pulls a gun on Billy while Jigger escapes. Billy stabs himself with his knife; Julie arrives just in time for him to say his last words to her and die. Julie strokes his hair, finally able to tell him that she loved him.", "Julie strokes his hair, finally able to tell him that she loved him. Carrie and Enoch, reunited by the crisis, attempt to console Julie; Nettie arrives and gives Julie the resolve to keep going despite her despair (\"You'll Never Walk Alone\").", "Carrie and Enoch, reunited by the crisis, attempt to console Julie; Nettie arrives and gives Julie the resolve to keep going despite her despair (\"You'll Never Walk Alone\"). Billy's defiant spirit (\"The Highest Judge of All\") is taken Up There to see the Starkeeper, a heavenly official.", "Billy's defiant spirit (\"The Highest Judge of All\") is taken Up There to see the Starkeeper, a heavenly official. The Starkeeper tells Billy that the good he did in life was not enough to get into heaven, but so long as there is a person alive who remembers him, he can return for a day to try to do good to redeem himself.", "The Starkeeper tells Billy that the good he did in life was not enough to get into heaven, but so long as there is a person alive who remembers him, he can return for a day to try to do good to redeem himself. He informs Billy that fifteen years have passed on Earth since his suicide, and suggests that Billy can get himself into heaven if he helps his daughter, Louise.", "He informs Billy that fifteen years have passed on Earth since his suicide, and suggests that Billy can get himself into heaven if he helps his daughter, Louise. He helps Billy look down from heaven to see her (instrumental ballet: \"Billy Makes a Journey\"). Louise has grown up to be lonely and bitter.", "Louise has grown up to be lonely and bitter. The local children ostracize her because her father was a thief and a wife-beater. In the dance, a young ruffian, much like her father at that age, flirts with her and abandons her as too young.", "In the dance, a young ruffian, much like her father at that age, flirts with her and abandons her as too young. The dance concludes, and Billy is anxious to return to Earth and help his daughter. He steals a star to take with him, as the Starkeeper pretends not to notice.", "He steals a star to take with him, as the Starkeeper pretends not to notice. Outside Julie's cottage, Carrie describes her visit to New York with the now-wealthy Enoch. Carrie's husband and their many children enter to fetch her—the family must get ready for the high school graduation later that day.", "Carrie's husband and their many children enter to fetch her—the family must get ready for the high school graduation later that day. Enoch Jr., the oldest son, remains behind to talk with Louise, as Billy and the Heavenly Friend escorting him enter, invisible to the other characters.", "Enoch Jr., the oldest son, remains behind to talk with Louise, as Billy and the Heavenly Friend escorting him enter, invisible to the other characters. Louise confides in Enoch Jr. that she plans to run away from home with an acting troupe.", "Louise confides in Enoch Jr. that she plans to run away from home with an acting troupe. He says that he will stop her by marrying her, but that his father will think her an unsuitable match. Louise is outraged: each insults the other's father, and Louise orders Enoch Jr. to go away.", "Louise is outraged: each insults the other's father, and Louise orders Enoch Jr. to go away. Billy, able to make himself visible at will, reveals himself to the sobbing Louise, pretending to be a friend of her father. He offers her a gift—the star he stole from heaven.", "He offers her a gift—the star he stole from heaven. She refuses it and, frustrated, he slaps her hand. He makes himself invisible, and Louise tells Julie what happened, stating that the slap miraculously felt like a kiss, not a blow—and Julie understands her perfectly.", "He makes himself invisible, and Louise tells Julie what happened, stating that the slap miraculously felt like a kiss, not a blow—and Julie understands her perfectly. Louise retreats to the house, as Julie notices the star that Billy dropped; she picks it up and seems to feel Billy's presence (\"If I Loved You (Reprise)\").", "Louise retreats to the house, as Julie notices the star that Billy dropped; she picks it up and seems to feel Billy's presence (\"If I Loved You (Reprise)\"). Billy invisibly attends Louise's graduation, hoping for one last chance to help his daughter and redeem himself.", "Billy invisibly attends Louise's graduation, hoping for one last chance to help his daughter and redeem himself. The beloved town physician, Dr. Seldon (who resembles the Starkeeper) advises the graduating class not to rely on their parents' success or be held back by their failure (words directed at Louise).", "The beloved town physician, Dr. Seldon (who resembles the Starkeeper) advises the graduating class not to rely on their parents' success or be held back by their failure (words directed at Louise). Seldon prompts everyone to sing an old song, \"You'll Never Walk Alone\".", "Seldon prompts everyone to sing an old song, \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". Billy, still invisible, whispers to Louise, telling her to believe Seldon's words, and when she tentatively reaches out to another girl, she learns she does not have to be an outcast.", "Billy, still invisible, whispers to Louise, telling her to believe Seldon's words, and when she tentatively reaches out to another girl, she learns she does not have to be an outcast. Billy goes to Julie, telling her at last that he loved her.", "Billy goes to Julie, telling her at last that he loved her. As his widow and daughter join in the singing, Billy is taken to his heavenly reward. Principal roles and notable performers ° denotes original Broadway cast Musical numbers Act I\"List of Songs\", Carousel at the IBDB Database.", "Principal roles and notable performers ° denotes original Broadway cast Musical numbers Act I\"List of Songs\", Carousel at the IBDB Database. Retrieved July 18, 2012 \"The Carousel Waltz\" – Orchestra \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\" – Carrie Pipperidge and Julie Jordan \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" – Carrie \"If I Loved You\" – Billy Bigelow and Julie \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" – Nettie Fowler and Chorus \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" (reprise) – Carrie, Enoch Snow and Female Chorus \"When the Children Are Asleep\" – Enoch and Carrie \"Blow High, Blow Low\" – Jigger Craigin, Billy and Male Chorus \"Soliloquy\" – BillyAct II \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" – Carrie, Nettie, Julie, Enoch and Chorus \"Geraniums in the Winder\" – Enoch * \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" – Jigger and Chorus \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\"", "Retrieved July 18, 2012 \"The Carousel Waltz\" – Orchestra \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\" – Carrie Pipperidge and Julie Jordan \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" – Carrie \"If I Loved You\" – Billy Bigelow and Julie \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" – Nettie Fowler and Chorus \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" (reprise) – Carrie, Enoch Snow and Female Chorus \"When the Children Are Asleep\" – Enoch and Carrie \"Blow High, Blow Low\" – Jigger Craigin, Billy and Male Chorus \"Soliloquy\" – BillyAct II \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" – Carrie, Nettie, Julie, Enoch and Chorus \"Geraniums in the Winder\" – Enoch * \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" – Jigger and Chorus \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\" – Julie \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" – Nettie \"The Highest Judge of All\" – Billy Ballet: \"Billy Makes a Journey\" – Orchestra \"If I Loved You\" (reprise) – Billy Finale: \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" (reprise) – Company Productions Early productions The original Broadway production opened at the Majestic Theatre on April 19, 1945.", "– Julie \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" – Nettie \"The Highest Judge of All\" – Billy Ballet: \"Billy Makes a Journey\" – Orchestra \"If I Loved You\" (reprise) – Billy Finale: \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" (reprise) – Company Productions Early productions The original Broadway production opened at the Majestic Theatre on April 19, 1945. The dress rehearsal the day before had gone badly, and the pair feared the new work would not be well received.", "The dress rehearsal the day before had gone badly, and the pair feared the new work would not be well received. One successful last-minute change was to have de Mille choreograph the pantomime. The movement of the carnival crowd in the pantomime had been entrusted to Mamoulian, and his version was not working.", "The movement of the carnival crowd in the pantomime had been entrusted to Mamoulian, and his version was not working. Rodgers had injured his back the previous week, and he watched the opening from a stretcher propped in a box behind the curtain. Sedated with morphine, he could see only part of the stage.", "Sedated with morphine, he could see only part of the stage. As he could not hear the audience's applause and laughter, he assumed the show was a failure. It was not until friends congratulated him later that evening that he realized that the curtain had been met by wild applause.", "It was not until friends congratulated him later that evening that he realized that the curtain had been met by wild applause. Bambi Linn, who played Louise, was so enthusiastically received by the audience during her ballet that she was forced to break character, when she next appeared, and bow.", "Bambi Linn, who played Louise, was so enthusiastically received by the audience during her ballet that she was forced to break character, when she next appeared, and bow. Rodgers' daughter Mary caught sight of her friend, Stephen Sondheim, both teenagers then, across several rows; both had eyes wet with tears.", "Rodgers' daughter Mary caught sight of her friend, Stephen Sondheim, both teenagers then, across several rows; both had eyes wet with tears. The original production ran for 890 performances, closing on May 24, 1947.", "The original production ran for 890 performances, closing on May 24, 1947. The original cast included John Raitt (Billy), Jan Clayton (Julie), Jean Darling (Carrie), Eric Mattson (Enoch Snow), Christine Johnson (Nettie Fowler), Murvyn Vye (Jigger), Bambi Linn (Louise) and Russell Collins (Starkeeper).", "The original cast included John Raitt (Billy), Jan Clayton (Julie), Jean Darling (Carrie), Eric Mattson (Enoch Snow), Christine Johnson (Nettie Fowler), Murvyn Vye (Jigger), Bambi Linn (Louise) and Russell Collins (Starkeeper). In December 1945, Clayton left to star in the Broadway revival of Show Boat and was replaced by Iva Withers; Raitt was replaced by Henry Michel in January 1947; Darling was replaced by Margot Moser.Hischak, p. 62 After closing on Broadway, the show went on a national tour for two years.", "In December 1945, Clayton left to star in the Broadway revival of Show Boat and was replaced by Iva Withers; Raitt was replaced by Henry Michel in January 1947; Darling was replaced by Margot Moser.Hischak, p. 62 After closing on Broadway, the show went on a national tour for two years. It played for five months in Chicago alone, visited twenty states and two Canadian cities, covered and played to nearly two million people.", "It played for five months in Chicago alone, visited twenty states and two Canadian cities, covered and played to nearly two million people. The touring company had a four-week run at New York City Center in January 1949.", "The touring company had a four-week run at New York City Center in January 1949. Following the City Center run, the show was moved back to the Majestic Theatre in the hopes of filling the theatre until South Pacific opened in early April. However, ticket sales were mediocre, and the show closed almost a month early.", "However, ticket sales were mediocre, and the show closed almost a month early. The musical premiered in the West End, London, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on June 7, 1950.", "The musical premiered in the West End, London, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on June 7, 1950. The production was restaged by Jerome Whyte, with a cast that included Stephen Douglass (Billy), Iva Withers (Julie) and Margot Moser (Carrie).", "The production was restaged by Jerome Whyte, with a cast that included Stephen Douglass (Billy), Iva Withers (Julie) and Margot Moser (Carrie). Carousel ran in London for 566 performances, remaining there for over a year and a half.", "Carousel ran in London for 566 performances, remaining there for over a year and a half. Subsequent productions Carousel was revived in 1954 and 1957 at City Center, presented by the New York City Center Light Opera Company.", "Subsequent productions Carousel was revived in 1954 and 1957 at City Center, presented by the New York City Center Light Opera Company. Both times, the production featured Barbara Cook, though she played Carrie in 1954 and Julie in 1957 (playing alongside Howard Keel as Billy).", "Both times, the production featured Barbara Cook, though she played Carrie in 1954 and Julie in 1957 (playing alongside Howard Keel as Billy). The production was then taken to Belgium to be performed at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair, with David Atkinson as Billy, Ruth Kobart as Nettie, and Clayton reprising the role of Julie, which she had originated.", "The production was then taken to Belgium to be performed at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair, with David Atkinson as Billy, Ruth Kobart as Nettie, and Clayton reprising the role of Julie, which she had originated. In August 1965, Rodgers and the Music Theater of Lincoln Center produced Carousel for 47 performances.", "In August 1965, Rodgers and the Music Theater of Lincoln Center produced Carousel for 47 performances. John Raitt reprised the role of Billy, with Jerry Orbach as Jigger and Reid Shelton as Enoch Snow. The roles of the Starkeeper and Dr. Seldon were played by Edward Everett Horton in his final stage appearance.", "The roles of the Starkeeper and Dr. Seldon were played by Edward Everett Horton in his final stage appearance. The following year, New York City Center Light Opera Company brought Carousel back to City Center for 22 performances, with Bruce Yarnell as Billy and Constance Towers as Julie.", "The following year, New York City Center Light Opera Company brought Carousel back to City Center for 22 performances, with Bruce Yarnell as Billy and Constance Towers as Julie. Nicholas Hytner directed a new production of Carousel in 1992, at London's Royal National Theatre, with choreography by Sir Kenneth MacMillan and designs by Bob Crowley.", "Nicholas Hytner directed a new production of Carousel in 1992, at London's Royal National Theatre, with choreography by Sir Kenneth MacMillan and designs by Bob Crowley. In this staging, the story begins at the mill, where Julie and Carrie work, with the music slowed down to emphasize the drudgery.", "In this staging, the story begins at the mill, where Julie and Carrie work, with the music slowed down to emphasize the drudgery. After work ends, they move to the shipyards and then to the carnival.", "After work ends, they move to the shipyards and then to the carnival. As they proceed on a revolving stage, carnival characters appear, and at last the carousel is assembled onstage for the girls to ride.Block, p. 175 Louise is seduced by the ruffian boy during her Act 2 ballet, set around the ruins of a carousel.", "As they proceed on a revolving stage, carnival characters appear, and at last the carousel is assembled onstage for the girls to ride.Block, p. 175 Louise is seduced by the ruffian boy during her Act 2 ballet, set around the ruins of a carousel. Michael Hayden played Billy not as a large, gruff man, but as a frustrated smaller one, a time bomb waiting to explode.", "Michael Hayden played Billy not as a large, gruff man, but as a frustrated smaller one, a time bomb waiting to explode. Hayden, Joanna Riding (Julie) and Janie Dee (Carrie) all won Olivier Awards for their performances. Patricia Routledge played Nettie.", "Patricia Routledge played Nettie. Patricia Routledge played Nettie. Enoch and Carrie were cast as an interracial couple whose eight children, according to the review in The New York Times, looked like \"a walking United Colors of Benetton ad\". Clive Rowe, as Enoch, was nominated for an Olivier Award.", "Clive Rowe, as Enoch, was nominated for an Olivier Award. The production's limited run from December 1992 through March 1993 was a sellout. It re-opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London in September 1993, presented by Cameron Mackintosh, where it continued until May 1994.", "It re-opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London in September 1993, presented by Cameron Mackintosh, where it continued until May 1994. The Hytner production moved to New York's Vivian Beaumont Theater, where it opened on March 24, 1994, and ran for 322 performances.", "The Hytner production moved to New York's Vivian Beaumont Theater, where it opened on March 24, 1994, and ran for 322 performances. This won five Tony Awards, including best musical revival, as well as awards for Hytner, MacMillan, Crowley and Audra McDonald (as Carrie).", "This won five Tony Awards, including best musical revival, as well as awards for Hytner, MacMillan, Crowley and Audra McDonald (as Carrie). The cast also included Sally Murphy as Julie, Shirley Verrett as Nettie, Fisher Stevens as Jigger and Eddie Korbich as Enoch.", "The cast also included Sally Murphy as Julie, Shirley Verrett as Nettie, Fisher Stevens as Jigger and Eddie Korbich as Enoch. One change made from the London to the New York production was to have Billy strike Louise across the face, rather than on the hand.", "One change made from the London to the New York production was to have Billy strike Louise across the face, rather than on the hand. According to Hayden, \"He does the one unpardonable thing, the thing we can't forgive. It's a challenge for the audience to like him after that.\"", "It's a challenge for the audience to like him after that.\" The Hytner Carousel was presented in Japan in May 1995. A U.S. national tour with a scaled-down production began in February 1996 in Houston and closed in May 1997 in Providence, Rhode Island.", "A U.S. national tour with a scaled-down production began in February 1996 in Houston and closed in May 1997 in Providence, Rhode Island. Producers sought to feature young talent on the tour, with Patrick Wilson as Billy and Sarah Uriarte Berry, and later Jennifer Laura Thompson, as Julie.", "Producers sought to feature young talent on the tour, with Patrick Wilson as Billy and Sarah Uriarte Berry, and later Jennifer Laura Thompson, as Julie. A revival opened at London's Savoy Theatre on December 2, 2008, after a week of previews, starring Jeremiah James (Billy), Alexandra Silber (Julie) and Lesley Garrett (Nettie).", "A revival opened at London's Savoy Theatre on December 2, 2008, after a week of previews, starring Jeremiah James (Billy), Alexandra Silber (Julie) and Lesley Garrett (Nettie). The production received warm to mixed reviews. It closed in June 2009, a month early.", "It closed in June 2009, a month early. Michael Coveney, writing in The Independent, admired Rodgers' music but stated, \"Lindsay Posner's efficient revival doesn't hold a candle to the National Theatre 1992 version\".", "Michael Coveney, writing in The Independent, admired Rodgers' music but stated, \"Lindsay Posner's efficient revival doesn't hold a candle to the National Theatre 1992 version\". A production at Theater Basel, Switzerland, in 2016 to 2017, with German dialogue, was directed by Alexander Charim and choreographed by Teresa Rotemberg.", "A production at Theater Basel, Switzerland, in 2016 to 2017, with German dialogue, was directed by Alexander Charim and choreographed by Teresa Rotemberg. Bryony Dwyer, Christian Miedl and Cheryl Studer starred, respectively, as Julie Jordan, Billy Bigelow and Nettie Fowler.<ref>[http://operabase.com/diary.cgi?lang=en&code=wsba&date=20161215 \"Richard Rodgers: Carousel\"] , Diary: Theater Basel, Operabase.com.", "Bryony Dwyer, Christian Miedl and Cheryl Studer starred, respectively, as Julie Jordan, Billy Bigelow and Nettie Fowler.<ref>[http://operabase.com/diary.cgi?lang=en&code=wsba&date=20161215 \"Richard Rodgers: Carousel\"] , Diary: Theater Basel, Operabase.com. Retrieved on March 8, 2018</ref> A semi-staged revival by the English National Opera opened at the London Coliseum in 2017.", "Retrieved on March 8, 2018</ref> A semi-staged revival by the English National Opera opened at the London Coliseum in 2017. The production was directed by Lonny Price, conducted by David Charles Abell, and starred Alfie Boe as Billy, Katherine Jenkins as Julie and Nicholas Lyndhurst as the Starkeeper.", "The production was directed by Lonny Price, conducted by David Charles Abell, and starred Alfie Boe as Billy, Katherine Jenkins as Julie and Nicholas Lyndhurst as the Starkeeper. The production received mixed to positive reviews. The third Broadway revival began previews in February 2018 at the Imperial Theatre and officially opened on April 12.", "The third Broadway revival began previews in February 2018 at the Imperial Theatre and officially opened on April 12. It closed on September 16, 2018. The production starred Jessie Mueller, Joshua Henry, Renée Fleming, Lindsay Mendez and Alexander Gemignani. The production was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Justin Peck.", "The production was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Justin Peck. The songs \"Geraniums in the Winder\" and \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" were cut from this revival.", "The songs \"Geraniums in the Winder\" and \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" were cut from this revival. Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times, \"The tragic inevitability of Carousel has seldom come across as warmly or as chillingly as it does in this vividly reimagined revival.", "Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times, \"The tragic inevitability of Carousel has seldom come across as warmly or as chillingly as it does in this vividly reimagined revival. ... [W]ith thoughtful and powerful performances by Mr. Henry and Ms. Mueller, the love story at the show's center has never seemed quite as ill-starred or, at the same time, as sexy.", "... [W]ith thoughtful and powerful performances by Mr. Henry and Ms. Mueller, the love story at the show's center has never seemed quite as ill-starred or, at the same time, as sexy. ... [T]he Starkeeper ... assumes new visibility throughout, taking on the role of Billy's angelic supervisor.\"", "... [T]he Starkeeper ... assumes new visibility throughout, taking on the role of Billy's angelic supervisor.\" Brantley strongly praised the choreography, all the performances and the designers.", "Brantley strongly praised the choreography, all the performances and the designers. He was unconvinced, however, by the \"mother-daughter dialogue that falls so abrasively on contemporary ears\", where Julie tries to justify loving an abusive man, and other scenes in Act 2, particularly those set in heaven, and the optimism of the final scene.", "He was unconvinced, however, by the \"mother-daughter dialogue that falls so abrasively on contemporary ears\", where Julie tries to justify loving an abusive man, and other scenes in Act 2, particularly those set in heaven, and the optimism of the final scene. Most of the reviewers agreed that while the choreography and performances (especially the singing) were excellent, characterizing the production as sexy and sumptuous, O'Brien's direction did little to help the show deal with modern sensibilities about men's treatment of women, instead indulging in nostalgia.", "Most of the reviewers agreed that while the choreography and performances (especially the singing) were excellent, characterizing the production as sexy and sumptuous, O'Brien's direction did little to help the show deal with modern sensibilities about men's treatment of women, instead indulging in nostalgia. From July to September 2021 the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London is presenting a staging by its artistic director Timothy Sheader, with choreography by Drew McOnie.", "From July to September 2021 the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London is presenting a staging by its artistic director Timothy Sheader, with choreography by Drew McOnie. The cast includes Carly Bawden as Julie, Declan Bennett as Billy and Joanna Riding as Nettie.", "The cast includes Carly Bawden as Julie, Declan Bennett as Billy and Joanna Riding as Nettie. Film, television and concert versions [[File:Boothbay Harbor in Summer.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Boothbay Harbor, Maine, where the location shots for Carousels movie version were filmed]] A film version of the musical was made in 1956, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones.", "Film, television and concert versions [[File:Boothbay Harbor in Summer.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Boothbay Harbor, Maine, where the location shots for Carousels movie version were filmed]] A film version of the musical was made in 1956, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones. It follows the musical's story fairly closely, although a prologue, set in the Starkeeper's heaven, was added.", "It follows the musical's story fairly closely, although a prologue, set in the Starkeeper's heaven, was added. The film was released only a few months after the release of the film version of Oklahoma! It garnered some good reviews, and the soundtrack recording was a best seller.", "It garnered some good reviews, and the soundtrack recording was a best seller. As the same stars appeared in both pictures, however, the two films were often compared, generally to the disadvantage of Carousel.", "As the same stars appeared in both pictures, however, the two films were often compared, generally to the disadvantage of Carousel. Thomas Hischak, in The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, later wondered \"if the smaller number of Carousel stage revivals is the product of this often-lumbering [film] musical\".", "Thomas Hischak, in The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, later wondered \"if the smaller number of Carousel stage revivals is the product of this often-lumbering [film] musical\". There was also an abridged (100 minute) 1967 network television version that starred Robert Goulet, with choreography by Edward Villella.", "There was also an abridged (100 minute) 1967 network television version that starred Robert Goulet, with choreography by Edward Villella. The New York Philharmonic presented a staged concert version of the musical from February 28 to March 2, 2013, at Avery Fisher Hall.", "The New York Philharmonic presented a staged concert version of the musical from February 28 to March 2, 2013, at Avery Fisher Hall. Kelli O'Hara played Julie, with Nathan Gunn as Billy, Stephanie Blythe as Nettie, Jessie Mueller as Carrie, Jason Danieley as Enoch, Shuler Hensley as Jigger, John Cullum as the Starkeeper, and Kate Burton as Mrs. Mullin.", "Kelli O'Hara played Julie, with Nathan Gunn as Billy, Stephanie Blythe as Nettie, Jessie Mueller as Carrie, Jason Danieley as Enoch, Shuler Hensley as Jigger, John Cullum as the Starkeeper, and Kate Burton as Mrs. Mullin. Tiler Peck danced the role of Louise to choreography by Warren Carlyle.", "Tiler Peck danced the role of Louise to choreography by Warren Carlyle. The production was directed by John Rando and conducted by Rob Fisher. Charles Isherwood of The New York Times wrote, \"this is as gorgeously sung a production of this sublime 1945 Broadway musical as you are ever likely to hear.\"", "Charles Isherwood of The New York Times wrote, \"this is as gorgeously sung a production of this sublime 1945 Broadway musical as you are ever likely to hear.\" It was broadcast as part of the PBS Live from Lincoln Center series, premiering on April 26, 2013.", "It was broadcast as part of the PBS Live from Lincoln Center series, premiering on April 26, 2013. Music and recordings Musical treatment Rodgers designed Carousel to be an almost continuous stream of music, especially in Act 1. In later years, Rodgers was asked if he had considered writing an opera.", "In later years, Rodgers was asked if he had considered writing an opera. He stated that he had been sorely tempted to, but saw Carousel in operatic terms. He remembered, \"We came very close to opera in the Majestic Theatre. ... There's much that is operatic in the music.\"", "There's much that is operatic in the music.\" Rodgers uses music in Carousel in subtle ways to differentiate characters and tell the audience of their emotional state.", "Rodgers uses music in Carousel in subtle ways to differentiate characters and tell the audience of their emotional state. In \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\", the music for the placid Carrie is characterized by even eighth-note rhythms, whereas the emotionally restless Julie's music is marked by dotted eighths and sixteenths; this rhythm will characterize her throughout the show.", "In \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\", the music for the placid Carrie is characterized by even eighth-note rhythms, whereas the emotionally restless Julie's music is marked by dotted eighths and sixteenths; this rhythm will characterize her throughout the show. When Billy whistles a snatch of the song, he selects Julie's dotted notes rather than Carrie's.", "When Billy whistles a snatch of the song, he selects Julie's dotted notes rather than Carrie's. Reflecting the close association in the music between Julie and the as-yet unborn Louise, when Billy sings in \"Soliloquy\" of his daughter, who \"gets hungry every night\", he uses Julie's dotted rhythms.", "Reflecting the close association in the music between Julie and the as-yet unborn Louise, when Billy sings in \"Soliloquy\" of his daughter, who \"gets hungry every night\", he uses Julie's dotted rhythms. Such rhythms also characterize Julie's Act 2 song, \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'\".", "Such rhythms also characterize Julie's Act 2 song, \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'\". The stable love between Enoch and Carrie is strengthened by her willingness to let Enoch not only plan his entire life, but hers as well.", "The stable love between Enoch and Carrie is strengthened by her willingness to let Enoch not only plan his entire life, but hers as well. This is reflected in \"When the Children Are Asleep\", where the two sing in close harmony, but Enoch musically interrupts his intended's turn at the chorus with the words \"Dreams that won't be interrupted\".", "This is reflected in \"When the Children Are Asleep\", where the two sing in close harmony, but Enoch musically interrupts his intended's turn at the chorus with the words \"Dreams that won't be interrupted\". Rodgers biographer Geoffrey Block, in his book on the Broadway musical, points out that though Billy may strike his wife, he allows her musical themes to become a part of him and never interrupts her music.", "Rodgers biographer Geoffrey Block, in his book on the Broadway musical, points out that though Billy may strike his wife, he allows her musical themes to become a part of him and never interrupts her music. Block suggests that, as reprehensible as Billy may be for his actions, Enoch requiring Carrie to act as \"the little woman\", and his having nine children with her (more than she had found acceptable in \"When the Children are Asleep\") can be considered to be even more abusive.", "Block suggests that, as reprehensible as Billy may be for his actions, Enoch requiring Carrie to act as \"the little woman\", and his having nine children with her (more than she had found acceptable in \"When the Children are Asleep\") can be considered to be even more abusive. The twelve-minute \"bench scene\", in which Billy and Julie get to know each other and which culminates with \"If I Loved You\", according to Hischak, \"is considered the most completely integrated piece of music-drama in the American musical theatre\".", "The twelve-minute \"bench scene\", in which Billy and Julie get to know each other and which culminates with \"If I Loved You\", according to Hischak, \"is considered the most completely integrated piece of music-drama in the American musical theatre\". The scene is almost entirely drawn from Molnár and is one extended musical piece; Stephen Sondheim described it as \"probably the single most important moment in the revolution of contemporary musicals\".", "The scene is almost entirely drawn from Molnár and is one extended musical piece; Stephen Sondheim described it as \"probably the single most important moment in the revolution of contemporary musicals\". \"If I Loved You\" has been recorded many times, by such diverse artists as Frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, Sammy Davis Jr., Mario Lanza and Chad and Jeremy.", "\"If I Loved You\" has been recorded many times, by such diverse artists as Frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, Sammy Davis Jr., Mario Lanza and Chad and Jeremy. The D-flat major theme that dominates the music for the second act ballet seems like a new melody to many audience members.", "The D-flat major theme that dominates the music for the second act ballet seems like a new melody to many audience members. It is, however, a greatly expanded development of a theme heard during \"Soliloquy\" at the line \"I guess he'll call me 'The old man' \".", "It is, however, a greatly expanded development of a theme heard during \"Soliloquy\" at the line \"I guess he'll call me 'The old man' \". When the pair discussed the song that would become \"Soliloquy\", Rodgers improvised at the piano to give Hammerstein an idea of how he envisioned the song.", "When the pair discussed the song that would become \"Soliloquy\", Rodgers improvised at the piano to give Hammerstein an idea of how he envisioned the song. When Hammerstein presented his collaborator with the lyrics after two weeks of work (Hammerstein always wrote the words first, then Rodgers would write the melodies), Rodgers wrote the music for the eight-minute song in two hours.", "When Hammerstein presented his collaborator with the lyrics after two weeks of work (Hammerstein always wrote the words first, then Rodgers would write the melodies), Rodgers wrote the music for the eight-minute song in two hours. \"What's the Use of Wond'rin' \", one of Julie's songs, worked well in the show but was never as popular on the radio or for recording, and Hammerstein believed that the lack of popularity was because he had concluded the final line, \"And all the rest is talk\" with a hard consonant, which does not allow the singer a vocal climax.", "\"What's the Use of Wond'rin' \", one of Julie's songs, worked well in the show but was never as popular on the radio or for recording, and Hammerstein believed that the lack of popularity was because he had concluded the final line, \"And all the rest is talk\" with a hard consonant, which does not allow the singer a vocal climax. Irving Berlin later stated that \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" had the same sort of effect on him as the 23rd Psalm.", "Irving Berlin later stated that \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" had the same sort of effect on him as the 23rd Psalm. When singer Mel Tormé told Rodgers that \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" had made him cry, Rodgers nodded impatiently. \"You're supposed to.\"", "\"You're supposed to.\" The frequently recorded song has become a widely accepted hymn.Rodgers, p. 240 The cast recording of Carousel proved popular in Liverpool, like many Broadway albums, and in 1963, the Brian Epstein-managed band, Gerry and the Pacemakers had a number-one hit with the song.", "The frequently recorded song has become a widely accepted hymn.Rodgers, p. 240 The cast recording of Carousel proved popular in Liverpool, like many Broadway albums, and in 1963, the Brian Epstein-managed band, Gerry and the Pacemakers had a number-one hit with the song. At the time, the top ten hits were played before Liverpool F.C.", "At the time, the top ten hits were played before Liverpool F.C. home matches; even after \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" dropped out of the top ten, fans continued to sing it, and it has become closely associated with the soccer team and the city of Liverpool.", "home matches; even after \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" dropped out of the top ten, fans continued to sing it, and it has become closely associated with the soccer team and the city of Liverpool. A BBC program, Soul Music, ranked it alongside \"Silent Night\" and \"Abide With Me\" in terms of its emotional impact and iconic status.", "A BBC program, Soul Music, ranked it alongside \"Silent Night\" and \"Abide With Me\" in terms of its emotional impact and iconic status. Recordings The cast album of the 1945 Broadway production was issued on 78s, and the score was significantly cut—as was the 1950 London cast recording.", "Recordings The cast album of the 1945 Broadway production was issued on 78s, and the score was significantly cut—as was the 1950 London cast recording. Theatre historian John Kenrick notes of the 1945 recording that a number of songs had to be abridged to fit the 78 format, but that there is a small part of \"Soliloquy\" found on no other recording, as Rodgers cut it from the score immediately after the studio recording was made.Fick, David.", "Theatre historian John Kenrick notes of the 1945 recording that a number of songs had to be abridged to fit the 78 format, but that there is a small part of \"Soliloquy\" found on no other recording, as Rodgers cut it from the score immediately after the studio recording was made.Fick, David. \"The Best Carousel Recording\", June 11, 2009.", "\"The Best Carousel Recording\", June 11, 2009. Retrieved on April 7, 2016 A number of songs were cut for the 1956 film, but two of the deleted numbers had been recorded and were ultimately retained on the soundtrack album.", "Retrieved on April 7, 2016 A number of songs were cut for the 1956 film, but two of the deleted numbers had been recorded and were ultimately retained on the soundtrack album. The expanded CD version of the soundtrack, issued in 2001, contains all of the singing recorded for the film, including the cut portions, and nearly all of the dance music.", "The expanded CD version of the soundtrack, issued in 2001, contains all of the singing recorded for the film, including the cut portions, and nearly all of the dance music. The recording of the 1965 Lincoln Center revival featured Raitt reprising the role of Billy.", "The recording of the 1965 Lincoln Center revival featured Raitt reprising the role of Billy. Studio recordings of Carousels songs were released in 1956 (with Robert Merrill as Billy, Patrice Munsel as Julie, and Florence Henderson as Carrie), 1962 and 1987.", "Studio recordings of Carousels songs were released in 1956 (with Robert Merrill as Billy, Patrice Munsel as Julie, and Florence Henderson as Carrie), 1962 and 1987. The 1987 version featured a mix of opera and musical stars, including Samuel Ramey, Barbara Cook and Sarah Brightman.", "The 1987 version featured a mix of opera and musical stars, including Samuel Ramey, Barbara Cook and Sarah Brightman. Kenrick recommends the 1962 studio recording for its outstanding cast, including Alfred Drake, Roberta Peters, Claramae Turner, Lee Venora, and Norman Treigle.", "Kenrick recommends the 1962 studio recording for its outstanding cast, including Alfred Drake, Roberta Peters, Claramae Turner, Lee Venora, and Norman Treigle. Both the London (1993) and New York (1994) cast albums of the Hytner production contain portions of dialogue that, according to Hischak, speak to the power of Michael Hayden's portrayal of Billy.", "Both the London (1993) and New York (1994) cast albums of the Hytner production contain portions of dialogue that, according to Hischak, speak to the power of Michael Hayden's portrayal of Billy. Kenrick judges the 1994 recording the best all-around performance of Carousel on disc, despite uneven singing by Hayden, due to Sally Murphy's Julie and the strong supporting cast (calling Audra McDonald the best Carrie he has heard).", "Kenrick judges the 1994 recording the best all-around performance of Carousel on disc, despite uneven singing by Hayden, due to Sally Murphy's Julie and the strong supporting cast (calling Audra McDonald the best Carrie he has heard). The Stratford Festival issued a recording in 2015.", "The Stratford Festival issued a recording in 2015. Critical reception and legacy The musical received almost unanimous rave reviews after its opening in 1945. According to Hischak, reviews were not as exuberant as for Oklahoma! as the critics were not taken by surprise this time.", "as the critics were not taken by surprise this time. John Chapman of the Daily News termed it \"one of the finest musical plays I have ever seen and I shall remember it always\".", "John Chapman of the Daily News termed it \"one of the finest musical plays I have ever seen and I shall remember it always\". The New York Times's reviewer, Lewis Nichols, stated that \"Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 2d, who can do no wrong, have continued doing no wrong in adapting Liliom into a musical play.", "The New York Times's reviewer, Lewis Nichols, stated that \"Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 2d, who can do no wrong, have continued doing no wrong in adapting Liliom into a musical play. Their Carousel is on the whole delightful.\"", "Their Carousel is on the whole delightful.\" Wilella Waldorf of the New York Post, however, complained, \"Carousel seemed to us a rather long evening. The Oklahoma! formula is becoming a bit monotonous and so are Miss de Mille's ballets. All right, go ahead and shoot! \"Suskin, Steven.", "\"Suskin, Steven. \"Suskin, Steven. Opening Night on Broadway. Schirmer Trade Books, 1990, p. 147. .", "Schirmer Trade Books, 1990, p. 147. . Dance Magazine gave Linn plaudits for her role as Louise, stating, \"Bambi doesn't come on until twenty minutes before eleven, and for the next forty minutes, she practically holds the audience in her hand\".", "Dance Magazine gave Linn plaudits for her role as Louise, stating, \"Bambi doesn't come on until twenty minutes before eleven, and for the next forty minutes, she practically holds the audience in her hand\". Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune also applauded the dancing: \"It has waited for Miss de Mille to come through with peculiarly American dance patterns for a musical show to become as much a dance as a song show.\"", "Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune also applauded the dancing: \"It has waited for Miss de Mille to come through with peculiarly American dance patterns for a musical show to become as much a dance as a song show.\" When the musical returned to New York in 1949, The New York Times reviewer Brooks Atkinson described Carousel as \"a conspicuously superior musical play ... Carousel, which was warmly appreciated when it opened, seems like nothing less than a masterpiece now.\"", "When the musical returned to New York in 1949, The New York Times reviewer Brooks Atkinson described Carousel as \"a conspicuously superior musical play ... Carousel, which was warmly appreciated when it opened, seems like nothing less than a masterpiece now.\" In 1954, when Carousel was revived at City Center, Atkinson discussed the musical in his review: Carousel has no comment to make on anything of topical importance.", "In 1954, when Carousel was revived at City Center, Atkinson discussed the musical in his review: Carousel has no comment to make on anything of topical importance. The theme is timeless and universal: the devotion of two people who love each other through thick and thin, complicated in this case by the wayward personality of the man, who cannot fulfill the responsibilities he has assumed.", "The theme is timeless and universal: the devotion of two people who love each other through thick and thin, complicated in this case by the wayward personality of the man, who cannot fulfill the responsibilities he has assumed. ... Billy is a bum, but Carousel recognizes the decency of his motives and admires his independence.", "... Billy is a bum, but Carousel recognizes the decency of his motives and admires his independence. There are no slick solutions in Carousel. Stephen Sondheim noted the duo's ability to take the innovations of Oklahoma! and apply them to a serious setting: \"Oklahoma!", "and apply them to a serious setting: \"Oklahoma! is about a picnic, Carousel is about life and death.\"", "is about a picnic, Carousel is about life and death.\" Critic Eric Bentley, on the other hand, wrote that \"the last scene of Carousel is an impertinence: I refuse to be lectured to by a musical comedy scriptwriter on the education of children, the nature of the good life, and the contribution of the American small town to the salvation of souls.", "Critic Eric Bentley, on the other hand, wrote that \"the last scene of Carousel is an impertinence: I refuse to be lectured to by a musical comedy scriptwriter on the education of children, the nature of the good life, and the contribution of the American small town to the salvation of souls. \"New York Times critic Frank Rich said of the 1992 London production: \"What is remarkable about Mr. Hytner's direction, aside from its unorthodox faith in the virtues of simplicity and stillness, is its ability to make a 1992 audience believe in Hammerstein's vision of redemption, which has it that a dead sinner can return to Earth to do godly good.\"", "\"New York Times critic Frank Rich said of the 1992 London production: \"What is remarkable about Mr. Hytner's direction, aside from its unorthodox faith in the virtues of simplicity and stillness, is its ability to make a 1992 audience believe in Hammerstein's vision of redemption, which has it that a dead sinner can return to Earth to do godly good.\" The Hytner production in New York was hailed by many critics as a grittier Carousel, which they deemed more appropriate for the 1990s.", "The Hytner production in New York was hailed by many critics as a grittier Carousel, which they deemed more appropriate for the 1990s. Clive Barnes of the New York Post called it a \"defining Carousel—hard-nosed, imaginative, and exciting.\"", "Clive Barnes of the New York Post called it a \"defining Carousel—hard-nosed, imaginative, and exciting.\" Critic Michael Billington has commented that \"lyrically [Carousel] comes perilously close to acceptance of the inevitability of domestic violence.\"", "Critic Michael Billington has commented that \"lyrically [Carousel] comes perilously close to acceptance of the inevitability of domestic violence.\" BroadwayWorld.com stated in 2013 that Carousel is now \"considered somewhat controversial in terms of its attitudes on domestic violence\" because Julie chooses to stay with Billy despite the abuse; actress Kelli O'Hara noted that the domestic violence that Julie \"chooses to deal with – is a real, existing and very complicated thing.", "BroadwayWorld.com stated in 2013 that Carousel is now \"considered somewhat controversial in terms of its attitudes on domestic violence\" because Julie chooses to stay with Billy despite the abuse; actress Kelli O'Hara noted that the domestic violence that Julie \"chooses to deal with – is a real, existing and very complicated thing. And exploring it is an important part of healing it.\"", "And exploring it is an important part of healing it.\" Rodgers considered Carousel his favorite of all his musicals and wrote, \"it affects me deeply every time I see it performed\".", "Rodgers considered Carousel his favorite of all his musicals and wrote, \"it affects me deeply every time I see it performed\". In 1999, Time magazine, in its \"Best of the Century\" list, named Carousel the Best Musical of the 20th century, writing that Rodgers and Hammerstein \"set the standards for the 20th century musical, and this show features their most beautiful score and the most skillful and affecting example of their musical storytelling\".", "In 1999, Time magazine, in its \"Best of the Century\" list, named Carousel the Best Musical of the 20th century, writing that Rodgers and Hammerstein \"set the standards for the 20th century musical, and this show features their most beautiful score and the most skillful and affecting example of their musical storytelling\". Hammerstein's grandson, Oscar Andrew Hammerstein, in his book about his family, suggested that the wartime situation made Carousel's ending especially poignant to its original viewers, \"Every American grieved the loss of a brother, son, father, or friend ... the audience empathized with [Billy's] all-too-human efforts to offer advice, to seek forgiveness, to complete an unfinished life, and to bid a proper good-bye from beyond the grave.\"", "Hammerstein's grandson, Oscar Andrew Hammerstein, in his book about his family, suggested that the wartime situation made Carousel's ending especially poignant to its original viewers, \"Every American grieved the loss of a brother, son, father, or friend ... the audience empathized with [Billy's] all-too-human efforts to offer advice, to seek forgiveness, to complete an unfinished life, and to bid a proper good-bye from beyond the grave.\" Author and composer Ethan Mordden agreed with that perspective: If Oklahoma!", "Author and composer Ethan Mordden agreed with that perspective: If Oklahoma! developed the moral argument for sending American boys overseas, Carousel offered consolation to those wives and mothers whose boys would only return in spirit. The meaning lay not in the tragedy of the present, but in the hope for a future where no one walks alone.", "The meaning lay not in the tragedy of the present, but in the hope for a future where no one walks alone. Awards and nominations Original 1945 Broadway productionNote: The Tony Awards were not established until 1947, and so Carousel was not eligible to win any Tonys at its premiere.", "Awards and nominations Original 1945 Broadway productionNote: The Tony Awards were not established until 1947, and so Carousel was not eligible to win any Tonys at its premiere. 1957 revival 1992 London revival 1994 Broadway revival 2018 Broadway revival References Bibliography Block, Geoffrey. Enchanted Evenings: The Broadway Musical from Show Boat to Sondheim.", "Enchanted Evenings: The Broadway Musical from Show Boat to Sondheim. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2004. . Block, Geoffrey (ed.) The Richard Rodgers Reader. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2006. . Bradley, Ian. You've Got to Have a Dream: The Message of the Broadway Musical.", "You've Got to Have a Dream: The Message of the Broadway Musical. Louisville, Ky., Westminster John Knox Press, 2005. 978-0-664-22854-5. Easton, Carol. No Intermission: The Life of Agnes DeMille. Jefferson, N.C.: Da Capo Press, 2000 (1st DaCapo Press edition). . Fordin, Hugh.", ". Fordin, Hugh. Fordin, Hugh. Getting to Know Him: A Biography of Oscar Hammerstein II. Jefferson, N.C.: Da Capo Press, 1995 reprint of 1986 edition. . Hammerstein, Oscar Andrew. The Hammersteins: A Musical Theatre Family. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2010. .", "New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2010. . Hischak, Thomas S. The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. . Hyland, William G. Richard Rodgers. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998. . Molnár, Ferenc. Liliom: A Legend in Seven Scenes and a Prologue.", "Liliom: A Legend in Seven Scenes and a Prologue. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1921. Mordden, Ethan. \"Rodgers & Hammerstein\". New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1992. . Nolan, Frederick. The Sound of Their Music: The Story of Rodgers and Hammerstein.", "The Sound of Their Music: The Story of Rodgers and Hammerstein. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books, 2002. . Rodgers, Richard. Musical Stages: An Autobiography. Jefferson, N.C. Da Capo Press, 2002 reprint of 1975 edition. . Secrest, Meryle. Somewhere for Me: A Biography of Richard Rodgers.", "Somewhere for Me: A Biography of Richard Rodgers. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books, 2001. .", "Cambridge, Massachusetts: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books, 2001. . External links Carousel at guidetomusicaltheatre.com Carousel info page on StageAgent.com – Carousel plot summary and character descriptions (1967 TV adaptation) 1945 musicals Broadway musicals Musicals by Rodgers and Hammerstein West End musicals Musicals based on plays Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Maine in fiction Fiction set in 1873 Fiction about the afterlife Plays set in Maine Plays set in the 19th century Tony Award-winning musicals" ]

[ "Carousel (musical)", "Film, television and concert versions", "When was the film version released?", "A film version of the musical was made in 1956, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones. It follows the musical's story fairly closely,", "Wa it remde after that?", "The film was released only a few months after the release of the film version of Oklahoma!. It garnered some good reviews,", "When did it air on tv?", "There was also an abridged (100 minute) 1967 network television version that starred Robert Goulet, with choreography by Edward Villella.", "Did it win any awards?", "It garnered some good reviews, and the soundtrack recording was a best seller. As the same stars appeared in both pictures, however, the two films were often compared,", "Explain the concert aspect of Carousel?", "The New York Philharmonic presented a staged concert version of the musical from February 28 to March 2, 2013, at Avery Fisher Hall." ]

[ "Diário Popular was a Portuguese language daily newspaper published in Lisbon, Portugal, between 1942 and 1990.\n\nHistory and profile\nDiário Popular was first published on 22 September 1942. Its headquarters was in Lisbon. The paper was one of two Portuguese newspapers published in Angola during the colonial rule. The other was Jornal de Notícias. In the 1960s Diário Popular was acquired by the Balsemão family.\n\nDiário Popular was the organizer of the first journalism program in Portugal which was held in 1966. In the late 1960s the paper was acquired by the Quina group, a family company. In 1971 it was one of two Portuguese best-selling newspapers.\n\nDiário Popular belonged to the Banco Borges and Irmão, a bank, before the Carnation revolution. The paper was nationalized following the revolution in 1974 along with other private dailies and publications. It was controlled by the communists and adopted a communist stance in October 1975. In May 1978 the paper had a left-wing political stance.\n\nDiário Popular sold 73,000 copies in October 1975 and 66,000 copies in May 1978.\n\nDiário Popular was privatized in 1989 and was acquired by a company, Projectos e Estudos de Imprensa (PEI), which also became the owner of the sports paper Record. The company was headed by Pedro Santana Lopes, a member of the Social Democratic Party. The paper ceased publication in 1990.\n\nSee also\n List of newspapers in Portugal\n\nReferences\n\n1942 establishments in Portugal\n1990 disestablishments in Portugal\nPopular\nNewspapers published in Lisbon\nNewspapers established in 1942\nPopular\nPublications disestablished in 1990", "CPB Bank was the Greek branch of Cyprus Popular Bank.\nThe bank was founded under the name Marfin Egnatia Bank. It was formed by the consolidation of Marfin Investment Group's Egnatia, Laiki and Marfin Banks and was a 95%-owned subsidiary of Marfin Popular Bank (later renamed to Cyprus Popular Bank).\nIn 2011 it was converted to a branch of Cyprus Popular Bank.\nIn early 2013, the bank was renamed Laiki Bank only to change its name once again in March of the same year to CPB Bank.\nOn 26 March 2013 its liabilities and assets were bought by Piraeus Bank.\n\nReferences\n\nDefunct banks of Greece\nBanks disestablished in 2013" ]

[ "Carousel is the second musical by the team of Richard Rodgers (music) and Oscar Hammerstein II (book and lyrics). The 1945 work was adapted from Ferenc Molnár's 1909 play Liliom, transplanting its Budapest setting to the Maine coastline.", "The 1945 work was adapted from Ferenc Molnár's 1909 play Liliom, transplanting its Budapest setting to the Maine coastline. The story revolves around carousel barker Billy Bigelow, whose romance with millworker Julie Jordan comes at the price of both their jobs.", "The story revolves around carousel barker Billy Bigelow, whose romance with millworker Julie Jordan comes at the price of both their jobs. He participates in a robbery to provide for Julie and their unborn child; after it goes tragically wrong, he is given a chance to make things right.", "He participates in a robbery to provide for Julie and their unborn child; after it goes tragically wrong, he is given a chance to make things right. A secondary plot line deals with millworker Carrie Pipperidge and her romance with ambitious fisherman Enoch Snow.", "A secondary plot line deals with millworker Carrie Pipperidge and her romance with ambitious fisherman Enoch Snow. The show includes the well-known songs \"If I Loved You\", \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" and \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". Richard Rodgers later wrote that Carousel was his favorite of all his musicals.", "Richard Rodgers later wrote that Carousel was his favorite of all his musicals. Following the spectacular success of the first Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, Oklahoma! (1943), the pair sought to collaborate on another piece, knowing that any resulting work would be compared with Oklahoma!, most likely unfavorably.", "(1943), the pair sought to collaborate on another piece, knowing that any resulting work would be compared with Oklahoma!, most likely unfavorably. They were initially reluctant to seek the rights to Liliom; Molnár had refused permission for the work to be adapted in the past, and the original ending was considered too depressing for the musical theatre.", "They were initially reluctant to seek the rights to Liliom; Molnár had refused permission for the work to be adapted in the past, and the original ending was considered too depressing for the musical theatre. After acquiring the rights, the team created a work with lengthy sequences of music and made the ending more hopeful.", "After acquiring the rights, the team created a work with lengthy sequences of music and made the ending more hopeful. The musical required considerable modification during out-of-town tryouts, but once it opened on Broadway on April 19, 1945, it was an immediate hit with both critics and audiences.", "The musical required considerable modification during out-of-town tryouts, but once it opened on Broadway on April 19, 1945, it was an immediate hit with both critics and audiences. Carousel initially ran for 890 performances and duplicated its success in the West End in 1950.", "Carousel initially ran for 890 performances and duplicated its success in the West End in 1950. Though it has never achieved as much commercial success as Oklahoma!, the piece has been repeatedly revived, recorded several times and was filmed in 1956.", "Though it has never achieved as much commercial success as Oklahoma!, the piece has been repeatedly revived, recorded several times and was filmed in 1956. A production by Nicholas Hytner enjoyed success in 1992 in London, in 1994 in New York and on tour. Another Broadway revival opened in 2018.", "Another Broadway revival opened in 2018. In 1999, Time magazine named Carousel the best musical of the 20th century. Background Liliom Ferenc Molnár's Hungarian-language drama, Liliom, premiered in Budapest in 1909.", "Background Liliom Ferenc Molnár's Hungarian-language drama, Liliom, premiered in Budapest in 1909. The audience was puzzled by the work, and it lasted only thirty-odd performances before being withdrawn, the first shadow on Molnár's successful career as a playwright. Liliom was not presented again until after World War I.", "Liliom was not presented again until after World War I. When it reappeared on the Budapest stage, it was a tremendous hit. Except for the ending, the plots of Liliom and Carousel are very similar.", "Except for the ending, the plots of Liliom and Carousel are very similar. Andreas Zavocky (nicknamed Liliom, the Hungarian word for \"lily\", a slang term for \"tough guy\"), a carnival barker, falls in love with Julie Zeller, a servant girl, and they begin living together.", "Andreas Zavocky (nicknamed Liliom, the Hungarian word for \"lily\", a slang term for \"tough guy\"), a carnival barker, falls in love with Julie Zeller, a servant girl, and they begin living together. With both discharged from their jobs, Liliom is discontented and contemplates leaving Julie, but decides not to do so on learning that she is pregnant.", "With both discharged from their jobs, Liliom is discontented and contemplates leaving Julie, but decides not to do so on learning that she is pregnant. A subplot involves Julie's friend Marie, who has fallen in love with Wolf Biefeld, a hotel porter—after the two marry, he becomes the owner of the hotel.", "A subplot involves Julie's friend Marie, who has fallen in love with Wolf Biefeld, a hotel porter—after the two marry, he becomes the owner of the hotel. Desperate to make money so that he, Julie and their child can escape to America and a better life, Liliom conspires with lowlife Ficsur to commit a robbery, but it goes badly, and Liliom stabs himself.", "Desperate to make money so that he, Julie and their child can escape to America and a better life, Liliom conspires with lowlife Ficsur to commit a robbery, but it goes badly, and Liliom stabs himself. He dies, and his spirit is taken to heaven's police court.", "He dies, and his spirit is taken to heaven's police court. As Ficsur suggested while the two waited to commit the crime, would-be robbers like them do not come before God Himself.", "As Ficsur suggested while the two waited to commit the crime, would-be robbers like them do not come before God Himself. Liliom is told by the magistrate that he may go back to Earth for one day to attempt to redeem the wrongs he has done to his family, but must first spend sixteen years in a fiery purgatory.", "Liliom is told by the magistrate that he may go back to Earth for one day to attempt to redeem the wrongs he has done to his family, but must first spend sixteen years in a fiery purgatory. On his return to Earth, Liliom encounters his daughter, Louise, who like her mother is now a factory worker.", "On his return to Earth, Liliom encounters his daughter, Louise, who like her mother is now a factory worker. Saying that he knew her father, he tries to give her a star he stole from the heavens. When Louise refuses to take it, he strikes her.", "When Louise refuses to take it, he strikes her. Not realizing who he is, Julie confronts him, but finds herself unable to be angry with him. Liliom is ushered off to his fate, presumably Hell, and Louise asks her mother if it is possible to feel a hard slap as if it was a kiss.", "Liliom is ushered off to his fate, presumably Hell, and Louise asks her mother if it is possible to feel a hard slap as if it was a kiss. Julie reminiscently tells her daughter that it is very possible for that to happen.", "Julie reminiscently tells her daughter that it is very possible for that to happen. An English translation of Liliom was credited to Benjamin \"Barney\" Glazer, though there is a story that the actual translator, uncredited, was Rodgers' first major partner Lorenz Hart.", "An English translation of Liliom was credited to Benjamin \"Barney\" Glazer, though there is a story that the actual translator, uncredited, was Rodgers' first major partner Lorenz Hart. The Theatre Guild presented it in New York City in 1921, with Joseph Schildkraut as Liliom, and the play was a success, running 300 performances.", "The Theatre Guild presented it in New York City in 1921, with Joseph Schildkraut as Liliom, and the play was a success, running 300 performances. A 1940 revival with Burgess Meredith and Ingrid Bergman was seen by both Hammerstein and Rodgers.", "A 1940 revival with Burgess Meredith and Ingrid Bergman was seen by both Hammerstein and Rodgers. Glazer, in introducing the English translation of Liliom, wrote of the play's appeal: And where in modern dramatic literature can such pearls be matched—Julie incoherently confessing to her dead lover the love she had always been ashamed to tell; Liliom crying out to the distant carousel the glad news that he is to be a father; the two thieves gambling for the spoils of their prospective robbery; Marie and Wolf posing for their portrait while the broken-hearted Julie stands looking after the vanishing Liliom, the thieves' song ringing in her ears; the two policemen grousing about pay and pensions while Liliom lies bleeding to death; Liliom furtively proffering his daughter the star he has stolen for her in heaven.", "Glazer, in introducing the English translation of Liliom, wrote of the play's appeal: And where in modern dramatic literature can such pearls be matched—Julie incoherently confessing to her dead lover the love she had always been ashamed to tell; Liliom crying out to the distant carousel the glad news that he is to be a father; the two thieves gambling for the spoils of their prospective robbery; Marie and Wolf posing for their portrait while the broken-hearted Julie stands looking after the vanishing Liliom, the thieves' song ringing in her ears; the two policemen grousing about pay and pensions while Liliom lies bleeding to death; Liliom furtively proffering his daughter the star he has stolen for her in heaven. ...", "... ... The temptation to count the whole scintillating string is difficult to resist. Inception In the 1920s and 1930s, Rodgers and Hammerstein both became well known for creating Broadway hits with other partners.", "Inception In the 1920s and 1930s, Rodgers and Hammerstein both became well known for creating Broadway hits with other partners. Rodgers, with Lorenz Hart, had produced a string of over two dozen musicals, including such popular successes as Babes in Arms (1937), The Boys from Syracuse (1938) and Pal Joey (1940).", "Rodgers, with Lorenz Hart, had produced a string of over two dozen musicals, including such popular successes as Babes in Arms (1937), The Boys from Syracuse (1938) and Pal Joey (1940). Some of Rodgers' work with Hart broke new ground in musical theatre: On Your Toes was the first use of ballet to sustain the plot (in the \"Slaughter on Tenth Avenue\" scene), while Pal Joey flouted Broadway tradition by presenting a knave as its hero.", "Some of Rodgers' work with Hart broke new ground in musical theatre: On Your Toes was the first use of ballet to sustain the plot (in the \"Slaughter on Tenth Avenue\" scene), while Pal Joey flouted Broadway tradition by presenting a knave as its hero. Hammerstein had written or co-written the words for such hits as Rose-Marie (1924), The Desert Song (1926), The New Moon (1927) and Show Boat (1927).", "Hammerstein had written or co-written the words for such hits as Rose-Marie (1924), The Desert Song (1926), The New Moon (1927) and Show Boat (1927). Though less productive in the 1930s, he wrote material for musicals and films, sharing an Oscar for his song with Jerome Kern, \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\", which was included in the 1941 film Lady Be Good.", "Though less productive in the 1930s, he wrote material for musicals and films, sharing an Oscar for his song with Jerome Kern, \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\", which was included in the 1941 film Lady Be Good. By the early 1940s, Hart had sunk into alcoholism and emotional turmoil, becoming unreliable and prompting Rodgers to approach Hammerstein to ask if he would consider working with him.", "By the early 1940s, Hart had sunk into alcoholism and emotional turmoil, becoming unreliable and prompting Rodgers to approach Hammerstein to ask if he would consider working with him. Hammerstein was eager to do so, and their first collaboration was Oklahoma! (1943).", "(1943). (1943). Thomas Hischak states, in his The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, that Oklahoma! is \"the single most influential work in the American musical theatre. In fact, the history of the Broadway musical can accurately be divided into what came before Oklahoma! and what came after it.\"", "and what came after it.\" An innovation for its time in integrating song, character, plot and dance, Oklahoma! would serve, according to Hischak, as \"the model for Broadway shows for decades\", and proved a huge popular and financial success.", "would serve, according to Hischak, as \"the model for Broadway shows for decades\", and proved a huge popular and financial success. Once it was well-launched, what to do as an encore was a daunting challenge for the pair. Film producer Samuel Goldwyn saw Oklahoma!", "Film producer Samuel Goldwyn saw Oklahoma! and advised Rodgers to shoot himself, which according to Rodgers \"was Sam's blunt but funny way of telling me that I'd never create another show as good as Oklahoma!\" As they considered new projects, Hammerstein wrote, \"We're such fools.", "As they considered new projects, Hammerstein wrote, \"We're such fools. No matter what we do, everyone is bound to say, 'This is not another Oklahoma! \" Oklahoma! had been a struggle to finance and produce.", "had been a struggle to finance and produce. Hammerstein and Rodgers met weekly in 1943 with Theresa Helburn and Lawrence Langner of the Theatre Guild, producers of the blockbuster musical, who together formed what they termed \"the Gloat Club\".", "Hammerstein and Rodgers met weekly in 1943 with Theresa Helburn and Lawrence Langner of the Theatre Guild, producers of the blockbuster musical, who together formed what they termed \"the Gloat Club\". At one such luncheon, Helburn and Langner proposed to Rodgers and Hammerstein that they turn Molnár's Liliom into a musical.", "At one such luncheon, Helburn and Langner proposed to Rodgers and Hammerstein that they turn Molnár's Liliom into a musical. Both men refused—they had no feeling for the Budapest setting and thought that the unhappy ending was unsuitable for musical theatre.", "Both men refused—they had no feeling for the Budapest setting and thought that the unhappy ending was unsuitable for musical theatre. In addition, given the unstable wartime political situation, they might need to change the setting from Hungary while in rehearsal.", "In addition, given the unstable wartime political situation, they might need to change the setting from Hungary while in rehearsal. At the next luncheon, Helburn and Langner again proposed Liliom, suggesting that they move the setting to Louisiana and make Liliom a Creole.", "At the next luncheon, Helburn and Langner again proposed Liliom, suggesting that they move the setting to Louisiana and make Liliom a Creole. Rodgers and Hammerstein played with the idea over the next few weeks, but decided that Creole dialect, filled with \"zis\" and \"zose\", would sound corny and would make it difficult to write effective lyrics.", "Rodgers and Hammerstein played with the idea over the next few weeks, but decided that Creole dialect, filled with \"zis\" and \"zose\", would sound corny and would make it difficult to write effective lyrics. A breakthrough came when Rodgers, who owned a house in Connecticut, proposed a New England setting.", "A breakthrough came when Rodgers, who owned a house in Connecticut, proposed a New England setting. Hammerstein wrote of this suggestion in 1945, I began to see an attractive ensemble—sailors, whalers, girls who worked in the mills up the river, clambakes on near-by islands, an amusement park on the seaboard, things people could do in crowds, people who were strong and alive and lusty, people who had always been depicted on the stage as thin-lipped puritans—a libel I was anxious to refute ... as for the two leading characters, Julie with her courage and inner strength and outward simplicity seemed more indigenous to Maine than to Budapest.", "Hammerstein wrote of this suggestion in 1945, I began to see an attractive ensemble—sailors, whalers, girls who worked in the mills up the river, clambakes on near-by islands, an amusement park on the seaboard, things people could do in crowds, people who were strong and alive and lusty, people who had always been depicted on the stage as thin-lipped puritans—a libel I was anxious to refute ... as for the two leading characters, Julie with her courage and inner strength and outward simplicity seemed more indigenous to Maine than to Budapest. Liliom is, of course, an international character, indigenous to nowhere.", "Liliom is, of course, an international character, indigenous to nowhere. Rodgers and Hammerstein were also concerned about what they termed \"the tunnel\" of Molnár's second act—a series of gloomy scenes leading up to Liliom's suicide—followed by a dark ending.", "Rodgers and Hammerstein were also concerned about what they termed \"the tunnel\" of Molnár's second act—a series of gloomy scenes leading up to Liliom's suicide—followed by a dark ending. They also felt it would be difficult to set Liliom's motivation for the robbery to music.", "They also felt it would be difficult to set Liliom's motivation for the robbery to music. Molnár's opposition to having his works adapted was also an issue; he had famously turned down Giacomo Puccini when the great composer wished to transform Liliom into an opera, stating that he wanted the piece to be remembered as his, not Puccini's.", "Molnár's opposition to having his works adapted was also an issue; he had famously turned down Giacomo Puccini when the great composer wished to transform Liliom into an opera, stating that he wanted the piece to be remembered as his, not Puccini's. In 1937, Molnár, who had recently emigrated to the United States, had declined another offer from Kurt Weill to adapt the play into a musical.", "In 1937, Molnár, who had recently emigrated to the United States, had declined another offer from Kurt Weill to adapt the play into a musical. The pair continued to work on the preliminary ideas for a Liliom adaptation while pursuing other projects in late 1943 and early 1944—writing the film musical State Fair and producing I Remember Mama on Broadway.", "The pair continued to work on the preliminary ideas for a Liliom adaptation while pursuing other projects in late 1943 and early 1944—writing the film musical State Fair and producing I Remember Mama on Broadway. Meanwhile, the Theatre Guild took Molnár to see Oklahoma!", "Meanwhile, the Theatre Guild took Molnár to see Oklahoma! Molnár stated that if Rodgers and Hammerstein could adapt Liliom as beautifully as they had modified Green Grow the Lilacs into Oklahoma!, he would be pleased to have them do it. The Guild obtained the rights from Molnár in October 1943.", "The Guild obtained the rights from Molnár in October 1943. The playwright received one percent of the gross and $2,500 for \"personal services\". The duo insisted, as part of the contract, that Molnár permit them to make changes in the plot. At first, the playwright refused, but eventually yielded.", "At first, the playwright refused, but eventually yielded. Hammerstein later stated that if this point had not been won, \"we could never have made Carousel.\" In seeking to establish through song Liliom's motivation for the robbery, Rodgers remembered that he and Hart had a similar problem in Pal Joey.", "In seeking to establish through song Liliom's motivation for the robbery, Rodgers remembered that he and Hart had a similar problem in Pal Joey. Rodgers and Hart had overcome the problem with a song that Joey sings to himself, \"I'm Talking to My Pal\". This inspired \"Soliloquy\".", "This inspired \"Soliloquy\". This inspired \"Soliloquy\". Both partners later told a story that \"Soliloquy\" was only intended to be a song about Liliom's dreams of a son, but that Rodgers, who had two daughters, insisted that Liliom consider that Julie might have a girl.", "Both partners later told a story that \"Soliloquy\" was only intended to be a song about Liliom's dreams of a son, but that Rodgers, who had two daughters, insisted that Liliom consider that Julie might have a girl. However, the notes taken at their meeting of December 7, 1943 state: \"Mr. Rodgers suggested a fine musical number for the end of the scene where Liliom discovers he is to be a father, in which he sings first with pride of the growth of a boy, and then suddenly realizes it might be a girl and changes completely.\"", "However, the notes taken at their meeting of December 7, 1943 state: \"Mr. Rodgers suggested a fine musical number for the end of the scene where Liliom discovers he is to be a father, in which he sings first with pride of the growth of a boy, and then suddenly realizes it might be a girl and changes completely.\" Hammerstein and Rodgers returned to the Liliom project in mid-1944.", "Hammerstein and Rodgers returned to the Liliom project in mid-1944. Hammerstein was uneasy as he worked, fearing that no matter what they did, Molnár would disapprove of the results. Green Grow the Lilacs had been a little-known work; Liliom was a theatrical standard.", "Green Grow the Lilacs had been a little-known work; Liliom was a theatrical standard. Molnár's text also contained considerable commentary on the Hungarian politics of 1909 and the rigidity of that society. A dismissed carnival barker who hits his wife, attempts a robbery and commits suicide seemed an unlikely central character for a musical comedy.", "A dismissed carnival barker who hits his wife, attempts a robbery and commits suicide seemed an unlikely central character for a musical comedy. Hammerstein decided to use the words and story to make the audience sympathize with the lovers.", "Hammerstein decided to use the words and story to make the audience sympathize with the lovers. He also built up the secondary couple, who are incidental to the plot in Liliom; they became Enoch Snow and Carrie Pipperidge.", "He also built up the secondary couple, who are incidental to the plot in Liliom; they became Enoch Snow and Carrie Pipperidge. \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" was repurposed from a song, \"A Real Nice Hayride\", written for Oklahoma! but not used.", "but not used. but not used. Molnár's ending was unsuitable, and after a couple of false starts, Hammerstein conceived the graduation scene that ends the musical. According to Frederick Nolan in his book on the team's works: \"From that scene the song \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" sprang almost naturally.\"", "According to Frederick Nolan in his book on the team's works: \"From that scene the song \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" sprang almost naturally.\" In spite of Hammerstein's simple lyrics for \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", Rodgers had great difficulty in setting it to music.", "In spite of Hammerstein's simple lyrics for \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", Rodgers had great difficulty in setting it to music. Rodgers explained his rationale for the changed ending, Liliom was a tragedy about a man who cannot learn to live with other people.", "Rodgers explained his rationale for the changed ending, Liliom was a tragedy about a man who cannot learn to live with other people. The way Molnár wrote it, the man ends up hitting his daughter and then having to go back to purgatory, leaving his daughter helpless and hopeless. We couldn't accept that.", "We couldn't accept that. We couldn't accept that. The way we ended Carousel it may still be a tragedy but it's a hopeful one because in the final scene it is clear that the child has at last learned how to express herself and communicate with others.", "The way we ended Carousel it may still be a tragedy but it's a hopeful one because in the final scene it is clear that the child has at last learned how to express herself and communicate with others. When the pair decided to make \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" into an ensemble number, Hammerstein realized he had no idea what a clambake was like, and researched the matter.", "When the pair decided to make \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" into an ensemble number, Hammerstein realized he had no idea what a clambake was like, and researched the matter. Based on his initial findings, he wrote the line, \"First came codfish chowder\".", "Based on his initial findings, he wrote the line, \"First came codfish chowder\". However, further research convinced him the proper term was \"codhead chowder\", a term unfamiliar to many playgoers. He decided to keep it as \"codfish\".", "He decided to keep it as \"codfish\". When the song proceeded to discuss the lobsters consumed at the feast, Hammerstein wrote the line \"We slit 'em down the back/And peppered 'em good\". He was grieved to hear from a friend that lobsters are always slit down the front.", "He was grieved to hear from a friend that lobsters are always slit down the front. The lyricist sent a researcher to a seafood restaurant and heard back that lobsters are always slit down the back. Hammerstein concluded that there is disagreement about which side of a lobster is the back.", "Hammerstein concluded that there is disagreement about which side of a lobster is the back. One error not caught involved the song \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\", in which sheep are depicted as seeking to mate in late spring—they actually do so in the winter.", "One error not caught involved the song \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\", in which sheep are depicted as seeking to mate in late spring—they actually do so in the winter. Whenever this was brought to Hammerstein's attention, he told his informant that 1873 was a special year, in which sheep mated in the spring.", "Whenever this was brought to Hammerstein's attention, he told his informant that 1873 was a special year, in which sheep mated in the spring. Rodgers early decided to dispense with an overture, feeling that the music was hard to hear over the banging of seats as latecomers settled themselves.", "Rodgers early decided to dispense with an overture, feeling that the music was hard to hear over the banging of seats as latecomers settled themselves. In his autobiography, Rodgers complained that only the brass section can be heard during an overture because there are never enough strings in a musical's small orchestra.", "In his autobiography, Rodgers complained that only the brass section can be heard during an overture because there are never enough strings in a musical's small orchestra. He determined to force the audience to concentrate from the beginning by opening with a pantomime scene accompanied by what became known as \"The Carousel Waltz\".", "He determined to force the audience to concentrate from the beginning by opening with a pantomime scene accompanied by what became known as \"The Carousel Waltz\". The pantomime paralleled one in the Molnár play, which was also used to introduce the characters and situation to the audience.", "The pantomime paralleled one in the Molnár play, which was also used to introduce the characters and situation to the audience. Author Ethan Mordden described the effectiveness of this opening: Other characters catch our notice—Mr.", "Author Ethan Mordden described the effectiveness of this opening: Other characters catch our notice—Mr. Bascombe, the pompous mill owner, Mrs. Mullin, the widow who runs the carousel and, apparently, Billy; a dancing bear; an acrobat.", "Bascombe, the pompous mill owner, Mrs. Mullin, the widow who runs the carousel and, apparently, Billy; a dancing bear; an acrobat. But what draws us in is the intensity with which Julie regards Billy—the way she stands frozen, staring at him, while everyone else at the fair is swaying to the rhythm of Billy's spiel.", "But what draws us in is the intensity with which Julie regards Billy—the way she stands frozen, staring at him, while everyone else at the fair is swaying to the rhythm of Billy's spiel. And as Julie and Billy ride together on the swirling carousel, and the stage picture surges with the excitement of the crowd, and the orchestra storms to a climax, and the curtain falls, we realize that R & H have not only skipped the overture and the opening number but the exposition as well.", "And as Julie and Billy ride together on the swirling carousel, and the stage picture surges with the excitement of the crowd, and the orchestra storms to a climax, and the curtain falls, we realize that R & H have not only skipped the overture and the opening number but the exposition as well. They have plunged into the story, right into the middle of it, in the most intense first scene any musical ever had.", "They have plunged into the story, right into the middle of it, in the most intense first scene any musical ever had. Casting and out-of-town tryouts The casting for Carousel began when Oklahoma!s production team, including Rodgers and Hammerstein, was seeking a replacement for the part of Curly (the male lead in Oklahoma!).", "Casting and out-of-town tryouts The casting for Carousel began when Oklahoma!s production team, including Rodgers and Hammerstein, was seeking a replacement for the part of Curly (the male lead in Oklahoma!). Lawrence Langner had heard, through a relative, of a California singer named John Raitt, who might be suitable for the part.", "Lawrence Langner had heard, through a relative, of a California singer named John Raitt, who might be suitable for the part. Langner went to hear Raitt, then urged the others to bring Raitt to New York for an audition.", "Langner went to hear Raitt, then urged the others to bring Raitt to New York for an audition. Raitt asked to sing \"Largo al factotum\", Figaro's aria from The Barber of Seville, to warm up.", "Raitt asked to sing \"Largo al factotum\", Figaro's aria from The Barber of Seville, to warm up. The warmup was sufficient to convince the producers that not only had they found a Curly, they had found a Liliom (or Billy Bigelow, as the part was renamed).", "The warmup was sufficient to convince the producers that not only had they found a Curly, they had found a Liliom (or Billy Bigelow, as the part was renamed). Theresa Helburn made another California discovery, Jan Clayton, a singer/actress who had made a few minor films for MGM.", "Theresa Helburn made another California discovery, Jan Clayton, a singer/actress who had made a few minor films for MGM. She was brought east and successfully auditioned for the part of Julie. The producers sought to cast unknowns.", "The producers sought to cast unknowns. Though many had played in previous Hammerstein or Rodgers works, only one, Jean Casto (cast as carousel owner Mrs. Mullin, and a veteran of Pal Joey), had ever played on Broadway before.", "Though many had played in previous Hammerstein or Rodgers works, only one, Jean Casto (cast as carousel owner Mrs. Mullin, and a veteran of Pal Joey), had ever played on Broadway before. It proved harder to cast the ensemble than the leads, due to the war—Rodgers told his casting director, John Fearnley, that the sole qualification for a dancing boy was that he be alive.", "It proved harder to cast the ensemble than the leads, due to the war—Rodgers told his casting director, John Fearnley, that the sole qualification for a dancing boy was that he be alive. Rodgers and Hammerstein reassembled much of the creative team that had made Oklahoma! a success, including director Rouben Mamoulian and choreographer Agnes de Mille.", "a success, including director Rouben Mamoulian and choreographer Agnes de Mille. Miles White was the costume designer while Jo Mielziner (who had not worked on Oklahoma!) was the scenic and lighting designer. Even though Oklahoma!", "Even though Oklahoma! Even though Oklahoma! orchestrator Russell Bennett had informed Rodgers that he was unavailable to work on Carousel due to a radio contract, Rodgers insisted he do the work in his spare time. He orchestrated \"The Carousel Waltz\" and \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" before finally being replaced by Don Walker.", "He orchestrated \"The Carousel Waltz\" and \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" before finally being replaced by Don Walker. A new member of the creative team was Trude Rittmann, who arranged the dance music.", "A new member of the creative team was Trude Rittmann, who arranged the dance music. Rittmann initially felt that Rodgers mistrusted her because she was a woman, and found him difficult to work with, but the two worked together on Rodgers' shows until the 1970s.", "Rittmann initially felt that Rodgers mistrusted her because she was a woman, and found him difficult to work with, but the two worked together on Rodgers' shows until the 1970s. Rehearsals began in January 1945; either Rodgers or Hammerstein was always present.", "Rehearsals began in January 1945; either Rodgers or Hammerstein was always present. Raitt was presented with the lyrics for \"Soliloquy\" on a five-foot long sheet of paper—the piece ran nearly eight minutes. Staging such a long solo number presented problems, and Raitt later stated that he felt that they were never fully addressed.", "Staging such a long solo number presented problems, and Raitt later stated that he felt that they were never fully addressed. At some point during rehearsals, Molnár came to see what they had done to his play. There are a number of variations on the story.Fordin, pp.", "There are a number of variations on the story.Fordin, pp. 231–32 As Rodgers told it, while watching rehearsals with Hammerstein, the composer spotted Molnár in the rear of the theatre and whispered the news to his partner. Both sweated through an afternoon of rehearsal in which nothing seemed to go right.", "Both sweated through an afternoon of rehearsal in which nothing seemed to go right. At the end, the two walked to the back of the theatre, expecting an angry reaction from Molnár. Instead, the playwright said enthusiastically, \"What you have done is so beautiful. And you know what I like best? The ending!\"", "The ending!\" The ending!\" Hammerstein wrote that Molnár became a regular attendee at rehearsals after that. Like most of the pair's works, Carousel contains a lengthy ballet, \"Billy Makes a Journey\", in the second act, as Billy looks down to the Earth from \"Up There\" and observes his daughter.", "Like most of the pair's works, Carousel contains a lengthy ballet, \"Billy Makes a Journey\", in the second act, as Billy looks down to the Earth from \"Up There\" and observes his daughter. In the original production the ballet was choreographed by de Mille.", "In the original production the ballet was choreographed by de Mille. It began with Billy looking down from heaven at his wife in labor, with the village women gathered for a \"birthing\". The ballet involved every character in the play, some of whom spoke lines of dialogue, and contained a number of subplots.", "The ballet involved every character in the play, some of whom spoke lines of dialogue, and contained a number of subplots. The focus was on Louise, played by Bambi Linn, who at first almost soars in her dance, expressing the innocence of childhood.", "The focus was on Louise, played by Bambi Linn, who at first almost soars in her dance, expressing the innocence of childhood. She is teased and mocked by her schoolmates, and Louise becomes attracted to the rough carnival people, who symbolize Billy's world.", "She is teased and mocked by her schoolmates, and Louise becomes attracted to the rough carnival people, who symbolize Billy's world. A youth from the carnival attempts to seduce Louise, as she discovers her own sexuality, but he decides she is more girl than woman, and he leaves her.", "A youth from the carnival attempts to seduce Louise, as she discovers her own sexuality, but he decides she is more girl than woman, and he leaves her. After Julie comforts her, Louise goes to a children's party, where she is shunned.", "After Julie comforts her, Louise goes to a children's party, where she is shunned. The carnival people reappear and form a ring around the children's party, with Louise lost between the two groups. At the end, the performers form a huge carousel with their bodies.", "At the end, the performers form a huge carousel with their bodies. The play opened for tryouts in New Haven, Connecticut on March 22, 1945. The first act was well-received; the second act was not. Casto recalled that the second act finished about 1:30 a.m. The staff immediately sat down for a two-hour conference.", "The staff immediately sat down for a two-hour conference. Five scenes, half the ballet, and two songs were cut from the show as the result. John Fearnley commented, \"Now I see why these people have hits. I never witnessed anything so brisk and brave in my life.\"", "I never witnessed anything so brisk and brave in my life.\" De Mille said of this conference, \"not three minutes had been wasted pleading for something cherished. Nor was there any idle joking. ... We cut and cut and cut and then we went to bed.\"", "... We cut and cut and cut and then we went to bed.\" By the time the company left New Haven, de Mille's ballet was down to forty minutes.", "By the time the company left New Haven, de Mille's ballet was down to forty minutes. A major concern with the second act was the effectiveness of the characters He and She (later called by Rodgers \"Mr. and Mrs. God\"), before whom Billy appeared after his death.", "A major concern with the second act was the effectiveness of the characters He and She (later called by Rodgers \"Mr. and Mrs. God\"), before whom Billy appeared after his death. Mr. and Mrs. God were depicted as a New England minister and his wife, seen in their parlor.Block (ed. ), p. 129.", "), p. 129. ), p. 129. At this time, according to the cast sheet distributed during the Boston run, Dr. Seldon was listed as the \"Minister\". The couple was still part of the show at the Boston opening.", "The couple was still part of the show at the Boston opening. Rodgers said to Hammerstein, \"We've got to get God out of that parlor\". When Hammerstein inquired where he should put the deity, Rodgers replied, \"I don't care where you put Him.", "When Hammerstein inquired where he should put the deity, Rodgers replied, \"I don't care where you put Him. Put Him on a ladder for all I care, only get Him out of that parlor!\"", "Put Him on a ladder for all I care, only get Him out of that parlor!\" Hammerstein duly put Mr. God (renamed the Starkeeper) atop a ladder, and Mrs. God was removed from the show.", "Hammerstein duly put Mr. God (renamed the Starkeeper) atop a ladder, and Mrs. God was removed from the show. Rodgers biographer Meryle Secrest terms this change a mistake, leading to a more fantastic afterlife, which was later criticized by The New Republic as \"a Rotarian atmosphere congenial to audiences who seek not reality but escape from reality, not truth but escape from truth\".", "Rodgers biographer Meryle Secrest terms this change a mistake, leading to a more fantastic afterlife, which was later criticized by The New Republic as \"a Rotarian atmosphere congenial to audiences who seek not reality but escape from reality, not truth but escape from truth\". Hammerstein wrote that Molnár's advice, to combine two scenes into one, was key to pulling together the second act and represented \"a more radical departure from the original than any change we had made\".", "Hammerstein wrote that Molnár's advice, to combine two scenes into one, was key to pulling together the second act and represented \"a more radical departure from the original than any change we had made\". A reprise of \"If I Loved You\" was added in the second act, which Rodgers felt needed more music.", "A reprise of \"If I Loved You\" was added in the second act, which Rodgers felt needed more music. Three weeks of tryouts in Boston followed the brief New Haven run, and the audience there gave the musical a warm reception.", "Three weeks of tryouts in Boston followed the brief New Haven run, and the audience there gave the musical a warm reception. An even shorter version of the ballet was presented the final two weeks in Boston, but on the final night there, de Mille expanded it back to forty minutes, and it brought the house down, causing both Rodgers and Hammerstein to embrace her.", "An even shorter version of the ballet was presented the final two weeks in Boston, but on the final night there, de Mille expanded it back to forty minutes, and it brought the house down, causing both Rodgers and Hammerstein to embrace her. Synopsis Act 1 Two young female millworkers in 1873 Maine visit the town's carousel after work.", "Synopsis Act 1 Two young female millworkers in 1873 Maine visit the town's carousel after work. One of them, Julie Jordan, attracts the attention of the barker, Billy Bigelow (\"The Carousel Waltz\").", "One of them, Julie Jordan, attracts the attention of the barker, Billy Bigelow (\"The Carousel Waltz\"). When Julie lets Billy put his arm around her during the ride, Mrs. Mullin, the widowed owner of the carousel, tells Julie never to return.", "When Julie lets Billy put his arm around her during the ride, Mrs. Mullin, the widowed owner of the carousel, tells Julie never to return. Julie and her friend, Carrie Pipperidge, argue with Mrs. Mullin. Billy arrives and, seeing that Mrs. Mullin is jealous, mocks her; he is fired from his job.", "Billy arrives and, seeing that Mrs. Mullin is jealous, mocks her; he is fired from his job. Billy, unconcerned, invites Julie to join him for a drink.", "Billy, unconcerned, invites Julie to join him for a drink. As he goes to get his belongings, Carrie presses Julie about her feelings toward him, but Julie is evasive (\"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\").", "As he goes to get his belongings, Carrie presses Julie about her feelings toward him, but Julie is evasive (\"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\"). Carrie has a beau too, fisherman Enoch Snow (\"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\"), to whom she is newly engaged.", "Carrie has a beau too, fisherman Enoch Snow (\"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\"), to whom she is newly engaged. Billy returns for Julie as the departing Carrie warns that staying out late means the loss of Julie's job.", "Billy returns for Julie as the departing Carrie warns that staying out late means the loss of Julie's job. Mr. Bascombe, owner of the mill, happens by along with a policeman, and offers to escort Julie to her home, but she refuses and is fired.", "Mr. Bascombe, owner of the mill, happens by along with a policeman, and offers to escort Julie to her home, but she refuses and is fired. Left alone, she and Billy talk about what life might be like if they were in love, but neither quite confesses to the growing attraction they feel for each other (\"If I Loved You\").", "Left alone, she and Billy talk about what life might be like if they were in love, but neither quite confesses to the growing attraction they feel for each other (\"If I Loved You\"). Over a month passes, and preparations for the summer clambake are under way (\"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\").", "Over a month passes, and preparations for the summer clambake are under way (\"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\"). Julie and Billy, now married, live at Julie's cousin Nettie's spa. Julie confides in Carrie that Billy, frustrated over being unemployed, hit her.", "Julie confides in Carrie that Billy, frustrated over being unemployed, hit her. Carrie has happier news—she is engaged to Enoch, who enters as she discusses him (\"(When I Marry) Mister Snow (reprise))\". Billy arrives with his ne'er-do-well whaler friend, Jigger.", "Billy arrives with his ne'er-do-well whaler friend, Jigger. The former barker is openly rude to Enoch and Julie, then leaves with Jigger, followed by a distraught Julie.", "The former barker is openly rude to Enoch and Julie, then leaves with Jigger, followed by a distraught Julie. Enoch tells Carrie that he expects to become rich selling herring and to have a large family, larger perhaps than Carrie is comfortable having (\"When the Children Are Asleep\").", "Enoch tells Carrie that he expects to become rich selling herring and to have a large family, larger perhaps than Carrie is comfortable having (\"When the Children Are Asleep\"). Jigger and his shipmates, joined by Billy, then sing about life on the sea (\"Blow High, Blow Low\").", "Jigger and his shipmates, joined by Billy, then sing about life on the sea (\"Blow High, Blow Low\"). The whaler tries to recruit Billy to help with a robbery, but Billy declines, as the victim—Julie's former boss, Mr. Bascombe—might have to be killed.", "The whaler tries to recruit Billy to help with a robbery, but Billy declines, as the victim—Julie's former boss, Mr. Bascombe—might have to be killed. Mrs. Mullin enters and tries to tempt Billy back to the carousel (and to her).", "Mrs. Mullin enters and tries to tempt Billy back to the carousel (and to her). He would have to abandon Julie; a married barker cannot evoke the same sexual tension as one who is single. Billy reluctantly mulls it over as Julie arrives and the others leave.", "Billy reluctantly mulls it over as Julie arrives and the others leave. She tells him that she is pregnant, and Billy is overwhelmed with happiness, ending all thoughts of returning to the carousel.", "She tells him that she is pregnant, and Billy is overwhelmed with happiness, ending all thoughts of returning to the carousel. Once alone, Billy imagines the fun he will have with Bill Jr.—until he realizes that his child might be a girl, and reflects soberly that \"you've got to be a father to a girl\" (\"Soliloquy\").", "Once alone, Billy imagines the fun he will have with Bill Jr.—until he realizes that his child might be a girl, and reflects soberly that \"you've got to be a father to a girl\" (\"Soliloquy\"). Determined to provide financially for his future child, whatever the means, Billy decides to be Jigger's accomplice.", "Determined to provide financially for his future child, whatever the means, Billy decides to be Jigger's accomplice. The whole town leaves for the clambake.", "The whole town leaves for the clambake. Billy, who had earlier refused to go, agrees to join in, to Julie's delight, as he realizes that being seen at the clambake is integral to his and Jigger's alibi (\"Act I Finale\").", "Billy, who had earlier refused to go, agrees to join in, to Julie's delight, as he realizes that being seen at the clambake is integral to his and Jigger's alibi (\"Act I Finale\"). Act 2 Everyone reminisces about the huge meal and much fun (\"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\").", "Act 2 Everyone reminisces about the huge meal and much fun (\"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\"). Jigger tries to seduce Carrie; Enoch walks in at the wrong moment, and declares that he is finished with her (\"Geraniums In the Winder\"), as Jigger jeers (\"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\").", "Jigger tries to seduce Carrie; Enoch walks in at the wrong moment, and declares that he is finished with her (\"Geraniums In the Winder\"), as Jigger jeers (\"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\"). The girls try to comfort Carrie, but for Julie all that matters is that \"he's your feller and you love him\" (\"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\").", "The girls try to comfort Carrie, but for Julie all that matters is that \"he's your feller and you love him\" (\"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\"). Julie sees Billy trying to sneak away with Jigger and, trying to stop him, feels the knife hidden in his shirt.", "Julie sees Billy trying to sneak away with Jigger and, trying to stop him, feels the knife hidden in his shirt. She begs him to give it to her, but he refuses and leaves to commit the robbery. As they wait, Jigger and Billy gamble with cards. They stake their shares of the anticipated robbery spoils.", "They stake their shares of the anticipated robbery spoils. Billy loses: his participation is now pointless. Unknown to Billy and Jigger, Mr. Bascombe, the intended victim, has already deposited the mill's money. The robbery fails: Bascombe pulls a gun on Billy while Jigger escapes.", "The robbery fails: Bascombe pulls a gun on Billy while Jigger escapes. Billy stabs himself with his knife; Julie arrives just in time for him to say his last words to her and die. Julie strokes his hair, finally able to tell him that she loved him.", "Julie strokes his hair, finally able to tell him that she loved him. Carrie and Enoch, reunited by the crisis, attempt to console Julie; Nettie arrives and gives Julie the resolve to keep going despite her despair (\"You'll Never Walk Alone\").", "Carrie and Enoch, reunited by the crisis, attempt to console Julie; Nettie arrives and gives Julie the resolve to keep going despite her despair (\"You'll Never Walk Alone\"). Billy's defiant spirit (\"The Highest Judge of All\") is taken Up There to see the Starkeeper, a heavenly official.", "Billy's defiant spirit (\"The Highest Judge of All\") is taken Up There to see the Starkeeper, a heavenly official. The Starkeeper tells Billy that the good he did in life was not enough to get into heaven, but so long as there is a person alive who remembers him, he can return for a day to try to do good to redeem himself.", "The Starkeeper tells Billy that the good he did in life was not enough to get into heaven, but so long as there is a person alive who remembers him, he can return for a day to try to do good to redeem himself. He informs Billy that fifteen years have passed on Earth since his suicide, and suggests that Billy can get himself into heaven if he helps his daughter, Louise.", "He informs Billy that fifteen years have passed on Earth since his suicide, and suggests that Billy can get himself into heaven if he helps his daughter, Louise. He helps Billy look down from heaven to see her (instrumental ballet: \"Billy Makes a Journey\"). Louise has grown up to be lonely and bitter.", "Louise has grown up to be lonely and bitter. The local children ostracize her because her father was a thief and a wife-beater. In the dance, a young ruffian, much like her father at that age, flirts with her and abandons her as too young.", "In the dance, a young ruffian, much like her father at that age, flirts with her and abandons her as too young. The dance concludes, and Billy is anxious to return to Earth and help his daughter. He steals a star to take with him, as the Starkeeper pretends not to notice.", "He steals a star to take with him, as the Starkeeper pretends not to notice. Outside Julie's cottage, Carrie describes her visit to New York with the now-wealthy Enoch. Carrie's husband and their many children enter to fetch her—the family must get ready for the high school graduation later that day.", "Carrie's husband and their many children enter to fetch her—the family must get ready for the high school graduation later that day. Enoch Jr., the oldest son, remains behind to talk with Louise, as Billy and the Heavenly Friend escorting him enter, invisible to the other characters.", "Enoch Jr., the oldest son, remains behind to talk with Louise, as Billy and the Heavenly Friend escorting him enter, invisible to the other characters. Louise confides in Enoch Jr. that she plans to run away from home with an acting troupe.", "Louise confides in Enoch Jr. that she plans to run away from home with an acting troupe. He says that he will stop her by marrying her, but that his father will think her an unsuitable match. Louise is outraged: each insults the other's father, and Louise orders Enoch Jr. to go away.", "Louise is outraged: each insults the other's father, and Louise orders Enoch Jr. to go away. Billy, able to make himself visible at will, reveals himself to the sobbing Louise, pretending to be a friend of her father. He offers her a gift—the star he stole from heaven.", "He offers her a gift—the star he stole from heaven. She refuses it and, frustrated, he slaps her hand. He makes himself invisible, and Louise tells Julie what happened, stating that the slap miraculously felt like a kiss, not a blow—and Julie understands her perfectly.", "He makes himself invisible, and Louise tells Julie what happened, stating that the slap miraculously felt like a kiss, not a blow—and Julie understands her perfectly. Louise retreats to the house, as Julie notices the star that Billy dropped; she picks it up and seems to feel Billy's presence (\"If I Loved You (Reprise)\").", "Louise retreats to the house, as Julie notices the star that Billy dropped; she picks it up and seems to feel Billy's presence (\"If I Loved You (Reprise)\"). Billy invisibly attends Louise's graduation, hoping for one last chance to help his daughter and redeem himself.", "Billy invisibly attends Louise's graduation, hoping for one last chance to help his daughter and redeem himself. The beloved town physician, Dr. Seldon (who resembles the Starkeeper) advises the graduating class not to rely on their parents' success or be held back by their failure (words directed at Louise).", "The beloved town physician, Dr. Seldon (who resembles the Starkeeper) advises the graduating class not to rely on their parents' success or be held back by their failure (words directed at Louise). Seldon prompts everyone to sing an old song, \"You'll Never Walk Alone\".", "Seldon prompts everyone to sing an old song, \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". Billy, still invisible, whispers to Louise, telling her to believe Seldon's words, and when she tentatively reaches out to another girl, she learns she does not have to be an outcast.", "Billy, still invisible, whispers to Louise, telling her to believe Seldon's words, and when she tentatively reaches out to another girl, she learns she does not have to be an outcast. Billy goes to Julie, telling her at last that he loved her.", "Billy goes to Julie, telling her at last that he loved her. As his widow and daughter join in the singing, Billy is taken to his heavenly reward. Principal roles and notable performers ° denotes original Broadway cast Musical numbers Act I\"List of Songs\", Carousel at the IBDB Database.", "Principal roles and notable performers ° denotes original Broadway cast Musical numbers Act I\"List of Songs\", Carousel at the IBDB Database. Retrieved July 18, 2012 \"The Carousel Waltz\" – Orchestra \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\" – Carrie Pipperidge and Julie Jordan \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" – Carrie \"If I Loved You\" – Billy Bigelow and Julie \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" – Nettie Fowler and Chorus \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" (reprise) – Carrie, Enoch Snow and Female Chorus \"When the Children Are Asleep\" – Enoch and Carrie \"Blow High, Blow Low\" – Jigger Craigin, Billy and Male Chorus \"Soliloquy\" – BillyAct II \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" – Carrie, Nettie, Julie, Enoch and Chorus \"Geraniums in the Winder\" – Enoch * \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" – Jigger and Chorus \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\"", "Retrieved July 18, 2012 \"The Carousel Waltz\" – Orchestra \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\" – Carrie Pipperidge and Julie Jordan \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" – Carrie \"If I Loved You\" – Billy Bigelow and Julie \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" – Nettie Fowler and Chorus \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" (reprise) – Carrie, Enoch Snow and Female Chorus \"When the Children Are Asleep\" – Enoch and Carrie \"Blow High, Blow Low\" – Jigger Craigin, Billy and Male Chorus \"Soliloquy\" – BillyAct II \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" – Carrie, Nettie, Julie, Enoch and Chorus \"Geraniums in the Winder\" – Enoch * \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" – Jigger and Chorus \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\" – Julie \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" – Nettie \"The Highest Judge of All\" – Billy Ballet: \"Billy Makes a Journey\" – Orchestra \"If I Loved You\" (reprise) – Billy Finale: \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" (reprise) – Company Productions Early productions The original Broadway production opened at the Majestic Theatre on April 19, 1945.", "– Julie \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" – Nettie \"The Highest Judge of All\" – Billy Ballet: \"Billy Makes a Journey\" – Orchestra \"If I Loved You\" (reprise) – Billy Finale: \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" (reprise) – Company Productions Early productions The original Broadway production opened at the Majestic Theatre on April 19, 1945. The dress rehearsal the day before had gone badly, and the pair feared the new work would not be well received.", "The dress rehearsal the day before had gone badly, and the pair feared the new work would not be well received. One successful last-minute change was to have de Mille choreograph the pantomime. The movement of the carnival crowd in the pantomime had been entrusted to Mamoulian, and his version was not working.", "The movement of the carnival crowd in the pantomime had been entrusted to Mamoulian, and his version was not working. Rodgers had injured his back the previous week, and he watched the opening from a stretcher propped in a box behind the curtain. Sedated with morphine, he could see only part of the stage.", "Sedated with morphine, he could see only part of the stage. As he could not hear the audience's applause and laughter, he assumed the show was a failure. It was not until friends congratulated him later that evening that he realized that the curtain had been met by wild applause.", "It was not until friends congratulated him later that evening that he realized that the curtain had been met by wild applause. Bambi Linn, who played Louise, was so enthusiastically received by the audience during her ballet that she was forced to break character, when she next appeared, and bow.", "Bambi Linn, who played Louise, was so enthusiastically received by the audience during her ballet that she was forced to break character, when she next appeared, and bow. Rodgers' daughter Mary caught sight of her friend, Stephen Sondheim, both teenagers then, across several rows; both had eyes wet with tears.", "Rodgers' daughter Mary caught sight of her friend, Stephen Sondheim, both teenagers then, across several rows; both had eyes wet with tears. The original production ran for 890 performances, closing on May 24, 1947.", "The original production ran for 890 performances, closing on May 24, 1947. The original cast included John Raitt (Billy), Jan Clayton (Julie), Jean Darling (Carrie), Eric Mattson (Enoch Snow), Christine Johnson (Nettie Fowler), Murvyn Vye (Jigger), Bambi Linn (Louise) and Russell Collins (Starkeeper).", "The original cast included John Raitt (Billy), Jan Clayton (Julie), Jean Darling (Carrie), Eric Mattson (Enoch Snow), Christine Johnson (Nettie Fowler), Murvyn Vye (Jigger), Bambi Linn (Louise) and Russell Collins (Starkeeper). In December 1945, Clayton left to star in the Broadway revival of Show Boat and was replaced by Iva Withers; Raitt was replaced by Henry Michel in January 1947; Darling was replaced by Margot Moser.Hischak, p. 62 After closing on Broadway, the show went on a national tour for two years.", "In December 1945, Clayton left to star in the Broadway revival of Show Boat and was replaced by Iva Withers; Raitt was replaced by Henry Michel in January 1947; Darling was replaced by Margot Moser.Hischak, p. 62 After closing on Broadway, the show went on a national tour for two years. It played for five months in Chicago alone, visited twenty states and two Canadian cities, covered and played to nearly two million people.", "It played for five months in Chicago alone, visited twenty states and two Canadian cities, covered and played to nearly two million people. The touring company had a four-week run at New York City Center in January 1949.", "The touring company had a four-week run at New York City Center in January 1949. Following the City Center run, the show was moved back to the Majestic Theatre in the hopes of filling the theatre until South Pacific opened in early April. However, ticket sales were mediocre, and the show closed almost a month early.", "However, ticket sales were mediocre, and the show closed almost a month early. The musical premiered in the West End, London, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on June 7, 1950.", "The musical premiered in the West End, London, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on June 7, 1950. The production was restaged by Jerome Whyte, with a cast that included Stephen Douglass (Billy), Iva Withers (Julie) and Margot Moser (Carrie).", "The production was restaged by Jerome Whyte, with a cast that included Stephen Douglass (Billy), Iva Withers (Julie) and Margot Moser (Carrie). Carousel ran in London for 566 performances, remaining there for over a year and a half.", "Carousel ran in London for 566 performances, remaining there for over a year and a half. Subsequent productions Carousel was revived in 1954 and 1957 at City Center, presented by the New York City Center Light Opera Company.", "Subsequent productions Carousel was revived in 1954 and 1957 at City Center, presented by the New York City Center Light Opera Company. Both times, the production featured Barbara Cook, though she played Carrie in 1954 and Julie in 1957 (playing alongside Howard Keel as Billy).", "Both times, the production featured Barbara Cook, though she played Carrie in 1954 and Julie in 1957 (playing alongside Howard Keel as Billy). The production was then taken to Belgium to be performed at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair, with David Atkinson as Billy, Ruth Kobart as Nettie, and Clayton reprising the role of Julie, which she had originated.", "The production was then taken to Belgium to be performed at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair, with David Atkinson as Billy, Ruth Kobart as Nettie, and Clayton reprising the role of Julie, which she had originated. In August 1965, Rodgers and the Music Theater of Lincoln Center produced Carousel for 47 performances.", "In August 1965, Rodgers and the Music Theater of Lincoln Center produced Carousel for 47 performances. John Raitt reprised the role of Billy, with Jerry Orbach as Jigger and Reid Shelton as Enoch Snow. The roles of the Starkeeper and Dr. Seldon were played by Edward Everett Horton in his final stage appearance.", "The roles of the Starkeeper and Dr. Seldon were played by Edward Everett Horton in his final stage appearance. The following year, New York City Center Light Opera Company brought Carousel back to City Center for 22 performances, with Bruce Yarnell as Billy and Constance Towers as Julie.", "The following year, New York City Center Light Opera Company brought Carousel back to City Center for 22 performances, with Bruce Yarnell as Billy and Constance Towers as Julie. Nicholas Hytner directed a new production of Carousel in 1992, at London's Royal National Theatre, with choreography by Sir Kenneth MacMillan and designs by Bob Crowley.", "Nicholas Hytner directed a new production of Carousel in 1992, at London's Royal National Theatre, with choreography by Sir Kenneth MacMillan and designs by Bob Crowley. In this staging, the story begins at the mill, where Julie and Carrie work, with the music slowed down to emphasize the drudgery.", "In this staging, the story begins at the mill, where Julie and Carrie work, with the music slowed down to emphasize the drudgery. After work ends, they move to the shipyards and then to the carnival.", "After work ends, they move to the shipyards and then to the carnival. As they proceed on a revolving stage, carnival characters appear, and at last the carousel is assembled onstage for the girls to ride.Block, p. 175 Louise is seduced by the ruffian boy during her Act 2 ballet, set around the ruins of a carousel.", "As they proceed on a revolving stage, carnival characters appear, and at last the carousel is assembled onstage for the girls to ride.Block, p. 175 Louise is seduced by the ruffian boy during her Act 2 ballet, set around the ruins of a carousel. Michael Hayden played Billy not as a large, gruff man, but as a frustrated smaller one, a time bomb waiting to explode.", "Michael Hayden played Billy not as a large, gruff man, but as a frustrated smaller one, a time bomb waiting to explode. Hayden, Joanna Riding (Julie) and Janie Dee (Carrie) all won Olivier Awards for their performances. Patricia Routledge played Nettie.", "Patricia Routledge played Nettie. Patricia Routledge played Nettie. Enoch and Carrie were cast as an interracial couple whose eight children, according to the review in The New York Times, looked like \"a walking United Colors of Benetton ad\". Clive Rowe, as Enoch, was nominated for an Olivier Award.", "Clive Rowe, as Enoch, was nominated for an Olivier Award. The production's limited run from December 1992 through March 1993 was a sellout. It re-opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London in September 1993, presented by Cameron Mackintosh, where it continued until May 1994.", "It re-opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London in September 1993, presented by Cameron Mackintosh, where it continued until May 1994. The Hytner production moved to New York's Vivian Beaumont Theater, where it opened on March 24, 1994, and ran for 322 performances.", "The Hytner production moved to New York's Vivian Beaumont Theater, where it opened on March 24, 1994, and ran for 322 performances. This won five Tony Awards, including best musical revival, as well as awards for Hytner, MacMillan, Crowley and Audra McDonald (as Carrie).", "This won five Tony Awards, including best musical revival, as well as awards for Hytner, MacMillan, Crowley and Audra McDonald (as Carrie). The cast also included Sally Murphy as Julie, Shirley Verrett as Nettie, Fisher Stevens as Jigger and Eddie Korbich as Enoch.", "The cast also included Sally Murphy as Julie, Shirley Verrett as Nettie, Fisher Stevens as Jigger and Eddie Korbich as Enoch. One change made from the London to the New York production was to have Billy strike Louise across the face, rather than on the hand.", "One change made from the London to the New York production was to have Billy strike Louise across the face, rather than on the hand. According to Hayden, \"He does the one unpardonable thing, the thing we can't forgive. It's a challenge for the audience to like him after that.\"", "It's a challenge for the audience to like him after that.\" The Hytner Carousel was presented in Japan in May 1995. A U.S. national tour with a scaled-down production began in February 1996 in Houston and closed in May 1997 in Providence, Rhode Island.", "A U.S. national tour with a scaled-down production began in February 1996 in Houston and closed in May 1997 in Providence, Rhode Island. Producers sought to feature young talent on the tour, with Patrick Wilson as Billy and Sarah Uriarte Berry, and later Jennifer Laura Thompson, as Julie.", "Producers sought to feature young talent on the tour, with Patrick Wilson as Billy and Sarah Uriarte Berry, and later Jennifer Laura Thompson, as Julie. A revival opened at London's Savoy Theatre on December 2, 2008, after a week of previews, starring Jeremiah James (Billy), Alexandra Silber (Julie) and Lesley Garrett (Nettie).", "A revival opened at London's Savoy Theatre on December 2, 2008, after a week of previews, starring Jeremiah James (Billy), Alexandra Silber (Julie) and Lesley Garrett (Nettie). The production received warm to mixed reviews. It closed in June 2009, a month early.", "It closed in June 2009, a month early. Michael Coveney, writing in The Independent, admired Rodgers' music but stated, \"Lindsay Posner's efficient revival doesn't hold a candle to the National Theatre 1992 version\".", "Michael Coveney, writing in The Independent, admired Rodgers' music but stated, \"Lindsay Posner's efficient revival doesn't hold a candle to the National Theatre 1992 version\". A production at Theater Basel, Switzerland, in 2016 to 2017, with German dialogue, was directed by Alexander Charim and choreographed by Teresa Rotemberg.", "A production at Theater Basel, Switzerland, in 2016 to 2017, with German dialogue, was directed by Alexander Charim and choreographed by Teresa Rotemberg. Bryony Dwyer, Christian Miedl and Cheryl Studer starred, respectively, as Julie Jordan, Billy Bigelow and Nettie Fowler.<ref>[http://operabase.com/diary.cgi?lang=en&code=wsba&date=20161215 \"Richard Rodgers: Carousel\"] , Diary: Theater Basel, Operabase.com.", "Bryony Dwyer, Christian Miedl and Cheryl Studer starred, respectively, as Julie Jordan, Billy Bigelow and Nettie Fowler.<ref>[http://operabase.com/diary.cgi?lang=en&code=wsba&date=20161215 \"Richard Rodgers: Carousel\"] , Diary: Theater Basel, Operabase.com. Retrieved on March 8, 2018</ref> A semi-staged revival by the English National Opera opened at the London Coliseum in 2017.", "Retrieved on March 8, 2018</ref> A semi-staged revival by the English National Opera opened at the London Coliseum in 2017. The production was directed by Lonny Price, conducted by David Charles Abell, and starred Alfie Boe as Billy, Katherine Jenkins as Julie and Nicholas Lyndhurst as the Starkeeper.", "The production was directed by Lonny Price, conducted by David Charles Abell, and starred Alfie Boe as Billy, Katherine Jenkins as Julie and Nicholas Lyndhurst as the Starkeeper. The production received mixed to positive reviews. The third Broadway revival began previews in February 2018 at the Imperial Theatre and officially opened on April 12.", "The third Broadway revival began previews in February 2018 at the Imperial Theatre and officially opened on April 12. It closed on September 16, 2018. The production starred Jessie Mueller, Joshua Henry, Renée Fleming, Lindsay Mendez and Alexander Gemignani. The production was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Justin Peck.", "The production was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Justin Peck. The songs \"Geraniums in the Winder\" and \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" were cut from this revival.", "The songs \"Geraniums in the Winder\" and \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" were cut from this revival. Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times, \"The tragic inevitability of Carousel has seldom come across as warmly or as chillingly as it does in this vividly reimagined revival.", "Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times, \"The tragic inevitability of Carousel has seldom come across as warmly or as chillingly as it does in this vividly reimagined revival. ... [W]ith thoughtful and powerful performances by Mr. Henry and Ms. Mueller, the love story at the show's center has never seemed quite as ill-starred or, at the same time, as sexy.", "... [W]ith thoughtful and powerful performances by Mr. Henry and Ms. Mueller, the love story at the show's center has never seemed quite as ill-starred or, at the same time, as sexy. ... [T]he Starkeeper ... assumes new visibility throughout, taking on the role of Billy's angelic supervisor.\"", "... [T]he Starkeeper ... assumes new visibility throughout, taking on the role of Billy's angelic supervisor.\" Brantley strongly praised the choreography, all the performances and the designers.", "Brantley strongly praised the choreography, all the performances and the designers. He was unconvinced, however, by the \"mother-daughter dialogue that falls so abrasively on contemporary ears\", where Julie tries to justify loving an abusive man, and other scenes in Act 2, particularly those set in heaven, and the optimism of the final scene.", "He was unconvinced, however, by the \"mother-daughter dialogue that falls so abrasively on contemporary ears\", where Julie tries to justify loving an abusive man, and other scenes in Act 2, particularly those set in heaven, and the optimism of the final scene. Most of the reviewers agreed that while the choreography and performances (especially the singing) were excellent, characterizing the production as sexy and sumptuous, O'Brien's direction did little to help the show deal with modern sensibilities about men's treatment of women, instead indulging in nostalgia.", "Most of the reviewers agreed that while the choreography and performances (especially the singing) were excellent, characterizing the production as sexy and sumptuous, O'Brien's direction did little to help the show deal with modern sensibilities about men's treatment of women, instead indulging in nostalgia. From July to September 2021 the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London is presenting a staging by its artistic director Timothy Sheader, with choreography by Drew McOnie.", "From July to September 2021 the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London is presenting a staging by its artistic director Timothy Sheader, with choreography by Drew McOnie. The cast includes Carly Bawden as Julie, Declan Bennett as Billy and Joanna Riding as Nettie.", "The cast includes Carly Bawden as Julie, Declan Bennett as Billy and Joanna Riding as Nettie. Film, television and concert versions [[File:Boothbay Harbor in Summer.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Boothbay Harbor, Maine, where the location shots for Carousels movie version were filmed]] A film version of the musical was made in 1956, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones.", "Film, television and concert versions [[File:Boothbay Harbor in Summer.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Boothbay Harbor, Maine, where the location shots for Carousels movie version were filmed]] A film version of the musical was made in 1956, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones. It follows the musical's story fairly closely, although a prologue, set in the Starkeeper's heaven, was added.", "It follows the musical's story fairly closely, although a prologue, set in the Starkeeper's heaven, was added. The film was released only a few months after the release of the film version of Oklahoma! It garnered some good reviews, and the soundtrack recording was a best seller.", "It garnered some good reviews, and the soundtrack recording was a best seller. As the same stars appeared in both pictures, however, the two films were often compared, generally to the disadvantage of Carousel.", "As the same stars appeared in both pictures, however, the two films were often compared, generally to the disadvantage of Carousel. Thomas Hischak, in The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, later wondered \"if the smaller number of Carousel stage revivals is the product of this often-lumbering [film] musical\".", "Thomas Hischak, in The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, later wondered \"if the smaller number of Carousel stage revivals is the product of this often-lumbering [film] musical\". There was also an abridged (100 minute) 1967 network television version that starred Robert Goulet, with choreography by Edward Villella.", "There was also an abridged (100 minute) 1967 network television version that starred Robert Goulet, with choreography by Edward Villella. The New York Philharmonic presented a staged concert version of the musical from February 28 to March 2, 2013, at Avery Fisher Hall.", "The New York Philharmonic presented a staged concert version of the musical from February 28 to March 2, 2013, at Avery Fisher Hall. Kelli O'Hara played Julie, with Nathan Gunn as Billy, Stephanie Blythe as Nettie, Jessie Mueller as Carrie, Jason Danieley as Enoch, Shuler Hensley as Jigger, John Cullum as the Starkeeper, and Kate Burton as Mrs. Mullin.", "Kelli O'Hara played Julie, with Nathan Gunn as Billy, Stephanie Blythe as Nettie, Jessie Mueller as Carrie, Jason Danieley as Enoch, Shuler Hensley as Jigger, John Cullum as the Starkeeper, and Kate Burton as Mrs. Mullin. Tiler Peck danced the role of Louise to choreography by Warren Carlyle.", "Tiler Peck danced the role of Louise to choreography by Warren Carlyle. The production was directed by John Rando and conducted by Rob Fisher. Charles Isherwood of The New York Times wrote, \"this is as gorgeously sung a production of this sublime 1945 Broadway musical as you are ever likely to hear.\"", "Charles Isherwood of The New York Times wrote, \"this is as gorgeously sung a production of this sublime 1945 Broadway musical as you are ever likely to hear.\" It was broadcast as part of the PBS Live from Lincoln Center series, premiering on April 26, 2013.", "It was broadcast as part of the PBS Live from Lincoln Center series, premiering on April 26, 2013. Music and recordings Musical treatment Rodgers designed Carousel to be an almost continuous stream of music, especially in Act 1. In later years, Rodgers was asked if he had considered writing an opera.", "In later years, Rodgers was asked if he had considered writing an opera. He stated that he had been sorely tempted to, but saw Carousel in operatic terms. He remembered, \"We came very close to opera in the Majestic Theatre. ... There's much that is operatic in the music.\"", "There's much that is operatic in the music.\" Rodgers uses music in Carousel in subtle ways to differentiate characters and tell the audience of their emotional state.", "Rodgers uses music in Carousel in subtle ways to differentiate characters and tell the audience of their emotional state. In \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\", the music for the placid Carrie is characterized by even eighth-note rhythms, whereas the emotionally restless Julie's music is marked by dotted eighths and sixteenths; this rhythm will characterize her throughout the show.", "In \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\", the music for the placid Carrie is characterized by even eighth-note rhythms, whereas the emotionally restless Julie's music is marked by dotted eighths and sixteenths; this rhythm will characterize her throughout the show. When Billy whistles a snatch of the song, he selects Julie's dotted notes rather than Carrie's.", "When Billy whistles a snatch of the song, he selects Julie's dotted notes rather than Carrie's. Reflecting the close association in the music between Julie and the as-yet unborn Louise, when Billy sings in \"Soliloquy\" of his daughter, who \"gets hungry every night\", he uses Julie's dotted rhythms.", "Reflecting the close association in the music between Julie and the as-yet unborn Louise, when Billy sings in \"Soliloquy\" of his daughter, who \"gets hungry every night\", he uses Julie's dotted rhythms. Such rhythms also characterize Julie's Act 2 song, \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'\".", "Such rhythms also characterize Julie's Act 2 song, \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'\". The stable love between Enoch and Carrie is strengthened by her willingness to let Enoch not only plan his entire life, but hers as well.", "The stable love between Enoch and Carrie is strengthened by her willingness to let Enoch not only plan his entire life, but hers as well. This is reflected in \"When the Children Are Asleep\", where the two sing in close harmony, but Enoch musically interrupts his intended's turn at the chorus with the words \"Dreams that won't be interrupted\".", "This is reflected in \"When the Children Are Asleep\", where the two sing in close harmony, but Enoch musically interrupts his intended's turn at the chorus with the words \"Dreams that won't be interrupted\". Rodgers biographer Geoffrey Block, in his book on the Broadway musical, points out that though Billy may strike his wife, he allows her musical themes to become a part of him and never interrupts her music.", "Rodgers biographer Geoffrey Block, in his book on the Broadway musical, points out that though Billy may strike his wife, he allows her musical themes to become a part of him and never interrupts her music. Block suggests that, as reprehensible as Billy may be for his actions, Enoch requiring Carrie to act as \"the little woman\", and his having nine children with her (more than she had found acceptable in \"When the Children are Asleep\") can be considered to be even more abusive.", "Block suggests that, as reprehensible as Billy may be for his actions, Enoch requiring Carrie to act as \"the little woman\", and his having nine children with her (more than she had found acceptable in \"When the Children are Asleep\") can be considered to be even more abusive. The twelve-minute \"bench scene\", in which Billy and Julie get to know each other and which culminates with \"If I Loved You\", according to Hischak, \"is considered the most completely integrated piece of music-drama in the American musical theatre\".", "The twelve-minute \"bench scene\", in which Billy and Julie get to know each other and which culminates with \"If I Loved You\", according to Hischak, \"is considered the most completely integrated piece of music-drama in the American musical theatre\". The scene is almost entirely drawn from Molnár and is one extended musical piece; Stephen Sondheim described it as \"probably the single most important moment in the revolution of contemporary musicals\".", "The scene is almost entirely drawn from Molnár and is one extended musical piece; Stephen Sondheim described it as \"probably the single most important moment in the revolution of contemporary musicals\". \"If I Loved You\" has been recorded many times, by such diverse artists as Frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, Sammy Davis Jr., Mario Lanza and Chad and Jeremy.", "\"If I Loved You\" has been recorded many times, by such diverse artists as Frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, Sammy Davis Jr., Mario Lanza and Chad and Jeremy. The D-flat major theme that dominates the music for the second act ballet seems like a new melody to many audience members.", "The D-flat major theme that dominates the music for the second act ballet seems like a new melody to many audience members. It is, however, a greatly expanded development of a theme heard during \"Soliloquy\" at the line \"I guess he'll call me 'The old man' \".", "It is, however, a greatly expanded development of a theme heard during \"Soliloquy\" at the line \"I guess he'll call me 'The old man' \". When the pair discussed the song that would become \"Soliloquy\", Rodgers improvised at the piano to give Hammerstein an idea of how he envisioned the song.", "When the pair discussed the song that would become \"Soliloquy\", Rodgers improvised at the piano to give Hammerstein an idea of how he envisioned the song. When Hammerstein presented his collaborator with the lyrics after two weeks of work (Hammerstein always wrote the words first, then Rodgers would write the melodies), Rodgers wrote the music for the eight-minute song in two hours.", "When Hammerstein presented his collaborator with the lyrics after two weeks of work (Hammerstein always wrote the words first, then Rodgers would write the melodies), Rodgers wrote the music for the eight-minute song in two hours. \"What's the Use of Wond'rin' \", one of Julie's songs, worked well in the show but was never as popular on the radio or for recording, and Hammerstein believed that the lack of popularity was because he had concluded the final line, \"And all the rest is talk\" with a hard consonant, which does not allow the singer a vocal climax.", "\"What's the Use of Wond'rin' \", one of Julie's songs, worked well in the show but was never as popular on the radio or for recording, and Hammerstein believed that the lack of popularity was because he had concluded the final line, \"And all the rest is talk\" with a hard consonant, which does not allow the singer a vocal climax. Irving Berlin later stated that \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" had the same sort of effect on him as the 23rd Psalm.", "Irving Berlin later stated that \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" had the same sort of effect on him as the 23rd Psalm. When singer Mel Tormé told Rodgers that \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" had made him cry, Rodgers nodded impatiently. \"You're supposed to.\"", "\"You're supposed to.\" The frequently recorded song has become a widely accepted hymn.Rodgers, p. 240 The cast recording of Carousel proved popular in Liverpool, like many Broadway albums, and in 1963, the Brian Epstein-managed band, Gerry and the Pacemakers had a number-one hit with the song.", "The frequently recorded song has become a widely accepted hymn.Rodgers, p. 240 The cast recording of Carousel proved popular in Liverpool, like many Broadway albums, and in 1963, the Brian Epstein-managed band, Gerry and the Pacemakers had a number-one hit with the song. At the time, the top ten hits were played before Liverpool F.C.", "At the time, the top ten hits were played before Liverpool F.C. home matches; even after \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" dropped out of the top ten, fans continued to sing it, and it has become closely associated with the soccer team and the city of Liverpool.", "home matches; even after \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" dropped out of the top ten, fans continued to sing it, and it has become closely associated with the soccer team and the city of Liverpool. A BBC program, Soul Music, ranked it alongside \"Silent Night\" and \"Abide With Me\" in terms of its emotional impact and iconic status.", "A BBC program, Soul Music, ranked it alongside \"Silent Night\" and \"Abide With Me\" in terms of its emotional impact and iconic status. Recordings The cast album of the 1945 Broadway production was issued on 78s, and the score was significantly cut—as was the 1950 London cast recording.", "Recordings The cast album of the 1945 Broadway production was issued on 78s, and the score was significantly cut—as was the 1950 London cast recording. Theatre historian John Kenrick notes of the 1945 recording that a number of songs had to be abridged to fit the 78 format, but that there is a small part of \"Soliloquy\" found on no other recording, as Rodgers cut it from the score immediately after the studio recording was made.Fick, David.", "Theatre historian John Kenrick notes of the 1945 recording that a number of songs had to be abridged to fit the 78 format, but that there is a small part of \"Soliloquy\" found on no other recording, as Rodgers cut it from the score immediately after the studio recording was made.Fick, David. \"The Best Carousel Recording\", June 11, 2009.", "\"The Best Carousel Recording\", June 11, 2009. Retrieved on April 7, 2016 A number of songs were cut for the 1956 film, but two of the deleted numbers had been recorded and were ultimately retained on the soundtrack album.", "Retrieved on April 7, 2016 A number of songs were cut for the 1956 film, but two of the deleted numbers had been recorded and were ultimately retained on the soundtrack album. The expanded CD version of the soundtrack, issued in 2001, contains all of the singing recorded for the film, including the cut portions, and nearly all of the dance music.", "The expanded CD version of the soundtrack, issued in 2001, contains all of the singing recorded for the film, including the cut portions, and nearly all of the dance music. The recording of the 1965 Lincoln Center revival featured Raitt reprising the role of Billy.", "The recording of the 1965 Lincoln Center revival featured Raitt reprising the role of Billy. Studio recordings of Carousels songs were released in 1956 (with Robert Merrill as Billy, Patrice Munsel as Julie, and Florence Henderson as Carrie), 1962 and 1987.", "Studio recordings of Carousels songs were released in 1956 (with Robert Merrill as Billy, Patrice Munsel as Julie, and Florence Henderson as Carrie), 1962 and 1987. The 1987 version featured a mix of opera and musical stars, including Samuel Ramey, Barbara Cook and Sarah Brightman.", "The 1987 version featured a mix of opera and musical stars, including Samuel Ramey, Barbara Cook and Sarah Brightman. Kenrick recommends the 1962 studio recording for its outstanding cast, including Alfred Drake, Roberta Peters, Claramae Turner, Lee Venora, and Norman Treigle.", "Kenrick recommends the 1962 studio recording for its outstanding cast, including Alfred Drake, Roberta Peters, Claramae Turner, Lee Venora, and Norman Treigle. Both the London (1993) and New York (1994) cast albums of the Hytner production contain portions of dialogue that, according to Hischak, speak to the power of Michael Hayden's portrayal of Billy.", "Both the London (1993) and New York (1994) cast albums of the Hytner production contain portions of dialogue that, according to Hischak, speak to the power of Michael Hayden's portrayal of Billy. Kenrick judges the 1994 recording the best all-around performance of Carousel on disc, despite uneven singing by Hayden, due to Sally Murphy's Julie and the strong supporting cast (calling Audra McDonald the best Carrie he has heard).", "Kenrick judges the 1994 recording the best all-around performance of Carousel on disc, despite uneven singing by Hayden, due to Sally Murphy's Julie and the strong supporting cast (calling Audra McDonald the best Carrie he has heard). The Stratford Festival issued a recording in 2015.", "The Stratford Festival issued a recording in 2015. Critical reception and legacy The musical received almost unanimous rave reviews after its opening in 1945. According to Hischak, reviews were not as exuberant as for Oklahoma! as the critics were not taken by surprise this time.", "as the critics were not taken by surprise this time. John Chapman of the Daily News termed it \"one of the finest musical plays I have ever seen and I shall remember it always\".", "John Chapman of the Daily News termed it \"one of the finest musical plays I have ever seen and I shall remember it always\". The New York Times's reviewer, Lewis Nichols, stated that \"Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 2d, who can do no wrong, have continued doing no wrong in adapting Liliom into a musical play.", "The New York Times's reviewer, Lewis Nichols, stated that \"Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 2d, who can do no wrong, have continued doing no wrong in adapting Liliom into a musical play. Their Carousel is on the whole delightful.\"", "Their Carousel is on the whole delightful.\" Wilella Waldorf of the New York Post, however, complained, \"Carousel seemed to us a rather long evening. The Oklahoma! formula is becoming a bit monotonous and so are Miss de Mille's ballets. All right, go ahead and shoot! \"Suskin, Steven.", "\"Suskin, Steven. \"Suskin, Steven. Opening Night on Broadway. Schirmer Trade Books, 1990, p. 147. .", "Schirmer Trade Books, 1990, p. 147. . Dance Magazine gave Linn plaudits for her role as Louise, stating, \"Bambi doesn't come on until twenty minutes before eleven, and for the next forty minutes, she practically holds the audience in her hand\".", "Dance Magazine gave Linn plaudits for her role as Louise, stating, \"Bambi doesn't come on until twenty minutes before eleven, and for the next forty minutes, she practically holds the audience in her hand\". Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune also applauded the dancing: \"It has waited for Miss de Mille to come through with peculiarly American dance patterns for a musical show to become as much a dance as a song show.\"", "Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune also applauded the dancing: \"It has waited for Miss de Mille to come through with peculiarly American dance patterns for a musical show to become as much a dance as a song show.\" When the musical returned to New York in 1949, The New York Times reviewer Brooks Atkinson described Carousel as \"a conspicuously superior musical play ... Carousel, which was warmly appreciated when it opened, seems like nothing less than a masterpiece now.\"", "When the musical returned to New York in 1949, The New York Times reviewer Brooks Atkinson described Carousel as \"a conspicuously superior musical play ... Carousel, which was warmly appreciated when it opened, seems like nothing less than a masterpiece now.\" In 1954, when Carousel was revived at City Center, Atkinson discussed the musical in his review: Carousel has no comment to make on anything of topical importance.", "In 1954, when Carousel was revived at City Center, Atkinson discussed the musical in his review: Carousel has no comment to make on anything of topical importance. The theme is timeless and universal: the devotion of two people who love each other through thick and thin, complicated in this case by the wayward personality of the man, who cannot fulfill the responsibilities he has assumed.", "The theme is timeless and universal: the devotion of two people who love each other through thick and thin, complicated in this case by the wayward personality of the man, who cannot fulfill the responsibilities he has assumed. ... Billy is a bum, but Carousel recognizes the decency of his motives and admires his independence.", "... Billy is a bum, but Carousel recognizes the decency of his motives and admires his independence. There are no slick solutions in Carousel. Stephen Sondheim noted the duo's ability to take the innovations of Oklahoma! and apply them to a serious setting: \"Oklahoma!", "and apply them to a serious setting: \"Oklahoma! is about a picnic, Carousel is about life and death.\"", "is about a picnic, Carousel is about life and death.\" Critic Eric Bentley, on the other hand, wrote that \"the last scene of Carousel is an impertinence: I refuse to be lectured to by a musical comedy scriptwriter on the education of children, the nature of the good life, and the contribution of the American small town to the salvation of souls.", "Critic Eric Bentley, on the other hand, wrote that \"the last scene of Carousel is an impertinence: I refuse to be lectured to by a musical comedy scriptwriter on the education of children, the nature of the good life, and the contribution of the American small town to the salvation of souls. \"New York Times critic Frank Rich said of the 1992 London production: \"What is remarkable about Mr. Hytner's direction, aside from its unorthodox faith in the virtues of simplicity and stillness, is its ability to make a 1992 audience believe in Hammerstein's vision of redemption, which has it that a dead sinner can return to Earth to do godly good.\"", "\"New York Times critic Frank Rich said of the 1992 London production: \"What is remarkable about Mr. Hytner's direction, aside from its unorthodox faith in the virtues of simplicity and stillness, is its ability to make a 1992 audience believe in Hammerstein's vision of redemption, which has it that a dead sinner can return to Earth to do godly good.\" The Hytner production in New York was hailed by many critics as a grittier Carousel, which they deemed more appropriate for the 1990s.", "The Hytner production in New York was hailed by many critics as a grittier Carousel, which they deemed more appropriate for the 1990s. Clive Barnes of the New York Post called it a \"defining Carousel—hard-nosed, imaginative, and exciting.\"", "Clive Barnes of the New York Post called it a \"defining Carousel—hard-nosed, imaginative, and exciting.\" Critic Michael Billington has commented that \"lyrically [Carousel] comes perilously close to acceptance of the inevitability of domestic violence.\"", "Critic Michael Billington has commented that \"lyrically [Carousel] comes perilously close to acceptance of the inevitability of domestic violence.\" BroadwayWorld.com stated in 2013 that Carousel is now \"considered somewhat controversial in terms of its attitudes on domestic violence\" because Julie chooses to stay with Billy despite the abuse; actress Kelli O'Hara noted that the domestic violence that Julie \"chooses to deal with – is a real, existing and very complicated thing.", "BroadwayWorld.com stated in 2013 that Carousel is now \"considered somewhat controversial in terms of its attitudes on domestic violence\" because Julie chooses to stay with Billy despite the abuse; actress Kelli O'Hara noted that the domestic violence that Julie \"chooses to deal with – is a real, existing and very complicated thing. And exploring it is an important part of healing it.\"", "And exploring it is an important part of healing it.\" Rodgers considered Carousel his favorite of all his musicals and wrote, \"it affects me deeply every time I see it performed\".", "Rodgers considered Carousel his favorite of all his musicals and wrote, \"it affects me deeply every time I see it performed\". In 1999, Time magazine, in its \"Best of the Century\" list, named Carousel the Best Musical of the 20th century, writing that Rodgers and Hammerstein \"set the standards for the 20th century musical, and this show features their most beautiful score and the most skillful and affecting example of their musical storytelling\".", "In 1999, Time magazine, in its \"Best of the Century\" list, named Carousel the Best Musical of the 20th century, writing that Rodgers and Hammerstein \"set the standards for the 20th century musical, and this show features their most beautiful score and the most skillful and affecting example of their musical storytelling\". Hammerstein's grandson, Oscar Andrew Hammerstein, in his book about his family, suggested that the wartime situation made Carousel's ending especially poignant to its original viewers, \"Every American grieved the loss of a brother, son, father, or friend ... the audience empathized with [Billy's] all-too-human efforts to offer advice, to seek forgiveness, to complete an unfinished life, and to bid a proper good-bye from beyond the grave.\"", "Hammerstein's grandson, Oscar Andrew Hammerstein, in his book about his family, suggested that the wartime situation made Carousel's ending especially poignant to its original viewers, \"Every American grieved the loss of a brother, son, father, or friend ... the audience empathized with [Billy's] all-too-human efforts to offer advice, to seek forgiveness, to complete an unfinished life, and to bid a proper good-bye from beyond the grave.\" Author and composer Ethan Mordden agreed with that perspective: If Oklahoma!", "Author and composer Ethan Mordden agreed with that perspective: If Oklahoma! developed the moral argument for sending American boys overseas, Carousel offered consolation to those wives and mothers whose boys would only return in spirit. The meaning lay not in the tragedy of the present, but in the hope for a future where no one walks alone.", "The meaning lay not in the tragedy of the present, but in the hope for a future where no one walks alone. Awards and nominations Original 1945 Broadway productionNote: The Tony Awards were not established until 1947, and so Carousel was not eligible to win any Tonys at its premiere.", "Awards and nominations Original 1945 Broadway productionNote: The Tony Awards were not established until 1947, and so Carousel was not eligible to win any Tonys at its premiere. 1957 revival 1992 London revival 1994 Broadway revival 2018 Broadway revival References Bibliography Block, Geoffrey. Enchanted Evenings: The Broadway Musical from Show Boat to Sondheim.", "Enchanted Evenings: The Broadway Musical from Show Boat to Sondheim. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2004. . Block, Geoffrey (ed.) The Richard Rodgers Reader. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2006. . Bradley, Ian. You've Got to Have a Dream: The Message of the Broadway Musical.", "You've Got to Have a Dream: The Message of the Broadway Musical. Louisville, Ky., Westminster John Knox Press, 2005. 978-0-664-22854-5. Easton, Carol. No Intermission: The Life of Agnes DeMille. Jefferson, N.C.: Da Capo Press, 2000 (1st DaCapo Press edition). . Fordin, Hugh.", ". Fordin, Hugh. Fordin, Hugh. Getting to Know Him: A Biography of Oscar Hammerstein II. Jefferson, N.C.: Da Capo Press, 1995 reprint of 1986 edition. . Hammerstein, Oscar Andrew. The Hammersteins: A Musical Theatre Family. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2010. .", "New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2010. . Hischak, Thomas S. The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. . Hyland, William G. Richard Rodgers. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998. . Molnár, Ferenc. Liliom: A Legend in Seven Scenes and a Prologue.", "Liliom: A Legend in Seven Scenes and a Prologue. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1921. Mordden, Ethan. \"Rodgers & Hammerstein\". New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1992. . Nolan, Frederick. The Sound of Their Music: The Story of Rodgers and Hammerstein.", "The Sound of Their Music: The Story of Rodgers and Hammerstein. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books, 2002. . Rodgers, Richard. Musical Stages: An Autobiography. Jefferson, N.C. Da Capo Press, 2002 reprint of 1975 edition. . Secrest, Meryle. Somewhere for Me: A Biography of Richard Rodgers.", "Somewhere for Me: A Biography of Richard Rodgers. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books, 2001. .", "Cambridge, Massachusetts: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books, 2001. . External links Carousel at guidetomusicaltheatre.com Carousel info page on StageAgent.com – Carousel plot summary and character descriptions (1967 TV adaptation) 1945 musicals Broadway musicals Musicals by Rodgers and Hammerstein West End musicals Musicals based on plays Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Maine in fiction Fiction set in 1873 Fiction about the afterlife Plays set in Maine Plays set in the 19th century Tony Award-winning musicals" ]

[ "Carousel (musical)", "Film, television and concert versions", "When was the film version released?", "A film version of the musical was made in 1956, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones. It follows the musical's story fairly closely,", "Wa it remde after that?", "The film was released only a few months after the release of the film version of Oklahoma!. It garnered some good reviews,", "When did it air on tv?", "There was also an abridged (100 minute) 1967 network television version that starred Robert Goulet, with choreography by Edward Villella.", "Did it win any awards?", "It garnered some good reviews, and the soundtrack recording was a best seller. As the same stars appeared in both pictures, however, the two films were often compared,", "Explain the concert aspect of Carousel?", "The New York Philharmonic presented a staged concert version of the musical from February 28 to March 2, 2013, at Avery Fisher Hall.", "Was it popular?", "Charles Isherwood of The New York Times wrote, \"this is as gorgeously sung a production of this sublime 1945 Broadway musical as you are ever likely to hear.\"" ]

[ "Oil and Vinegar is a screenplay that was written but never filmed. It is a screenplay that John Hughes wrote and that Howard Deutch planned to direct. It would have starred Molly Ringwald and Matthew Broderick.\n\nPlot\nA soon-to-be-married man and a hitchhiking girl end up talking about their lives during the length of the car ride.\n\nProduction\n\nCasting\nThe film was set to have Molly Ringwald and Matthew Broderick as the two main characters.\n\nDevelopment\nThe screenplay was written by Hughes, with Howard Deutch set to direct. Its style was said to be similar to The Breakfast Club (1985) but instead of taking place in detention, it would have taken place in a car with Ringwald's and Broderick's characters both discussing their lives to each other.\n\nFuture\nWhen asked about Oil and Vinegar Howard Deutch said,\n\nYes. That was John's favorite script and he was saving it for himself, and I convinced him to let me do it. It was the story of a traveling salesman that Matthew Broderick was going to play, and a rock-and-roll girl, a real rocker. Polar opposites. Molly [Ringwald] was going to play that. And I had to make a personal decision about whether to go forward or not. We had rehearsals in a couple weeks, and I was exhausted, and my girlfriend Lea Thompson, who became my wife, said, \"You're going to die. You can't do this. I'm not going to stick around and watch that.\" And I think it was also sprinkled with the fact that I wanted to do one movie that was my movie, not necessarily in service to John, even though I loved John. So between the two things, I didn't... It could still happen. I would do it. Not with Matthew and Molly anymore, but the script is still there. It doesn't need anything. It's one of his great scripts. He had so many great scripts. For instance, he would stay up all night, music blasting, and at like 5:30 or 6 a.m., he'd hand me what was supposed to be a rewrite on Some Kind of Wonderful. We needed five pages, and it was 50 pages. I said, \"What did you do?! What is this?\" and he said, \"Oh, I didn't do that. I did something else. Tell me what you think?\" And it was Ferris Bueller's Day Off. He wrote the first half of the movie in, like, eight hours, and then finished it a couple days later. That was John. I never knew a writer who could do that. No one else had that ability. Even the stuff I fished out of the garbage was gold.\n\nReferences\n\nUnproduced screenplays\nFilms with screenplays by John Hughes (filmmaker)", "The 2011 Chişinău explosion was a car explosion in the center of Chişinău, the capital of Moldova. The explosion killed the Moldovan tennis federation chief, Igor Turcan. He was heading the campaign for an independent candidate in last weekend's mayoral election.\n\nTurcan was passing by a model Lada automobile, which had Russian number plates, when it blew up. Turcan was sent to hospital and later died of serious injuries. The police said no one else was killed or injured in the explosion. An earlier eyewitness report had said three people were killed.\n\nTurcan's deputy described the explosion as an \"assassination\" but the Prime Minister of Moldova, Vlad Filat, said it was too early to draw conclusions about what happened.\n\nReferences \n\nMurder in 2011\nCar and truck bombings in Europe\n2011 in Moldova\nAssassinations\nExplosions in Moldova\n21st century in Chișinău\nJune 2011 events in Europe" ]

[ "Carousel is the second musical by the team of Richard Rodgers (music) and Oscar Hammerstein II (book and lyrics). The 1945 work was adapted from Ferenc Molnár's 1909 play Liliom, transplanting its Budapest setting to the Maine coastline.", "The 1945 work was adapted from Ferenc Molnár's 1909 play Liliom, transplanting its Budapest setting to the Maine coastline. The story revolves around carousel barker Billy Bigelow, whose romance with millworker Julie Jordan comes at the price of both their jobs.", "The story revolves around carousel barker Billy Bigelow, whose romance with millworker Julie Jordan comes at the price of both their jobs. He participates in a robbery to provide for Julie and their unborn child; after it goes tragically wrong, he is given a chance to make things right.", "He participates in a robbery to provide for Julie and their unborn child; after it goes tragically wrong, he is given a chance to make things right. A secondary plot line deals with millworker Carrie Pipperidge and her romance with ambitious fisherman Enoch Snow.", "A secondary plot line deals with millworker Carrie Pipperidge and her romance with ambitious fisherman Enoch Snow. The show includes the well-known songs \"If I Loved You\", \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" and \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". Richard Rodgers later wrote that Carousel was his favorite of all his musicals.", "Richard Rodgers later wrote that Carousel was his favorite of all his musicals. Following the spectacular success of the first Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, Oklahoma! (1943), the pair sought to collaborate on another piece, knowing that any resulting work would be compared with Oklahoma!, most likely unfavorably.", "(1943), the pair sought to collaborate on another piece, knowing that any resulting work would be compared with Oklahoma!, most likely unfavorably. They were initially reluctant to seek the rights to Liliom; Molnár had refused permission for the work to be adapted in the past, and the original ending was considered too depressing for the musical theatre.", "They were initially reluctant to seek the rights to Liliom; Molnár had refused permission for the work to be adapted in the past, and the original ending was considered too depressing for the musical theatre. After acquiring the rights, the team created a work with lengthy sequences of music and made the ending more hopeful.", "After acquiring the rights, the team created a work with lengthy sequences of music and made the ending more hopeful. The musical required considerable modification during out-of-town tryouts, but once it opened on Broadway on April 19, 1945, it was an immediate hit with both critics and audiences.", "The musical required considerable modification during out-of-town tryouts, but once it opened on Broadway on April 19, 1945, it was an immediate hit with both critics and audiences. Carousel initially ran for 890 performances and duplicated its success in the West End in 1950.", "Carousel initially ran for 890 performances and duplicated its success in the West End in 1950. Though it has never achieved as much commercial success as Oklahoma!, the piece has been repeatedly revived, recorded several times and was filmed in 1956.", "Though it has never achieved as much commercial success as Oklahoma!, the piece has been repeatedly revived, recorded several times and was filmed in 1956. A production by Nicholas Hytner enjoyed success in 1992 in London, in 1994 in New York and on tour. Another Broadway revival opened in 2018.", "Another Broadway revival opened in 2018. In 1999, Time magazine named Carousel the best musical of the 20th century. Background Liliom Ferenc Molnár's Hungarian-language drama, Liliom, premiered in Budapest in 1909.", "Background Liliom Ferenc Molnár's Hungarian-language drama, Liliom, premiered in Budapest in 1909. The audience was puzzled by the work, and it lasted only thirty-odd performances before being withdrawn, the first shadow on Molnár's successful career as a playwright. Liliom was not presented again until after World War I.", "Liliom was not presented again until after World War I. When it reappeared on the Budapest stage, it was a tremendous hit. Except for the ending, the plots of Liliom and Carousel are very similar.", "Except for the ending, the plots of Liliom and Carousel are very similar. Andreas Zavocky (nicknamed Liliom, the Hungarian word for \"lily\", a slang term for \"tough guy\"), a carnival barker, falls in love with Julie Zeller, a servant girl, and they begin living together.", "Andreas Zavocky (nicknamed Liliom, the Hungarian word for \"lily\", a slang term for \"tough guy\"), a carnival barker, falls in love with Julie Zeller, a servant girl, and they begin living together. With both discharged from their jobs, Liliom is discontented and contemplates leaving Julie, but decides not to do so on learning that she is pregnant.", "With both discharged from their jobs, Liliom is discontented and contemplates leaving Julie, but decides not to do so on learning that she is pregnant. A subplot involves Julie's friend Marie, who has fallen in love with Wolf Biefeld, a hotel porter—after the two marry, he becomes the owner of the hotel.", "A subplot involves Julie's friend Marie, who has fallen in love with Wolf Biefeld, a hotel porter—after the two marry, he becomes the owner of the hotel. Desperate to make money so that he, Julie and their child can escape to America and a better life, Liliom conspires with lowlife Ficsur to commit a robbery, but it goes badly, and Liliom stabs himself.", "Desperate to make money so that he, Julie and their child can escape to America and a better life, Liliom conspires with lowlife Ficsur to commit a robbery, but it goes badly, and Liliom stabs himself. He dies, and his spirit is taken to heaven's police court.", "He dies, and his spirit is taken to heaven's police court. As Ficsur suggested while the two waited to commit the crime, would-be robbers like them do not come before God Himself.", "As Ficsur suggested while the two waited to commit the crime, would-be robbers like them do not come before God Himself. Liliom is told by the magistrate that he may go back to Earth for one day to attempt to redeem the wrongs he has done to his family, but must first spend sixteen years in a fiery purgatory.", "Liliom is told by the magistrate that he may go back to Earth for one day to attempt to redeem the wrongs he has done to his family, but must first spend sixteen years in a fiery purgatory. On his return to Earth, Liliom encounters his daughter, Louise, who like her mother is now a factory worker.", "On his return to Earth, Liliom encounters his daughter, Louise, who like her mother is now a factory worker. Saying that he knew her father, he tries to give her a star he stole from the heavens. When Louise refuses to take it, he strikes her.", "When Louise refuses to take it, he strikes her. Not realizing who he is, Julie confronts him, but finds herself unable to be angry with him. Liliom is ushered off to his fate, presumably Hell, and Louise asks her mother if it is possible to feel a hard slap as if it was a kiss.", "Liliom is ushered off to his fate, presumably Hell, and Louise asks her mother if it is possible to feel a hard slap as if it was a kiss. Julie reminiscently tells her daughter that it is very possible for that to happen.", "Julie reminiscently tells her daughter that it is very possible for that to happen. An English translation of Liliom was credited to Benjamin \"Barney\" Glazer, though there is a story that the actual translator, uncredited, was Rodgers' first major partner Lorenz Hart.", "An English translation of Liliom was credited to Benjamin \"Barney\" Glazer, though there is a story that the actual translator, uncredited, was Rodgers' first major partner Lorenz Hart. The Theatre Guild presented it in New York City in 1921, with Joseph Schildkraut as Liliom, and the play was a success, running 300 performances.", "The Theatre Guild presented it in New York City in 1921, with Joseph Schildkraut as Liliom, and the play was a success, running 300 performances. A 1940 revival with Burgess Meredith and Ingrid Bergman was seen by both Hammerstein and Rodgers.", "A 1940 revival with Burgess Meredith and Ingrid Bergman was seen by both Hammerstein and Rodgers. Glazer, in introducing the English translation of Liliom, wrote of the play's appeal: And where in modern dramatic literature can such pearls be matched—Julie incoherently confessing to her dead lover the love she had always been ashamed to tell; Liliom crying out to the distant carousel the glad news that he is to be a father; the two thieves gambling for the spoils of their prospective robbery; Marie and Wolf posing for their portrait while the broken-hearted Julie stands looking after the vanishing Liliom, the thieves' song ringing in her ears; the two policemen grousing about pay and pensions while Liliom lies bleeding to death; Liliom furtively proffering his daughter the star he has stolen for her in heaven.", "Glazer, in introducing the English translation of Liliom, wrote of the play's appeal: And where in modern dramatic literature can such pearls be matched—Julie incoherently confessing to her dead lover the love she had always been ashamed to tell; Liliom crying out to the distant carousel the glad news that he is to be a father; the two thieves gambling for the spoils of their prospective robbery; Marie and Wolf posing for their portrait while the broken-hearted Julie stands looking after the vanishing Liliom, the thieves' song ringing in her ears; the two policemen grousing about pay and pensions while Liliom lies bleeding to death; Liliom furtively proffering his daughter the star he has stolen for her in heaven. ...", "... ... The temptation to count the whole scintillating string is difficult to resist. Inception In the 1920s and 1930s, Rodgers and Hammerstein both became well known for creating Broadway hits with other partners.", "Inception In the 1920s and 1930s, Rodgers and Hammerstein both became well known for creating Broadway hits with other partners. Rodgers, with Lorenz Hart, had produced a string of over two dozen musicals, including such popular successes as Babes in Arms (1937), The Boys from Syracuse (1938) and Pal Joey (1940).", "Rodgers, with Lorenz Hart, had produced a string of over two dozen musicals, including such popular successes as Babes in Arms (1937), The Boys from Syracuse (1938) and Pal Joey (1940). Some of Rodgers' work with Hart broke new ground in musical theatre: On Your Toes was the first use of ballet to sustain the plot (in the \"Slaughter on Tenth Avenue\" scene), while Pal Joey flouted Broadway tradition by presenting a knave as its hero.", "Some of Rodgers' work with Hart broke new ground in musical theatre: On Your Toes was the first use of ballet to sustain the plot (in the \"Slaughter on Tenth Avenue\" scene), while Pal Joey flouted Broadway tradition by presenting a knave as its hero. Hammerstein had written or co-written the words for such hits as Rose-Marie (1924), The Desert Song (1926), The New Moon (1927) and Show Boat (1927).", "Hammerstein had written or co-written the words for such hits as Rose-Marie (1924), The Desert Song (1926), The New Moon (1927) and Show Boat (1927). Though less productive in the 1930s, he wrote material for musicals and films, sharing an Oscar for his song with Jerome Kern, \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\", which was included in the 1941 film Lady Be Good.", "Though less productive in the 1930s, he wrote material for musicals and films, sharing an Oscar for his song with Jerome Kern, \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\", which was included in the 1941 film Lady Be Good. By the early 1940s, Hart had sunk into alcoholism and emotional turmoil, becoming unreliable and prompting Rodgers to approach Hammerstein to ask if he would consider working with him.", "By the early 1940s, Hart had sunk into alcoholism and emotional turmoil, becoming unreliable and prompting Rodgers to approach Hammerstein to ask if he would consider working with him. Hammerstein was eager to do so, and their first collaboration was Oklahoma! (1943).", "(1943). (1943). Thomas Hischak states, in his The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, that Oklahoma! is \"the single most influential work in the American musical theatre. In fact, the history of the Broadway musical can accurately be divided into what came before Oklahoma! and what came after it.\"", "and what came after it.\" An innovation for its time in integrating song, character, plot and dance, Oklahoma! would serve, according to Hischak, as \"the model for Broadway shows for decades\", and proved a huge popular and financial success.", "would serve, according to Hischak, as \"the model for Broadway shows for decades\", and proved a huge popular and financial success. Once it was well-launched, what to do as an encore was a daunting challenge for the pair. Film producer Samuel Goldwyn saw Oklahoma!", "Film producer Samuel Goldwyn saw Oklahoma! and advised Rodgers to shoot himself, which according to Rodgers \"was Sam's blunt but funny way of telling me that I'd never create another show as good as Oklahoma!\" As they considered new projects, Hammerstein wrote, \"We're such fools.", "As they considered new projects, Hammerstein wrote, \"We're such fools. No matter what we do, everyone is bound to say, 'This is not another Oklahoma! \" Oklahoma! had been a struggle to finance and produce.", "had been a struggle to finance and produce. Hammerstein and Rodgers met weekly in 1943 with Theresa Helburn and Lawrence Langner of the Theatre Guild, producers of the blockbuster musical, who together formed what they termed \"the Gloat Club\".", "Hammerstein and Rodgers met weekly in 1943 with Theresa Helburn and Lawrence Langner of the Theatre Guild, producers of the blockbuster musical, who together formed what they termed \"the Gloat Club\". At one such luncheon, Helburn and Langner proposed to Rodgers and Hammerstein that they turn Molnár's Liliom into a musical.", "At one such luncheon, Helburn and Langner proposed to Rodgers and Hammerstein that they turn Molnár's Liliom into a musical. Both men refused—they had no feeling for the Budapest setting and thought that the unhappy ending was unsuitable for musical theatre.", "Both men refused—they had no feeling for the Budapest setting and thought that the unhappy ending was unsuitable for musical theatre. In addition, given the unstable wartime political situation, they might need to change the setting from Hungary while in rehearsal.", "In addition, given the unstable wartime political situation, they might need to change the setting from Hungary while in rehearsal. At the next luncheon, Helburn and Langner again proposed Liliom, suggesting that they move the setting to Louisiana and make Liliom a Creole.", "At the next luncheon, Helburn and Langner again proposed Liliom, suggesting that they move the setting to Louisiana and make Liliom a Creole. Rodgers and Hammerstein played with the idea over the next few weeks, but decided that Creole dialect, filled with \"zis\" and \"zose\", would sound corny and would make it difficult to write effective lyrics.", "Rodgers and Hammerstein played with the idea over the next few weeks, but decided that Creole dialect, filled with \"zis\" and \"zose\", would sound corny and would make it difficult to write effective lyrics. A breakthrough came when Rodgers, who owned a house in Connecticut, proposed a New England setting.", "A breakthrough came when Rodgers, who owned a house in Connecticut, proposed a New England setting. Hammerstein wrote of this suggestion in 1945, I began to see an attractive ensemble—sailors, whalers, girls who worked in the mills up the river, clambakes on near-by islands, an amusement park on the seaboard, things people could do in crowds, people who were strong and alive and lusty, people who had always been depicted on the stage as thin-lipped puritans—a libel I was anxious to refute ... as for the two leading characters, Julie with her courage and inner strength and outward simplicity seemed more indigenous to Maine than to Budapest.", "Hammerstein wrote of this suggestion in 1945, I began to see an attractive ensemble—sailors, whalers, girls who worked in the mills up the river, clambakes on near-by islands, an amusement park on the seaboard, things people could do in crowds, people who were strong and alive and lusty, people who had always been depicted on the stage as thin-lipped puritans—a libel I was anxious to refute ... as for the two leading characters, Julie with her courage and inner strength and outward simplicity seemed more indigenous to Maine than to Budapest. Liliom is, of course, an international character, indigenous to nowhere.", "Liliom is, of course, an international character, indigenous to nowhere. Rodgers and Hammerstein were also concerned about what they termed \"the tunnel\" of Molnár's second act—a series of gloomy scenes leading up to Liliom's suicide—followed by a dark ending.", "Rodgers and Hammerstein were also concerned about what they termed \"the tunnel\" of Molnár's second act—a series of gloomy scenes leading up to Liliom's suicide—followed by a dark ending. They also felt it would be difficult to set Liliom's motivation for the robbery to music.", "They also felt it would be difficult to set Liliom's motivation for the robbery to music. Molnár's opposition to having his works adapted was also an issue; he had famously turned down Giacomo Puccini when the great composer wished to transform Liliom into an opera, stating that he wanted the piece to be remembered as his, not Puccini's.", "Molnár's opposition to having his works adapted was also an issue; he had famously turned down Giacomo Puccini when the great composer wished to transform Liliom into an opera, stating that he wanted the piece to be remembered as his, not Puccini's. In 1937, Molnár, who had recently emigrated to the United States, had declined another offer from Kurt Weill to adapt the play into a musical.", "In 1937, Molnár, who had recently emigrated to the United States, had declined another offer from Kurt Weill to adapt the play into a musical. The pair continued to work on the preliminary ideas for a Liliom adaptation while pursuing other projects in late 1943 and early 1944—writing the film musical State Fair and producing I Remember Mama on Broadway.", "The pair continued to work on the preliminary ideas for a Liliom adaptation while pursuing other projects in late 1943 and early 1944—writing the film musical State Fair and producing I Remember Mama on Broadway. Meanwhile, the Theatre Guild took Molnár to see Oklahoma!", "Meanwhile, the Theatre Guild took Molnár to see Oklahoma! Molnár stated that if Rodgers and Hammerstein could adapt Liliom as beautifully as they had modified Green Grow the Lilacs into Oklahoma!, he would be pleased to have them do it. The Guild obtained the rights from Molnár in October 1943.", "The Guild obtained the rights from Molnár in October 1943. The playwright received one percent of the gross and $2,500 for \"personal services\". The duo insisted, as part of the contract, that Molnár permit them to make changes in the plot. At first, the playwright refused, but eventually yielded.", "At first, the playwright refused, but eventually yielded. Hammerstein later stated that if this point had not been won, \"we could never have made Carousel.\" In seeking to establish through song Liliom's motivation for the robbery, Rodgers remembered that he and Hart had a similar problem in Pal Joey.", "In seeking to establish through song Liliom's motivation for the robbery, Rodgers remembered that he and Hart had a similar problem in Pal Joey. Rodgers and Hart had overcome the problem with a song that Joey sings to himself, \"I'm Talking to My Pal\". This inspired \"Soliloquy\".", "This inspired \"Soliloquy\". This inspired \"Soliloquy\". Both partners later told a story that \"Soliloquy\" was only intended to be a song about Liliom's dreams of a son, but that Rodgers, who had two daughters, insisted that Liliom consider that Julie might have a girl.", "Both partners later told a story that \"Soliloquy\" was only intended to be a song about Liliom's dreams of a son, but that Rodgers, who had two daughters, insisted that Liliom consider that Julie might have a girl. However, the notes taken at their meeting of December 7, 1943 state: \"Mr. Rodgers suggested a fine musical number for the end of the scene where Liliom discovers he is to be a father, in which he sings first with pride of the growth of a boy, and then suddenly realizes it might be a girl and changes completely.\"", "However, the notes taken at their meeting of December 7, 1943 state: \"Mr. Rodgers suggested a fine musical number for the end of the scene where Liliom discovers he is to be a father, in which he sings first with pride of the growth of a boy, and then suddenly realizes it might be a girl and changes completely.\" Hammerstein and Rodgers returned to the Liliom project in mid-1944.", "Hammerstein and Rodgers returned to the Liliom project in mid-1944. Hammerstein was uneasy as he worked, fearing that no matter what they did, Molnár would disapprove of the results. Green Grow the Lilacs had been a little-known work; Liliom was a theatrical standard.", "Green Grow the Lilacs had been a little-known work; Liliom was a theatrical standard. Molnár's text also contained considerable commentary on the Hungarian politics of 1909 and the rigidity of that society. A dismissed carnival barker who hits his wife, attempts a robbery and commits suicide seemed an unlikely central character for a musical comedy.", "A dismissed carnival barker who hits his wife, attempts a robbery and commits suicide seemed an unlikely central character for a musical comedy. Hammerstein decided to use the words and story to make the audience sympathize with the lovers.", "Hammerstein decided to use the words and story to make the audience sympathize with the lovers. He also built up the secondary couple, who are incidental to the plot in Liliom; they became Enoch Snow and Carrie Pipperidge.", "He also built up the secondary couple, who are incidental to the plot in Liliom; they became Enoch Snow and Carrie Pipperidge. \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" was repurposed from a song, \"A Real Nice Hayride\", written for Oklahoma! but not used.", "but not used. but not used. Molnár's ending was unsuitable, and after a couple of false starts, Hammerstein conceived the graduation scene that ends the musical. According to Frederick Nolan in his book on the team's works: \"From that scene the song \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" sprang almost naturally.\"", "According to Frederick Nolan in his book on the team's works: \"From that scene the song \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" sprang almost naturally.\" In spite of Hammerstein's simple lyrics for \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", Rodgers had great difficulty in setting it to music.", "In spite of Hammerstein's simple lyrics for \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", Rodgers had great difficulty in setting it to music. Rodgers explained his rationale for the changed ending, Liliom was a tragedy about a man who cannot learn to live with other people.", "Rodgers explained his rationale for the changed ending, Liliom was a tragedy about a man who cannot learn to live with other people. The way Molnár wrote it, the man ends up hitting his daughter and then having to go back to purgatory, leaving his daughter helpless and hopeless. We couldn't accept that.", "We couldn't accept that. We couldn't accept that. The way we ended Carousel it may still be a tragedy but it's a hopeful one because in the final scene it is clear that the child has at last learned how to express herself and communicate with others.", "The way we ended Carousel it may still be a tragedy but it's a hopeful one because in the final scene it is clear that the child has at last learned how to express herself and communicate with others. When the pair decided to make \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" into an ensemble number, Hammerstein realized he had no idea what a clambake was like, and researched the matter.", "When the pair decided to make \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" into an ensemble number, Hammerstein realized he had no idea what a clambake was like, and researched the matter. Based on his initial findings, he wrote the line, \"First came codfish chowder\".", "Based on his initial findings, he wrote the line, \"First came codfish chowder\". However, further research convinced him the proper term was \"codhead chowder\", a term unfamiliar to many playgoers. He decided to keep it as \"codfish\".", "He decided to keep it as \"codfish\". When the song proceeded to discuss the lobsters consumed at the feast, Hammerstein wrote the line \"We slit 'em down the back/And peppered 'em good\". He was grieved to hear from a friend that lobsters are always slit down the front.", "He was grieved to hear from a friend that lobsters are always slit down the front. The lyricist sent a researcher to a seafood restaurant and heard back that lobsters are always slit down the back. Hammerstein concluded that there is disagreement about which side of a lobster is the back.", "Hammerstein concluded that there is disagreement about which side of a lobster is the back. One error not caught involved the song \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\", in which sheep are depicted as seeking to mate in late spring—they actually do so in the winter.", "One error not caught involved the song \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\", in which sheep are depicted as seeking to mate in late spring—they actually do so in the winter. Whenever this was brought to Hammerstein's attention, he told his informant that 1873 was a special year, in which sheep mated in the spring.", "Whenever this was brought to Hammerstein's attention, he told his informant that 1873 was a special year, in which sheep mated in the spring. Rodgers early decided to dispense with an overture, feeling that the music was hard to hear over the banging of seats as latecomers settled themselves.", "Rodgers early decided to dispense with an overture, feeling that the music was hard to hear over the banging of seats as latecomers settled themselves. In his autobiography, Rodgers complained that only the brass section can be heard during an overture because there are never enough strings in a musical's small orchestra.", "In his autobiography, Rodgers complained that only the brass section can be heard during an overture because there are never enough strings in a musical's small orchestra. He determined to force the audience to concentrate from the beginning by opening with a pantomime scene accompanied by what became known as \"The Carousel Waltz\".", "He determined to force the audience to concentrate from the beginning by opening with a pantomime scene accompanied by what became known as \"The Carousel Waltz\". The pantomime paralleled one in the Molnár play, which was also used to introduce the characters and situation to the audience.", "The pantomime paralleled one in the Molnár play, which was also used to introduce the characters and situation to the audience. Author Ethan Mordden described the effectiveness of this opening: Other characters catch our notice—Mr.", "Author Ethan Mordden described the effectiveness of this opening: Other characters catch our notice—Mr. Bascombe, the pompous mill owner, Mrs. Mullin, the widow who runs the carousel and, apparently, Billy; a dancing bear; an acrobat.", "Bascombe, the pompous mill owner, Mrs. Mullin, the widow who runs the carousel and, apparently, Billy; a dancing bear; an acrobat. But what draws us in is the intensity with which Julie regards Billy—the way she stands frozen, staring at him, while everyone else at the fair is swaying to the rhythm of Billy's spiel.", "But what draws us in is the intensity with which Julie regards Billy—the way she stands frozen, staring at him, while everyone else at the fair is swaying to the rhythm of Billy's spiel. And as Julie and Billy ride together on the swirling carousel, and the stage picture surges with the excitement of the crowd, and the orchestra storms to a climax, and the curtain falls, we realize that R & H have not only skipped the overture and the opening number but the exposition as well.", "And as Julie and Billy ride together on the swirling carousel, and the stage picture surges with the excitement of the crowd, and the orchestra storms to a climax, and the curtain falls, we realize that R & H have not only skipped the overture and the opening number but the exposition as well. They have plunged into the story, right into the middle of it, in the most intense first scene any musical ever had.", "They have plunged into the story, right into the middle of it, in the most intense first scene any musical ever had. Casting and out-of-town tryouts The casting for Carousel began when Oklahoma!s production team, including Rodgers and Hammerstein, was seeking a replacement for the part of Curly (the male lead in Oklahoma!).", "Casting and out-of-town tryouts The casting for Carousel began when Oklahoma!s production team, including Rodgers and Hammerstein, was seeking a replacement for the part of Curly (the male lead in Oklahoma!). Lawrence Langner had heard, through a relative, of a California singer named John Raitt, who might be suitable for the part.", "Lawrence Langner had heard, through a relative, of a California singer named John Raitt, who might be suitable for the part. Langner went to hear Raitt, then urged the others to bring Raitt to New York for an audition.", "Langner went to hear Raitt, then urged the others to bring Raitt to New York for an audition. Raitt asked to sing \"Largo al factotum\", Figaro's aria from The Barber of Seville, to warm up.", "Raitt asked to sing \"Largo al factotum\", Figaro's aria from The Barber of Seville, to warm up. The warmup was sufficient to convince the producers that not only had they found a Curly, they had found a Liliom (or Billy Bigelow, as the part was renamed).", "The warmup was sufficient to convince the producers that not only had they found a Curly, they had found a Liliom (or Billy Bigelow, as the part was renamed). Theresa Helburn made another California discovery, Jan Clayton, a singer/actress who had made a few minor films for MGM.", "Theresa Helburn made another California discovery, Jan Clayton, a singer/actress who had made a few minor films for MGM. She was brought east and successfully auditioned for the part of Julie. The producers sought to cast unknowns.", "The producers sought to cast unknowns. Though many had played in previous Hammerstein or Rodgers works, only one, Jean Casto (cast as carousel owner Mrs. Mullin, and a veteran of Pal Joey), had ever played on Broadway before.", "Though many had played in previous Hammerstein or Rodgers works, only one, Jean Casto (cast as carousel owner Mrs. Mullin, and a veteran of Pal Joey), had ever played on Broadway before. It proved harder to cast the ensemble than the leads, due to the war—Rodgers told his casting director, John Fearnley, that the sole qualification for a dancing boy was that he be alive.", "It proved harder to cast the ensemble than the leads, due to the war—Rodgers told his casting director, John Fearnley, that the sole qualification for a dancing boy was that he be alive. Rodgers and Hammerstein reassembled much of the creative team that had made Oklahoma! a success, including director Rouben Mamoulian and choreographer Agnes de Mille.", "a success, including director Rouben Mamoulian and choreographer Agnes de Mille. Miles White was the costume designer while Jo Mielziner (who had not worked on Oklahoma!) was the scenic and lighting designer. Even though Oklahoma!", "Even though Oklahoma! Even though Oklahoma! orchestrator Russell Bennett had informed Rodgers that he was unavailable to work on Carousel due to a radio contract, Rodgers insisted he do the work in his spare time. He orchestrated \"The Carousel Waltz\" and \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" before finally being replaced by Don Walker.", "He orchestrated \"The Carousel Waltz\" and \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" before finally being replaced by Don Walker. A new member of the creative team was Trude Rittmann, who arranged the dance music.", "A new member of the creative team was Trude Rittmann, who arranged the dance music. Rittmann initially felt that Rodgers mistrusted her because she was a woman, and found him difficult to work with, but the two worked together on Rodgers' shows until the 1970s.", "Rittmann initially felt that Rodgers mistrusted her because she was a woman, and found him difficult to work with, but the two worked together on Rodgers' shows until the 1970s. Rehearsals began in January 1945; either Rodgers or Hammerstein was always present.", "Rehearsals began in January 1945; either Rodgers or Hammerstein was always present. Raitt was presented with the lyrics for \"Soliloquy\" on a five-foot long sheet of paper—the piece ran nearly eight minutes. Staging such a long solo number presented problems, and Raitt later stated that he felt that they were never fully addressed.", "Staging such a long solo number presented problems, and Raitt later stated that he felt that they were never fully addressed. At some point during rehearsals, Molnár came to see what they had done to his play. There are a number of variations on the story.Fordin, pp.", "There are a number of variations on the story.Fordin, pp. 231–32 As Rodgers told it, while watching rehearsals with Hammerstein, the composer spotted Molnár in the rear of the theatre and whispered the news to his partner. Both sweated through an afternoon of rehearsal in which nothing seemed to go right.", "Both sweated through an afternoon of rehearsal in which nothing seemed to go right. At the end, the two walked to the back of the theatre, expecting an angry reaction from Molnár. Instead, the playwright said enthusiastically, \"What you have done is so beautiful. And you know what I like best? The ending!\"", "The ending!\" The ending!\" Hammerstein wrote that Molnár became a regular attendee at rehearsals after that. Like most of the pair's works, Carousel contains a lengthy ballet, \"Billy Makes a Journey\", in the second act, as Billy looks down to the Earth from \"Up There\" and observes his daughter.", "Like most of the pair's works, Carousel contains a lengthy ballet, \"Billy Makes a Journey\", in the second act, as Billy looks down to the Earth from \"Up There\" and observes his daughter. In the original production the ballet was choreographed by de Mille.", "In the original production the ballet was choreographed by de Mille. It began with Billy looking down from heaven at his wife in labor, with the village women gathered for a \"birthing\". The ballet involved every character in the play, some of whom spoke lines of dialogue, and contained a number of subplots.", "The ballet involved every character in the play, some of whom spoke lines of dialogue, and contained a number of subplots. The focus was on Louise, played by Bambi Linn, who at first almost soars in her dance, expressing the innocence of childhood.", "The focus was on Louise, played by Bambi Linn, who at first almost soars in her dance, expressing the innocence of childhood. She is teased and mocked by her schoolmates, and Louise becomes attracted to the rough carnival people, who symbolize Billy's world.", "She is teased and mocked by her schoolmates, and Louise becomes attracted to the rough carnival people, who symbolize Billy's world. A youth from the carnival attempts to seduce Louise, as she discovers her own sexuality, but he decides she is more girl than woman, and he leaves her.", "A youth from the carnival attempts to seduce Louise, as she discovers her own sexuality, but he decides she is more girl than woman, and he leaves her. After Julie comforts her, Louise goes to a children's party, where she is shunned.", "After Julie comforts her, Louise goes to a children's party, where she is shunned. The carnival people reappear and form a ring around the children's party, with Louise lost between the two groups. At the end, the performers form a huge carousel with their bodies.", "At the end, the performers form a huge carousel with their bodies. The play opened for tryouts in New Haven, Connecticut on March 22, 1945. The first act was well-received; the second act was not. Casto recalled that the second act finished about 1:30 a.m. The staff immediately sat down for a two-hour conference.", "The staff immediately sat down for a two-hour conference. Five scenes, half the ballet, and two songs were cut from the show as the result. John Fearnley commented, \"Now I see why these people have hits. I never witnessed anything so brisk and brave in my life.\"", "I never witnessed anything so brisk and brave in my life.\" De Mille said of this conference, \"not three minutes had been wasted pleading for something cherished. Nor was there any idle joking. ... We cut and cut and cut and then we went to bed.\"", "... We cut and cut and cut and then we went to bed.\" By the time the company left New Haven, de Mille's ballet was down to forty minutes.", "By the time the company left New Haven, de Mille's ballet was down to forty minutes. A major concern with the second act was the effectiveness of the characters He and She (later called by Rodgers \"Mr. and Mrs. God\"), before whom Billy appeared after his death.", "A major concern with the second act was the effectiveness of the characters He and She (later called by Rodgers \"Mr. and Mrs. God\"), before whom Billy appeared after his death. Mr. and Mrs. God were depicted as a New England minister and his wife, seen in their parlor.Block (ed. ), p. 129.", "), p. 129. ), p. 129. At this time, according to the cast sheet distributed during the Boston run, Dr. Seldon was listed as the \"Minister\". The couple was still part of the show at the Boston opening.", "The couple was still part of the show at the Boston opening. Rodgers said to Hammerstein, \"We've got to get God out of that parlor\". When Hammerstein inquired where he should put the deity, Rodgers replied, \"I don't care where you put Him.", "When Hammerstein inquired where he should put the deity, Rodgers replied, \"I don't care where you put Him. Put Him on a ladder for all I care, only get Him out of that parlor!\"", "Put Him on a ladder for all I care, only get Him out of that parlor!\" Hammerstein duly put Mr. God (renamed the Starkeeper) atop a ladder, and Mrs. God was removed from the show.", "Hammerstein duly put Mr. God (renamed the Starkeeper) atop a ladder, and Mrs. God was removed from the show. Rodgers biographer Meryle Secrest terms this change a mistake, leading to a more fantastic afterlife, which was later criticized by The New Republic as \"a Rotarian atmosphere congenial to audiences who seek not reality but escape from reality, not truth but escape from truth\".", "Rodgers biographer Meryle Secrest terms this change a mistake, leading to a more fantastic afterlife, which was later criticized by The New Republic as \"a Rotarian atmosphere congenial to audiences who seek not reality but escape from reality, not truth but escape from truth\". Hammerstein wrote that Molnár's advice, to combine two scenes into one, was key to pulling together the second act and represented \"a more radical departure from the original than any change we had made\".", "Hammerstein wrote that Molnár's advice, to combine two scenes into one, was key to pulling together the second act and represented \"a more radical departure from the original than any change we had made\". A reprise of \"If I Loved You\" was added in the second act, which Rodgers felt needed more music.", "A reprise of \"If I Loved You\" was added in the second act, which Rodgers felt needed more music. Three weeks of tryouts in Boston followed the brief New Haven run, and the audience there gave the musical a warm reception.", "Three weeks of tryouts in Boston followed the brief New Haven run, and the audience there gave the musical a warm reception. An even shorter version of the ballet was presented the final two weeks in Boston, but on the final night there, de Mille expanded it back to forty minutes, and it brought the house down, causing both Rodgers and Hammerstein to embrace her.", "An even shorter version of the ballet was presented the final two weeks in Boston, but on the final night there, de Mille expanded it back to forty minutes, and it brought the house down, causing both Rodgers and Hammerstein to embrace her. Synopsis Act 1 Two young female millworkers in 1873 Maine visit the town's carousel after work.", "Synopsis Act 1 Two young female millworkers in 1873 Maine visit the town's carousel after work. One of them, Julie Jordan, attracts the attention of the barker, Billy Bigelow (\"The Carousel Waltz\").", "One of them, Julie Jordan, attracts the attention of the barker, Billy Bigelow (\"The Carousel Waltz\"). When Julie lets Billy put his arm around her during the ride, Mrs. Mullin, the widowed owner of the carousel, tells Julie never to return.", "When Julie lets Billy put his arm around her during the ride, Mrs. Mullin, the widowed owner of the carousel, tells Julie never to return. Julie and her friend, Carrie Pipperidge, argue with Mrs. Mullin. Billy arrives and, seeing that Mrs. Mullin is jealous, mocks her; he is fired from his job.", "Billy arrives and, seeing that Mrs. Mullin is jealous, mocks her; he is fired from his job. Billy, unconcerned, invites Julie to join him for a drink.", "Billy, unconcerned, invites Julie to join him for a drink. As he goes to get his belongings, Carrie presses Julie about her feelings toward him, but Julie is evasive (\"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\").", "As he goes to get his belongings, Carrie presses Julie about her feelings toward him, but Julie is evasive (\"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\"). Carrie has a beau too, fisherman Enoch Snow (\"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\"), to whom she is newly engaged.", "Carrie has a beau too, fisherman Enoch Snow (\"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\"), to whom she is newly engaged. Billy returns for Julie as the departing Carrie warns that staying out late means the loss of Julie's job.", "Billy returns for Julie as the departing Carrie warns that staying out late means the loss of Julie's job. Mr. Bascombe, owner of the mill, happens by along with a policeman, and offers to escort Julie to her home, but she refuses and is fired.", "Mr. Bascombe, owner of the mill, happens by along with a policeman, and offers to escort Julie to her home, but she refuses and is fired. Left alone, she and Billy talk about what life might be like if they were in love, but neither quite confesses to the growing attraction they feel for each other (\"If I Loved You\").", "Left alone, she and Billy talk about what life might be like if they were in love, but neither quite confesses to the growing attraction they feel for each other (\"If I Loved You\"). Over a month passes, and preparations for the summer clambake are under way (\"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\").", "Over a month passes, and preparations for the summer clambake are under way (\"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\"). Julie and Billy, now married, live at Julie's cousin Nettie's spa. Julie confides in Carrie that Billy, frustrated over being unemployed, hit her.", "Julie confides in Carrie that Billy, frustrated over being unemployed, hit her. Carrie has happier news—she is engaged to Enoch, who enters as she discusses him (\"(When I Marry) Mister Snow (reprise))\". Billy arrives with his ne'er-do-well whaler friend, Jigger.", "Billy arrives with his ne'er-do-well whaler friend, Jigger. The former barker is openly rude to Enoch and Julie, then leaves with Jigger, followed by a distraught Julie.", "The former barker is openly rude to Enoch and Julie, then leaves with Jigger, followed by a distraught Julie. Enoch tells Carrie that he expects to become rich selling herring and to have a large family, larger perhaps than Carrie is comfortable having (\"When the Children Are Asleep\").", "Enoch tells Carrie that he expects to become rich selling herring and to have a large family, larger perhaps than Carrie is comfortable having (\"When the Children Are Asleep\"). Jigger and his shipmates, joined by Billy, then sing about life on the sea (\"Blow High, Blow Low\").", "Jigger and his shipmates, joined by Billy, then sing about life on the sea (\"Blow High, Blow Low\"). The whaler tries to recruit Billy to help with a robbery, but Billy declines, as the victim—Julie's former boss, Mr. Bascombe—might have to be killed.", "The whaler tries to recruit Billy to help with a robbery, but Billy declines, as the victim—Julie's former boss, Mr. Bascombe—might have to be killed. Mrs. Mullin enters and tries to tempt Billy back to the carousel (and to her).", "Mrs. Mullin enters and tries to tempt Billy back to the carousel (and to her). He would have to abandon Julie; a married barker cannot evoke the same sexual tension as one who is single. Billy reluctantly mulls it over as Julie arrives and the others leave.", "Billy reluctantly mulls it over as Julie arrives and the others leave. She tells him that she is pregnant, and Billy is overwhelmed with happiness, ending all thoughts of returning to the carousel.", "She tells him that she is pregnant, and Billy is overwhelmed with happiness, ending all thoughts of returning to the carousel. Once alone, Billy imagines the fun he will have with Bill Jr.—until he realizes that his child might be a girl, and reflects soberly that \"you've got to be a father to a girl\" (\"Soliloquy\").", "Once alone, Billy imagines the fun he will have with Bill Jr.—until he realizes that his child might be a girl, and reflects soberly that \"you've got to be a father to a girl\" (\"Soliloquy\"). Determined to provide financially for his future child, whatever the means, Billy decides to be Jigger's accomplice.", "Determined to provide financially for his future child, whatever the means, Billy decides to be Jigger's accomplice. The whole town leaves for the clambake.", "The whole town leaves for the clambake. Billy, who had earlier refused to go, agrees to join in, to Julie's delight, as he realizes that being seen at the clambake is integral to his and Jigger's alibi (\"Act I Finale\").", "Billy, who had earlier refused to go, agrees to join in, to Julie's delight, as he realizes that being seen at the clambake is integral to his and Jigger's alibi (\"Act I Finale\"). Act 2 Everyone reminisces about the huge meal and much fun (\"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\").", "Act 2 Everyone reminisces about the huge meal and much fun (\"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\"). Jigger tries to seduce Carrie; Enoch walks in at the wrong moment, and declares that he is finished with her (\"Geraniums In the Winder\"), as Jigger jeers (\"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\").", "Jigger tries to seduce Carrie; Enoch walks in at the wrong moment, and declares that he is finished with her (\"Geraniums In the Winder\"), as Jigger jeers (\"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\"). The girls try to comfort Carrie, but for Julie all that matters is that \"he's your feller and you love him\" (\"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\").", "The girls try to comfort Carrie, but for Julie all that matters is that \"he's your feller and you love him\" (\"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\"). Julie sees Billy trying to sneak away with Jigger and, trying to stop him, feels the knife hidden in his shirt.", "Julie sees Billy trying to sneak away with Jigger and, trying to stop him, feels the knife hidden in his shirt. She begs him to give it to her, but he refuses and leaves to commit the robbery. As they wait, Jigger and Billy gamble with cards. They stake their shares of the anticipated robbery spoils.", "They stake their shares of the anticipated robbery spoils. Billy loses: his participation is now pointless. Unknown to Billy and Jigger, Mr. Bascombe, the intended victim, has already deposited the mill's money. The robbery fails: Bascombe pulls a gun on Billy while Jigger escapes.", "The robbery fails: Bascombe pulls a gun on Billy while Jigger escapes. Billy stabs himself with his knife; Julie arrives just in time for him to say his last words to her and die. Julie strokes his hair, finally able to tell him that she loved him.", "Julie strokes his hair, finally able to tell him that she loved him. Carrie and Enoch, reunited by the crisis, attempt to console Julie; Nettie arrives and gives Julie the resolve to keep going despite her despair (\"You'll Never Walk Alone\").", "Carrie and Enoch, reunited by the crisis, attempt to console Julie; Nettie arrives and gives Julie the resolve to keep going despite her despair (\"You'll Never Walk Alone\"). Billy's defiant spirit (\"The Highest Judge of All\") is taken Up There to see the Starkeeper, a heavenly official.", "Billy's defiant spirit (\"The Highest Judge of All\") is taken Up There to see the Starkeeper, a heavenly official. The Starkeeper tells Billy that the good he did in life was not enough to get into heaven, but so long as there is a person alive who remembers him, he can return for a day to try to do good to redeem himself.", "The Starkeeper tells Billy that the good he did in life was not enough to get into heaven, but so long as there is a person alive who remembers him, he can return for a day to try to do good to redeem himself. He informs Billy that fifteen years have passed on Earth since his suicide, and suggests that Billy can get himself into heaven if he helps his daughter, Louise.", "He informs Billy that fifteen years have passed on Earth since his suicide, and suggests that Billy can get himself into heaven if he helps his daughter, Louise. He helps Billy look down from heaven to see her (instrumental ballet: \"Billy Makes a Journey\"). Louise has grown up to be lonely and bitter.", "Louise has grown up to be lonely and bitter. The local children ostracize her because her father was a thief and a wife-beater. In the dance, a young ruffian, much like her father at that age, flirts with her and abandons her as too young.", "In the dance, a young ruffian, much like her father at that age, flirts with her and abandons her as too young. The dance concludes, and Billy is anxious to return to Earth and help his daughter. He steals a star to take with him, as the Starkeeper pretends not to notice.", "He steals a star to take with him, as the Starkeeper pretends not to notice. Outside Julie's cottage, Carrie describes her visit to New York with the now-wealthy Enoch. Carrie's husband and their many children enter to fetch her—the family must get ready for the high school graduation later that day.", "Carrie's husband and their many children enter to fetch her—the family must get ready for the high school graduation later that day. Enoch Jr., the oldest son, remains behind to talk with Louise, as Billy and the Heavenly Friend escorting him enter, invisible to the other characters.", "Enoch Jr., the oldest son, remains behind to talk with Louise, as Billy and the Heavenly Friend escorting him enter, invisible to the other characters. Louise confides in Enoch Jr. that she plans to run away from home with an acting troupe.", "Louise confides in Enoch Jr. that she plans to run away from home with an acting troupe. He says that he will stop her by marrying her, but that his father will think her an unsuitable match. Louise is outraged: each insults the other's father, and Louise orders Enoch Jr. to go away.", "Louise is outraged: each insults the other's father, and Louise orders Enoch Jr. to go away. Billy, able to make himself visible at will, reveals himself to the sobbing Louise, pretending to be a friend of her father. He offers her a gift—the star he stole from heaven.", "He offers her a gift—the star he stole from heaven. She refuses it and, frustrated, he slaps her hand. He makes himself invisible, and Louise tells Julie what happened, stating that the slap miraculously felt like a kiss, not a blow—and Julie understands her perfectly.", "He makes himself invisible, and Louise tells Julie what happened, stating that the slap miraculously felt like a kiss, not a blow—and Julie understands her perfectly. Louise retreats to the house, as Julie notices the star that Billy dropped; she picks it up and seems to feel Billy's presence (\"If I Loved You (Reprise)\").", "Louise retreats to the house, as Julie notices the star that Billy dropped; she picks it up and seems to feel Billy's presence (\"If I Loved You (Reprise)\"). Billy invisibly attends Louise's graduation, hoping for one last chance to help his daughter and redeem himself.", "Billy invisibly attends Louise's graduation, hoping for one last chance to help his daughter and redeem himself. The beloved town physician, Dr. Seldon (who resembles the Starkeeper) advises the graduating class not to rely on their parents' success or be held back by their failure (words directed at Louise).", "The beloved town physician, Dr. Seldon (who resembles the Starkeeper) advises the graduating class not to rely on their parents' success or be held back by their failure (words directed at Louise). Seldon prompts everyone to sing an old song, \"You'll Never Walk Alone\".", "Seldon prompts everyone to sing an old song, \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". Billy, still invisible, whispers to Louise, telling her to believe Seldon's words, and when she tentatively reaches out to another girl, she learns she does not have to be an outcast.", "Billy, still invisible, whispers to Louise, telling her to believe Seldon's words, and when she tentatively reaches out to another girl, she learns she does not have to be an outcast. Billy goes to Julie, telling her at last that he loved her.", "Billy goes to Julie, telling her at last that he loved her. As his widow and daughter join in the singing, Billy is taken to his heavenly reward. Principal roles and notable performers ° denotes original Broadway cast Musical numbers Act I\"List of Songs\", Carousel at the IBDB Database.", "Principal roles and notable performers ° denotes original Broadway cast Musical numbers Act I\"List of Songs\", Carousel at the IBDB Database. Retrieved July 18, 2012 \"The Carousel Waltz\" – Orchestra \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\" – Carrie Pipperidge and Julie Jordan \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" – Carrie \"If I Loved You\" – Billy Bigelow and Julie \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" – Nettie Fowler and Chorus \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" (reprise) – Carrie, Enoch Snow and Female Chorus \"When the Children Are Asleep\" – Enoch and Carrie \"Blow High, Blow Low\" – Jigger Craigin, Billy and Male Chorus \"Soliloquy\" – BillyAct II \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" – Carrie, Nettie, Julie, Enoch and Chorus \"Geraniums in the Winder\" – Enoch * \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" – Jigger and Chorus \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\"", "Retrieved July 18, 2012 \"The Carousel Waltz\" – Orchestra \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\" – Carrie Pipperidge and Julie Jordan \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" – Carrie \"If I Loved You\" – Billy Bigelow and Julie \"June Is Bustin' Out All Over\" – Nettie Fowler and Chorus \"(When I Marry) Mister Snow\" (reprise) – Carrie, Enoch Snow and Female Chorus \"When the Children Are Asleep\" – Enoch and Carrie \"Blow High, Blow Low\" – Jigger Craigin, Billy and Male Chorus \"Soliloquy\" – BillyAct II \"This Was a Real Nice Clambake\" – Carrie, Nettie, Julie, Enoch and Chorus \"Geraniums in the Winder\" – Enoch * \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" – Jigger and Chorus \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'?\" – Julie \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" – Nettie \"The Highest Judge of All\" – Billy Ballet: \"Billy Makes a Journey\" – Orchestra \"If I Loved You\" (reprise) – Billy Finale: \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" (reprise) – Company Productions Early productions The original Broadway production opened at the Majestic Theatre on April 19, 1945.", "– Julie \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" – Nettie \"The Highest Judge of All\" – Billy Ballet: \"Billy Makes a Journey\" – Orchestra \"If I Loved You\" (reprise) – Billy Finale: \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" (reprise) – Company Productions Early productions The original Broadway production opened at the Majestic Theatre on April 19, 1945. The dress rehearsal the day before had gone badly, and the pair feared the new work would not be well received.", "The dress rehearsal the day before had gone badly, and the pair feared the new work would not be well received. One successful last-minute change was to have de Mille choreograph the pantomime. The movement of the carnival crowd in the pantomime had been entrusted to Mamoulian, and his version was not working.", "The movement of the carnival crowd in the pantomime had been entrusted to Mamoulian, and his version was not working. Rodgers had injured his back the previous week, and he watched the opening from a stretcher propped in a box behind the curtain. Sedated with morphine, he could see only part of the stage.", "Sedated with morphine, he could see only part of the stage. As he could not hear the audience's applause and laughter, he assumed the show was a failure. It was not until friends congratulated him later that evening that he realized that the curtain had been met by wild applause.", "It was not until friends congratulated him later that evening that he realized that the curtain had been met by wild applause. Bambi Linn, who played Louise, was so enthusiastically received by the audience during her ballet that she was forced to break character, when she next appeared, and bow.", "Bambi Linn, who played Louise, was so enthusiastically received by the audience during her ballet that she was forced to break character, when she next appeared, and bow. Rodgers' daughter Mary caught sight of her friend, Stephen Sondheim, both teenagers then, across several rows; both had eyes wet with tears.", "Rodgers' daughter Mary caught sight of her friend, Stephen Sondheim, both teenagers then, across several rows; both had eyes wet with tears. The original production ran for 890 performances, closing on May 24, 1947.", "The original production ran for 890 performances, closing on May 24, 1947. The original cast included John Raitt (Billy), Jan Clayton (Julie), Jean Darling (Carrie), Eric Mattson (Enoch Snow), Christine Johnson (Nettie Fowler), Murvyn Vye (Jigger), Bambi Linn (Louise) and Russell Collins (Starkeeper).", "The original cast included John Raitt (Billy), Jan Clayton (Julie), Jean Darling (Carrie), Eric Mattson (Enoch Snow), Christine Johnson (Nettie Fowler), Murvyn Vye (Jigger), Bambi Linn (Louise) and Russell Collins (Starkeeper). In December 1945, Clayton left to star in the Broadway revival of Show Boat and was replaced by Iva Withers; Raitt was replaced by Henry Michel in January 1947; Darling was replaced by Margot Moser.Hischak, p. 62 After closing on Broadway, the show went on a national tour for two years.", "In December 1945, Clayton left to star in the Broadway revival of Show Boat and was replaced by Iva Withers; Raitt was replaced by Henry Michel in January 1947; Darling was replaced by Margot Moser.Hischak, p. 62 After closing on Broadway, the show went on a national tour for two years. It played for five months in Chicago alone, visited twenty states and two Canadian cities, covered and played to nearly two million people.", "It played for five months in Chicago alone, visited twenty states and two Canadian cities, covered and played to nearly two million people. The touring company had a four-week run at New York City Center in January 1949.", "The touring company had a four-week run at New York City Center in January 1949. Following the City Center run, the show was moved back to the Majestic Theatre in the hopes of filling the theatre until South Pacific opened in early April. However, ticket sales were mediocre, and the show closed almost a month early.", "However, ticket sales were mediocre, and the show closed almost a month early. The musical premiered in the West End, London, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on June 7, 1950.", "The musical premiered in the West End, London, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on June 7, 1950. The production was restaged by Jerome Whyte, with a cast that included Stephen Douglass (Billy), Iva Withers (Julie) and Margot Moser (Carrie).", "The production was restaged by Jerome Whyte, with a cast that included Stephen Douglass (Billy), Iva Withers (Julie) and Margot Moser (Carrie). Carousel ran in London for 566 performances, remaining there for over a year and a half.", "Carousel ran in London for 566 performances, remaining there for over a year and a half. Subsequent productions Carousel was revived in 1954 and 1957 at City Center, presented by the New York City Center Light Opera Company.", "Subsequent productions Carousel was revived in 1954 and 1957 at City Center, presented by the New York City Center Light Opera Company. Both times, the production featured Barbara Cook, though she played Carrie in 1954 and Julie in 1957 (playing alongside Howard Keel as Billy).", "Both times, the production featured Barbara Cook, though she played Carrie in 1954 and Julie in 1957 (playing alongside Howard Keel as Billy). The production was then taken to Belgium to be performed at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair, with David Atkinson as Billy, Ruth Kobart as Nettie, and Clayton reprising the role of Julie, which she had originated.", "The production was then taken to Belgium to be performed at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair, with David Atkinson as Billy, Ruth Kobart as Nettie, and Clayton reprising the role of Julie, which she had originated. In August 1965, Rodgers and the Music Theater of Lincoln Center produced Carousel for 47 performances.", "In August 1965, Rodgers and the Music Theater of Lincoln Center produced Carousel for 47 performances. John Raitt reprised the role of Billy, with Jerry Orbach as Jigger and Reid Shelton as Enoch Snow. The roles of the Starkeeper and Dr. Seldon were played by Edward Everett Horton in his final stage appearance.", "The roles of the Starkeeper and Dr. Seldon were played by Edward Everett Horton in his final stage appearance. The following year, New York City Center Light Opera Company brought Carousel back to City Center for 22 performances, with Bruce Yarnell as Billy and Constance Towers as Julie.", "The following year, New York City Center Light Opera Company brought Carousel back to City Center for 22 performances, with Bruce Yarnell as Billy and Constance Towers as Julie. Nicholas Hytner directed a new production of Carousel in 1992, at London's Royal National Theatre, with choreography by Sir Kenneth MacMillan and designs by Bob Crowley.", "Nicholas Hytner directed a new production of Carousel in 1992, at London's Royal National Theatre, with choreography by Sir Kenneth MacMillan and designs by Bob Crowley. In this staging, the story begins at the mill, where Julie and Carrie work, with the music slowed down to emphasize the drudgery.", "In this staging, the story begins at the mill, where Julie and Carrie work, with the music slowed down to emphasize the drudgery. After work ends, they move to the shipyards and then to the carnival.", "After work ends, they move to the shipyards and then to the carnival. As they proceed on a revolving stage, carnival characters appear, and at last the carousel is assembled onstage for the girls to ride.Block, p. 175 Louise is seduced by the ruffian boy during her Act 2 ballet, set around the ruins of a carousel.", "As they proceed on a revolving stage, carnival characters appear, and at last the carousel is assembled onstage for the girls to ride.Block, p. 175 Louise is seduced by the ruffian boy during her Act 2 ballet, set around the ruins of a carousel. Michael Hayden played Billy not as a large, gruff man, but as a frustrated smaller one, a time bomb waiting to explode.", "Michael Hayden played Billy not as a large, gruff man, but as a frustrated smaller one, a time bomb waiting to explode. Hayden, Joanna Riding (Julie) and Janie Dee (Carrie) all won Olivier Awards for their performances. Patricia Routledge played Nettie.", "Patricia Routledge played Nettie. Patricia Routledge played Nettie. Enoch and Carrie were cast as an interracial couple whose eight children, according to the review in The New York Times, looked like \"a walking United Colors of Benetton ad\". Clive Rowe, as Enoch, was nominated for an Olivier Award.", "Clive Rowe, as Enoch, was nominated for an Olivier Award. The production's limited run from December 1992 through March 1993 was a sellout. It re-opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London in September 1993, presented by Cameron Mackintosh, where it continued until May 1994.", "It re-opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London in September 1993, presented by Cameron Mackintosh, where it continued until May 1994. The Hytner production moved to New York's Vivian Beaumont Theater, where it opened on March 24, 1994, and ran for 322 performances.", "The Hytner production moved to New York's Vivian Beaumont Theater, where it opened on March 24, 1994, and ran for 322 performances. This won five Tony Awards, including best musical revival, as well as awards for Hytner, MacMillan, Crowley and Audra McDonald (as Carrie).", "This won five Tony Awards, including best musical revival, as well as awards for Hytner, MacMillan, Crowley and Audra McDonald (as Carrie). The cast also included Sally Murphy as Julie, Shirley Verrett as Nettie, Fisher Stevens as Jigger and Eddie Korbich as Enoch.", "The cast also included Sally Murphy as Julie, Shirley Verrett as Nettie, Fisher Stevens as Jigger and Eddie Korbich as Enoch. One change made from the London to the New York production was to have Billy strike Louise across the face, rather than on the hand.", "One change made from the London to the New York production was to have Billy strike Louise across the face, rather than on the hand. According to Hayden, \"He does the one unpardonable thing, the thing we can't forgive. It's a challenge for the audience to like him after that.\"", "It's a challenge for the audience to like him after that.\" The Hytner Carousel was presented in Japan in May 1995. A U.S. national tour with a scaled-down production began in February 1996 in Houston and closed in May 1997 in Providence, Rhode Island.", "A U.S. national tour with a scaled-down production began in February 1996 in Houston and closed in May 1997 in Providence, Rhode Island. Producers sought to feature young talent on the tour, with Patrick Wilson as Billy and Sarah Uriarte Berry, and later Jennifer Laura Thompson, as Julie.", "Producers sought to feature young talent on the tour, with Patrick Wilson as Billy and Sarah Uriarte Berry, and later Jennifer Laura Thompson, as Julie. A revival opened at London's Savoy Theatre on December 2, 2008, after a week of previews, starring Jeremiah James (Billy), Alexandra Silber (Julie) and Lesley Garrett (Nettie).", "A revival opened at London's Savoy Theatre on December 2, 2008, after a week of previews, starring Jeremiah James (Billy), Alexandra Silber (Julie) and Lesley Garrett (Nettie). The production received warm to mixed reviews. It closed in June 2009, a month early.", "It closed in June 2009, a month early. Michael Coveney, writing in The Independent, admired Rodgers' music but stated, \"Lindsay Posner's efficient revival doesn't hold a candle to the National Theatre 1992 version\".", "Michael Coveney, writing in The Independent, admired Rodgers' music but stated, \"Lindsay Posner's efficient revival doesn't hold a candle to the National Theatre 1992 version\". A production at Theater Basel, Switzerland, in 2016 to 2017, with German dialogue, was directed by Alexander Charim and choreographed by Teresa Rotemberg.", "A production at Theater Basel, Switzerland, in 2016 to 2017, with German dialogue, was directed by Alexander Charim and choreographed by Teresa Rotemberg. Bryony Dwyer, Christian Miedl and Cheryl Studer starred, respectively, as Julie Jordan, Billy Bigelow and Nettie Fowler.<ref>[http://operabase.com/diary.cgi?lang=en&code=wsba&date=20161215 \"Richard Rodgers: Carousel\"] , Diary: Theater Basel, Operabase.com.", "Bryony Dwyer, Christian Miedl and Cheryl Studer starred, respectively, as Julie Jordan, Billy Bigelow and Nettie Fowler.<ref>[http://operabase.com/diary.cgi?lang=en&code=wsba&date=20161215 \"Richard Rodgers: Carousel\"] , Diary: Theater Basel, Operabase.com. Retrieved on March 8, 2018</ref> A semi-staged revival by the English National Opera opened at the London Coliseum in 2017.", "Retrieved on March 8, 2018</ref> A semi-staged revival by the English National Opera opened at the London Coliseum in 2017. The production was directed by Lonny Price, conducted by David Charles Abell, and starred Alfie Boe as Billy, Katherine Jenkins as Julie and Nicholas Lyndhurst as the Starkeeper.", "The production was directed by Lonny Price, conducted by David Charles Abell, and starred Alfie Boe as Billy, Katherine Jenkins as Julie and Nicholas Lyndhurst as the Starkeeper. The production received mixed to positive reviews. The third Broadway revival began previews in February 2018 at the Imperial Theatre and officially opened on April 12.", "The third Broadway revival began previews in February 2018 at the Imperial Theatre and officially opened on April 12. It closed on September 16, 2018. The production starred Jessie Mueller, Joshua Henry, Renée Fleming, Lindsay Mendez and Alexander Gemignani. The production was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Justin Peck.", "The production was directed by Jack O'Brien and choreographed by Justin Peck. The songs \"Geraniums in the Winder\" and \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" were cut from this revival.", "The songs \"Geraniums in the Winder\" and \"There's Nothin' So Bad for a Woman\" were cut from this revival. Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times, \"The tragic inevitability of Carousel has seldom come across as warmly or as chillingly as it does in this vividly reimagined revival.", "Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times, \"The tragic inevitability of Carousel has seldom come across as warmly or as chillingly as it does in this vividly reimagined revival. ... [W]ith thoughtful and powerful performances by Mr. Henry and Ms. Mueller, the love story at the show's center has never seemed quite as ill-starred or, at the same time, as sexy.", "... [W]ith thoughtful and powerful performances by Mr. Henry and Ms. Mueller, the love story at the show's center has never seemed quite as ill-starred or, at the same time, as sexy. ... [T]he Starkeeper ... assumes new visibility throughout, taking on the role of Billy's angelic supervisor.\"", "... [T]he Starkeeper ... assumes new visibility throughout, taking on the role of Billy's angelic supervisor.\" Brantley strongly praised the choreography, all the performances and the designers.", "Brantley strongly praised the choreography, all the performances and the designers. He was unconvinced, however, by the \"mother-daughter dialogue that falls so abrasively on contemporary ears\", where Julie tries to justify loving an abusive man, and other scenes in Act 2, particularly those set in heaven, and the optimism of the final scene.", "He was unconvinced, however, by the \"mother-daughter dialogue that falls so abrasively on contemporary ears\", where Julie tries to justify loving an abusive man, and other scenes in Act 2, particularly those set in heaven, and the optimism of the final scene. Most of the reviewers agreed that while the choreography and performances (especially the singing) were excellent, characterizing the production as sexy and sumptuous, O'Brien's direction did little to help the show deal with modern sensibilities about men's treatment of women, instead indulging in nostalgia.", "Most of the reviewers agreed that while the choreography and performances (especially the singing) were excellent, characterizing the production as sexy and sumptuous, O'Brien's direction did little to help the show deal with modern sensibilities about men's treatment of women, instead indulging in nostalgia. From July to September 2021 the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London is presenting a staging by its artistic director Timothy Sheader, with choreography by Drew McOnie.", "From July to September 2021 the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London is presenting a staging by its artistic director Timothy Sheader, with choreography by Drew McOnie. The cast includes Carly Bawden as Julie, Declan Bennett as Billy and Joanna Riding as Nettie.", "The cast includes Carly Bawden as Julie, Declan Bennett as Billy and Joanna Riding as Nettie. Film, television and concert versions [[File:Boothbay Harbor in Summer.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Boothbay Harbor, Maine, where the location shots for Carousels movie version were filmed]] A film version of the musical was made in 1956, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones.", "Film, television and concert versions [[File:Boothbay Harbor in Summer.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Boothbay Harbor, Maine, where the location shots for Carousels movie version were filmed]] A film version of the musical was made in 1956, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones. It follows the musical's story fairly closely, although a prologue, set in the Starkeeper's heaven, was added.", "It follows the musical's story fairly closely, although a prologue, set in the Starkeeper's heaven, was added. The film was released only a few months after the release of the film version of Oklahoma! It garnered some good reviews, and the soundtrack recording was a best seller.", "It garnered some good reviews, and the soundtrack recording was a best seller. As the same stars appeared in both pictures, however, the two films were often compared, generally to the disadvantage of Carousel.", "As the same stars appeared in both pictures, however, the two films were often compared, generally to the disadvantage of Carousel. Thomas Hischak, in The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, later wondered \"if the smaller number of Carousel stage revivals is the product of this often-lumbering [film] musical\".", "Thomas Hischak, in The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, later wondered \"if the smaller number of Carousel stage revivals is the product of this often-lumbering [film] musical\". There was also an abridged (100 minute) 1967 network television version that starred Robert Goulet, with choreography by Edward Villella.", "There was also an abridged (100 minute) 1967 network television version that starred Robert Goulet, with choreography by Edward Villella. The New York Philharmonic presented a staged concert version of the musical from February 28 to March 2, 2013, at Avery Fisher Hall.", "The New York Philharmonic presented a staged concert version of the musical from February 28 to March 2, 2013, at Avery Fisher Hall. Kelli O'Hara played Julie, with Nathan Gunn as Billy, Stephanie Blythe as Nettie, Jessie Mueller as Carrie, Jason Danieley as Enoch, Shuler Hensley as Jigger, John Cullum as the Starkeeper, and Kate Burton as Mrs. Mullin.", "Kelli O'Hara played Julie, with Nathan Gunn as Billy, Stephanie Blythe as Nettie, Jessie Mueller as Carrie, Jason Danieley as Enoch, Shuler Hensley as Jigger, John Cullum as the Starkeeper, and Kate Burton as Mrs. Mullin. Tiler Peck danced the role of Louise to choreography by Warren Carlyle.", "Tiler Peck danced the role of Louise to choreography by Warren Carlyle. The production was directed by John Rando and conducted by Rob Fisher. Charles Isherwood of The New York Times wrote, \"this is as gorgeously sung a production of this sublime 1945 Broadway musical as you are ever likely to hear.\"", "Charles Isherwood of The New York Times wrote, \"this is as gorgeously sung a production of this sublime 1945 Broadway musical as you are ever likely to hear.\" It was broadcast as part of the PBS Live from Lincoln Center series, premiering on April 26, 2013.", "It was broadcast as part of the PBS Live from Lincoln Center series, premiering on April 26, 2013. Music and recordings Musical treatment Rodgers designed Carousel to be an almost continuous stream of music, especially in Act 1. In later years, Rodgers was asked if he had considered writing an opera.", "In later years, Rodgers was asked if he had considered writing an opera. He stated that he had been sorely tempted to, but saw Carousel in operatic terms. He remembered, \"We came very close to opera in the Majestic Theatre. ... There's much that is operatic in the music.\"", "There's much that is operatic in the music.\" Rodgers uses music in Carousel in subtle ways to differentiate characters and tell the audience of their emotional state.", "Rodgers uses music in Carousel in subtle ways to differentiate characters and tell the audience of their emotional state. In \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\", the music for the placid Carrie is characterized by even eighth-note rhythms, whereas the emotionally restless Julie's music is marked by dotted eighths and sixteenths; this rhythm will characterize her throughout the show.", "In \"You're a Queer One, Julie Jordan\", the music for the placid Carrie is characterized by even eighth-note rhythms, whereas the emotionally restless Julie's music is marked by dotted eighths and sixteenths; this rhythm will characterize her throughout the show. When Billy whistles a snatch of the song, he selects Julie's dotted notes rather than Carrie's.", "When Billy whistles a snatch of the song, he selects Julie's dotted notes rather than Carrie's. Reflecting the close association in the music between Julie and the as-yet unborn Louise, when Billy sings in \"Soliloquy\" of his daughter, who \"gets hungry every night\", he uses Julie's dotted rhythms.", "Reflecting the close association in the music between Julie and the as-yet unborn Louise, when Billy sings in \"Soliloquy\" of his daughter, who \"gets hungry every night\", he uses Julie's dotted rhythms. Such rhythms also characterize Julie's Act 2 song, \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'\".", "Such rhythms also characterize Julie's Act 2 song, \"What's the Use of Wond'rin'\". The stable love between Enoch and Carrie is strengthened by her willingness to let Enoch not only plan his entire life, but hers as well.", "The stable love between Enoch and Carrie is strengthened by her willingness to let Enoch not only plan his entire life, but hers as well. This is reflected in \"When the Children Are Asleep\", where the two sing in close harmony, but Enoch musically interrupts his intended's turn at the chorus with the words \"Dreams that won't be interrupted\".", "This is reflected in \"When the Children Are Asleep\", where the two sing in close harmony, but Enoch musically interrupts his intended's turn at the chorus with the words \"Dreams that won't be interrupted\". Rodgers biographer Geoffrey Block, in his book on the Broadway musical, points out that though Billy may strike his wife, he allows her musical themes to become a part of him and never interrupts her music.", "Rodgers biographer Geoffrey Block, in his book on the Broadway musical, points out that though Billy may strike his wife, he allows her musical themes to become a part of him and never interrupts her music. Block suggests that, as reprehensible as Billy may be for his actions, Enoch requiring Carrie to act as \"the little woman\", and his having nine children with her (more than she had found acceptable in \"When the Children are Asleep\") can be considered to be even more abusive.", "Block suggests that, as reprehensible as Billy may be for his actions, Enoch requiring Carrie to act as \"the little woman\", and his having nine children with her (more than she had found acceptable in \"When the Children are Asleep\") can be considered to be even more abusive. The twelve-minute \"bench scene\", in which Billy and Julie get to know each other and which culminates with \"If I Loved You\", according to Hischak, \"is considered the most completely integrated piece of music-drama in the American musical theatre\".", "The twelve-minute \"bench scene\", in which Billy and Julie get to know each other and which culminates with \"If I Loved You\", according to Hischak, \"is considered the most completely integrated piece of music-drama in the American musical theatre\". The scene is almost entirely drawn from Molnár and is one extended musical piece; Stephen Sondheim described it as \"probably the single most important moment in the revolution of contemporary musicals\".", "The scene is almost entirely drawn from Molnár and is one extended musical piece; Stephen Sondheim described it as \"probably the single most important moment in the revolution of contemporary musicals\". \"If I Loved You\" has been recorded many times, by such diverse artists as Frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, Sammy Davis Jr., Mario Lanza and Chad and Jeremy.", "\"If I Loved You\" has been recorded many times, by such diverse artists as Frank Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, Sammy Davis Jr., Mario Lanza and Chad and Jeremy. The D-flat major theme that dominates the music for the second act ballet seems like a new melody to many audience members.", "The D-flat major theme that dominates the music for the second act ballet seems like a new melody to many audience members. It is, however, a greatly expanded development of a theme heard during \"Soliloquy\" at the line \"I guess he'll call me 'The old man' \".", "It is, however, a greatly expanded development of a theme heard during \"Soliloquy\" at the line \"I guess he'll call me 'The old man' \". When the pair discussed the song that would become \"Soliloquy\", Rodgers improvised at the piano to give Hammerstein an idea of how he envisioned the song.", "When the pair discussed the song that would become \"Soliloquy\", Rodgers improvised at the piano to give Hammerstein an idea of how he envisioned the song. When Hammerstein presented his collaborator with the lyrics after two weeks of work (Hammerstein always wrote the words first, then Rodgers would write the melodies), Rodgers wrote the music for the eight-minute song in two hours.", "When Hammerstein presented his collaborator with the lyrics after two weeks of work (Hammerstein always wrote the words first, then Rodgers would write the melodies), Rodgers wrote the music for the eight-minute song in two hours. \"What's the Use of Wond'rin' \", one of Julie's songs, worked well in the show but was never as popular on the radio or for recording, and Hammerstein believed that the lack of popularity was because he had concluded the final line, \"And all the rest is talk\" with a hard consonant, which does not allow the singer a vocal climax.", "\"What's the Use of Wond'rin' \", one of Julie's songs, worked well in the show but was never as popular on the radio or for recording, and Hammerstein believed that the lack of popularity was because he had concluded the final line, \"And all the rest is talk\" with a hard consonant, which does not allow the singer a vocal climax. Irving Berlin later stated that \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" had the same sort of effect on him as the 23rd Psalm.", "Irving Berlin later stated that \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" had the same sort of effect on him as the 23rd Psalm. When singer Mel Tormé told Rodgers that \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" had made him cry, Rodgers nodded impatiently. \"You're supposed to.\"", "\"You're supposed to.\" The frequently recorded song has become a widely accepted hymn.Rodgers, p. 240 The cast recording of Carousel proved popular in Liverpool, like many Broadway albums, and in 1963, the Brian Epstein-managed band, Gerry and the Pacemakers had a number-one hit with the song.", "The frequently recorded song has become a widely accepted hymn.Rodgers, p. 240 The cast recording of Carousel proved popular in Liverpool, like many Broadway albums, and in 1963, the Brian Epstein-managed band, Gerry and the Pacemakers had a number-one hit with the song. At the time, the top ten hits were played before Liverpool F.C.", "At the time, the top ten hits were played before Liverpool F.C. home matches; even after \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" dropped out of the top ten, fans continued to sing it, and it has become closely associated with the soccer team and the city of Liverpool.", "home matches; even after \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" dropped out of the top ten, fans continued to sing it, and it has become closely associated with the soccer team and the city of Liverpool. A BBC program, Soul Music, ranked it alongside \"Silent Night\" and \"Abide With Me\" in terms of its emotional impact and iconic status.", "A BBC program, Soul Music, ranked it alongside \"Silent Night\" and \"Abide With Me\" in terms of its emotional impact and iconic status. Recordings The cast album of the 1945 Broadway production was issued on 78s, and the score was significantly cut—as was the 1950 London cast recording.", "Recordings The cast album of the 1945 Broadway production was issued on 78s, and the score was significantly cut—as was the 1950 London cast recording. Theatre historian John Kenrick notes of the 1945 recording that a number of songs had to be abridged to fit the 78 format, but that there is a small part of \"Soliloquy\" found on no other recording, as Rodgers cut it from the score immediately after the studio recording was made.Fick, David.", "Theatre historian John Kenrick notes of the 1945 recording that a number of songs had to be abridged to fit the 78 format, but that there is a small part of \"Soliloquy\" found on no other recording, as Rodgers cut it from the score immediately after the studio recording was made.Fick, David. \"The Best Carousel Recording\", June 11, 2009.", "\"The Best Carousel Recording\", June 11, 2009. Retrieved on April 7, 2016 A number of songs were cut for the 1956 film, but two of the deleted numbers had been recorded and were ultimately retained on the soundtrack album.", "Retrieved on April 7, 2016 A number of songs were cut for the 1956 film, but two of the deleted numbers had been recorded and were ultimately retained on the soundtrack album. The expanded CD version of the soundtrack, issued in 2001, contains all of the singing recorded for the film, including the cut portions, and nearly all of the dance music.", "The expanded CD version of the soundtrack, issued in 2001, contains all of the singing recorded for the film, including the cut portions, and nearly all of the dance music. The recording of the 1965 Lincoln Center revival featured Raitt reprising the role of Billy.", "The recording of the 1965 Lincoln Center revival featured Raitt reprising the role of Billy. Studio recordings of Carousels songs were released in 1956 (with Robert Merrill as Billy, Patrice Munsel as Julie, and Florence Henderson as Carrie), 1962 and 1987.", "Studio recordings of Carousels songs were released in 1956 (with Robert Merrill as Billy, Patrice Munsel as Julie, and Florence Henderson as Carrie), 1962 and 1987. The 1987 version featured a mix of opera and musical stars, including Samuel Ramey, Barbara Cook and Sarah Brightman.", "The 1987 version featured a mix of opera and musical stars, including Samuel Ramey, Barbara Cook and Sarah Brightman. Kenrick recommends the 1962 studio recording for its outstanding cast, including Alfred Drake, Roberta Peters, Claramae Turner, Lee Venora, and Norman Treigle.", "Kenrick recommends the 1962 studio recording for its outstanding cast, including Alfred Drake, Roberta Peters, Claramae Turner, Lee Venora, and Norman Treigle. Both the London (1993) and New York (1994) cast albums of the Hytner production contain portions of dialogue that, according to Hischak, speak to the power of Michael Hayden's portrayal of Billy.", "Both the London (1993) and New York (1994) cast albums of the Hytner production contain portions of dialogue that, according to Hischak, speak to the power of Michael Hayden's portrayal of Billy. Kenrick judges the 1994 recording the best all-around performance of Carousel on disc, despite uneven singing by Hayden, due to Sally Murphy's Julie and the strong supporting cast (calling Audra McDonald the best Carrie he has heard).", "Kenrick judges the 1994 recording the best all-around performance of Carousel on disc, despite uneven singing by Hayden, due to Sally Murphy's Julie and the strong supporting cast (calling Audra McDonald the best Carrie he has heard). The Stratford Festival issued a recording in 2015.", "The Stratford Festival issued a recording in 2015. Critical reception and legacy The musical received almost unanimous rave reviews after its opening in 1945. According to Hischak, reviews were not as exuberant as for Oklahoma! as the critics were not taken by surprise this time.", "as the critics were not taken by surprise this time. John Chapman of the Daily News termed it \"one of the finest musical plays I have ever seen and I shall remember it always\".", "John Chapman of the Daily News termed it \"one of the finest musical plays I have ever seen and I shall remember it always\". The New York Times's reviewer, Lewis Nichols, stated that \"Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 2d, who can do no wrong, have continued doing no wrong in adapting Liliom into a musical play.", "The New York Times's reviewer, Lewis Nichols, stated that \"Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 2d, who can do no wrong, have continued doing no wrong in adapting Liliom into a musical play. Their Carousel is on the whole delightful.\"", "Their Carousel is on the whole delightful.\" Wilella Waldorf of the New York Post, however, complained, \"Carousel seemed to us a rather long evening. The Oklahoma! formula is becoming a bit monotonous and so are Miss de Mille's ballets. All right, go ahead and shoot! \"Suskin, Steven.", "\"Suskin, Steven. \"Suskin, Steven. Opening Night on Broadway. Schirmer Trade Books, 1990, p. 147. .", "Schirmer Trade Books, 1990, p. 147. . Dance Magazine gave Linn plaudits for her role as Louise, stating, \"Bambi doesn't come on until twenty minutes before eleven, and for the next forty minutes, she practically holds the audience in her hand\".", "Dance Magazine gave Linn plaudits for her role as Louise, stating, \"Bambi doesn't come on until twenty minutes before eleven, and for the next forty minutes, she practically holds the audience in her hand\". Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune also applauded the dancing: \"It has waited for Miss de Mille to come through with peculiarly American dance patterns for a musical show to become as much a dance as a song show.\"", "Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune also applauded the dancing: \"It has waited for Miss de Mille to come through with peculiarly American dance patterns for a musical show to become as much a dance as a song show.\" When the musical returned to New York in 1949, The New York Times reviewer Brooks Atkinson described Carousel as \"a conspicuously superior musical play ... Carousel, which was warmly appreciated when it opened, seems like nothing less than a masterpiece now.\"", "When the musical returned to New York in 1949, The New York Times reviewer Brooks Atkinson described Carousel as \"a conspicuously superior musical play ... Carousel, which was warmly appreciated when it opened, seems like nothing less than a masterpiece now.\" In 1954, when Carousel was revived at City Center, Atkinson discussed the musical in his review: Carousel has no comment to make on anything of topical importance.", "In 1954, when Carousel was revived at City Center, Atkinson discussed the musical in his review: Carousel has no comment to make on anything of topical importance. The theme is timeless and universal: the devotion of two people who love each other through thick and thin, complicated in this case by the wayward personality of the man, who cannot fulfill the responsibilities he has assumed.", "The theme is timeless and universal: the devotion of two people who love each other through thick and thin, complicated in this case by the wayward personality of the man, who cannot fulfill the responsibilities he has assumed. ... Billy is a bum, but Carousel recognizes the decency of his motives and admires his independence.", "... Billy is a bum, but Carousel recognizes the decency of his motives and admires his independence. There are no slick solutions in Carousel. Stephen Sondheim noted the duo's ability to take the innovations of Oklahoma! and apply them to a serious setting: \"Oklahoma!", "and apply them to a serious setting: \"Oklahoma! is about a picnic, Carousel is about life and death.\"", "is about a picnic, Carousel is about life and death.\" Critic Eric Bentley, on the other hand, wrote that \"the last scene of Carousel is an impertinence: I refuse to be lectured to by a musical comedy scriptwriter on the education of children, the nature of the good life, and the contribution of the American small town to the salvation of souls.", "Critic Eric Bentley, on the other hand, wrote that \"the last scene of Carousel is an impertinence: I refuse to be lectured to by a musical comedy scriptwriter on the education of children, the nature of the good life, and the contribution of the American small town to the salvation of souls. \"New York Times critic Frank Rich said of the 1992 London production: \"What is remarkable about Mr. Hytner's direction, aside from its unorthodox faith in the virtues of simplicity and stillness, is its ability to make a 1992 audience believe in Hammerstein's vision of redemption, which has it that a dead sinner can return to Earth to do godly good.\"", "\"New York Times critic Frank Rich said of the 1992 London production: \"What is remarkable about Mr. Hytner's direction, aside from its unorthodox faith in the virtues of simplicity and stillness, is its ability to make a 1992 audience believe in Hammerstein's vision of redemption, which has it that a dead sinner can return to Earth to do godly good.\" The Hytner production in New York was hailed by many critics as a grittier Carousel, which they deemed more appropriate for the 1990s.", "The Hytner production in New York was hailed by many critics as a grittier Carousel, which they deemed more appropriate for the 1990s. Clive Barnes of the New York Post called it a \"defining Carousel—hard-nosed, imaginative, and exciting.\"", "Clive Barnes of the New York Post called it a \"defining Carousel—hard-nosed, imaginative, and exciting.\" Critic Michael Billington has commented that \"lyrically [Carousel] comes perilously close to acceptance of the inevitability of domestic violence.\"", "Critic Michael Billington has commented that \"lyrically [Carousel] comes perilously close to acceptance of the inevitability of domestic violence.\" BroadwayWorld.com stated in 2013 that Carousel is now \"considered somewhat controversial in terms of its attitudes on domestic violence\" because Julie chooses to stay with Billy despite the abuse; actress Kelli O'Hara noted that the domestic violence that Julie \"chooses to deal with – is a real, existing and very complicated thing.", "BroadwayWorld.com stated in 2013 that Carousel is now \"considered somewhat controversial in terms of its attitudes on domestic violence\" because Julie chooses to stay with Billy despite the abuse; actress Kelli O'Hara noted that the domestic violence that Julie \"chooses to deal with – is a real, existing and very complicated thing. And exploring it is an important part of healing it.\"", "And exploring it is an important part of healing it.\" Rodgers considered Carousel his favorite of all his musicals and wrote, \"it affects me deeply every time I see it performed\".", "Rodgers considered Carousel his favorite of all his musicals and wrote, \"it affects me deeply every time I see it performed\". In 1999, Time magazine, in its \"Best of the Century\" list, named Carousel the Best Musical of the 20th century, writing that Rodgers and Hammerstein \"set the standards for the 20th century musical, and this show features their most beautiful score and the most skillful and affecting example of their musical storytelling\".", "In 1999, Time magazine, in its \"Best of the Century\" list, named Carousel the Best Musical of the 20th century, writing that Rodgers and Hammerstein \"set the standards for the 20th century musical, and this show features their most beautiful score and the most skillful and affecting example of their musical storytelling\". Hammerstein's grandson, Oscar Andrew Hammerstein, in his book about his family, suggested that the wartime situation made Carousel's ending especially poignant to its original viewers, \"Every American grieved the loss of a brother, son, father, or friend ... the audience empathized with [Billy's] all-too-human efforts to offer advice, to seek forgiveness, to complete an unfinished life, and to bid a proper good-bye from beyond the grave.\"", "Hammerstein's grandson, Oscar Andrew Hammerstein, in his book about his family, suggested that the wartime situation made Carousel's ending especially poignant to its original viewers, \"Every American grieved the loss of a brother, son, father, or friend ... the audience empathized with [Billy's] all-too-human efforts to offer advice, to seek forgiveness, to complete an unfinished life, and to bid a proper good-bye from beyond the grave.\" Author and composer Ethan Mordden agreed with that perspective: If Oklahoma!", "Author and composer Ethan Mordden agreed with that perspective: If Oklahoma! developed the moral argument for sending American boys overseas, Carousel offered consolation to those wives and mothers whose boys would only return in spirit. The meaning lay not in the tragedy of the present, but in the hope for a future where no one walks alone.", "The meaning lay not in the tragedy of the present, but in the hope for a future where no one walks alone. Awards and nominations Original 1945 Broadway productionNote: The Tony Awards were not established until 1947, and so Carousel was not eligible to win any Tonys at its premiere.", "Awards and nominations Original 1945 Broadway productionNote: The Tony Awards were not established until 1947, and so Carousel was not eligible to win any Tonys at its premiere. 1957 revival 1992 London revival 1994 Broadway revival 2018 Broadway revival References Bibliography Block, Geoffrey. Enchanted Evenings: The Broadway Musical from Show Boat to Sondheim.", "Enchanted Evenings: The Broadway Musical from Show Boat to Sondheim. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2004. . Block, Geoffrey (ed.) The Richard Rodgers Reader. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2006. . Bradley, Ian. You've Got to Have a Dream: The Message of the Broadway Musical.", "You've Got to Have a Dream: The Message of the Broadway Musical. Louisville, Ky., Westminster John Knox Press, 2005. 978-0-664-22854-5. Easton, Carol. No Intermission: The Life of Agnes DeMille. Jefferson, N.C.: Da Capo Press, 2000 (1st DaCapo Press edition). . Fordin, Hugh.", ". Fordin, Hugh. Fordin, Hugh. Getting to Know Him: A Biography of Oscar Hammerstein II. Jefferson, N.C.: Da Capo Press, 1995 reprint of 1986 edition. . Hammerstein, Oscar Andrew. The Hammersteins: A Musical Theatre Family. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2010. .", "New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2010. . Hischak, Thomas S. The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. . Hyland, William G. Richard Rodgers. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998. . Molnár, Ferenc. Liliom: A Legend in Seven Scenes and a Prologue.", "Liliom: A Legend in Seven Scenes and a Prologue. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1921. Mordden, Ethan. \"Rodgers & Hammerstein\". New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1992. . Nolan, Frederick. The Sound of Their Music: The Story of Rodgers and Hammerstein.", "The Sound of Their Music: The Story of Rodgers and Hammerstein. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books, 2002. . Rodgers, Richard. Musical Stages: An Autobiography. Jefferson, N.C. Da Capo Press, 2002 reprint of 1975 edition. . Secrest, Meryle. Somewhere for Me: A Biography of Richard Rodgers.", "Somewhere for Me: A Biography of Richard Rodgers. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books, 2001. .", "Cambridge, Massachusetts: Applause Theatre and Cinema Books, 2001. . External links Carousel at guidetomusicaltheatre.com Carousel info page on StageAgent.com – Carousel plot summary and character descriptions (1967 TV adaptation) 1945 musicals Broadway musicals Musicals by Rodgers and Hammerstein West End musicals Musicals based on plays Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Maine in fiction Fiction set in 1873 Fiction about the afterlife Plays set in Maine Plays set in the 19th century Tony Award-winning musicals" ]

[ "Anti-Flag", "First three albums (1996-1999)" ]

[ "The Australian Anti-Transportation League Flag is a flag used historically by members of the Australasian Anti-Transportation League who opposed penal transportation to the British colonies which are now a part of Australia. It is particularly significant as it is the oldest known flag to feature a representation of the Southern Cross with the stars arranged as they are seen in the sky.\n\nThe flag was designed in 1849 by Reverend John West of Launceston, Tasmania, and from 1851 was used by the Australian Anti-Transportation League in the Australian colonies and in New Zealand. The flag is based on the blue ensign — blue background with the Union Flag in the Canton — and has gold or yellow stars of the Southern Cross on the fly. Each of the stars of the Southern Cross was symbolic of a member colony. There is a white border around three sides of the flag, which was used to display the name of the League, the year it was established and the name of the colony where it was flown.\n\nThe flag was no longer used after transportation was ceased in 1853; however, the design of the flag is similar to several later flags, including the Flag of New Zealand, Flag of Victoria, and Flag of Australia.\n\nSee also\n\nList of Australian flags\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1849 introductions\nConvictism in Australia\nFlags of Australia\nSouthern Cross flags\nActivism flags\nHistory of immigration to Australia\nHistorical flags", "For Blood and Empire is the sixth studio album by American punk rock band Anti-Flag. It was released on March 21, 2006. It is also their first release on RCA Records, which caused the band to receive criticism from many due to their initially anti-corporate message.\n\nBackground\nThe booklet, which comes with the CD, contains a short essay for all but two songs (State Funeral and Cities Burn) which gives more in-depth perspective on the inspirations for the song subjects such as the Downing Street Memo and Monsanto Company Corporation, as well as information on one of Anti-Flag's side projects, Military Free Zone. The CD also comes with two stencils, one is the \"Gunstar\", a star formed with broken M-16s (as seen on the cover of Mobilize), and the other of the phrase \"What are we going to do about the U.S.A.?\"\n\nMike Ski of The A.K.A.s did the art direction, design, and layout design for the album art.\n\nThe song \"Emigre\" (which on the promotional version was originally titled \"Exodus\") features an adaptation of Martin Niemöller's poem First they came.\n\nSongs from the album were featured on several video games. \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in two EA Sports video games, Madden NFL 07 and NHL 07. \"The Press Corpse\" is featured in the video games Tony Hawk's Downhill Jam and Shaun White Snowboarding.\n\nAs of April 3, 2008, the album has sold 97,000 copies\n\nTrack listing\n\nVariations\nSome Australian and European releases add \"Corporate Rock\" – 1:53 as track 14.\nThe Japanese release adds \"The New Millennium Generation\" - 3:08 as track 14. (Also available as a free mp3 download from Military Free Zone.)\nThe vinyl release adds \"Marc Defiant\" – 1:03 as track 14.\nThe iTunes version of the album includes \"No Paradise\" – 3:17 as track 14.\n\"Emigre\" was originally called \"Exodus\" on the promo version of the album.\n\"1 Trillion Dollar$\" was originally called \"One Trillion Dollars\" on the promo version of the album.\n\nPersonnel\nJustin Sane - guitar, lead vocals on tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13\nChris Head - guitar, backing vocals\nChris #2 - bass guitar, lead vocals on tracks 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12\nPat Thetic - drums, backing vocals\n\nCharts\n\nSee also\nConfessions of an Economic Hit Man (the book for which the song was named)\nLee Kyung Hae (Track 11 relates to his suicide at an anti-WTO protest)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nEssays from the CD booklet\n\nAnti-Flag albums\n2006 albums\nRCA Records albums\nAlbums produced by David Schiffman" ]

[ "Anti-Flag is an American punk-rock band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The band is well known for its left-wing political activism. Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No.", "Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag.", "2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag. Anti-Flag is also known for their advocacy of progressive political movements such as Greenpeace, Amnesty International, and the Occupy movement. History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic.", "History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic. During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste.", "During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste. The band failed to solidify, disbanding after performing in only one show. In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist.", "In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist. A 17-song demo album called 17 Songs was released the same year. First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives.", "First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives. Andy Flag left the band mid-1996 because of personal disputes against Justin. After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist.", "After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist. During this time, Sean was also playing in another band (57 Defective) with guitarist Chris Head, whom he introduced to Anti-Flag. In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass.", "In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass. In late 1997, Jamie Cock took over as the new bassist, making Chris Head the second guitar, which Chris preferred. The current lineup finalized in 1999 when Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass.", "2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass. In 1998, the band released their second full-length album, Their System Doesn't Work for You. The album contained all nine Anti-Flag songs from the 1996 Anti-Flag/d.b.s. split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs.", "split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs. The band decided to release the album independently, and Their System Doesn't Work for You became the debut release for the band's own A-F Records. In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records.", "In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records. The album addressed topics such as abortion, political corruption, racism, fascism, troubled youth, police brutality, and unity amongst American youths. The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight.", "The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight. Too smart to kill. Join now. A new kind of army.\" In addition to this, the band had a disclaimer at the bottom of its album cover, which said, \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war.", "Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means unity.\" Fat Wreck Chords (2000–2004) In 2000, Anti-Flag was invited to participate in Vans Warped Tour. During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label.", "During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label. This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label.", "This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label. In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords.", "In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords. The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight.", "The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight. The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy.", "The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy. The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn.", "The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn. In February 2002, Anti-Flag released the album Mobilize on A-F Records. The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums.", "The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums. In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\".", "In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\". During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\"", "During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\" In 2003, Anti-Flag released the album The Terror State on Fat Wreck Chords. The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism.", "The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism. As before, the album held a booklet filled with essays by the band and other political commentators. The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie.", "The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie. The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper.", "The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper. On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote.", "On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote. RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA.", "RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA. In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006.", "In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006. The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government.", "The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government. The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth.", "The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth. They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now.", "They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now. Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records.", "Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records. These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more.", "These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more. On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America.", "On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America. Produced by Tony Visconti (of David Bowie, T. Rex (band) and Morrissey fame), it was released on April 1, 2008. The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008.", "The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008. A video of the song was released some weeks later.", "A video of the song was released some weeks later. In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album.", "In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album. The two also play on the single version of the song.", "The two also play on the single version of the song. In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band.", "In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band. SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album.", "SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album. On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\".", "On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\". On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009.", "On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009. The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves.", "The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves. The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website.", "The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website. On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey.", "On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue.", "In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue. Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests.", "Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests. In November 2009, Anti-Flag showed their support to the protesting students in Vienna. They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna.", "They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna. In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible.", "In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible. The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters).", "The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters). The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid.", "The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid. Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August.", "Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August. September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses.", "September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses. The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April.", "The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April. In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy.", "In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy. On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum.", "On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum. Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well.", "Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well. The band released the album, The General Strike on March 20, 2012. The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio.", "The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio. The band will be going on The General Strike Record Release Tour with The Flatliners and the Have Nots. They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill.", "They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill. In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013.", "In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013. The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003.", "The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003. The album was released on July 21, 2014.", "The album was released on July 21, 2014. American Spring and American Fall (2015–2018) On January 16, 2015, the band announced they would release their ninth studio album titled American Spring, via Spinefarm Records. The album was released on May 26, 2015.", "The album was released on May 26, 2015. Later in 2015 Anti-Flag released a compilation album called Cease Fires which contains two previously unreleased songs from their American Spring recording sessions and twelve songs taken from their 20 Years of Hell EP series. It was released on December 18, 2015.", "It was released on December 18, 2015. In a 2016 interview, Chris #2 revealed that he doesn't read books. On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel.", "On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel. On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel.", "On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel. In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth.", "In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth. From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour.", "From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour. 20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year.", "20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year. On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents.", "On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents. Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video.", "Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video. Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American.", "Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace.", "Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace. Anti-Flag means to stand against corporate greed that hurts millions while benefiting a handful of extremely rich. Anti-Flag means to fight against mindless nationalism. Anti-Flag means unity.\"", "Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag's anti-capitalism stance drew criticism towards them when they signed to major label RCA Records in 2005, with some referring to the move as the band selling out. Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people.", "Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people. Studio projects Chris No. 2 and Chris Head are in a band called White Wives. They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011.", "They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011. The band and name was based on the Provo movement and The White Plans. Wharf Rats, the new musical partnership between Chris No. 2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A.", "2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A. 's Chachi Darin and Minneapolis rapper P.O.S, was conceived on Warped Tour and recorded in the festival's traveling recording studio. Two songs emerged from those sessions: \"Oh No!\" and \"Capital Gains\".", "and \"Capital Gains\". and \"Capital Gains\". Both were pressed on a limited edition 7-inch single and released on May 31 via No Sleep Records. ANTIFest ANTIFest is Anti-Flag's own hosted festival. It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire.", "It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire. The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event.", "The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event. On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints.", "On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints. The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion.", "The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion. ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None.", "ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None. Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career.", "Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career. This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights.", "This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights. All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights.", "All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights. They have frequently been featured by PETA, and appear on the Fat Wreck Chords compilation album Liberation: Songs to Benefit PETA. They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine.", "They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine. They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008.", "They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008. They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones.", "They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones. The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011.", "The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011. They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG.", "They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG. PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour.", "PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour. Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless.", "Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless. The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob.", "The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob. The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010.", "The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010. They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America.", "They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America. Symbol The \"Gun Star\" is the symbol for the band Anti-Flag, designed by Anti-Flag guitarist Chris Head. It was first used on the cover of the album Mobilize. It was later used on merchandise.", "It was later used on merchandise. It is made up of five broken M16 rifles in the form of a star shape. Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently.", "Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently. Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No.", "Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No. 2's Blog Eastpak Antidote Tour Live review 1989 establishments in Pennsylvania A-F Records A-F Records artists Fat Wreck Chords artists Hardcore punk groups from Pennsylvania Melodic hardcore groups Musical groups established in 1989 Musical groups from Pittsburgh Anarcho-punk groups RCA Records artists SideOneDummy Records artists" ]

[ "Anti-Flag", "First three albums (1996-1999)", "What is the name of of the first album of Anti-Flag?", "Die For the Government," ]

[ "When the Bough Breaks is the second solo album from Black Sabbath drummer Bill Ward. It was originally released on April 27, 1997, on Cleopatra Records.\n\nTrack listing\n\"Hate\" – 5:00\n\"Children Killing Children\" – 3:51\n\"Growth\" – 5:45\n\"When I was a Child\" – 4:54\n\"Please Help Mommy (She's a Junkie)\" – 6:40\n\"Shine\" – 5:06\n\"Step Lightly (On the Grass)\" – 5:59\n\"Love & Innocence\" – 1:00\n\"Animals\" – 6:32\n\"Nighthawks Stars & Pines\" – 6:45\n\"Try Life\" – 5:35\n\"When the Bough Breaks\" – 9:45\n\nCD Cleopatra CL9981 (US 1997)\n\nMusicians\n\nBill Ward - vocals, lyrics, musical arrangements\nKeith Lynch - guitars\nPaul Ill - bass, double bass, synthesizer, tape loops\nRonnie Ciago - drums\n\nCover art and reprint issues\n\nAs originally released, this album featured cover art that had two roses on it. After it was released, Bill Ward (as with Ward One, his first solo album) stated on his website that the released cover art was not the correct one that was intended to be released. Additionally, the liner notes for the original printing had lyrics that were so small, most people needed a magnifying glass to read them. This was eventually corrected in 2000 when the version of the album with Bill on the cover from the 70's was released. The album was later on released in a special digipak style of case, but this was later said to be released prematurely, and was withdrawn.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWhen the Bough Breaks at Bill Ward's site\nWhen the Bough Breaks at Black Sabbath Online\n\nBill Ward (musician) albums\nBlack Sabbath\n1997 albums\nCleopatra Records albums", "Natural Rebel is the fifth studio album by English singer and musician, Richard Ashcroft. The album was released on 19 October 2018 through Righteous Phonographic Association and BMG Rights Management. This is the first Ashcroft album not produced by longtime producer Chris Potter, instead by Jon Kelly and Emre Ramazanoglu, who was also contributed drums on this album.\n\nRelease and promotion\nThe album was announced on 15 August 2018 through his social media, along with Ashcroft's UK tour. The first single from the album, \"Surprised by the Joy\", was released on 10 September 2018. The second single, \"Born to Be Strangers\", was released on 22 October 2018. The third single, \"That's When I Feel It\", was released on 23 January 2019.\n\nTrack listing\n\n Deluxe Edition bonus tracks\n\n Digital released track\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2018 albums\nRichard Ashcroft albums\nAlbums produced by Jon Kelly\nBMG Rights Management albums" ]

[ "Anti-Flag is an American punk-rock band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The band is well known for its left-wing political activism. Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No.", "Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag.", "2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag. Anti-Flag is also known for their advocacy of progressive political movements such as Greenpeace, Amnesty International, and the Occupy movement. History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic.", "History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic. During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste.", "During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste. The band failed to solidify, disbanding after performing in only one show. In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist.", "In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist. A 17-song demo album called 17 Songs was released the same year. First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives.", "First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives. Andy Flag left the band mid-1996 because of personal disputes against Justin. After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist.", "After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist. During this time, Sean was also playing in another band (57 Defective) with guitarist Chris Head, whom he introduced to Anti-Flag. In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass.", "In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass. In late 1997, Jamie Cock took over as the new bassist, making Chris Head the second guitar, which Chris preferred. The current lineup finalized in 1999 when Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass.", "2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass. In 1998, the band released their second full-length album, Their System Doesn't Work for You. The album contained all nine Anti-Flag songs from the 1996 Anti-Flag/d.b.s. split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs.", "split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs. The band decided to release the album independently, and Their System Doesn't Work for You became the debut release for the band's own A-F Records. In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records.", "In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records. The album addressed topics such as abortion, political corruption, racism, fascism, troubled youth, police brutality, and unity amongst American youths. The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight.", "The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight. Too smart to kill. Join now. A new kind of army.\" In addition to this, the band had a disclaimer at the bottom of its album cover, which said, \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war.", "Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means unity.\" Fat Wreck Chords (2000–2004) In 2000, Anti-Flag was invited to participate in Vans Warped Tour. During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label.", "During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label. This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label.", "This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label. In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords.", "In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords. The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight.", "The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight. The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy.", "The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy. The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn.", "The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn. In February 2002, Anti-Flag released the album Mobilize on A-F Records. The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums.", "The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums. In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\".", "In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\". During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\"", "During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\" In 2003, Anti-Flag released the album The Terror State on Fat Wreck Chords. The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism.", "The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism. As before, the album held a booklet filled with essays by the band and other political commentators. The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie.", "The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie. The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper.", "The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper. On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote.", "On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote. RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA.", "RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA. In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006.", "In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006. The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government.", "The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government. The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth.", "The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth. They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now.", "They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now. Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records.", "Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records. These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more.", "These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more. On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America.", "On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America. Produced by Tony Visconti (of David Bowie, T. Rex (band) and Morrissey fame), it was released on April 1, 2008. The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008.", "The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008. A video of the song was released some weeks later.", "A video of the song was released some weeks later. In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album.", "In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album. The two also play on the single version of the song.", "The two also play on the single version of the song. In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band.", "In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band. SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album.", "SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album. On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\".", "On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\". On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009.", "On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009. The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves.", "The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves. The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website.", "The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website. On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey.", "On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue.", "In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue. Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests.", "Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests. In November 2009, Anti-Flag showed their support to the protesting students in Vienna. They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna.", "They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna. In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible.", "In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible. The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters).", "The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters). The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid.", "The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid. Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August.", "Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August. September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses.", "September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses. The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April.", "The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April. In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy.", "In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy. On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum.", "On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum. Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well.", "Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well. The band released the album, The General Strike on March 20, 2012. The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio.", "The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio. The band will be going on The General Strike Record Release Tour with The Flatliners and the Have Nots. They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill.", "They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill. In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013.", "In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013. The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003.", "The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003. The album was released on July 21, 2014.", "The album was released on July 21, 2014. American Spring and American Fall (2015–2018) On January 16, 2015, the band announced they would release their ninth studio album titled American Spring, via Spinefarm Records. The album was released on May 26, 2015.", "The album was released on May 26, 2015. Later in 2015 Anti-Flag released a compilation album called Cease Fires which contains two previously unreleased songs from their American Spring recording sessions and twelve songs taken from their 20 Years of Hell EP series. It was released on December 18, 2015.", "It was released on December 18, 2015. In a 2016 interview, Chris #2 revealed that he doesn't read books. On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel.", "On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel. On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel.", "On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel. In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth.", "In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth. From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour.", "From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour. 20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year.", "20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year. On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents.", "On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents. Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video.", "Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video. Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American.", "Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace.", "Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace. Anti-Flag means to stand against corporate greed that hurts millions while benefiting a handful of extremely rich. Anti-Flag means to fight against mindless nationalism. Anti-Flag means unity.\"", "Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag's anti-capitalism stance drew criticism towards them when they signed to major label RCA Records in 2005, with some referring to the move as the band selling out. Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people.", "Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people. Studio projects Chris No. 2 and Chris Head are in a band called White Wives. They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011.", "They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011. The band and name was based on the Provo movement and The White Plans. Wharf Rats, the new musical partnership between Chris No. 2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A.", "2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A. 's Chachi Darin and Minneapolis rapper P.O.S, was conceived on Warped Tour and recorded in the festival's traveling recording studio. Two songs emerged from those sessions: \"Oh No!\" and \"Capital Gains\".", "and \"Capital Gains\". and \"Capital Gains\". Both were pressed on a limited edition 7-inch single and released on May 31 via No Sleep Records. ANTIFest ANTIFest is Anti-Flag's own hosted festival. It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire.", "It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire. The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event.", "The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event. On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints.", "On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints. The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion.", "The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion. ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None.", "ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None. Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career.", "Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career. This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights.", "This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights. All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights.", "All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights. They have frequently been featured by PETA, and appear on the Fat Wreck Chords compilation album Liberation: Songs to Benefit PETA. They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine.", "They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine. They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008.", "They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008. They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones.", "They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones. The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011.", "The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011. They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG.", "They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG. PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour.", "PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour. Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless.", "Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless. The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob.", "The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob. The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010.", "The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010. They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America.", "They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America. Symbol The \"Gun Star\" is the symbol for the band Anti-Flag, designed by Anti-Flag guitarist Chris Head. It was first used on the cover of the album Mobilize. It was later used on merchandise.", "It was later used on merchandise. It is made up of five broken M16 rifles in the form of a star shape. Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently.", "Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently. Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No.", "Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No. 2's Blog Eastpak Antidote Tour Live review 1989 establishments in Pennsylvania A-F Records A-F Records artists Fat Wreck Chords artists Hardcore punk groups from Pennsylvania Melodic hardcore groups Musical groups established in 1989 Musical groups from Pittsburgh Anarcho-punk groups RCA Records artists SideOneDummy Records artists" ]

[ "Anti-Flag", "First three albums (1996-1999)", "What is the name of of the first album of Anti-Flag?", "Die For the Government,", "When was this album released?", "In 1996,", "What are some of the songs of this album?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "the band released their second full-length release," ]

[ "Kraken III is the name of the third studio album Colombian group Kraken It was released on January 3, 1990 by Sonolux. The first single from the album was \"Rostros Ocultos\". The second single was \"Lágrimas de Fuego\".\n\nInformation \nThis album confirmed the progressive trend of the band. A trend that featured a group identity and a concept of what is Kraken. This album started to show the other bands of the country's ideology which is the National Rock and how it can be strengthened.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences \n\nKraken (band) albums\n1993 albums", "Cluain Tarbh is also the name of an Irish town from which the album takes its name.\n\nCluain Tarbh (Irish for Meadow of Bulls) is the Irish Celtic metal band Mael Mórdha's debut studio album. It was released in September 2005. The album name, along with the band name, can be written as the cover suggests, using Traditional Irish typography. The name would then be, \"Cluain Tarḃ.\"\n\nThe album contains eight tracks, the shortest being An Tús at 0:56 long, and the longest being I Am the Wench's Bane at 10:15 long. The album is a collection of popular and newly written material spanning several years in the band's history.\n\nThe cover art depicts the Battle of Clontarf or Cath Chluain Tarbh and this is the primary theme of the album's art and title track. The man on the left is a native Irish Gael, presumably fighting on the side of Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig, High King of Ireland. The man on the right appears to be a Viking, fighting on the side of the King of Leinster, Mael Mórdha. Both men are engaged in one-on-one combat against one another.\n\nThe album contains lyrics in both English and Irish.\n\nTrack listing\n\"An Tús\" (The Beginning) – 0:56\n\"Winds of One Thousand Winters\" – 5:51\n\"The Serpent and the Black Lake\" – 6:55\n\"Cluain Tarbh\" (Meadow of Bulls) – 6:45\n\"I Am the Wench's Bane\" – 10:15\n\"The Man All Hate to Love\" – 4:21\n\"Pauper of Souls\" – 5:02\n\"Realms of Insanity\" – 6:41\n\nSong information\n\nAn Tús\n\"An Tús\" is the introduction to the album. It fades in (and out) and is what sounds like a war tune with pipes. This is possibly mimicking what could be the lead-up the Battle of Clontarf, used as a metaphor for the entire album.\n\nWinds of One Thousand Winters\nThis song is the beginning of Mael Mórdha's signature Ceol Breatha Gaelach on the album. This is one of the sample tracks which can be heard on their website. As explained by the band:\n\n A complex mix of orchestration, layered guitars and drums, this tune expresses the misery felt by the ignorance expressed towards our past and the hope of a time when a king will rise to unite the clanns and revive our dying culture. The music is more textured than Cluain Tarbh as the theme deals with more subtle, deeper feelings.\n\nComposed: 2003\n\nThe Serpent and the Black Lake\nThis song is stated by the band to be about the \"Lure of Love\".\n\nComposed: 1997\n\nCluain Tarbh\nThe title track. This song tells the story of the Battle of Clontarf and can be considered the centrepiece of the album.\n\nFrom the band's website:\n This is about the lead up and aftermath of that most famous of battles fought in the Meadow of Bulls (Cluain Tarbh - Clontarf) on Good Friday 1014 between the then high king of Éire, Brian Boru and the king of Leinster, Mael Mórdha. The pace is fast and furious (for Mael Mórdha I mean) with pounding guitars and drums, whistle and bellowing vocals.\n\nComposed: 2003\n\nI Am the Wench's Bane\nThis is the longest song on the album. It is said to be \"on the relationship between the Wench and Her Bane\".\n\nComposed: 2001\n\nThe Man All Hate to Love\nFrom the band's website:\n If Cluain Tarbh is fast then this song is misery incarnate. Slow with lots of backing vocals, orchestration and miserable guitars. The title pretty much explains the theme of this little ditty. If you ever feel down listening to this song will make you realise that nothing could be as terrible as what is expressed here.\n\nComposed: 2003\n\nPauper of Souls\nThis song is stated to be about \"the merits of belief over non-belief\".\n\nComposed: 2001\n\nRealms of Insanity\nThis song is apparently \"open to interpretation\". No further information is given.\n\nComposed: 1996\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Mael Mórdha Website\n\n2005 debut albums\nMael Mórdha albums" ]

[ "Anti-Flag is an American punk-rock band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The band is well known for its left-wing political activism. Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No.", "Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag.", "2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag. Anti-Flag is also known for their advocacy of progressive political movements such as Greenpeace, Amnesty International, and the Occupy movement. History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic.", "History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic. During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste.", "During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste. The band failed to solidify, disbanding after performing in only one show. In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist.", "In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist. A 17-song demo album called 17 Songs was released the same year. First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives.", "First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives. Andy Flag left the band mid-1996 because of personal disputes against Justin. After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist.", "After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist. During this time, Sean was also playing in another band (57 Defective) with guitarist Chris Head, whom he introduced to Anti-Flag. In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass.", "In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass. In late 1997, Jamie Cock took over as the new bassist, making Chris Head the second guitar, which Chris preferred. The current lineup finalized in 1999 when Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass.", "2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass. In 1998, the band released their second full-length album, Their System Doesn't Work for You. The album contained all nine Anti-Flag songs from the 1996 Anti-Flag/d.b.s. split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs.", "split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs. The band decided to release the album independently, and Their System Doesn't Work for You became the debut release for the band's own A-F Records. In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records.", "In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records. The album addressed topics such as abortion, political corruption, racism, fascism, troubled youth, police brutality, and unity amongst American youths. The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight.", "The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight. Too smart to kill. Join now. A new kind of army.\" In addition to this, the band had a disclaimer at the bottom of its album cover, which said, \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war.", "Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means unity.\" Fat Wreck Chords (2000–2004) In 2000, Anti-Flag was invited to participate in Vans Warped Tour. During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label.", "During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label. This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label.", "This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label. In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords.", "In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords. The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight.", "The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight. The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy.", "The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy. The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn.", "The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn. In February 2002, Anti-Flag released the album Mobilize on A-F Records. The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums.", "The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums. In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\".", "In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\". During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\"", "During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\" In 2003, Anti-Flag released the album The Terror State on Fat Wreck Chords. The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism.", "The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism. As before, the album held a booklet filled with essays by the band and other political commentators. The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie.", "The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie. The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper.", "The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper. On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote.", "On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote. RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA.", "RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA. In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006.", "In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006. The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government.", "The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government. The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth.", "The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth. They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now.", "They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now. Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records.", "Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records. These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more.", "These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more. On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America.", "On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America. Produced by Tony Visconti (of David Bowie, T. Rex (band) and Morrissey fame), it was released on April 1, 2008. The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008.", "The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008. A video of the song was released some weeks later.", "A video of the song was released some weeks later. In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album.", "In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album. The two also play on the single version of the song.", "The two also play on the single version of the song. In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band.", "In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band. SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album.", "SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album. On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\".", "On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\". On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009.", "On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009. The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves.", "The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves. The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website.", "The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website. On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey.", "On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue.", "In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue. Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests.", "Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests. In November 2009, Anti-Flag showed their support to the protesting students in Vienna. They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna.", "They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna. In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible.", "In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible. The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters).", "The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters). The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid.", "The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid. Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August.", "Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August. September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses.", "September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses. The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April.", "The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April. In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy.", "In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy. On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum.", "On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum. Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well.", "Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well. The band released the album, The General Strike on March 20, 2012. The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio.", "The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio. The band will be going on The General Strike Record Release Tour with The Flatliners and the Have Nots. They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill.", "They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill. In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013.", "In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013. The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003.", "The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003. The album was released on July 21, 2014.", "The album was released on July 21, 2014. American Spring and American Fall (2015–2018) On January 16, 2015, the band announced they would release their ninth studio album titled American Spring, via Spinefarm Records. The album was released on May 26, 2015.", "The album was released on May 26, 2015. Later in 2015 Anti-Flag released a compilation album called Cease Fires which contains two previously unreleased songs from their American Spring recording sessions and twelve songs taken from their 20 Years of Hell EP series. It was released on December 18, 2015.", "It was released on December 18, 2015. In a 2016 interview, Chris #2 revealed that he doesn't read books. On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel.", "On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel. On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel.", "On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel. In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth.", "In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth. From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour.", "From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour. 20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year.", "20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year. On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents.", "On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents. Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video.", "Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video. Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American.", "Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace.", "Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace. Anti-Flag means to stand against corporate greed that hurts millions while benefiting a handful of extremely rich. Anti-Flag means to fight against mindless nationalism. Anti-Flag means unity.\"", "Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag's anti-capitalism stance drew criticism towards them when they signed to major label RCA Records in 2005, with some referring to the move as the band selling out. Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people.", "Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people. Studio projects Chris No. 2 and Chris Head are in a band called White Wives. They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011.", "They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011. The band and name was based on the Provo movement and The White Plans. Wharf Rats, the new musical partnership between Chris No. 2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A.", "2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A. 's Chachi Darin and Minneapolis rapper P.O.S, was conceived on Warped Tour and recorded in the festival's traveling recording studio. Two songs emerged from those sessions: \"Oh No!\" and \"Capital Gains\".", "and \"Capital Gains\". and \"Capital Gains\". Both were pressed on a limited edition 7-inch single and released on May 31 via No Sleep Records. ANTIFest ANTIFest is Anti-Flag's own hosted festival. It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire.", "It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire. The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event.", "The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event. On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints.", "On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints. The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion.", "The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion. ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None.", "ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None. Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career.", "Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career. This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights.", "This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights. All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights.", "All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights. They have frequently been featured by PETA, and appear on the Fat Wreck Chords compilation album Liberation: Songs to Benefit PETA. They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine.", "They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine. They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008.", "They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008. They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones.", "They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones. The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011.", "The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011. They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG.", "They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG. PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour.", "PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour. Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless.", "Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless. The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob.", "The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob. The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010.", "The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010. They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America.", "They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America. Symbol The \"Gun Star\" is the symbol for the band Anti-Flag, designed by Anti-Flag guitarist Chris Head. It was first used on the cover of the album Mobilize. It was later used on merchandise.", "It was later used on merchandise. It is made up of five broken M16 rifles in the form of a star shape. Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently.", "Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently. Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No.", "Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No. 2's Blog Eastpak Antidote Tour Live review 1989 establishments in Pennsylvania A-F Records A-F Records artists Fat Wreck Chords artists Hardcore punk groups from Pennsylvania Melodic hardcore groups Musical groups established in 1989 Musical groups from Pittsburgh Anarcho-punk groups RCA Records artists SideOneDummy Records artists" ]

[ "Anti-Flag", "First three albums (1996-1999)", "What is the name of of the first album of Anti-Flag?", "Die For the Government,", "When was this album released?", "In 1996,", "What are some of the songs of this album?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "the band released their second full-length release,", "What is the name of this second album?", "Their System Doesn't Work For You." ]

[ "What a Life is the sixth studio album by Australian recording artist Adam Brand. The album was released in August 2006 and peaked at number 28 on the ARIA charts. It was certified gold in 2006.\n\nThe album was nominated for ARIA Award for Best Country Album at the ARIA Music Awards of 2006 This is Brand's fourth ARIA Award nomination in this category.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n2006 albums\nAdam Brand (musician) albums\nSony Music Australia albums", "\"What You Need\" is a song recorded by the Australian band INXS. It is the leadoff track from their 1985 album, Listen Like Thieves. \"What You Need\" was the lead single off the album in Australia and New Zealand, while it was in USA and Europe the second single after \"This Time\" and was the band's first American Top Ten hit, peaking at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.\n\nAfter the album Listen Like Thieves was recorded and ready to be given to the record label for inspection, producer Chris Thomas was worried that the album didn't have a \"hit\". As Andrew Farriss recalled in a 2005 interview; \"'What You Need' is another example of a huge hit that essentially took no time at all. We'd already finished the Listen Like Thieves album but Chris Thomas (the producer) told us there was still no \"hit\". We left the studio that night knowing we had one day left and we had to deliver \"a hit\". Talk about pressure. The band's performance on that track is amazing. We absolutely nailed it.\"\n\nA remixed version of \"What You Need\" was featured in the soundtrack of sports video game FIFA Football 2005.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video for the song was created using an animation technique known as rotoscope. At the Countdown Music and Video Awards for 1985, the award for Best Video for \"What You Need\" by INXS was shared by Richard Lowenstein and Lynn-Maree Milburn.\n\nTrack listing\nUK 7\" INXS 12\n \"What You Need\" – 3:35\n \"Sweet As Sin\" – 2:20\n\nUK 12\" single INXS 512\n \"What You Need\" (Remix) – 5:35 (Remix: Nick Launay)\n \"Sweet As Sin\" – 2:21\n \"What You Need\" (Live) – 3:56\n \"The One Thing\" (Live) – 3:31\n\nChart performance\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nNotable appearances in other media\n This song played in an episode of the American crime drama series Miami Vice on 2 May 1986.\n This song played in an episode of the British soap opera series Coronation Street in May 1986. \n This song played in the HBO original movie Hysterical Blindness in 2002.\n This song played in the American crime drama movie Monster in 2003.\n This song played in the American sci-fi comedy movie Hot Tub Time Machine in 2010.\n This song played in the American romantic comedy-drama Take Me Home Tonight in 2011.\n This song played in an episode of the Netflix original series Sex Education (TV series) in 2019.\n\nReferences\n\nINXS songs\n1986 singles\nAPRA Award winners\nSongs written by Andrew Farriss\nSongs written by Michael Hutchence\nSong recordings produced by Chris Thomas (record producer)\n1985 songs\nAtlantic Records singles" ]

[ "Anti-Flag is an American punk-rock band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The band is well known for its left-wing political activism. Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No.", "Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag.", "2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag. Anti-Flag is also known for their advocacy of progressive political movements such as Greenpeace, Amnesty International, and the Occupy movement. History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic.", "History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic. During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste.", "During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste. The band failed to solidify, disbanding after performing in only one show. In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist.", "In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist. A 17-song demo album called 17 Songs was released the same year. First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives.", "First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives. Andy Flag left the band mid-1996 because of personal disputes against Justin. After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist.", "After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist. During this time, Sean was also playing in another band (57 Defective) with guitarist Chris Head, whom he introduced to Anti-Flag. In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass.", "In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass. In late 1997, Jamie Cock took over as the new bassist, making Chris Head the second guitar, which Chris preferred. The current lineup finalized in 1999 when Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass.", "2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass. In 1998, the band released their second full-length album, Their System Doesn't Work for You. The album contained all nine Anti-Flag songs from the 1996 Anti-Flag/d.b.s. split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs.", "split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs. The band decided to release the album independently, and Their System Doesn't Work for You became the debut release for the band's own A-F Records. In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records.", "In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records. The album addressed topics such as abortion, political corruption, racism, fascism, troubled youth, police brutality, and unity amongst American youths. The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight.", "The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight. Too smart to kill. Join now. A new kind of army.\" In addition to this, the band had a disclaimer at the bottom of its album cover, which said, \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war.", "Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means unity.\" Fat Wreck Chords (2000–2004) In 2000, Anti-Flag was invited to participate in Vans Warped Tour. During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label.", "During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label. This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label.", "This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label. In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords.", "In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords. The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight.", "The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight. The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy.", "The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy. The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn.", "The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn. In February 2002, Anti-Flag released the album Mobilize on A-F Records. The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums.", "The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums. In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\".", "In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\". During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\"", "During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\" In 2003, Anti-Flag released the album The Terror State on Fat Wreck Chords. The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism.", "The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism. As before, the album held a booklet filled with essays by the band and other political commentators. The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie.", "The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie. The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper.", "The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper. On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote.", "On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote. RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA.", "RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA. In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006.", "In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006. The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government.", "The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government. The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth.", "The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth. They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now.", "They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now. Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records.", "Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records. These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more.", "These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more. On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America.", "On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America. Produced by Tony Visconti (of David Bowie, T. Rex (band) and Morrissey fame), it was released on April 1, 2008. The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008.", "The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008. A video of the song was released some weeks later.", "A video of the song was released some weeks later. In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album.", "In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album. The two also play on the single version of the song.", "The two also play on the single version of the song. In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band.", "In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band. SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album.", "SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album. On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\".", "On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\". On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009.", "On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009. The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves.", "The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves. The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website.", "The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website. On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey.", "On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue.", "In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue. Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests.", "Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests. In November 2009, Anti-Flag showed their support to the protesting students in Vienna. They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna.", "They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna. In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible.", "In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible. The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters).", "The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters). The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid.", "The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid. Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August.", "Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August. September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses.", "September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses. The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April.", "The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April. In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy.", "In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy. On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum.", "On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum. Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well.", "Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well. The band released the album, The General Strike on March 20, 2012. The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio.", "The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio. The band will be going on The General Strike Record Release Tour with The Flatliners and the Have Nots. They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill.", "They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill. In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013.", "In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013. The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003.", "The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003. The album was released on July 21, 2014.", "The album was released on July 21, 2014. American Spring and American Fall (2015–2018) On January 16, 2015, the band announced they would release their ninth studio album titled American Spring, via Spinefarm Records. The album was released on May 26, 2015.", "The album was released on May 26, 2015. Later in 2015 Anti-Flag released a compilation album called Cease Fires which contains two previously unreleased songs from their American Spring recording sessions and twelve songs taken from their 20 Years of Hell EP series. It was released on December 18, 2015.", "It was released on December 18, 2015. In a 2016 interview, Chris #2 revealed that he doesn't read books. On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel.", "On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel. On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel.", "On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel. In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth.", "In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth. From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour.", "From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour. 20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year.", "20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year. On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents.", "On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents. Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video.", "Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video. Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American.", "Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace.", "Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace. Anti-Flag means to stand against corporate greed that hurts millions while benefiting a handful of extremely rich. Anti-Flag means to fight against mindless nationalism. Anti-Flag means unity.\"", "Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag's anti-capitalism stance drew criticism towards them when they signed to major label RCA Records in 2005, with some referring to the move as the band selling out. Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people.", "Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people. Studio projects Chris No. 2 and Chris Head are in a band called White Wives. They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011.", "They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011. The band and name was based on the Provo movement and The White Plans. Wharf Rats, the new musical partnership between Chris No. 2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A.", "2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A. 's Chachi Darin and Minneapolis rapper P.O.S, was conceived on Warped Tour and recorded in the festival's traveling recording studio. Two songs emerged from those sessions: \"Oh No!\" and \"Capital Gains\".", "and \"Capital Gains\". and \"Capital Gains\". Both were pressed on a limited edition 7-inch single and released on May 31 via No Sleep Records. ANTIFest ANTIFest is Anti-Flag's own hosted festival. It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire.", "It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire. The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event.", "The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event. On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints.", "On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints. The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion.", "The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion. ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None.", "ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None. Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career.", "Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career. This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights.", "This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights. All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights.", "All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights. They have frequently been featured by PETA, and appear on the Fat Wreck Chords compilation album Liberation: Songs to Benefit PETA. They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine.", "They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine. They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008.", "They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008. They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones.", "They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones. The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011.", "The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011. They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG.", "They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG. PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour.", "PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour. Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless.", "Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless. The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob.", "The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob. The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010.", "The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010. They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America.", "They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America. Symbol The \"Gun Star\" is the symbol for the band Anti-Flag, designed by Anti-Flag guitarist Chris Head. It was first used on the cover of the album Mobilize. It was later used on merchandise.", "It was later used on merchandise. It is made up of five broken M16 rifles in the form of a star shape. Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently.", "Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently. Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No.", "Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No. 2's Blog Eastpak Antidote Tour Live review 1989 establishments in Pennsylvania A-F Records A-F Records artists Fat Wreck Chords artists Hardcore punk groups from Pennsylvania Melodic hardcore groups Musical groups established in 1989 Musical groups from Pittsburgh Anarcho-punk groups RCA Records artists SideOneDummy Records artists" ]

[ "Anti-Flag", "First three albums (1996-1999)", "What is the name of of the first album of Anti-Flag?", "Die For the Government,", "When was this album released?", "In 1996,", "What are some of the songs of this album?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "the band released their second full-length release,", "What is the name of this second album?", "Their System Doesn't Work For You.", "In what year was this album relesed?", "In 1998," ]

[ "Heta Himlen is the debut studio album release by the American electropop music artist, The Jellyrox.\n\nThe album's name is Swedish for \"Hot Heavens.\"\n\nBackground\nOn January 21, 2012, Langston first hinted at the album via a YouTube video on Eleventyseven's official channel in which he showed fans a bridge to the song that would become \"All My Bones.\" He also proceeded to release an album of photos on Facebook entitled \"The Recording of Heta Himlen\" on March 18, 2012. The album debuted via iTunes and Amazon.com on March 20, 2012.\n\nOn May 21, 2012, Matt Langston did a radio interview about the release with Broken FM. The interview was later published as a podcast and is now available for free download on iTunes.\n\nTrack listing\n\n2013-present\nOn November 10–11, 2013, The Jellyrox posted live video footage on YouTube of him performing at his Embellish release party (which happened April 26 of the same year). All of the song were from Heta Himlen.\n\nOn October 21, 2013, Langston announced via Facebook that Heta Himlen limited edition hard copies were in the works. On January 16, 2014, The Jellyrox posted a new album cover for the limited edition hard copy release of Heta Himlen on his Tumblr blog. According to the post, the release date was to be set for March, 2014. The release came out under the indie record label, A Different Drum. After a slightly prolonged delay, the release became available on April 8, 2014.\n\nLive music videos\n\nNotes\nIn the opening track \"Glued,\" Langston humorously states, \"Another day another dollar, equals seven bucks a week...yeah, nobody buys my music...they download it all for free.\" An obvious pun at his project's independent state.\nThough originally not available in physical copies, Heta Himlen was made available in CD form via the \"Embellish Special\" package on the Jellyrox store after the release of the 2013 Embellish EP. It was recently taken down as of late November 2013.\nEvery song on the album is a second longer if you obtain it through The Jellyrox's Bandcamp account instead of iTunes.\nLater, after the release of the album, Langston released the acoustic demo of \"Closet Monster\" on his SoundCloud account.\nBesides being on the full album, the final track, \"Closet Monster,\" was at one point available as a single on iTunes and Amazon.com.\n\nReferences\n\n2012 debut albums\nElectronic albums by American artists\nElectropop albums", "Another Story is the second and final album by the Scottish band Fiction Factory. It was released in 1985. The album was a commercial failure and featured no hit singles, despite the release of three singles the same year; \"Not the Only One\", \"No Time\" and \"Standing at the Top of the World\".\n\nBackground\nFollowing the commercial disappointment of the band's 1984 debut album Throw the Warped Wheel Out, the band underwent a major change in personnel, as members keyboardist and writer Eddie Jordan, drummer Mike Ogletree and bassist Graham McGregor left the band. These departures left lead vocalist Kevin Patterson and guitarist Chic Medley as the two remaining members, who in turn hired guest musicians for the recording of the second Fiction Factory album, including keyboardist Paul Wishart, guitarist Pim Jones, percussionist James Locke and bass player Graham Weir. Medley produced the album, with Patterson as assistant producer, and both wrote the entire album's worth of material either together or solely (except \"Lose Your Heart in Nature\" which was credited also to Wishart). The album was recorded at The Planet, Castle Sound and Amazon Studios, Liverpool, while it was mixed at Castle Sound and Amazon Studios. It was mastered at Ham Audio. Another Story was released in 1985.\n\nThe album spawned three singles; \"Not the Only One\", \"No Time\" and \"Standing on Top of the World\". The closing track \"Victoria Victorious\" featured Fiona Carlin on lead vocals. All singles from the album received very limited promotion, with no music videos being made, nor any TV appearances featuring the band performing the material, except for one performance of \"Not the Only One\" on the German show Musik Convoy in May 1985. The band did perform a small number of UK concerts to promote the release of the album.\n\nShortly following the commercial failure of the album, Fiction Factory disbanded. After this, Medley worked on various musical projects and with numerous bands, while Patterson became briefly involved as a music producer before leaving the music industry to being working in the IT department at the University of Dundee. Aside from the lack of commercial success, Fiction Factory also felt they never managed to create something that was as good as \"(Feels Like) Heaven\", and that all they did was measured against it. Patterson later recalled: \"We could never shake that one song.\" Years later, Patterson also stated in an interview that he wanted to record \"Another Story\" as an end to the band as he had had enough of music, living with stress and constantly writing songs, so he disbanded the group.\n\nIn 2007 the band briefly reunited, only consisting of Patterson and Jordan to perform \"(Feels Like) Heaven\" with a backing band at Jordan's wedding in August 2007. In 2011, the original band reunited to play live at the Rewind Festival.\n\nRelease\nThe album was released in Europe only and did not feature an American release. In Europe, the album was released through Foundry Recordings/Virgin Records, however in Germany the album was issued via Instant Records. For some versions of the album, marketing was handled by RCA Records (RCA Schallplatten GmbH), others both marketing and distribution was handled by Line Music GmbH. The album soon became out of print. Another Story was only released as a vinyl LP, except in Germany where Instant Records gave a limited pressing on CD. The CD release also became out of print and today is a collectors item, often selling for prices up to £500.\n\nThe CD version of Another Story featured two bonus tracks; \"Not the Only One (Long Version)\", which was the \"Extended Mix\" found on the 12\" vinyl version of the \"Not the Only One\" single and \"Let Me Be a Part\", which was the \"Not the Only One\" b-side. Although both bonus tracks aren't listed on the album's back insert, they are listed on the disc.\n\nFor the majority of the album's editions, the artwork featured a purple-like background colour, however the artwork was changed for some editions and used a blue background colour instead, although the design otherwise remained the same. It is reported that the album's backing vocalist Marwenna Laidlaw is the woman posing on the front cover of the album. The photography was created by David McIntyre, who had also done the band's debut album. The sleeve was designed by myIDEA. The picture was taken in McIntyre's apartment in London. Patterson later recalled \"We just asked David to come up with an interesting picture (which he did in his flat in London). We did not give him any ideas and we did not see what he was doing... he just presented it to us when he had finished.\"\n\nSingles\n\"Not the Only One\", the lead single from Another Story, was released in Europe, mainly the UK, Germany and Italy via Foundry Records as well as Canada via Virgin Records. It was issued on both 7\" and 12\" vinyl, with the 12\" vinyl featuring an extended version of the song (titled \"Extended Mix\", but known as \"Long Version\" on the Another Story CD), and \"Not the Only One ('Mix' Mix)\", a remix which most notably removed all lead vocal.\n\nThe single \"No Time\" was released in the UK only via Foundry Records on both 7\" and 12\" vinyl. The single featured the exclusive b-side \"Tension\" however this track was not included as a bonus on the CD release of Another Story. The 12\" vinyl release would feature extended versions of both the A-side and the B-side.\n\n\"Standing at the Top of the World\" was released on 7\" vinyl via Foundry Records and Centre Records in Australia only. \"Not the Only One\" was the B-Side.\n\nCritical reception\n\nOn its release, Andy Strickland of Record Mirror described the album as \"an unspectacular affair\" and \"one of those slick, dull works that seem to appeal to balding A&R men and nobody else\". He added, \"Fiction Factory are trying to capture the old ABC sound and feel, but they fail miserably. 'Contractual Obligation', somebody whispers. I concur.\" He picked \"Victoria Victorious\" as the album's best track, \"largely because of the great vocal hauntingly delivered by Fiona Carlin\". Donald McRae of New Musical Express wrote, \"Another Story is an example of the kind of product which is designed to blend in with the quivering nuances of an intimate sunset gathering. Fiction Factory play music for young and sensitive ideal home owners who suspect Dire Straits of being crazed petrol-sniffing existentialists.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \n Kevin Patterson - lead vocals, performer, assistant producer, engineer, programming\n Chic Medley - guitar, performer, producer, engineer, programming\n Marwenna Laidlaw - backing vocals\n Graham Weir - brass\n Pim Jones - guitar\n Paul Wishart - keyboards\n Fiona Carlin - lead vocals on \"Victoria Victorious\"\n James Locke - percussion\n Pete Coleman - engineer\n HA (Peter Harenberg) - mastering\n Gordian Troeller, Steve Baker - management\n David McIntyre - photography\n myIDEA - sleeve design\n\nReferences\n\n1985 albums\nFiction Factory albums" ]

[ "Anti-Flag is an American punk-rock band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The band is well known for its left-wing political activism. Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No.", "Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag.", "2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag. Anti-Flag is also known for their advocacy of progressive political movements such as Greenpeace, Amnesty International, and the Occupy movement. History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic.", "History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic. During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste.", "During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste. The band failed to solidify, disbanding after performing in only one show. In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist.", "In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist. A 17-song demo album called 17 Songs was released the same year. First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives.", "First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives. Andy Flag left the band mid-1996 because of personal disputes against Justin. After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist.", "After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist. During this time, Sean was also playing in another band (57 Defective) with guitarist Chris Head, whom he introduced to Anti-Flag. In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass.", "In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass. In late 1997, Jamie Cock took over as the new bassist, making Chris Head the second guitar, which Chris preferred. The current lineup finalized in 1999 when Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass.", "2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass. In 1998, the band released their second full-length album, Their System Doesn't Work for You. The album contained all nine Anti-Flag songs from the 1996 Anti-Flag/d.b.s. split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs.", "split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs. The band decided to release the album independently, and Their System Doesn't Work for You became the debut release for the band's own A-F Records. In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records.", "In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records. The album addressed topics such as abortion, political corruption, racism, fascism, troubled youth, police brutality, and unity amongst American youths. The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight.", "The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight. Too smart to kill. Join now. A new kind of army.\" In addition to this, the band had a disclaimer at the bottom of its album cover, which said, \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war.", "Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means unity.\" Fat Wreck Chords (2000–2004) In 2000, Anti-Flag was invited to participate in Vans Warped Tour. During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label.", "During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label. This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label.", "This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label. In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords.", "In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords. The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight.", "The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight. The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy.", "The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy. The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn.", "The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn. In February 2002, Anti-Flag released the album Mobilize on A-F Records. The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums.", "The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums. In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\".", "In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\". During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\"", "During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\" In 2003, Anti-Flag released the album The Terror State on Fat Wreck Chords. The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism.", "The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism. As before, the album held a booklet filled with essays by the band and other political commentators. The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie.", "The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie. The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper.", "The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper. On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote.", "On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote. RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA.", "RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA. In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006.", "In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006. The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government.", "The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government. The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth.", "The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth. They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now.", "They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now. Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records.", "Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records. These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more.", "These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more. On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America.", "On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America. Produced by Tony Visconti (of David Bowie, T. Rex (band) and Morrissey fame), it was released on April 1, 2008. The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008.", "The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008. A video of the song was released some weeks later.", "A video of the song was released some weeks later. In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album.", "In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album. The two also play on the single version of the song.", "The two also play on the single version of the song. In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band.", "In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band. SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album.", "SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album. On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\".", "On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\". On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009.", "On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009. The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves.", "The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves. The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website.", "The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website. On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey.", "On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue.", "In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue. Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests.", "Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests. In November 2009, Anti-Flag showed their support to the protesting students in Vienna. They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna.", "They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna. In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible.", "In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible. The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters).", "The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters). The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid.", "The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid. Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August.", "Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August. September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses.", "September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses. The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April.", "The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April. In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy.", "In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy. On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum.", "On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum. Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well.", "Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well. The band released the album, The General Strike on March 20, 2012. The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio.", "The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio. The band will be going on The General Strike Record Release Tour with The Flatliners and the Have Nots. They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill.", "They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill. In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013.", "In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013. The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003.", "The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003. The album was released on July 21, 2014.", "The album was released on July 21, 2014. American Spring and American Fall (2015–2018) On January 16, 2015, the band announced they would release their ninth studio album titled American Spring, via Spinefarm Records. The album was released on May 26, 2015.", "The album was released on May 26, 2015. Later in 2015 Anti-Flag released a compilation album called Cease Fires which contains two previously unreleased songs from their American Spring recording sessions and twelve songs taken from their 20 Years of Hell EP series. It was released on December 18, 2015.", "It was released on December 18, 2015. In a 2016 interview, Chris #2 revealed that he doesn't read books. On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel.", "On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel. On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel.", "On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel. In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth.", "In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth. From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour.", "From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour. 20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year.", "20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year. On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents.", "On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents. Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video.", "Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video. Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American.", "Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace.", "Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace. Anti-Flag means to stand against corporate greed that hurts millions while benefiting a handful of extremely rich. Anti-Flag means to fight against mindless nationalism. Anti-Flag means unity.\"", "Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag's anti-capitalism stance drew criticism towards them when they signed to major label RCA Records in 2005, with some referring to the move as the band selling out. Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people.", "Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people. Studio projects Chris No. 2 and Chris Head are in a band called White Wives. They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011.", "They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011. The band and name was based on the Provo movement and The White Plans. Wharf Rats, the new musical partnership between Chris No. 2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A.", "2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A. 's Chachi Darin and Minneapolis rapper P.O.S, was conceived on Warped Tour and recorded in the festival's traveling recording studio. Two songs emerged from those sessions: \"Oh No!\" and \"Capital Gains\".", "and \"Capital Gains\". and \"Capital Gains\". Both were pressed on a limited edition 7-inch single and released on May 31 via No Sleep Records. ANTIFest ANTIFest is Anti-Flag's own hosted festival. It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire.", "It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire. The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event.", "The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event. On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints.", "On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints. The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion.", "The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion. ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None.", "ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None. Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career.", "Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career. This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights.", "This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights. All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights.", "All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights. They have frequently been featured by PETA, and appear on the Fat Wreck Chords compilation album Liberation: Songs to Benefit PETA. They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine.", "They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine. They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008.", "They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008. They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones.", "They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones. The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011.", "The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011. They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG.", "They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG. PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour.", "PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour. Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless.", "Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless. The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob.", "The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob. The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010.", "The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010. They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America.", "They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America. Symbol The \"Gun Star\" is the symbol for the band Anti-Flag, designed by Anti-Flag guitarist Chris Head. It was first used on the cover of the album Mobilize. It was later used on merchandise.", "It was later used on merchandise. It is made up of five broken M16 rifles in the form of a star shape. Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently.", "Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently. Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No.", "Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No. 2's Blog Eastpak Antidote Tour Live review 1989 establishments in Pennsylvania A-F Records A-F Records artists Fat Wreck Chords artists Hardcore punk groups from Pennsylvania Melodic hardcore groups Musical groups established in 1989 Musical groups from Pittsburgh Anarcho-punk groups RCA Records artists SideOneDummy Records artists" ]

[ "Anti-Flag", "First three albums (1996-1999)", "What is the name of of the first album of Anti-Flag?", "Die For the Government,", "When was this album released?", "In 1996,", "What are some of the songs of this album?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "the band released their second full-length release,", "What is the name of this second album?", "Their System Doesn't Work For You.", "In what year was this album relesed?", "In 1998,", "Did they release another album after that one?", "In 1999," ]

[ "Cluain Tarbh is also the name of an Irish town from which the album takes its name.\n\nCluain Tarbh (Irish for Meadow of Bulls) is the Irish Celtic metal band Mael Mórdha's debut studio album. It was released in September 2005. The album name, along with the band name, can be written as the cover suggests, using Traditional Irish typography. The name would then be, \"Cluain Tarḃ.\"\n\nThe album contains eight tracks, the shortest being An Tús at 0:56 long, and the longest being I Am the Wench's Bane at 10:15 long. The album is a collection of popular and newly written material spanning several years in the band's history.\n\nThe cover art depicts the Battle of Clontarf or Cath Chluain Tarbh and this is the primary theme of the album's art and title track. The man on the left is a native Irish Gael, presumably fighting on the side of Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig, High King of Ireland. The man on the right appears to be a Viking, fighting on the side of the King of Leinster, Mael Mórdha. Both men are engaged in one-on-one combat against one another.\n\nThe album contains lyrics in both English and Irish.\n\nTrack listing\n\"An Tús\" (The Beginning) – 0:56\n\"Winds of One Thousand Winters\" – 5:51\n\"The Serpent and the Black Lake\" – 6:55\n\"Cluain Tarbh\" (Meadow of Bulls) – 6:45\n\"I Am the Wench's Bane\" – 10:15\n\"The Man All Hate to Love\" – 4:21\n\"Pauper of Souls\" – 5:02\n\"Realms of Insanity\" – 6:41\n\nSong information\n\nAn Tús\n\"An Tús\" is the introduction to the album. It fades in (and out) and is what sounds like a war tune with pipes. This is possibly mimicking what could be the lead-up the Battle of Clontarf, used as a metaphor for the entire album.\n\nWinds of One Thousand Winters\nThis song is the beginning of Mael Mórdha's signature Ceol Breatha Gaelach on the album. This is one of the sample tracks which can be heard on their website. As explained by the band:\n\n A complex mix of orchestration, layered guitars and drums, this tune expresses the misery felt by the ignorance expressed towards our past and the hope of a time when a king will rise to unite the clanns and revive our dying culture. The music is more textured than Cluain Tarbh as the theme deals with more subtle, deeper feelings.\n\nComposed: 2003\n\nThe Serpent and the Black Lake\nThis song is stated by the band to be about the \"Lure of Love\".\n\nComposed: 1997\n\nCluain Tarbh\nThe title track. This song tells the story of the Battle of Clontarf and can be considered the centrepiece of the album.\n\nFrom the band's website:\n This is about the lead up and aftermath of that most famous of battles fought in the Meadow of Bulls (Cluain Tarbh - Clontarf) on Good Friday 1014 between the then high king of Éire, Brian Boru and the king of Leinster, Mael Mórdha. The pace is fast and furious (for Mael Mórdha I mean) with pounding guitars and drums, whistle and bellowing vocals.\n\nComposed: 2003\n\nI Am the Wench's Bane\nThis is the longest song on the album. It is said to be \"on the relationship between the Wench and Her Bane\".\n\nComposed: 2001\n\nThe Man All Hate to Love\nFrom the band's website:\n If Cluain Tarbh is fast then this song is misery incarnate. Slow with lots of backing vocals, orchestration and miserable guitars. The title pretty much explains the theme of this little ditty. If you ever feel down listening to this song will make you realise that nothing could be as terrible as what is expressed here.\n\nComposed: 2003\n\nPauper of Souls\nThis song is stated to be about \"the merits of belief over non-belief\".\n\nComposed: 2001\n\nRealms of Insanity\nThis song is apparently \"open to interpretation\". No further information is given.\n\nComposed: 1996\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Mael Mórdha Website\n\n2005 debut albums\nMael Mórdha albums", "Up in the Attic is the third studio album by American rock band Alien Ant Farm. The album is identical to 3rd Draft with the addition of one new track, and radio promo, \"Forgive & Forget\". It's considered a commercial flop in the U.S. because of little support for the album, no officially released single (\"Forgive & Forget\" was only released as a promo to radio and received little airplay), and no tour. The album debuted at number 114 on the Billboard 200, dropped to number 198 in its next week, and fell off completely in its third week.\n\nThe song \"Around the Block\" had a music video recently released, and is available on iTunes.\n\nThe album cover features references to songs of past albums, as well as songs from the album itself: Smooth Criminal, Movies, S.S. Recognize, Pink Tea, Rubber Mallet, San Sebastian & Crickets.\n\nTrack listing\n\nThere are two hidden tracks appended to the last song: \"Beehive\" and \"Album End\", which were known as \"Tragedy\" and \"Say Something\", respectively, on 3rd Draft.\n\nTwo unreleased songs from the recording sessions are \"All Your Crimes\" and \"Bellman\".\n\nPersonnel\nJoe Hill - guitar\nMike Cosgrove - drums\nDryden Mitchell - vocals\nTye Zamora - bass\n\nCharts\n\n3rd Draft\n\n3rd Draft is the name given by fans to Alien Ant Farm's third album. The naming relates to a piece of the artwork that says 3rd Draft; since then, the band has referred to the album by that name as well. Due to issues with Geffen, it was never commercially released. It was, however, made available by the band during the Alien Ant Farm Summer 2005 Tour.\n\nTrack listing:\n \"Bad Morning\" – 3:42\n \"What I Feel Is Mine\" – 2:58\n \"It Could Happen\" – 3:53\n \"Around the Block\" – 3:16\n \"San Sebastian\" – 3:05\n \"Lord Knows\" – 3:06\n \"Getting Closer\" – 3:48\n \"Crickets\" – 4:36\n \"Supreme Lifestyle\" – 3:56\n \"Consti2tion\" – 3:38\n \"State of Emergency\" – 3:29\n \"Sleepwalker\" – 3:06\n \"She's Only Evil\" – 8:26\n\nThere are two hidden tracks appended to the last song: \"Tragedy\" and \"Say Something\", which were known as \"Beehive\" and \"Album End\", respectively, on Up in the Attic.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nUp in the Attic at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)\n\nAlien Ant Farm albums\n2006 albums" ]

[ "Anti-Flag is an American punk-rock band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The band is well known for its left-wing political activism. Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No.", "Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag.", "2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag. Anti-Flag is also known for their advocacy of progressive political movements such as Greenpeace, Amnesty International, and the Occupy movement. History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic.", "History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic. During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste.", "During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste. The band failed to solidify, disbanding after performing in only one show. In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist.", "In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist. A 17-song demo album called 17 Songs was released the same year. First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives.", "First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives. Andy Flag left the band mid-1996 because of personal disputes against Justin. After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist.", "After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist. During this time, Sean was also playing in another band (57 Defective) with guitarist Chris Head, whom he introduced to Anti-Flag. In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass.", "In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass. In late 1997, Jamie Cock took over as the new bassist, making Chris Head the second guitar, which Chris preferred. The current lineup finalized in 1999 when Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass.", "2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass. In 1998, the band released their second full-length album, Their System Doesn't Work for You. The album contained all nine Anti-Flag songs from the 1996 Anti-Flag/d.b.s. split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs.", "split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs. The band decided to release the album independently, and Their System Doesn't Work for You became the debut release for the band's own A-F Records. In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records.", "In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records. The album addressed topics such as abortion, political corruption, racism, fascism, troubled youth, police brutality, and unity amongst American youths. The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight.", "The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight. Too smart to kill. Join now. A new kind of army.\" In addition to this, the band had a disclaimer at the bottom of its album cover, which said, \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war.", "Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means unity.\" Fat Wreck Chords (2000–2004) In 2000, Anti-Flag was invited to participate in Vans Warped Tour. During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label.", "During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label. This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label.", "This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label. In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords.", "In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords. The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight.", "The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight. The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy.", "The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy. The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn.", "The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn. In February 2002, Anti-Flag released the album Mobilize on A-F Records. The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums.", "The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums. In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\".", "In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\". During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\"", "During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\" In 2003, Anti-Flag released the album The Terror State on Fat Wreck Chords. The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism.", "The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism. As before, the album held a booklet filled with essays by the band and other political commentators. The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie.", "The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie. The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper.", "The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper. On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote.", "On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote. RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA.", "RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA. In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006.", "In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006. The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government.", "The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government. The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth.", "The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth. They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now.", "They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now. Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records.", "Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records. These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more.", "These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more. On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America.", "On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America. Produced by Tony Visconti (of David Bowie, T. Rex (band) and Morrissey fame), it was released on April 1, 2008. The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008.", "The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008. A video of the song was released some weeks later.", "A video of the song was released some weeks later. In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album.", "In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album. The two also play on the single version of the song.", "The two also play on the single version of the song. In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band.", "In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band. SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album.", "SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album. On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\".", "On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\". On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009.", "On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009. The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves.", "The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves. The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website.", "The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website. On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey.", "On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue.", "In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue. Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests.", "Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests. In November 2009, Anti-Flag showed their support to the protesting students in Vienna. They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna.", "They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna. In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible.", "In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible. The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters).", "The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters). The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid.", "The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid. Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August.", "Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August. September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses.", "September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses. The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April.", "The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April. In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy.", "In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy. On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum.", "On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum. Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well.", "Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well. The band released the album, The General Strike on March 20, 2012. The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio.", "The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio. The band will be going on The General Strike Record Release Tour with The Flatliners and the Have Nots. They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill.", "They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill. In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013.", "In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013. The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003.", "The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003. The album was released on July 21, 2014.", "The album was released on July 21, 2014. American Spring and American Fall (2015–2018) On January 16, 2015, the band announced they would release their ninth studio album titled American Spring, via Spinefarm Records. The album was released on May 26, 2015.", "The album was released on May 26, 2015. Later in 2015 Anti-Flag released a compilation album called Cease Fires which contains two previously unreleased songs from their American Spring recording sessions and twelve songs taken from their 20 Years of Hell EP series. It was released on December 18, 2015.", "It was released on December 18, 2015. In a 2016 interview, Chris #2 revealed that he doesn't read books. On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel.", "On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel. On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel.", "On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel. In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth.", "In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth. From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour.", "From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour. 20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year.", "20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year. On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents.", "On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents. Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video.", "Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video. Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American.", "Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace.", "Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace. Anti-Flag means to stand against corporate greed that hurts millions while benefiting a handful of extremely rich. Anti-Flag means to fight against mindless nationalism. Anti-Flag means unity.\"", "Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag's anti-capitalism stance drew criticism towards them when they signed to major label RCA Records in 2005, with some referring to the move as the band selling out. Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people.", "Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people. Studio projects Chris No. 2 and Chris Head are in a band called White Wives. They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011.", "They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011. The band and name was based on the Provo movement and The White Plans. Wharf Rats, the new musical partnership between Chris No. 2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A.", "2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A. 's Chachi Darin and Minneapolis rapper P.O.S, was conceived on Warped Tour and recorded in the festival's traveling recording studio. Two songs emerged from those sessions: \"Oh No!\" and \"Capital Gains\".", "and \"Capital Gains\". and \"Capital Gains\". Both were pressed on a limited edition 7-inch single and released on May 31 via No Sleep Records. ANTIFest ANTIFest is Anti-Flag's own hosted festival. It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire.", "It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire. The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event.", "The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event. On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints.", "On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints. The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion.", "The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion. ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None.", "ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None. Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career.", "Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career. This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights.", "This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights. All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights.", "All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights. They have frequently been featured by PETA, and appear on the Fat Wreck Chords compilation album Liberation: Songs to Benefit PETA. They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine.", "They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine. They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008.", "They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008. They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones.", "They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones. The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011.", "The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011. They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG.", "They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG. PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour.", "PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour. Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless.", "Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless. The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob.", "The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob. The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010.", "The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010. They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America.", "They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America. Symbol The \"Gun Star\" is the symbol for the band Anti-Flag, designed by Anti-Flag guitarist Chris Head. It was first used on the cover of the album Mobilize. It was later used on merchandise.", "It was later used on merchandise. It is made up of five broken M16 rifles in the form of a star shape. Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently.", "Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently. Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No.", "Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No. 2's Blog Eastpak Antidote Tour Live review 1989 establishments in Pennsylvania A-F Records A-F Records artists Fat Wreck Chords artists Hardcore punk groups from Pennsylvania Melodic hardcore groups Musical groups established in 1989 Musical groups from Pittsburgh Anarcho-punk groups RCA Records artists SideOneDummy Records artists" ]

[ "Anti-Flag", "First three albums (1996-1999)", "What is the name of of the first album of Anti-Flag?", "Die For the Government,", "When was this album released?", "In 1996,", "What are some of the songs of this album?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "the band released their second full-length release,", "What is the name of this second album?", "Their System Doesn't Work For You.", "In what year was this album relesed?", "In 1998,", "Did they release another album after that one?", "In 1999,", "And what is the name of this 3rd album?", "A New Kind of Army" ]

[ "Azuláo en Vivo con Lila Downs, (Azulao: Live with Lila Downs) is a live acoustic album of the Mexican singer Lila Downs. Recorded in April 1996 in Oaxaca City. This album is considered as one of the best of the artist. It opened the path to her commercial success in Mexico and the United States. Lila Downs achieved this success partly because this album was released in different parts of the Mexican Republic and was its first album to be released in CD.\n\nIn this album, she was accompanied and supported by well-known Mexican musicians who helped her interpret traditional music, country music and jazz. From songs like \"Woke Up This Morning\" to the \"Lucky\" Lila Downs interprets in Spanish and English compositions of Jaime Sabines, David Haro José Alfredo Jiménez Chuy Rasgado and Elpidio Ramirez.\n\nNote that Downs produced this album in collaboration with Paul Cohen (Artistic Director of Lila) who considered arrangements necessary to perform the different pieces found on the album. It did not benefit from massive production since it was directly created and distributed directly by the artist. Only a limited number of copies now exist. Thus, it is not officially part of Lila Downs's discography it is available in digital format.\n\nTrack listing\n\nExternal links\nLila Downs Azuláo\n\n1996 live albums\nLila Downs albums", "Start a War is the fourth studio album by American metal band Static-X, released in June 2005. A special version was shipped with an additional DVD titled X-Rated. It is the last album for 15 years to feature Ulrich Wild as a producer and/or a mixer, until Project: Regeneration Vol. 1 in 2020.\n\nAlbum information\nThis is the first studio album with drumming provided by Nick Oshiro, and the second and last album that guitarist Tripp Eisen wrote and performed on. The album marks the return of former guitarist Koichi Fukuda, who helped with the programming, and according to Static-X's online forums, Fukuda completed additional guitar parts in three songs left unfinished by Eisen. The album continues the change in sound found on Shadow Zone but many of the songs featured on Start a War are heavier and feature a lot more screaming and aggressive lyrics. The whole tone of the album is more aggressive than Shadow Zone.\n\nThe song \"Pieces\" features a guitar solo by Tripp Eisen, a feature not found in earlier albums, but playing a larger role in the following album, Cannibal. Start a War is also the last album to feature one the band's unique Otsego songs until the release of Project Regeneration Vol. 1 in 2020. When asked about the album, Wayne Static said \"We wanted to try to recreate the fun spirit of Wisconsin Death Trip; having Koichi back, with his flavor, helped.\"\nThe song \"Start a War\" was featured on the WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw 2006 video game soundtrack, and later on in Project Gotham Racing 3. \"Skinnyman\" was featured on Need for Speed: Most Wanted, though in a censored version. \"I'm the One\" was featured in Greg Hastings' Tournament Paintball, both the original version and the \"Wayne Static's Destroyer Remix\".\n\nThe album debuted at #29 on the Billboard 200, selling 35,416 copies in its first week.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDVD version (X-Rated) \nStart a War was also available in a bonus edition digipak with a DVD titled X-Rated.\n\nBand footage\nMost of the DVD was filmed whilst guitarist Tripp Eisen was in the band. When he left the band, he had to be 'edited' out of the DVD, though he can still be seen in some shots. New live footage was filmed with Koichi Fukuda. Consequently, this means that most of the DVD has footage only of Static, Campos and Oshiro.\n\nContents of the DVD\n Making of the record. (Footage of the band making/recording the record and a footage of a photoshoot.)\n Rehearsal footage. (In order - \"The Enemy\", \"Start a War\", \"I'm the One\", \"Dirthouse\")\n Live tour footage. Each song also has footage of the band's crazy antics (in order - \"Permanence\", \"The Trance Is the Motion\", \"Monster\")\n \"Desert Fun\" - Wayne and Tony driving around the desert in trucks with the tracks \"Otsego Amigo\" and \"I Want to Fucking Break It\" being played.\n Instrumental songs (\"Dirthouse\", \"Otsego Amigo\", \"Pieces\", \"Skinnyman\", \"Start a War\")\n\nChart positions\n\nAlbum\n\nSingles\n\nCredits\n Static-X\n Wayne Static – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, production\n Tony Campos – bass, backing vocals, production\n Tripp Eisen – guitar, songwriting\n Nick Oshiro – drums\n Koichi Fukuda – programming\n Ulrich Wild – production, engineering, mixing, programming\n Tom Whalley – production\n Daniel Wild – percussion\n Steven Gilmore – artwork\n Jason Freedman – sound effects\n P. R. Brown – photography\n Filmmakers – Troy Wallace, Matt Eidson, Richie Riot, Andy \"Matahaji\" Sandoval, John Toler\nWhile Fukuda is credited with playing lead guitar, it was actually Eisen who played lead guitar on this album, but he was fired from the band before the album's release.\n\nReferences\n\n2005 albums\nStatic-X albums\nWarner Records albums\nAlbums produced by Ulrich Wild" ]

[ "Anti-Flag is an American punk-rock band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The band is well known for its left-wing political activism. Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No.", "Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag.", "2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag. Anti-Flag is also known for their advocacy of progressive political movements such as Greenpeace, Amnesty International, and the Occupy movement. History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic.", "History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic. During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste.", "During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste. The band failed to solidify, disbanding after performing in only one show. In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist.", "In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist. A 17-song demo album called 17 Songs was released the same year. First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives.", "First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives. Andy Flag left the band mid-1996 because of personal disputes against Justin. After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist.", "After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist. During this time, Sean was also playing in another band (57 Defective) with guitarist Chris Head, whom he introduced to Anti-Flag. In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass.", "In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass. In late 1997, Jamie Cock took over as the new bassist, making Chris Head the second guitar, which Chris preferred. The current lineup finalized in 1999 when Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass.", "2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass. In 1998, the band released their second full-length album, Their System Doesn't Work for You. The album contained all nine Anti-Flag songs from the 1996 Anti-Flag/d.b.s. split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs.", "split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs. The band decided to release the album independently, and Their System Doesn't Work for You became the debut release for the band's own A-F Records. In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records.", "In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records. The album addressed topics such as abortion, political corruption, racism, fascism, troubled youth, police brutality, and unity amongst American youths. The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight.", "The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight. Too smart to kill. Join now. A new kind of army.\" In addition to this, the band had a disclaimer at the bottom of its album cover, which said, \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war.", "Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means unity.\" Fat Wreck Chords (2000–2004) In 2000, Anti-Flag was invited to participate in Vans Warped Tour. During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label.", "During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label. This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label.", "This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label. In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords.", "In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords. The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight.", "The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight. The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy.", "The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy. The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn.", "The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn. In February 2002, Anti-Flag released the album Mobilize on A-F Records. The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums.", "The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums. In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\".", "In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\". During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\"", "During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\" In 2003, Anti-Flag released the album The Terror State on Fat Wreck Chords. The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism.", "The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism. As before, the album held a booklet filled with essays by the band and other political commentators. The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie.", "The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie. The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper.", "The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper. On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote.", "On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote. RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA.", "RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA. In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006.", "In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006. The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government.", "The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government. The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth.", "The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth. They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now.", "They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now. Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records.", "Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records. These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more.", "These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more. On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America.", "On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America. Produced by Tony Visconti (of David Bowie, T. Rex (band) and Morrissey fame), it was released on April 1, 2008. The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008.", "The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008. A video of the song was released some weeks later.", "A video of the song was released some weeks later. In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album.", "In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album. The two also play on the single version of the song.", "The two also play on the single version of the song. In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band.", "In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band. SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album.", "SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album. On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\".", "On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\". On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009.", "On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009. The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves.", "The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves. The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website.", "The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website. On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey.", "On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue.", "In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue. Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests.", "Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests. In November 2009, Anti-Flag showed their support to the protesting students in Vienna. They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna.", "They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna. In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible.", "In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible. The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters).", "The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters). The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid.", "The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid. Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August.", "Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August. September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses.", "September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses. The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April.", "The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April. In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy.", "In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy. On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum.", "On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum. Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well.", "Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well. The band released the album, The General Strike on March 20, 2012. The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio.", "The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio. The band will be going on The General Strike Record Release Tour with The Flatliners and the Have Nots. They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill.", "They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill. In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013.", "In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013. The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003.", "The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003. The album was released on July 21, 2014.", "The album was released on July 21, 2014. American Spring and American Fall (2015–2018) On January 16, 2015, the band announced they would release their ninth studio album titled American Spring, via Spinefarm Records. The album was released on May 26, 2015.", "The album was released on May 26, 2015. Later in 2015 Anti-Flag released a compilation album called Cease Fires which contains two previously unreleased songs from their American Spring recording sessions and twelve songs taken from their 20 Years of Hell EP series. It was released on December 18, 2015.", "It was released on December 18, 2015. In a 2016 interview, Chris #2 revealed that he doesn't read books. On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel.", "On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel. On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel.", "On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel. In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth.", "In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth. From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour.", "From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour. 20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year.", "20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year. On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents.", "On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents. Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video.", "Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video. Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American.", "Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace.", "Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace. Anti-Flag means to stand against corporate greed that hurts millions while benefiting a handful of extremely rich. Anti-Flag means to fight against mindless nationalism. Anti-Flag means unity.\"", "Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag's anti-capitalism stance drew criticism towards them when they signed to major label RCA Records in 2005, with some referring to the move as the band selling out. Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people.", "Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people. Studio projects Chris No. 2 and Chris Head are in a band called White Wives. They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011.", "They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011. The band and name was based on the Provo movement and The White Plans. Wharf Rats, the new musical partnership between Chris No. 2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A.", "2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A. 's Chachi Darin and Minneapolis rapper P.O.S, was conceived on Warped Tour and recorded in the festival's traveling recording studio. Two songs emerged from those sessions: \"Oh No!\" and \"Capital Gains\".", "and \"Capital Gains\". and \"Capital Gains\". Both were pressed on a limited edition 7-inch single and released on May 31 via No Sleep Records. ANTIFest ANTIFest is Anti-Flag's own hosted festival. It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire.", "It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire. The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event.", "The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event. On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints.", "On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints. The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion.", "The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion. ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None.", "ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None. Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career.", "Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career. This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights.", "This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights. All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights.", "All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights. They have frequently been featured by PETA, and appear on the Fat Wreck Chords compilation album Liberation: Songs to Benefit PETA. They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine.", "They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine. They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008.", "They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008. They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones.", "They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones. The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011.", "The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011. They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG.", "They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG. PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour.", "PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour. Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless.", "Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless. The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob.", "The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob. The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010.", "The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010. They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America.", "They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America. Symbol The \"Gun Star\" is the symbol for the band Anti-Flag, designed by Anti-Flag guitarist Chris Head. It was first used on the cover of the album Mobilize. It was later used on merchandise.", "It was later used on merchandise. It is made up of five broken M16 rifles in the form of a star shape. Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently.", "Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently. Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No.", "Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No. 2's Blog Eastpak Antidote Tour Live review 1989 establishments in Pennsylvania A-F Records A-F Records artists Fat Wreck Chords artists Hardcore punk groups from Pennsylvania Melodic hardcore groups Musical groups established in 1989 Musical groups from Pittsburgh Anarcho-punk groups RCA Records artists SideOneDummy Records artists" ]

[ "Anti-Flag", "First three albums (1996-1999)", "What is the name of of the first album of Anti-Flag?", "Die For the Government,", "When was this album released?", "In 1996,", "What are some of the songs of this album?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "the band released their second full-length release,", "What is the name of this second album?", "Their System Doesn't Work For You.", "In what year was this album relesed?", "In 1998,", "Did they release another album after that one?", "In 1999,", "And what is the name of this 3rd album?", "A New Kind of Army", "Who helped in the production of this album?", "Go-Kart Records/A-F Records." ]

[ "Warner Alliance was a contemporary Christian record label and a division of Warner Music Group. It was founded in 1989 with headquarters located in San Francisco, California. Artists on the label included Steve Taylor, Kim Boyce, Michael English, the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir, Caedmon's Call, Sarah Jahn, Donnie McClurkin, First Call, Wayne Watson, Take 6, Ron David Moore, Marilyn McCoo, Patsy Moore, Mid-South, and The Worldwide Message Tribe. Albums associated with the label are now controlled by Word Entertainment.\n\nHistory\nIn 2018, Warner Alliance was acquired by Warner Records, KMG Records, Warner Music Group, Rock 'n Roll Records and Squint Entertainment for US$24million.\n\nSee also\n List of record labels\n\nAmerican record labels\nChristian record labels\nRecord labels disestablished in 1998\nWarner Music labels\nCompanies established in 1989\nCompanies based in San Francisco", "Pinnacle Entertainment was an entertainment group based in the United Kingdom spanning many divisions, but primarily known as one of the UK's leading independent record label distributors.\n\nHistory\nIn 1996, Windsong/Pinnacle was purchased by the Zomba Group. When Zomba was subsequently purchased by BMG in 2002, Windsong/Pinnacle was moved under Bertelsmann's group Arvato AG. In January 2008, Windsong completed a buyout from Arvato, gaining independent ownership again. However, in the midst of an economic crisis, the company was forced to go into administration, effective December 3, 2008. It was then that Windsong Exports purchased the group and turned it into the UK's leading music distributor. Following that, the companies were usually referred to jointly as Windsong/Pinnacle.\n\nDivisions\n\nAudio Services\nPinnacle's music division Audio Services Ltd., was primarily known for the distribution of over 400 independent record labels in the UK, but it also consisted of its own record label, label management for distributed labels, and marketing and sales divisions.\n\nRecord labels\nPinnacle Records (artists include Flintlock, James Arthur Edwards)\nFirebird Records (Artists included Nick Straker)\nCollins Classics - Formed in 1989, closed in 1998.\n\nPinnacle Software\nFormed in 1992, Pinnacle Software serves as a publishing company that represents many computer software companies such as 3MV, New Note, Shellshock and Beechwood. It provides retail, sales, marketing and logistics services to its publishing partners. Deals with Electronic Arts and Ubisoft helped introduce an exclusive distribution model to the UK Software market. Some brands associated with Pinnacle Software include FIFA, Harry Potter, Lord of the Rings, Splinter Cell and Prince of Persia.\n\nGauntlet Entertainment\nFormed in 1996, Gauntlet Entertainment was a distributor of video games. Formed by Peter Rezon to create a focused distribution model for video games, similar to what Pinnacle Software had been doing with other UK software companies. The distribution model they pioneered became the de facto model used by most major software publishers in the UK. Gauntlet Entertainment succeeded in doing so with ground breaking deals with Sierra, NovaLogic, THQ International, CDV Software and many other International Publishing houses. It has been associated with many of the top brands in the market place, including WWE Smackdown!, Cossacks, Rugrats, Warcraft, Half Life, Scooby Doo, Tetris and many more.\n\nSee also\n List of record labels\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nPinnacle Entertainment\nPinnacle Vision\n\nDefunct record labels of the United Kingdom\nRecord labels disestablished in 2008\nIFPI members" ]

[ "Anti-Flag is an American punk-rock band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The band is well known for its left-wing political activism. Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No.", "Their current members include singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic, who founded the band together; later members that joined include guitarist Chris Head, and singer/bassist Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag.", "2. Notable past members include bassist Jamie \"Cock\" Towns and bassist Andy Flag. Anti-Flag is also known for their advocacy of progressive political movements such as Greenpeace, Amnesty International, and the Occupy movement. History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic.", "History Early years (1988, 1992–1996) Anti-Flag was formed in 1988 by singer/guitarist Justin Sane and drummer Pat Thetic. During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste.", "During the band's early years, various guitarists and bassists joined and left the band, including Justin's sister, Lucy Fester, who was formerly of the Chicago band Toothpaste. The band failed to solidify, disbanding after performing in only one show. In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist.", "In 1992, Justin and Pat re-formed the band with Andy Flag as their bassist. A 17-song demo album called 17 Songs was released the same year. First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives.", "First three albums (1996–1999) In 1996, the band released their first album, Die For the Government, on New Red Archives. Andy Flag left the band mid-1996 because of personal disputes against Justin. After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist.", "After Andy's departure in 1996, Sean Whelan from a Pittsburgh band called the Bad Genes briefly filled in as their bassist. During this time, Sean was also playing in another band (57 Defective) with guitarist Chris Head, whom he introduced to Anti-Flag. In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass.", "In early 1997, Pittsburgh guitarist Chris Head began filling in on bass. In late 1997, Jamie Cock took over as the new bassist, making Chris Head the second guitar, which Chris preferred. The current lineup finalized in 1999 when Chris Barker, also known as Chris No. 2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass.", "2, replaced Jamie Cock on bass. In 1998, the band released their second full-length album, Their System Doesn't Work for You. The album contained all nine Anti-Flag songs from the 1996 Anti-Flag/d.b.s. split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs.", "split album North America Sucks, as well as 10 new unreleased songs. The band decided to release the album independently, and Their System Doesn't Work for You became the debut release for the band's own A-F Records. In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records.", "In 1999, Anti-Flag released the album A New Kind of Army on Go-Kart Records/A-F Records. The album addressed topics such as abortion, political corruption, racism, fascism, troubled youth, police brutality, and unity amongst American youths. The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight.", "The cover art page unfolded into a poster featuring the phrase \"Too smart to fight. Too smart to kill. Join now. A new kind of army.\" In addition to this, the band had a disclaimer at the bottom of its album cover, which said, \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war.", "Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means unity.\" Fat Wreck Chords (2000–2004) In 2000, Anti-Flag was invited to participate in Vans Warped Tour. During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label.", "During this time, the members of Anti-Flag met NOFX's Fat Mike, owner of the Fat Wreck Chords record label. This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label.", "This meeting formed a friendship between them that would lead to Anti-Flag releasing two albums on Fat Mike's label. In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords.", "In 2001, Anti-Flag teamed with punk music producer Mass Giorgini to record the album Underground Network, released on Fat Wreck Chords. The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight.", "The album's release is arguably the moment that made Anti-Flag emerge from the hardcore underground to more of a mainstream spotlight. The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy.", "The album addressed the issues of fascism (specifically neo-Nazis infiltrating the \"hardcore scene\") and the United States' foreign policy. The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn.", "The album was the first of theirs to contain the now-commonplace booklet filled with essays from historians and political commentators, most notably Professor Howard Zinn. In February 2002, Anti-Flag released the album Mobilize on A-F Records. The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums.", "The album featured eight new studio tracks as well as eight live tracks of songs from other albums. In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\".", "In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Anti-Flag spoke out against the push for war with the album's title track \"911 for peace\". During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\"", "During this time, many music stores got took Anti-Flag's records off their shelves, as their music was labeled as \"anti-American.\" In 2003, Anti-Flag released the album The Terror State on Fat Wreck Chords. The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism.", "The album primarily focused on criticizing the Bush Administration's actions on the War on Terrorism. As before, the album held a booklet filled with essays by the band and other political commentators. The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie.", "The album contains a song called \"Post-War Breakout\" whose lyrics were originally written by Woody Guthrie. The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper.", "The track's music was arranged by the members of Anti-Flag, as Guthrie had never committed the arrangements to paper. On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote.", "On October 8, 2004, U.S. Representative Jim McDermott gave a speech in the House of Representatives, praising Anti-Flag for their work in encouraging young people to register and vote. RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA.", "RCA (2005–2009) In 2005, Anti-Flag signed a two-album record contract with major label RCA. In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006.", "In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Justin Sane explained the band's move to a major label: The first of these two albums, For Blood and Empire, was released on March 21, 2006. The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government.", "The album's main focus is the band's criticism of the mishandling of the War on Terrorism by the US government. The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth.", "The album's lead single, \"This Is The End (For You My Friend)\" is featured in the video game Madden NFL 07 and on NHL 07, strays from the theme of war and focuses on the troubled youth. They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now.", "They finished their \"War Sucks, Let's Party\" United States headlining tour in April and worked on some side projects such as the African Well Fund and Start to Finish MS now. Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records.", "Throughout Anti-Flag's career, many other bands have been added to the roster of the band's own label, A-F Records. These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more.", "These bands include The Code, Pipedown, Much the Same, The Vacancy, The Unseen, Modey Lemon, Thought Riot, Tabula Rasa, and more. On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America.", "On November 25, Anti-Flag revealed that their latest album was called The Bright Lights of America. Produced by Tony Visconti (of David Bowie, T. Rex (band) and Morrissey fame), it was released on April 1, 2008. The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008.", "The album's title single was released exclusively on iTunes on February 12, 2008. A video of the song was released some weeks later.", "A video of the song was released some weeks later. In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album.", "In 2008, on tour with Canadian band Billy Talent in Europe, Justin Sane and Chris#2 joined Billy Talent singer Ben Kowalewicz and guitarist Ian D'Sa, singing their new song \"Turn Your Back\" from their upcoming unreleased album. The two also play on the single version of the song.", "The two also play on the single version of the song. In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band.", "In March 2009, Anti-Flag was forced to cancel a series of tours after Sane broke his collarbone at the UEA LCR in Norwich by jumping off the stage whilst trying to stop a fan of another act throwing objects at the band. SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album.", "SideOneDummy (2009–2014) On September 30, 2008, Chris#2 started posting on his blog that the band had begun to work on their seventh studio album. On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\".", "On December 2, Anti-Flag began to record their album, starting with \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\". On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009.", "On March 31, 2009, Anti-Flag announced that their next CD, The People or the Gun, would be released on SideOneDummy on June 9, 2009. The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves.", "The band recorded the album in a home studio they built themselves. The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website.", "The first track of the album \"Sodom, Gomorrah, and Washington DC (Sheep in Shepherd's Clothing)\" could be listened to on Anti-Flag's website. On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey.", "On May 1, 2009, the band performed a full set of The Clash covers at Hoodwink in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue.", "In September 2009, Anti-Flag was slated to play a show during a G-20 protest that was taking place in their hometown of Pittsburgh, but the promoter canceled the show due to severe parking restrictions and police presence near the venue. Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests.", "Even so, the band continued to personally take part in the protests. In November 2009, Anti-Flag showed their support to the protesting students in Vienna. They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna.", "They gave a speech at the main building of the Vienna University that the students had taken over and also had one of the student representatives speak at their two shows in Vienna. In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible.", "In January 2010, Anti-Flag completed a full US tour supported by Aiden and Cancer Bats with various bands filling another supporting slot and local bands opening as many of the shows as possible. The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters).", "The tour was sponsored by Amnesty International, Peta 2, Greenpeace, and Innes Clothing (who supported a clothing drive for local homeless and youth shelters). The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid.", "The band followed the US tour with an Australian tour, playing the Soundwave Festival dates in February 2010, with bands such as AFI, Paramore, Escape the Fate, A Day to Remember, HIM and more, as well as playing two headlining dates supported by Alexisonfire and Comeback Kid. Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August.", "Throughout mid-2010, the band playing various festivals such as Ruisrock and Woodstock en Beauce, as well as playing the few last dates of the Vans Warped Tour in August. September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses.", "September 2010 saw the band headlining a Canadian tour with support from the Menzingers, which was followed by the European Vans Off the Wall Music Tour in October, with supporting acts The Swellers and Pulled Apart by Horses. The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April.", "The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April. In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy.", "In May–June 2011, the band returned to Europe to play the Slam Dunk Festival dates, as well as supporting System of a Down on June 2 in Milan, Italy. On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum.", "On June 21, 2011, front-man Justin Sane announced that Anti-Flag is working on material for a new album, which they hoped would be to released later in the year, with working title of Magnum. Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well.", "Sane has also announced plans to record a new solo album in the coming future, as he's been working on some folk-oriented solo material as well. The band released the album, The General Strike on March 20, 2012. The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio.", "The General Strike was recorded and Produced by Anti-Flag at their home studio. The band will be going on The General Strike Record Release Tour with The Flatliners and the Have Nots. They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill.", "They have released a lyric video for the song \"1915\" which is about Joe Hill. In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013.", "In June 2014, it was announced that Anti-Flag were to release a new album titled A Document of Dissent: 1993-2013. The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003.", "The album, a compilation of their releases from 1993 to 2013, would be released on Fat Wreck Chords, the band's first release with the label since The Terror State in 2003. The album was released on July 21, 2014.", "The album was released on July 21, 2014. American Spring and American Fall (2015–2018) On January 16, 2015, the band announced they would release their ninth studio album titled American Spring, via Spinefarm Records. The album was released on May 26, 2015.", "The album was released on May 26, 2015. Later in 2015 Anti-Flag released a compilation album called Cease Fires which contains two previously unreleased songs from their American Spring recording sessions and twelve songs taken from their 20 Years of Hell EP series. It was released on December 18, 2015.", "It was released on December 18, 2015. In a 2016 interview, Chris #2 revealed that he doesn't read books. On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel.", "On August 14, 2017, in reaction to the events of the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the band released a song titled \"Racists\" to the Spinefarm Records YouTube channel. On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel.", "On August 18, 2017, the band announced a new album titled American Fall would be released on Spinefarm Records on November 3, 2017, by premiering a song titled \"American Attraction\" from the upcoming album on the band's YouTube channel. In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth.", "In early 2018, the ensemble toured with Stray from the Path, The White Noise and Sharptooth. From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour.", "From July until September 2018, Anti-Flag played with AFI and Rise Against in the Mourning in Amerika Tour. 20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year.", "20/20 Vision (2019–present) On October 4, 2019, the band released their song \"Christian Nationalist\", alongside the announcement of a European tour the following year. On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents.", "On the band's website, the song's meaning was explained by a quote from Justin:The website also provided a list of Republican politicians, along with sources indicating that said politicians had accepted large amounts of donations from the NRA and gun lobbyists for their support of many of the concepts that are explained in the quote, along with a list of mass shooting incidents. Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video.", "Later that month, the band announced their twelfth studio album, 20/20 Vision, alongside the release of the song \"Hate Conquers All\" and the song's music video. Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American.", "Name and criticism Anti-Flag explained their name on the artwork for their 1999 release, A New Kind of Army, saying \"Anti-Flag does not mean Anti-American. Anti-Flag means anti-war. Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace.", "Anti-Flag means the common people of the world are better off living in unity and peace. Anti-Flag means to stand against corporate greed that hurts millions while benefiting a handful of extremely rich. Anti-Flag means to fight against mindless nationalism. Anti-Flag means unity.\"", "Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag means unity.\" Anti-Flag's anti-capitalism stance drew criticism towards them when they signed to major label RCA Records in 2005, with some referring to the move as the band selling out. Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people.", "Anti-Flag defended themselves from the criticism by saying that signing to the record label was for bringing their message to more people. Studio projects Chris No. 2 and Chris Head are in a band called White Wives. They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011.", "They have released the Situationists EP on February 15, 2011, and released Happeners on June 28, 2011. The band and name was based on the Provo movement and The White Plans. Wharf Rats, the new musical partnership between Chris No. 2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A.", "2 of Anti-Flag, Alexisonfire guitarist and Gallows frontman Wade MacNeil, The A.K.A. 's Chachi Darin and Minneapolis rapper P.O.S, was conceived on Warped Tour and recorded in the festival's traveling recording studio. Two songs emerged from those sessions: \"Oh No!\" and \"Capital Gains\".", "and \"Capital Gains\". and \"Capital Gains\". Both were pressed on a limited edition 7-inch single and released on May 31 via No Sleep Records. ANTIFest ANTIFest is Anti-Flag's own hosted festival. It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire.", "It took place on May 3, 2012, at The Forum at the University of Hertfordshire. The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event.", "The festival was the first self-established festival hosted by the band, who seek to maintain it as an annual event. On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints.", "On top of headlining the festival, the band personally chose all of the bands who appeared, some of which included other punk bands such as The Bouncing Souls, The Menzingers, Red City Radio, The Computers, and The Skints. The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion.", "The event also had volunteers from organizations including Amnesty International, PETA, and Emmaus providing information and a forum for debate and discussion. ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None.", "ANTIFest 2013 took place at Backstage Werk in Munich on July 14 with support from ZSK, Strike Anywhere, The Computers and Apologies, I Have None. Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career.", "Activism Anti-Flag have been involved with activism throughout their musical career. This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights.", "This has included starting the activism groups The Underground Action Alliance, Military Free Zone (a group to protest a clause in the No Child Left Behind Act, which gave military recruiters automatic access to students' personal details) and The Bright Lights. All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights.", "All members of the band are vegan, and are adamant supporters of animal rights. They have frequently been featured by PETA, and appear on the Fat Wreck Chords compilation album Liberation: Songs to Benefit PETA. They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine.", "They have been involved in performing at multiple protests, including two in support of Rage Against the Machine. They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008.", "They performed outside the Republican National Convention in 2008. They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones.", "They were not supposed to be the last band to play, but when officials found out that Rage Against the Machine were going to perform after them, they shut down the stage's power and Rage Against the Machine performed two songs using megaphones. The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011.", "The band played an acoustic set at the Occupy Wall Street demonstration in New York City on October 8, 2011. They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG.", "They also regularly support organizations which include: Democracy Now!, the latest headlines from which can be found on the band's homepage, ANTI-FLAG. PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour.", "PETA, who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party' tour. Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Amnesty International, to which the band donated money from the sale of The People and the Gun, have supported for a long time and who were one of the sponsors of their 2010 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'.", "Greenpeace, with whom the band worked in order to persuade world leaders to attend the climate conference in Copenhagen and who were one of the sponsors of their 'The Economy Sucks Let's Party Tour'. Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless.", "Useless, with whom they sold screen-printed limited-edition T-shirts to raise money for The Kandorwahun project, while raising awareness and visibility for Useless. The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob.", "The band also showed their disapproval of fracking in October 2013, supporting the Clean Water Mob. The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010.", "The band's song \"Die for Your Government\" was sung by anti-war protesters who briefly blocked a road to prevent U.S. troops from deploying to Iraq in August 2010. They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America.", "They have appeared in the 2010 music documentary Sounds Like A Revolution, about new protest music in America. Symbol The \"Gun Star\" is the symbol for the band Anti-Flag, designed by Anti-Flag guitarist Chris Head. It was first used on the cover of the album Mobilize. It was later used on merchandise.", "It was later used on merchandise. It is made up of five broken M16 rifles in the form of a star shape. Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently.", "Also, they used the O & X superposed symbols on Die for the Government LP frequently. Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No.", "Band members Current members Justin Sane – lead vocals, lead guitar (1988–1989, 1992–present) Chris#2 (Chris Barker) – bass guitar, backing and lead vocals (1999–present) Chris Head – bass guitar (1997), rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1997–present) Pat Thetic – drums, percussion (1988–1989, 1992–present) Former members Lucy Fester – bass guitar (1988–1989) Andy Flag – bass guitar, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals (1993–1996) Jamie \"Cock\" Towns – bass guitar (1997–1999) Touring musicians Erik Pitluga - drums (2018–present), guitar (2020–present) Josh Massie - guitar (2019) Donny Donovan - guitar (2019) Steve LaRussa - backing vocals, bass guitar (2013–2017) Brian Curran (1997) Sean Whealen (1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Die for the Government (1996) A New Kind of Army (1999) Underground Network (2001) Mobilize (2002) The Terror State (2003) For Blood and Empire (2006) The Bright Lights of America (2008) The People or the Gun (2009) The General Strike (2012) American Spring (2015) American Fall (2017) 20/20 Vision (2020) Videography \"This is the End (For You My Friend)\" \"Broken Bones\" \"The Economy is Suffering... Let It Die\" \"The Press Corpse\" \"This is the New Sound\" \"The Bright Lights of America\" \"Close My Eyes/The Ghosts of Alexandria (Punks in Vegas Session)\" \"When All the Lights Go Out\" \"Brandenburg Gate\" \"All of the Poison, All of the Pain\" \"Turncoat\" \"American Attraction\" References External links Anti-Flag's/Chris No. 2's Blog Eastpak Antidote Tour Live review 1989 establishments in Pennsylvania A-F Records A-F Records artists Fat Wreck Chords artists Hardcore punk groups from Pennsylvania Melodic hardcore groups Musical groups established in 1989 Musical groups from Pittsburgh Anarcho-punk groups RCA Records artists SideOneDummy Records artists" ]

[ "Jayan", "Death", "What caused Jayan's death?", "Jayan was killed in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave)." ]

[ "The Lego Batman Movie was a product line based on The Lego Batman Movie, the second film of The Lego Movie franchise. It is licensed from The Lego Group, DC Comics and Warner Bros. Animation. The theme was first introduced in 2017 as part of a licensing and merchandising programme associated with the film. Alongside the release of the Lego sets, the programme included the release of several promotional short films and The Lego Batman Movie Game app. The product line was discontinued by the end of 2018.\n\nOverview\n\nOn 10 February 2017, The Lego Batman Movie was released by Warner Bros. Pictures. The storyline follows the DC Comics character Batman, voiced by Will Arnett, who attempts to overcome his greatest fear to stop the Joker's latest plan. To promote the film, The Lego Group released a collection of Lego construction sets and a set of collectible Lego minifigures, which were based on the characters and locations in the film. A range of other merchandise and media was produced as part of the marketing programme, including a number of books published by DK Publishing, Scholastic, Ameet and Blue Ocean. With more than 21 books, the robust movie tie-in program encompasses storybooks, readers, activity books, sticker books, magazines, junior novel, guide books and The Making of The Lego Batman Movie behind-the-scenes film guide, the first-ever making-of book for the franchise.\n\nIn 2016, The Lego Group built a life-sized model of The Batman who appear in The Lego Batman Movie film. The Batman contained a total of 53,998 Lego bricks, and weighed 286 pounds. They were placed in front of San Diego Comic Con. In 2017, The Lego Group built a life-sized model of The Batmobile based on The Lego Batman Movie film. The Batmobile contained a total of 300,000 Lego bricks, and weighed 1,700 pounds. They were placed in front of Detroit Auto Show.\n\nCharacters\n\n Batman: A billionaire, vigilante superhero from Gotham City.\n The Joker: Batman's archenemy who is also known as the \"Clown Prince of Crime\".\n Robin: An orphan who is adopted by Bruce Wayne, and becomes a sidekick to Batman.\n Barbara Gordon: A police officer who becomes the new police commissioner.\n Alfred Pennyworth: The family butler of the Wayne family, and friend to Bruce Wayne. \n Harley Quinn: The Joker's girlfriend and accomplice, and fellow-criminal in Gotham City. \n Commissioner James Gordon: The commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department, and ally to Batman. \n Chief O'Hara: the Gotham City Police Department's chief of police. \n Mayor McCaskill: The mayor of Gotham City.\n Two-Face: A disfigured lawyer once allied with Batman, who became a villain following his criminal downfall. \n Pamela Isley / Poison Ivy: A villain in Gotham city, who has powers to control flora lifeforms. \n Wicked Witch of the West: an evil witch from the Land of Oz who is imprisoned in the Phantom Zone. \n Edward Nygma / Riddler: A riddle-obsessed criminal from Gotham City. \n Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow: A criminally insane former doctor, who uses fear gas to manipulate the people of Gotham City.\n Selina Kyle / Catwoman: An expert burglar, vigilante anti-hero and criminal from Gotham City.\n Clayface: A villainous criminal from Gotham City, with the metahuman ability of shapeshifting. \n Bane: A criminal genius who uses a drug called \"Venom\" to gain superhuman strength. Benson satirizes Tom Hardy's performance in The Dark Knight Rises. \n Victor Fries/ Mr. Freeze: A doctor and scientist from Gotham City, who turns to villainy following the death of his wife. Fries wears a cryogenic suit that grants him superhuman abilities and uses a freeze gun. \n Killer Croc: An animalistic, metahuman villain from Gotham City. \n Penguin: A rich and powerful crime lord from Gotham City, who uses trick-umbrellas and robotic penguins. \n Superman: A superhero with various superpowers, from the planet Krypton, and member of the Justice League who defends Earth and lives in Metropolis.\n\nToy line\n\nConstruction Sets\nAccording to Bricklink, The Lego Group released a total of 42 Lego sets and promotional polybags as part of The Lego Batman Movie theme. It was discontinued by the end of 2019.\n\nIn July 2016, The Lego Group had a partnership with Warner Bros. Animation and DC Comics. The Lego Group had announced that the first wave sets that based on The Lego Batman Movie film would be released on 10 February 2017. The 13 sets being released were The Joker Balloon Escape (set number: 70900), Mr. Freeze Ice Attack (set number: 70901), Catwoman Catcycle Chase (set number: 70902), The Riddler Riddle Racer (set number: 70903), Clayface Splat Attack (set number: 70904), The Batmobile (set number: 70905), The Joker Notorious Lowrider (set number: 70906), Killer Croc Tail-Gator (set number: 70907), The Scuttler (set number: 70908), Batcave Break-In (set number: 70909), Scarecrow Special Delivery (set number: 70910), The Penguin Arctic Roller (set number: 70911) and Arkham Asylum (set number: 70912). In addition, the 7 polybag sets have been released as a promotions are The Mini Batmobile (set number: 30521), Batman in the Phantom Zone (set number: 30522), The Joker Battle Training (set number: 30523), The Mini Batwing (set number: 30524), Disco Batman - Tears of Batman (set number: 30607) and Batgirl (set number: 30612). Also included 6 key chains with a key chain attached to the minifigures of Batman, The Joker, Robin, Catwoman, Harley Quinn and Kiss Kiss Tuxedo Batman. Each of the sets features four core characters, named Batman, Alfred, Robin and Batgirl.\n\nLater, the second wave sets would be released on 2 June 2017. The 5 sets being released were Scarecrow Fearful Face-off (set number: 70913), Bane Toxic Truck Attack (set number: 70914), Two-Face Double Demolition (set number: 70915), The Batwing (set number: 70916) and The Ultimate Batmobile (set number: 70917). In October 2017, The Lego Batman Movie Minifigure Collection (set number: 5004939) is an exclusive promo set only available in Toys \"R\" Us stores or online shop.\n\nIn 2018, the third wave sets would be released on 1 January 2018. The 6 sets being released were The Bat-Dune Buggy (set number: 70918), The Justice League Anniversary Party (set number: 70919), Egghead Mech Food Fight (set number: 70920), Harley Quinn Cannonball Attack (set number: 70921), The Joker Manor (set number: 70922) and The Bat-Space Shuttle (set number: 70923). In additional, The Mini Ultimate Batmobile (set number: 30526) and Bat Shooter (set number: 40301) polybag sets have been released as promotions.\n\nCollectible minifigures\nThe Lego Batman Movie Series 1 (set number: 71017) would be released on 1 January 2017 as a part of the Lego Minifigures theme. It consists of 20 characters instead of the usual 16.\n\nThe Lego Batman Movie Series 2 (set number: 71020) would be released around the world on 1 January 2018 as a part of the Lego Minifigures theme. It consists of 20 characters instead of the usual 16.\n\nBrickHeadz\nSeveral The Lego Batman Movie characters have also been released as part of the Lego BrickHeadz theme. A range of The Lego Batman Movie BrickHeadz was announced in 2017, which included Batman, Batgirl, Robin and The Joker as buildable characters.\n\nFilms\n\nThe Lego Batman Movie (2017)\n\nIn October 2014, Warner Bros. scheduled the release of The Lego Batman Movie, a spin-off starring Batman, for 2017, moving the release date for The Lego Movie 2 (later titled as The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part) to 2018. Will Arnett returned to voice Batman, with Chris McKay, who was earlier attached to the sequel, directing the film, the story written by Seth Grahame-Smith, and the film produced by Dan Lin, Roy Lee, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller. On April 20, 2015, Warner Bros. scheduled The Lego Batman Movie for a February 10, 2017 release. In July 2015, Arnett's Arrested Development co-star Michael Cera was cast to voice Robin. In August 2015, Zach Galifianakis entered final negotiations to voice the Joker. In October 2015, Rosario Dawson was cast to voice Barbara Gordon, the daughter of police commissioner James Gordon who later becomes the crime-fighting heroine Batgirl. The following month, Ralph Fiennes was cast as Alfred Pennyworth, Bruce Wayne's butler. Mariah Carey, although initial reports indicated she was playing Commissioner Gordon, was actually cast as Mayor McCaskill. The first trailer for the film was released on March 24, 2016, followed by a second on March 28 the same year. The film was released in the United States on February 10, 2017.\n\nThe score was composed by Lorne Balfe.\n\nShort films\nShort films set within the franchise were produced. Most of which were released on the home media releases of the films. In addition, various other shorts made to promote the films and unrelated real world events have been released on YouTube.\n\nDark Hoser (2017)\nDark Hoser is a short film included on the home media release of The Lego Batman Movie. Batman attends a tryout to apply to be a member of the Justice League of America, but only finds out he might be Canadian.\n\nBatman is Just Not That Into You (2017)\nBatman is Just Not That Into You is a short film included on the home media release of The Lego Batman Movie. Harley Quinn hosts a talk show and helps The Joker break up with Batman.\n\nCooking with Alfred (2017)\nCooking with Alfred is a short film included on the home media release of The Lego Batman Movie. Alfred hosts a cooking show with Batman and Robin as his guest stars.\n\nMovie Sound Effects: How Do They Do That? (2017)\nMovie Sound Effects: How Do They Do That? is a short film included on the home media release of The Lego Batman Movie. Bane, The Riddler, Poison Ivy and Catwoman are brought into a sound booth to help record sound effects for The Lego Batman Movie.\n\nBooks\nIn 2017, two books based on The Lego Batman Movie theme was released. The Making of The Lego Batman Movie and The Lego Batman Movie Essential Guide were released on February 11, 2017, by DK.\n\nVideo game and app\n\nLego Dimensions (2015)\n\nThe crossover toys-to-life game Lego Dimensions developed by Traveller's Tales features content based on the original The Lego Movie and The Lego Batman Movie. A \"Starter Pack\" includes an additional level that recreates the events of the original film and adds Wyldstyle as a playable character. Additional \"Fun packs\" add Emmet, Benny, Bad Cop and Unikitty as playable characters. A \"story pack\" offers an extended six-level story campaign retelling the events of The Lego Batman Movie, and includes a playable Robin and Batgirl. In addition, \"Fun packs\" added Excalibur Batman as a playable character.\n\nThe Lego Batman Movie Game (2017)\nAn app titled The Lego Batman Movie Game was a Lego-themed endless-runner game that based on the same name of the film and developed by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment was released on 11 January 2017 alongside of the film. It was released for Android and iOS.\n\nReception \nIn July 2018, The Scuttler (set number: 70908), Batcave Break-In (set number: 70909), The Ultimate Batmobile (set number: 70917) and The Bat-Space Shuttle (set number: 70923) was listed as \"The 10 Best ‘Batman’ Lego Sets for Kids and Collectors\" by official website Fatherly. In November 2018, the Toy Retailers Association listed The Lego Batman Movie Minifigure Series (set number: 71017) on its official list of 2018 Toy of the Year Awards.\n\nSee also \nThe Lego Movie (franchise)\nThe Lego Movie\nThe Lego Movie (Lego theme)\nThe Lego Batman Movie\nThe Lego Ninjago Movie\nThe Lego Ninjago Movie (Lego theme)\nThe Lego Movie 2: The Second Part\nUnikitty!\nLego Unikitty!\nLego Minifigures (theme)\nLego Batman\nLego Super Heroes\nLego Dimensions\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n\nBatman Movie\nBatman Movie\nThe Lego Movie (franchise)\nProducts introduced in 2017\nDC Comics franchises\nBatman toys\nProducts and services discontinued in 2019", "Dekh Magar Pyaar Say is a 2015 Pakistani romantic comedy film directed by Asad ul Haq and produced by Ali Murtaza under the production banner Shiny Toy Guns. The film was the directorial debut for Haq. The movie starred Humaima Malick and Sikander Rizvi in the lead roles. The latter made his film debut with the movie.\n\nDekh Magar Pyar Se received positive reviews for good direction, acting and praise for its music. The cinematography was especially lauded as it showcased the beauty of Lahore.\n\nCast \nHumaima Malick as Annie\nSikander Rizvi as Sikandar\nIrfan Khoosat\nAmna Ilyas - Special appearance in song \"Kaala Doriya\"\n\nProduction \nThe film was produced, financed and developed by Shiny Toy Guns. The styling for the movie was done by Saima Rashid Bargfrede. Shehryar Yasin was hired as the Creative and Fashion Design Director for the movie.\n\nCasting\nOn 2 April 2015 Humaima Malick and Sikander Rizvi were confirmed as the lead actors. Amna Ilyas was cast for an item song \"Kaala Doriya\".\n\nFilming\nThe film was mostly shot in Lahore over a 45-day period with filming wrapping up in the week of 18 May. The cast and crew were spotted in London shooting scenes for the movie. The cast and crew were reportedly filming bonus footage for the movie in London.\n\nMarketing\nOn 2 April 2015 the first teaser poster for the movie was released. Motion poster was revealed on 2 June. The teaser trailer for the movie was released on 1 July via the movie's official Facebook page. To promote the movie, fans were given the opportunity to view the filming of the bonus footage being shot in London via the Periscope app. The movie was also promoted using the hashtag \"magarpyaarsay\". The theatrical trailer was revealed online on 12 July 2015.\n\nSoundtrack\n\nThe background score of the film was given by Abbas Ali Khan.\n\nReception \nDekh Magar Pyar Se received positive reviews with good directing and acting while praising its music.\n\nSee also\n List of Pakistani films of 2015\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n\n2015 films\n2015 romantic comedy films\nPakistani romantic comedy films\nPakistani films\nFilms shot in Lahore\nFilms shot in London\nFilms set in Lahore\nFilms set in London\nFilms featuring an item number\n2015 directorial debut films" ]

[ "Master Chief Petty Officer Krishnan Nair (25 July 1939 – 16 November 1980), better known by his stage name Jayan, was an Indian film actor, naval officer, stunt performer and cultural icon of the 1970s and 1980s. He starred in over 150 Malayalam films.", "He starred in over 150 Malayalam films. During his film career, he was primarily an action star and was particularly famous for his macho image and unique style. He was reputed for his masculine appeal and well known for performing stunts of a dangerous nature on his own.", "He was reputed for his masculine appeal and well known for performing stunts of a dangerous nature on his own. By the late 1970s, he became the most popular superstar, lead actor and bankable star of Malayalam cinema and has been acclaimed as the first and most successful action hero of Malayalam cinema.", "By the late 1970s, he became the most popular superstar, lead actor and bankable star of Malayalam cinema and has been acclaimed as the first and most successful action hero of Malayalam cinema. Jayan is widely regarded as one of the most influential superstars in the history of Malayalam cinema.", "Jayan is widely regarded as one of the most influential superstars in the history of Malayalam cinema. His superhero image had transformed him into a popular culture icon among Malayalis around the world, with widespread impersonations on stage and television programs based on his screen persona.", "His superhero image had transformed him into a popular culture icon among Malayalis around the world, with widespread impersonations on stage and television programs based on his screen persona. It was accompanied by a cartoon, email and SMS phenomenon in the early 2000s, portraying him as a comic superhero with unique quotes of superhuman strength attributed to the action star becoming widespread.", "It was accompanied by a cartoon, email and SMS phenomenon in the early 2000s, portraying him as a comic superhero with unique quotes of superhuman strength attributed to the action star becoming widespread. These movements were fuelled by a renewed fascination with his style of dialogue delivery and his machismo image.", "These movements were fuelled by a renewed fascination with his style of dialogue delivery and his machismo image. These were claimed to honour his memories, but were also criticised for parodying the legendary actor years after his death.", "These were claimed to honour his memories, but were also criticised for parodying the legendary actor years after his death. Early life Jayan was born in Quilon, Travancore as the first child of his father Thevalli Kottaram Veetil Madhavan Pillai and mother Bharathiyamma. His birth name was Krishnan Nair. He had a younger brother named Soman Nair.", "He had a younger brother named Soman Nair. Malayalam actress Jayabharathi, who was his first cousin introduced him to the film industry. Jayan's formal education ended at the 10th grade at Kollam Govt. Boys High School when he joined the Indian Navy. The first accolades for his acting skills reached him when he was a naval sailor.", "The first accolades for his acting skills reached him when he was a naval sailor. He used to act in plays at various functions such as anniversaries. The encouragement from his friends and colleagues in the Navy gave him the desire to act in films.", "The encouragement from his friends and colleagues in the Navy gave him the desire to act in films. Jayan served in the Indian Navy for 16 years, culminating in the rank of Master CPO.", "Jayan served in the Indian Navy for 16 years, culminating in the rank of Master CPO. By the end of his navy days, he had begun efforts to start small businesses at Ernakulam and became a regular inhabitant of the Cochin Tourist Home. During his life at Ernakulam, he would meet some of his lifelong friends.", "During his life at Ernakulam, he would meet some of his lifelong friends. It was such a chance meeting while on leave, with Rajan Prakash who is the veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash's son, who owned a dry cleaning shop in Cochin, that eventually landed him a role in the movie Shapa Moksham.", "It was such a chance meeting while on leave, with Rajan Prakash who is the veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash's son, who owned a dry cleaning shop in Cochin, that eventually landed him a role in the movie Shapa Moksham. A year later, he left the Indian Navy and started trying his hand at various civilian jobs, working for companies in Cochin for a few years till his acting career began to succeed.", "A year later, he left the Indian Navy and started trying his hand at various civilian jobs, working for companies in Cochin for a few years till his acting career began to succeed. Jayan's younger brother Soman Nair (Ajayan) also acted in 20+ films after Jayan's death.", "Jayan's younger brother Soman Nair (Ajayan) also acted in 20+ films after Jayan's death. But he was not successful in films like Jayan. Ajayan has 3 children and his younger son Adithyan Jayan is a famous TV serial actor in Malayalam.", "Ajayan has 3 children and his younger son Adithyan Jayan is a famous TV serial actor in Malayalam. Career Random appearances and early career Jayan did make a few random uncredited appearances in some movies of the early 1970s, the first of which was in Postmane Kanmanilla. These minor appearances were before he attained the screen name Jayan.", "These minor appearances were before he attained the screen name Jayan. According to his nephew, he had the role of a vampire-like character in an unnamed project costarred by Vidhubala, which was never released. His first appearance with the name Jayan was in the movie Shapa Moksham, which is usually credited as his first film.", "His first appearance with the name Jayan was in the movie Shapa Moksham, which is usually credited as his first film. Rise to fame The name \"Jayan\" (English: \"The Victor\") was given to him by veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash on the sets of Shapa Moksham.", "Rise to fame The name \"Jayan\" (English: \"The Victor\") was given to him by veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash on the sets of Shapa Moksham. Jayan started his career by acting in minor roles and his first appearance in front of the camera was Postmane kananilla (1972) then starting with the name as Jayan in Shapa Moksham (1974).", "Jayan started his career by acting in minor roles and his first appearance in front of the camera was Postmane kananilla (1972) then starting with the name as Jayan in Shapa Moksham (1974). Jayan got his first major break appearing as a villain in Panchami (1976), playing a forest ranger.", "Jayan got his first major break appearing as a villain in Panchami (1976), playing a forest ranger. Jayan's performance in this film was appreciated in the industry and his physical appearance was also noticed for the first time.", "Jayan's performance in this film was appreciated in the industry and his physical appearance was also noticed for the first time. His next notable role was in Thacholi Ambu (1978), in which he appeared in a supporting role.", "His next notable role was in Thacholi Ambu (1978), in which he appeared in a supporting role. In the same year, he acted as a sage in the Sreekumaran Thampi film Etho Oru Swapnam, which was well received by critics.", "In the same year, he acted as a sage in the Sreekumaran Thampi film Etho Oru Swapnam, which was well received by critics. But what made Jayan a superstar was his antihero role in Sharapancharam (1979, Bed of Arrows).", "But what made Jayan a superstar was his antihero role in Sharapancharam (1979, Bed of Arrows). He catapulted to fame riding on machismo roles that endeared him to the masses, and he established himself as one of the most popular Malayalam film actors of his time with superhit movies like Chaakara directed by P.G.", "He catapulted to fame riding on machismo roles that endeared him to the masses, and he established himself as one of the most popular Malayalam film actors of his time with superhit movies like Chaakara directed by P.G. Viswambharan & Angadi directed by I.V. Sasi who were the two hitmakers of the time.", "Sasi who were the two hitmakers of the time. He is generally regarded as the first action hero in Malayalam cinema. Superstardom Sharapancharam broke all box-office records set in the Malayalam movie industry till it's time and became the highest-grossing movie of 1979.", "Superstardom Sharapancharam broke all box-office records set in the Malayalam movie industry till it's time and became the highest-grossing movie of 1979. Its box-office records were broken by another Jayan film, Angadi (Market) in the following year, which cemented his popularity among the masses. In films such as Manushya Mrugam, Aavesham etc.", "In films such as Manushya Mrugam, Aavesham etc. he played double roles. During his career, he received only a few critically appreciated roles perhaps partly due to his commercial hero image and partly due to the lack of films that garnered critical appreciation at the time.", "During his career, he received only a few critically appreciated roles perhaps partly due to his commercial hero image and partly due to the lack of films that garnered critical appreciation at the time. The focus was always on his unmatched drawing power as an action star and by 1980, at the peak of his career, he had attained a genuine superhero image.", "The focus was always on his unmatched drawing power as an action star and by 1980, at the peak of his career, he had attained a genuine superhero image. Movies exploited Jayan's masculine physique and he appeared bare-chested in numerous scenes.", "Movies exploited Jayan's masculine physique and he appeared bare-chested in numerous scenes. His on-screen attire (most famously his Elvis bellbottoms), his masculine image and later the nature of his death transformed him into a legend in Kerala.", "His on-screen attire (most famously his Elvis bellbottoms), his masculine image and later the nature of his death transformed him into a legend in Kerala. Jayan was also known for his unique method of dialogue delivery and he has contributed many memorable lines to the Malayalam film history.", "Jayan was also known for his unique method of dialogue delivery and he has contributed many memorable lines to the Malayalam film history. Multistar films Jayan acted in several ensemble cast movies, mostly with Prem Nazir.", "Multistar films Jayan acted in several ensemble cast movies, mostly with Prem Nazir. The duo acted in films such as Nayattu, Love in Singapore, Chandrahasam, Thacholi Ambu, Kannappanunni, Palattu Kunjikkannan, Mamangam, Prabhu etc. all of which were top-grossing movies at the box office.", "all of which were top-grossing movies at the box office. He also acted with other popular actors of the time, such as Soman, Sukumaran and Madhu in many films. In early films before 1979 (e.g. Thacholi Ambu and Panchami), he had negative or supporting roles.", "Thacholi Ambu and Panchami), he had negative or supporting roles. But later films in the beginning of 1980 relied heavily on Jayan's drawing power as an action hero and placed him as the central character.", "But later films in the beginning of 1980 relied heavily on Jayan's drawing power as an action hero and placed him as the central character. In 1980, the duo Jayan and Prem Nazir were cast in Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam by P. Venu, that showcased the famous fight scene in Malayalam cinema.", "In 1980, the duo Jayan and Prem Nazir were cast in Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam by P. Venu, that showcased the famous fight scene in Malayalam cinema. Prem Nazir agreed to play a supporting role in Nayattu, which was very unlikely for a superstar of those times.", "Prem Nazir agreed to play a supporting role in Nayattu, which was very unlikely for a superstar of those times. He had agreed to do this as a token of friendship with Jayan and the director Sreekumaran Thamby. The duo had many actions films together such as Irumbazhikal, Love in Singapore etc.", "The duo had many actions films together such as Irumbazhikal, Love in Singapore etc. where the box office draw was huge. Death On 16 November 1980, Jayan died in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave) at the age of 41 years, 3 months and 21 days.", "Death On 16 November 1980, Jayan died in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave) at the age of 41 years, 3 months and 21 days. The climactic scene of the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu.", "The climactic scene of the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu. Jayan always performed his own stunts, and for this movie he was performing a rather dangerous stunt that involved him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike driven by Sukumaran.", "Jayan always performed his own stunts, and for this movie he was performing a rather dangerous stunt that involved him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike driven by Sukumaran. The shot was accepted by the director in the first take; Nonetheless, another three shots were filmed.", "The shot was accepted by the director in the first take; Nonetheless, another three shots were filmed. According to the film's production executive, Jayan insisted on yet another re-take as he was not satisfied with its perfection.", "According to the film's production executive, Jayan insisted on yet another re-take as he was not satisfied with its perfection. During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries.", "During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries. After his death was confirmed, a slide was added during the theatre show of his movie Deepam, which was running in packed houses, informing viewers of his death.", "After his death was confirmed, a slide was added during the theatre show of his movie Deepam, which was running in packed houses, informing viewers of his death. A large number of his fans burst into tears and ran out of the buildings, while many continued to watch the movie, refusing to believe it and taking it for an ingenious promotion for some upcoming project.", "A large number of his fans burst into tears and ran out of the buildings, while many continued to watch the movie, refusing to believe it and taking it for an ingenious promotion for some upcoming project. Jayan's body was taken to Trivandrum via aeroplane and later it was taken to his home in Quilon, where he was cremated.", "Jayan's body was taken to Trivandrum via aeroplane and later it was taken to his home in Quilon, where he was cremated. Thousands paid homage to the late actor, and the police had to take huge measures to deal with the crowds. His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later.", "His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later. Some conspiracy theories emerged regarding the circumstances of his death, primarily because the pilot and his co-star Balan K. Nair, who was in the helicopter, survived with minor or no injuries. Nevertheless, it has been confirmed as a genuine accident.", "Nevertheless, it has been confirmed as a genuine accident. The Aftermath After Jayan's death, several films were released claiming to be his last film, including the genuine one, Kolilakkam. In all these films, Jayan's voice was dubbed by Alleppey Ashraf, a popular impressionist of the time.", "In all these films, Jayan's voice was dubbed by Alleppey Ashraf, a popular impressionist of the time. Many projects meant for him were recast, such as Thushaaram by I. V. Sasi, P. G. Vishwambaran's Sphodanam, and Sasi Kumar's Dhruvasangamam. Numerous other projects were cancelled entirely.", "Numerous other projects were cancelled entirely. One stunt scene and two songs were already shot with Jayan for C. V. Rajendran's Garjanam, but after his death, it was recast with Rajinikanth, becoming his second film in Malayalam released in 1981.", "One stunt scene and two songs were already shot with Jayan for C. V. Rajendran's Garjanam, but after his death, it was recast with Rajinikanth, becoming his second film in Malayalam released in 1981. Imposter Movement Due to his unrivalled popularity that continued many years after his death, random bit scenes were added to numerous films that showed random gestures or shots of him walking by the side during fight scenes.", "Imposter Movement Due to his unrivalled popularity that continued many years after his death, random bit scenes were added to numerous films that showed random gestures or shots of him walking by the side during fight scenes. Attempts were made to bring in impostors who tried to imitate his style and mannerisms, enabling several artists from the field of mimicry to show up on the big screen.", "Attempts were made to bring in impostors who tried to imitate his style and mannerisms, enabling several artists from the field of mimicry to show up on the big screen. But these experiments failed miserably, and proved especially ineffective in fight and stunt scenes. Then, directors and producers started a search for new actors to replace him.", "Then, directors and producers started a search for new actors to replace him. This movement led to debuts of actors who resembled Jayan in physical appearance (e.g.", "This movement led to debuts of actors who resembled Jayan in physical appearance (e.g. Ratheesh), those with stage names sounding similar to his (for example, his own brother who appeared as Ajayan), and those with similar mannerisms and style (e.g. Bheeman Raghu).", "Bheeman Raghu). Bheeman Raghu). One of them, Mammootty, who started with the stage name Sajin, would later go on to become one of the popular future stars in the industry. However, all these attempts to replace Jayan with a new star with a similar image yielded disappointing results.", "However, all these attempts to replace Jayan with a new star with a similar image yielded disappointing results. It is now one of the most popular quotes in Malayalam cinema \"Jayan's throne remains vacant and will forever be so\".", "It is now one of the most popular quotes in Malayalam cinema \"Jayan's throne remains vacant and will forever be so\". Resurgence in the 2000s In the late 1990s and early 21st century, there was a resurgence of Jayan's screen persona in Kerala and his old movie scenes came to prominence again.", "Resurgence in the 2000s In the late 1990s and early 21st century, there was a resurgence of Jayan's screen persona in Kerala and his old movie scenes came to prominence again. It was owed mostly to programs by popular mimicry stage artists in the State, whose imitations of the star's mannerisms caught on and soon became commonplace in college stage events, television programs and mimicry stage shows along with quotes of superhuman strength known as Jayan quotes.", "It was owed mostly to programs by popular mimicry stage artists in the State, whose imitations of the star's mannerisms caught on and soon became commonplace in college stage events, television programs and mimicry stage shows along with quotes of superhuman strength known as Jayan quotes. However, it has been pointed out that many grotesquely imitated screen dialogues of Jayan are not actually his, but that of dubbing artist Aleppy Ashraf, who dubbed for many of his characters post his death.", "However, it has been pointed out that many grotesquely imitated screen dialogues of Jayan are not actually his, but that of dubbing artist Aleppy Ashraf, who dubbed for many of his characters post his death. The \"comeback\" of Jayan and his renewed popularity lately may be taken as an affirmation that Jayan has not been replaced even nearly three decades after his death.", "The \"comeback\" of Jayan and his renewed popularity lately may be taken as an affirmation that Jayan has not been replaced even nearly three decades after his death. Today, Jayan is best remembered as the first and best action star of Malayalam cinema, so far, besides his trademark colourful attire, risky stunts, machismo mannerisms and unique speaking style.", "Today, Jayan is best remembered as the first and best action star of Malayalam cinema, so far, besides his trademark colourful attire, risky stunts, machismo mannerisms and unique speaking style. He has rightly won immortality in the hearts of the Malayalam film fans as a martyr in his yearning to thrill and entertain them even by putting his life at stake.", "He has rightly won immortality in the hearts of the Malayalam film fans as a martyr in his yearning to thrill and entertain them even by putting his life at stake. Madhu, a famous actor prominent in the 1960s, once stated in an interview: \"Jayan will forever be young and alive.", "Madhu, a famous actor prominent in the 1960s, once stated in an interview: \"Jayan will forever be young and alive. No one can ever visualise him as an old man.\" A film titled Avatharam presently under production, is attempting to bring back his screen persona using advanced technologies.", "A film titled Avatharam presently under production, is attempting to bring back his screen persona using advanced technologies. A documentary on Jayan's life and death Jayan – The Man behind the Legend is nearing completion for release in the near future.", "A documentary on Jayan's life and death Jayan – The Man behind the Legend is nearing completion for release in the near future. Legacy Jayan is perhaps the only actor thus far in the history of Malayalam film industry who remains a marketable superstar decades after his demise, to this day.", "Legacy Jayan is perhaps the only actor thus far in the history of Malayalam film industry who remains a marketable superstar decades after his demise, to this day. In the state of Kerala, he is a true icon of popular culture, whose life and image has made him a legend over time.", "In the state of Kerala, he is a true icon of popular culture, whose life and image has made him a legend over time. Superhero image and commercial success Through his machismo roles and staggering stunt feats, Jayan had attained a real-life Superhero image amongst the fans, masses and colleagues alike.", "Superhero image and commercial success Through his machismo roles and staggering stunt feats, Jayan had attained a real-life Superhero image amongst the fans, masses and colleagues alike. His colourful attire and unique bass voice also helped him capture the imagination of the average viewer as the manly action hero.", "His colourful attire and unique bass voice also helped him capture the imagination of the average viewer as the manly action hero. Along with these, his trademark styles and mannerisms made him a campus hero and youth idol of his time.", "Along with these, his trademark styles and mannerisms made him a campus hero and youth idol of his time. Summing up, Jayan's image among the masses was that of a daring superhuman who would perform seemingly impossible deeds and accomplish extraordinary feats.", "Summing up, Jayan's image among the masses was that of a daring superhuman who would perform seemingly impossible deeds and accomplish extraordinary feats. Jayan is the most commercially successful superstar to date in the Malayalam industry with a near 90% success rate.", "Jayan is the most commercially successful superstar to date in the Malayalam industry with a near 90% success rate. The years 1979, 1980 and 1981 became known as \"Jayan years\" in the industry due to the widespread release and success of his movies.", "The years 1979, 1980 and 1981 became known as \"Jayan years\" in the industry due to the widespread release and success of his movies. His films Sharapancharam and Angadi, released in 1979 and 1980 respectively, were record breakers and became the highest grossers of their respective years.", "His films Sharapancharam and Angadi, released in 1979 and 1980 respectively, were record breakers and became the highest grossers of their respective years. His final film, Kolilakkam was the highest grosser in 1981.", "His final film, Kolilakkam was the highest grosser in 1981. The noteworthy point is that a large percentage of films released during his peak years lacked a strong plot and were mostly cheap low budget remakes of successful movies from other language sectors of Indian cinema.", "The noteworthy point is that a large percentage of films released during his peak years lacked a strong plot and were mostly cheap low budget remakes of successful movies from other language sectors of Indian cinema. Many of these films came out astoundingly successful due to his sheer presence and some avoided failures due to his small cameo appearances.", "Many of these films came out astoundingly successful due to his sheer presence and some avoided failures due to his small cameo appearances. Thousands of fans used to visit theatres repeatedly just to see his fascinating stunts and fight scenes.", "Thousands of fans used to visit theatres repeatedly just to see his fascinating stunts and fight scenes. Daredevilry Jayan was a high-risk taker and throughout his career, he was popular for stellar performances in a fight and stunt sequences. Dangerous and thrilling stunts were often featured in action films with Jayan in the lead.", "Dangerous and thrilling stunts were often featured in action films with Jayan in the lead. These were usually highlighted during fight scenes as added promotions to his machismo image and daredevilry. Numerous movies in which he has acted have one or more notable stunt performances.", "Numerous movies in which he has acted have one or more notable stunt performances. A few prominent examples may be Puthiya Velicham (\"New Light\", 1979) in which he performs train stunts jumping onto and from a fast-running goods train, Aavesham (\"Inspiration\", 1979) which shows the actor swimming through the dangerous waters of Hogenakkal Falls, through a major part of the climax sequence without using any kind of safety measures.", "A few prominent examples may be Puthiya Velicham (\"New Light\", 1979) in which he performs train stunts jumping onto and from a fast-running goods train, Aavesham (\"Inspiration\", 1979) which shows the actor swimming through the dangerous waters of Hogenakkal Falls, through a major part of the climax sequence without using any kind of safety measures. Movies like Thadavara (\"Prison\", 1981) and Sharapancharam (1979) demonstrate his brilliant horse riding skills performing almost effortlessly on horseback, while films like Mamangam involved dangerous fights with wild animals.", "Movies like Thadavara (\"Prison\", 1981) and Sharapancharam (1979) demonstrate his brilliant horse riding skills performing almost effortlessly on horseback, while films like Mamangam involved dangerous fights with wild animals. In a film called Moorkhan (\"Cobra\", 1981) he broke through a brick wall riding on a motorbike (a Royal Enfield Bullet) and it also featured sequences that had the actor sliding along ropes tied at high elevations.", "In a film called Moorkhan (\"Cobra\", 1981) he broke through a brick wall riding on a motorbike (a Royal Enfield Bullet) and it also featured sequences that had the actor sliding along ropes tied at high elevations. Perhaps the most famous movie stunt featuring Jayan came in Chandrahasam (\"Moonsword\", 1980) in which he held on to the UV clamp of a massive ship crane and was elevated to a height of around 200 feet before jumping off to the top of the vessel.", "Perhaps the most famous movie stunt featuring Jayan came in Chandrahasam (\"Moonsword\", 1980) in which he held on to the UV clamp of a massive ship crane and was elevated to a height of around 200 feet before jumping off to the top of the vessel. In one of his final stunt scenes, in Ariyappedatha Rahasyam (\"Secret never known\", 1981) he was involved in a fight scene with an elephant.", "In one of his final stunt scenes, in Ariyappedatha Rahasyam (\"Secret never known\", 1981) he was involved in a fight scene with an elephant. Influence on Malayalam cinema The meteoric rise of Jayan had literally a texture changing impact on the Malayalam film industry.", "Influence on Malayalam cinema The meteoric rise of Jayan had literally a texture changing impact on the Malayalam film industry. It changed forever the hero concept that existed previously for many years and gave rise to a new genre of film characters with more manly characteristics.", "It changed forever the hero concept that existed previously for many years and gave rise to a new genre of film characters with more manly characteristics. Memorable roles Most critics often consider Jayan's main hero role in Sharapancjaram, Angadi, Venalil Oru Mazha and Puthiya Velicham to be his best.", "Memorable roles Most critics often consider Jayan's main hero role in Sharapancjaram, Angadi, Venalil Oru Mazha and Puthiya Velicham to be his best. His most popular character may be the educated labourer in Angadi.", "His most popular character may be the educated labourer in Angadi. The sage's role played by him in Etho Oru Swapnam was well appreciated by critics and would easily feature among his most memorable roles. The supporting role in Kannappanunni, Thacholi Ambu, the villainous ranger in Panchami and the rapist in Kanthavalayam are also critically acclaimed performances.", "The supporting role in Kannappanunni, Thacholi Ambu, the villainous ranger in Panchami and the rapist in Kanthavalayam are also critically acclaimed performances. Some other popular roles were in films like Idimuzhakkam, Venalil Oru Mazha, Ithikkara Pakki, Mamangam, Puthiya Velicham, Karimpana, Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam, Chaakara and Kazhukan.", "Some other popular roles were in films like Idimuzhakkam, Venalil Oru Mazha, Ithikkara Pakki, Mamangam, Puthiya Velicham, Karimpana, Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam, Chaakara and Kazhukan. While acknowledging his undisputed popularity as a commercial superstar that has never faded over time, general critical opinion on his skills as an actor is divided.", "While acknowledging his undisputed popularity as a commercial superstar that has never faded over time, general critical opinion on his skills as an actor is divided. While there are criticisms from some corners that he depended more on his features such as his catching physique, bass voice, personal charisma, unique style and mannerisms to garner attention, many others rate him as a great actor who developed his own unique style to leave a lasting impression on every single role he took up.", "While there are criticisms from some corners that he depended more on his features such as his catching physique, bass voice, personal charisma, unique style and mannerisms to garner attention, many others rate him as a great actor who developed his own unique style to leave a lasting impression on every single role he took up. The fact that his peak time as an actor lasted only a few years is often pointed out in reply to criticisms, and considering the short period of his active film career, he may have delivered more critically appreciated performances than most of his contemporaries.", "The fact that his peak time as an actor lasted only a few years is often pointed out in reply to criticisms, and considering the short period of his active film career, he may have delivered more critically appreciated performances than most of his contemporaries. But these were always under the shadow of a large majority of films that were able to achieve commercial success capitalising on his drawing power, but had weak plots and less critical acclaim.", "But these were always under the shadow of a large majority of films that were able to achieve commercial success capitalising on his drawing power, but had weak plots and less critical acclaim. Some believe that if he'd had a longer career, he would have eventually transformed into a great character actor over time who could excel in commercial and parallel streams alike, after a period of decline in Malayalam films that followed Sathyan's demise.", "Some believe that if he'd had a longer career, he would have eventually transformed into a great character actor over time who could excel in commercial and parallel streams alike, after a period of decline in Malayalam films that followed Sathyan's demise. His most popular films like Sharapancjaram and Angadi were both critical and commercial successes.", "His most popular films like Sharapancjaram and Angadi were both critical and commercial successes. Though he is remembered as an icon of commercial cinema, due to the short span of his career and the generic nature of commercial hero roles of the time, his actual acting talents may have been largely underutilised.", "Though he is remembered as an icon of commercial cinema, due to the short span of his career and the generic nature of commercial hero roles of the time, his actual acting talents may have been largely underutilised. Song sequences Film songs are an integral part of Indian cinema and the same is true for Malayalam films.", "Song sequences Film songs are an integral part of Indian cinema and the same is true for Malayalam films. Jayan has acted in several memorable song sequences which bring about nostalgic memories about the actor. Song sequences in Jayan films also helped shape the future film song sector in commercial cinema.", "Song sequences in Jayan films also helped shape the future film song sector in commercial cinema. The song \"Kannum Kannum\" in the film Angadi presents one of the most popular song sequences in Malayalam cinema involving Jayan and Seema. Its success led to the teaming together of this pair in numerous movies.", "Its success led to the teaming together of this pair in numerous movies. Another popular song involving the Jayan-Seema pair is \"Kasthuri Manmizhi\" from the movie Manushya Mrugam. A song that hit tremendous popularity was \"Cham Chacha Chum Chacha\" in Love in Singapore and Kombil Kilukkum ketti in \"Karimpana\".", "A song that hit tremendous popularity was \"Cham Chacha Chum Chacha\" in Love in Singapore and Kombil Kilukkum ketti in \"Karimpana\". The mass popularity of this song sequence later inspired a whole new category of film songs with lyrics that lack any particular meaning, but with a fast beat and dance appeal that came to be known as \"Adipoli\" songs.", "The mass popularity of this song sequence later inspired a whole new category of film songs with lyrics that lack any particular meaning, but with a fast beat and dance appeal that came to be known as \"Adipoli\" songs. There is a song in the film Etho Oru Swapnam called \"Oru Mugham Mathram Kannil\", which became popular due to its melodious and nostalgic nature.", "There is a song in the film Etho Oru Swapnam called \"Oru Mugham Mathram Kannil\", which became popular due to its melodious and nostalgic nature. \"Ezham Malika Mele\" from Sarppam, directed by Baby was a superhit song paired by Jayan and Seema.", "\"Ezham Malika Mele\" from Sarppam, directed by Baby was a superhit song paired by Jayan and Seema. Another hit from this team was \"Pournami Penne\" in Arifa hassan's Benz Vasu and it was hummed by the youth of that time.", "Another hit from this team was \"Pournami Penne\" in Arifa hassan's Benz Vasu and it was hummed by the youth of that time. Memorials Kollam District panchayath and Government of Kerala built a new conference hall near to Kollam District panchayath office in Kollam municipal corporation as a memorial to the legend actor.", "Memorials Kollam District panchayath and Government of Kerala built a new conference hall near to Kollam District panchayath office in Kollam municipal corporation as a memorial to the legend actor. The hall is named as \"Jayan Memorial Hall\". It was inaugurated on 12 September 2020.", "It was inaugurated on 12 September 2020. There is a Jayan memorial Arts & Sports club functioning at Thevally near the actor's hometown. The residential area at his birthplace has been renamed \"Olayil Jayan Nagar\" in his honour.", "The residential area at his birthplace has been renamed \"Olayil Jayan Nagar\" in his honour. Jayan Cultural Forum Jayan Samskarika Vethi or Jayan Cultural Forum has been established recently, which consists of his fans and well wishers.", "Jayan Cultural Forum Jayan Samskarika Vethi or Jayan Cultural Forum has been established recently, which consists of his fans and well wishers. It is headed by the actor's nephew Kannan Nair, and aims at uniting his diverse fan base consisting of young and old people from several generations under a single platform.", "It is headed by the actor's nephew Kannan Nair, and aims at uniting his diverse fan base consisting of young and old people from several generations under a single platform. Activities include organising anniversary functions and memorial programs, facilitating his coworkers, maintaining the actor's website and official profiles and charity work.", "Activities include organising anniversary functions and memorial programs, facilitating his coworkers, maintaining the actor's website and official profiles and charity work. Monuments In 2009, an 8 ft high statue of the actor was erected in front of his house at Olayil, Kollam which is now a nursing home.", "Monuments In 2009, an 8 ft high statue of the actor was erected in front of his house at Olayil, Kollam which is now a nursing home. Efforts are being made to construct a permanent memorial at Mulankadakam where he was cremated, and also to open a library and museum near his home.", "Efforts are being made to construct a permanent memorial at Mulankadakam where he was cremated, and also to open a library and museum near his home. In media Media on Jayan A book titled Jayan Americayil? (Jayan in America?) came out in 1981 and had record sales at the time.", "came out in 1981 and had record sales at the time. It circulated the rumour that Jayan was alive in America with an injured eye and that it was a look-alike who was killed in the accident.", "It circulated the rumour that Jayan was alive in America with an injured eye and that it was a look-alike who was killed in the accident. Another book Jayante Maranam Kolapathakamo (Jayan's death, a murder) was also published in 1981, capitalising on the conspiracy theories and mystery surrounding the superstar's death.", "Another book Jayante Maranam Kolapathakamo (Jayan's death, a murder) was also published in 1981, capitalising on the conspiracy theories and mystery surrounding the superstar's death. The actor's life was serialised in a Malayalam film magazine and then brought out as Jayante Katha.", "The actor's life was serialised in a Malayalam film magazine and then brought out as Jayante Katha. An elaborate biography named Jayan : Abhralokathintey Ithihasa Naayakan is being completed and will reportedly be published in 2011. A documentary Jayan-The Man behind the Legend is under production and is set to be released in 2011.", "A documentary Jayan-The Man behind the Legend is under production and is set to be released in 2011. In popular culture Print media The actor's domination and commercial success in the 1970s is mentioned in the book Because I have a Voice. It focuses on Jayan's masculine image.", "It focuses on Jayan's masculine image. Jayan's famous emotional English dialogue in street slang is included at number 7 in Outlook magazine's Terrific 13 lists published in the 13th anniversary edition of the magazine, in the section '13 Cheesiest Chalkiest dialogues in Indian Cinema'.", "Jayan's famous emotional English dialogue in street slang is included at number 7 in Outlook magazine's Terrific 13 lists published in the 13th anniversary edition of the magazine, in the section '13 Cheesiest Chalkiest dialogues in Indian Cinema'. Films In the movie Aye Auto, there is a reference to Jayan's English dialogue in Angadi.", "Films In the movie Aye Auto, there is a reference to Jayan's English dialogue in Angadi. The movies Dupe Dupe Dupe and Aparanmaar Nagarathil had Jayan impersonators in the lead. In the film Pattanathil Bhootham, the popular Jayan song sequence Cham Chacha Chumchacha is played out with impersonation. The horse oiling scene from Sarapancharam is also reconstructed.", "The horse oiling scene from Sarapancharam is also reconstructed. In Chotta Mumbai, a Jayan-Nazir mixed song sequence is played out with Jayan attire used in the song sequence of the popular Nazir song Chettikulangara.", "In Chotta Mumbai, a Jayan-Nazir mixed song sequence is played out with Jayan attire used in the song sequence of the popular Nazir song Chettikulangara. In the film Shikkar, Jayan's image is used in the sets of a fight scene in a bid to stress the adventurous setting of the film.", "In the film Shikkar, Jayan's image is used in the sets of a fight scene in a bid to stress the adventurous setting of the film. In Thanthonni, Jayan's voice and dialogue tone is imitated. The film Valiyangadi was promoted as a sequel to Jayan's Angadi.", "The film Valiyangadi was promoted as a sequel to Jayan's Angadi. In the film Ennu Ninte Moideen, Jayan's stunt sequence and the celebrated row with \"Alavalathi Shaji\" from the film Lisa is shown in a theatre scene.", "In the film Ennu Ninte Moideen, Jayan's stunt sequence and the celebrated row with \"Alavalathi Shaji\" from the film Lisa is shown in a theatre scene. The famous song \"Kannum Kannum\" from Jayan's film Angadi is included with Mammooty impersonating Jayan's style in the film Venicile Vyapari.", "The famous song \"Kannum Kannum\" from Jayan's film Angadi is included with Mammooty impersonating Jayan's style in the film Venicile Vyapari. The recent hit Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan has the actor Siddique acting as an ardent fan of Jayan and impersonates his style for seeing his movies.", "The recent hit Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan has the actor Siddique acting as an ardent fan of Jayan and impersonates his style for seeing his movies. Return to the silver screen In December 2010, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his death, it was announced that a new movie with Jayan in the lead is in the works, using advanced animation and graphics technologies.", "Return to the silver screen In December 2010, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his death, it was announced that a new movie with Jayan in the lead is in the works, using advanced animation and graphics technologies. The movie, titled Avatharam (Incarnation), was announced to be directed by Vijeesh Mani and scripted by T. A. Shahid.", "The movie, titled Avatharam (Incarnation), was announced to be directed by Vijeesh Mani and scripted by T. A. Shahid. The project is inspired by the star's posthumous popularity as an action legend. It was announced that the actor would be brought back to the big screen by twelve top technicians from Hollywood.", "It was announced that the actor would be brought back to the big screen by twelve top technicians from Hollywood. Filmography See also Jayan quotes References External links Profile of Malayalam Actor Jayan Further reading http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=48 Jayan Nostalgia homepage at Manorama Online portal Image gallery Jayan Anniversary Special at Mathrubhumi portal \"Jayan: Love You All\" – an article in the November 2009 issue of Vanitha magazine 1980 deaths Male actors from Kollam Indian stunt performers Filmed deaths of entertainers 1939 births Male actors in Malayalam cinema Indian male film actors 20th-century Indian male actors Indian Navy personnel" ]

[ "Jayan", "Death", "What caused Jayan's death?", "Jayan was killed in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave).", "Where was the movie set?", "the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu." ]

[ "Vikas (born 9 February) is an Indian actor, director and writer who works predominantly in Karnataka Film Industry.\n\nPersonal life \nVikas was born on 9 February in Bangalore, Karnataka. His major claim to fame was directing Jayammana Maga for Duniya Vijay which was a blockbuster. He is currently acting in the movie Kanadante Mayavadanu (poster) which is slated to be released in the last quarter of 2019.\n\nCareer \nVikas started as an assistant director in Television Serials, fell in love with the editing machine the first time he saw it and became an editor. Directors working with him offered character roles in serials. Television Serials like Kadambari and guptagamini gave him recognition as an actor. Vikas made his film debut with the film Nandhi Starring Sudeep where he plays as Sudeep's friend. He assisted director Duniya Soori for Jackie (2010) where he also played the role of an antagonist \"Parangi Seena\" in the movie. He assisted the film maker Yogaraj Bhat and co-wrote the film Drama where he was credited for writing the screenplay as \"ravikiran\". He directed Jayammana Maga starring Duniya Vijay which went on to become a blockbuster. The subject dealt with occult and black magic. The response from critics was equally good. filmibeat gave it a rating of 4/5 stars. stating that the movie was not be missed. Times of India rated it a 3.5/5 and said Vikas has proved that he can be a part of the list of talented directors in sandalwood. Jayammana Maga Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Jayammana Maga by Times of India Bharatstudent rated it 3.25/5 stating that the presentation was rich and the narrative was energetic. He has played a character role in Kaddipudi.\n\nVikas wrote the story of Doddmane Huduga starring Puneeth Rajkumar which was a commercial success. He was nominated for the best debutant director for South Indian International Movie Awards in the year 2014.\n\nAt present, Vikas is acting in the movie Kaanadante Maayavadanu. He has penned the story along with the debutante Director Raj Pathipati. It is a fantasy film which has a tag line \"Love story of a Ghost\". The film is the final stages of Post-production.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\n\"Kaanadante Maayavadanu Official Website\"\n\n1975 births\n21st-century Indian male actors\nIndian film directors\nLiving people", "Mandeep Benipal is an Indian film director. He made his directorial debut with movie Ekam - Son of Soil in 2010. Later he came up with the movie Sadda Haq (2013), Yoddha (2014) and Dakuan Da Munda.\n\nCareer \nMandeep Benipal started his career as an assistant director. He assisted director Manoj Punj for movie Shaheed-E-Mohabbat Boota Singh (1999) starring Gurdas Maan, Divya Dutta and Des Hoyaa Pardes (2004) starring Gurdas Maan, Juhi Chawla. He also assisted Gaurav Trehan for movie Hashar (2008) starring Babbu Maan.\n\nMandeep Benipal made his debut as a director in the year 2010 with Punjabi movie Ekam - Son of Soil starring Babbu Maan, Mandy Takhar. The film opened to a good response at the box office.\n\nIn 2013, Mandeep Benipal came up with movie Sadda Haq in the year 2013. Sadda Haq is based on the events in the 1980s and 1990s when the state suffered from militancy, portrays several issues; including the murder of a human rights activist, alleged police torture, fake encounters, jailbreak and the assassination of a politician. This movie performed really well at box office. It was also a hit in UK. Sadda Haq was nominated in 10 different categories in PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2014 and the movie succeeded in winning three of them. Sadda Haq was initially banned by the Punjab Government, which stated that \"The release of the film was banned to maintain communal harmony in the state\". This movie was later released after the order of Supreme Court to lift the ban. Censor Board of India's gave this movie A Certificate.\n\nIn 2014, he came up with movie Yoddha - The Warrior starring Kuljinder Singh Sidhu in lead role. The film is based on the life of a simple person who becomes a warrior due to circumstances. Yoddha was notimated for 6 categories in PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2015.\n\nIn 2018, he directed the upcoming movie Dakuan Da Munda\n\nFilmography \n Ekam - Son of Soil (2010)\n Sadda Haq (2013)\n Yoddha (2014)\n Dakuan Da Munda (2018)\n Kaka Ji (2019)\n DSP Dev (2019)\n Dakuan Da Munda 2 (2022)\n\nAwards \nBenipal was nominated in Best Director category of PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2014.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n1976 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Patiala\nFilm directors from Punjab, India" ]

[ "Master Chief Petty Officer Krishnan Nair (25 July 1939 – 16 November 1980), better known by his stage name Jayan, was an Indian film actor, naval officer, stunt performer and cultural icon of the 1970s and 1980s. He starred in over 150 Malayalam films.", "He starred in over 150 Malayalam films. During his film career, he was primarily an action star and was particularly famous for his macho image and unique style. He was reputed for his masculine appeal and well known for performing stunts of a dangerous nature on his own.", "He was reputed for his masculine appeal and well known for performing stunts of a dangerous nature on his own. By the late 1970s, he became the most popular superstar, lead actor and bankable star of Malayalam cinema and has been acclaimed as the first and most successful action hero of Malayalam cinema.", "By the late 1970s, he became the most popular superstar, lead actor and bankable star of Malayalam cinema and has been acclaimed as the first and most successful action hero of Malayalam cinema. Jayan is widely regarded as one of the most influential superstars in the history of Malayalam cinema.", "Jayan is widely regarded as one of the most influential superstars in the history of Malayalam cinema. His superhero image had transformed him into a popular culture icon among Malayalis around the world, with widespread impersonations on stage and television programs based on his screen persona.", "His superhero image had transformed him into a popular culture icon among Malayalis around the world, with widespread impersonations on stage and television programs based on his screen persona. It was accompanied by a cartoon, email and SMS phenomenon in the early 2000s, portraying him as a comic superhero with unique quotes of superhuman strength attributed to the action star becoming widespread.", "It was accompanied by a cartoon, email and SMS phenomenon in the early 2000s, portraying him as a comic superhero with unique quotes of superhuman strength attributed to the action star becoming widespread. These movements were fuelled by a renewed fascination with his style of dialogue delivery and his machismo image.", "These movements were fuelled by a renewed fascination with his style of dialogue delivery and his machismo image. These were claimed to honour his memories, but were also criticised for parodying the legendary actor years after his death.", "These were claimed to honour his memories, but were also criticised for parodying the legendary actor years after his death. Early life Jayan was born in Quilon, Travancore as the first child of his father Thevalli Kottaram Veetil Madhavan Pillai and mother Bharathiyamma. His birth name was Krishnan Nair. He had a younger brother named Soman Nair.", "He had a younger brother named Soman Nair. Malayalam actress Jayabharathi, who was his first cousin introduced him to the film industry. Jayan's formal education ended at the 10th grade at Kollam Govt. Boys High School when he joined the Indian Navy. The first accolades for his acting skills reached him when he was a naval sailor.", "The first accolades for his acting skills reached him when he was a naval sailor. He used to act in plays at various functions such as anniversaries. The encouragement from his friends and colleagues in the Navy gave him the desire to act in films.", "The encouragement from his friends and colleagues in the Navy gave him the desire to act in films. Jayan served in the Indian Navy for 16 years, culminating in the rank of Master CPO.", "Jayan served in the Indian Navy for 16 years, culminating in the rank of Master CPO. By the end of his navy days, he had begun efforts to start small businesses at Ernakulam and became a regular inhabitant of the Cochin Tourist Home. During his life at Ernakulam, he would meet some of his lifelong friends.", "During his life at Ernakulam, he would meet some of his lifelong friends. It was such a chance meeting while on leave, with Rajan Prakash who is the veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash's son, who owned a dry cleaning shop in Cochin, that eventually landed him a role in the movie Shapa Moksham.", "It was such a chance meeting while on leave, with Rajan Prakash who is the veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash's son, who owned a dry cleaning shop in Cochin, that eventually landed him a role in the movie Shapa Moksham. A year later, he left the Indian Navy and started trying his hand at various civilian jobs, working for companies in Cochin for a few years till his acting career began to succeed.", "A year later, he left the Indian Navy and started trying his hand at various civilian jobs, working for companies in Cochin for a few years till his acting career began to succeed. Jayan's younger brother Soman Nair (Ajayan) also acted in 20+ films after Jayan's death.", "Jayan's younger brother Soman Nair (Ajayan) also acted in 20+ films after Jayan's death. But he was not successful in films like Jayan. Ajayan has 3 children and his younger son Adithyan Jayan is a famous TV serial actor in Malayalam.", "Ajayan has 3 children and his younger son Adithyan Jayan is a famous TV serial actor in Malayalam. Career Random appearances and early career Jayan did make a few random uncredited appearances in some movies of the early 1970s, the first of which was in Postmane Kanmanilla. These minor appearances were before he attained the screen name Jayan.", "These minor appearances were before he attained the screen name Jayan. According to his nephew, he had the role of a vampire-like character in an unnamed project costarred by Vidhubala, which was never released. His first appearance with the name Jayan was in the movie Shapa Moksham, which is usually credited as his first film.", "His first appearance with the name Jayan was in the movie Shapa Moksham, which is usually credited as his first film. Rise to fame The name \"Jayan\" (English: \"The Victor\") was given to him by veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash on the sets of Shapa Moksham.", "Rise to fame The name \"Jayan\" (English: \"The Victor\") was given to him by veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash on the sets of Shapa Moksham. Jayan started his career by acting in minor roles and his first appearance in front of the camera was Postmane kananilla (1972) then starting with the name as Jayan in Shapa Moksham (1974).", "Jayan started his career by acting in minor roles and his first appearance in front of the camera was Postmane kananilla (1972) then starting with the name as Jayan in Shapa Moksham (1974). Jayan got his first major break appearing as a villain in Panchami (1976), playing a forest ranger.", "Jayan got his first major break appearing as a villain in Panchami (1976), playing a forest ranger. Jayan's performance in this film was appreciated in the industry and his physical appearance was also noticed for the first time.", "Jayan's performance in this film was appreciated in the industry and his physical appearance was also noticed for the first time. His next notable role was in Thacholi Ambu (1978), in which he appeared in a supporting role.", "His next notable role was in Thacholi Ambu (1978), in which he appeared in a supporting role. In the same year, he acted as a sage in the Sreekumaran Thampi film Etho Oru Swapnam, which was well received by critics.", "In the same year, he acted as a sage in the Sreekumaran Thampi film Etho Oru Swapnam, which was well received by critics. But what made Jayan a superstar was his antihero role in Sharapancharam (1979, Bed of Arrows).", "But what made Jayan a superstar was his antihero role in Sharapancharam (1979, Bed of Arrows). He catapulted to fame riding on machismo roles that endeared him to the masses, and he established himself as one of the most popular Malayalam film actors of his time with superhit movies like Chaakara directed by P.G.", "He catapulted to fame riding on machismo roles that endeared him to the masses, and he established himself as one of the most popular Malayalam film actors of his time with superhit movies like Chaakara directed by P.G. Viswambharan & Angadi directed by I.V. Sasi who were the two hitmakers of the time.", "Sasi who were the two hitmakers of the time. He is generally regarded as the first action hero in Malayalam cinema. Superstardom Sharapancharam broke all box-office records set in the Malayalam movie industry till it's time and became the highest-grossing movie of 1979.", "Superstardom Sharapancharam broke all box-office records set in the Malayalam movie industry till it's time and became the highest-grossing movie of 1979. Its box-office records were broken by another Jayan film, Angadi (Market) in the following year, which cemented his popularity among the masses. In films such as Manushya Mrugam, Aavesham etc.", "In films such as Manushya Mrugam, Aavesham etc. he played double roles. During his career, he received only a few critically appreciated roles perhaps partly due to his commercial hero image and partly due to the lack of films that garnered critical appreciation at the time.", "During his career, he received only a few critically appreciated roles perhaps partly due to his commercial hero image and partly due to the lack of films that garnered critical appreciation at the time. The focus was always on his unmatched drawing power as an action star and by 1980, at the peak of his career, he had attained a genuine superhero image.", "The focus was always on his unmatched drawing power as an action star and by 1980, at the peak of his career, he had attained a genuine superhero image. Movies exploited Jayan's masculine physique and he appeared bare-chested in numerous scenes.", "Movies exploited Jayan's masculine physique and he appeared bare-chested in numerous scenes. His on-screen attire (most famously his Elvis bellbottoms), his masculine image and later the nature of his death transformed him into a legend in Kerala.", "His on-screen attire (most famously his Elvis bellbottoms), his masculine image and later the nature of his death transformed him into a legend in Kerala. Jayan was also known for his unique method of dialogue delivery and he has contributed many memorable lines to the Malayalam film history.", "Jayan was also known for his unique method of dialogue delivery and he has contributed many memorable lines to the Malayalam film history. Multistar films Jayan acted in several ensemble cast movies, mostly with Prem Nazir.", "Multistar films Jayan acted in several ensemble cast movies, mostly with Prem Nazir. The duo acted in films such as Nayattu, Love in Singapore, Chandrahasam, Thacholi Ambu, Kannappanunni, Palattu Kunjikkannan, Mamangam, Prabhu etc. all of which were top-grossing movies at the box office.", "all of which were top-grossing movies at the box office. He also acted with other popular actors of the time, such as Soman, Sukumaran and Madhu in many films. In early films before 1979 (e.g. Thacholi Ambu and Panchami), he had negative or supporting roles.", "Thacholi Ambu and Panchami), he had negative or supporting roles. But later films in the beginning of 1980 relied heavily on Jayan's drawing power as an action hero and placed him as the central character.", "But later films in the beginning of 1980 relied heavily on Jayan's drawing power as an action hero and placed him as the central character. In 1980, the duo Jayan and Prem Nazir were cast in Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam by P. Venu, that showcased the famous fight scene in Malayalam cinema.", "In 1980, the duo Jayan and Prem Nazir were cast in Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam by P. Venu, that showcased the famous fight scene in Malayalam cinema. Prem Nazir agreed to play a supporting role in Nayattu, which was very unlikely for a superstar of those times.", "Prem Nazir agreed to play a supporting role in Nayattu, which was very unlikely for a superstar of those times. He had agreed to do this as a token of friendship with Jayan and the director Sreekumaran Thamby. The duo had many actions films together such as Irumbazhikal, Love in Singapore etc.", "The duo had many actions films together such as Irumbazhikal, Love in Singapore etc. where the box office draw was huge. Death On 16 November 1980, Jayan died in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave) at the age of 41 years, 3 months and 21 days.", "Death On 16 November 1980, Jayan died in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave) at the age of 41 years, 3 months and 21 days. The climactic scene of the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu.", "The climactic scene of the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu. Jayan always performed his own stunts, and for this movie he was performing a rather dangerous stunt that involved him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike driven by Sukumaran.", "Jayan always performed his own stunts, and for this movie he was performing a rather dangerous stunt that involved him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike driven by Sukumaran. The shot was accepted by the director in the first take; Nonetheless, another three shots were filmed.", "The shot was accepted by the director in the first take; Nonetheless, another three shots were filmed. According to the film's production executive, Jayan insisted on yet another re-take as he was not satisfied with its perfection.", "According to the film's production executive, Jayan insisted on yet another re-take as he was not satisfied with its perfection. During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries.", "During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries. After his death was confirmed, a slide was added during the theatre show of his movie Deepam, which was running in packed houses, informing viewers of his death.", "After his death was confirmed, a slide was added during the theatre show of his movie Deepam, which was running in packed houses, informing viewers of his death. A large number of his fans burst into tears and ran out of the buildings, while many continued to watch the movie, refusing to believe it and taking it for an ingenious promotion for some upcoming project.", "A large number of his fans burst into tears and ran out of the buildings, while many continued to watch the movie, refusing to believe it and taking it for an ingenious promotion for some upcoming project. Jayan's body was taken to Trivandrum via aeroplane and later it was taken to his home in Quilon, where he was cremated.", "Jayan's body was taken to Trivandrum via aeroplane and later it was taken to his home in Quilon, where he was cremated. Thousands paid homage to the late actor, and the police had to take huge measures to deal with the crowds. His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later.", "His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later. Some conspiracy theories emerged regarding the circumstances of his death, primarily because the pilot and his co-star Balan K. Nair, who was in the helicopter, survived with minor or no injuries. Nevertheless, it has been confirmed as a genuine accident.", "Nevertheless, it has been confirmed as a genuine accident. The Aftermath After Jayan's death, several films were released claiming to be his last film, including the genuine one, Kolilakkam. In all these films, Jayan's voice was dubbed by Alleppey Ashraf, a popular impressionist of the time.", "In all these films, Jayan's voice was dubbed by Alleppey Ashraf, a popular impressionist of the time. Many projects meant for him were recast, such as Thushaaram by I. V. Sasi, P. G. Vishwambaran's Sphodanam, and Sasi Kumar's Dhruvasangamam. Numerous other projects were cancelled entirely.", "Numerous other projects were cancelled entirely. One stunt scene and two songs were already shot with Jayan for C. V. Rajendran's Garjanam, but after his death, it was recast with Rajinikanth, becoming his second film in Malayalam released in 1981.", "One stunt scene and two songs were already shot with Jayan for C. V. Rajendran's Garjanam, but after his death, it was recast with Rajinikanth, becoming his second film in Malayalam released in 1981. Imposter Movement Due to his unrivalled popularity that continued many years after his death, random bit scenes were added to numerous films that showed random gestures or shots of him walking by the side during fight scenes.", "Imposter Movement Due to his unrivalled popularity that continued many years after his death, random bit scenes were added to numerous films that showed random gestures or shots of him walking by the side during fight scenes. Attempts were made to bring in impostors who tried to imitate his style and mannerisms, enabling several artists from the field of mimicry to show up on the big screen.", "Attempts were made to bring in impostors who tried to imitate his style and mannerisms, enabling several artists from the field of mimicry to show up on the big screen. But these experiments failed miserably, and proved especially ineffective in fight and stunt scenes. Then, directors and producers started a search for new actors to replace him.", "Then, directors and producers started a search for new actors to replace him. This movement led to debuts of actors who resembled Jayan in physical appearance (e.g.", "This movement led to debuts of actors who resembled Jayan in physical appearance (e.g. Ratheesh), those with stage names sounding similar to his (for example, his own brother who appeared as Ajayan), and those with similar mannerisms and style (e.g. Bheeman Raghu).", "Bheeman Raghu). Bheeman Raghu). One of them, Mammootty, who started with the stage name Sajin, would later go on to become one of the popular future stars in the industry. However, all these attempts to replace Jayan with a new star with a similar image yielded disappointing results.", "However, all these attempts to replace Jayan with a new star with a similar image yielded disappointing results. It is now one of the most popular quotes in Malayalam cinema \"Jayan's throne remains vacant and will forever be so\".", "It is now one of the most popular quotes in Malayalam cinema \"Jayan's throne remains vacant and will forever be so\". Resurgence in the 2000s In the late 1990s and early 21st century, there was a resurgence of Jayan's screen persona in Kerala and his old movie scenes came to prominence again.", "Resurgence in the 2000s In the late 1990s and early 21st century, there was a resurgence of Jayan's screen persona in Kerala and his old movie scenes came to prominence again. It was owed mostly to programs by popular mimicry stage artists in the State, whose imitations of the star's mannerisms caught on and soon became commonplace in college stage events, television programs and mimicry stage shows along with quotes of superhuman strength known as Jayan quotes.", "It was owed mostly to programs by popular mimicry stage artists in the State, whose imitations of the star's mannerisms caught on and soon became commonplace in college stage events, television programs and mimicry stage shows along with quotes of superhuman strength known as Jayan quotes. However, it has been pointed out that many grotesquely imitated screen dialogues of Jayan are not actually his, but that of dubbing artist Aleppy Ashraf, who dubbed for many of his characters post his death.", "However, it has been pointed out that many grotesquely imitated screen dialogues of Jayan are not actually his, but that of dubbing artist Aleppy Ashraf, who dubbed for many of his characters post his death. The \"comeback\" of Jayan and his renewed popularity lately may be taken as an affirmation that Jayan has not been replaced even nearly three decades after his death.", "The \"comeback\" of Jayan and his renewed popularity lately may be taken as an affirmation that Jayan has not been replaced even nearly three decades after his death. Today, Jayan is best remembered as the first and best action star of Malayalam cinema, so far, besides his trademark colourful attire, risky stunts, machismo mannerisms and unique speaking style.", "Today, Jayan is best remembered as the first and best action star of Malayalam cinema, so far, besides his trademark colourful attire, risky stunts, machismo mannerisms and unique speaking style. He has rightly won immortality in the hearts of the Malayalam film fans as a martyr in his yearning to thrill and entertain them even by putting his life at stake.", "He has rightly won immortality in the hearts of the Malayalam film fans as a martyr in his yearning to thrill and entertain them even by putting his life at stake. Madhu, a famous actor prominent in the 1960s, once stated in an interview: \"Jayan will forever be young and alive.", "Madhu, a famous actor prominent in the 1960s, once stated in an interview: \"Jayan will forever be young and alive. No one can ever visualise him as an old man.\" A film titled Avatharam presently under production, is attempting to bring back his screen persona using advanced technologies.", "A film titled Avatharam presently under production, is attempting to bring back his screen persona using advanced technologies. A documentary on Jayan's life and death Jayan – The Man behind the Legend is nearing completion for release in the near future.", "A documentary on Jayan's life and death Jayan – The Man behind the Legend is nearing completion for release in the near future. Legacy Jayan is perhaps the only actor thus far in the history of Malayalam film industry who remains a marketable superstar decades after his demise, to this day.", "Legacy Jayan is perhaps the only actor thus far in the history of Malayalam film industry who remains a marketable superstar decades after his demise, to this day. In the state of Kerala, he is a true icon of popular culture, whose life and image has made him a legend over time.", "In the state of Kerala, he is a true icon of popular culture, whose life and image has made him a legend over time. Superhero image and commercial success Through his machismo roles and staggering stunt feats, Jayan had attained a real-life Superhero image amongst the fans, masses and colleagues alike.", "Superhero image and commercial success Through his machismo roles and staggering stunt feats, Jayan had attained a real-life Superhero image amongst the fans, masses and colleagues alike. His colourful attire and unique bass voice also helped him capture the imagination of the average viewer as the manly action hero.", "His colourful attire and unique bass voice also helped him capture the imagination of the average viewer as the manly action hero. Along with these, his trademark styles and mannerisms made him a campus hero and youth idol of his time.", "Along with these, his trademark styles and mannerisms made him a campus hero and youth idol of his time. Summing up, Jayan's image among the masses was that of a daring superhuman who would perform seemingly impossible deeds and accomplish extraordinary feats.", "Summing up, Jayan's image among the masses was that of a daring superhuman who would perform seemingly impossible deeds and accomplish extraordinary feats. Jayan is the most commercially successful superstar to date in the Malayalam industry with a near 90% success rate.", "Jayan is the most commercially successful superstar to date in the Malayalam industry with a near 90% success rate. The years 1979, 1980 and 1981 became known as \"Jayan years\" in the industry due to the widespread release and success of his movies.", "The years 1979, 1980 and 1981 became known as \"Jayan years\" in the industry due to the widespread release and success of his movies. His films Sharapancharam and Angadi, released in 1979 and 1980 respectively, were record breakers and became the highest grossers of their respective years.", "His films Sharapancharam and Angadi, released in 1979 and 1980 respectively, were record breakers and became the highest grossers of their respective years. His final film, Kolilakkam was the highest grosser in 1981.", "His final film, Kolilakkam was the highest grosser in 1981. The noteworthy point is that a large percentage of films released during his peak years lacked a strong plot and were mostly cheap low budget remakes of successful movies from other language sectors of Indian cinema.", "The noteworthy point is that a large percentage of films released during his peak years lacked a strong plot and were mostly cheap low budget remakes of successful movies from other language sectors of Indian cinema. Many of these films came out astoundingly successful due to his sheer presence and some avoided failures due to his small cameo appearances.", "Many of these films came out astoundingly successful due to his sheer presence and some avoided failures due to his small cameo appearances. Thousands of fans used to visit theatres repeatedly just to see his fascinating stunts and fight scenes.", "Thousands of fans used to visit theatres repeatedly just to see his fascinating stunts and fight scenes. Daredevilry Jayan was a high-risk taker and throughout his career, he was popular for stellar performances in a fight and stunt sequences. Dangerous and thrilling stunts were often featured in action films with Jayan in the lead.", "Dangerous and thrilling stunts were often featured in action films with Jayan in the lead. These were usually highlighted during fight scenes as added promotions to his machismo image and daredevilry. Numerous movies in which he has acted have one or more notable stunt performances.", "Numerous movies in which he has acted have one or more notable stunt performances. A few prominent examples may be Puthiya Velicham (\"New Light\", 1979) in which he performs train stunts jumping onto and from a fast-running goods train, Aavesham (\"Inspiration\", 1979) which shows the actor swimming through the dangerous waters of Hogenakkal Falls, through a major part of the climax sequence without using any kind of safety measures.", "A few prominent examples may be Puthiya Velicham (\"New Light\", 1979) in which he performs train stunts jumping onto and from a fast-running goods train, Aavesham (\"Inspiration\", 1979) which shows the actor swimming through the dangerous waters of Hogenakkal Falls, through a major part of the climax sequence without using any kind of safety measures. Movies like Thadavara (\"Prison\", 1981) and Sharapancharam (1979) demonstrate his brilliant horse riding skills performing almost effortlessly on horseback, while films like Mamangam involved dangerous fights with wild animals.", "Movies like Thadavara (\"Prison\", 1981) and Sharapancharam (1979) demonstrate his brilliant horse riding skills performing almost effortlessly on horseback, while films like Mamangam involved dangerous fights with wild animals. In a film called Moorkhan (\"Cobra\", 1981) he broke through a brick wall riding on a motorbike (a Royal Enfield Bullet) and it also featured sequences that had the actor sliding along ropes tied at high elevations.", "In a film called Moorkhan (\"Cobra\", 1981) he broke through a brick wall riding on a motorbike (a Royal Enfield Bullet) and it also featured sequences that had the actor sliding along ropes tied at high elevations. Perhaps the most famous movie stunt featuring Jayan came in Chandrahasam (\"Moonsword\", 1980) in which he held on to the UV clamp of a massive ship crane and was elevated to a height of around 200 feet before jumping off to the top of the vessel.", "Perhaps the most famous movie stunt featuring Jayan came in Chandrahasam (\"Moonsword\", 1980) in which he held on to the UV clamp of a massive ship crane and was elevated to a height of around 200 feet before jumping off to the top of the vessel. In one of his final stunt scenes, in Ariyappedatha Rahasyam (\"Secret never known\", 1981) he was involved in a fight scene with an elephant.", "In one of his final stunt scenes, in Ariyappedatha Rahasyam (\"Secret never known\", 1981) he was involved in a fight scene with an elephant. Influence on Malayalam cinema The meteoric rise of Jayan had literally a texture changing impact on the Malayalam film industry.", "Influence on Malayalam cinema The meteoric rise of Jayan had literally a texture changing impact on the Malayalam film industry. It changed forever the hero concept that existed previously for many years and gave rise to a new genre of film characters with more manly characteristics.", "It changed forever the hero concept that existed previously for many years and gave rise to a new genre of film characters with more manly characteristics. Memorable roles Most critics often consider Jayan's main hero role in Sharapancjaram, Angadi, Venalil Oru Mazha and Puthiya Velicham to be his best.", "Memorable roles Most critics often consider Jayan's main hero role in Sharapancjaram, Angadi, Venalil Oru Mazha and Puthiya Velicham to be his best. His most popular character may be the educated labourer in Angadi.", "His most popular character may be the educated labourer in Angadi. The sage's role played by him in Etho Oru Swapnam was well appreciated by critics and would easily feature among his most memorable roles. The supporting role in Kannappanunni, Thacholi Ambu, the villainous ranger in Panchami and the rapist in Kanthavalayam are also critically acclaimed performances.", "The supporting role in Kannappanunni, Thacholi Ambu, the villainous ranger in Panchami and the rapist in Kanthavalayam are also critically acclaimed performances. Some other popular roles were in films like Idimuzhakkam, Venalil Oru Mazha, Ithikkara Pakki, Mamangam, Puthiya Velicham, Karimpana, Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam, Chaakara and Kazhukan.", "Some other popular roles were in films like Idimuzhakkam, Venalil Oru Mazha, Ithikkara Pakki, Mamangam, Puthiya Velicham, Karimpana, Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam, Chaakara and Kazhukan. While acknowledging his undisputed popularity as a commercial superstar that has never faded over time, general critical opinion on his skills as an actor is divided.", "While acknowledging his undisputed popularity as a commercial superstar that has never faded over time, general critical opinion on his skills as an actor is divided. While there are criticisms from some corners that he depended more on his features such as his catching physique, bass voice, personal charisma, unique style and mannerisms to garner attention, many others rate him as a great actor who developed his own unique style to leave a lasting impression on every single role he took up.", "While there are criticisms from some corners that he depended more on his features such as his catching physique, bass voice, personal charisma, unique style and mannerisms to garner attention, many others rate him as a great actor who developed his own unique style to leave a lasting impression on every single role he took up. The fact that his peak time as an actor lasted only a few years is often pointed out in reply to criticisms, and considering the short period of his active film career, he may have delivered more critically appreciated performances than most of his contemporaries.", "The fact that his peak time as an actor lasted only a few years is often pointed out in reply to criticisms, and considering the short period of his active film career, he may have delivered more critically appreciated performances than most of his contemporaries. But these were always under the shadow of a large majority of films that were able to achieve commercial success capitalising on his drawing power, but had weak plots and less critical acclaim.", "But these were always under the shadow of a large majority of films that were able to achieve commercial success capitalising on his drawing power, but had weak plots and less critical acclaim. Some believe that if he'd had a longer career, he would have eventually transformed into a great character actor over time who could excel in commercial and parallel streams alike, after a period of decline in Malayalam films that followed Sathyan's demise.", "Some believe that if he'd had a longer career, he would have eventually transformed into a great character actor over time who could excel in commercial and parallel streams alike, after a period of decline in Malayalam films that followed Sathyan's demise. His most popular films like Sharapancjaram and Angadi were both critical and commercial successes.", "His most popular films like Sharapancjaram and Angadi were both critical and commercial successes. Though he is remembered as an icon of commercial cinema, due to the short span of his career and the generic nature of commercial hero roles of the time, his actual acting talents may have been largely underutilised.", "Though he is remembered as an icon of commercial cinema, due to the short span of his career and the generic nature of commercial hero roles of the time, his actual acting talents may have been largely underutilised. Song sequences Film songs are an integral part of Indian cinema and the same is true for Malayalam films.", "Song sequences Film songs are an integral part of Indian cinema and the same is true for Malayalam films. Jayan has acted in several memorable song sequences which bring about nostalgic memories about the actor. Song sequences in Jayan films also helped shape the future film song sector in commercial cinema.", "Song sequences in Jayan films also helped shape the future film song sector in commercial cinema. The song \"Kannum Kannum\" in the film Angadi presents one of the most popular song sequences in Malayalam cinema involving Jayan and Seema. Its success led to the teaming together of this pair in numerous movies.", "Its success led to the teaming together of this pair in numerous movies. Another popular song involving the Jayan-Seema pair is \"Kasthuri Manmizhi\" from the movie Manushya Mrugam. A song that hit tremendous popularity was \"Cham Chacha Chum Chacha\" in Love in Singapore and Kombil Kilukkum ketti in \"Karimpana\".", "A song that hit tremendous popularity was \"Cham Chacha Chum Chacha\" in Love in Singapore and Kombil Kilukkum ketti in \"Karimpana\". The mass popularity of this song sequence later inspired a whole new category of film songs with lyrics that lack any particular meaning, but with a fast beat and dance appeal that came to be known as \"Adipoli\" songs.", "The mass popularity of this song sequence later inspired a whole new category of film songs with lyrics that lack any particular meaning, but with a fast beat and dance appeal that came to be known as \"Adipoli\" songs. There is a song in the film Etho Oru Swapnam called \"Oru Mugham Mathram Kannil\", which became popular due to its melodious and nostalgic nature.", "There is a song in the film Etho Oru Swapnam called \"Oru Mugham Mathram Kannil\", which became popular due to its melodious and nostalgic nature. \"Ezham Malika Mele\" from Sarppam, directed by Baby was a superhit song paired by Jayan and Seema.", "\"Ezham Malika Mele\" from Sarppam, directed by Baby was a superhit song paired by Jayan and Seema. Another hit from this team was \"Pournami Penne\" in Arifa hassan's Benz Vasu and it was hummed by the youth of that time.", "Another hit from this team was \"Pournami Penne\" in Arifa hassan's Benz Vasu and it was hummed by the youth of that time. Memorials Kollam District panchayath and Government of Kerala built a new conference hall near to Kollam District panchayath office in Kollam municipal corporation as a memorial to the legend actor.", "Memorials Kollam District panchayath and Government of Kerala built a new conference hall near to Kollam District panchayath office in Kollam municipal corporation as a memorial to the legend actor. The hall is named as \"Jayan Memorial Hall\". It was inaugurated on 12 September 2020.", "It was inaugurated on 12 September 2020. There is a Jayan memorial Arts & Sports club functioning at Thevally near the actor's hometown. The residential area at his birthplace has been renamed \"Olayil Jayan Nagar\" in his honour.", "The residential area at his birthplace has been renamed \"Olayil Jayan Nagar\" in his honour. Jayan Cultural Forum Jayan Samskarika Vethi or Jayan Cultural Forum has been established recently, which consists of his fans and well wishers.", "Jayan Cultural Forum Jayan Samskarika Vethi or Jayan Cultural Forum has been established recently, which consists of his fans and well wishers. It is headed by the actor's nephew Kannan Nair, and aims at uniting his diverse fan base consisting of young and old people from several generations under a single platform.", "It is headed by the actor's nephew Kannan Nair, and aims at uniting his diverse fan base consisting of young and old people from several generations under a single platform. Activities include organising anniversary functions and memorial programs, facilitating his coworkers, maintaining the actor's website and official profiles and charity work.", "Activities include organising anniversary functions and memorial programs, facilitating his coworkers, maintaining the actor's website and official profiles and charity work. Monuments In 2009, an 8 ft high statue of the actor was erected in front of his house at Olayil, Kollam which is now a nursing home.", "Monuments In 2009, an 8 ft high statue of the actor was erected in front of his house at Olayil, Kollam which is now a nursing home. Efforts are being made to construct a permanent memorial at Mulankadakam where he was cremated, and also to open a library and museum near his home.", "Efforts are being made to construct a permanent memorial at Mulankadakam where he was cremated, and also to open a library and museum near his home. In media Media on Jayan A book titled Jayan Americayil? (Jayan in America?) came out in 1981 and had record sales at the time.", "came out in 1981 and had record sales at the time. It circulated the rumour that Jayan was alive in America with an injured eye and that it was a look-alike who was killed in the accident.", "It circulated the rumour that Jayan was alive in America with an injured eye and that it was a look-alike who was killed in the accident. Another book Jayante Maranam Kolapathakamo (Jayan's death, a murder) was also published in 1981, capitalising on the conspiracy theories and mystery surrounding the superstar's death.", "Another book Jayante Maranam Kolapathakamo (Jayan's death, a murder) was also published in 1981, capitalising on the conspiracy theories and mystery surrounding the superstar's death. The actor's life was serialised in a Malayalam film magazine and then brought out as Jayante Katha.", "The actor's life was serialised in a Malayalam film magazine and then brought out as Jayante Katha. An elaborate biography named Jayan : Abhralokathintey Ithihasa Naayakan is being completed and will reportedly be published in 2011. A documentary Jayan-The Man behind the Legend is under production and is set to be released in 2011.", "A documentary Jayan-The Man behind the Legend is under production and is set to be released in 2011. In popular culture Print media The actor's domination and commercial success in the 1970s is mentioned in the book Because I have a Voice. It focuses on Jayan's masculine image.", "It focuses on Jayan's masculine image. Jayan's famous emotional English dialogue in street slang is included at number 7 in Outlook magazine's Terrific 13 lists published in the 13th anniversary edition of the magazine, in the section '13 Cheesiest Chalkiest dialogues in Indian Cinema'.", "Jayan's famous emotional English dialogue in street slang is included at number 7 in Outlook magazine's Terrific 13 lists published in the 13th anniversary edition of the magazine, in the section '13 Cheesiest Chalkiest dialogues in Indian Cinema'. Films In the movie Aye Auto, there is a reference to Jayan's English dialogue in Angadi.", "Films In the movie Aye Auto, there is a reference to Jayan's English dialogue in Angadi. The movies Dupe Dupe Dupe and Aparanmaar Nagarathil had Jayan impersonators in the lead. In the film Pattanathil Bhootham, the popular Jayan song sequence Cham Chacha Chumchacha is played out with impersonation. The horse oiling scene from Sarapancharam is also reconstructed.", "The horse oiling scene from Sarapancharam is also reconstructed. In Chotta Mumbai, a Jayan-Nazir mixed song sequence is played out with Jayan attire used in the song sequence of the popular Nazir song Chettikulangara.", "In Chotta Mumbai, a Jayan-Nazir mixed song sequence is played out with Jayan attire used in the song sequence of the popular Nazir song Chettikulangara. In the film Shikkar, Jayan's image is used in the sets of a fight scene in a bid to stress the adventurous setting of the film.", "In the film Shikkar, Jayan's image is used in the sets of a fight scene in a bid to stress the adventurous setting of the film. In Thanthonni, Jayan's voice and dialogue tone is imitated. The film Valiyangadi was promoted as a sequel to Jayan's Angadi.", "The film Valiyangadi was promoted as a sequel to Jayan's Angadi. In the film Ennu Ninte Moideen, Jayan's stunt sequence and the celebrated row with \"Alavalathi Shaji\" from the film Lisa is shown in a theatre scene.", "In the film Ennu Ninte Moideen, Jayan's stunt sequence and the celebrated row with \"Alavalathi Shaji\" from the film Lisa is shown in a theatre scene. The famous song \"Kannum Kannum\" from Jayan's film Angadi is included with Mammooty impersonating Jayan's style in the film Venicile Vyapari.", "The famous song \"Kannum Kannum\" from Jayan's film Angadi is included with Mammooty impersonating Jayan's style in the film Venicile Vyapari. The recent hit Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan has the actor Siddique acting as an ardent fan of Jayan and impersonates his style for seeing his movies.", "The recent hit Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan has the actor Siddique acting as an ardent fan of Jayan and impersonates his style for seeing his movies. Return to the silver screen In December 2010, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his death, it was announced that a new movie with Jayan in the lead is in the works, using advanced animation and graphics technologies.", "Return to the silver screen In December 2010, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his death, it was announced that a new movie with Jayan in the lead is in the works, using advanced animation and graphics technologies. The movie, titled Avatharam (Incarnation), was announced to be directed by Vijeesh Mani and scripted by T. A. Shahid.", "The movie, titled Avatharam (Incarnation), was announced to be directed by Vijeesh Mani and scripted by T. A. Shahid. The project is inspired by the star's posthumous popularity as an action legend. It was announced that the actor would be brought back to the big screen by twelve top technicians from Hollywood.", "It was announced that the actor would be brought back to the big screen by twelve top technicians from Hollywood. Filmography See also Jayan quotes References External links Profile of Malayalam Actor Jayan Further reading http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=48 Jayan Nostalgia homepage at Manorama Online portal Image gallery Jayan Anniversary Special at Mathrubhumi portal \"Jayan: Love You All\" – an article in the November 2009 issue of Vanitha magazine 1980 deaths Male actors from Kollam Indian stunt performers Filmed deaths of entertainers 1939 births Male actors in Malayalam cinema Indian male film actors 20th-century Indian male actors Indian Navy personnel" ]

[ "Jayan", "Death", "What caused Jayan's death?", "Jayan was killed in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave).", "Where was the movie set?", "the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu.", "Who was starring in the movie with him?", "co-star Balan K. Nair," ]

[ "In March 1984, a serious radiation accident occurred in Morocco, where eight people died from pulmonary hemorrhaging caused by overexposure to radiation from a lost iridium-192 source. Other individuals also received significant overdoses of radiation that required medical attention. Three people were sent to the Curie Institute in Paris for treatment of radiation poisoning.\n\nThe source was used to radiograph welds and became separated from its shielded container. As the source itself had no markings indicating it was radioactive, a worker took it home, where it stayed for some weeks, exposing the family to radiation. The laborer, his family, and some relatives were the eight deaths caused by the accident.\n\nSee also\n Nuclear and radiation accidents\n Goiânia accident\n Radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica\n Radiotherapy accident in Zaragoza\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Description of the incident in Johnston's Archive\n\nMan-made disasters in Morocco\n1984 industrial disasters\nMorocco\n1984 in Morocco\nMarch 1984 events in Africa", "The Turenki rail accident occurred on 12 March 1940, at 05:28 local time (03:28 UTC) near Turenki, Finland, and remains the worst rail accident in Finnish history. A troop train carrying soldiers of the 71st Supply Company and horses south from Loimaa to Viipuri collided with a northbound freight train. The two trains were travelling at 40 km/h (25 mph) and 25–30 km/h (15–19 mph) respectively at the time of collision. The death toll was particularly high due to many troop carriages being crushed; the carriages had initially been located at the rear of the train but were moved to the front just behind the locomotive at Toijala as the train changed direction. Rescue operations were also delayed.\n\nThe accident was caused by a signalling error; the signaller, who was still on probation and who had been awake for the past 36 hours, mistakenly cleared the freight train to pass Turenki north towards the Harviala railway station, even though the troop train had already passed the latter station which had been chosen as the place the two trains would pass each other. The signaller was sentenced to a two-year, one-month and ten-day prison sentence and to pay 30 000 Finnish marks in compensation.\n\nThe accident went largely unreported, as the accident happened during World War II and on the same day that the Moscow Peace Treaty which ended the Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed and went into effect. It was one of three rail accidents to take place in Finland in March 1940; the Iittala rail accident on March 4 claimed 31 lives and the Putikko rail accident on March 18 claimed 14 lives.\n\nA memorial to those who lost their lives in the crash was unveiled at Turenki railway station in 2000.\n\nSee also\n Quintinshill rail disaster – the worst rail accident in British history, which took place during wartime (but World War I, not World War II) and was likewise a train collision caused by signalling errors\n Lists of rail accidents\n\nReferences\n\nRailway accidents in 1940\nRailway accidents and incidents in Finland\n1940 in Finland\nRailway accidents caused by signaller's error\nTrain collisions in Finland\nAccidents and incidents involving VR Group" ]

[ "Master Chief Petty Officer Krishnan Nair (25 July 1939 – 16 November 1980), better known by his stage name Jayan, was an Indian film actor, naval officer, stunt performer and cultural icon of the 1970s and 1980s. He starred in over 150 Malayalam films.", "He starred in over 150 Malayalam films. During his film career, he was primarily an action star and was particularly famous for his macho image and unique style. He was reputed for his masculine appeal and well known for performing stunts of a dangerous nature on his own.", "He was reputed for his masculine appeal and well known for performing stunts of a dangerous nature on his own. By the late 1970s, he became the most popular superstar, lead actor and bankable star of Malayalam cinema and has been acclaimed as the first and most successful action hero of Malayalam cinema.", "By the late 1970s, he became the most popular superstar, lead actor and bankable star of Malayalam cinema and has been acclaimed as the first and most successful action hero of Malayalam cinema. Jayan is widely regarded as one of the most influential superstars in the history of Malayalam cinema.", "Jayan is widely regarded as one of the most influential superstars in the history of Malayalam cinema. His superhero image had transformed him into a popular culture icon among Malayalis around the world, with widespread impersonations on stage and television programs based on his screen persona.", "His superhero image had transformed him into a popular culture icon among Malayalis around the world, with widespread impersonations on stage and television programs based on his screen persona. It was accompanied by a cartoon, email and SMS phenomenon in the early 2000s, portraying him as a comic superhero with unique quotes of superhuman strength attributed to the action star becoming widespread.", "It was accompanied by a cartoon, email and SMS phenomenon in the early 2000s, portraying him as a comic superhero with unique quotes of superhuman strength attributed to the action star becoming widespread. These movements were fuelled by a renewed fascination with his style of dialogue delivery and his machismo image.", "These movements were fuelled by a renewed fascination with his style of dialogue delivery and his machismo image. These were claimed to honour his memories, but were also criticised for parodying the legendary actor years after his death.", "These were claimed to honour his memories, but were also criticised for parodying the legendary actor years after his death. Early life Jayan was born in Quilon, Travancore as the first child of his father Thevalli Kottaram Veetil Madhavan Pillai and mother Bharathiyamma. His birth name was Krishnan Nair. He had a younger brother named Soman Nair.", "He had a younger brother named Soman Nair. Malayalam actress Jayabharathi, who was his first cousin introduced him to the film industry. Jayan's formal education ended at the 10th grade at Kollam Govt. Boys High School when he joined the Indian Navy. The first accolades for his acting skills reached him when he was a naval sailor.", "The first accolades for his acting skills reached him when he was a naval sailor. He used to act in plays at various functions such as anniversaries. The encouragement from his friends and colleagues in the Navy gave him the desire to act in films.", "The encouragement from his friends and colleagues in the Navy gave him the desire to act in films. Jayan served in the Indian Navy for 16 years, culminating in the rank of Master CPO.", "Jayan served in the Indian Navy for 16 years, culminating in the rank of Master CPO. By the end of his navy days, he had begun efforts to start small businesses at Ernakulam and became a regular inhabitant of the Cochin Tourist Home. During his life at Ernakulam, he would meet some of his lifelong friends.", "During his life at Ernakulam, he would meet some of his lifelong friends. It was such a chance meeting while on leave, with Rajan Prakash who is the veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash's son, who owned a dry cleaning shop in Cochin, that eventually landed him a role in the movie Shapa Moksham.", "It was such a chance meeting while on leave, with Rajan Prakash who is the veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash's son, who owned a dry cleaning shop in Cochin, that eventually landed him a role in the movie Shapa Moksham. A year later, he left the Indian Navy and started trying his hand at various civilian jobs, working for companies in Cochin for a few years till his acting career began to succeed.", "A year later, he left the Indian Navy and started trying his hand at various civilian jobs, working for companies in Cochin for a few years till his acting career began to succeed. Jayan's younger brother Soman Nair (Ajayan) also acted in 20+ films after Jayan's death.", "Jayan's younger brother Soman Nair (Ajayan) also acted in 20+ films after Jayan's death. But he was not successful in films like Jayan. Ajayan has 3 children and his younger son Adithyan Jayan is a famous TV serial actor in Malayalam.", "Ajayan has 3 children and his younger son Adithyan Jayan is a famous TV serial actor in Malayalam. Career Random appearances and early career Jayan did make a few random uncredited appearances in some movies of the early 1970s, the first of which was in Postmane Kanmanilla. These minor appearances were before he attained the screen name Jayan.", "These minor appearances were before he attained the screen name Jayan. According to his nephew, he had the role of a vampire-like character in an unnamed project costarred by Vidhubala, which was never released. His first appearance with the name Jayan was in the movie Shapa Moksham, which is usually credited as his first film.", "His first appearance with the name Jayan was in the movie Shapa Moksham, which is usually credited as his first film. Rise to fame The name \"Jayan\" (English: \"The Victor\") was given to him by veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash on the sets of Shapa Moksham.", "Rise to fame The name \"Jayan\" (English: \"The Victor\") was given to him by veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash on the sets of Shapa Moksham. Jayan started his career by acting in minor roles and his first appearance in front of the camera was Postmane kananilla (1972) then starting with the name as Jayan in Shapa Moksham (1974).", "Jayan started his career by acting in minor roles and his first appearance in front of the camera was Postmane kananilla (1972) then starting with the name as Jayan in Shapa Moksham (1974). Jayan got his first major break appearing as a villain in Panchami (1976), playing a forest ranger.", "Jayan got his first major break appearing as a villain in Panchami (1976), playing a forest ranger. Jayan's performance in this film was appreciated in the industry and his physical appearance was also noticed for the first time.", "Jayan's performance in this film was appreciated in the industry and his physical appearance was also noticed for the first time. His next notable role was in Thacholi Ambu (1978), in which he appeared in a supporting role.", "His next notable role was in Thacholi Ambu (1978), in which he appeared in a supporting role. In the same year, he acted as a sage in the Sreekumaran Thampi film Etho Oru Swapnam, which was well received by critics.", "In the same year, he acted as a sage in the Sreekumaran Thampi film Etho Oru Swapnam, which was well received by critics. But what made Jayan a superstar was his antihero role in Sharapancharam (1979, Bed of Arrows).", "But what made Jayan a superstar was his antihero role in Sharapancharam (1979, Bed of Arrows). He catapulted to fame riding on machismo roles that endeared him to the masses, and he established himself as one of the most popular Malayalam film actors of his time with superhit movies like Chaakara directed by P.G.", "He catapulted to fame riding on machismo roles that endeared him to the masses, and he established himself as one of the most popular Malayalam film actors of his time with superhit movies like Chaakara directed by P.G. Viswambharan & Angadi directed by I.V. Sasi who were the two hitmakers of the time.", "Sasi who were the two hitmakers of the time. He is generally regarded as the first action hero in Malayalam cinema. Superstardom Sharapancharam broke all box-office records set in the Malayalam movie industry till it's time and became the highest-grossing movie of 1979.", "Superstardom Sharapancharam broke all box-office records set in the Malayalam movie industry till it's time and became the highest-grossing movie of 1979. Its box-office records were broken by another Jayan film, Angadi (Market) in the following year, which cemented his popularity among the masses. In films such as Manushya Mrugam, Aavesham etc.", "In films such as Manushya Mrugam, Aavesham etc. he played double roles. During his career, he received only a few critically appreciated roles perhaps partly due to his commercial hero image and partly due to the lack of films that garnered critical appreciation at the time.", "During his career, he received only a few critically appreciated roles perhaps partly due to his commercial hero image and partly due to the lack of films that garnered critical appreciation at the time. The focus was always on his unmatched drawing power as an action star and by 1980, at the peak of his career, he had attained a genuine superhero image.", "The focus was always on his unmatched drawing power as an action star and by 1980, at the peak of his career, he had attained a genuine superhero image. Movies exploited Jayan's masculine physique and he appeared bare-chested in numerous scenes.", "Movies exploited Jayan's masculine physique and he appeared bare-chested in numerous scenes. His on-screen attire (most famously his Elvis bellbottoms), his masculine image and later the nature of his death transformed him into a legend in Kerala.", "His on-screen attire (most famously his Elvis bellbottoms), his masculine image and later the nature of his death transformed him into a legend in Kerala. Jayan was also known for his unique method of dialogue delivery and he has contributed many memorable lines to the Malayalam film history.", "Jayan was also known for his unique method of dialogue delivery and he has contributed many memorable lines to the Malayalam film history. Multistar films Jayan acted in several ensemble cast movies, mostly with Prem Nazir.", "Multistar films Jayan acted in several ensemble cast movies, mostly with Prem Nazir. The duo acted in films such as Nayattu, Love in Singapore, Chandrahasam, Thacholi Ambu, Kannappanunni, Palattu Kunjikkannan, Mamangam, Prabhu etc. all of which were top-grossing movies at the box office.", "all of which were top-grossing movies at the box office. He also acted with other popular actors of the time, such as Soman, Sukumaran and Madhu in many films. In early films before 1979 (e.g. Thacholi Ambu and Panchami), he had negative or supporting roles.", "Thacholi Ambu and Panchami), he had negative or supporting roles. But later films in the beginning of 1980 relied heavily on Jayan's drawing power as an action hero and placed him as the central character.", "But later films in the beginning of 1980 relied heavily on Jayan's drawing power as an action hero and placed him as the central character. In 1980, the duo Jayan and Prem Nazir were cast in Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam by P. Venu, that showcased the famous fight scene in Malayalam cinema.", "In 1980, the duo Jayan and Prem Nazir were cast in Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam by P. Venu, that showcased the famous fight scene in Malayalam cinema. Prem Nazir agreed to play a supporting role in Nayattu, which was very unlikely for a superstar of those times.", "Prem Nazir agreed to play a supporting role in Nayattu, which was very unlikely for a superstar of those times. He had agreed to do this as a token of friendship with Jayan and the director Sreekumaran Thamby. The duo had many actions films together such as Irumbazhikal, Love in Singapore etc.", "The duo had many actions films together such as Irumbazhikal, Love in Singapore etc. where the box office draw was huge. Death On 16 November 1980, Jayan died in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave) at the age of 41 years, 3 months and 21 days.", "Death On 16 November 1980, Jayan died in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave) at the age of 41 years, 3 months and 21 days. The climactic scene of the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu.", "The climactic scene of the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu. Jayan always performed his own stunts, and for this movie he was performing a rather dangerous stunt that involved him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike driven by Sukumaran.", "Jayan always performed his own stunts, and for this movie he was performing a rather dangerous stunt that involved him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike driven by Sukumaran. The shot was accepted by the director in the first take; Nonetheless, another three shots were filmed.", "The shot was accepted by the director in the first take; Nonetheless, another three shots were filmed. According to the film's production executive, Jayan insisted on yet another re-take as he was not satisfied with its perfection.", "According to the film's production executive, Jayan insisted on yet another re-take as he was not satisfied with its perfection. During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries.", "During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries. After his death was confirmed, a slide was added during the theatre show of his movie Deepam, which was running in packed houses, informing viewers of his death.", "After his death was confirmed, a slide was added during the theatre show of his movie Deepam, which was running in packed houses, informing viewers of his death. A large number of his fans burst into tears and ran out of the buildings, while many continued to watch the movie, refusing to believe it and taking it for an ingenious promotion for some upcoming project.", "A large number of his fans burst into tears and ran out of the buildings, while many continued to watch the movie, refusing to believe it and taking it for an ingenious promotion for some upcoming project. Jayan's body was taken to Trivandrum via aeroplane and later it was taken to his home in Quilon, where he was cremated.", "Jayan's body was taken to Trivandrum via aeroplane and later it was taken to his home in Quilon, where he was cremated. Thousands paid homage to the late actor, and the police had to take huge measures to deal with the crowds. His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later.", "His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later. Some conspiracy theories emerged regarding the circumstances of his death, primarily because the pilot and his co-star Balan K. Nair, who was in the helicopter, survived with minor or no injuries. Nevertheless, it has been confirmed as a genuine accident.", "Nevertheless, it has been confirmed as a genuine accident. The Aftermath After Jayan's death, several films were released claiming to be his last film, including the genuine one, Kolilakkam. In all these films, Jayan's voice was dubbed by Alleppey Ashraf, a popular impressionist of the time.", "In all these films, Jayan's voice was dubbed by Alleppey Ashraf, a popular impressionist of the time. Many projects meant for him were recast, such as Thushaaram by I. V. Sasi, P. G. Vishwambaran's Sphodanam, and Sasi Kumar's Dhruvasangamam. Numerous other projects were cancelled entirely.", "Numerous other projects were cancelled entirely. One stunt scene and two songs were already shot with Jayan for C. V. Rajendran's Garjanam, but after his death, it was recast with Rajinikanth, becoming his second film in Malayalam released in 1981.", "One stunt scene and two songs were already shot with Jayan for C. V. Rajendran's Garjanam, but after his death, it was recast with Rajinikanth, becoming his second film in Malayalam released in 1981. Imposter Movement Due to his unrivalled popularity that continued many years after his death, random bit scenes were added to numerous films that showed random gestures or shots of him walking by the side during fight scenes.", "Imposter Movement Due to his unrivalled popularity that continued many years after his death, random bit scenes were added to numerous films that showed random gestures or shots of him walking by the side during fight scenes. Attempts were made to bring in impostors who tried to imitate his style and mannerisms, enabling several artists from the field of mimicry to show up on the big screen.", "Attempts were made to bring in impostors who tried to imitate his style and mannerisms, enabling several artists from the field of mimicry to show up on the big screen. But these experiments failed miserably, and proved especially ineffective in fight and stunt scenes. Then, directors and producers started a search for new actors to replace him.", "Then, directors and producers started a search for new actors to replace him. This movement led to debuts of actors who resembled Jayan in physical appearance (e.g.", "This movement led to debuts of actors who resembled Jayan in physical appearance (e.g. Ratheesh), those with stage names sounding similar to his (for example, his own brother who appeared as Ajayan), and those with similar mannerisms and style (e.g. Bheeman Raghu).", "Bheeman Raghu). Bheeman Raghu). One of them, Mammootty, who started with the stage name Sajin, would later go on to become one of the popular future stars in the industry. However, all these attempts to replace Jayan with a new star with a similar image yielded disappointing results.", "However, all these attempts to replace Jayan with a new star with a similar image yielded disappointing results. It is now one of the most popular quotes in Malayalam cinema \"Jayan's throne remains vacant and will forever be so\".", "It is now one of the most popular quotes in Malayalam cinema \"Jayan's throne remains vacant and will forever be so\". Resurgence in the 2000s In the late 1990s and early 21st century, there was a resurgence of Jayan's screen persona in Kerala and his old movie scenes came to prominence again.", "Resurgence in the 2000s In the late 1990s and early 21st century, there was a resurgence of Jayan's screen persona in Kerala and his old movie scenes came to prominence again. It was owed mostly to programs by popular mimicry stage artists in the State, whose imitations of the star's mannerisms caught on and soon became commonplace in college stage events, television programs and mimicry stage shows along with quotes of superhuman strength known as Jayan quotes.", "It was owed mostly to programs by popular mimicry stage artists in the State, whose imitations of the star's mannerisms caught on and soon became commonplace in college stage events, television programs and mimicry stage shows along with quotes of superhuman strength known as Jayan quotes. However, it has been pointed out that many grotesquely imitated screen dialogues of Jayan are not actually his, but that of dubbing artist Aleppy Ashraf, who dubbed for many of his characters post his death.", "However, it has been pointed out that many grotesquely imitated screen dialogues of Jayan are not actually his, but that of dubbing artist Aleppy Ashraf, who dubbed for many of his characters post his death. The \"comeback\" of Jayan and his renewed popularity lately may be taken as an affirmation that Jayan has not been replaced even nearly three decades after his death.", "The \"comeback\" of Jayan and his renewed popularity lately may be taken as an affirmation that Jayan has not been replaced even nearly three decades after his death. Today, Jayan is best remembered as the first and best action star of Malayalam cinema, so far, besides his trademark colourful attire, risky stunts, machismo mannerisms and unique speaking style.", "Today, Jayan is best remembered as the first and best action star of Malayalam cinema, so far, besides his trademark colourful attire, risky stunts, machismo mannerisms and unique speaking style. He has rightly won immortality in the hearts of the Malayalam film fans as a martyr in his yearning to thrill and entertain them even by putting his life at stake.", "He has rightly won immortality in the hearts of the Malayalam film fans as a martyr in his yearning to thrill and entertain them even by putting his life at stake. Madhu, a famous actor prominent in the 1960s, once stated in an interview: \"Jayan will forever be young and alive.", "Madhu, a famous actor prominent in the 1960s, once stated in an interview: \"Jayan will forever be young and alive. No one can ever visualise him as an old man.\" A film titled Avatharam presently under production, is attempting to bring back his screen persona using advanced technologies.", "A film titled Avatharam presently under production, is attempting to bring back his screen persona using advanced technologies. A documentary on Jayan's life and death Jayan – The Man behind the Legend is nearing completion for release in the near future.", "A documentary on Jayan's life and death Jayan – The Man behind the Legend is nearing completion for release in the near future. Legacy Jayan is perhaps the only actor thus far in the history of Malayalam film industry who remains a marketable superstar decades after his demise, to this day.", "Legacy Jayan is perhaps the only actor thus far in the history of Malayalam film industry who remains a marketable superstar decades after his demise, to this day. In the state of Kerala, he is a true icon of popular culture, whose life and image has made him a legend over time.", "In the state of Kerala, he is a true icon of popular culture, whose life and image has made him a legend over time. Superhero image and commercial success Through his machismo roles and staggering stunt feats, Jayan had attained a real-life Superhero image amongst the fans, masses and colleagues alike.", "Superhero image and commercial success Through his machismo roles and staggering stunt feats, Jayan had attained a real-life Superhero image amongst the fans, masses and colleagues alike. His colourful attire and unique bass voice also helped him capture the imagination of the average viewer as the manly action hero.", "His colourful attire and unique bass voice also helped him capture the imagination of the average viewer as the manly action hero. Along with these, his trademark styles and mannerisms made him a campus hero and youth idol of his time.", "Along with these, his trademark styles and mannerisms made him a campus hero and youth idol of his time. Summing up, Jayan's image among the masses was that of a daring superhuman who would perform seemingly impossible deeds and accomplish extraordinary feats.", "Summing up, Jayan's image among the masses was that of a daring superhuman who would perform seemingly impossible deeds and accomplish extraordinary feats. Jayan is the most commercially successful superstar to date in the Malayalam industry with a near 90% success rate.", "Jayan is the most commercially successful superstar to date in the Malayalam industry with a near 90% success rate. The years 1979, 1980 and 1981 became known as \"Jayan years\" in the industry due to the widespread release and success of his movies.", "The years 1979, 1980 and 1981 became known as \"Jayan years\" in the industry due to the widespread release and success of his movies. His films Sharapancharam and Angadi, released in 1979 and 1980 respectively, were record breakers and became the highest grossers of their respective years.", "His films Sharapancharam and Angadi, released in 1979 and 1980 respectively, were record breakers and became the highest grossers of their respective years. His final film, Kolilakkam was the highest grosser in 1981.", "His final film, Kolilakkam was the highest grosser in 1981. The noteworthy point is that a large percentage of films released during his peak years lacked a strong plot and were mostly cheap low budget remakes of successful movies from other language sectors of Indian cinema.", "The noteworthy point is that a large percentage of films released during his peak years lacked a strong plot and were mostly cheap low budget remakes of successful movies from other language sectors of Indian cinema. Many of these films came out astoundingly successful due to his sheer presence and some avoided failures due to his small cameo appearances.", "Many of these films came out astoundingly successful due to his sheer presence and some avoided failures due to his small cameo appearances. Thousands of fans used to visit theatres repeatedly just to see his fascinating stunts and fight scenes.", "Thousands of fans used to visit theatres repeatedly just to see his fascinating stunts and fight scenes. Daredevilry Jayan was a high-risk taker and throughout his career, he was popular for stellar performances in a fight and stunt sequences. Dangerous and thrilling stunts were often featured in action films with Jayan in the lead.", "Dangerous and thrilling stunts were often featured in action films with Jayan in the lead. These were usually highlighted during fight scenes as added promotions to his machismo image and daredevilry. Numerous movies in which he has acted have one or more notable stunt performances.", "Numerous movies in which he has acted have one or more notable stunt performances. A few prominent examples may be Puthiya Velicham (\"New Light\", 1979) in which he performs train stunts jumping onto and from a fast-running goods train, Aavesham (\"Inspiration\", 1979) which shows the actor swimming through the dangerous waters of Hogenakkal Falls, through a major part of the climax sequence without using any kind of safety measures.", "A few prominent examples may be Puthiya Velicham (\"New Light\", 1979) in which he performs train stunts jumping onto and from a fast-running goods train, Aavesham (\"Inspiration\", 1979) which shows the actor swimming through the dangerous waters of Hogenakkal Falls, through a major part of the climax sequence without using any kind of safety measures. Movies like Thadavara (\"Prison\", 1981) and Sharapancharam (1979) demonstrate his brilliant horse riding skills performing almost effortlessly on horseback, while films like Mamangam involved dangerous fights with wild animals.", "Movies like Thadavara (\"Prison\", 1981) and Sharapancharam (1979) demonstrate his brilliant horse riding skills performing almost effortlessly on horseback, while films like Mamangam involved dangerous fights with wild animals. In a film called Moorkhan (\"Cobra\", 1981) he broke through a brick wall riding on a motorbike (a Royal Enfield Bullet) and it also featured sequences that had the actor sliding along ropes tied at high elevations.", "In a film called Moorkhan (\"Cobra\", 1981) he broke through a brick wall riding on a motorbike (a Royal Enfield Bullet) and it also featured sequences that had the actor sliding along ropes tied at high elevations. Perhaps the most famous movie stunt featuring Jayan came in Chandrahasam (\"Moonsword\", 1980) in which he held on to the UV clamp of a massive ship crane and was elevated to a height of around 200 feet before jumping off to the top of the vessel.", "Perhaps the most famous movie stunt featuring Jayan came in Chandrahasam (\"Moonsword\", 1980) in which he held on to the UV clamp of a massive ship crane and was elevated to a height of around 200 feet before jumping off to the top of the vessel. In one of his final stunt scenes, in Ariyappedatha Rahasyam (\"Secret never known\", 1981) he was involved in a fight scene with an elephant.", "In one of his final stunt scenes, in Ariyappedatha Rahasyam (\"Secret never known\", 1981) he was involved in a fight scene with an elephant. Influence on Malayalam cinema The meteoric rise of Jayan had literally a texture changing impact on the Malayalam film industry.", "Influence on Malayalam cinema The meteoric rise of Jayan had literally a texture changing impact on the Malayalam film industry. It changed forever the hero concept that existed previously for many years and gave rise to a new genre of film characters with more manly characteristics.", "It changed forever the hero concept that existed previously for many years and gave rise to a new genre of film characters with more manly characteristics. Memorable roles Most critics often consider Jayan's main hero role in Sharapancjaram, Angadi, Venalil Oru Mazha and Puthiya Velicham to be his best.", "Memorable roles Most critics often consider Jayan's main hero role in Sharapancjaram, Angadi, Venalil Oru Mazha and Puthiya Velicham to be his best. His most popular character may be the educated labourer in Angadi.", "His most popular character may be the educated labourer in Angadi. The sage's role played by him in Etho Oru Swapnam was well appreciated by critics and would easily feature among his most memorable roles. The supporting role in Kannappanunni, Thacholi Ambu, the villainous ranger in Panchami and the rapist in Kanthavalayam are also critically acclaimed performances.", "The supporting role in Kannappanunni, Thacholi Ambu, the villainous ranger in Panchami and the rapist in Kanthavalayam are also critically acclaimed performances. Some other popular roles were in films like Idimuzhakkam, Venalil Oru Mazha, Ithikkara Pakki, Mamangam, Puthiya Velicham, Karimpana, Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam, Chaakara and Kazhukan.", "Some other popular roles were in films like Idimuzhakkam, Venalil Oru Mazha, Ithikkara Pakki, Mamangam, Puthiya Velicham, Karimpana, Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam, Chaakara and Kazhukan. While acknowledging his undisputed popularity as a commercial superstar that has never faded over time, general critical opinion on his skills as an actor is divided.", "While acknowledging his undisputed popularity as a commercial superstar that has never faded over time, general critical opinion on his skills as an actor is divided. While there are criticisms from some corners that he depended more on his features such as his catching physique, bass voice, personal charisma, unique style and mannerisms to garner attention, many others rate him as a great actor who developed his own unique style to leave a lasting impression on every single role he took up.", "While there are criticisms from some corners that he depended more on his features such as his catching physique, bass voice, personal charisma, unique style and mannerisms to garner attention, many others rate him as a great actor who developed his own unique style to leave a lasting impression on every single role he took up. The fact that his peak time as an actor lasted only a few years is often pointed out in reply to criticisms, and considering the short period of his active film career, he may have delivered more critically appreciated performances than most of his contemporaries.", "The fact that his peak time as an actor lasted only a few years is often pointed out in reply to criticisms, and considering the short period of his active film career, he may have delivered more critically appreciated performances than most of his contemporaries. But these were always under the shadow of a large majority of films that were able to achieve commercial success capitalising on his drawing power, but had weak plots and less critical acclaim.", "But these were always under the shadow of a large majority of films that were able to achieve commercial success capitalising on his drawing power, but had weak plots and less critical acclaim. Some believe that if he'd had a longer career, he would have eventually transformed into a great character actor over time who could excel in commercial and parallel streams alike, after a period of decline in Malayalam films that followed Sathyan's demise.", "Some believe that if he'd had a longer career, he would have eventually transformed into a great character actor over time who could excel in commercial and parallel streams alike, after a period of decline in Malayalam films that followed Sathyan's demise. His most popular films like Sharapancjaram and Angadi were both critical and commercial successes.", "His most popular films like Sharapancjaram and Angadi were both critical and commercial successes. Though he is remembered as an icon of commercial cinema, due to the short span of his career and the generic nature of commercial hero roles of the time, his actual acting talents may have been largely underutilised.", "Though he is remembered as an icon of commercial cinema, due to the short span of his career and the generic nature of commercial hero roles of the time, his actual acting talents may have been largely underutilised. Song sequences Film songs are an integral part of Indian cinema and the same is true for Malayalam films.", "Song sequences Film songs are an integral part of Indian cinema and the same is true for Malayalam films. Jayan has acted in several memorable song sequences which bring about nostalgic memories about the actor. Song sequences in Jayan films also helped shape the future film song sector in commercial cinema.", "Song sequences in Jayan films also helped shape the future film song sector in commercial cinema. The song \"Kannum Kannum\" in the film Angadi presents one of the most popular song sequences in Malayalam cinema involving Jayan and Seema. Its success led to the teaming together of this pair in numerous movies.", "Its success led to the teaming together of this pair in numerous movies. Another popular song involving the Jayan-Seema pair is \"Kasthuri Manmizhi\" from the movie Manushya Mrugam. A song that hit tremendous popularity was \"Cham Chacha Chum Chacha\" in Love in Singapore and Kombil Kilukkum ketti in \"Karimpana\".", "A song that hit tremendous popularity was \"Cham Chacha Chum Chacha\" in Love in Singapore and Kombil Kilukkum ketti in \"Karimpana\". The mass popularity of this song sequence later inspired a whole new category of film songs with lyrics that lack any particular meaning, but with a fast beat and dance appeal that came to be known as \"Adipoli\" songs.", "The mass popularity of this song sequence later inspired a whole new category of film songs with lyrics that lack any particular meaning, but with a fast beat and dance appeal that came to be known as \"Adipoli\" songs. There is a song in the film Etho Oru Swapnam called \"Oru Mugham Mathram Kannil\", which became popular due to its melodious and nostalgic nature.", "There is a song in the film Etho Oru Swapnam called \"Oru Mugham Mathram Kannil\", which became popular due to its melodious and nostalgic nature. \"Ezham Malika Mele\" from Sarppam, directed by Baby was a superhit song paired by Jayan and Seema.", "\"Ezham Malika Mele\" from Sarppam, directed by Baby was a superhit song paired by Jayan and Seema. Another hit from this team was \"Pournami Penne\" in Arifa hassan's Benz Vasu and it was hummed by the youth of that time.", "Another hit from this team was \"Pournami Penne\" in Arifa hassan's Benz Vasu and it was hummed by the youth of that time. Memorials Kollam District panchayath and Government of Kerala built a new conference hall near to Kollam District panchayath office in Kollam municipal corporation as a memorial to the legend actor.", "Memorials Kollam District panchayath and Government of Kerala built a new conference hall near to Kollam District panchayath office in Kollam municipal corporation as a memorial to the legend actor. The hall is named as \"Jayan Memorial Hall\". It was inaugurated on 12 September 2020.", "It was inaugurated on 12 September 2020. There is a Jayan memorial Arts & Sports club functioning at Thevally near the actor's hometown. The residential area at his birthplace has been renamed \"Olayil Jayan Nagar\" in his honour.", "The residential area at his birthplace has been renamed \"Olayil Jayan Nagar\" in his honour. Jayan Cultural Forum Jayan Samskarika Vethi or Jayan Cultural Forum has been established recently, which consists of his fans and well wishers.", "Jayan Cultural Forum Jayan Samskarika Vethi or Jayan Cultural Forum has been established recently, which consists of his fans and well wishers. It is headed by the actor's nephew Kannan Nair, and aims at uniting his diverse fan base consisting of young and old people from several generations under a single platform.", "It is headed by the actor's nephew Kannan Nair, and aims at uniting his diverse fan base consisting of young and old people from several generations under a single platform. Activities include organising anniversary functions and memorial programs, facilitating his coworkers, maintaining the actor's website and official profiles and charity work.", "Activities include organising anniversary functions and memorial programs, facilitating his coworkers, maintaining the actor's website and official profiles and charity work. Monuments In 2009, an 8 ft high statue of the actor was erected in front of his house at Olayil, Kollam which is now a nursing home.", "Monuments In 2009, an 8 ft high statue of the actor was erected in front of his house at Olayil, Kollam which is now a nursing home. Efforts are being made to construct a permanent memorial at Mulankadakam where he was cremated, and also to open a library and museum near his home.", "Efforts are being made to construct a permanent memorial at Mulankadakam where he was cremated, and also to open a library and museum near his home. In media Media on Jayan A book titled Jayan Americayil? (Jayan in America?) came out in 1981 and had record sales at the time.", "came out in 1981 and had record sales at the time. It circulated the rumour that Jayan was alive in America with an injured eye and that it was a look-alike who was killed in the accident.", "It circulated the rumour that Jayan was alive in America with an injured eye and that it was a look-alike who was killed in the accident. Another book Jayante Maranam Kolapathakamo (Jayan's death, a murder) was also published in 1981, capitalising on the conspiracy theories and mystery surrounding the superstar's death.", "Another book Jayante Maranam Kolapathakamo (Jayan's death, a murder) was also published in 1981, capitalising on the conspiracy theories and mystery surrounding the superstar's death. The actor's life was serialised in a Malayalam film magazine and then brought out as Jayante Katha.", "The actor's life was serialised in a Malayalam film magazine and then brought out as Jayante Katha. An elaborate biography named Jayan : Abhralokathintey Ithihasa Naayakan is being completed and will reportedly be published in 2011. A documentary Jayan-The Man behind the Legend is under production and is set to be released in 2011.", "A documentary Jayan-The Man behind the Legend is under production and is set to be released in 2011. In popular culture Print media The actor's domination and commercial success in the 1970s is mentioned in the book Because I have a Voice. It focuses on Jayan's masculine image.", "It focuses on Jayan's masculine image. Jayan's famous emotional English dialogue in street slang is included at number 7 in Outlook magazine's Terrific 13 lists published in the 13th anniversary edition of the magazine, in the section '13 Cheesiest Chalkiest dialogues in Indian Cinema'.", "Jayan's famous emotional English dialogue in street slang is included at number 7 in Outlook magazine's Terrific 13 lists published in the 13th anniversary edition of the magazine, in the section '13 Cheesiest Chalkiest dialogues in Indian Cinema'. Films In the movie Aye Auto, there is a reference to Jayan's English dialogue in Angadi.", "Films In the movie Aye Auto, there is a reference to Jayan's English dialogue in Angadi. The movies Dupe Dupe Dupe and Aparanmaar Nagarathil had Jayan impersonators in the lead. In the film Pattanathil Bhootham, the popular Jayan song sequence Cham Chacha Chumchacha is played out with impersonation. The horse oiling scene from Sarapancharam is also reconstructed.", "The horse oiling scene from Sarapancharam is also reconstructed. In Chotta Mumbai, a Jayan-Nazir mixed song sequence is played out with Jayan attire used in the song sequence of the popular Nazir song Chettikulangara.", "In Chotta Mumbai, a Jayan-Nazir mixed song sequence is played out with Jayan attire used in the song sequence of the popular Nazir song Chettikulangara. In the film Shikkar, Jayan's image is used in the sets of a fight scene in a bid to stress the adventurous setting of the film.", "In the film Shikkar, Jayan's image is used in the sets of a fight scene in a bid to stress the adventurous setting of the film. In Thanthonni, Jayan's voice and dialogue tone is imitated. The film Valiyangadi was promoted as a sequel to Jayan's Angadi.", "The film Valiyangadi was promoted as a sequel to Jayan's Angadi. In the film Ennu Ninte Moideen, Jayan's stunt sequence and the celebrated row with \"Alavalathi Shaji\" from the film Lisa is shown in a theatre scene.", "In the film Ennu Ninte Moideen, Jayan's stunt sequence and the celebrated row with \"Alavalathi Shaji\" from the film Lisa is shown in a theatre scene. The famous song \"Kannum Kannum\" from Jayan's film Angadi is included with Mammooty impersonating Jayan's style in the film Venicile Vyapari.", "The famous song \"Kannum Kannum\" from Jayan's film Angadi is included with Mammooty impersonating Jayan's style in the film Venicile Vyapari. The recent hit Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan has the actor Siddique acting as an ardent fan of Jayan and impersonates his style for seeing his movies.", "The recent hit Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan has the actor Siddique acting as an ardent fan of Jayan and impersonates his style for seeing his movies. Return to the silver screen In December 2010, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his death, it was announced that a new movie with Jayan in the lead is in the works, using advanced animation and graphics technologies.", "Return to the silver screen In December 2010, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his death, it was announced that a new movie with Jayan in the lead is in the works, using advanced animation and graphics technologies. The movie, titled Avatharam (Incarnation), was announced to be directed by Vijeesh Mani and scripted by T. A. Shahid.", "The movie, titled Avatharam (Incarnation), was announced to be directed by Vijeesh Mani and scripted by T. A. Shahid. The project is inspired by the star's posthumous popularity as an action legend. It was announced that the actor would be brought back to the big screen by twelve top technicians from Hollywood.", "It was announced that the actor would be brought back to the big screen by twelve top technicians from Hollywood. Filmography See also Jayan quotes References External links Profile of Malayalam Actor Jayan Further reading http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=48 Jayan Nostalgia homepage at Manorama Online portal Image gallery Jayan Anniversary Special at Mathrubhumi portal \"Jayan: Love You All\" – an article in the November 2009 issue of Vanitha magazine 1980 deaths Male actors from Kollam Indian stunt performers Filmed deaths of entertainers 1939 births Male actors in Malayalam cinema Indian male film actors 20th-century Indian male actors Indian Navy personnel" ]

[ "Jayan", "Death", "What caused Jayan's death?", "Jayan was killed in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave).", "Where was the movie set?", "the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu.", "Who was starring in the movie with him?", "co-star Balan K. Nair,", "What caused the accident?", "During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries." ]

[ "Daniel D. Sutton (born August 4, 1970) was a Democratic member of the South Dakota Senate, representing the 8th district from 2001 through 2008. During his time in the state senate, he served as Minority Whip. Sutton was a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives from 1999 through 2000.\n\nSexual abuse allegations \nIn 2007, Sutton was sued for sexually abusing an 18-year-old legislative page. The case was settled with no money being paid to the person.\n\nReferences\n\n Ellis, Jonathan (13 March 2020). \"'I don't want anyone else to get hurt': Former state senator, mayoral candidate accused of sexual abuse\". Argus Leader. Retrieved 6 June 2020.\n\nExternal links\nSouth Dakota Legislature - Dan Sutton official SD Senate website\n\nProject Vote Smart - Senator Dan Sutton (SD) profile\nFollow the Money - Dan Sutton\n2006 2004 2002 2000 campaign contributions\n\nSouth Dakota state senators\nMembers of the South Dakota House of Representatives\n1970 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Flandreau, South Dakota", "Bonds on Bonds is a 2006 American 10-part reality television series starring former San Francisco Giants outfielder Barry Bonds that aired on ESPN. The show revolved on the life of Bonds and his chase of Babe Ruth and Hank Aaron's home run records. It was produced by Tollin/Robbins Productions, producers of the Nickelodeon series All That and many other shows and movies.\n\nSegment breakdown\nThe first segment of Bonds on Bonds, aired Tuesday, April 4 nationwide on ESPN2. Much of the premiere episode dealt with how Bonds has coped with questions about whether steroids have fueled his athletic performance. At one point, Bonds even started to break down in tears. \"If it makes them happy to go out of their way to try to destroy me, go right ahead. You can't hurt me any more than you've already hurt me,\" he said. He continued by saying, \"You don't see me bringing anyone else into this. I'm going to take it myself.\" Bonds paused as his eyes welled and he choked back tears, \"And I'm going to take it because there's so many people who depend on me.\"\n\nIn different segments throughout the program, Bonds acknowledged his often rocky relations with the press but cast himself as a victim of critics out to tear him down. He described himself as \"mentally and emotionally drained\" but insisted he was not going to let anyone \"bring me down.\"\n\nCriticism and Cancellation\nESPN was criticized for allowing Bonds such a one-sided public pulpit, as it was the most powerful name in American sports journalism; the show was seen by some as ESPN giving up any semblance of journalism in favor of becoming a public relations front for major sports teams and players. In June 2006, ESPN and producer Tollin/Robbins Productions officially pulled the plug on the reality series, citing \"creative control\" issues with star Barry Bonds and his representatives. No other details about the decision were given. Bonds on Bonds had been absent from the network's schedule since May 30, 2006 and had been generating poor ratings.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nBarry Bonds\nESPN original programming\n2006 American television series debuts\n2006 American television series endings\n2000s American reality television series\nMajor League Baseball on television\nSan Francisco Giants" ]

[ "Master Chief Petty Officer Krishnan Nair (25 July 1939 – 16 November 1980), better known by his stage name Jayan, was an Indian film actor, naval officer, stunt performer and cultural icon of the 1970s and 1980s. He starred in over 150 Malayalam films.", "He starred in over 150 Malayalam films. During his film career, he was primarily an action star and was particularly famous for his macho image and unique style. He was reputed for his masculine appeal and well known for performing stunts of a dangerous nature on his own.", "He was reputed for his masculine appeal and well known for performing stunts of a dangerous nature on his own. By the late 1970s, he became the most popular superstar, lead actor and bankable star of Malayalam cinema and has been acclaimed as the first and most successful action hero of Malayalam cinema.", "By the late 1970s, he became the most popular superstar, lead actor and bankable star of Malayalam cinema and has been acclaimed as the first and most successful action hero of Malayalam cinema. Jayan is widely regarded as one of the most influential superstars in the history of Malayalam cinema.", "Jayan is widely regarded as one of the most influential superstars in the history of Malayalam cinema. His superhero image had transformed him into a popular culture icon among Malayalis around the world, with widespread impersonations on stage and television programs based on his screen persona.", "His superhero image had transformed him into a popular culture icon among Malayalis around the world, with widespread impersonations on stage and television programs based on his screen persona. It was accompanied by a cartoon, email and SMS phenomenon in the early 2000s, portraying him as a comic superhero with unique quotes of superhuman strength attributed to the action star becoming widespread.", "It was accompanied by a cartoon, email and SMS phenomenon in the early 2000s, portraying him as a comic superhero with unique quotes of superhuman strength attributed to the action star becoming widespread. These movements were fuelled by a renewed fascination with his style of dialogue delivery and his machismo image.", "These movements were fuelled by a renewed fascination with his style of dialogue delivery and his machismo image. These were claimed to honour his memories, but were also criticised for parodying the legendary actor years after his death.", "These were claimed to honour his memories, but were also criticised for parodying the legendary actor years after his death. Early life Jayan was born in Quilon, Travancore as the first child of his father Thevalli Kottaram Veetil Madhavan Pillai and mother Bharathiyamma. His birth name was Krishnan Nair. He had a younger brother named Soman Nair.", "He had a younger brother named Soman Nair. Malayalam actress Jayabharathi, who was his first cousin introduced him to the film industry. Jayan's formal education ended at the 10th grade at Kollam Govt. Boys High School when he joined the Indian Navy. The first accolades for his acting skills reached him when he was a naval sailor.", "The first accolades for his acting skills reached him when he was a naval sailor. He used to act in plays at various functions such as anniversaries. The encouragement from his friends and colleagues in the Navy gave him the desire to act in films.", "The encouragement from his friends and colleagues in the Navy gave him the desire to act in films. Jayan served in the Indian Navy for 16 years, culminating in the rank of Master CPO.", "Jayan served in the Indian Navy for 16 years, culminating in the rank of Master CPO. By the end of his navy days, he had begun efforts to start small businesses at Ernakulam and became a regular inhabitant of the Cochin Tourist Home. During his life at Ernakulam, he would meet some of his lifelong friends.", "During his life at Ernakulam, he would meet some of his lifelong friends. It was such a chance meeting while on leave, with Rajan Prakash who is the veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash's son, who owned a dry cleaning shop in Cochin, that eventually landed him a role in the movie Shapa Moksham.", "It was such a chance meeting while on leave, with Rajan Prakash who is the veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash's son, who owned a dry cleaning shop in Cochin, that eventually landed him a role in the movie Shapa Moksham. A year later, he left the Indian Navy and started trying his hand at various civilian jobs, working for companies in Cochin for a few years till his acting career began to succeed.", "A year later, he left the Indian Navy and started trying his hand at various civilian jobs, working for companies in Cochin for a few years till his acting career began to succeed. Jayan's younger brother Soman Nair (Ajayan) also acted in 20+ films after Jayan's death.", "Jayan's younger brother Soman Nair (Ajayan) also acted in 20+ films after Jayan's death. But he was not successful in films like Jayan. Ajayan has 3 children and his younger son Adithyan Jayan is a famous TV serial actor in Malayalam.", "Ajayan has 3 children and his younger son Adithyan Jayan is a famous TV serial actor in Malayalam. Career Random appearances and early career Jayan did make a few random uncredited appearances in some movies of the early 1970s, the first of which was in Postmane Kanmanilla. These minor appearances were before he attained the screen name Jayan.", "These minor appearances were before he attained the screen name Jayan. According to his nephew, he had the role of a vampire-like character in an unnamed project costarred by Vidhubala, which was never released. His first appearance with the name Jayan was in the movie Shapa Moksham, which is usually credited as his first film.", "His first appearance with the name Jayan was in the movie Shapa Moksham, which is usually credited as his first film. Rise to fame The name \"Jayan\" (English: \"The Victor\") was given to him by veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash on the sets of Shapa Moksham.", "Rise to fame The name \"Jayan\" (English: \"The Victor\") was given to him by veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash on the sets of Shapa Moksham. Jayan started his career by acting in minor roles and his first appearance in front of the camera was Postmane kananilla (1972) then starting with the name as Jayan in Shapa Moksham (1974).", "Jayan started his career by acting in minor roles and his first appearance in front of the camera was Postmane kananilla (1972) then starting with the name as Jayan in Shapa Moksham (1974). Jayan got his first major break appearing as a villain in Panchami (1976), playing a forest ranger.", "Jayan got his first major break appearing as a villain in Panchami (1976), playing a forest ranger. Jayan's performance in this film was appreciated in the industry and his physical appearance was also noticed for the first time.", "Jayan's performance in this film was appreciated in the industry and his physical appearance was also noticed for the first time. His next notable role was in Thacholi Ambu (1978), in which he appeared in a supporting role.", "His next notable role was in Thacholi Ambu (1978), in which he appeared in a supporting role. In the same year, he acted as a sage in the Sreekumaran Thampi film Etho Oru Swapnam, which was well received by critics.", "In the same year, he acted as a sage in the Sreekumaran Thampi film Etho Oru Swapnam, which was well received by critics. But what made Jayan a superstar was his antihero role in Sharapancharam (1979, Bed of Arrows).", "But what made Jayan a superstar was his antihero role in Sharapancharam (1979, Bed of Arrows). He catapulted to fame riding on machismo roles that endeared him to the masses, and he established himself as one of the most popular Malayalam film actors of his time with superhit movies like Chaakara directed by P.G.", "He catapulted to fame riding on machismo roles that endeared him to the masses, and he established himself as one of the most popular Malayalam film actors of his time with superhit movies like Chaakara directed by P.G. Viswambharan & Angadi directed by I.V. Sasi who were the two hitmakers of the time.", "Sasi who were the two hitmakers of the time. He is generally regarded as the first action hero in Malayalam cinema. Superstardom Sharapancharam broke all box-office records set in the Malayalam movie industry till it's time and became the highest-grossing movie of 1979.", "Superstardom Sharapancharam broke all box-office records set in the Malayalam movie industry till it's time and became the highest-grossing movie of 1979. Its box-office records were broken by another Jayan film, Angadi (Market) in the following year, which cemented his popularity among the masses. In films such as Manushya Mrugam, Aavesham etc.", "In films such as Manushya Mrugam, Aavesham etc. he played double roles. During his career, he received only a few critically appreciated roles perhaps partly due to his commercial hero image and partly due to the lack of films that garnered critical appreciation at the time.", "During his career, he received only a few critically appreciated roles perhaps partly due to his commercial hero image and partly due to the lack of films that garnered critical appreciation at the time. The focus was always on his unmatched drawing power as an action star and by 1980, at the peak of his career, he had attained a genuine superhero image.", "The focus was always on his unmatched drawing power as an action star and by 1980, at the peak of his career, he had attained a genuine superhero image. Movies exploited Jayan's masculine physique and he appeared bare-chested in numerous scenes.", "Movies exploited Jayan's masculine physique and he appeared bare-chested in numerous scenes. His on-screen attire (most famously his Elvis bellbottoms), his masculine image and later the nature of his death transformed him into a legend in Kerala.", "His on-screen attire (most famously his Elvis bellbottoms), his masculine image and later the nature of his death transformed him into a legend in Kerala. Jayan was also known for his unique method of dialogue delivery and he has contributed many memorable lines to the Malayalam film history.", "Jayan was also known for his unique method of dialogue delivery and he has contributed many memorable lines to the Malayalam film history. Multistar films Jayan acted in several ensemble cast movies, mostly with Prem Nazir.", "Multistar films Jayan acted in several ensemble cast movies, mostly with Prem Nazir. The duo acted in films such as Nayattu, Love in Singapore, Chandrahasam, Thacholi Ambu, Kannappanunni, Palattu Kunjikkannan, Mamangam, Prabhu etc. all of which were top-grossing movies at the box office.", "all of which were top-grossing movies at the box office. He also acted with other popular actors of the time, such as Soman, Sukumaran and Madhu in many films. In early films before 1979 (e.g. Thacholi Ambu and Panchami), he had negative or supporting roles.", "Thacholi Ambu and Panchami), he had negative or supporting roles. But later films in the beginning of 1980 relied heavily on Jayan's drawing power as an action hero and placed him as the central character.", "But later films in the beginning of 1980 relied heavily on Jayan's drawing power as an action hero and placed him as the central character. In 1980, the duo Jayan and Prem Nazir were cast in Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam by P. Venu, that showcased the famous fight scene in Malayalam cinema.", "In 1980, the duo Jayan and Prem Nazir were cast in Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam by P. Venu, that showcased the famous fight scene in Malayalam cinema. Prem Nazir agreed to play a supporting role in Nayattu, which was very unlikely for a superstar of those times.", "Prem Nazir agreed to play a supporting role in Nayattu, which was very unlikely for a superstar of those times. He had agreed to do this as a token of friendship with Jayan and the director Sreekumaran Thamby. The duo had many actions films together such as Irumbazhikal, Love in Singapore etc.", "The duo had many actions films together such as Irumbazhikal, Love in Singapore etc. where the box office draw was huge. Death On 16 November 1980, Jayan died in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave) at the age of 41 years, 3 months and 21 days.", "Death On 16 November 1980, Jayan died in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave) at the age of 41 years, 3 months and 21 days. The climactic scene of the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu.", "The climactic scene of the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu. Jayan always performed his own stunts, and for this movie he was performing a rather dangerous stunt that involved him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike driven by Sukumaran.", "Jayan always performed his own stunts, and for this movie he was performing a rather dangerous stunt that involved him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike driven by Sukumaran. The shot was accepted by the director in the first take; Nonetheless, another three shots were filmed.", "The shot was accepted by the director in the first take; Nonetheless, another three shots were filmed. According to the film's production executive, Jayan insisted on yet another re-take as he was not satisfied with its perfection.", "According to the film's production executive, Jayan insisted on yet another re-take as he was not satisfied with its perfection. During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries.", "During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries. After his death was confirmed, a slide was added during the theatre show of his movie Deepam, which was running in packed houses, informing viewers of his death.", "After his death was confirmed, a slide was added during the theatre show of his movie Deepam, which was running in packed houses, informing viewers of his death. A large number of his fans burst into tears and ran out of the buildings, while many continued to watch the movie, refusing to believe it and taking it for an ingenious promotion for some upcoming project.", "A large number of his fans burst into tears and ran out of the buildings, while many continued to watch the movie, refusing to believe it and taking it for an ingenious promotion for some upcoming project. Jayan's body was taken to Trivandrum via aeroplane and later it was taken to his home in Quilon, where he was cremated.", "Jayan's body was taken to Trivandrum via aeroplane and later it was taken to his home in Quilon, where he was cremated. Thousands paid homage to the late actor, and the police had to take huge measures to deal with the crowds. His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later.", "His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later. Some conspiracy theories emerged regarding the circumstances of his death, primarily because the pilot and his co-star Balan K. Nair, who was in the helicopter, survived with minor or no injuries. Nevertheless, it has been confirmed as a genuine accident.", "Nevertheless, it has been confirmed as a genuine accident. The Aftermath After Jayan's death, several films were released claiming to be his last film, including the genuine one, Kolilakkam. In all these films, Jayan's voice was dubbed by Alleppey Ashraf, a popular impressionist of the time.", "In all these films, Jayan's voice was dubbed by Alleppey Ashraf, a popular impressionist of the time. Many projects meant for him were recast, such as Thushaaram by I. V. Sasi, P. G. Vishwambaran's Sphodanam, and Sasi Kumar's Dhruvasangamam. Numerous other projects were cancelled entirely.", "Numerous other projects were cancelled entirely. One stunt scene and two songs were already shot with Jayan for C. V. Rajendran's Garjanam, but after his death, it was recast with Rajinikanth, becoming his second film in Malayalam released in 1981.", "One stunt scene and two songs were already shot with Jayan for C. V. Rajendran's Garjanam, but after his death, it was recast with Rajinikanth, becoming his second film in Malayalam released in 1981. Imposter Movement Due to his unrivalled popularity that continued many years after his death, random bit scenes were added to numerous films that showed random gestures or shots of him walking by the side during fight scenes.", "Imposter Movement Due to his unrivalled popularity that continued many years after his death, random bit scenes were added to numerous films that showed random gestures or shots of him walking by the side during fight scenes. Attempts were made to bring in impostors who tried to imitate his style and mannerisms, enabling several artists from the field of mimicry to show up on the big screen.", "Attempts were made to bring in impostors who tried to imitate his style and mannerisms, enabling several artists from the field of mimicry to show up on the big screen. But these experiments failed miserably, and proved especially ineffective in fight and stunt scenes. Then, directors and producers started a search for new actors to replace him.", "Then, directors and producers started a search for new actors to replace him. This movement led to debuts of actors who resembled Jayan in physical appearance (e.g.", "This movement led to debuts of actors who resembled Jayan in physical appearance (e.g. Ratheesh), those with stage names sounding similar to his (for example, his own brother who appeared as Ajayan), and those with similar mannerisms and style (e.g. Bheeman Raghu).", "Bheeman Raghu). Bheeman Raghu). One of them, Mammootty, who started with the stage name Sajin, would later go on to become one of the popular future stars in the industry. However, all these attempts to replace Jayan with a new star with a similar image yielded disappointing results.", "However, all these attempts to replace Jayan with a new star with a similar image yielded disappointing results. It is now one of the most popular quotes in Malayalam cinema \"Jayan's throne remains vacant and will forever be so\".", "It is now one of the most popular quotes in Malayalam cinema \"Jayan's throne remains vacant and will forever be so\". Resurgence in the 2000s In the late 1990s and early 21st century, there was a resurgence of Jayan's screen persona in Kerala and his old movie scenes came to prominence again.", "Resurgence in the 2000s In the late 1990s and early 21st century, there was a resurgence of Jayan's screen persona in Kerala and his old movie scenes came to prominence again. It was owed mostly to programs by popular mimicry stage artists in the State, whose imitations of the star's mannerisms caught on and soon became commonplace in college stage events, television programs and mimicry stage shows along with quotes of superhuman strength known as Jayan quotes.", "It was owed mostly to programs by popular mimicry stage artists in the State, whose imitations of the star's mannerisms caught on and soon became commonplace in college stage events, television programs and mimicry stage shows along with quotes of superhuman strength known as Jayan quotes. However, it has been pointed out that many grotesquely imitated screen dialogues of Jayan are not actually his, but that of dubbing artist Aleppy Ashraf, who dubbed for many of his characters post his death.", "However, it has been pointed out that many grotesquely imitated screen dialogues of Jayan are not actually his, but that of dubbing artist Aleppy Ashraf, who dubbed for many of his characters post his death. The \"comeback\" of Jayan and his renewed popularity lately may be taken as an affirmation that Jayan has not been replaced even nearly three decades after his death.", "The \"comeback\" of Jayan and his renewed popularity lately may be taken as an affirmation that Jayan has not been replaced even nearly three decades after his death. Today, Jayan is best remembered as the first and best action star of Malayalam cinema, so far, besides his trademark colourful attire, risky stunts, machismo mannerisms and unique speaking style.", "Today, Jayan is best remembered as the first and best action star of Malayalam cinema, so far, besides his trademark colourful attire, risky stunts, machismo mannerisms and unique speaking style. He has rightly won immortality in the hearts of the Malayalam film fans as a martyr in his yearning to thrill and entertain them even by putting his life at stake.", "He has rightly won immortality in the hearts of the Malayalam film fans as a martyr in his yearning to thrill and entertain them even by putting his life at stake. Madhu, a famous actor prominent in the 1960s, once stated in an interview: \"Jayan will forever be young and alive.", "Madhu, a famous actor prominent in the 1960s, once stated in an interview: \"Jayan will forever be young and alive. No one can ever visualise him as an old man.\" A film titled Avatharam presently under production, is attempting to bring back his screen persona using advanced technologies.", "A film titled Avatharam presently under production, is attempting to bring back his screen persona using advanced technologies. A documentary on Jayan's life and death Jayan – The Man behind the Legend is nearing completion for release in the near future.", "A documentary on Jayan's life and death Jayan – The Man behind the Legend is nearing completion for release in the near future. Legacy Jayan is perhaps the only actor thus far in the history of Malayalam film industry who remains a marketable superstar decades after his demise, to this day.", "Legacy Jayan is perhaps the only actor thus far in the history of Malayalam film industry who remains a marketable superstar decades after his demise, to this day. In the state of Kerala, he is a true icon of popular culture, whose life and image has made him a legend over time.", "In the state of Kerala, he is a true icon of popular culture, whose life and image has made him a legend over time. Superhero image and commercial success Through his machismo roles and staggering stunt feats, Jayan had attained a real-life Superhero image amongst the fans, masses and colleagues alike.", "Superhero image and commercial success Through his machismo roles and staggering stunt feats, Jayan had attained a real-life Superhero image amongst the fans, masses and colleagues alike. His colourful attire and unique bass voice also helped him capture the imagination of the average viewer as the manly action hero.", "His colourful attire and unique bass voice also helped him capture the imagination of the average viewer as the manly action hero. Along with these, his trademark styles and mannerisms made him a campus hero and youth idol of his time.", "Along with these, his trademark styles and mannerisms made him a campus hero and youth idol of his time. Summing up, Jayan's image among the masses was that of a daring superhuman who would perform seemingly impossible deeds and accomplish extraordinary feats.", "Summing up, Jayan's image among the masses was that of a daring superhuman who would perform seemingly impossible deeds and accomplish extraordinary feats. Jayan is the most commercially successful superstar to date in the Malayalam industry with a near 90% success rate.", "Jayan is the most commercially successful superstar to date in the Malayalam industry with a near 90% success rate. The years 1979, 1980 and 1981 became known as \"Jayan years\" in the industry due to the widespread release and success of his movies.", "The years 1979, 1980 and 1981 became known as \"Jayan years\" in the industry due to the widespread release and success of his movies. His films Sharapancharam and Angadi, released in 1979 and 1980 respectively, were record breakers and became the highest grossers of their respective years.", "His films Sharapancharam and Angadi, released in 1979 and 1980 respectively, were record breakers and became the highest grossers of their respective years. His final film, Kolilakkam was the highest grosser in 1981.", "His final film, Kolilakkam was the highest grosser in 1981. The noteworthy point is that a large percentage of films released during his peak years lacked a strong plot and were mostly cheap low budget remakes of successful movies from other language sectors of Indian cinema.", "The noteworthy point is that a large percentage of films released during his peak years lacked a strong plot and were mostly cheap low budget remakes of successful movies from other language sectors of Indian cinema. Many of these films came out astoundingly successful due to his sheer presence and some avoided failures due to his small cameo appearances.", "Many of these films came out astoundingly successful due to his sheer presence and some avoided failures due to his small cameo appearances. Thousands of fans used to visit theatres repeatedly just to see his fascinating stunts and fight scenes.", "Thousands of fans used to visit theatres repeatedly just to see his fascinating stunts and fight scenes. Daredevilry Jayan was a high-risk taker and throughout his career, he was popular for stellar performances in a fight and stunt sequences. Dangerous and thrilling stunts were often featured in action films with Jayan in the lead.", "Dangerous and thrilling stunts were often featured in action films with Jayan in the lead. These were usually highlighted during fight scenes as added promotions to his machismo image and daredevilry. Numerous movies in which he has acted have one or more notable stunt performances.", "Numerous movies in which he has acted have one or more notable stunt performances. A few prominent examples may be Puthiya Velicham (\"New Light\", 1979) in which he performs train stunts jumping onto and from a fast-running goods train, Aavesham (\"Inspiration\", 1979) which shows the actor swimming through the dangerous waters of Hogenakkal Falls, through a major part of the climax sequence without using any kind of safety measures.", "A few prominent examples may be Puthiya Velicham (\"New Light\", 1979) in which he performs train stunts jumping onto and from a fast-running goods train, Aavesham (\"Inspiration\", 1979) which shows the actor swimming through the dangerous waters of Hogenakkal Falls, through a major part of the climax sequence without using any kind of safety measures. Movies like Thadavara (\"Prison\", 1981) and Sharapancharam (1979) demonstrate his brilliant horse riding skills performing almost effortlessly on horseback, while films like Mamangam involved dangerous fights with wild animals.", "Movies like Thadavara (\"Prison\", 1981) and Sharapancharam (1979) demonstrate his brilliant horse riding skills performing almost effortlessly on horseback, while films like Mamangam involved dangerous fights with wild animals. In a film called Moorkhan (\"Cobra\", 1981) he broke through a brick wall riding on a motorbike (a Royal Enfield Bullet) and it also featured sequences that had the actor sliding along ropes tied at high elevations.", "In a film called Moorkhan (\"Cobra\", 1981) he broke through a brick wall riding on a motorbike (a Royal Enfield Bullet) and it also featured sequences that had the actor sliding along ropes tied at high elevations. Perhaps the most famous movie stunt featuring Jayan came in Chandrahasam (\"Moonsword\", 1980) in which he held on to the UV clamp of a massive ship crane and was elevated to a height of around 200 feet before jumping off to the top of the vessel.", "Perhaps the most famous movie stunt featuring Jayan came in Chandrahasam (\"Moonsword\", 1980) in which he held on to the UV clamp of a massive ship crane and was elevated to a height of around 200 feet before jumping off to the top of the vessel. In one of his final stunt scenes, in Ariyappedatha Rahasyam (\"Secret never known\", 1981) he was involved in a fight scene with an elephant.", "In one of his final stunt scenes, in Ariyappedatha Rahasyam (\"Secret never known\", 1981) he was involved in a fight scene with an elephant. Influence on Malayalam cinema The meteoric rise of Jayan had literally a texture changing impact on the Malayalam film industry.", "Influence on Malayalam cinema The meteoric rise of Jayan had literally a texture changing impact on the Malayalam film industry. It changed forever the hero concept that existed previously for many years and gave rise to a new genre of film characters with more manly characteristics.", "It changed forever the hero concept that existed previously for many years and gave rise to a new genre of film characters with more manly characteristics. Memorable roles Most critics often consider Jayan's main hero role in Sharapancjaram, Angadi, Venalil Oru Mazha and Puthiya Velicham to be his best.", "Memorable roles Most critics often consider Jayan's main hero role in Sharapancjaram, Angadi, Venalil Oru Mazha and Puthiya Velicham to be his best. His most popular character may be the educated labourer in Angadi.", "His most popular character may be the educated labourer in Angadi. The sage's role played by him in Etho Oru Swapnam was well appreciated by critics and would easily feature among his most memorable roles. The supporting role in Kannappanunni, Thacholi Ambu, the villainous ranger in Panchami and the rapist in Kanthavalayam are also critically acclaimed performances.", "The supporting role in Kannappanunni, Thacholi Ambu, the villainous ranger in Panchami and the rapist in Kanthavalayam are also critically acclaimed performances. Some other popular roles were in films like Idimuzhakkam, Venalil Oru Mazha, Ithikkara Pakki, Mamangam, Puthiya Velicham, Karimpana, Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam, Chaakara and Kazhukan.", "Some other popular roles were in films like Idimuzhakkam, Venalil Oru Mazha, Ithikkara Pakki, Mamangam, Puthiya Velicham, Karimpana, Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam, Chaakara and Kazhukan. While acknowledging his undisputed popularity as a commercial superstar that has never faded over time, general critical opinion on his skills as an actor is divided.", "While acknowledging his undisputed popularity as a commercial superstar that has never faded over time, general critical opinion on his skills as an actor is divided. While there are criticisms from some corners that he depended more on his features such as his catching physique, bass voice, personal charisma, unique style and mannerisms to garner attention, many others rate him as a great actor who developed his own unique style to leave a lasting impression on every single role he took up.", "While there are criticisms from some corners that he depended more on his features such as his catching physique, bass voice, personal charisma, unique style and mannerisms to garner attention, many others rate him as a great actor who developed his own unique style to leave a lasting impression on every single role he took up. The fact that his peak time as an actor lasted only a few years is often pointed out in reply to criticisms, and considering the short period of his active film career, he may have delivered more critically appreciated performances than most of his contemporaries.", "The fact that his peak time as an actor lasted only a few years is often pointed out in reply to criticisms, and considering the short period of his active film career, he may have delivered more critically appreciated performances than most of his contemporaries. But these were always under the shadow of a large majority of films that were able to achieve commercial success capitalising on his drawing power, but had weak plots and less critical acclaim.", "But these were always under the shadow of a large majority of films that were able to achieve commercial success capitalising on his drawing power, but had weak plots and less critical acclaim. Some believe that if he'd had a longer career, he would have eventually transformed into a great character actor over time who could excel in commercial and parallel streams alike, after a period of decline in Malayalam films that followed Sathyan's demise.", "Some believe that if he'd had a longer career, he would have eventually transformed into a great character actor over time who could excel in commercial and parallel streams alike, after a period of decline in Malayalam films that followed Sathyan's demise. His most popular films like Sharapancjaram and Angadi were both critical and commercial successes.", "His most popular films like Sharapancjaram and Angadi were both critical and commercial successes. Though he is remembered as an icon of commercial cinema, due to the short span of his career and the generic nature of commercial hero roles of the time, his actual acting talents may have been largely underutilised.", "Though he is remembered as an icon of commercial cinema, due to the short span of his career and the generic nature of commercial hero roles of the time, his actual acting talents may have been largely underutilised. Song sequences Film songs are an integral part of Indian cinema and the same is true for Malayalam films.", "Song sequences Film songs are an integral part of Indian cinema and the same is true for Malayalam films. Jayan has acted in several memorable song sequences which bring about nostalgic memories about the actor. Song sequences in Jayan films also helped shape the future film song sector in commercial cinema.", "Song sequences in Jayan films also helped shape the future film song sector in commercial cinema. The song \"Kannum Kannum\" in the film Angadi presents one of the most popular song sequences in Malayalam cinema involving Jayan and Seema. Its success led to the teaming together of this pair in numerous movies.", "Its success led to the teaming together of this pair in numerous movies. Another popular song involving the Jayan-Seema pair is \"Kasthuri Manmizhi\" from the movie Manushya Mrugam. A song that hit tremendous popularity was \"Cham Chacha Chum Chacha\" in Love in Singapore and Kombil Kilukkum ketti in \"Karimpana\".", "A song that hit tremendous popularity was \"Cham Chacha Chum Chacha\" in Love in Singapore and Kombil Kilukkum ketti in \"Karimpana\". The mass popularity of this song sequence later inspired a whole new category of film songs with lyrics that lack any particular meaning, but with a fast beat and dance appeal that came to be known as \"Adipoli\" songs.", "The mass popularity of this song sequence later inspired a whole new category of film songs with lyrics that lack any particular meaning, but with a fast beat and dance appeal that came to be known as \"Adipoli\" songs. There is a song in the film Etho Oru Swapnam called \"Oru Mugham Mathram Kannil\", which became popular due to its melodious and nostalgic nature.", "There is a song in the film Etho Oru Swapnam called \"Oru Mugham Mathram Kannil\", which became popular due to its melodious and nostalgic nature. \"Ezham Malika Mele\" from Sarppam, directed by Baby was a superhit song paired by Jayan and Seema.", "\"Ezham Malika Mele\" from Sarppam, directed by Baby was a superhit song paired by Jayan and Seema. Another hit from this team was \"Pournami Penne\" in Arifa hassan's Benz Vasu and it was hummed by the youth of that time.", "Another hit from this team was \"Pournami Penne\" in Arifa hassan's Benz Vasu and it was hummed by the youth of that time. Memorials Kollam District panchayath and Government of Kerala built a new conference hall near to Kollam District panchayath office in Kollam municipal corporation as a memorial to the legend actor.", "Memorials Kollam District panchayath and Government of Kerala built a new conference hall near to Kollam District panchayath office in Kollam municipal corporation as a memorial to the legend actor. The hall is named as \"Jayan Memorial Hall\". It was inaugurated on 12 September 2020.", "It was inaugurated on 12 September 2020. There is a Jayan memorial Arts & Sports club functioning at Thevally near the actor's hometown. The residential area at his birthplace has been renamed \"Olayil Jayan Nagar\" in his honour.", "The residential area at his birthplace has been renamed \"Olayil Jayan Nagar\" in his honour. Jayan Cultural Forum Jayan Samskarika Vethi or Jayan Cultural Forum has been established recently, which consists of his fans and well wishers.", "Jayan Cultural Forum Jayan Samskarika Vethi or Jayan Cultural Forum has been established recently, which consists of his fans and well wishers. It is headed by the actor's nephew Kannan Nair, and aims at uniting his diverse fan base consisting of young and old people from several generations under a single platform.", "It is headed by the actor's nephew Kannan Nair, and aims at uniting his diverse fan base consisting of young and old people from several generations under a single platform. Activities include organising anniversary functions and memorial programs, facilitating his coworkers, maintaining the actor's website and official profiles and charity work.", "Activities include organising anniversary functions and memorial programs, facilitating his coworkers, maintaining the actor's website and official profiles and charity work. Monuments In 2009, an 8 ft high statue of the actor was erected in front of his house at Olayil, Kollam which is now a nursing home.", "Monuments In 2009, an 8 ft high statue of the actor was erected in front of his house at Olayil, Kollam which is now a nursing home. Efforts are being made to construct a permanent memorial at Mulankadakam where he was cremated, and also to open a library and museum near his home.", "Efforts are being made to construct a permanent memorial at Mulankadakam where he was cremated, and also to open a library and museum near his home. In media Media on Jayan A book titled Jayan Americayil? (Jayan in America?) came out in 1981 and had record sales at the time.", "came out in 1981 and had record sales at the time. It circulated the rumour that Jayan was alive in America with an injured eye and that it was a look-alike who was killed in the accident.", "It circulated the rumour that Jayan was alive in America with an injured eye and that it was a look-alike who was killed in the accident. Another book Jayante Maranam Kolapathakamo (Jayan's death, a murder) was also published in 1981, capitalising on the conspiracy theories and mystery surrounding the superstar's death.", "Another book Jayante Maranam Kolapathakamo (Jayan's death, a murder) was also published in 1981, capitalising on the conspiracy theories and mystery surrounding the superstar's death. The actor's life was serialised in a Malayalam film magazine and then brought out as Jayante Katha.", "The actor's life was serialised in a Malayalam film magazine and then brought out as Jayante Katha. An elaborate biography named Jayan : Abhralokathintey Ithihasa Naayakan is being completed and will reportedly be published in 2011. A documentary Jayan-The Man behind the Legend is under production and is set to be released in 2011.", "A documentary Jayan-The Man behind the Legend is under production and is set to be released in 2011. In popular culture Print media The actor's domination and commercial success in the 1970s is mentioned in the book Because I have a Voice. It focuses on Jayan's masculine image.", "It focuses on Jayan's masculine image. Jayan's famous emotional English dialogue in street slang is included at number 7 in Outlook magazine's Terrific 13 lists published in the 13th anniversary edition of the magazine, in the section '13 Cheesiest Chalkiest dialogues in Indian Cinema'.", "Jayan's famous emotional English dialogue in street slang is included at number 7 in Outlook magazine's Terrific 13 lists published in the 13th anniversary edition of the magazine, in the section '13 Cheesiest Chalkiest dialogues in Indian Cinema'. Films In the movie Aye Auto, there is a reference to Jayan's English dialogue in Angadi.", "Films In the movie Aye Auto, there is a reference to Jayan's English dialogue in Angadi. The movies Dupe Dupe Dupe and Aparanmaar Nagarathil had Jayan impersonators in the lead. In the film Pattanathil Bhootham, the popular Jayan song sequence Cham Chacha Chumchacha is played out with impersonation. The horse oiling scene from Sarapancharam is also reconstructed.", "The horse oiling scene from Sarapancharam is also reconstructed. In Chotta Mumbai, a Jayan-Nazir mixed song sequence is played out with Jayan attire used in the song sequence of the popular Nazir song Chettikulangara.", "In Chotta Mumbai, a Jayan-Nazir mixed song sequence is played out with Jayan attire used in the song sequence of the popular Nazir song Chettikulangara. In the film Shikkar, Jayan's image is used in the sets of a fight scene in a bid to stress the adventurous setting of the film.", "In the film Shikkar, Jayan's image is used in the sets of a fight scene in a bid to stress the adventurous setting of the film. In Thanthonni, Jayan's voice and dialogue tone is imitated. The film Valiyangadi was promoted as a sequel to Jayan's Angadi.", "The film Valiyangadi was promoted as a sequel to Jayan's Angadi. In the film Ennu Ninte Moideen, Jayan's stunt sequence and the celebrated row with \"Alavalathi Shaji\" from the film Lisa is shown in a theatre scene.", "In the film Ennu Ninte Moideen, Jayan's stunt sequence and the celebrated row with \"Alavalathi Shaji\" from the film Lisa is shown in a theatre scene. The famous song \"Kannum Kannum\" from Jayan's film Angadi is included with Mammooty impersonating Jayan's style in the film Venicile Vyapari.", "The famous song \"Kannum Kannum\" from Jayan's film Angadi is included with Mammooty impersonating Jayan's style in the film Venicile Vyapari. The recent hit Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan has the actor Siddique acting as an ardent fan of Jayan and impersonates his style for seeing his movies.", "The recent hit Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan has the actor Siddique acting as an ardent fan of Jayan and impersonates his style for seeing his movies. Return to the silver screen In December 2010, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his death, it was announced that a new movie with Jayan in the lead is in the works, using advanced animation and graphics technologies.", "Return to the silver screen In December 2010, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his death, it was announced that a new movie with Jayan in the lead is in the works, using advanced animation and graphics technologies. The movie, titled Avatharam (Incarnation), was announced to be directed by Vijeesh Mani and scripted by T. A. Shahid.", "The movie, titled Avatharam (Incarnation), was announced to be directed by Vijeesh Mani and scripted by T. A. Shahid. The project is inspired by the star's posthumous popularity as an action legend. It was announced that the actor would be brought back to the big screen by twelve top technicians from Hollywood.", "It was announced that the actor would be brought back to the big screen by twelve top technicians from Hollywood. Filmography See also Jayan quotes References External links Profile of Malayalam Actor Jayan Further reading http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=48 Jayan Nostalgia homepage at Manorama Online portal Image gallery Jayan Anniversary Special at Mathrubhumi portal \"Jayan: Love You All\" – an article in the November 2009 issue of Vanitha magazine 1980 deaths Male actors from Kollam Indian stunt performers Filmed deaths of entertainers 1939 births Male actors in Malayalam cinema Indian male film actors 20th-century Indian male actors Indian Navy personnel" ]

[ "Jayan", "Death", "What caused Jayan's death?", "Jayan was killed in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave).", "Where was the movie set?", "the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu.", "Who was starring in the movie with him?", "co-star Balan K. Nair,", "What caused the accident?", "During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries.", "Was anyone else hurt?", "regarding the circumstances of his death, primarily because the pilot and his co-star Balan K. Nair, who was in the helicopter, survived with minor or no injuries." ]

[ "Edmund Pytts (23 February 1729 – 13 December 1781) was a British Tory politician, MP for Worcestershire 1753–1761.\n\nPytts was the son of Edmund Pytts and Susanna Collet. He may have been educated at Eton College 1742–45, and entered Lincoln's Inn in 1745.\n\nPytts' grandfather Samuel Pytts and father Edmund Pytts had both served as MP for Worcestershire. Following his father's death in 1753, he was elected unopposed to succeed him in a by-election, and re-elected unopposed in 1754. He did not stand in 1761, nor in any subsequent election.\n\nHe served as the High Sheriff of Worcestershire 1771–72.\n\nPytts inherited the family manor at Kyre Park, Worcestershire, owned by the Pytts family since 1575. He conveyed the property to his brother Jonathan some time before his death.\n\nHe died on 13 December 1781.\n\nReferences\n\n1729 births\n1781 deaths\nPeople educated at Eton College\nMembers of Lincoln's Inn\nBritish MPs 1747–1754\nBritish MPs 1754–1761\nTory members of the Parliament of Great Britain\nHigh Sheriffs of Worcestershire\nMembers of the Parliament of Great Britain for Worcestershire", "George Philips Alexander Sinclair, 15th Earl of Caithness (30 November 1858 – 28 May 1889), was a Scottish aristocrat.\n\nLife\nGeorge Sinclair was the eldest son of James Sinclair, 14th Earl of Caithness and his first wife Louisa Georgiana Philips. He was educated privately and at Magdalene College, Cambridge. On 28 March 1881 he succeeded his father as Earl of Caithness and 2nd Baron Barrogill. He served as Lord Lieutenant of Caithness from 1881 until his death in 1889.\n\nSuffering from epilepsy throughout his short life, his illness killed him at the age of 30. He died following an epileptic seizure at the Palace Hotel in Edinburgh. He never married and did not have any children. By his will, the 15th Earl bequeathed the Castle of Mey and its lands and estates out of the hands of the Sinclairs leaving the future Earls of Caithness without a family seat. He left it all to his friend, Mr F. G. Heathcote on the condition that he took the name of Sinclair (which he did) and that he lived in the Castle for at least 3 months of each year (which he also did).\n\nReferences\n\n Mosley, Charles (ed.), Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th Edition, Wilmington, Delaware, 2003, vol I, p. 645, \n The Peerage.com\n\nExternal links\n\n1858 births\n1889 deaths\nAlumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge\nLord-Lieutenants of Caithness\nEarls of Caithness" ]

[ "Master Chief Petty Officer Krishnan Nair (25 July 1939 – 16 November 1980), better known by his stage name Jayan, was an Indian film actor, naval officer, stunt performer and cultural icon of the 1970s and 1980s. He starred in over 150 Malayalam films.", "He starred in over 150 Malayalam films. During his film career, he was primarily an action star and was particularly famous for his macho image and unique style. He was reputed for his masculine appeal and well known for performing stunts of a dangerous nature on his own.", "He was reputed for his masculine appeal and well known for performing stunts of a dangerous nature on his own. By the late 1970s, he became the most popular superstar, lead actor and bankable star of Malayalam cinema and has been acclaimed as the first and most successful action hero of Malayalam cinema.", "By the late 1970s, he became the most popular superstar, lead actor and bankable star of Malayalam cinema and has been acclaimed as the first and most successful action hero of Malayalam cinema. Jayan is widely regarded as one of the most influential superstars in the history of Malayalam cinema.", "Jayan is widely regarded as one of the most influential superstars in the history of Malayalam cinema. His superhero image had transformed him into a popular culture icon among Malayalis around the world, with widespread impersonations on stage and television programs based on his screen persona.", "His superhero image had transformed him into a popular culture icon among Malayalis around the world, with widespread impersonations on stage and television programs based on his screen persona. It was accompanied by a cartoon, email and SMS phenomenon in the early 2000s, portraying him as a comic superhero with unique quotes of superhuman strength attributed to the action star becoming widespread.", "It was accompanied by a cartoon, email and SMS phenomenon in the early 2000s, portraying him as a comic superhero with unique quotes of superhuman strength attributed to the action star becoming widespread. These movements were fuelled by a renewed fascination with his style of dialogue delivery and his machismo image.", "These movements were fuelled by a renewed fascination with his style of dialogue delivery and his machismo image. These were claimed to honour his memories, but were also criticised for parodying the legendary actor years after his death.", "These were claimed to honour his memories, but were also criticised for parodying the legendary actor years after his death. Early life Jayan was born in Quilon, Travancore as the first child of his father Thevalli Kottaram Veetil Madhavan Pillai and mother Bharathiyamma. His birth name was Krishnan Nair. He had a younger brother named Soman Nair.", "He had a younger brother named Soman Nair. Malayalam actress Jayabharathi, who was his first cousin introduced him to the film industry. Jayan's formal education ended at the 10th grade at Kollam Govt. Boys High School when he joined the Indian Navy. The first accolades for his acting skills reached him when he was a naval sailor.", "The first accolades for his acting skills reached him when he was a naval sailor. He used to act in plays at various functions such as anniversaries. The encouragement from his friends and colleagues in the Navy gave him the desire to act in films.", "The encouragement from his friends and colleagues in the Navy gave him the desire to act in films. Jayan served in the Indian Navy for 16 years, culminating in the rank of Master CPO.", "Jayan served in the Indian Navy for 16 years, culminating in the rank of Master CPO. By the end of his navy days, he had begun efforts to start small businesses at Ernakulam and became a regular inhabitant of the Cochin Tourist Home. During his life at Ernakulam, he would meet some of his lifelong friends.", "During his life at Ernakulam, he would meet some of his lifelong friends. It was such a chance meeting while on leave, with Rajan Prakash who is the veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash's son, who owned a dry cleaning shop in Cochin, that eventually landed him a role in the movie Shapa Moksham.", "It was such a chance meeting while on leave, with Rajan Prakash who is the veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash's son, who owned a dry cleaning shop in Cochin, that eventually landed him a role in the movie Shapa Moksham. A year later, he left the Indian Navy and started trying his hand at various civilian jobs, working for companies in Cochin for a few years till his acting career began to succeed.", "A year later, he left the Indian Navy and started trying his hand at various civilian jobs, working for companies in Cochin for a few years till his acting career began to succeed. Jayan's younger brother Soman Nair (Ajayan) also acted in 20+ films after Jayan's death.", "Jayan's younger brother Soman Nair (Ajayan) also acted in 20+ films after Jayan's death. But he was not successful in films like Jayan. Ajayan has 3 children and his younger son Adithyan Jayan is a famous TV serial actor in Malayalam.", "Ajayan has 3 children and his younger son Adithyan Jayan is a famous TV serial actor in Malayalam. Career Random appearances and early career Jayan did make a few random uncredited appearances in some movies of the early 1970s, the first of which was in Postmane Kanmanilla. These minor appearances were before he attained the screen name Jayan.", "These minor appearances were before he attained the screen name Jayan. According to his nephew, he had the role of a vampire-like character in an unnamed project costarred by Vidhubala, which was never released. His first appearance with the name Jayan was in the movie Shapa Moksham, which is usually credited as his first film.", "His first appearance with the name Jayan was in the movie Shapa Moksham, which is usually credited as his first film. Rise to fame The name \"Jayan\" (English: \"The Victor\") was given to him by veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash on the sets of Shapa Moksham.", "Rise to fame The name \"Jayan\" (English: \"The Victor\") was given to him by veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash on the sets of Shapa Moksham. Jayan started his career by acting in minor roles and his first appearance in front of the camera was Postmane kananilla (1972) then starting with the name as Jayan in Shapa Moksham (1974).", "Jayan started his career by acting in minor roles and his first appearance in front of the camera was Postmane kananilla (1972) then starting with the name as Jayan in Shapa Moksham (1974). Jayan got his first major break appearing as a villain in Panchami (1976), playing a forest ranger.", "Jayan got his first major break appearing as a villain in Panchami (1976), playing a forest ranger. Jayan's performance in this film was appreciated in the industry and his physical appearance was also noticed for the first time.", "Jayan's performance in this film was appreciated in the industry and his physical appearance was also noticed for the first time. His next notable role was in Thacholi Ambu (1978), in which he appeared in a supporting role.", "His next notable role was in Thacholi Ambu (1978), in which he appeared in a supporting role. In the same year, he acted as a sage in the Sreekumaran Thampi film Etho Oru Swapnam, which was well received by critics.", "In the same year, he acted as a sage in the Sreekumaran Thampi film Etho Oru Swapnam, which was well received by critics. But what made Jayan a superstar was his antihero role in Sharapancharam (1979, Bed of Arrows).", "But what made Jayan a superstar was his antihero role in Sharapancharam (1979, Bed of Arrows). He catapulted to fame riding on machismo roles that endeared him to the masses, and he established himself as one of the most popular Malayalam film actors of his time with superhit movies like Chaakara directed by P.G.", "He catapulted to fame riding on machismo roles that endeared him to the masses, and he established himself as one of the most popular Malayalam film actors of his time with superhit movies like Chaakara directed by P.G. Viswambharan & Angadi directed by I.V. Sasi who were the two hitmakers of the time.", "Sasi who were the two hitmakers of the time. He is generally regarded as the first action hero in Malayalam cinema. Superstardom Sharapancharam broke all box-office records set in the Malayalam movie industry till it's time and became the highest-grossing movie of 1979.", "Superstardom Sharapancharam broke all box-office records set in the Malayalam movie industry till it's time and became the highest-grossing movie of 1979. Its box-office records were broken by another Jayan film, Angadi (Market) in the following year, which cemented his popularity among the masses. In films such as Manushya Mrugam, Aavesham etc.", "In films such as Manushya Mrugam, Aavesham etc. he played double roles. During his career, he received only a few critically appreciated roles perhaps partly due to his commercial hero image and partly due to the lack of films that garnered critical appreciation at the time.", "During his career, he received only a few critically appreciated roles perhaps partly due to his commercial hero image and partly due to the lack of films that garnered critical appreciation at the time. The focus was always on his unmatched drawing power as an action star and by 1980, at the peak of his career, he had attained a genuine superhero image.", "The focus was always on his unmatched drawing power as an action star and by 1980, at the peak of his career, he had attained a genuine superhero image. Movies exploited Jayan's masculine physique and he appeared bare-chested in numerous scenes.", "Movies exploited Jayan's masculine physique and he appeared bare-chested in numerous scenes. His on-screen attire (most famously his Elvis bellbottoms), his masculine image and later the nature of his death transformed him into a legend in Kerala.", "His on-screen attire (most famously his Elvis bellbottoms), his masculine image and later the nature of his death transformed him into a legend in Kerala. Jayan was also known for his unique method of dialogue delivery and he has contributed many memorable lines to the Malayalam film history.", "Jayan was also known for his unique method of dialogue delivery and he has contributed many memorable lines to the Malayalam film history. Multistar films Jayan acted in several ensemble cast movies, mostly with Prem Nazir.", "Multistar films Jayan acted in several ensemble cast movies, mostly with Prem Nazir. The duo acted in films such as Nayattu, Love in Singapore, Chandrahasam, Thacholi Ambu, Kannappanunni, Palattu Kunjikkannan, Mamangam, Prabhu etc. all of which were top-grossing movies at the box office.", "all of which were top-grossing movies at the box office. He also acted with other popular actors of the time, such as Soman, Sukumaran and Madhu in many films. In early films before 1979 (e.g. Thacholi Ambu and Panchami), he had negative or supporting roles.", "Thacholi Ambu and Panchami), he had negative or supporting roles. But later films in the beginning of 1980 relied heavily on Jayan's drawing power as an action hero and placed him as the central character.", "But later films in the beginning of 1980 relied heavily on Jayan's drawing power as an action hero and placed him as the central character. In 1980, the duo Jayan and Prem Nazir were cast in Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam by P. Venu, that showcased the famous fight scene in Malayalam cinema.", "In 1980, the duo Jayan and Prem Nazir were cast in Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam by P. Venu, that showcased the famous fight scene in Malayalam cinema. Prem Nazir agreed to play a supporting role in Nayattu, which was very unlikely for a superstar of those times.", "Prem Nazir agreed to play a supporting role in Nayattu, which was very unlikely for a superstar of those times. He had agreed to do this as a token of friendship with Jayan and the director Sreekumaran Thamby. The duo had many actions films together such as Irumbazhikal, Love in Singapore etc.", "The duo had many actions films together such as Irumbazhikal, Love in Singapore etc. where the box office draw was huge. Death On 16 November 1980, Jayan died in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave) at the age of 41 years, 3 months and 21 days.", "Death On 16 November 1980, Jayan died in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave) at the age of 41 years, 3 months and 21 days. The climactic scene of the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu.", "The climactic scene of the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu. Jayan always performed his own stunts, and for this movie he was performing a rather dangerous stunt that involved him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike driven by Sukumaran.", "Jayan always performed his own stunts, and for this movie he was performing a rather dangerous stunt that involved him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike driven by Sukumaran. The shot was accepted by the director in the first take; Nonetheless, another three shots were filmed.", "The shot was accepted by the director in the first take; Nonetheless, another three shots were filmed. According to the film's production executive, Jayan insisted on yet another re-take as he was not satisfied with its perfection.", "According to the film's production executive, Jayan insisted on yet another re-take as he was not satisfied with its perfection. During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries.", "During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries. After his death was confirmed, a slide was added during the theatre show of his movie Deepam, which was running in packed houses, informing viewers of his death.", "After his death was confirmed, a slide was added during the theatre show of his movie Deepam, which was running in packed houses, informing viewers of his death. A large number of his fans burst into tears and ran out of the buildings, while many continued to watch the movie, refusing to believe it and taking it for an ingenious promotion for some upcoming project.", "A large number of his fans burst into tears and ran out of the buildings, while many continued to watch the movie, refusing to believe it and taking it for an ingenious promotion for some upcoming project. Jayan's body was taken to Trivandrum via aeroplane and later it was taken to his home in Quilon, where he was cremated.", "Jayan's body was taken to Trivandrum via aeroplane and later it was taken to his home in Quilon, where he was cremated. Thousands paid homage to the late actor, and the police had to take huge measures to deal with the crowds. His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later.", "His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later. Some conspiracy theories emerged regarding the circumstances of his death, primarily because the pilot and his co-star Balan K. Nair, who was in the helicopter, survived with minor or no injuries. Nevertheless, it has been confirmed as a genuine accident.", "Nevertheless, it has been confirmed as a genuine accident. The Aftermath After Jayan's death, several films were released claiming to be his last film, including the genuine one, Kolilakkam. In all these films, Jayan's voice was dubbed by Alleppey Ashraf, a popular impressionist of the time.", "In all these films, Jayan's voice was dubbed by Alleppey Ashraf, a popular impressionist of the time. Many projects meant for him were recast, such as Thushaaram by I. V. Sasi, P. G. Vishwambaran's Sphodanam, and Sasi Kumar's Dhruvasangamam. Numerous other projects were cancelled entirely.", "Numerous other projects were cancelled entirely. One stunt scene and two songs were already shot with Jayan for C. V. Rajendran's Garjanam, but after his death, it was recast with Rajinikanth, becoming his second film in Malayalam released in 1981.", "One stunt scene and two songs were already shot with Jayan for C. V. Rajendran's Garjanam, but after his death, it was recast with Rajinikanth, becoming his second film in Malayalam released in 1981. Imposter Movement Due to his unrivalled popularity that continued many years after his death, random bit scenes were added to numerous films that showed random gestures or shots of him walking by the side during fight scenes.", "Imposter Movement Due to his unrivalled popularity that continued many years after his death, random bit scenes were added to numerous films that showed random gestures or shots of him walking by the side during fight scenes. Attempts were made to bring in impostors who tried to imitate his style and mannerisms, enabling several artists from the field of mimicry to show up on the big screen.", "Attempts were made to bring in impostors who tried to imitate his style and mannerisms, enabling several artists from the field of mimicry to show up on the big screen. But these experiments failed miserably, and proved especially ineffective in fight and stunt scenes. Then, directors and producers started a search for new actors to replace him.", "Then, directors and producers started a search for new actors to replace him. This movement led to debuts of actors who resembled Jayan in physical appearance (e.g.", "This movement led to debuts of actors who resembled Jayan in physical appearance (e.g. Ratheesh), those with stage names sounding similar to his (for example, his own brother who appeared as Ajayan), and those with similar mannerisms and style (e.g. Bheeman Raghu).", "Bheeman Raghu). Bheeman Raghu). One of them, Mammootty, who started with the stage name Sajin, would later go on to become one of the popular future stars in the industry. However, all these attempts to replace Jayan with a new star with a similar image yielded disappointing results.", "However, all these attempts to replace Jayan with a new star with a similar image yielded disappointing results. It is now one of the most popular quotes in Malayalam cinema \"Jayan's throne remains vacant and will forever be so\".", "It is now one of the most popular quotes in Malayalam cinema \"Jayan's throne remains vacant and will forever be so\". Resurgence in the 2000s In the late 1990s and early 21st century, there was a resurgence of Jayan's screen persona in Kerala and his old movie scenes came to prominence again.", "Resurgence in the 2000s In the late 1990s and early 21st century, there was a resurgence of Jayan's screen persona in Kerala and his old movie scenes came to prominence again. It was owed mostly to programs by popular mimicry stage artists in the State, whose imitations of the star's mannerisms caught on and soon became commonplace in college stage events, television programs and mimicry stage shows along with quotes of superhuman strength known as Jayan quotes.", "It was owed mostly to programs by popular mimicry stage artists in the State, whose imitations of the star's mannerisms caught on and soon became commonplace in college stage events, television programs and mimicry stage shows along with quotes of superhuman strength known as Jayan quotes. However, it has been pointed out that many grotesquely imitated screen dialogues of Jayan are not actually his, but that of dubbing artist Aleppy Ashraf, who dubbed for many of his characters post his death.", "However, it has been pointed out that many grotesquely imitated screen dialogues of Jayan are not actually his, but that of dubbing artist Aleppy Ashraf, who dubbed for many of his characters post his death. The \"comeback\" of Jayan and his renewed popularity lately may be taken as an affirmation that Jayan has not been replaced even nearly three decades after his death.", "The \"comeback\" of Jayan and his renewed popularity lately may be taken as an affirmation that Jayan has not been replaced even nearly three decades after his death. Today, Jayan is best remembered as the first and best action star of Malayalam cinema, so far, besides his trademark colourful attire, risky stunts, machismo mannerisms and unique speaking style.", "Today, Jayan is best remembered as the first and best action star of Malayalam cinema, so far, besides his trademark colourful attire, risky stunts, machismo mannerisms and unique speaking style. He has rightly won immortality in the hearts of the Malayalam film fans as a martyr in his yearning to thrill and entertain them even by putting his life at stake.", "He has rightly won immortality in the hearts of the Malayalam film fans as a martyr in his yearning to thrill and entertain them even by putting his life at stake. Madhu, a famous actor prominent in the 1960s, once stated in an interview: \"Jayan will forever be young and alive.", "Madhu, a famous actor prominent in the 1960s, once stated in an interview: \"Jayan will forever be young and alive. No one can ever visualise him as an old man.\" A film titled Avatharam presently under production, is attempting to bring back his screen persona using advanced technologies.", "A film titled Avatharam presently under production, is attempting to bring back his screen persona using advanced technologies. A documentary on Jayan's life and death Jayan – The Man behind the Legend is nearing completion for release in the near future.", "A documentary on Jayan's life and death Jayan – The Man behind the Legend is nearing completion for release in the near future. Legacy Jayan is perhaps the only actor thus far in the history of Malayalam film industry who remains a marketable superstar decades after his demise, to this day.", "Legacy Jayan is perhaps the only actor thus far in the history of Malayalam film industry who remains a marketable superstar decades after his demise, to this day. In the state of Kerala, he is a true icon of popular culture, whose life and image has made him a legend over time.", "In the state of Kerala, he is a true icon of popular culture, whose life and image has made him a legend over time. Superhero image and commercial success Through his machismo roles and staggering stunt feats, Jayan had attained a real-life Superhero image amongst the fans, masses and colleagues alike.", "Superhero image and commercial success Through his machismo roles and staggering stunt feats, Jayan had attained a real-life Superhero image amongst the fans, masses and colleagues alike. His colourful attire and unique bass voice also helped him capture the imagination of the average viewer as the manly action hero.", "His colourful attire and unique bass voice also helped him capture the imagination of the average viewer as the manly action hero. Along with these, his trademark styles and mannerisms made him a campus hero and youth idol of his time.", "Along with these, his trademark styles and mannerisms made him a campus hero and youth idol of his time. Summing up, Jayan's image among the masses was that of a daring superhuman who would perform seemingly impossible deeds and accomplish extraordinary feats.", "Summing up, Jayan's image among the masses was that of a daring superhuman who would perform seemingly impossible deeds and accomplish extraordinary feats. Jayan is the most commercially successful superstar to date in the Malayalam industry with a near 90% success rate.", "Jayan is the most commercially successful superstar to date in the Malayalam industry with a near 90% success rate. The years 1979, 1980 and 1981 became known as \"Jayan years\" in the industry due to the widespread release and success of his movies.", "The years 1979, 1980 and 1981 became known as \"Jayan years\" in the industry due to the widespread release and success of his movies. His films Sharapancharam and Angadi, released in 1979 and 1980 respectively, were record breakers and became the highest grossers of their respective years.", "His films Sharapancharam and Angadi, released in 1979 and 1980 respectively, were record breakers and became the highest grossers of their respective years. His final film, Kolilakkam was the highest grosser in 1981.", "His final film, Kolilakkam was the highest grosser in 1981. The noteworthy point is that a large percentage of films released during his peak years lacked a strong plot and were mostly cheap low budget remakes of successful movies from other language sectors of Indian cinema.", "The noteworthy point is that a large percentage of films released during his peak years lacked a strong plot and were mostly cheap low budget remakes of successful movies from other language sectors of Indian cinema. Many of these films came out astoundingly successful due to his sheer presence and some avoided failures due to his small cameo appearances.", "Many of these films came out astoundingly successful due to his sheer presence and some avoided failures due to his small cameo appearances. Thousands of fans used to visit theatres repeatedly just to see his fascinating stunts and fight scenes.", "Thousands of fans used to visit theatres repeatedly just to see his fascinating stunts and fight scenes. Daredevilry Jayan was a high-risk taker and throughout his career, he was popular for stellar performances in a fight and stunt sequences. Dangerous and thrilling stunts were often featured in action films with Jayan in the lead.", "Dangerous and thrilling stunts were often featured in action films with Jayan in the lead. These were usually highlighted during fight scenes as added promotions to his machismo image and daredevilry. Numerous movies in which he has acted have one or more notable stunt performances.", "Numerous movies in which he has acted have one or more notable stunt performances. A few prominent examples may be Puthiya Velicham (\"New Light\", 1979) in which he performs train stunts jumping onto and from a fast-running goods train, Aavesham (\"Inspiration\", 1979) which shows the actor swimming through the dangerous waters of Hogenakkal Falls, through a major part of the climax sequence without using any kind of safety measures.", "A few prominent examples may be Puthiya Velicham (\"New Light\", 1979) in which he performs train stunts jumping onto and from a fast-running goods train, Aavesham (\"Inspiration\", 1979) which shows the actor swimming through the dangerous waters of Hogenakkal Falls, through a major part of the climax sequence without using any kind of safety measures. Movies like Thadavara (\"Prison\", 1981) and Sharapancharam (1979) demonstrate his brilliant horse riding skills performing almost effortlessly on horseback, while films like Mamangam involved dangerous fights with wild animals.", "Movies like Thadavara (\"Prison\", 1981) and Sharapancharam (1979) demonstrate his brilliant horse riding skills performing almost effortlessly on horseback, while films like Mamangam involved dangerous fights with wild animals. In a film called Moorkhan (\"Cobra\", 1981) he broke through a brick wall riding on a motorbike (a Royal Enfield Bullet) and it also featured sequences that had the actor sliding along ropes tied at high elevations.", "In a film called Moorkhan (\"Cobra\", 1981) he broke through a brick wall riding on a motorbike (a Royal Enfield Bullet) and it also featured sequences that had the actor sliding along ropes tied at high elevations. Perhaps the most famous movie stunt featuring Jayan came in Chandrahasam (\"Moonsword\", 1980) in which he held on to the UV clamp of a massive ship crane and was elevated to a height of around 200 feet before jumping off to the top of the vessel.", "Perhaps the most famous movie stunt featuring Jayan came in Chandrahasam (\"Moonsword\", 1980) in which he held on to the UV clamp of a massive ship crane and was elevated to a height of around 200 feet before jumping off to the top of the vessel. In one of his final stunt scenes, in Ariyappedatha Rahasyam (\"Secret never known\", 1981) he was involved in a fight scene with an elephant.", "In one of his final stunt scenes, in Ariyappedatha Rahasyam (\"Secret never known\", 1981) he was involved in a fight scene with an elephant. Influence on Malayalam cinema The meteoric rise of Jayan had literally a texture changing impact on the Malayalam film industry.", "Influence on Malayalam cinema The meteoric rise of Jayan had literally a texture changing impact on the Malayalam film industry. It changed forever the hero concept that existed previously for many years and gave rise to a new genre of film characters with more manly characteristics.", "It changed forever the hero concept that existed previously for many years and gave rise to a new genre of film characters with more manly characteristics. Memorable roles Most critics often consider Jayan's main hero role in Sharapancjaram, Angadi, Venalil Oru Mazha and Puthiya Velicham to be his best.", "Memorable roles Most critics often consider Jayan's main hero role in Sharapancjaram, Angadi, Venalil Oru Mazha and Puthiya Velicham to be his best. His most popular character may be the educated labourer in Angadi.", "His most popular character may be the educated labourer in Angadi. The sage's role played by him in Etho Oru Swapnam was well appreciated by critics and would easily feature among his most memorable roles. The supporting role in Kannappanunni, Thacholi Ambu, the villainous ranger in Panchami and the rapist in Kanthavalayam are also critically acclaimed performances.", "The supporting role in Kannappanunni, Thacholi Ambu, the villainous ranger in Panchami and the rapist in Kanthavalayam are also critically acclaimed performances. Some other popular roles were in films like Idimuzhakkam, Venalil Oru Mazha, Ithikkara Pakki, Mamangam, Puthiya Velicham, Karimpana, Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam, Chaakara and Kazhukan.", "Some other popular roles were in films like Idimuzhakkam, Venalil Oru Mazha, Ithikkara Pakki, Mamangam, Puthiya Velicham, Karimpana, Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam, Chaakara and Kazhukan. While acknowledging his undisputed popularity as a commercial superstar that has never faded over time, general critical opinion on his skills as an actor is divided.", "While acknowledging his undisputed popularity as a commercial superstar that has never faded over time, general critical opinion on his skills as an actor is divided. While there are criticisms from some corners that he depended more on his features such as his catching physique, bass voice, personal charisma, unique style and mannerisms to garner attention, many others rate him as a great actor who developed his own unique style to leave a lasting impression on every single role he took up.", "While there are criticisms from some corners that he depended more on his features such as his catching physique, bass voice, personal charisma, unique style and mannerisms to garner attention, many others rate him as a great actor who developed his own unique style to leave a lasting impression on every single role he took up. The fact that his peak time as an actor lasted only a few years is often pointed out in reply to criticisms, and considering the short period of his active film career, he may have delivered more critically appreciated performances than most of his contemporaries.", "The fact that his peak time as an actor lasted only a few years is often pointed out in reply to criticisms, and considering the short period of his active film career, he may have delivered more critically appreciated performances than most of his contemporaries. But these were always under the shadow of a large majority of films that were able to achieve commercial success capitalising on his drawing power, but had weak plots and less critical acclaim.", "But these were always under the shadow of a large majority of films that were able to achieve commercial success capitalising on his drawing power, but had weak plots and less critical acclaim. Some believe that if he'd had a longer career, he would have eventually transformed into a great character actor over time who could excel in commercial and parallel streams alike, after a period of decline in Malayalam films that followed Sathyan's demise.", "Some believe that if he'd had a longer career, he would have eventually transformed into a great character actor over time who could excel in commercial and parallel streams alike, after a period of decline in Malayalam films that followed Sathyan's demise. His most popular films like Sharapancjaram and Angadi were both critical and commercial successes.", "His most popular films like Sharapancjaram and Angadi were both critical and commercial successes. Though he is remembered as an icon of commercial cinema, due to the short span of his career and the generic nature of commercial hero roles of the time, his actual acting talents may have been largely underutilised.", "Though he is remembered as an icon of commercial cinema, due to the short span of his career and the generic nature of commercial hero roles of the time, his actual acting talents may have been largely underutilised. Song sequences Film songs are an integral part of Indian cinema and the same is true for Malayalam films.", "Song sequences Film songs are an integral part of Indian cinema and the same is true for Malayalam films. Jayan has acted in several memorable song sequences which bring about nostalgic memories about the actor. Song sequences in Jayan films also helped shape the future film song sector in commercial cinema.", "Song sequences in Jayan films also helped shape the future film song sector in commercial cinema. The song \"Kannum Kannum\" in the film Angadi presents one of the most popular song sequences in Malayalam cinema involving Jayan and Seema. Its success led to the teaming together of this pair in numerous movies.", "Its success led to the teaming together of this pair in numerous movies. Another popular song involving the Jayan-Seema pair is \"Kasthuri Manmizhi\" from the movie Manushya Mrugam. A song that hit tremendous popularity was \"Cham Chacha Chum Chacha\" in Love in Singapore and Kombil Kilukkum ketti in \"Karimpana\".", "A song that hit tremendous popularity was \"Cham Chacha Chum Chacha\" in Love in Singapore and Kombil Kilukkum ketti in \"Karimpana\". The mass popularity of this song sequence later inspired a whole new category of film songs with lyrics that lack any particular meaning, but with a fast beat and dance appeal that came to be known as \"Adipoli\" songs.", "The mass popularity of this song sequence later inspired a whole new category of film songs with lyrics that lack any particular meaning, but with a fast beat and dance appeal that came to be known as \"Adipoli\" songs. There is a song in the film Etho Oru Swapnam called \"Oru Mugham Mathram Kannil\", which became popular due to its melodious and nostalgic nature.", "There is a song in the film Etho Oru Swapnam called \"Oru Mugham Mathram Kannil\", which became popular due to its melodious and nostalgic nature. \"Ezham Malika Mele\" from Sarppam, directed by Baby was a superhit song paired by Jayan and Seema.", "\"Ezham Malika Mele\" from Sarppam, directed by Baby was a superhit song paired by Jayan and Seema. Another hit from this team was \"Pournami Penne\" in Arifa hassan's Benz Vasu and it was hummed by the youth of that time.", "Another hit from this team was \"Pournami Penne\" in Arifa hassan's Benz Vasu and it was hummed by the youth of that time. Memorials Kollam District panchayath and Government of Kerala built a new conference hall near to Kollam District panchayath office in Kollam municipal corporation as a memorial to the legend actor.", "Memorials Kollam District panchayath and Government of Kerala built a new conference hall near to Kollam District panchayath office in Kollam municipal corporation as a memorial to the legend actor. The hall is named as \"Jayan Memorial Hall\". It was inaugurated on 12 September 2020.", "It was inaugurated on 12 September 2020. There is a Jayan memorial Arts & Sports club functioning at Thevally near the actor's hometown. The residential area at his birthplace has been renamed \"Olayil Jayan Nagar\" in his honour.", "The residential area at his birthplace has been renamed \"Olayil Jayan Nagar\" in his honour. Jayan Cultural Forum Jayan Samskarika Vethi or Jayan Cultural Forum has been established recently, which consists of his fans and well wishers.", "Jayan Cultural Forum Jayan Samskarika Vethi or Jayan Cultural Forum has been established recently, which consists of his fans and well wishers. It is headed by the actor's nephew Kannan Nair, and aims at uniting his diverse fan base consisting of young and old people from several generations under a single platform.", "It is headed by the actor's nephew Kannan Nair, and aims at uniting his diverse fan base consisting of young and old people from several generations under a single platform. Activities include organising anniversary functions and memorial programs, facilitating his coworkers, maintaining the actor's website and official profiles and charity work.", "Activities include organising anniversary functions and memorial programs, facilitating his coworkers, maintaining the actor's website and official profiles and charity work. Monuments In 2009, an 8 ft high statue of the actor was erected in front of his house at Olayil, Kollam which is now a nursing home.", "Monuments In 2009, an 8 ft high statue of the actor was erected in front of his house at Olayil, Kollam which is now a nursing home. Efforts are being made to construct a permanent memorial at Mulankadakam where he was cremated, and also to open a library and museum near his home.", "Efforts are being made to construct a permanent memorial at Mulankadakam where he was cremated, and also to open a library and museum near his home. In media Media on Jayan A book titled Jayan Americayil? (Jayan in America?) came out in 1981 and had record sales at the time.", "came out in 1981 and had record sales at the time. It circulated the rumour that Jayan was alive in America with an injured eye and that it was a look-alike who was killed in the accident.", "It circulated the rumour that Jayan was alive in America with an injured eye and that it was a look-alike who was killed in the accident. Another book Jayante Maranam Kolapathakamo (Jayan's death, a murder) was also published in 1981, capitalising on the conspiracy theories and mystery surrounding the superstar's death.", "Another book Jayante Maranam Kolapathakamo (Jayan's death, a murder) was also published in 1981, capitalising on the conspiracy theories and mystery surrounding the superstar's death. The actor's life was serialised in a Malayalam film magazine and then brought out as Jayante Katha.", "The actor's life was serialised in a Malayalam film magazine and then brought out as Jayante Katha. An elaborate biography named Jayan : Abhralokathintey Ithihasa Naayakan is being completed and will reportedly be published in 2011. A documentary Jayan-The Man behind the Legend is under production and is set to be released in 2011.", "A documentary Jayan-The Man behind the Legend is under production and is set to be released in 2011. In popular culture Print media The actor's domination and commercial success in the 1970s is mentioned in the book Because I have a Voice. It focuses on Jayan's masculine image.", "It focuses on Jayan's masculine image. Jayan's famous emotional English dialogue in street slang is included at number 7 in Outlook magazine's Terrific 13 lists published in the 13th anniversary edition of the magazine, in the section '13 Cheesiest Chalkiest dialogues in Indian Cinema'.", "Jayan's famous emotional English dialogue in street slang is included at number 7 in Outlook magazine's Terrific 13 lists published in the 13th anniversary edition of the magazine, in the section '13 Cheesiest Chalkiest dialogues in Indian Cinema'. Films In the movie Aye Auto, there is a reference to Jayan's English dialogue in Angadi.", "Films In the movie Aye Auto, there is a reference to Jayan's English dialogue in Angadi. The movies Dupe Dupe Dupe and Aparanmaar Nagarathil had Jayan impersonators in the lead. In the film Pattanathil Bhootham, the popular Jayan song sequence Cham Chacha Chumchacha is played out with impersonation. The horse oiling scene from Sarapancharam is also reconstructed.", "The horse oiling scene from Sarapancharam is also reconstructed. In Chotta Mumbai, a Jayan-Nazir mixed song sequence is played out with Jayan attire used in the song sequence of the popular Nazir song Chettikulangara.", "In Chotta Mumbai, a Jayan-Nazir mixed song sequence is played out with Jayan attire used in the song sequence of the popular Nazir song Chettikulangara. In the film Shikkar, Jayan's image is used in the sets of a fight scene in a bid to stress the adventurous setting of the film.", "In the film Shikkar, Jayan's image is used in the sets of a fight scene in a bid to stress the adventurous setting of the film. In Thanthonni, Jayan's voice and dialogue tone is imitated. The film Valiyangadi was promoted as a sequel to Jayan's Angadi.", "The film Valiyangadi was promoted as a sequel to Jayan's Angadi. In the film Ennu Ninte Moideen, Jayan's stunt sequence and the celebrated row with \"Alavalathi Shaji\" from the film Lisa is shown in a theatre scene.", "In the film Ennu Ninte Moideen, Jayan's stunt sequence and the celebrated row with \"Alavalathi Shaji\" from the film Lisa is shown in a theatre scene. The famous song \"Kannum Kannum\" from Jayan's film Angadi is included with Mammooty impersonating Jayan's style in the film Venicile Vyapari.", "The famous song \"Kannum Kannum\" from Jayan's film Angadi is included with Mammooty impersonating Jayan's style in the film Venicile Vyapari. The recent hit Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan has the actor Siddique acting as an ardent fan of Jayan and impersonates his style for seeing his movies.", "The recent hit Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan has the actor Siddique acting as an ardent fan of Jayan and impersonates his style for seeing his movies. Return to the silver screen In December 2010, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his death, it was announced that a new movie with Jayan in the lead is in the works, using advanced animation and graphics technologies.", "Return to the silver screen In December 2010, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his death, it was announced that a new movie with Jayan in the lead is in the works, using advanced animation and graphics technologies. The movie, titled Avatharam (Incarnation), was announced to be directed by Vijeesh Mani and scripted by T. A. Shahid.", "The movie, titled Avatharam (Incarnation), was announced to be directed by Vijeesh Mani and scripted by T. A. Shahid. The project is inspired by the star's posthumous popularity as an action legend. It was announced that the actor would be brought back to the big screen by twelve top technicians from Hollywood.", "It was announced that the actor would be brought back to the big screen by twelve top technicians from Hollywood. Filmography See also Jayan quotes References External links Profile of Malayalam Actor Jayan Further reading http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=48 Jayan Nostalgia homepage at Manorama Online portal Image gallery Jayan Anniversary Special at Mathrubhumi portal \"Jayan: Love You All\" – an article in the November 2009 issue of Vanitha magazine 1980 deaths Male actors from Kollam Indian stunt performers Filmed deaths of entertainers 1939 births Male actors in Malayalam cinema Indian male film actors 20th-century Indian male actors Indian Navy personnel" ]

[ "Jayan", "Death", "What caused Jayan's death?", "Jayan was killed in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave).", "Where was the movie set?", "the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu.", "Who was starring in the movie with him?", "co-star Balan K. Nair,", "What caused the accident?", "During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries.", "Was anyone else hurt?", "regarding the circumstances of his death, primarily because the pilot and his co-star Balan K. Nair, who was in the helicopter, survived with minor or no injuries.", "Did he have any family at the time of his death?", "His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later." ]

[ "\"Suicide Solution\" is a song by the English heavy metal vocalist singer-songwriter Ozzy Osbourne, from his 1980 debut album Blizzard of Ozz.\n\nOverview\nOsbourne said in 1991 that the song was about the alcohol-related death of AC/DC's Bon Scott in 1980, but Bob Daisley revealed in 2002 that he had Osbourne himself in mind when he wrote the lyrics.\n\nControversy and death of John Daniel McCollum \nOn 1 November 1985, a lawsuit against Osbourne and CBS Records was filed by the parents of John Daniel McCollum, a 19-year-old who committed suicide in Riverside, California on 27 October 1984 allegedly after listening to the song. The plaintiffs, however, failed to prove that Osbourne had any responsibility for the teenager's death. The plaintiffs' attorneys alleged that a line in the song stated, \"Why try? Get the gun and shoot!\" Lyricist Daisley and Osbourne himself both claimed that the line actually says, \"Get the flaps out\". \"Flaps\", they insisted, was an English vulgar slang term for \"vagina\". Don Arden, Black Sabbath's former manager and the father of Sharon Osbourne, is on record as having said of the song's controversial lyrics: \"To be perfectly honest, I would be doubtful as to whether Mr. Osbourne knew the meaning of the lyrics, if there was any meaning, because his command of the English language is minimal.\"\n\nPersonnel\nOzzy Osbourne – vocals\nRandy Rhoads – guitars\nBob Daisley – bass guitar\nLee Kerslake – drums\nDon Airey – keyboards\n\nSee also\n \"Better by You, Better Than Me\"\n Murder of Elyse Pahler\n\nReferences\n\n1980 songs\nOzzy Osbourne songs\nSongs about alcohol\nSongs about suicide\nSongs written by Randy Rhoads\nSongs written by Ozzy Osbourne\nSongs written by Bob Daisley\nObscenity controversies in music", "Untouchable: The Strange Life and Tragic Death of Michael Jackson is a 2012 biographical book written by Randall Sullivan. The book talks about the life and death of American entertainer Michael Jackson.\n\nReception\nThe book was met with some controversy, Sullivan argued that Jackson was not a \"child molester\" and rather, that he was \"pre-sexual\" having never engaged in sexual intercourse at all. The book also detailed much of Jackson's drug abuse in his later years, money trouble, and \"spending habits\"—which upset many of Jackson's diehard fans. Some fans started an online campaign against the book's sale on Amazon. Guardian columnist Deborah Orr points out: many of Jackson's more fanatic followers tend to criticize any negative press about Jackson's life, regardless of evidence or argument. Others called into question Sullivan's source material, and though Sullivan \"does an adequate job of chronicling Jackson’s over-the-top fame,\" he relies on too few verifiable sources to draw his conclusions. Nonetheless, Jackson's longtime attorney, Tom Mesereau, who was also one of Sullivan's main sources for his research on Jackson, came to Sullivan's defense and praised the book for its insight and accuracy. Still, others praised the book; for example, there was \"a glowing recommendation from broadcaster and journalist Danny Baker\" who called it the \"best\" book about Jackson; and The New Yorker praised the book's in-depth research, viz., for bringing to light the \"financial profligacy and wrongheadedness\" of Jackson's life and business choices.\n\nReferences\n\nWorks about Michael Jackson\n2012 non-fiction books" ]

[ "Master Chief Petty Officer Krishnan Nair (25 July 1939 – 16 November 1980), better known by his stage name Jayan, was an Indian film actor, naval officer, stunt performer and cultural icon of the 1970s and 1980s. He starred in over 150 Malayalam films.", "He starred in over 150 Malayalam films. During his film career, he was primarily an action star and was particularly famous for his macho image and unique style. He was reputed for his masculine appeal and well known for performing stunts of a dangerous nature on his own.", "He was reputed for his masculine appeal and well known for performing stunts of a dangerous nature on his own. By the late 1970s, he became the most popular superstar, lead actor and bankable star of Malayalam cinema and has been acclaimed as the first and most successful action hero of Malayalam cinema.", "By the late 1970s, he became the most popular superstar, lead actor and bankable star of Malayalam cinema and has been acclaimed as the first and most successful action hero of Malayalam cinema. Jayan is widely regarded as one of the most influential superstars in the history of Malayalam cinema.", "Jayan is widely regarded as one of the most influential superstars in the history of Malayalam cinema. His superhero image had transformed him into a popular culture icon among Malayalis around the world, with widespread impersonations on stage and television programs based on his screen persona.", "His superhero image had transformed him into a popular culture icon among Malayalis around the world, with widespread impersonations on stage and television programs based on his screen persona. It was accompanied by a cartoon, email and SMS phenomenon in the early 2000s, portraying him as a comic superhero with unique quotes of superhuman strength attributed to the action star becoming widespread.", "It was accompanied by a cartoon, email and SMS phenomenon in the early 2000s, portraying him as a comic superhero with unique quotes of superhuman strength attributed to the action star becoming widespread. These movements were fuelled by a renewed fascination with his style of dialogue delivery and his machismo image.", "These movements were fuelled by a renewed fascination with his style of dialogue delivery and his machismo image. These were claimed to honour his memories, but were also criticised for parodying the legendary actor years after his death.", "These were claimed to honour his memories, but were also criticised for parodying the legendary actor years after his death. Early life Jayan was born in Quilon, Travancore as the first child of his father Thevalli Kottaram Veetil Madhavan Pillai and mother Bharathiyamma. His birth name was Krishnan Nair. He had a younger brother named Soman Nair.", "He had a younger brother named Soman Nair. Malayalam actress Jayabharathi, who was his first cousin introduced him to the film industry. Jayan's formal education ended at the 10th grade at Kollam Govt. Boys High School when he joined the Indian Navy. The first accolades for his acting skills reached him when he was a naval sailor.", "The first accolades for his acting skills reached him when he was a naval sailor. He used to act in plays at various functions such as anniversaries. The encouragement from his friends and colleagues in the Navy gave him the desire to act in films.", "The encouragement from his friends and colleagues in the Navy gave him the desire to act in films. Jayan served in the Indian Navy for 16 years, culminating in the rank of Master CPO.", "Jayan served in the Indian Navy for 16 years, culminating in the rank of Master CPO. By the end of his navy days, he had begun efforts to start small businesses at Ernakulam and became a regular inhabitant of the Cochin Tourist Home. During his life at Ernakulam, he would meet some of his lifelong friends.", "During his life at Ernakulam, he would meet some of his lifelong friends. It was such a chance meeting while on leave, with Rajan Prakash who is the veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash's son, who owned a dry cleaning shop in Cochin, that eventually landed him a role in the movie Shapa Moksham.", "It was such a chance meeting while on leave, with Rajan Prakash who is the veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash's son, who owned a dry cleaning shop in Cochin, that eventually landed him a role in the movie Shapa Moksham. A year later, he left the Indian Navy and started trying his hand at various civilian jobs, working for companies in Cochin for a few years till his acting career began to succeed.", "A year later, he left the Indian Navy and started trying his hand at various civilian jobs, working for companies in Cochin for a few years till his acting career began to succeed. Jayan's younger brother Soman Nair (Ajayan) also acted in 20+ films after Jayan's death.", "Jayan's younger brother Soman Nair (Ajayan) also acted in 20+ films after Jayan's death. But he was not successful in films like Jayan. Ajayan has 3 children and his younger son Adithyan Jayan is a famous TV serial actor in Malayalam.", "Ajayan has 3 children and his younger son Adithyan Jayan is a famous TV serial actor in Malayalam. Career Random appearances and early career Jayan did make a few random uncredited appearances in some movies of the early 1970s, the first of which was in Postmane Kanmanilla. These minor appearances were before he attained the screen name Jayan.", "These minor appearances were before he attained the screen name Jayan. According to his nephew, he had the role of a vampire-like character in an unnamed project costarred by Vidhubala, which was never released. His first appearance with the name Jayan was in the movie Shapa Moksham, which is usually credited as his first film.", "His first appearance with the name Jayan was in the movie Shapa Moksham, which is usually credited as his first film. Rise to fame The name \"Jayan\" (English: \"The Victor\") was given to him by veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash on the sets of Shapa Moksham.", "Rise to fame The name \"Jayan\" (English: \"The Victor\") was given to him by veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash on the sets of Shapa Moksham. Jayan started his career by acting in minor roles and his first appearance in front of the camera was Postmane kananilla (1972) then starting with the name as Jayan in Shapa Moksham (1974).", "Jayan started his career by acting in minor roles and his first appearance in front of the camera was Postmane kananilla (1972) then starting with the name as Jayan in Shapa Moksham (1974). Jayan got his first major break appearing as a villain in Panchami (1976), playing a forest ranger.", "Jayan got his first major break appearing as a villain in Panchami (1976), playing a forest ranger. Jayan's performance in this film was appreciated in the industry and his physical appearance was also noticed for the first time.", "Jayan's performance in this film was appreciated in the industry and his physical appearance was also noticed for the first time. His next notable role was in Thacholi Ambu (1978), in which he appeared in a supporting role.", "His next notable role was in Thacholi Ambu (1978), in which he appeared in a supporting role. In the same year, he acted as a sage in the Sreekumaran Thampi film Etho Oru Swapnam, which was well received by critics.", "In the same year, he acted as a sage in the Sreekumaran Thampi film Etho Oru Swapnam, which was well received by critics. But what made Jayan a superstar was his antihero role in Sharapancharam (1979, Bed of Arrows).", "But what made Jayan a superstar was his antihero role in Sharapancharam (1979, Bed of Arrows). He catapulted to fame riding on machismo roles that endeared him to the masses, and he established himself as one of the most popular Malayalam film actors of his time with superhit movies like Chaakara directed by P.G.", "He catapulted to fame riding on machismo roles that endeared him to the masses, and he established himself as one of the most popular Malayalam film actors of his time with superhit movies like Chaakara directed by P.G. Viswambharan & Angadi directed by I.V. Sasi who were the two hitmakers of the time.", "Sasi who were the two hitmakers of the time. He is generally regarded as the first action hero in Malayalam cinema. Superstardom Sharapancharam broke all box-office records set in the Malayalam movie industry till it's time and became the highest-grossing movie of 1979.", "Superstardom Sharapancharam broke all box-office records set in the Malayalam movie industry till it's time and became the highest-grossing movie of 1979. Its box-office records were broken by another Jayan film, Angadi (Market) in the following year, which cemented his popularity among the masses. In films such as Manushya Mrugam, Aavesham etc.", "In films such as Manushya Mrugam, Aavesham etc. he played double roles. During his career, he received only a few critically appreciated roles perhaps partly due to his commercial hero image and partly due to the lack of films that garnered critical appreciation at the time.", "During his career, he received only a few critically appreciated roles perhaps partly due to his commercial hero image and partly due to the lack of films that garnered critical appreciation at the time. The focus was always on his unmatched drawing power as an action star and by 1980, at the peak of his career, he had attained a genuine superhero image.", "The focus was always on his unmatched drawing power as an action star and by 1980, at the peak of his career, he had attained a genuine superhero image. Movies exploited Jayan's masculine physique and he appeared bare-chested in numerous scenes.", "Movies exploited Jayan's masculine physique and he appeared bare-chested in numerous scenes. His on-screen attire (most famously his Elvis bellbottoms), his masculine image and later the nature of his death transformed him into a legend in Kerala.", "His on-screen attire (most famously his Elvis bellbottoms), his masculine image and later the nature of his death transformed him into a legend in Kerala. Jayan was also known for his unique method of dialogue delivery and he has contributed many memorable lines to the Malayalam film history.", "Jayan was also known for his unique method of dialogue delivery and he has contributed many memorable lines to the Malayalam film history. Multistar films Jayan acted in several ensemble cast movies, mostly with Prem Nazir.", "Multistar films Jayan acted in several ensemble cast movies, mostly with Prem Nazir. The duo acted in films such as Nayattu, Love in Singapore, Chandrahasam, Thacholi Ambu, Kannappanunni, Palattu Kunjikkannan, Mamangam, Prabhu etc. all of which were top-grossing movies at the box office.", "all of which were top-grossing movies at the box office. He also acted with other popular actors of the time, such as Soman, Sukumaran and Madhu in many films. In early films before 1979 (e.g. Thacholi Ambu and Panchami), he had negative or supporting roles.", "Thacholi Ambu and Panchami), he had negative or supporting roles. But later films in the beginning of 1980 relied heavily on Jayan's drawing power as an action hero and placed him as the central character.", "But later films in the beginning of 1980 relied heavily on Jayan's drawing power as an action hero and placed him as the central character. In 1980, the duo Jayan and Prem Nazir were cast in Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam by P. Venu, that showcased the famous fight scene in Malayalam cinema.", "In 1980, the duo Jayan and Prem Nazir were cast in Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam by P. Venu, that showcased the famous fight scene in Malayalam cinema. Prem Nazir agreed to play a supporting role in Nayattu, which was very unlikely for a superstar of those times.", "Prem Nazir agreed to play a supporting role in Nayattu, which was very unlikely for a superstar of those times. He had agreed to do this as a token of friendship with Jayan and the director Sreekumaran Thamby. The duo had many actions films together such as Irumbazhikal, Love in Singapore etc.", "The duo had many actions films together such as Irumbazhikal, Love in Singapore etc. where the box office draw was huge. Death On 16 November 1980, Jayan died in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave) at the age of 41 years, 3 months and 21 days.", "Death On 16 November 1980, Jayan died in an accident on the set of the movie Kolilakkam (English: Shockwave) at the age of 41 years, 3 months and 21 days. The climactic scene of the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu.", "The climactic scene of the movie was being filmed in Sholavaram, near Madras, Tamil Nadu. Jayan always performed his own stunts, and for this movie he was performing a rather dangerous stunt that involved him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike driven by Sukumaran.", "Jayan always performed his own stunts, and for this movie he was performing a rather dangerous stunt that involved him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike driven by Sukumaran. The shot was accepted by the director in the first take; Nonetheless, another three shots were filmed.", "The shot was accepted by the director in the first take; Nonetheless, another three shots were filmed. According to the film's production executive, Jayan insisted on yet another re-take as he was not satisfied with its perfection.", "According to the film's production executive, Jayan insisted on yet another re-take as he was not satisfied with its perfection. During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries.", "During the re-take, the helicopter lost its balance and crashed along with Jayan who was hanging onto the landing skids, and he later succumbed to his injuries. After his death was confirmed, a slide was added during the theatre show of his movie Deepam, which was running in packed houses, informing viewers of his death.", "After his death was confirmed, a slide was added during the theatre show of his movie Deepam, which was running in packed houses, informing viewers of his death. A large number of his fans burst into tears and ran out of the buildings, while many continued to watch the movie, refusing to believe it and taking it for an ingenious promotion for some upcoming project.", "A large number of his fans burst into tears and ran out of the buildings, while many continued to watch the movie, refusing to believe it and taking it for an ingenious promotion for some upcoming project. Jayan's body was taken to Trivandrum via aeroplane and later it was taken to his home in Quilon, where he was cremated.", "Jayan's body was taken to Trivandrum via aeroplane and later it was taken to his home in Quilon, where he was cremated. Thousands paid homage to the late actor, and the police had to take huge measures to deal with the crowds. His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later.", "His mother Bharathiyamma became bedridden after this incident, and she too died two years later. Some conspiracy theories emerged regarding the circumstances of his death, primarily because the pilot and his co-star Balan K. Nair, who was in the helicopter, survived with minor or no injuries. Nevertheless, it has been confirmed as a genuine accident.", "Nevertheless, it has been confirmed as a genuine accident. The Aftermath After Jayan's death, several films were released claiming to be his last film, including the genuine one, Kolilakkam. In all these films, Jayan's voice was dubbed by Alleppey Ashraf, a popular impressionist of the time.", "In all these films, Jayan's voice was dubbed by Alleppey Ashraf, a popular impressionist of the time. Many projects meant for him were recast, such as Thushaaram by I. V. Sasi, P. G. Vishwambaran's Sphodanam, and Sasi Kumar's Dhruvasangamam. Numerous other projects were cancelled entirely.", "Numerous other projects were cancelled entirely. One stunt scene and two songs were already shot with Jayan for C. V. Rajendran's Garjanam, but after his death, it was recast with Rajinikanth, becoming his second film in Malayalam released in 1981.", "One stunt scene and two songs were already shot with Jayan for C. V. Rajendran's Garjanam, but after his death, it was recast with Rajinikanth, becoming his second film in Malayalam released in 1981. Imposter Movement Due to his unrivalled popularity that continued many years after his death, random bit scenes were added to numerous films that showed random gestures or shots of him walking by the side during fight scenes.", "Imposter Movement Due to his unrivalled popularity that continued many years after his death, random bit scenes were added to numerous films that showed random gestures or shots of him walking by the side during fight scenes. Attempts were made to bring in impostors who tried to imitate his style and mannerisms, enabling several artists from the field of mimicry to show up on the big screen.", "Attempts were made to bring in impostors who tried to imitate his style and mannerisms, enabling several artists from the field of mimicry to show up on the big screen. But these experiments failed miserably, and proved especially ineffective in fight and stunt scenes. Then, directors and producers started a search for new actors to replace him.", "Then, directors and producers started a search for new actors to replace him. This movement led to debuts of actors who resembled Jayan in physical appearance (e.g.", "This movement led to debuts of actors who resembled Jayan in physical appearance (e.g. Ratheesh), those with stage names sounding similar to his (for example, his own brother who appeared as Ajayan), and those with similar mannerisms and style (e.g. Bheeman Raghu).", "Bheeman Raghu). Bheeman Raghu). One of them, Mammootty, who started with the stage name Sajin, would later go on to become one of the popular future stars in the industry. However, all these attempts to replace Jayan with a new star with a similar image yielded disappointing results.", "However, all these attempts to replace Jayan with a new star with a similar image yielded disappointing results. It is now one of the most popular quotes in Malayalam cinema \"Jayan's throne remains vacant and will forever be so\".", "It is now one of the most popular quotes in Malayalam cinema \"Jayan's throne remains vacant and will forever be so\". Resurgence in the 2000s In the late 1990s and early 21st century, there was a resurgence of Jayan's screen persona in Kerala and his old movie scenes came to prominence again.", "Resurgence in the 2000s In the late 1990s and early 21st century, there was a resurgence of Jayan's screen persona in Kerala and his old movie scenes came to prominence again. It was owed mostly to programs by popular mimicry stage artists in the State, whose imitations of the star's mannerisms caught on and soon became commonplace in college stage events, television programs and mimicry stage shows along with quotes of superhuman strength known as Jayan quotes.", "It was owed mostly to programs by popular mimicry stage artists in the State, whose imitations of the star's mannerisms caught on and soon became commonplace in college stage events, television programs and mimicry stage shows along with quotes of superhuman strength known as Jayan quotes. However, it has been pointed out that many grotesquely imitated screen dialogues of Jayan are not actually his, but that of dubbing artist Aleppy Ashraf, who dubbed for many of his characters post his death.", "However, it has been pointed out that many grotesquely imitated screen dialogues of Jayan are not actually his, but that of dubbing artist Aleppy Ashraf, who dubbed for many of his characters post his death. The \"comeback\" of Jayan and his renewed popularity lately may be taken as an affirmation that Jayan has not been replaced even nearly three decades after his death.", "The \"comeback\" of Jayan and his renewed popularity lately may be taken as an affirmation that Jayan has not been replaced even nearly three decades after his death. Today, Jayan is best remembered as the first and best action star of Malayalam cinema, so far, besides his trademark colourful attire, risky stunts, machismo mannerisms and unique speaking style.", "Today, Jayan is best remembered as the first and best action star of Malayalam cinema, so far, besides his trademark colourful attire, risky stunts, machismo mannerisms and unique speaking style. He has rightly won immortality in the hearts of the Malayalam film fans as a martyr in his yearning to thrill and entertain them even by putting his life at stake.", "He has rightly won immortality in the hearts of the Malayalam film fans as a martyr in his yearning to thrill and entertain them even by putting his life at stake. Madhu, a famous actor prominent in the 1960s, once stated in an interview: \"Jayan will forever be young and alive.", "Madhu, a famous actor prominent in the 1960s, once stated in an interview: \"Jayan will forever be young and alive. No one can ever visualise him as an old man.\" A film titled Avatharam presently under production, is attempting to bring back his screen persona using advanced technologies.", "A film titled Avatharam presently under production, is attempting to bring back his screen persona using advanced technologies. A documentary on Jayan's life and death Jayan – The Man behind the Legend is nearing completion for release in the near future.", "A documentary on Jayan's life and death Jayan – The Man behind the Legend is nearing completion for release in the near future. Legacy Jayan is perhaps the only actor thus far in the history of Malayalam film industry who remains a marketable superstar decades after his demise, to this day.", "Legacy Jayan is perhaps the only actor thus far in the history of Malayalam film industry who remains a marketable superstar decades after his demise, to this day. In the state of Kerala, he is a true icon of popular culture, whose life and image has made him a legend over time.", "In the state of Kerala, he is a true icon of popular culture, whose life and image has made him a legend over time. Superhero image and commercial success Through his machismo roles and staggering stunt feats, Jayan had attained a real-life Superhero image amongst the fans, masses and colleagues alike.", "Superhero image and commercial success Through his machismo roles and staggering stunt feats, Jayan had attained a real-life Superhero image amongst the fans, masses and colleagues alike. His colourful attire and unique bass voice also helped him capture the imagination of the average viewer as the manly action hero.", "His colourful attire and unique bass voice also helped him capture the imagination of the average viewer as the manly action hero. Along with these, his trademark styles and mannerisms made him a campus hero and youth idol of his time.", "Along with these, his trademark styles and mannerisms made him a campus hero and youth idol of his time. Summing up, Jayan's image among the masses was that of a daring superhuman who would perform seemingly impossible deeds and accomplish extraordinary feats.", "Summing up, Jayan's image among the masses was that of a daring superhuman who would perform seemingly impossible deeds and accomplish extraordinary feats. Jayan is the most commercially successful superstar to date in the Malayalam industry with a near 90% success rate.", "Jayan is the most commercially successful superstar to date in the Malayalam industry with a near 90% success rate. The years 1979, 1980 and 1981 became known as \"Jayan years\" in the industry due to the widespread release and success of his movies.", "The years 1979, 1980 and 1981 became known as \"Jayan years\" in the industry due to the widespread release and success of his movies. His films Sharapancharam and Angadi, released in 1979 and 1980 respectively, were record breakers and became the highest grossers of their respective years.", "His films Sharapancharam and Angadi, released in 1979 and 1980 respectively, were record breakers and became the highest grossers of their respective years. His final film, Kolilakkam was the highest grosser in 1981.", "His final film, Kolilakkam was the highest grosser in 1981. The noteworthy point is that a large percentage of films released during his peak years lacked a strong plot and were mostly cheap low budget remakes of successful movies from other language sectors of Indian cinema.", "The noteworthy point is that a large percentage of films released during his peak years lacked a strong plot and were mostly cheap low budget remakes of successful movies from other language sectors of Indian cinema. Many of these films came out astoundingly successful due to his sheer presence and some avoided failures due to his small cameo appearances.", "Many of these films came out astoundingly successful due to his sheer presence and some avoided failures due to his small cameo appearances. Thousands of fans used to visit theatres repeatedly just to see his fascinating stunts and fight scenes.", "Thousands of fans used to visit theatres repeatedly just to see his fascinating stunts and fight scenes. Daredevilry Jayan was a high-risk taker and throughout his career, he was popular for stellar performances in a fight and stunt sequences. Dangerous and thrilling stunts were often featured in action films with Jayan in the lead.", "Dangerous and thrilling stunts were often featured in action films with Jayan in the lead. These were usually highlighted during fight scenes as added promotions to his machismo image and daredevilry. Numerous movies in which he has acted have one or more notable stunt performances.", "Numerous movies in which he has acted have one or more notable stunt performances. A few prominent examples may be Puthiya Velicham (\"New Light\", 1979) in which he performs train stunts jumping onto and from a fast-running goods train, Aavesham (\"Inspiration\", 1979) which shows the actor swimming through the dangerous waters of Hogenakkal Falls, through a major part of the climax sequence without using any kind of safety measures.", "A few prominent examples may be Puthiya Velicham (\"New Light\", 1979) in which he performs train stunts jumping onto and from a fast-running goods train, Aavesham (\"Inspiration\", 1979) which shows the actor swimming through the dangerous waters of Hogenakkal Falls, through a major part of the climax sequence without using any kind of safety measures. Movies like Thadavara (\"Prison\", 1981) and Sharapancharam (1979) demonstrate his brilliant horse riding skills performing almost effortlessly on horseback, while films like Mamangam involved dangerous fights with wild animals.", "Movies like Thadavara (\"Prison\", 1981) and Sharapancharam (1979) demonstrate his brilliant horse riding skills performing almost effortlessly on horseback, while films like Mamangam involved dangerous fights with wild animals. In a film called Moorkhan (\"Cobra\", 1981) he broke through a brick wall riding on a motorbike (a Royal Enfield Bullet) and it also featured sequences that had the actor sliding along ropes tied at high elevations.", "In a film called Moorkhan (\"Cobra\", 1981) he broke through a brick wall riding on a motorbike (a Royal Enfield Bullet) and it also featured sequences that had the actor sliding along ropes tied at high elevations. Perhaps the most famous movie stunt featuring Jayan came in Chandrahasam (\"Moonsword\", 1980) in which he held on to the UV clamp of a massive ship crane and was elevated to a height of around 200 feet before jumping off to the top of the vessel.", "Perhaps the most famous movie stunt featuring Jayan came in Chandrahasam (\"Moonsword\", 1980) in which he held on to the UV clamp of a massive ship crane and was elevated to a height of around 200 feet before jumping off to the top of the vessel. In one of his final stunt scenes, in Ariyappedatha Rahasyam (\"Secret never known\", 1981) he was involved in a fight scene with an elephant.", "In one of his final stunt scenes, in Ariyappedatha Rahasyam (\"Secret never known\", 1981) he was involved in a fight scene with an elephant. Influence on Malayalam cinema The meteoric rise of Jayan had literally a texture changing impact on the Malayalam film industry.", "Influence on Malayalam cinema The meteoric rise of Jayan had literally a texture changing impact on the Malayalam film industry. It changed forever the hero concept that existed previously for many years and gave rise to a new genre of film characters with more manly characteristics.", "It changed forever the hero concept that existed previously for many years and gave rise to a new genre of film characters with more manly characteristics. Memorable roles Most critics often consider Jayan's main hero role in Sharapancjaram, Angadi, Venalil Oru Mazha and Puthiya Velicham to be his best.", "Memorable roles Most critics often consider Jayan's main hero role in Sharapancjaram, Angadi, Venalil Oru Mazha and Puthiya Velicham to be his best. His most popular character may be the educated labourer in Angadi.", "His most popular character may be the educated labourer in Angadi. The sage's role played by him in Etho Oru Swapnam was well appreciated by critics and would easily feature among his most memorable roles. The supporting role in Kannappanunni, Thacholi Ambu, the villainous ranger in Panchami and the rapist in Kanthavalayam are also critically acclaimed performances.", "The supporting role in Kannappanunni, Thacholi Ambu, the villainous ranger in Panchami and the rapist in Kanthavalayam are also critically acclaimed performances. Some other popular roles were in films like Idimuzhakkam, Venalil Oru Mazha, Ithikkara Pakki, Mamangam, Puthiya Velicham, Karimpana, Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam, Chaakara and Kazhukan.", "Some other popular roles were in films like Idimuzhakkam, Venalil Oru Mazha, Ithikkara Pakki, Mamangam, Puthiya Velicham, Karimpana, Ariyapedatha Rahasiyam, Chaakara and Kazhukan. While acknowledging his undisputed popularity as a commercial superstar that has never faded over time, general critical opinion on his skills as an actor is divided.", "While acknowledging his undisputed popularity as a commercial superstar that has never faded over time, general critical opinion on his skills as an actor is divided. While there are criticisms from some corners that he depended more on his features such as his catching physique, bass voice, personal charisma, unique style and mannerisms to garner attention, many others rate him as a great actor who developed his own unique style to leave a lasting impression on every single role he took up.", "While there are criticisms from some corners that he depended more on his features such as his catching physique, bass voice, personal charisma, unique style and mannerisms to garner attention, many others rate him as a great actor who developed his own unique style to leave a lasting impression on every single role he took up. The fact that his peak time as an actor lasted only a few years is often pointed out in reply to criticisms, and considering the short period of his active film career, he may have delivered more critically appreciated performances than most of his contemporaries.", "The fact that his peak time as an actor lasted only a few years is often pointed out in reply to criticisms, and considering the short period of his active film career, he may have delivered more critically appreciated performances than most of his contemporaries. But these were always under the shadow of a large majority of films that were able to achieve commercial success capitalising on his drawing power, but had weak plots and less critical acclaim.", "But these were always under the shadow of a large majority of films that were able to achieve commercial success capitalising on his drawing power, but had weak plots and less critical acclaim. Some believe that if he'd had a longer career, he would have eventually transformed into a great character actor over time who could excel in commercial and parallel streams alike, after a period of decline in Malayalam films that followed Sathyan's demise.", "Some believe that if he'd had a longer career, he would have eventually transformed into a great character actor over time who could excel in commercial and parallel streams alike, after a period of decline in Malayalam films that followed Sathyan's demise. His most popular films like Sharapancjaram and Angadi were both critical and commercial successes.", "His most popular films like Sharapancjaram and Angadi were both critical and commercial successes. Though he is remembered as an icon of commercial cinema, due to the short span of his career and the generic nature of commercial hero roles of the time, his actual acting talents may have been largely underutilised.", "Though he is remembered as an icon of commercial cinema, due to the short span of his career and the generic nature of commercial hero roles of the time, his actual acting talents may have been largely underutilised. Song sequences Film songs are an integral part of Indian cinema and the same is true for Malayalam films.", "Song sequences Film songs are an integral part of Indian cinema and the same is true for Malayalam films. Jayan has acted in several memorable song sequences which bring about nostalgic memories about the actor. Song sequences in Jayan films also helped shape the future film song sector in commercial cinema.", "Song sequences in Jayan films also helped shape the future film song sector in commercial cinema. The song \"Kannum Kannum\" in the film Angadi presents one of the most popular song sequences in Malayalam cinema involving Jayan and Seema. Its success led to the teaming together of this pair in numerous movies.", "Its success led to the teaming together of this pair in numerous movies. Another popular song involving the Jayan-Seema pair is \"Kasthuri Manmizhi\" from the movie Manushya Mrugam. A song that hit tremendous popularity was \"Cham Chacha Chum Chacha\" in Love in Singapore and Kombil Kilukkum ketti in \"Karimpana\".", "A song that hit tremendous popularity was \"Cham Chacha Chum Chacha\" in Love in Singapore and Kombil Kilukkum ketti in \"Karimpana\". The mass popularity of this song sequence later inspired a whole new category of film songs with lyrics that lack any particular meaning, but with a fast beat and dance appeal that came to be known as \"Adipoli\" songs.", "The mass popularity of this song sequence later inspired a whole new category of film songs with lyrics that lack any particular meaning, but with a fast beat and dance appeal that came to be known as \"Adipoli\" songs. There is a song in the film Etho Oru Swapnam called \"Oru Mugham Mathram Kannil\", which became popular due to its melodious and nostalgic nature.", "There is a song in the film Etho Oru Swapnam called \"Oru Mugham Mathram Kannil\", which became popular due to its melodious and nostalgic nature. \"Ezham Malika Mele\" from Sarppam, directed by Baby was a superhit song paired by Jayan and Seema.", "\"Ezham Malika Mele\" from Sarppam, directed by Baby was a superhit song paired by Jayan and Seema. Another hit from this team was \"Pournami Penne\" in Arifa hassan's Benz Vasu and it was hummed by the youth of that time.", "Another hit from this team was \"Pournami Penne\" in Arifa hassan's Benz Vasu and it was hummed by the youth of that time. Memorials Kollam District panchayath and Government of Kerala built a new conference hall near to Kollam District panchayath office in Kollam municipal corporation as a memorial to the legend actor.", "Memorials Kollam District panchayath and Government of Kerala built a new conference hall near to Kollam District panchayath office in Kollam municipal corporation as a memorial to the legend actor. The hall is named as \"Jayan Memorial Hall\". It was inaugurated on 12 September 2020.", "It was inaugurated on 12 September 2020. There is a Jayan memorial Arts & Sports club functioning at Thevally near the actor's hometown. The residential area at his birthplace has been renamed \"Olayil Jayan Nagar\" in his honour.", "The residential area at his birthplace has been renamed \"Olayil Jayan Nagar\" in his honour. Jayan Cultural Forum Jayan Samskarika Vethi or Jayan Cultural Forum has been established recently, which consists of his fans and well wishers.", "Jayan Cultural Forum Jayan Samskarika Vethi or Jayan Cultural Forum has been established recently, which consists of his fans and well wishers. It is headed by the actor's nephew Kannan Nair, and aims at uniting his diverse fan base consisting of young and old people from several generations under a single platform.", "It is headed by the actor's nephew Kannan Nair, and aims at uniting his diverse fan base consisting of young and old people from several generations under a single platform. Activities include organising anniversary functions and memorial programs, facilitating his coworkers, maintaining the actor's website and official profiles and charity work.", "Activities include organising anniversary functions and memorial programs, facilitating his coworkers, maintaining the actor's website and official profiles and charity work. Monuments In 2009, an 8 ft high statue of the actor was erected in front of his house at Olayil, Kollam which is now a nursing home.", "Monuments In 2009, an 8 ft high statue of the actor was erected in front of his house at Olayil, Kollam which is now a nursing home. Efforts are being made to construct a permanent memorial at Mulankadakam where he was cremated, and also to open a library and museum near his home.", "Efforts are being made to construct a permanent memorial at Mulankadakam where he was cremated, and also to open a library and museum near his home. In media Media on Jayan A book titled Jayan Americayil? (Jayan in America?) came out in 1981 and had record sales at the time.", "came out in 1981 and had record sales at the time. It circulated the rumour that Jayan was alive in America with an injured eye and that it was a look-alike who was killed in the accident.", "It circulated the rumour that Jayan was alive in America with an injured eye and that it was a look-alike who was killed in the accident. Another book Jayante Maranam Kolapathakamo (Jayan's death, a murder) was also published in 1981, capitalising on the conspiracy theories and mystery surrounding the superstar's death.", "Another book Jayante Maranam Kolapathakamo (Jayan's death, a murder) was also published in 1981, capitalising on the conspiracy theories and mystery surrounding the superstar's death. The actor's life was serialised in a Malayalam film magazine and then brought out as Jayante Katha.", "The actor's life was serialised in a Malayalam film magazine and then brought out as Jayante Katha. An elaborate biography named Jayan : Abhralokathintey Ithihasa Naayakan is being completed and will reportedly be published in 2011. A documentary Jayan-The Man behind the Legend is under production and is set to be released in 2011.", "A documentary Jayan-The Man behind the Legend is under production and is set to be released in 2011. In popular culture Print media The actor's domination and commercial success in the 1970s is mentioned in the book Because I have a Voice. It focuses on Jayan's masculine image.", "It focuses on Jayan's masculine image. Jayan's famous emotional English dialogue in street slang is included at number 7 in Outlook magazine's Terrific 13 lists published in the 13th anniversary edition of the magazine, in the section '13 Cheesiest Chalkiest dialogues in Indian Cinema'.", "Jayan's famous emotional English dialogue in street slang is included at number 7 in Outlook magazine's Terrific 13 lists published in the 13th anniversary edition of the magazine, in the section '13 Cheesiest Chalkiest dialogues in Indian Cinema'. Films In the movie Aye Auto, there is a reference to Jayan's English dialogue in Angadi.", "Films In the movie Aye Auto, there is a reference to Jayan's English dialogue in Angadi. The movies Dupe Dupe Dupe and Aparanmaar Nagarathil had Jayan impersonators in the lead. In the film Pattanathil Bhootham, the popular Jayan song sequence Cham Chacha Chumchacha is played out with impersonation. The horse oiling scene from Sarapancharam is also reconstructed.", "The horse oiling scene from Sarapancharam is also reconstructed. In Chotta Mumbai, a Jayan-Nazir mixed song sequence is played out with Jayan attire used in the song sequence of the popular Nazir song Chettikulangara.", "In Chotta Mumbai, a Jayan-Nazir mixed song sequence is played out with Jayan attire used in the song sequence of the popular Nazir song Chettikulangara. In the film Shikkar, Jayan's image is used in the sets of a fight scene in a bid to stress the adventurous setting of the film.", "In the film Shikkar, Jayan's image is used in the sets of a fight scene in a bid to stress the adventurous setting of the film. In Thanthonni, Jayan's voice and dialogue tone is imitated. The film Valiyangadi was promoted as a sequel to Jayan's Angadi.", "The film Valiyangadi was promoted as a sequel to Jayan's Angadi. In the film Ennu Ninte Moideen, Jayan's stunt sequence and the celebrated row with \"Alavalathi Shaji\" from the film Lisa is shown in a theatre scene.", "In the film Ennu Ninte Moideen, Jayan's stunt sequence and the celebrated row with \"Alavalathi Shaji\" from the film Lisa is shown in a theatre scene. The famous song \"Kannum Kannum\" from Jayan's film Angadi is included with Mammooty impersonating Jayan's style in the film Venicile Vyapari.", "The famous song \"Kannum Kannum\" from Jayan's film Angadi is included with Mammooty impersonating Jayan's style in the film Venicile Vyapari. The recent hit Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan has the actor Siddique acting as an ardent fan of Jayan and impersonates his style for seeing his movies.", "The recent hit Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan has the actor Siddique acting as an ardent fan of Jayan and impersonates his style for seeing his movies. Return to the silver screen In December 2010, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his death, it was announced that a new movie with Jayan in the lead is in the works, using advanced animation and graphics technologies.", "Return to the silver screen In December 2010, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his death, it was announced that a new movie with Jayan in the lead is in the works, using advanced animation and graphics technologies. The movie, titled Avatharam (Incarnation), was announced to be directed by Vijeesh Mani and scripted by T. A. Shahid.", "The movie, titled Avatharam (Incarnation), was announced to be directed by Vijeesh Mani and scripted by T. A. Shahid. The project is inspired by the star's posthumous popularity as an action legend. It was announced that the actor would be brought back to the big screen by twelve top technicians from Hollywood.", "It was announced that the actor would be brought back to the big screen by twelve top technicians from Hollywood. Filmography See also Jayan quotes References External links Profile of Malayalam Actor Jayan Further reading http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=48 Jayan Nostalgia homepage at Manorama Online portal Image gallery Jayan Anniversary Special at Mathrubhumi portal \"Jayan: Love You All\" – an article in the November 2009 issue of Vanitha magazine 1980 deaths Male actors from Kollam Indian stunt performers Filmed deaths of entertainers 1939 births Male actors in Malayalam cinema Indian male film actors 20th-century Indian male actors Indian Navy personnel" ]

[ "Hey Jude", "Composition and structure", "how is the song composed?", "The Beatles first taped 25 takes of the song at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in London over two nights," ]

[ "Derivative Dribble is a blog written by Charles Davi focused on finance, particularly derivatives and structured products. The site explains how various financial instruments work and why they are used. Additionally, the site has many opinion pieces on how derivatives and structured products operate in the broader financial system.\n\nRecognition\nThe site is widely referenced in leading finance blogs and is syndicated on the Atlantic Monthly's Business Channel and Nouriel Roubini's RGE Monitor.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Derivative Dribble\n\nFinance websites", "In software engineering, structured analysis (SA) and structured design (SD) are methods for analyzing business requirements and developing specifications for converting practices into computer programs, hardware configurations, and related manual procedures.\n\nStructured analysis and design techniques are fundamental tools of systems analysis. They developed from classical systems analysis of the 1960s and 1970s.\n\nObjectives of structured analysis \nStructured analysis became popular in the 1980s and is still in use today. Structured analysis consists of interpreting the system concept (or real world situations) into data and control terminology represented by data flow diagrams. The flow of data and control from bubble to the data store to bubble can be difficult to track and the number of bubbles can increase.\n\nOne approach is to first define events from the outside world that require the system to react, then assign a bubble to that event. Bubbles that need to interact are then connected until the system is defined. Bubbles are usually grouped into higher level bubbles to decrease complexity. Data dictionaries are needed to describe the data and command flows, and a process specification is needed to capture the transaction/transformation information.\n\nSA and SD are displayed with structure charts, data flow diagrams and data model diagrams, of which there were many variations, including those developed by Tom DeMarco, Ken Orr, Larry Constantine, Vaughn Frick, Ed Yourdon, Steven Ward, Peter Chen, and others.\n\nThese techniques were combined in various published system development methodologies, including structured systems analysis and design method, profitable information by design (PRIDE), Nastec structured analysis & design, SDM/70 and the Spectrum structured system development methodology.\n\nHistory \nStructured analysis is part of a series of structured methods that represent a collection of analysis, design, and programming techniques that were developed in response to the problems facing the software world from the 1960s to the 1980s. In this timeframe most commercial programming was done in Cobol and Fortran, then C and BASIC. There was little guidance on \"good\" design and programming techniques, and there were no standard techniques for documenting requirements and designs. Systems were getting larger and more complex, and the information system development became harder and harder to do so.\"\n\nAs a way to help manage large and complex software, the following structured methods emerged since the end of the 1960s:\n Structured programming in circa 1967 with Edsger Dijkstra - \"Go To Statement Considered Harmful\"\n Niklaus Wirth Stepwise design in 1971\n Nassi–Shneiderman diagram in 1972\n Warnier/Orr diagram in 1974 - \"Logical Construction of Programs\"\n HIPO in 1974 - IBM Hierarchy input-process-output (though this should really be output-input-process)\n Structured design around 1975 with Larry Constantine, Ed Yourdon and Wayne Stevens.\n Jackson structured programming in circa 1975 developed by Michael A. Jackson\n Structured analysis in circa 1978 with Tom DeMarco, Edward Yourdon, Gane & Sarson, McMenamin & Palmer.\n Structured analysis and design technique (SADT) developed by Douglas T. Ross\n Yourdon structured method developed by Edward Yourdon.\n Structured analysis and system specification published in 1978 by Tom DeMarco.\n Structured systems analysis and design method (SSADM) first presented in 1983 developed by the UK Office of Government Commerce.\nEssential Systems Analysis, proposed by Stephen M. McMenamin and John F. Palmer\n IDEF0 based on SADT, developed by Douglas T. Ross in 1985.\nHatley-Pirbhai modeling, defined in \"Strategies for Real-Time System Specification\" by Derek J. Hatley and Imtiaz A. Pirbhai in 1988.\nModern Structured Analysis, developed by Edward Yourdon, after Essential System Analysis was published, and published in 1989.\nInformation technology engineering in circa 1990 with Finkelstein and popularised by James Martin.\n\nAccording to Hay (1999) \"information engineering was a logical extension of the structured techniques that were developed during the 1970s. Structured programming led to structured design, which in turn led to structured systems analysis. These techniques were characterized by their use of diagrams: structure charts for structured design, and data flow diagrams for structured analysis, both to aid in communication between users and developers, and to improve the analyst's and the designer's discipline. During the 1980s, tools began to appear which both automated the drawing of the diagrams, and kept track of the things drawn in a data dictionary\". After the example of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), the use of these tools was named computer-aided software engineering (CASE).\n\nStructured analysis topics\n\nSingle abstraction mechanism \n\nStructured analysis typically creates a hierarchy employing a single abstraction mechanism. The structured analysis method can employ IDEF (see figure), is process driven, and starts with a purpose and a viewpoint. This method identifies the overall function and iteratively divides functions into smaller functions, preserving inputs, outputs, controls, and mechanisms necessary to optimize processes. Also known as a functional decomposition approach, it focuses on cohesion within functions and coupling between functions leading to structured data.\n\nThe functional decomposition of the structured method describes the process without delineating system behavior and dictates system structure in the form of required functions. The method identifies inputs and outputs as related to the activities. One reason for the popularity of structured analysis is its intuitive ability to communicate high-level processes and concepts, whether in single system or enterprise levels. Discovering how objects might support functions for commercially prevalent object-oriented development is unclear. In contrast to IDEF, the UML is interface driven with multiple abstraction mechanisms useful in describing service-oriented architectures (SOAs).\n\nApproach \nStructured analysis views a system from the perspective of the data flowing through it. The function of the system is described by processes that transform the data flows. Structured analysis takes advantage of information hiding through successive decomposition (or top down) analysis. This allows attention to be focused on pertinent details and avoids confusion from looking at irrelevant details. As the level of detail increases, the breadth of information is reduced. The result of structured analysis is a set of related graphical diagrams, process descriptions, and data definitions. They describe the transformations that need to take place and the data required to meet a system's functional requirements.\n\nDe Marco's approach consists of the following objects (see figure):\n Context diagram\n Data flow diagram\n Process specifications\n Data dictionary\n\nHereby the data flow diagrams (DFDs) are directed graphs. The arcs represent data, and the nodes (circles or bubbles) represent processes that transform the data. A process can be further decomposed to a more detailed DFD which shows the subprocesses and data flows within it. The subprocesses can in turn be decomposed further with another set of DFDs until their functions can be easily understood. Functional primitives are processes which do not need to be decomposed further. Functional primitives are described by a process specification (or mini-spec). The process specification can consist of pseudo-code, flowcharts, or structured English. The DFDs model the structure of the system as a network of interconnected processes composed of functional primitives. The data dictionary is a set of entries (definitions) of data flows, data elements, files, and databases. The data dictionary entries are partitioned in a top-down manner. They can be referenced in other data dictionary entries and in data flow diagrams.\n\nContext diagram \n\nContext diagrams are diagrams that represent the actors outside a system that could interact with that system. This diagram is the highest level view of a system, similar to block diagram, showing a, possibly software-based, system as a whole and its inputs and outputs from/to external factors.\n\nThis type of diagram according to Kossiakoff (2003) usually \"pictures the system at the center, with no details of its interior structure, surrounded by all its interacting systems, environment and activities. The objective of a system context diagram is to focus attention on external factors and events that should be considered in developing a complete set of system requirements and constraints\". System context diagrams are related to data flow diagram, and show the interactions between a system and other actors which the system is designed to face. System context diagrams can be helpful in understanding the context in which the system will be part of software engineering.\n\nData dictionary \n \nA data dictionary or database dictionary is a file that defines the basic organization of a database. A database dictionary contains a list of all files in the database, the number of records in each file, and the names and types of each data field. Most database management systems keep the data dictionary hidden from users to prevent them from accidentally destroying its contents. Data dictionaries do not contain any actual data from the database, only bookkeeping information for managing it. Without a data dictionary, however, a database management system cannot access data from the database.\n\nDatabase users and application developers can benefit from an authoritative data dictionary document that catalogs the organization, contents, and conventions of one or more databases. This typically includes the names and descriptions of various tables and fields in each database, plus additional details, like the type and length of each data element. There is no universal standard as to the level of detail in such a document, but it is primarily a distillation of metadata about database structure, not the data itself. A data dictionary document also may include further information describing how data elements are encoded. One of the advantages of well-designed data dictionary documentation is that it helps to establish consistency throughout a complex database, or across a large collection of federated databases.\n\nData flow diagrams \n\nA data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the \"flow\" of data through an information system. It differs from the system flowchart as it shows the flow of data through processes instead of computer hardware. Data flow diagrams were invented by Larry Constantine, developer of structured design, based on Martin and Estrin's \"data flow graph\" model of computation.\n\nIt is common practice to draw a system context diagram first which shows the interaction between the system and outside entities. The DFD is designed to show how a system is divided into smaller portions and to highlight the flow of data between those parts. This context-level data flow diagram is then \"exploded\" to show more detail of the system being modeled.\n\nData flow diagrams (DFDs) are one of the three essential perspectives of structured systems analysis and design method (SSADM). The sponsor of a project and the end users will need to be briefed and consulted throughout all stages of a system's evolution. With a data flow diagram, users are able to visualize how the system will operate, what the system will accomplish, and how the system will be implemented. The old system's data flow diagrams can be drawn up and compared with the new system's data flow diagrams to draw comparisons to implement a more efficient system. Data flow diagrams can be used to provide the end user with a physical idea of where the data they input ultimately has an effect upon the structure of the whole system from order to dispatch to recook. How any system is developed can be determined through a data flow diagram.\n\nStructure chart \n\nA structure chart (SC) is a chart that shows the breakdown of the configuration system to the lowest manageable levels. This chart is used in structured programming to arrange the program modules in a tree structure. Each module is represented by a box which contains the name of the modules. The tree structure visualizes the relationships between the modules.\n\nStructure charts are used in structured analysis to specify the high-level design, or architecture, of a computer program. As a design tool, they aid the programmer in dividing and conquering a large software problem, that is, recursively breaking a problem down into parts that are small enough to be understood by a human brain. The process is called top-down design, or functional decomposition. Programmers use a structure chart to build a program in a manner similar to how an architect uses a blueprint to build a house. In the design stage, the chart is drawn and used as a way for the client and the various software designers to communicate. During the actual building of the program (implementation), the chart is continually referred to as the master-plan.\n\nStructured design \nStructured design (SD) is concerned with the development of modules and the synthesis of these modules in a so-called \"module hierarchy\". In order to design optimal module structure and interfaces two principles are crucial: \n Cohesion which is \"concerned with the grouping of functionally related processes into a particular module\", and\n Coupling relates to \"the flow of information or parameters passed between modules. Optimal coupling reduces the interfaces of modules and the resulting complexity of the software\".\n\nStructured design was developed by Larry Constantine in the late 1960s, then refined and published with collaborators in the 1970s; see Larry Constantine: structured design for details. has proposed his own approach which consists of three main objects : \n structure charts \n module specifications \n data dictionary. \nThe structure chart aims to show \"the module hierarchy or calling sequence relationship of modules. There is a module specification for each module shown on the structure chart. The module specifications can be composed of pseudo-code or a program design language. The data dictionary is like that of structured analysis. At this stage in the software development lifecycle, after analysis and design have been performed, it is possible to automatically generate data type declarations\", and procedure or subroutine templates.\n\nCriticisms \nProblems with data flow diagrams have included the following: \n Choosing bubbles appropriately\n Partitioning bubbles in a meaningful and mutually agreed upon manner,\n Documentation size needed to understand the Data Flows,\n Data flow diagrams are strongly functional in nature and thus subject to frequent change\n Though \"data\" flow is emphasized, \"data\" modeling is not, so there is little understanding the subject matter of the system\n Customers have difficulty following how the concept is mapped into data flows and bubbles\n Designers must shift the DFD organization into an implementable format\n\nSee also \n Event partitioning\n Flow-based programming\n HIPO\n Jackson structured programming\n Prosa Structured Analysis Tool\n Soft systems methodology\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n \n \n Tom DeMarco (1978). Structured Analysis and System Specification. Yourdon. \n \n Derek J. Hatley, Imtiaz A. Pirbhai (1988). Strategies for Real Time System Specification. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. \n Stephen J. Mellor und Paul T. Ward (1986). Structured Development for Real-Time Systems: Implementation Modeling Techniques: 003. Prentice Hall. \n Edward Yourdon (1989). Modern Structured Analysis, Yourdon Press Computing Series, 1989, \n Keith Edwards (1993). Real-Time Structured Methods, System Analysis. Wiley.\n\nExternal links\n\n Structured Analysis Wiki\n Three views of structured analysis CRaG Systems, 2004.\n\nSoftware design\nEdsger W. Dijkstra" ]

[ "\"Hey Jude\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was released as a non-album single in August 1968. It was written by Paul McCartney and credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership.", "It was written by Paul McCartney and credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership. The single was the Beatles' first release on their Apple record label and one of the \"First Four\" singles by Apple's roster of artists, marking the label's public launch.", "The single was the Beatles' first release on their Apple record label and one of the \"First Four\" singles by Apple's roster of artists, marking the label's public launch. \"Hey Jude\" was a number-one hit in many countries around the world and became the year's top-selling single in the UK, the US, Australia and Canada.", "\"Hey Jude\" was a number-one hit in many countries around the world and became the year's top-selling single in the UK, the US, Australia and Canada. Its nine-week run at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 tied the all-time record in 1968 for the longest run at the top of the US charts, a record it held for nine years.", "Its nine-week run at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 tied the all-time record in 1968 for the longest run at the top of the US charts, a record it held for nine years. It has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on music critics' lists of the greatest songs of all time.", "It has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on music critics' lists of the greatest songs of all time. The writing and recording of \"Hey Jude\" coincided with a period of upheaval in the Beatles.", "The writing and recording of \"Hey Jude\" coincided with a period of upheaval in the Beatles. The ballad evolved from \"Hey Jules\", a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon's young son Julian, after Lennon had left his wife for the Japanese artist Yoko Ono.", "The ballad evolved from \"Hey Jules\", a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon's young son Julian, after Lennon had left his wife for the Japanese artist Yoko Ono. The lyrics espouse a positive outlook on a sad situation, while also encouraging \"Jude\" to pursue his opportunities to find love.", "The lyrics espouse a positive outlook on a sad situation, while also encouraging \"Jude\" to pursue his opportunities to find love. After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a coda featuring a \"Na-na-na na\" refrain that lasts for over four minutes.", "After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a coda featuring a \"Na-na-na na\" refrain that lasts for over four minutes. \"Hey Jude\" was the first Beatles song to be recorded on eight-track recording equipment.", "\"Hey Jude\" was the first Beatles song to be recorded on eight-track recording equipment. The sessions took place at Trident Studios in central London, midway through the recording of the group's self-titled double album (also known as the \"White Album\"), and led to an argument between McCartney and George Harrison over the song's guitar part.", "The sessions took place at Trident Studios in central London, midway through the recording of the group's self-titled double album (also known as the \"White Album\"), and led to an argument between McCartney and George Harrison over the song's guitar part. Ringo Starr later left the band only to return shortly before they filmed the promotional clip for the single.", "Ringo Starr later left the band only to return shortly before they filmed the promotional clip for the single. The clip was directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg and first aired on David Frost's UK television show.", "The clip was directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg and first aired on David Frost's UK television show. Contrasting with the problems afflicting the band, this performance captured the song's theme of optimism and togetherness by featuring the studio audience joining the Beatles as they sang the coda.", "Contrasting with the problems afflicting the band, this performance captured the song's theme of optimism and togetherness by featuring the studio audience joining the Beatles as they sang the coda. At over seven minutes in length, \"Hey Jude\" was the longest single to top the British charts up to that time.", "At over seven minutes in length, \"Hey Jude\" was the longest single to top the British charts up to that time. Its arrangement and extended coda encouraged many imitative works through to the early 1970s. In 2013, Billboard magazine named it the 11th \"biggest\" song of all time in terms of chart success.", "In 2013, Billboard magazine named it the 11th \"biggest\" song of all time in terms of chart success. McCartney has continued to perform \"Hey Jude\" in concert since Lennon's death in 1980, leading audiences in singing the coda.", "McCartney has continued to perform \"Hey Jude\" in concert since Lennon's death in 1980, leading audiences in singing the coda. Julian Lennon and McCartney have each bid successfully at auction for items of memorabilia related to the song's creation.", "Julian Lennon and McCartney have each bid successfully at auction for items of memorabilia related to the song's creation. Inspiration and writing In May 1968, John Lennon and his wife Cynthia separated due to his affair with Japanese artist Yoko Ono.", "Inspiration and writing In May 1968, John Lennon and his wife Cynthia separated due to his affair with Japanese artist Yoko Ono. The following month, Paul McCartney drove out to visit the Lennons' five-year-old son Julian, at Kenwood, the family's home in Weybridge.", "The following month, Paul McCartney drove out to visit the Lennons' five-year-old son Julian, at Kenwood, the family's home in Weybridge. Cynthia had been part of the Beatles' social circle since before the band's rise to fame in 1963; McCartney later said he found it \"a bit much for them suddenly to be personae non gratae and out of my life\".", "Cynthia had been part of the Beatles' social circle since before the band's rise to fame in 1963; McCartney later said he found it \"a bit much for them suddenly to be personae non gratae and out of my life\". Cynthia Lennon recalled of McCartney's surprise visit: \"I was touched by his obvious concern for our welfare ... On the journey down he composed 'Hey Jude' in the car.", "Cynthia Lennon recalled of McCartney's surprise visit: \"I was touched by his obvious concern for our welfare ... On the journey down he composed 'Hey Jude' in the car. I will never forget Paul's gesture of care and concern in coming to see us.\"", "I will never forget Paul's gesture of care and concern in coming to see us.\" The song's original title was \"Hey Jules\", and it was intended to comfort Julian from the stress of his parents' separation.", "The song's original title was \"Hey Jules\", and it was intended to comfort Julian from the stress of his parents' separation. McCartney said, \"I knew it was not going to be easy for him\", and that he changed the name to \"Jude\" \"because I thought that sounded a bit better\".", "McCartney said, \"I knew it was not going to be easy for him\", and that he changed the name to \"Jude\" \"because I thought that sounded a bit better\". According to music journalist Chris Hunt, in the weeks after writing the song, McCartney \"test[ed] his latest composition on anyone too polite to refuse.", "According to music journalist Chris Hunt, in the weeks after writing the song, McCartney \"test[ed] his latest composition on anyone too polite to refuse. And that meant everyone.\"", "And that meant everyone.\" And that meant everyone.\" On 30 June, after recording the Black Dyke Mills Band's rendition of his instrumental \"Thingumybob\" in Yorkshire, McCartney stopped at the village of Harrold in Bedfordshire and performed \"Hey Jude\" at a local pub.", "On 30 June, after recording the Black Dyke Mills Band's rendition of his instrumental \"Thingumybob\" in Yorkshire, McCartney stopped at the village of Harrold in Bedfordshire and performed \"Hey Jude\" at a local pub. He also regaled members of the Bonzo Dog Band with the song while producing their single \"I'm the Urban Spaceman\", in London, and interrupted a recording session by the Barron Knights to do the same.", "He also regaled members of the Bonzo Dog Band with the song while producing their single \"I'm the Urban Spaceman\", in London, and interrupted a recording session by the Barron Knights to do the same. Ron Griffith of the group the Iveys – soon to be known as Badfinger and, like the Black Dyke Mills Band, an early signing to the Beatles' new record label Apple Records – recalled that on one of their first days in the studio, McCartney \"gave us a full concert rendition of 'Hey Jude'\".", "Ron Griffith of the group the Iveys – soon to be known as Badfinger and, like the Black Dyke Mills Band, an early signing to the Beatles' new record label Apple Records – recalled that on one of their first days in the studio, McCartney \"gave us a full concert rendition of 'Hey Jude'\". The intensity of Lennon and Ono's relationship made any songwriting collaboration between Lennon and McCartney impossible.", "The intensity of Lennon and Ono's relationship made any songwriting collaboration between Lennon and McCartney impossible. Keen to support his friend nevertheless, McCartney let the couple stay at his house in St John's Wood, but when Lennon discovered a note written by McCartney containing disparaging and racist comments about Ono, the couple moved out.", "Keen to support his friend nevertheless, McCartney let the couple stay at his house in St John's Wood, but when Lennon discovered a note written by McCartney containing disparaging and racist comments about Ono, the couple moved out. McCartney presented \"Hey Jude\" to Lennon on 26 July, when he and Ono visited McCartney's home.", "McCartney presented \"Hey Jude\" to Lennon on 26 July, when he and Ono visited McCartney's home. McCartney assured him that he would \"fix\" the line \"the movement you need is on your shoulder\", reasoning that \"it's a stupid expression; it sounds like a parrot.\"", "McCartney assured him that he would \"fix\" the line \"the movement you need is on your shoulder\", reasoning that \"it's a stupid expression; it sounds like a parrot.\" According to McCartney, Lennon replied: \"You won't, you know. That's the best line in the song.\"", "That's the best line in the song.\" McCartney retained the phrase. Although McCartney originally wrote \"Hey Jude\" for Julian, Lennon thought it had actually been written for him.", "Although McCartney originally wrote \"Hey Jude\" for Julian, Lennon thought it had actually been written for him. In a 1980 interview, Lennon stated that he \"always heard it as a song to me\" and contended that, on one level, McCartney was giving his blessing to Lennon and Ono's relationship, while, on another, he was disappointed to be usurped as Lennon's friend and creative partner.", "In a 1980 interview, Lennon stated that he \"always heard it as a song to me\" and contended that, on one level, McCartney was giving his blessing to Lennon and Ono's relationship, while, on another, he was disappointed to be usurped as Lennon's friend and creative partner. Other people believed McCartney wrote the song about them, including Judith Simons, a journalist with the Daily Express.", "Other people believed McCartney wrote the song about them, including Judith Simons, a journalist with the Daily Express. Still others, including Lennon, have speculated that in the lyrics to \"Hey Jude\", McCartney's failing long-term relationship with Jane Asher provided an unconscious \"message to himself\".", "Still others, including Lennon, have speculated that in the lyrics to \"Hey Jude\", McCartney's failing long-term relationship with Jane Asher provided an unconscious \"message to himself\". McCartney and Asher had announced their engagement on 25 December 1967, yet he began an affair with Linda Eastman in June 1968; that same month, Francie Schwartz, an American who was in London to discuss a film proposal with Apple, began living with McCartney in St John's Wood.", "McCartney and Asher had announced their engagement on 25 December 1967, yet he began an affair with Linda Eastman in June 1968; that same month, Francie Schwartz, an American who was in London to discuss a film proposal with Apple, began living with McCartney in St John's Wood. When Lennon mentioned that he thought the song was about him and Ono, McCartney denied it and told Lennon he had written the song about himself.", "When Lennon mentioned that he thought the song was about him and Ono, McCartney denied it and told Lennon he had written the song about himself. Author Mark Hertsgaard has commented that \"many of the song's lyrics do seem directed more at a grown man on the verge of a powerful new love, especially the lines 'you have found her now go and get her' and 'you're waiting for someone to perform with.'\"", "Author Mark Hertsgaard has commented that \"many of the song's lyrics do seem directed more at a grown man on the verge of a powerful new love, especially the lines 'you have found her now go and get her' and 'you're waiting for someone to perform with.'\" Music critic and author Tim Riley writes: \"If the song is about self-worth and self-consolation in the face of hardship, the vocal performance itself conveys much of the journey.", "Music critic and author Tim Riley writes: \"If the song is about self-worth and self-consolation in the face of hardship, the vocal performance itself conveys much of the journey. He begins by singing to comfort someone else, finds himself weighing his own feelings in the process, and finally, in the repeated refrains that nurture his own approbation, he comes to believe in himself.\"", "He begins by singing to comfort someone else, finds himself weighing his own feelings in the process, and finally, in the repeated refrains that nurture his own approbation, he comes to believe in himself.\" Production EMI rehearsals Having earmarked the song for release as a single, the Beatles recorded \"Hey Jude\" during the sessions for their self-titled double album, commonly known as \"the White Album\".", "Production EMI rehearsals Having earmarked the song for release as a single, the Beatles recorded \"Hey Jude\" during the sessions for their self-titled double album, commonly known as \"the White Album\". The sessions were marked by an element of discord within the group for the first time, partly as a result of Ono's constant presence at Lennon's side.", "The sessions were marked by an element of discord within the group for the first time, partly as a result of Ono's constant presence at Lennon's side. The strained relations were also reflective of the four band members' divergence following their communal trip to Rishikesh in the spring of 1968 to study Transcendental Meditation.", "The strained relations were also reflective of the four band members' divergence following their communal trip to Rishikesh in the spring of 1968 to study Transcendental Meditation. The Beatles first taped 25 takes of the song at EMI Studios in London over two nights, 29 and 30 July 1968, with George Martin as their producer.", "The Beatles first taped 25 takes of the song at EMI Studios in London over two nights, 29 and 30 July 1968, with George Martin as their producer. These dates served as rehearsals, however, since they planned to record the master track at Trident Studios to utilise their eight-track recording machine (EMI was still limited to four-tracks).", "These dates served as rehearsals, however, since they planned to record the master track at Trident Studios to utilise their eight-track recording machine (EMI was still limited to four-tracks). The first two takes from 29 July, which author and critic Kenneth Womack describes as a \"jovial\" session, have been released on the 50th Anniversary box set of the White Album in 2018 and the Anthology 3 compilation in 1996, respectively.", "The first two takes from 29 July, which author and critic Kenneth Womack describes as a \"jovial\" session, have been released on the 50th Anniversary box set of the White Album in 2018 and the Anthology 3 compilation in 1996, respectively. The 30 July rehearsals were filmed for a short documentary titled Music!, which was produced by the National Music Council of Great Britain.", "The 30 July rehearsals were filmed for a short documentary titled Music!, which was produced by the National Music Council of Great Britain. This was the first time that the Beatles had permitted a camera crew to film them developing a song in the studio.", "This was the first time that the Beatles had permitted a camera crew to film them developing a song in the studio. The film shows only three of the Beatles performing \"Hey Jude\", as George Harrison remained in the studio control room, with Martin and EMI recording engineer Ken Scott.", "The film shows only three of the Beatles performing \"Hey Jude\", as George Harrison remained in the studio control room, with Martin and EMI recording engineer Ken Scott. During the rehearsals that day, Harrison and McCartney had a heated disagreement over the lead guitar part for the song.", "During the rehearsals that day, Harrison and McCartney had a heated disagreement over the lead guitar part for the song. Harrison's idea was to play a guitar phrase as a response to each line of the vocal, which did not fit with McCartney's conception of the song's arrangement, and he vetoed it.", "Harrison's idea was to play a guitar phrase as a response to each line of the vocal, which did not fit with McCartney's conception of the song's arrangement, and he vetoed it. Author Simon Leng views this as indicative of how Harrison was increasingly allowed little room to develop ideas on McCartney compositions, whereas he was free to create empathetic guitar parts for Lennon's songs of the period.", "Author Simon Leng views this as indicative of how Harrison was increasingly allowed little room to develop ideas on McCartney compositions, whereas he was free to create empathetic guitar parts for Lennon's songs of the period. In a 1994 interview, McCartney said, \"looking back on it, I think, Okay.", "In a 1994 interview, McCartney said, \"looking back on it, I think, Okay. Well, it was bossy, but it was ballsy of me, because I could have bowed to the pressure.\"", "Well, it was bossy, but it was ballsy of me, because I could have bowed to the pressure.\" Ron Richards, a record producer who worked for Martin at both Parlophone and AIR Studios, said McCartney was \"oblivious to anyone else's feelings in the studio\", and that he was driven to making the best possible record, at almost any cost.", "Ron Richards, a record producer who worked for Martin at both Parlophone and AIR Studios, said McCartney was \"oblivious to anyone else's feelings in the studio\", and that he was driven to making the best possible record, at almost any cost. Trident Studios recording The Beatles recorded the master track for \"Hey Jude\" at Trident, where McCartney and Harrison had each produced sessions for their Apple artists, on 31 July.", "Trident Studios recording The Beatles recorded the master track for \"Hey Jude\" at Trident, where McCartney and Harrison had each produced sessions for their Apple artists, on 31 July. Trident's founder, Norman Sheffield, recalled that Mal Evans, the Beatles' aide and former roadie, insisted that some marijuana plants he had brought be placed in the studio to make the place \"soft\", consistent with the band's wishes.", "Trident's founder, Norman Sheffield, recalled that Mal Evans, the Beatles' aide and former roadie, insisted that some marijuana plants he had brought be placed in the studio to make the place \"soft\", consistent with the band's wishes. Barry Sheffield served as recording engineer for the session.", "Barry Sheffield served as recording engineer for the session. The line-up on the basic track was McCartney on piano and lead vocal, Lennon on acoustic guitar, Harrison on electric guitar, and Ringo Starr on drums. The Beatles recorded four takes of \"Hey Jude\", the first of which was selected as the master.", "The Beatles recorded four takes of \"Hey Jude\", the first of which was selected as the master. With drums intended to be absent for the first two verses, McCartney began this take unaware that Starr had just left for a toilet break.", "With drums intended to be absent for the first two verses, McCartney began this take unaware that Starr had just left for a toilet break. Starr soon returned – \"tiptoeing past my back rather quickly\", in McCartney's recollection – and performed his cue perfectly.", "Starr soon returned – \"tiptoeing past my back rather quickly\", in McCartney's recollection – and performed his cue perfectly. On 1 August, the group carried out overdubs on the basic track, again at Trident.", "On 1 August, the group carried out overdubs on the basic track, again at Trident. These additions included McCartney's lead vocal and bass guitar; backing vocals from Lennon, McCartney and Harrison; and tambourine, played by Starr.", "These additions included McCartney's lead vocal and bass guitar; backing vocals from Lennon, McCartney and Harrison; and tambourine, played by Starr. McCartney's vocal over the long coda, starting at around three minutes into the song, included a series of improvised shrieks that he later described as \"Cary Grant on heat!\"", "McCartney's vocal over the long coda, starting at around three minutes into the song, included a series of improvised shrieks that he later described as \"Cary Grant on heat!\" They then added a 36-piece orchestra over the coda, scored by Martin.", "They then added a 36-piece orchestra over the coda, scored by Martin. The orchestra consisted of ten violins, three violas, three cellos, two flutes, one contra bassoon, one bassoon, two clarinets, one contra bass clarinet, four trumpets, four trombones, two horns, percussion and two string basses.", "The orchestra consisted of ten violins, three violas, three cellos, two flutes, one contra bassoon, one bassoon, two clarinets, one contra bass clarinet, four trumpets, four trombones, two horns, percussion and two string basses. According to Norman Sheffield, there was dissension initially among the orchestral musicians, some of whom \"were looking down their noses at the Beatles, I think\".", "According to Norman Sheffield, there was dissension initially among the orchestral musicians, some of whom \"were looking down their noses at the Beatles, I think\". Sheffield recalls that McCartney ensured their cooperation by demanding: \"Do you guys want to get fucking paid or not?\"", "Sheffield recalls that McCartney ensured their cooperation by demanding: \"Do you guys want to get fucking paid or not?\" During the first few takes, McCartney was unhappy about the lack of energy and passion in the orchestra's performance, so he stood up on the grand piano and started conducting the musicians from there.", "During the first few takes, McCartney was unhappy about the lack of energy and passion in the orchestra's performance, so he stood up on the grand piano and started conducting the musicians from there. The Beatles then asked the orchestra members if they would clap their hands and sing along to the refrain in the coda.", "The Beatles then asked the orchestra members if they would clap their hands and sing along to the refrain in the coda. All but one of the musicians complied (for a double fee), with the abstainer reportedly saying, \"I'm not going to clap my hands and sing Paul McCartney's bloody song!\"", "All but one of the musicians complied (for a double fee), with the abstainer reportedly saying, \"I'm not going to clap my hands and sing Paul McCartney's bloody song!\" Apple Records assistant Chris O'Dell says she joined the cast of backing singers on the song; one of the label's first signings, Jackie Lomax, also recalled participating.", "Apple Records assistant Chris O'Dell says she joined the cast of backing singers on the song; one of the label's first signings, Jackie Lomax, also recalled participating. \"Hey Jude\" was the first Beatles song to be recorded on eight-track equipment. Trident Studios were paid £25 per hour by EMI for the sessions.", "Trident Studios were paid £25 per hour by EMI for the sessions. Sheffield said that the studio earned about £1,000 in total, but by having the Beatles record there, and in turn raving about the facility, the value was incalculable.", "Sheffield said that the studio earned about £1,000 in total, but by having the Beatles record there, and in turn raving about the facility, the value was incalculable. The band carried out further work at Trident during 1968, and Apple artists such as Lomax, Mary Hopkin, Billy Preston and the Iveys all recorded there over the next year.", "The band carried out further work at Trident during 1968, and Apple artists such as Lomax, Mary Hopkin, Billy Preston and the Iveys all recorded there over the next year. Mixing Scott, Martin and the Beatles mixed the finished recording at Abbey Road.", "Mixing Scott, Martin and the Beatles mixed the finished recording at Abbey Road. The transfer of the Trident master tape to acetate proved problematic due to the recording sounding murky when played back on EMI's equipment. The issue was resolved with the help of Geoff Emerick, whom Scott had recently replaced as the Beatles' principal recording engineer.", "The issue was resolved with the help of Geoff Emerick, whom Scott had recently replaced as the Beatles' principal recording engineer. Emerick happened to be visiting Abbey Road, having recently refused to work with the Beatles any longer, due to the tension and abuse that had become commonplace at their recording sessions.", "Emerick happened to be visiting Abbey Road, having recently refused to work with the Beatles any longer, due to the tension and abuse that had become commonplace at their recording sessions. A stereo mix of \"Hey Jude\" was then completed on 2 August and the mono version on 8 August.", "A stereo mix of \"Hey Jude\" was then completed on 2 August and the mono version on 8 August. Musicologist Walter Everett writes that the song's \"most commented-on feature\" is its considerable length, at 7:11.", "Musicologist Walter Everett writes that the song's \"most commented-on feature\" is its considerable length, at 7:11. Like McCartney, Martin was concerned that radio stations would not play the track because of the length, but Lennon insisted: \"They will if it's us.\"", "Like McCartney, Martin was concerned that radio stations would not play the track because of the length, but Lennon insisted: \"They will if it's us.\" According to Ken Mansfield, Apple's US manager, McCartney remained unconvinced until Mansfield previewed the record for some American disc jockeys and reported that they were highly enthusiastic about the song.", "According to Ken Mansfield, Apple's US manager, McCartney remained unconvinced until Mansfield previewed the record for some American disc jockeys and reported that they were highly enthusiastic about the song. \"Hey Jude\" was one second longer than Richard Harris's recent hit recording of \"MacArthur Park\", the composer of which, Jimmy Webb, was a visitor to the studio around this time.", "\"Hey Jude\" was one second longer than Richard Harris's recent hit recording of \"MacArthur Park\", the composer of which, Jimmy Webb, was a visitor to the studio around this time. According to Webb, Martin admitted to him that \"Hey Jude\" was only allowed to run over seven minutes because of the success of \"MacArthur Park\".", "According to Webb, Martin admitted to him that \"Hey Jude\" was only allowed to run over seven minutes because of the success of \"MacArthur Park\". Pleased with the result, McCartney played an acetate copy of \"Hey Jude\" at a party held by Mick Jagger, at Vesuvio's nightclub in central London, to celebrate the completion of the Rolling Stones' Beggars Banquet album.", "Pleased with the result, McCartney played an acetate copy of \"Hey Jude\" at a party held by Mick Jagger, at Vesuvio's nightclub in central London, to celebrate the completion of the Rolling Stones' Beggars Banquet album. The song upstaged the Stones' album and, in author John Winn's description, \"reportedly ruin[ed]\" the party.", "The song upstaged the Stones' album and, in author John Winn's description, \"reportedly ruin[ed]\" the party. In the song's final bridge section, at 2:58, the spoken phrase \"Fucking hell!\" appears, uttered by Lennon.", "appears, uttered by Lennon. appears, uttered by Lennon. Scott admits that although he was told about it, he could not hear the words originally.", "Scott admits that although he was told about it, he could not hear the words originally. Malcolm Toft, the mix engineer on the Trident recording, recalled that Lennon was overdubbing his harmony vocal when, in reaction to the volume being too loud in his headphones, he first called out \"Whoa!\"", "Malcolm Toft, the mix engineer on the Trident recording, recalled that Lennon was overdubbing his harmony vocal when, in reaction to the volume being too loud in his headphones, he first called out \"Whoa!\" then, two seconds later, swore as he pulled the headphones off.", "then, two seconds later, swore as he pulled the headphones off. Composition and structure \"Hey Jude\" begins with McCartney singing lead vocals and playing the piano. The patterns he plays are based on three chords: F, C and B (I, V and IV).", "The patterns he plays are based on three chords: F, C and B (I, V and IV). The main chord progression is \"flipped on its head\", in Hertsgaard's words, for the coda, since the C chord is replaced by E. Everett comments that McCartney's melody over the verses borrows in part from John Ireland's 1907 liturgical piece Te Deum, as well as (with the first change to a B chord) suggesting the influence of the Drifters' 1960 hit \"Save the Last Dance for Me\".", "The main chord progression is \"flipped on its head\", in Hertsgaard's words, for the coda, since the C chord is replaced by E. Everett comments that McCartney's melody over the verses borrows in part from John Ireland's 1907 liturgical piece Te Deum, as well as (with the first change to a B chord) suggesting the influence of the Drifters' 1960 hit \"Save the Last Dance for Me\". The second verse of the song adds accompaniment from acoustic guitar and tambourine.", "The second verse of the song adds accompaniment from acoustic guitar and tambourine. Tim Riley writes that, with the \"restrained tom-tom and cymbal fill\" that introduces the drum part, \"the piano shifts downward to add a flat seventh to the tonic chord, making the downbeat of the bridge the point of arrival ('And any time you feel the pain).\"", "Tim Riley writes that, with the \"restrained tom-tom and cymbal fill\" that introduces the drum part, \"the piano shifts downward to add a flat seventh to the tonic chord, making the downbeat of the bridge the point of arrival ('And any time you feel the pain).\" At the end of each bridge, McCartney sings a brief phrase (\"Na-na-na na …\"), supported by an electric guitar fill, before playing a piano fill that leads to the next verse.", "At the end of each bridge, McCartney sings a brief phrase (\"Na-na-na na …\"), supported by an electric guitar fill, before playing a piano fill that leads to the next verse. According to Riley, this vocal phrase serves to \"reorient the harmony for the verse as the piano figure turns upside down into a vocal aside\".", "According to Riley, this vocal phrase serves to \"reorient the harmony for the verse as the piano figure turns upside down into a vocal aside\". Additional musical details, such as tambourine on the third verse and subtle harmonies accompanying the lead vocal, are added to sustain interest throughout the four-verse, two-bridge song.", "Additional musical details, such as tambourine on the third verse and subtle harmonies accompanying the lead vocal, are added to sustain interest throughout the four-verse, two-bridge song. The verse-bridge structure persists for approximately three minutes, after which the band leads into a four-minute-long coda, consisting of nineteen rounds of the song's double plagal cadence.", "The verse-bridge structure persists for approximately three minutes, after which the band leads into a four-minute-long coda, consisting of nineteen rounds of the song's double plagal cadence. During this coda, the rest of the band, backed by an orchestra that also provides backing vocals, repeats the phrase \"Na-na-na na\" followed by the words \"hey Jude\" until the song gradually fades out.", "During this coda, the rest of the band, backed by an orchestra that also provides backing vocals, repeats the phrase \"Na-na-na na\" followed by the words \"hey Jude\" until the song gradually fades out. In his analysis of the composition, musicologist Alan Pollack comments on the unusual structure of \"Hey Jude\", in that it uses a \"binary form that combines a fully developed, hymn-like song together with an extended, mantra-like jam on a simple chord progression\".", "In his analysis of the composition, musicologist Alan Pollack comments on the unusual structure of \"Hey Jude\", in that it uses a \"binary form that combines a fully developed, hymn-like song together with an extended, mantra-like jam on a simple chord progression\". Riley considers that the coda's repeated chord sequence (I–VII–IV–I) \"answers all the musical questions raised at the beginnings and ends of bridges\", since \"The flat seventh that posed dominant turns into bridges now has an entire chord built on it.\"", "Riley considers that the coda's repeated chord sequence (I–VII–IV–I) \"answers all the musical questions raised at the beginnings and ends of bridges\", since \"The flat seventh that posed dominant turns into bridges now has an entire chord built on it.\" This three-chord refrain allows McCartney \"a bedding ... to leap about on vocally\", so he ad-libs his vocal performance for the rest of the song.", "This three-chord refrain allows McCartney \"a bedding ... to leap about on vocally\", so he ad-libs his vocal performance for the rest of the song. In Riley's estimation, the song \"becomes a tour of Paul's vocal range: from the graceful inviting tones of the opening verse, through the mounting excitement of the song itself, to the surging raves of the coda\".", "In Riley's estimation, the song \"becomes a tour of Paul's vocal range: from the graceful inviting tones of the opening verse, through the mounting excitement of the song itself, to the surging raves of the coda\". Release \"Hey Jude\" was released on a 7-inch single on 26 August 1968 in the United States and 30 August in the United Kingdom, backed with \"Revolution\" on the B-side.", "Release \"Hey Jude\" was released on a 7-inch single on 26 August 1968 in the United States and 30 August in the United Kingdom, backed with \"Revolution\" on the B-side. It was one of four singles issued simultaneously to launch Apple Records – the others being Mary Hopkin's \"Those Were the Days\", Jackie Lomax's \"Sour Milk Sea\", and the Black Dyke Mills Band's \"Thingumybob\".", "It was one of four singles issued simultaneously to launch Apple Records – the others being Mary Hopkin's \"Those Were the Days\", Jackie Lomax's \"Sour Milk Sea\", and the Black Dyke Mills Band's \"Thingumybob\". In advance of the release date, Apple declared 11–18 August to be \"National Apple Week\" in the UK, and sent gift-wrapped boxes of the records, marked \"Our First Four\", to Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family, and to Harold Wilson, the prime minister.", "In advance of the release date, Apple declared 11–18 August to be \"National Apple Week\" in the UK, and sent gift-wrapped boxes of the records, marked \"Our First Four\", to Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family, and to Harold Wilson, the prime minister. The release was promoted by Derek Taylor, who, in author Peter Doggett's description, \"hyped the first Apple records with typical elan\".", "The release was promoted by Derek Taylor, who, in author Peter Doggett's description, \"hyped the first Apple records with typical elan\". \"Hey Jude\" was the first of the four singles, since it was still designated as an EMI/Parlophone release in the UK and a Capitol release in the US, but with the Apple Records logo now added.", "\"Hey Jude\" was the first of the four singles, since it was still designated as an EMI/Parlophone release in the UK and a Capitol release in the US, but with the Apple Records logo now added. In the US, \"Hey Jude\" was the first Capitol-distributed Beatles single to be issued without a picture sleeve.", "In the US, \"Hey Jude\" was the first Capitol-distributed Beatles single to be issued without a picture sleeve. Instead, the record was presented in a black sleeve bearing the words \"The Beatles on Apple\".", "Instead, the record was presented in a black sleeve bearing the words \"The Beatles on Apple\". Author Philip Norman comments that aside from \"Sour Milk Sea\", which Harrison wrote and produced, the first Apple A-sides were all \"either written, vocalised, discovered or produced\" by McCartney.", "Author Philip Norman comments that aside from \"Sour Milk Sea\", which Harrison wrote and produced, the first Apple A-sides were all \"either written, vocalised, discovered or produced\" by McCartney. Lennon wanted \"Revolution\" to be the A-side of the Beatles single, but his bandmates opted for \"Hey Jude\".", "Lennon wanted \"Revolution\" to be the A-side of the Beatles single, but his bandmates opted for \"Hey Jude\". In his 1970 interview with Rolling Stone, he said \"Hey Jude\" was worthy of an A-side, \"but we could have had both.\"", "In his 1970 interview with Rolling Stone, he said \"Hey Jude\" was worthy of an A-side, \"but we could have had both.\" In 1980, he told Playboy he still disagreed with the decision.", "In 1980, he told Playboy he still disagreed with the decision. Doggett describes \"Hey Jude\" as a song that \"glowed with optimism after a summer that had burned with anxiety and rage within the group and in the troubled world beyond\".", "Doggett describes \"Hey Jude\" as a song that \"glowed with optimism after a summer that had burned with anxiety and rage within the group and in the troubled world beyond\". The single's release coincided with the violent subjugation of Vietnam War protestors at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, and condemnation in the West of the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia and its crushing of attempts to introduce democratic reforms there.", "The single's release coincided with the violent subjugation of Vietnam War protestors at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, and condemnation in the West of the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia and its crushing of attempts to introduce democratic reforms there. In this climate, Lennon's espousal of a pacifist agenda over violent confrontation in \"Revolution\" drew heavy criticism from New Left activists.", "In this climate, Lennon's espousal of a pacifist agenda over violent confrontation in \"Revolution\" drew heavy criticism from New Left activists. By contrast, with its more universal message, \"Hey Jude\" was adopted as an anthem by Czech citizens in their struggle.", "By contrast, with its more universal message, \"Hey Jude\" was adopted as an anthem by Czech citizens in their struggle. The song was first released on an album in February 1970, as the title track to Capitol's North American compilation Hey Jude.", "The song was first released on an album in February 1970, as the title track to Capitol's North American compilation Hey Jude. The album was conceived as a way to generate income for the Beatles by Allen Klein, the American businessman who, despite McCartney's strong opposition, the other Beatles had appointed to manage the ailing Apple organisation in 1969.", "The album was conceived as a way to generate income for the Beatles by Allen Klein, the American businessman who, despite McCartney's strong opposition, the other Beatles had appointed to manage the ailing Apple organisation in 1969. \"Hey Jude\" subsequently appeared on the compilation albums 1967–1970, 20 Greatest Hits, Past Masters, Volume Two and 1.", "\"Hey Jude\" subsequently appeared on the compilation albums 1967–1970, 20 Greatest Hits, Past Masters, Volume Two and 1. Promotion Apple shop window graffiti A failed early promotional attempt for the single took place after the Beatles' all-night recording session on 7–8 August 1968.", "Promotion Apple shop window graffiti A failed early promotional attempt for the single took place after the Beatles' all-night recording session on 7–8 August 1968. With Apple Boutique having closed a week before, McCartney and Francie Schwartz painted Hey Jude/Revolution across its large, whitewashed shop windows.", "With Apple Boutique having closed a week before, McCartney and Francie Schwartz painted Hey Jude/Revolution across its large, whitewashed shop windows. The words were mistaken for antisemitic graffiti (since Jude means \"Jew\" in German), leading to complaints from the local Jewish community, and the windows being smashed by a passer-by.", "The words were mistaken for antisemitic graffiti (since Jude means \"Jew\" in German), leading to complaints from the local Jewish community, and the windows being smashed by a passer-by. Discussing the episode in The Beatles Anthology, McCartney explained that he had been motivated by the location – \"Great opportunity.", "Discussing the episode in The Beatles Anthology, McCartney explained that he had been motivated by the location – \"Great opportunity. Baker Street, millions of buses going around…\" – and added: \"I had no idea it meant 'Jew', but if you look at footage of Nazi Germany, Juden Raus was written in whitewashed windows with a Star of David.", "Baker Street, millions of buses going around…\" – and added: \"I had no idea it meant 'Jew', but if you look at footage of Nazi Germany, Juden Raus was written in whitewashed windows with a Star of David. I swear it never occurred to me.\"", "I swear it never occurred to me.\" According to Barry Miles, McCartney caused further controversy in his comments to Alan Smith of the NME that month, when, in an interview designed to promote the single, he said: \"Starvation in India doesn't worry me one bit, not one iota … And it doesn't worry you, if you're honest.", "According to Barry Miles, McCartney caused further controversy in his comments to Alan Smith of the NME that month, when, in an interview designed to promote the single, he said: \"Starvation in India doesn't worry me one bit, not one iota … And it doesn't worry you, if you're honest. You just pose.\"", "You just pose.\" You just pose.\" Promotional film The Beatles hired Michael Lindsay-Hogg to shoot promotional clips for \"Hey Jude\" and \"Revolution\", after he had previously directed the clips for \"Paperback Writer\" and \"Rain\" in 1966.", "Promotional film The Beatles hired Michael Lindsay-Hogg to shoot promotional clips for \"Hey Jude\" and \"Revolution\", after he had previously directed the clips for \"Paperback Writer\" and \"Rain\" in 1966. For \"Hey Jude\", they settled on the idea of shooting with a live, albeit controlled, audience.", "For \"Hey Jude\", they settled on the idea of shooting with a live, albeit controlled, audience. In the clip, the Beatles are first seen by themselves, performing the initial chorus and verses, before the audience moves forward and joins them in singing the coda.", "In the clip, the Beatles are first seen by themselves, performing the initial chorus and verses, before the audience moves forward and joins them in singing the coda. The decision was made to hire an orchestra and for the vocals to be sung live, to circumvent the Musicians' Union's ban on miming on television, but otherwise the Beatles performed to a backing track.", "The decision was made to hire an orchestra and for the vocals to be sung live, to circumvent the Musicians' Union's ban on miming on television, but otherwise the Beatles performed to a backing track. Lindsay-Hogg shot the clip at Twickenham Film Studios on 4 September 1968.", "Lindsay-Hogg shot the clip at Twickenham Film Studios on 4 September 1968. Tony Bramwell, a friend of the Beatles, later described the set as \"the piano, there; drums, there; and orchestra in two tiers at the back.\"", "Tony Bramwell, a friend of the Beatles, later described the set as \"the piano, there; drums, there; and orchestra in two tiers at the back.\" The event marked Starr's return to the group, after McCartney's criticism of his drumming had led to him walking out during a session for the White Album track \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\" Starr was absent for two weeks.", "The event marked Starr's return to the group, after McCartney's criticism of his drumming had led to him walking out during a session for the White Album track \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\" Starr was absent for two weeks. The final edit was a combination of two different takes and included \"introductions\" to the song by David Frost (who introduced the Beatles as \"the greatest tea-room orchestra in the world\") and Cliff Richard, for their respective TV programmes.", "The final edit was a combination of two different takes and included \"introductions\" to the song by David Frost (who introduced the Beatles as \"the greatest tea-room orchestra in the world\") and Cliff Richard, for their respective TV programmes. It first aired in the UK on Frost on Sunday on 8 September 1968, two weeks after Lennon and Ono had appeared on the show to promote their views on performance art and the avant-garde.", "It first aired in the UK on Frost on Sunday on 8 September 1968, two weeks after Lennon and Ono had appeared on the show to promote their views on performance art and the avant-garde. The \"Hey Jude\" clip was broadcast in the United States on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on 6 October.", "The \"Hey Jude\" clip was broadcast in the United States on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on 6 October. According to Riley, the Frost on Sunday broadcast \"kicked 'Hey Jude' into the stratosphere\" in terms of popularity.", "According to Riley, the Frost on Sunday broadcast \"kicked 'Hey Jude' into the stratosphere\" in terms of popularity. Norman comments that it evoked \"palpable general relief\" for viewers who had watched Frost's show two weeks before, as Lennon now adopted a supporting role to McCartney, and Ono was \"nowhere in sight\".", "Norman comments that it evoked \"palpable general relief\" for viewers who had watched Frost's show two weeks before, as Lennon now adopted a supporting role to McCartney, and Ono was \"nowhere in sight\". Hertsgaard pairs the band's performance with the release of the animated film Yellow Submarine as two events that created \"a state of nirvana\" for Beatles fans, in contrast with the problems besetting the band regarding Ono's influence and Apple.", "Hertsgaard pairs the band's performance with the release of the animated film Yellow Submarine as two events that created \"a state of nirvana\" for Beatles fans, in contrast with the problems besetting the band regarding Ono's influence and Apple. Referring to the sight of the Beatles engulfed by a crowd made up of \"young, old, male, female, black, brown, and white\" fans, Hertsgaard describes the promotional clip as \"a quintessential sixties moment, a touching tableau of contentment and togetherness\".", "Referring to the sight of the Beatles engulfed by a crowd made up of \"young, old, male, female, black, brown, and white\" fans, Hertsgaard describes the promotional clip as \"a quintessential sixties moment, a touching tableau of contentment and togetherness\". The 4 September 1968 promo clip is included in the Beatles' 2015 video compilation 1, while the three-disc versions of that compilation, titled 1+, also include an alternate video, with a different introduction and vocal, from the same date.", "The 4 September 1968 promo clip is included in the Beatles' 2015 video compilation 1, while the three-disc versions of that compilation, titled 1+, also include an alternate video, with a different introduction and vocal, from the same date. Critical reception In his contemporary review of the single, Derek Johnson of the NME wrote: \"The intriguing features of 'Hey Jude' are its extreme length and the 40-piece orchestral accompaniment – and personally I would have preferred it without either!\"", "Critical reception In his contemporary review of the single, Derek Johnson of the NME wrote: \"The intriguing features of 'Hey Jude' are its extreme length and the 40-piece orchestral accompaniment – and personally I would have preferred it without either!\" While he viewed the track overall as \"a beautiful, compelling song\", and the first three minutes as \"absolutely sensational\", Johnson rued the long coda's \"vocal improvisations on the basically repetitive four-bar chorus\".", "While he viewed the track overall as \"a beautiful, compelling song\", and the first three minutes as \"absolutely sensational\", Johnson rued the long coda's \"vocal improvisations on the basically repetitive four-bar chorus\". Johnson nevertheless concluded that \"Hey Jude\" and \"Revolution\" \"prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that the Beatles are still streets ahead of their rivals\".", "Johnson nevertheless concluded that \"Hey Jude\" and \"Revolution\" \"prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that the Beatles are still streets ahead of their rivals\". Chris Welch of Melody Maker said he had initially been unimpressed, but came to greatly admire \"Hey Jude\" for its \"slow, heavy, piano-ridden beat, sensuous, soulful vocals and nice thumpy drums\".", "Chris Welch of Melody Maker said he had initially been unimpressed, but came to greatly admire \"Hey Jude\" for its \"slow, heavy, piano-ridden beat, sensuous, soulful vocals and nice thumpy drums\". He added that the track would have benefited from being edited in length, as the climactic ending was \"a couple of minutes too long\".", "He added that the track would have benefited from being edited in length, as the climactic ending was \"a couple of minutes too long\". Cash Boxs reviewer said that the extended fadeout, having been a device pioneered by the Beatles on \"All You Need Is Love\", \"becomes something of an art form\" in \"Hey Jude\", comprising a \"trance-like ceremonial that becomes almost timeless in its continuity\".", "Cash Boxs reviewer said that the extended fadeout, having been a device pioneered by the Beatles on \"All You Need Is Love\", \"becomes something of an art form\" in \"Hey Jude\", comprising a \"trance-like ceremonial that becomes almost timeless in its continuity\". Time magazine described it as \"a fadeout that engagingly spoofs the fadeout as a gimmick for ending pop records\".", "Time magazine described it as \"a fadeout that engagingly spoofs the fadeout as a gimmick for ending pop records\". The reviewer contrasted \"Hey Jude\" with \"Revolution\", saying that McCartney's song \"urges activism of a different sort\" by \"liltingly exhort[ing] a friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love\".", "The reviewer contrasted \"Hey Jude\" with \"Revolution\", saying that McCartney's song \"urges activism of a different sort\" by \"liltingly exhort[ing] a friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love\". Catherine Manfredi of Rolling Stone also read the lyrics as a message from McCartney to Lennon to end his negative relationships with women: \"to break the old pattern; to really go through with love\".", "Catherine Manfredi of Rolling Stone also read the lyrics as a message from McCartney to Lennon to end his negative relationships with women: \"to break the old pattern; to really go through with love\". Manfredi commented on the duality of the song's eponymous protagonist as a representation of good, in Saint Jude, \"the Patron of that which is called Impossible\", and of evil, in Judas Iscariot.", "Manfredi commented on the duality of the song's eponymous protagonist as a representation of good, in Saint Jude, \"the Patron of that which is called Impossible\", and of evil, in Judas Iscariot. Other commentators interpreted \"Hey Jude\" as being directed at Bob Dylan, then semi-retired in Woodstock.", "Other commentators interpreted \"Hey Jude\" as being directed at Bob Dylan, then semi-retired in Woodstock. Writing in 1971, Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called it \"one of [McCartney's] truest and most forthright love songs\" and said that McCartney's romantic side was ill-served by the inclusion of \"'I Will', a piece of fluff\" on The Beatles.", "Writing in 1971, Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called it \"one of [McCartney's] truest and most forthright love songs\" and said that McCartney's romantic side was ill-served by the inclusion of \"'I Will', a piece of fluff\" on The Beatles. In their 1975 book The Beatles: An Illustrated Record, critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler wrote that \"Hey Jude\" \"promised great things\" for the ill-conceived Apple enterprise and described the song as \"the last great Beatles single recorded specifically for the 45s market\".", "In their 1975 book The Beatles: An Illustrated Record, critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler wrote that \"Hey Jude\" \"promised great things\" for the ill-conceived Apple enterprise and described the song as \"the last great Beatles single recorded specifically for the 45s market\". They commented also that \"the epic proportions of the piece\" encouraged many imitators, yet these other artists \"[failed] to capture the gentleness and sympathy of the Beatles' communal feel\".", "They commented also that \"the epic proportions of the piece\" encouraged many imitators, yet these other artists \"[failed] to capture the gentleness and sympathy of the Beatles' communal feel\". Walter Everett admires the melody as a \"marvel of construction, contrasting wide leaps with stepwise motions, sustained tones with rapid movement, syllabic with melismatic word-setting, and tension ... with resolution\".", "Walter Everett admires the melody as a \"marvel of construction, contrasting wide leaps with stepwise motions, sustained tones with rapid movement, syllabic with melismatic word-setting, and tension ... with resolution\". He cites Van Morrison's \"Astral Weeks\", Donovan's \"Atlantis\", the Moody Blues' \"Never Comes the Day\" and the Allman Brothers' \"Revival\" among the many songs with \"mantralike repeated sections\" that followed the release of \"Hey Jude\".", "He cites Van Morrison's \"Astral Weeks\", Donovan's \"Atlantis\", the Moody Blues' \"Never Comes the Day\" and the Allman Brothers' \"Revival\" among the many songs with \"mantralike repeated sections\" that followed the release of \"Hey Jude\". In his entry for the song in his 1993 book Rock and Roll: The 100 Best Singles, Paul Williams describes it as a \"song about breathing\".", "In his entry for the song in his 1993 book Rock and Roll: The 100 Best Singles, Paul Williams describes it as a \"song about breathing\". He adds: \"'Hey Jude' kicks ass like Van Gogh or Beethoven in their prime.", "He adds: \"'Hey Jude' kicks ass like Van Gogh or Beethoven in their prime. It is, let's say, one of the wonders of this corner of creation ... It opens out like the sky at night or the idea of the existence of God.\"", "It opens out like the sky at night or the idea of the existence of God.\" Alan Pollack highlights the song as \"such a good illustration of two compositional lessons – how to fill a large canvas with simple means, and how to use diverse elements such as harmony, bassline, and orchestration to articulate form and contrast.\"", "Alan Pollack highlights the song as \"such a good illustration of two compositional lessons – how to fill a large canvas with simple means, and how to use diverse elements such as harmony, bassline, and orchestration to articulate form and contrast.\" Pollack says that the long coda provides \"an astonishingly transcendental effect\", while AllMusic's Richie Unterberger similarly opines: \"What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic because McCartney varies the vocal with some of the greatest nonsense scatting ever heard in rock, ranging from mantra-like chants to soulful lines to James Brown power screams.\"", "Pollack says that the long coda provides \"an astonishingly transcendental effect\", while AllMusic's Richie Unterberger similarly opines: \"What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic because McCartney varies the vocal with some of the greatest nonsense scatting ever heard in rock, ranging from mantra-like chants to soulful lines to James Brown power screams.\" In his book Revolution in the Head, Ian MacDonald wrote that the \"pseudo-soul shrieking in the fade-out may be a blemish\" but he praised the song as \"a pop/rock hybrid drawing on the best of both idioms\".", "In his book Revolution in the Head, Ian MacDonald wrote that the \"pseudo-soul shrieking in the fade-out may be a blemish\" but he praised the song as \"a pop/rock hybrid drawing on the best of both idioms\". MacDonald concluded: \"'Hey Jude' strikes a universal note, touching on an archetypal moment in male sexual psychology with a gentle wisdom one might properly call inspired.\"", "MacDonald concluded: \"'Hey Jude' strikes a universal note, touching on an archetypal moment in male sexual psychology with a gentle wisdom one might properly call inspired.\" Lennon said the song was \"one of [McCartney's] masterpieces\".", "Lennon said the song was \"one of [McCartney's] masterpieces\". Commercial performance The single was a highly successful debut for Apple Records, a result that contrasted with the public embarrassment the band faced after the recent closure of their short-lived retail venture, Apple Boutique.", "Commercial performance The single was a highly successful debut for Apple Records, a result that contrasted with the public embarrassment the band faced after the recent closure of their short-lived retail venture, Apple Boutique. In the description of music journalist Paul Du Noyer, the song's \"monumental quality ... amazed the public in 1968\"; in addition, the release silenced detractors in the British mainstream press who had relished the opportunity to criticise the band for their December 1967 television special, Magical Mystery Tour, and their trip to Rishikesh in early 1968.", "In the description of music journalist Paul Du Noyer, the song's \"monumental quality ... amazed the public in 1968\"; in addition, the release silenced detractors in the British mainstream press who had relished the opportunity to criticise the band for their December 1967 television special, Magical Mystery Tour, and their trip to Rishikesh in early 1968. In the US, the single similarly brought an end to speculation that the Beatles' popularity might be diminishing, after \"Lady Madonna\" had peaked at number 4.", "In the US, the single similarly brought an end to speculation that the Beatles' popularity might be diminishing, after \"Lady Madonna\" had peaked at number 4. \"Hey Jude\" reached the top of Britain's Record Retailer chart (subsequently adopted as the UK Singles Chart) in September 1968.", "\"Hey Jude\" reached the top of Britain's Record Retailer chart (subsequently adopted as the UK Singles Chart) in September 1968. It lasted two weeks on top before being replaced by Hopkin's \"Those Were the Days\", which McCartney helped promote.", "It lasted two weeks on top before being replaced by Hopkin's \"Those Were the Days\", which McCartney helped promote. \"Hey Jude\" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 13 September; that same week, NME reported that two million copies of the single had been sold.", "\"Hey Jude\" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 13 September; that same week, NME reported that two million copies of the single had been sold. The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 in the US on 14 September, beginning a nineteen-week chart run there.", "The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 in the US on 14 September, beginning a nineteen-week chart run there. It reached number one on 28 September and held that position for nine weeks, for three of which \"Those Were the Days\" held the number-two spot.", "It reached number one on 28 September and held that position for nine weeks, for three of which \"Those Were the Days\" held the number-two spot. This was the longest run at number one for a single in the US until 1977. The song was the 16th number-one hit there for the Beatles.", "The song was the 16th number-one hit there for the Beatles. Billboard ranked it as the number-one song for 1968. In Australia, \"Hey Jude\" was number one for 13 weeks, which remained a record there until Abba's \"Fernando\" in 1976.", "In Australia, \"Hey Jude\" was number one for 13 weeks, which remained a record there until Abba's \"Fernando\" in 1976. It also topped the charts in Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and West Germany.", "It also topped the charts in Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and West Germany. On 30 November 1968, NME reported that sales had reached nearly six million copies worldwide.", "On 30 November 1968, NME reported that sales had reached nearly six million copies worldwide. By 1999, \"Hey Jude\" had sold an estimated eight million copies worldwide. That year, it was certified 4x platinum by the RIAA, representing four million units shipped in the US.", "That year, it was certified 4x platinum by the RIAA, representing four million units shipped in the US. As of December 2018, \"Hey Jude\" was the 54th-best-selling single of all time in the UK – one of six Beatles songs included on the top sales rankings published by the Official Charts Company.", "As of December 2018, \"Hey Jude\" was the 54th-best-selling single of all time in the UK – one of six Beatles songs included on the top sales rankings published by the Official Charts Company. Awards and accolades \"Hey Jude\" was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the categories of Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, but failed to win any of them.", "Awards and accolades \"Hey Jude\" was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the categories of Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, but failed to win any of them. In the 1968 NME Readers' Poll, \"Hey Jude\" was named the best single of the year, and the song also won the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for \"A-Side With the Highest Sales\".", "In the 1968 NME Readers' Poll, \"Hey Jude\" was named the best single of the year, and the song also won the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for \"A-Side With the Highest Sales\". \"Hey Jude\" was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001 and it is one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's \"500 Songs That Shaped Rock & Roll\".", "\"Hey Jude\" was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001 and it is one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's \"500 Songs That Shaped Rock & Roll\". In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked \"Hey Jude\" at number eight on the \"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\", making it the highest-placed Beatles song on the list; it dropped to number 89 in the 2021 revised list.", "In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked \"Hey Jude\" at number eight on the \"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\", making it the highest-placed Beatles song on the list; it dropped to number 89 in the 2021 revised list. Among its many appearances in other best-song-of-all-time lists, VH1 placed it ninth in 2000 and Mojo ranked it at number 29 in the same year, having placed the song seventh in a 1997 list of \"The 100 Greatest Singles of All Time\".", "Among its many appearances in other best-song-of-all-time lists, VH1 placed it ninth in 2000 and Mojo ranked it at number 29 in the same year, having placed the song seventh in a 1997 list of \"The 100 Greatest Singles of All Time\". In 1976, the NME ranked it 38th on the magazine's \"Top 100 Singles of All Time\", and the track appeared at number 77 on the same publication's \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\" in 2014.", "In 1976, the NME ranked it 38th on the magazine's \"Top 100 Singles of All Time\", and the track appeared at number 77 on the same publication's \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\" in 2014. In January 2001, \"Hey Jude\" came in third on Channel 4's list of the \"100 Greatest Singles\".", "In January 2001, \"Hey Jude\" came in third on Channel 4's list of the \"100 Greatest Singles\". The Amusement & Music Operators Association ranks \"Hey Jude\" as the 11th-best jukebox single of all time. In 2008, the song appeared in eighth place on Billboards \"All Time Hot 100 Songs\".", "In 2008, the song appeared in eighth place on Billboards \"All Time Hot 100 Songs\". In July 2006, Mojo placed \"Hey Jude\" at number 12 on its list of \"The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs\". On a similar list compiled four years later, Rolling Stone ranked the song at number seven.", "On a similar list compiled four years later, Rolling Stone ranked the song at number seven. In 2015, the ITV program The Nation's Favourite Beatles Number One ranked \"Hey Jude\" in first place. In 2018, the music staff of Time Out London ranked it at number 49 on their list of the best Beatles songs.", "In 2018, the music staff of Time Out London ranked it at number 49 on their list of the best Beatles songs. Writing in the magazine, Nick Levine said: \"Don't allow yourself to overlook this song because of its sheer ubiquity ... 'Hey Jude' is a huge-hearted, super-emotional epic that climaxes with one of pop's most legendary hooks.\"", "Writing in the magazine, Nick Levine said: \"Don't allow yourself to overlook this song because of its sheer ubiquity ... 'Hey Jude' is a huge-hearted, super-emotional epic that climaxes with one of pop's most legendary hooks.\" Auctioned lyrics and memorabilia In his 1996 article about the single's release, for Mojo, Paul Du Noyer said that the writing of \"Hey Jude\" had become \"one of the best-known stories in Beatles folklore\".", "Auctioned lyrics and memorabilia In his 1996 article about the single's release, for Mojo, Paul Du Noyer said that the writing of \"Hey Jude\" had become \"one of the best-known stories in Beatles folklore\". In a 2005 interview, Ono said that for McCartney and for Julian and Cynthia Lennon, the scenario was akin to a drama, in that \"Each person has something to be totally miserable about, because of the way they were put into this play.", "In a 2005 interview, Ono said that for McCartney and for Julian and Cynthia Lennon, the scenario was akin to a drama, in that \"Each person has something to be totally miserable about, because of the way they were put into this play. I have incredible sympathy for each of them.\"", "I have incredible sympathy for each of them.\" Du Noyer quoted Cynthia Lennon as saying of \"Hey Jude\", \"it always bring tears to my eyes, that song.\" Julian discovered that \"Hey Jude\" had been written for him almost 20 years after the fact.", "Julian discovered that \"Hey Jude\" had been written for him almost 20 years after the fact. He recalled of his and McCartney's relationship: \"Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit – more than Dad and I did.", "He recalled of his and McCartney's relationship: \"Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit – more than Dad and I did. We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad.\"", "We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad.\" In 1996, Julian paid £25,000($33,958.25) for the recording notes to \"Hey Jude\" at an auction.", "In 1996, Julian paid £25,000($33,958.25) for the recording notes to \"Hey Jude\" at an auction. He spent a further £35,000($47,543.65) at the auction, buying John Lennon memorabilia.", "He spent a further £35,000($47,543.65) at the auction, buying John Lennon memorabilia. John Cousins, Julian Lennon's manager, stated at the time: \"He has a few photographs of his father, but not very much else. He is collecting for personal reasons; these are family heirlooms if you like.\"", "He is collecting for personal reasons; these are family heirlooms if you like.\" In 2002, the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at Christie's in London.", "In 2002, the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at Christie's in London. The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to £80,000($108,671.20) at the auction, which was scheduled for 30 April 2002.", "The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to £80,000($108,671.20) at the auction, which was scheduled for 30 April 2002. McCartney went to court to stop the auction, claiming the paper had disappeared from his West London home.", "McCartney went to court to stop the auction, claiming the paper had disappeared from his West London home. Richard Morgan, representing Christie's, said McCartney had provided no evidence that he had ever owned the piece of paper on which the lyrics were written. The courts decided in McCartney's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics.", "The courts decided in McCartney's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics. They had been sent to Christie's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier, who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for £10($13.58) in the early 1970s.", "They had been sent to Christie's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier, who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for £10($13.58) in the early 1970s. In the original catalogue for the auction, Julian Lennon had written, \"It's very strange to think that someone has written a song about you.", "In the original catalogue for the auction, Julian Lennon had written, \"It's very strange to think that someone has written a song about you. It still touches me.\"", "It still touches me.\" It still touches me.\" Along with \"Yesterday\", \"Hey Jude\" was one of the songs that McCartney has highlighted when attempting to have some of the official Beatles songwriting credits changed to McCartney–Lennon.", "Along with \"Yesterday\", \"Hey Jude\" was one of the songs that McCartney has highlighted when attempting to have some of the official Beatles songwriting credits changed to McCartney–Lennon. McCartney applied the revised credit to this and 18 other Lennon–McCartney songs on his 2002 live album Back in the U.S., attracting criticism from Ono, as Lennon's widow, and from Starr, the only other surviving member of the Beatles.", "McCartney applied the revised credit to this and 18 other Lennon–McCartney songs on his 2002 live album Back in the U.S., attracting criticism from Ono, as Lennon's widow, and from Starr, the only other surviving member of the Beatles. Cover versions and McCartney live performances In 1968, R&B singer Wilson Pickett released a cover recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio, with a guitar part played by a young Duane Allman, who recommended the song to Pickett.", "Cover versions and McCartney live performances In 1968, R&B singer Wilson Pickett released a cover recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio, with a guitar part played by a young Duane Allman, who recommended the song to Pickett. Eric Clapton commented, \"I remember hearing [it] and calling either Ahmet Ertegun or Tom Dowd and saying, 'Who's that guitar player?'", "Eric Clapton commented, \"I remember hearing [it] and calling either Ahmet Ertegun or Tom Dowd and saying, 'Who's that guitar player?' ... To this day, I've never heard better rock guitar playing on an R&B record. It's the best.\"", "It's the best.\" It's the best.\" Session musician Jimmy Johnson, who played on the recording, said that Allman's solo \"created Southern rock\". Pickett's version reached number 23 on the Hot 100 and 13 on the Billboard R&B chart.", "Pickett's version reached number 23 on the Hot 100 and 13 on the Billboard R&B chart. \"Hey Jude\" was one of the few Beatles songs that Elvis Presley covered, when he rehearsed the track at his 1969 Memphis sessions with producer Chips Moman, a recording that appeared on the 1972 album Elvis Now.", "\"Hey Jude\" was one of the few Beatles songs that Elvis Presley covered, when he rehearsed the track at his 1969 Memphis sessions with producer Chips Moman, a recording that appeared on the 1972 album Elvis Now. A medley of \"Yesterday\" and \"Hey Jude\" was included on the 1999 reissue of Presley's 1970 live album On Stage.", "A medley of \"Yesterday\" and \"Hey Jude\" was included on the 1999 reissue of Presley's 1970 live album On Stage. Katy Perry performed \"Hey Jude\" as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honouring McCartney.", "Katy Perry performed \"Hey Jude\" as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honouring McCartney. McCartney played \"Hey Jude\" throughout his 1989–90 world tour, his first tour since Lennon's murder in 1980.", "McCartney played \"Hey Jude\" throughout his 1989–90 world tour, his first tour since Lennon's murder in 1980. McCartney had considered including it as the closing song on his band Wings' 1975 tours, but decided that \"it just didn't feel right.\"", "McCartney had considered including it as the closing song on his band Wings' 1975 tours, but decided that \"it just didn't feel right.\" He has continued to feature the song in his concerts, leading the audience in organised singalongs whereby different segments of the crowd – such as those in a certain section of the venue, then only men followed by only the women – chant the \"Na-na-na na\" refrain.", "He has continued to feature the song in his concerts, leading the audience in organised singalongs whereby different segments of the crowd – such as those in a certain section of the venue, then only men followed by only the women – chant the \"Na-na-na na\" refrain. McCartney performed \"Hey Jude\" in the White House East Room as part of a concert honoring him with the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song in June 2010.", "McCartney performed \"Hey Jude\" in the White House East Room as part of a concert honoring him with the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song in June 2010. McCartney also sang the song in the closing moments of the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics hosted in London.", "McCartney also sang the song in the closing moments of the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics hosted in London. On 4 August 2012, McCartney led the crowd in a rendition of \"Hey Jude\" while watching cycling at the velodrome.", "On 4 August 2012, McCartney led the crowd in a rendition of \"Hey Jude\" while watching cycling at the velodrome. Personnel According to Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn: The Beatles Paul McCartney– lead vocal, piano, bass guitar, handclaps John Lennon– backing vocal, acoustic guitar, handclaps George Harrison– backing vocal, electric guitar, handclaps Ringo Starr– backing vocal, drums, tambourine, handclaps Additional musicians Uncredited 36-piece orchestra– 10 violins, three violas, three cellos, two double basses, two flutes, two clarinets, one bass clarinet, one bassoon, one contrabassoon, four trumpets, two horns, four trombones, and one percussion instrument; 35 of these musicians on additional backing vocals and handclaps Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts All-time charts Certifications and sales See also Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1968 List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1960s List of Top 25 singles for 1968 in Australia List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1968 List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1968 List of number-one singles of 1968 (Canada) List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 1968 List of number-one hits of 1968 (Germany) List of number-one singles of 1968 (Ireland) List of number-one singles in 1968 (New Zealand) List of number-one songs in Norway List of number-one singles of 1968 (Spain) List of number-one singles from 1968 to 1979 (Switzerland) List of UK charts and number-one singles (1952–1969) List of best-selling singles of the 1960s in the United Kingdom \"The Official BBC Children in Need Medley\" Notes References Sources External links Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles' official website \"David Frost Meets The Beatles\" at Mojo4music.com 1968 songs 1968 singles The Beatles songs Apple Records singles Songs written by Lennon–McCartney Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs published by Northern Songs Music videos directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Cashbox number-one singles Dutch Top 40 number-one singles Single Top 100 number-one singles Irish Singles Chart number-one singles Number-one singles in Australia Number-one singles in Austria Number-one singles in Germany Number-one singles in New Zealand Number-one singles in Norway Number-one singles in Spain Number-one singles in Switzerland RPM Top Singles number-one singles UK Singles Chart number-one singles Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients British pop rock songs Pop ballads Rock ballads 1960s ballads Wilson Pickett songs" ]

[ "Hey Jude", "Composition and structure", "how is the song composed?", "The Beatles first taped 25 takes of the song at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in London over two nights,", "how is the song structured?", "Everett writes that the song's \"most commented-on feature\" is its considerable length, at 7:11." ]

[ "An orthoferrite is any of a class of chemical compounds with the formula RFeO, where R is one or more rare-earth elements. Orthoferrites have an orthorhombic crystal structure with a space group Pbnm and most are weakly ferromagnetic.\nAt the Néel temperature the subsystem of iron ions orders into a slightly canted antiferromagnetic structure with antiferromagnetic moment G and a weak ferromagnetic moment F. The rare-earth ion subsystem acquires magnetization m due to an interaction with the iron subsystem.\n\nThe orthoferrites are particularly interesting because of the presence of an antisymmetric exchange interaction which involves the vector cross product of neighboring spins as opposed to the usual scalar product. In the absence of this interaction, the orthoferrites would be antiferromagnetic. Its presence leads to a small canting of the sublattices, making the orthoferrites “weak” ferromagnets with . Another interesting feature of these materials is the fact that some of them exhibit a transition as a function of temperature, in which the direction of the antiferromagnetically ordered spins and consequently also of the net magnetization rotates by 90°.\n\nApplications\nThe combination of high magnetic resonance frequencies with very large magnetooptical effects makes the orthoferrites interesting objects for study of laser-induced dynamics.\nOrthoferrites are transparent, and can modify the polarisation of a beam of light under the control of a magnetic field (Faraday rotation). This makes them potentially useful as optical sensors and actuators for use in optical communications.\n They were also once used as the magnetic material in bubble memory.\n\nExamples\n Lanthanum orthoferrite, LaFeO\n Dysprosium orthoferrite, DyFeO\n\nReferences\n\nIron(III) compounds", "Novelty is the characteristic of being new or heretofore unseen. It may also refer to:\n\nScience and technology\n Novelty seeking, psychological stance\n Novelty effect, tendency for human performance to briefly improve given new toys\n Novelty as described by the theory of emergence, regarding how new complexity arises from more simple interactions.\n Novelty (neurology), novelty as neurological stimulus\n Novelty (patent), part of the legal test to determine whether an invention is patentable\n Apomorphy, evolutionary novelty, a characteristic that is different from the form of an ancestor\n\nArts\n Novelty dance, a type of dance that is popular for being unusual or humorous\n Novelty song, a musical item that capitalizes on something new, unusual, or a current fad\n Novelty show, a competition or display in which exhibits or specimens are in way some novel\n\nCommerce\n Novelty item, a small manufactured adornment, toy or collectable\n Promotional item, novelties used in promotional marketing\n\nPhilosophy\n Novelty theory, an eschatological theory promoted by Terence McKenna\n\nFashion\n Novelty architecture, a building or other structure that is interesting because it has an amusing design\n Novelty (chess), a chess term for a move in chess which has never been played before in a recorded game\n\nThings\n Novelty (locomotive), one of the first steam locomotives which was due to compete at the Rainhill Trials of 1829\n Novelty (album) by Jawbox\n\nPlaces\n Novelty, Missouri, a place in the United States\n Novelty, Ohio, an unincorporated community in the United States" ]

[ "\"Hey Jude\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was released as a non-album single in August 1968. It was written by Paul McCartney and credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership.", "It was written by Paul McCartney and credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership. The single was the Beatles' first release on their Apple record label and one of the \"First Four\" singles by Apple's roster of artists, marking the label's public launch.", "The single was the Beatles' first release on their Apple record label and one of the \"First Four\" singles by Apple's roster of artists, marking the label's public launch. \"Hey Jude\" was a number-one hit in many countries around the world and became the year's top-selling single in the UK, the US, Australia and Canada.", "\"Hey Jude\" was a number-one hit in many countries around the world and became the year's top-selling single in the UK, the US, Australia and Canada. Its nine-week run at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 tied the all-time record in 1968 for the longest run at the top of the US charts, a record it held for nine years.", "Its nine-week run at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 tied the all-time record in 1968 for the longest run at the top of the US charts, a record it held for nine years. It has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on music critics' lists of the greatest songs of all time.", "It has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on music critics' lists of the greatest songs of all time. The writing and recording of \"Hey Jude\" coincided with a period of upheaval in the Beatles.", "The writing and recording of \"Hey Jude\" coincided with a period of upheaval in the Beatles. The ballad evolved from \"Hey Jules\", a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon's young son Julian, after Lennon had left his wife for the Japanese artist Yoko Ono.", "The ballad evolved from \"Hey Jules\", a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon's young son Julian, after Lennon had left his wife for the Japanese artist Yoko Ono. The lyrics espouse a positive outlook on a sad situation, while also encouraging \"Jude\" to pursue his opportunities to find love.", "The lyrics espouse a positive outlook on a sad situation, while also encouraging \"Jude\" to pursue his opportunities to find love. After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a coda featuring a \"Na-na-na na\" refrain that lasts for over four minutes.", "After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a coda featuring a \"Na-na-na na\" refrain that lasts for over four minutes. \"Hey Jude\" was the first Beatles song to be recorded on eight-track recording equipment.", "\"Hey Jude\" was the first Beatles song to be recorded on eight-track recording equipment. The sessions took place at Trident Studios in central London, midway through the recording of the group's self-titled double album (also known as the \"White Album\"), and led to an argument between McCartney and George Harrison over the song's guitar part.", "The sessions took place at Trident Studios in central London, midway through the recording of the group's self-titled double album (also known as the \"White Album\"), and led to an argument between McCartney and George Harrison over the song's guitar part. Ringo Starr later left the band only to return shortly before they filmed the promotional clip for the single.", "Ringo Starr later left the band only to return shortly before they filmed the promotional clip for the single. The clip was directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg and first aired on David Frost's UK television show.", "The clip was directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg and first aired on David Frost's UK television show. Contrasting with the problems afflicting the band, this performance captured the song's theme of optimism and togetherness by featuring the studio audience joining the Beatles as they sang the coda.", "Contrasting with the problems afflicting the band, this performance captured the song's theme of optimism and togetherness by featuring the studio audience joining the Beatles as they sang the coda. At over seven minutes in length, \"Hey Jude\" was the longest single to top the British charts up to that time.", "At over seven minutes in length, \"Hey Jude\" was the longest single to top the British charts up to that time. Its arrangement and extended coda encouraged many imitative works through to the early 1970s. In 2013, Billboard magazine named it the 11th \"biggest\" song of all time in terms of chart success.", "In 2013, Billboard magazine named it the 11th \"biggest\" song of all time in terms of chart success. McCartney has continued to perform \"Hey Jude\" in concert since Lennon's death in 1980, leading audiences in singing the coda.", "McCartney has continued to perform \"Hey Jude\" in concert since Lennon's death in 1980, leading audiences in singing the coda. Julian Lennon and McCartney have each bid successfully at auction for items of memorabilia related to the song's creation.", "Julian Lennon and McCartney have each bid successfully at auction for items of memorabilia related to the song's creation. Inspiration and writing In May 1968, John Lennon and his wife Cynthia separated due to his affair with Japanese artist Yoko Ono.", "Inspiration and writing In May 1968, John Lennon and his wife Cynthia separated due to his affair with Japanese artist Yoko Ono. The following month, Paul McCartney drove out to visit the Lennons' five-year-old son Julian, at Kenwood, the family's home in Weybridge.", "The following month, Paul McCartney drove out to visit the Lennons' five-year-old son Julian, at Kenwood, the family's home in Weybridge. Cynthia had been part of the Beatles' social circle since before the band's rise to fame in 1963; McCartney later said he found it \"a bit much for them suddenly to be personae non gratae and out of my life\".", "Cynthia had been part of the Beatles' social circle since before the band's rise to fame in 1963; McCartney later said he found it \"a bit much for them suddenly to be personae non gratae and out of my life\". Cynthia Lennon recalled of McCartney's surprise visit: \"I was touched by his obvious concern for our welfare ... On the journey down he composed 'Hey Jude' in the car.", "Cynthia Lennon recalled of McCartney's surprise visit: \"I was touched by his obvious concern for our welfare ... On the journey down he composed 'Hey Jude' in the car. I will never forget Paul's gesture of care and concern in coming to see us.\"", "I will never forget Paul's gesture of care and concern in coming to see us.\" The song's original title was \"Hey Jules\", and it was intended to comfort Julian from the stress of his parents' separation.", "The song's original title was \"Hey Jules\", and it was intended to comfort Julian from the stress of his parents' separation. McCartney said, \"I knew it was not going to be easy for him\", and that he changed the name to \"Jude\" \"because I thought that sounded a bit better\".", "McCartney said, \"I knew it was not going to be easy for him\", and that he changed the name to \"Jude\" \"because I thought that sounded a bit better\". According to music journalist Chris Hunt, in the weeks after writing the song, McCartney \"test[ed] his latest composition on anyone too polite to refuse.", "According to music journalist Chris Hunt, in the weeks after writing the song, McCartney \"test[ed] his latest composition on anyone too polite to refuse. And that meant everyone.\"", "And that meant everyone.\" And that meant everyone.\" On 30 June, after recording the Black Dyke Mills Band's rendition of his instrumental \"Thingumybob\" in Yorkshire, McCartney stopped at the village of Harrold in Bedfordshire and performed \"Hey Jude\" at a local pub.", "On 30 June, after recording the Black Dyke Mills Band's rendition of his instrumental \"Thingumybob\" in Yorkshire, McCartney stopped at the village of Harrold in Bedfordshire and performed \"Hey Jude\" at a local pub. He also regaled members of the Bonzo Dog Band with the song while producing their single \"I'm the Urban Spaceman\", in London, and interrupted a recording session by the Barron Knights to do the same.", "He also regaled members of the Bonzo Dog Band with the song while producing their single \"I'm the Urban Spaceman\", in London, and interrupted a recording session by the Barron Knights to do the same. Ron Griffith of the group the Iveys – soon to be known as Badfinger and, like the Black Dyke Mills Band, an early signing to the Beatles' new record label Apple Records – recalled that on one of their first days in the studio, McCartney \"gave us a full concert rendition of 'Hey Jude'\".", "Ron Griffith of the group the Iveys – soon to be known as Badfinger and, like the Black Dyke Mills Band, an early signing to the Beatles' new record label Apple Records – recalled that on one of their first days in the studio, McCartney \"gave us a full concert rendition of 'Hey Jude'\". The intensity of Lennon and Ono's relationship made any songwriting collaboration between Lennon and McCartney impossible.", "The intensity of Lennon and Ono's relationship made any songwriting collaboration between Lennon and McCartney impossible. Keen to support his friend nevertheless, McCartney let the couple stay at his house in St John's Wood, but when Lennon discovered a note written by McCartney containing disparaging and racist comments about Ono, the couple moved out.", "Keen to support his friend nevertheless, McCartney let the couple stay at his house in St John's Wood, but when Lennon discovered a note written by McCartney containing disparaging and racist comments about Ono, the couple moved out. McCartney presented \"Hey Jude\" to Lennon on 26 July, when he and Ono visited McCartney's home.", "McCartney presented \"Hey Jude\" to Lennon on 26 July, when he and Ono visited McCartney's home. McCartney assured him that he would \"fix\" the line \"the movement you need is on your shoulder\", reasoning that \"it's a stupid expression; it sounds like a parrot.\"", "McCartney assured him that he would \"fix\" the line \"the movement you need is on your shoulder\", reasoning that \"it's a stupid expression; it sounds like a parrot.\" According to McCartney, Lennon replied: \"You won't, you know. That's the best line in the song.\"", "That's the best line in the song.\" McCartney retained the phrase. Although McCartney originally wrote \"Hey Jude\" for Julian, Lennon thought it had actually been written for him.", "Although McCartney originally wrote \"Hey Jude\" for Julian, Lennon thought it had actually been written for him. In a 1980 interview, Lennon stated that he \"always heard it as a song to me\" and contended that, on one level, McCartney was giving his blessing to Lennon and Ono's relationship, while, on another, he was disappointed to be usurped as Lennon's friend and creative partner.", "In a 1980 interview, Lennon stated that he \"always heard it as a song to me\" and contended that, on one level, McCartney was giving his blessing to Lennon and Ono's relationship, while, on another, he was disappointed to be usurped as Lennon's friend and creative partner. Other people believed McCartney wrote the song about them, including Judith Simons, a journalist with the Daily Express.", "Other people believed McCartney wrote the song about them, including Judith Simons, a journalist with the Daily Express. Still others, including Lennon, have speculated that in the lyrics to \"Hey Jude\", McCartney's failing long-term relationship with Jane Asher provided an unconscious \"message to himself\".", "Still others, including Lennon, have speculated that in the lyrics to \"Hey Jude\", McCartney's failing long-term relationship with Jane Asher provided an unconscious \"message to himself\". McCartney and Asher had announced their engagement on 25 December 1967, yet he began an affair with Linda Eastman in June 1968; that same month, Francie Schwartz, an American who was in London to discuss a film proposal with Apple, began living with McCartney in St John's Wood.", "McCartney and Asher had announced their engagement on 25 December 1967, yet he began an affair with Linda Eastman in June 1968; that same month, Francie Schwartz, an American who was in London to discuss a film proposal with Apple, began living with McCartney in St John's Wood. When Lennon mentioned that he thought the song was about him and Ono, McCartney denied it and told Lennon he had written the song about himself.", "When Lennon mentioned that he thought the song was about him and Ono, McCartney denied it and told Lennon he had written the song about himself. Author Mark Hertsgaard has commented that \"many of the song's lyrics do seem directed more at a grown man on the verge of a powerful new love, especially the lines 'you have found her now go and get her' and 'you're waiting for someone to perform with.'\"", "Author Mark Hertsgaard has commented that \"many of the song's lyrics do seem directed more at a grown man on the verge of a powerful new love, especially the lines 'you have found her now go and get her' and 'you're waiting for someone to perform with.'\" Music critic and author Tim Riley writes: \"If the song is about self-worth and self-consolation in the face of hardship, the vocal performance itself conveys much of the journey.", "Music critic and author Tim Riley writes: \"If the song is about self-worth and self-consolation in the face of hardship, the vocal performance itself conveys much of the journey. He begins by singing to comfort someone else, finds himself weighing his own feelings in the process, and finally, in the repeated refrains that nurture his own approbation, he comes to believe in himself.\"", "He begins by singing to comfort someone else, finds himself weighing his own feelings in the process, and finally, in the repeated refrains that nurture his own approbation, he comes to believe in himself.\" Production EMI rehearsals Having earmarked the song for release as a single, the Beatles recorded \"Hey Jude\" during the sessions for their self-titled double album, commonly known as \"the White Album\".", "Production EMI rehearsals Having earmarked the song for release as a single, the Beatles recorded \"Hey Jude\" during the sessions for their self-titled double album, commonly known as \"the White Album\". The sessions were marked by an element of discord within the group for the first time, partly as a result of Ono's constant presence at Lennon's side.", "The sessions were marked by an element of discord within the group for the first time, partly as a result of Ono's constant presence at Lennon's side. The strained relations were also reflective of the four band members' divergence following their communal trip to Rishikesh in the spring of 1968 to study Transcendental Meditation.", "The strained relations were also reflective of the four band members' divergence following their communal trip to Rishikesh in the spring of 1968 to study Transcendental Meditation. The Beatles first taped 25 takes of the song at EMI Studios in London over two nights, 29 and 30 July 1968, with George Martin as their producer.", "The Beatles first taped 25 takes of the song at EMI Studios in London over two nights, 29 and 30 July 1968, with George Martin as their producer. These dates served as rehearsals, however, since they planned to record the master track at Trident Studios to utilise their eight-track recording machine (EMI was still limited to four-tracks).", "These dates served as rehearsals, however, since they planned to record the master track at Trident Studios to utilise their eight-track recording machine (EMI was still limited to four-tracks). The first two takes from 29 July, which author and critic Kenneth Womack describes as a \"jovial\" session, have been released on the 50th Anniversary box set of the White Album in 2018 and the Anthology 3 compilation in 1996, respectively.", "The first two takes from 29 July, which author and critic Kenneth Womack describes as a \"jovial\" session, have been released on the 50th Anniversary box set of the White Album in 2018 and the Anthology 3 compilation in 1996, respectively. The 30 July rehearsals were filmed for a short documentary titled Music!, which was produced by the National Music Council of Great Britain.", "The 30 July rehearsals were filmed for a short documentary titled Music!, which was produced by the National Music Council of Great Britain. This was the first time that the Beatles had permitted a camera crew to film them developing a song in the studio.", "This was the first time that the Beatles had permitted a camera crew to film them developing a song in the studio. The film shows only three of the Beatles performing \"Hey Jude\", as George Harrison remained in the studio control room, with Martin and EMI recording engineer Ken Scott.", "The film shows only three of the Beatles performing \"Hey Jude\", as George Harrison remained in the studio control room, with Martin and EMI recording engineer Ken Scott. During the rehearsals that day, Harrison and McCartney had a heated disagreement over the lead guitar part for the song.", "During the rehearsals that day, Harrison and McCartney had a heated disagreement over the lead guitar part for the song. Harrison's idea was to play a guitar phrase as a response to each line of the vocal, which did not fit with McCartney's conception of the song's arrangement, and he vetoed it.", "Harrison's idea was to play a guitar phrase as a response to each line of the vocal, which did not fit with McCartney's conception of the song's arrangement, and he vetoed it. Author Simon Leng views this as indicative of how Harrison was increasingly allowed little room to develop ideas on McCartney compositions, whereas he was free to create empathetic guitar parts for Lennon's songs of the period.", "Author Simon Leng views this as indicative of how Harrison was increasingly allowed little room to develop ideas on McCartney compositions, whereas he was free to create empathetic guitar parts for Lennon's songs of the period. In a 1994 interview, McCartney said, \"looking back on it, I think, Okay.", "In a 1994 interview, McCartney said, \"looking back on it, I think, Okay. Well, it was bossy, but it was ballsy of me, because I could have bowed to the pressure.\"", "Well, it was bossy, but it was ballsy of me, because I could have bowed to the pressure.\" Ron Richards, a record producer who worked for Martin at both Parlophone and AIR Studios, said McCartney was \"oblivious to anyone else's feelings in the studio\", and that he was driven to making the best possible record, at almost any cost.", "Ron Richards, a record producer who worked for Martin at both Parlophone and AIR Studios, said McCartney was \"oblivious to anyone else's feelings in the studio\", and that he was driven to making the best possible record, at almost any cost. Trident Studios recording The Beatles recorded the master track for \"Hey Jude\" at Trident, where McCartney and Harrison had each produced sessions for their Apple artists, on 31 July.", "Trident Studios recording The Beatles recorded the master track for \"Hey Jude\" at Trident, where McCartney and Harrison had each produced sessions for their Apple artists, on 31 July. Trident's founder, Norman Sheffield, recalled that Mal Evans, the Beatles' aide and former roadie, insisted that some marijuana plants he had brought be placed in the studio to make the place \"soft\", consistent with the band's wishes.", "Trident's founder, Norman Sheffield, recalled that Mal Evans, the Beatles' aide and former roadie, insisted that some marijuana plants he had brought be placed in the studio to make the place \"soft\", consistent with the band's wishes. Barry Sheffield served as recording engineer for the session.", "Barry Sheffield served as recording engineer for the session. The line-up on the basic track was McCartney on piano and lead vocal, Lennon on acoustic guitar, Harrison on electric guitar, and Ringo Starr on drums. The Beatles recorded four takes of \"Hey Jude\", the first of which was selected as the master.", "The Beatles recorded four takes of \"Hey Jude\", the first of which was selected as the master. With drums intended to be absent for the first two verses, McCartney began this take unaware that Starr had just left for a toilet break.", "With drums intended to be absent for the first two verses, McCartney began this take unaware that Starr had just left for a toilet break. Starr soon returned – \"tiptoeing past my back rather quickly\", in McCartney's recollection – and performed his cue perfectly.", "Starr soon returned – \"tiptoeing past my back rather quickly\", in McCartney's recollection – and performed his cue perfectly. On 1 August, the group carried out overdubs on the basic track, again at Trident.", "On 1 August, the group carried out overdubs on the basic track, again at Trident. These additions included McCartney's lead vocal and bass guitar; backing vocals from Lennon, McCartney and Harrison; and tambourine, played by Starr.", "These additions included McCartney's lead vocal and bass guitar; backing vocals from Lennon, McCartney and Harrison; and tambourine, played by Starr. McCartney's vocal over the long coda, starting at around three minutes into the song, included a series of improvised shrieks that he later described as \"Cary Grant on heat!\"", "McCartney's vocal over the long coda, starting at around three minutes into the song, included a series of improvised shrieks that he later described as \"Cary Grant on heat!\" They then added a 36-piece orchestra over the coda, scored by Martin.", "They then added a 36-piece orchestra over the coda, scored by Martin. The orchestra consisted of ten violins, three violas, three cellos, two flutes, one contra bassoon, one bassoon, two clarinets, one contra bass clarinet, four trumpets, four trombones, two horns, percussion and two string basses.", "The orchestra consisted of ten violins, three violas, three cellos, two flutes, one contra bassoon, one bassoon, two clarinets, one contra bass clarinet, four trumpets, four trombones, two horns, percussion and two string basses. According to Norman Sheffield, there was dissension initially among the orchestral musicians, some of whom \"were looking down their noses at the Beatles, I think\".", "According to Norman Sheffield, there was dissension initially among the orchestral musicians, some of whom \"were looking down their noses at the Beatles, I think\". Sheffield recalls that McCartney ensured their cooperation by demanding: \"Do you guys want to get fucking paid or not?\"", "Sheffield recalls that McCartney ensured their cooperation by demanding: \"Do you guys want to get fucking paid or not?\" During the first few takes, McCartney was unhappy about the lack of energy and passion in the orchestra's performance, so he stood up on the grand piano and started conducting the musicians from there.", "During the first few takes, McCartney was unhappy about the lack of energy and passion in the orchestra's performance, so he stood up on the grand piano and started conducting the musicians from there. The Beatles then asked the orchestra members if they would clap their hands and sing along to the refrain in the coda.", "The Beatles then asked the orchestra members if they would clap their hands and sing along to the refrain in the coda. All but one of the musicians complied (for a double fee), with the abstainer reportedly saying, \"I'm not going to clap my hands and sing Paul McCartney's bloody song!\"", "All but one of the musicians complied (for a double fee), with the abstainer reportedly saying, \"I'm not going to clap my hands and sing Paul McCartney's bloody song!\" Apple Records assistant Chris O'Dell says she joined the cast of backing singers on the song; one of the label's first signings, Jackie Lomax, also recalled participating.", "Apple Records assistant Chris O'Dell says she joined the cast of backing singers on the song; one of the label's first signings, Jackie Lomax, also recalled participating. \"Hey Jude\" was the first Beatles song to be recorded on eight-track equipment. Trident Studios were paid £25 per hour by EMI for the sessions.", "Trident Studios were paid £25 per hour by EMI for the sessions. Sheffield said that the studio earned about £1,000 in total, but by having the Beatles record there, and in turn raving about the facility, the value was incalculable.", "Sheffield said that the studio earned about £1,000 in total, but by having the Beatles record there, and in turn raving about the facility, the value was incalculable. The band carried out further work at Trident during 1968, and Apple artists such as Lomax, Mary Hopkin, Billy Preston and the Iveys all recorded there over the next year.", "The band carried out further work at Trident during 1968, and Apple artists such as Lomax, Mary Hopkin, Billy Preston and the Iveys all recorded there over the next year. Mixing Scott, Martin and the Beatles mixed the finished recording at Abbey Road.", "Mixing Scott, Martin and the Beatles mixed the finished recording at Abbey Road. The transfer of the Trident master tape to acetate proved problematic due to the recording sounding murky when played back on EMI's equipment. The issue was resolved with the help of Geoff Emerick, whom Scott had recently replaced as the Beatles' principal recording engineer.", "The issue was resolved with the help of Geoff Emerick, whom Scott had recently replaced as the Beatles' principal recording engineer. Emerick happened to be visiting Abbey Road, having recently refused to work with the Beatles any longer, due to the tension and abuse that had become commonplace at their recording sessions.", "Emerick happened to be visiting Abbey Road, having recently refused to work with the Beatles any longer, due to the tension and abuse that had become commonplace at their recording sessions. A stereo mix of \"Hey Jude\" was then completed on 2 August and the mono version on 8 August.", "A stereo mix of \"Hey Jude\" was then completed on 2 August and the mono version on 8 August. Musicologist Walter Everett writes that the song's \"most commented-on feature\" is its considerable length, at 7:11.", "Musicologist Walter Everett writes that the song's \"most commented-on feature\" is its considerable length, at 7:11. Like McCartney, Martin was concerned that radio stations would not play the track because of the length, but Lennon insisted: \"They will if it's us.\"", "Like McCartney, Martin was concerned that radio stations would not play the track because of the length, but Lennon insisted: \"They will if it's us.\" According to Ken Mansfield, Apple's US manager, McCartney remained unconvinced until Mansfield previewed the record for some American disc jockeys and reported that they were highly enthusiastic about the song.", "According to Ken Mansfield, Apple's US manager, McCartney remained unconvinced until Mansfield previewed the record for some American disc jockeys and reported that they were highly enthusiastic about the song. \"Hey Jude\" was one second longer than Richard Harris's recent hit recording of \"MacArthur Park\", the composer of which, Jimmy Webb, was a visitor to the studio around this time.", "\"Hey Jude\" was one second longer than Richard Harris's recent hit recording of \"MacArthur Park\", the composer of which, Jimmy Webb, was a visitor to the studio around this time. According to Webb, Martin admitted to him that \"Hey Jude\" was only allowed to run over seven minutes because of the success of \"MacArthur Park\".", "According to Webb, Martin admitted to him that \"Hey Jude\" was only allowed to run over seven minutes because of the success of \"MacArthur Park\". Pleased with the result, McCartney played an acetate copy of \"Hey Jude\" at a party held by Mick Jagger, at Vesuvio's nightclub in central London, to celebrate the completion of the Rolling Stones' Beggars Banquet album.", "Pleased with the result, McCartney played an acetate copy of \"Hey Jude\" at a party held by Mick Jagger, at Vesuvio's nightclub in central London, to celebrate the completion of the Rolling Stones' Beggars Banquet album. The song upstaged the Stones' album and, in author John Winn's description, \"reportedly ruin[ed]\" the party.", "The song upstaged the Stones' album and, in author John Winn's description, \"reportedly ruin[ed]\" the party. In the song's final bridge section, at 2:58, the spoken phrase \"Fucking hell!\" appears, uttered by Lennon.", "appears, uttered by Lennon. appears, uttered by Lennon. Scott admits that although he was told about it, he could not hear the words originally.", "Scott admits that although he was told about it, he could not hear the words originally. Malcolm Toft, the mix engineer on the Trident recording, recalled that Lennon was overdubbing his harmony vocal when, in reaction to the volume being too loud in his headphones, he first called out \"Whoa!\"", "Malcolm Toft, the mix engineer on the Trident recording, recalled that Lennon was overdubbing his harmony vocal when, in reaction to the volume being too loud in his headphones, he first called out \"Whoa!\" then, two seconds later, swore as he pulled the headphones off.", "then, two seconds later, swore as he pulled the headphones off. Composition and structure \"Hey Jude\" begins with McCartney singing lead vocals and playing the piano. The patterns he plays are based on three chords: F, C and B (I, V and IV).", "The patterns he plays are based on three chords: F, C and B (I, V and IV). The main chord progression is \"flipped on its head\", in Hertsgaard's words, for the coda, since the C chord is replaced by E. Everett comments that McCartney's melody over the verses borrows in part from John Ireland's 1907 liturgical piece Te Deum, as well as (with the first change to a B chord) suggesting the influence of the Drifters' 1960 hit \"Save the Last Dance for Me\".", "The main chord progression is \"flipped on its head\", in Hertsgaard's words, for the coda, since the C chord is replaced by E. Everett comments that McCartney's melody over the verses borrows in part from John Ireland's 1907 liturgical piece Te Deum, as well as (with the first change to a B chord) suggesting the influence of the Drifters' 1960 hit \"Save the Last Dance for Me\". The second verse of the song adds accompaniment from acoustic guitar and tambourine.", "The second verse of the song adds accompaniment from acoustic guitar and tambourine. Tim Riley writes that, with the \"restrained tom-tom and cymbal fill\" that introduces the drum part, \"the piano shifts downward to add a flat seventh to the tonic chord, making the downbeat of the bridge the point of arrival ('And any time you feel the pain).\"", "Tim Riley writes that, with the \"restrained tom-tom and cymbal fill\" that introduces the drum part, \"the piano shifts downward to add a flat seventh to the tonic chord, making the downbeat of the bridge the point of arrival ('And any time you feel the pain).\" At the end of each bridge, McCartney sings a brief phrase (\"Na-na-na na …\"), supported by an electric guitar fill, before playing a piano fill that leads to the next verse.", "At the end of each bridge, McCartney sings a brief phrase (\"Na-na-na na …\"), supported by an electric guitar fill, before playing a piano fill that leads to the next verse. According to Riley, this vocal phrase serves to \"reorient the harmony for the verse as the piano figure turns upside down into a vocal aside\".", "According to Riley, this vocal phrase serves to \"reorient the harmony for the verse as the piano figure turns upside down into a vocal aside\". Additional musical details, such as tambourine on the third verse and subtle harmonies accompanying the lead vocal, are added to sustain interest throughout the four-verse, two-bridge song.", "Additional musical details, such as tambourine on the third verse and subtle harmonies accompanying the lead vocal, are added to sustain interest throughout the four-verse, two-bridge song. The verse-bridge structure persists for approximately three minutes, after which the band leads into a four-minute-long coda, consisting of nineteen rounds of the song's double plagal cadence.", "The verse-bridge structure persists for approximately three minutes, after which the band leads into a four-minute-long coda, consisting of nineteen rounds of the song's double plagal cadence. During this coda, the rest of the band, backed by an orchestra that also provides backing vocals, repeats the phrase \"Na-na-na na\" followed by the words \"hey Jude\" until the song gradually fades out.", "During this coda, the rest of the band, backed by an orchestra that also provides backing vocals, repeats the phrase \"Na-na-na na\" followed by the words \"hey Jude\" until the song gradually fades out. In his analysis of the composition, musicologist Alan Pollack comments on the unusual structure of \"Hey Jude\", in that it uses a \"binary form that combines a fully developed, hymn-like song together with an extended, mantra-like jam on a simple chord progression\".", "In his analysis of the composition, musicologist Alan Pollack comments on the unusual structure of \"Hey Jude\", in that it uses a \"binary form that combines a fully developed, hymn-like song together with an extended, mantra-like jam on a simple chord progression\". Riley considers that the coda's repeated chord sequence (I–VII–IV–I) \"answers all the musical questions raised at the beginnings and ends of bridges\", since \"The flat seventh that posed dominant turns into bridges now has an entire chord built on it.\"", "Riley considers that the coda's repeated chord sequence (I–VII–IV–I) \"answers all the musical questions raised at the beginnings and ends of bridges\", since \"The flat seventh that posed dominant turns into bridges now has an entire chord built on it.\" This three-chord refrain allows McCartney \"a bedding ... to leap about on vocally\", so he ad-libs his vocal performance for the rest of the song.", "This three-chord refrain allows McCartney \"a bedding ... to leap about on vocally\", so he ad-libs his vocal performance for the rest of the song. In Riley's estimation, the song \"becomes a tour of Paul's vocal range: from the graceful inviting tones of the opening verse, through the mounting excitement of the song itself, to the surging raves of the coda\".", "In Riley's estimation, the song \"becomes a tour of Paul's vocal range: from the graceful inviting tones of the opening verse, through the mounting excitement of the song itself, to the surging raves of the coda\". Release \"Hey Jude\" was released on a 7-inch single on 26 August 1968 in the United States and 30 August in the United Kingdom, backed with \"Revolution\" on the B-side.", "Release \"Hey Jude\" was released on a 7-inch single on 26 August 1968 in the United States and 30 August in the United Kingdom, backed with \"Revolution\" on the B-side. It was one of four singles issued simultaneously to launch Apple Records – the others being Mary Hopkin's \"Those Were the Days\", Jackie Lomax's \"Sour Milk Sea\", and the Black Dyke Mills Band's \"Thingumybob\".", "It was one of four singles issued simultaneously to launch Apple Records – the others being Mary Hopkin's \"Those Were the Days\", Jackie Lomax's \"Sour Milk Sea\", and the Black Dyke Mills Band's \"Thingumybob\". In advance of the release date, Apple declared 11–18 August to be \"National Apple Week\" in the UK, and sent gift-wrapped boxes of the records, marked \"Our First Four\", to Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family, and to Harold Wilson, the prime minister.", "In advance of the release date, Apple declared 11–18 August to be \"National Apple Week\" in the UK, and sent gift-wrapped boxes of the records, marked \"Our First Four\", to Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family, and to Harold Wilson, the prime minister. The release was promoted by Derek Taylor, who, in author Peter Doggett's description, \"hyped the first Apple records with typical elan\".", "The release was promoted by Derek Taylor, who, in author Peter Doggett's description, \"hyped the first Apple records with typical elan\". \"Hey Jude\" was the first of the four singles, since it was still designated as an EMI/Parlophone release in the UK and a Capitol release in the US, but with the Apple Records logo now added.", "\"Hey Jude\" was the first of the four singles, since it was still designated as an EMI/Parlophone release in the UK and a Capitol release in the US, but with the Apple Records logo now added. In the US, \"Hey Jude\" was the first Capitol-distributed Beatles single to be issued without a picture sleeve.", "In the US, \"Hey Jude\" was the first Capitol-distributed Beatles single to be issued without a picture sleeve. Instead, the record was presented in a black sleeve bearing the words \"The Beatles on Apple\".", "Instead, the record was presented in a black sleeve bearing the words \"The Beatles on Apple\". Author Philip Norman comments that aside from \"Sour Milk Sea\", which Harrison wrote and produced, the first Apple A-sides were all \"either written, vocalised, discovered or produced\" by McCartney.", "Author Philip Norman comments that aside from \"Sour Milk Sea\", which Harrison wrote and produced, the first Apple A-sides were all \"either written, vocalised, discovered or produced\" by McCartney. Lennon wanted \"Revolution\" to be the A-side of the Beatles single, but his bandmates opted for \"Hey Jude\".", "Lennon wanted \"Revolution\" to be the A-side of the Beatles single, but his bandmates opted for \"Hey Jude\". In his 1970 interview with Rolling Stone, he said \"Hey Jude\" was worthy of an A-side, \"but we could have had both.\"", "In his 1970 interview with Rolling Stone, he said \"Hey Jude\" was worthy of an A-side, \"but we could have had both.\" In 1980, he told Playboy he still disagreed with the decision.", "In 1980, he told Playboy he still disagreed with the decision. Doggett describes \"Hey Jude\" as a song that \"glowed with optimism after a summer that had burned with anxiety and rage within the group and in the troubled world beyond\".", "Doggett describes \"Hey Jude\" as a song that \"glowed with optimism after a summer that had burned with anxiety and rage within the group and in the troubled world beyond\". The single's release coincided with the violent subjugation of Vietnam War protestors at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, and condemnation in the West of the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia and its crushing of attempts to introduce democratic reforms there.", "The single's release coincided with the violent subjugation of Vietnam War protestors at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, and condemnation in the West of the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia and its crushing of attempts to introduce democratic reforms there. In this climate, Lennon's espousal of a pacifist agenda over violent confrontation in \"Revolution\" drew heavy criticism from New Left activists.", "In this climate, Lennon's espousal of a pacifist agenda over violent confrontation in \"Revolution\" drew heavy criticism from New Left activists. By contrast, with its more universal message, \"Hey Jude\" was adopted as an anthem by Czech citizens in their struggle.", "By contrast, with its more universal message, \"Hey Jude\" was adopted as an anthem by Czech citizens in their struggle. The song was first released on an album in February 1970, as the title track to Capitol's North American compilation Hey Jude.", "The song was first released on an album in February 1970, as the title track to Capitol's North American compilation Hey Jude. The album was conceived as a way to generate income for the Beatles by Allen Klein, the American businessman who, despite McCartney's strong opposition, the other Beatles had appointed to manage the ailing Apple organisation in 1969.", "The album was conceived as a way to generate income for the Beatles by Allen Klein, the American businessman who, despite McCartney's strong opposition, the other Beatles had appointed to manage the ailing Apple organisation in 1969. \"Hey Jude\" subsequently appeared on the compilation albums 1967–1970, 20 Greatest Hits, Past Masters, Volume Two and 1.", "\"Hey Jude\" subsequently appeared on the compilation albums 1967–1970, 20 Greatest Hits, Past Masters, Volume Two and 1. Promotion Apple shop window graffiti A failed early promotional attempt for the single took place after the Beatles' all-night recording session on 7–8 August 1968.", "Promotion Apple shop window graffiti A failed early promotional attempt for the single took place after the Beatles' all-night recording session on 7–8 August 1968. With Apple Boutique having closed a week before, McCartney and Francie Schwartz painted Hey Jude/Revolution across its large, whitewashed shop windows.", "With Apple Boutique having closed a week before, McCartney and Francie Schwartz painted Hey Jude/Revolution across its large, whitewashed shop windows. The words were mistaken for antisemitic graffiti (since Jude means \"Jew\" in German), leading to complaints from the local Jewish community, and the windows being smashed by a passer-by.", "The words were mistaken for antisemitic graffiti (since Jude means \"Jew\" in German), leading to complaints from the local Jewish community, and the windows being smashed by a passer-by. Discussing the episode in The Beatles Anthology, McCartney explained that he had been motivated by the location – \"Great opportunity.", "Discussing the episode in The Beatles Anthology, McCartney explained that he had been motivated by the location – \"Great opportunity. Baker Street, millions of buses going around…\" – and added: \"I had no idea it meant 'Jew', but if you look at footage of Nazi Germany, Juden Raus was written in whitewashed windows with a Star of David.", "Baker Street, millions of buses going around…\" – and added: \"I had no idea it meant 'Jew', but if you look at footage of Nazi Germany, Juden Raus was written in whitewashed windows with a Star of David. I swear it never occurred to me.\"", "I swear it never occurred to me.\" According to Barry Miles, McCartney caused further controversy in his comments to Alan Smith of the NME that month, when, in an interview designed to promote the single, he said: \"Starvation in India doesn't worry me one bit, not one iota … And it doesn't worry you, if you're honest.", "According to Barry Miles, McCartney caused further controversy in his comments to Alan Smith of the NME that month, when, in an interview designed to promote the single, he said: \"Starvation in India doesn't worry me one bit, not one iota … And it doesn't worry you, if you're honest. You just pose.\"", "You just pose.\" You just pose.\" Promotional film The Beatles hired Michael Lindsay-Hogg to shoot promotional clips for \"Hey Jude\" and \"Revolution\", after he had previously directed the clips for \"Paperback Writer\" and \"Rain\" in 1966.", "Promotional film The Beatles hired Michael Lindsay-Hogg to shoot promotional clips for \"Hey Jude\" and \"Revolution\", after he had previously directed the clips for \"Paperback Writer\" and \"Rain\" in 1966. For \"Hey Jude\", they settled on the idea of shooting with a live, albeit controlled, audience.", "For \"Hey Jude\", they settled on the idea of shooting with a live, albeit controlled, audience. In the clip, the Beatles are first seen by themselves, performing the initial chorus and verses, before the audience moves forward and joins them in singing the coda.", "In the clip, the Beatles are first seen by themselves, performing the initial chorus and verses, before the audience moves forward and joins them in singing the coda. The decision was made to hire an orchestra and for the vocals to be sung live, to circumvent the Musicians' Union's ban on miming on television, but otherwise the Beatles performed to a backing track.", "The decision was made to hire an orchestra and for the vocals to be sung live, to circumvent the Musicians' Union's ban on miming on television, but otherwise the Beatles performed to a backing track. Lindsay-Hogg shot the clip at Twickenham Film Studios on 4 September 1968.", "Lindsay-Hogg shot the clip at Twickenham Film Studios on 4 September 1968. Tony Bramwell, a friend of the Beatles, later described the set as \"the piano, there; drums, there; and orchestra in two tiers at the back.\"", "Tony Bramwell, a friend of the Beatles, later described the set as \"the piano, there; drums, there; and orchestra in two tiers at the back.\" The event marked Starr's return to the group, after McCartney's criticism of his drumming had led to him walking out during a session for the White Album track \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\" Starr was absent for two weeks.", "The event marked Starr's return to the group, after McCartney's criticism of his drumming had led to him walking out during a session for the White Album track \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\" Starr was absent for two weeks. The final edit was a combination of two different takes and included \"introductions\" to the song by David Frost (who introduced the Beatles as \"the greatest tea-room orchestra in the world\") and Cliff Richard, for their respective TV programmes.", "The final edit was a combination of two different takes and included \"introductions\" to the song by David Frost (who introduced the Beatles as \"the greatest tea-room orchestra in the world\") and Cliff Richard, for their respective TV programmes. It first aired in the UK on Frost on Sunday on 8 September 1968, two weeks after Lennon and Ono had appeared on the show to promote their views on performance art and the avant-garde.", "It first aired in the UK on Frost on Sunday on 8 September 1968, two weeks after Lennon and Ono had appeared on the show to promote their views on performance art and the avant-garde. The \"Hey Jude\" clip was broadcast in the United States on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on 6 October.", "The \"Hey Jude\" clip was broadcast in the United States on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on 6 October. According to Riley, the Frost on Sunday broadcast \"kicked 'Hey Jude' into the stratosphere\" in terms of popularity.", "According to Riley, the Frost on Sunday broadcast \"kicked 'Hey Jude' into the stratosphere\" in terms of popularity. Norman comments that it evoked \"palpable general relief\" for viewers who had watched Frost's show two weeks before, as Lennon now adopted a supporting role to McCartney, and Ono was \"nowhere in sight\".", "Norman comments that it evoked \"palpable general relief\" for viewers who had watched Frost's show two weeks before, as Lennon now adopted a supporting role to McCartney, and Ono was \"nowhere in sight\". Hertsgaard pairs the band's performance with the release of the animated film Yellow Submarine as two events that created \"a state of nirvana\" for Beatles fans, in contrast with the problems besetting the band regarding Ono's influence and Apple.", "Hertsgaard pairs the band's performance with the release of the animated film Yellow Submarine as two events that created \"a state of nirvana\" for Beatles fans, in contrast with the problems besetting the band regarding Ono's influence and Apple. Referring to the sight of the Beatles engulfed by a crowd made up of \"young, old, male, female, black, brown, and white\" fans, Hertsgaard describes the promotional clip as \"a quintessential sixties moment, a touching tableau of contentment and togetherness\".", "Referring to the sight of the Beatles engulfed by a crowd made up of \"young, old, male, female, black, brown, and white\" fans, Hertsgaard describes the promotional clip as \"a quintessential sixties moment, a touching tableau of contentment and togetherness\". The 4 September 1968 promo clip is included in the Beatles' 2015 video compilation 1, while the three-disc versions of that compilation, titled 1+, also include an alternate video, with a different introduction and vocal, from the same date.", "The 4 September 1968 promo clip is included in the Beatles' 2015 video compilation 1, while the three-disc versions of that compilation, titled 1+, also include an alternate video, with a different introduction and vocal, from the same date. Critical reception In his contemporary review of the single, Derek Johnson of the NME wrote: \"The intriguing features of 'Hey Jude' are its extreme length and the 40-piece orchestral accompaniment – and personally I would have preferred it without either!\"", "Critical reception In his contemporary review of the single, Derek Johnson of the NME wrote: \"The intriguing features of 'Hey Jude' are its extreme length and the 40-piece orchestral accompaniment – and personally I would have preferred it without either!\" While he viewed the track overall as \"a beautiful, compelling song\", and the first three minutes as \"absolutely sensational\", Johnson rued the long coda's \"vocal improvisations on the basically repetitive four-bar chorus\".", "While he viewed the track overall as \"a beautiful, compelling song\", and the first three minutes as \"absolutely sensational\", Johnson rued the long coda's \"vocal improvisations on the basically repetitive four-bar chorus\". Johnson nevertheless concluded that \"Hey Jude\" and \"Revolution\" \"prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that the Beatles are still streets ahead of their rivals\".", "Johnson nevertheless concluded that \"Hey Jude\" and \"Revolution\" \"prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that the Beatles are still streets ahead of their rivals\". Chris Welch of Melody Maker said he had initially been unimpressed, but came to greatly admire \"Hey Jude\" for its \"slow, heavy, piano-ridden beat, sensuous, soulful vocals and nice thumpy drums\".", "Chris Welch of Melody Maker said he had initially been unimpressed, but came to greatly admire \"Hey Jude\" for its \"slow, heavy, piano-ridden beat, sensuous, soulful vocals and nice thumpy drums\". He added that the track would have benefited from being edited in length, as the climactic ending was \"a couple of minutes too long\".", "He added that the track would have benefited from being edited in length, as the climactic ending was \"a couple of minutes too long\". Cash Boxs reviewer said that the extended fadeout, having been a device pioneered by the Beatles on \"All You Need Is Love\", \"becomes something of an art form\" in \"Hey Jude\", comprising a \"trance-like ceremonial that becomes almost timeless in its continuity\".", "Cash Boxs reviewer said that the extended fadeout, having been a device pioneered by the Beatles on \"All You Need Is Love\", \"becomes something of an art form\" in \"Hey Jude\", comprising a \"trance-like ceremonial that becomes almost timeless in its continuity\". Time magazine described it as \"a fadeout that engagingly spoofs the fadeout as a gimmick for ending pop records\".", "Time magazine described it as \"a fadeout that engagingly spoofs the fadeout as a gimmick for ending pop records\". The reviewer contrasted \"Hey Jude\" with \"Revolution\", saying that McCartney's song \"urges activism of a different sort\" by \"liltingly exhort[ing] a friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love\".", "The reviewer contrasted \"Hey Jude\" with \"Revolution\", saying that McCartney's song \"urges activism of a different sort\" by \"liltingly exhort[ing] a friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love\". Catherine Manfredi of Rolling Stone also read the lyrics as a message from McCartney to Lennon to end his negative relationships with women: \"to break the old pattern; to really go through with love\".", "Catherine Manfredi of Rolling Stone also read the lyrics as a message from McCartney to Lennon to end his negative relationships with women: \"to break the old pattern; to really go through with love\". Manfredi commented on the duality of the song's eponymous protagonist as a representation of good, in Saint Jude, \"the Patron of that which is called Impossible\", and of evil, in Judas Iscariot.", "Manfredi commented on the duality of the song's eponymous protagonist as a representation of good, in Saint Jude, \"the Patron of that which is called Impossible\", and of evil, in Judas Iscariot. Other commentators interpreted \"Hey Jude\" as being directed at Bob Dylan, then semi-retired in Woodstock.", "Other commentators interpreted \"Hey Jude\" as being directed at Bob Dylan, then semi-retired in Woodstock. Writing in 1971, Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called it \"one of [McCartney's] truest and most forthright love songs\" and said that McCartney's romantic side was ill-served by the inclusion of \"'I Will', a piece of fluff\" on The Beatles.", "Writing in 1971, Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called it \"one of [McCartney's] truest and most forthright love songs\" and said that McCartney's romantic side was ill-served by the inclusion of \"'I Will', a piece of fluff\" on The Beatles. In their 1975 book The Beatles: An Illustrated Record, critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler wrote that \"Hey Jude\" \"promised great things\" for the ill-conceived Apple enterprise and described the song as \"the last great Beatles single recorded specifically for the 45s market\".", "In their 1975 book The Beatles: An Illustrated Record, critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler wrote that \"Hey Jude\" \"promised great things\" for the ill-conceived Apple enterprise and described the song as \"the last great Beatles single recorded specifically for the 45s market\". They commented also that \"the epic proportions of the piece\" encouraged many imitators, yet these other artists \"[failed] to capture the gentleness and sympathy of the Beatles' communal feel\".", "They commented also that \"the epic proportions of the piece\" encouraged many imitators, yet these other artists \"[failed] to capture the gentleness and sympathy of the Beatles' communal feel\". Walter Everett admires the melody as a \"marvel of construction, contrasting wide leaps with stepwise motions, sustained tones with rapid movement, syllabic with melismatic word-setting, and tension ... with resolution\".", "Walter Everett admires the melody as a \"marvel of construction, contrasting wide leaps with stepwise motions, sustained tones with rapid movement, syllabic with melismatic word-setting, and tension ... with resolution\". He cites Van Morrison's \"Astral Weeks\", Donovan's \"Atlantis\", the Moody Blues' \"Never Comes the Day\" and the Allman Brothers' \"Revival\" among the many songs with \"mantralike repeated sections\" that followed the release of \"Hey Jude\".", "He cites Van Morrison's \"Astral Weeks\", Donovan's \"Atlantis\", the Moody Blues' \"Never Comes the Day\" and the Allman Brothers' \"Revival\" among the many songs with \"mantralike repeated sections\" that followed the release of \"Hey Jude\". In his entry for the song in his 1993 book Rock and Roll: The 100 Best Singles, Paul Williams describes it as a \"song about breathing\".", "In his entry for the song in his 1993 book Rock and Roll: The 100 Best Singles, Paul Williams describes it as a \"song about breathing\". He adds: \"'Hey Jude' kicks ass like Van Gogh or Beethoven in their prime.", "He adds: \"'Hey Jude' kicks ass like Van Gogh or Beethoven in their prime. It is, let's say, one of the wonders of this corner of creation ... It opens out like the sky at night or the idea of the existence of God.\"", "It opens out like the sky at night or the idea of the existence of God.\" Alan Pollack highlights the song as \"such a good illustration of two compositional lessons – how to fill a large canvas with simple means, and how to use diverse elements such as harmony, bassline, and orchestration to articulate form and contrast.\"", "Alan Pollack highlights the song as \"such a good illustration of two compositional lessons – how to fill a large canvas with simple means, and how to use diverse elements such as harmony, bassline, and orchestration to articulate form and contrast.\" Pollack says that the long coda provides \"an astonishingly transcendental effect\", while AllMusic's Richie Unterberger similarly opines: \"What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic because McCartney varies the vocal with some of the greatest nonsense scatting ever heard in rock, ranging from mantra-like chants to soulful lines to James Brown power screams.\"", "Pollack says that the long coda provides \"an astonishingly transcendental effect\", while AllMusic's Richie Unterberger similarly opines: \"What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic because McCartney varies the vocal with some of the greatest nonsense scatting ever heard in rock, ranging from mantra-like chants to soulful lines to James Brown power screams.\" In his book Revolution in the Head, Ian MacDonald wrote that the \"pseudo-soul shrieking in the fade-out may be a blemish\" but he praised the song as \"a pop/rock hybrid drawing on the best of both idioms\".", "In his book Revolution in the Head, Ian MacDonald wrote that the \"pseudo-soul shrieking in the fade-out may be a blemish\" but he praised the song as \"a pop/rock hybrid drawing on the best of both idioms\". MacDonald concluded: \"'Hey Jude' strikes a universal note, touching on an archetypal moment in male sexual psychology with a gentle wisdom one might properly call inspired.\"", "MacDonald concluded: \"'Hey Jude' strikes a universal note, touching on an archetypal moment in male sexual psychology with a gentle wisdom one might properly call inspired.\" Lennon said the song was \"one of [McCartney's] masterpieces\".", "Lennon said the song was \"one of [McCartney's] masterpieces\". Commercial performance The single was a highly successful debut for Apple Records, a result that contrasted with the public embarrassment the band faced after the recent closure of their short-lived retail venture, Apple Boutique.", "Commercial performance The single was a highly successful debut for Apple Records, a result that contrasted with the public embarrassment the band faced after the recent closure of their short-lived retail venture, Apple Boutique. In the description of music journalist Paul Du Noyer, the song's \"monumental quality ... amazed the public in 1968\"; in addition, the release silenced detractors in the British mainstream press who had relished the opportunity to criticise the band for their December 1967 television special, Magical Mystery Tour, and their trip to Rishikesh in early 1968.", "In the description of music journalist Paul Du Noyer, the song's \"monumental quality ... amazed the public in 1968\"; in addition, the release silenced detractors in the British mainstream press who had relished the opportunity to criticise the band for their December 1967 television special, Magical Mystery Tour, and their trip to Rishikesh in early 1968. In the US, the single similarly brought an end to speculation that the Beatles' popularity might be diminishing, after \"Lady Madonna\" had peaked at number 4.", "In the US, the single similarly brought an end to speculation that the Beatles' popularity might be diminishing, after \"Lady Madonna\" had peaked at number 4. \"Hey Jude\" reached the top of Britain's Record Retailer chart (subsequently adopted as the UK Singles Chart) in September 1968.", "\"Hey Jude\" reached the top of Britain's Record Retailer chart (subsequently adopted as the UK Singles Chart) in September 1968. It lasted two weeks on top before being replaced by Hopkin's \"Those Were the Days\", which McCartney helped promote.", "It lasted two weeks on top before being replaced by Hopkin's \"Those Were the Days\", which McCartney helped promote. \"Hey Jude\" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 13 September; that same week, NME reported that two million copies of the single had been sold.", "\"Hey Jude\" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 13 September; that same week, NME reported that two million copies of the single had been sold. The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 in the US on 14 September, beginning a nineteen-week chart run there.", "The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 in the US on 14 September, beginning a nineteen-week chart run there. It reached number one on 28 September and held that position for nine weeks, for three of which \"Those Were the Days\" held the number-two spot.", "It reached number one on 28 September and held that position for nine weeks, for three of which \"Those Were the Days\" held the number-two spot. This was the longest run at number one for a single in the US until 1977. The song was the 16th number-one hit there for the Beatles.", "The song was the 16th number-one hit there for the Beatles. Billboard ranked it as the number-one song for 1968. In Australia, \"Hey Jude\" was number one for 13 weeks, which remained a record there until Abba's \"Fernando\" in 1976.", "In Australia, \"Hey Jude\" was number one for 13 weeks, which remained a record there until Abba's \"Fernando\" in 1976. It also topped the charts in Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and West Germany.", "It also topped the charts in Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and West Germany. On 30 November 1968, NME reported that sales had reached nearly six million copies worldwide.", "On 30 November 1968, NME reported that sales had reached nearly six million copies worldwide. By 1999, \"Hey Jude\" had sold an estimated eight million copies worldwide. That year, it was certified 4x platinum by the RIAA, representing four million units shipped in the US.", "That year, it was certified 4x platinum by the RIAA, representing four million units shipped in the US. As of December 2018, \"Hey Jude\" was the 54th-best-selling single of all time in the UK – one of six Beatles songs included on the top sales rankings published by the Official Charts Company.", "As of December 2018, \"Hey Jude\" was the 54th-best-selling single of all time in the UK – one of six Beatles songs included on the top sales rankings published by the Official Charts Company. Awards and accolades \"Hey Jude\" was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the categories of Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, but failed to win any of them.", "Awards and accolades \"Hey Jude\" was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the categories of Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, but failed to win any of them. In the 1968 NME Readers' Poll, \"Hey Jude\" was named the best single of the year, and the song also won the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for \"A-Side With the Highest Sales\".", "In the 1968 NME Readers' Poll, \"Hey Jude\" was named the best single of the year, and the song also won the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for \"A-Side With the Highest Sales\". \"Hey Jude\" was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001 and it is one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's \"500 Songs That Shaped Rock & Roll\".", "\"Hey Jude\" was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001 and it is one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's \"500 Songs That Shaped Rock & Roll\". In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked \"Hey Jude\" at number eight on the \"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\", making it the highest-placed Beatles song on the list; it dropped to number 89 in the 2021 revised list.", "In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked \"Hey Jude\" at number eight on the \"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\", making it the highest-placed Beatles song on the list; it dropped to number 89 in the 2021 revised list. Among its many appearances in other best-song-of-all-time lists, VH1 placed it ninth in 2000 and Mojo ranked it at number 29 in the same year, having placed the song seventh in a 1997 list of \"The 100 Greatest Singles of All Time\".", "Among its many appearances in other best-song-of-all-time lists, VH1 placed it ninth in 2000 and Mojo ranked it at number 29 in the same year, having placed the song seventh in a 1997 list of \"The 100 Greatest Singles of All Time\". In 1976, the NME ranked it 38th on the magazine's \"Top 100 Singles of All Time\", and the track appeared at number 77 on the same publication's \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\" in 2014.", "In 1976, the NME ranked it 38th on the magazine's \"Top 100 Singles of All Time\", and the track appeared at number 77 on the same publication's \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\" in 2014. In January 2001, \"Hey Jude\" came in third on Channel 4's list of the \"100 Greatest Singles\".", "In January 2001, \"Hey Jude\" came in third on Channel 4's list of the \"100 Greatest Singles\". The Amusement & Music Operators Association ranks \"Hey Jude\" as the 11th-best jukebox single of all time. In 2008, the song appeared in eighth place on Billboards \"All Time Hot 100 Songs\".", "In 2008, the song appeared in eighth place on Billboards \"All Time Hot 100 Songs\". In July 2006, Mojo placed \"Hey Jude\" at number 12 on its list of \"The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs\". On a similar list compiled four years later, Rolling Stone ranked the song at number seven.", "On a similar list compiled four years later, Rolling Stone ranked the song at number seven. In 2015, the ITV program The Nation's Favourite Beatles Number One ranked \"Hey Jude\" in first place. In 2018, the music staff of Time Out London ranked it at number 49 on their list of the best Beatles songs.", "In 2018, the music staff of Time Out London ranked it at number 49 on their list of the best Beatles songs. Writing in the magazine, Nick Levine said: \"Don't allow yourself to overlook this song because of its sheer ubiquity ... 'Hey Jude' is a huge-hearted, super-emotional epic that climaxes with one of pop's most legendary hooks.\"", "Writing in the magazine, Nick Levine said: \"Don't allow yourself to overlook this song because of its sheer ubiquity ... 'Hey Jude' is a huge-hearted, super-emotional epic that climaxes with one of pop's most legendary hooks.\" Auctioned lyrics and memorabilia In his 1996 article about the single's release, for Mojo, Paul Du Noyer said that the writing of \"Hey Jude\" had become \"one of the best-known stories in Beatles folklore\".", "Auctioned lyrics and memorabilia In his 1996 article about the single's release, for Mojo, Paul Du Noyer said that the writing of \"Hey Jude\" had become \"one of the best-known stories in Beatles folklore\". In a 2005 interview, Ono said that for McCartney and for Julian and Cynthia Lennon, the scenario was akin to a drama, in that \"Each person has something to be totally miserable about, because of the way they were put into this play.", "In a 2005 interview, Ono said that for McCartney and for Julian and Cynthia Lennon, the scenario was akin to a drama, in that \"Each person has something to be totally miserable about, because of the way they were put into this play. I have incredible sympathy for each of them.\"", "I have incredible sympathy for each of them.\" Du Noyer quoted Cynthia Lennon as saying of \"Hey Jude\", \"it always bring tears to my eyes, that song.\" Julian discovered that \"Hey Jude\" had been written for him almost 20 years after the fact.", "Julian discovered that \"Hey Jude\" had been written for him almost 20 years after the fact. He recalled of his and McCartney's relationship: \"Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit – more than Dad and I did.", "He recalled of his and McCartney's relationship: \"Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit – more than Dad and I did. We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad.\"", "We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad.\" In 1996, Julian paid £25,000($33,958.25) for the recording notes to \"Hey Jude\" at an auction.", "In 1996, Julian paid £25,000($33,958.25) for the recording notes to \"Hey Jude\" at an auction. He spent a further £35,000($47,543.65) at the auction, buying John Lennon memorabilia.", "He spent a further £35,000($47,543.65) at the auction, buying John Lennon memorabilia. John Cousins, Julian Lennon's manager, stated at the time: \"He has a few photographs of his father, but not very much else. He is collecting for personal reasons; these are family heirlooms if you like.\"", "He is collecting for personal reasons; these are family heirlooms if you like.\" In 2002, the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at Christie's in London.", "In 2002, the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at Christie's in London. The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to £80,000($108,671.20) at the auction, which was scheduled for 30 April 2002.", "The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to £80,000($108,671.20) at the auction, which was scheduled for 30 April 2002. McCartney went to court to stop the auction, claiming the paper had disappeared from his West London home.", "McCartney went to court to stop the auction, claiming the paper had disappeared from his West London home. Richard Morgan, representing Christie's, said McCartney had provided no evidence that he had ever owned the piece of paper on which the lyrics were written. The courts decided in McCartney's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics.", "The courts decided in McCartney's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics. They had been sent to Christie's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier, who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for £10($13.58) in the early 1970s.", "They had been sent to Christie's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier, who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for £10($13.58) in the early 1970s. In the original catalogue for the auction, Julian Lennon had written, \"It's very strange to think that someone has written a song about you.", "In the original catalogue for the auction, Julian Lennon had written, \"It's very strange to think that someone has written a song about you. It still touches me.\"", "It still touches me.\" It still touches me.\" Along with \"Yesterday\", \"Hey Jude\" was one of the songs that McCartney has highlighted when attempting to have some of the official Beatles songwriting credits changed to McCartney–Lennon.", "Along with \"Yesterday\", \"Hey Jude\" was one of the songs that McCartney has highlighted when attempting to have some of the official Beatles songwriting credits changed to McCartney–Lennon. McCartney applied the revised credit to this and 18 other Lennon–McCartney songs on his 2002 live album Back in the U.S., attracting criticism from Ono, as Lennon's widow, and from Starr, the only other surviving member of the Beatles.", "McCartney applied the revised credit to this and 18 other Lennon–McCartney songs on his 2002 live album Back in the U.S., attracting criticism from Ono, as Lennon's widow, and from Starr, the only other surviving member of the Beatles. Cover versions and McCartney live performances In 1968, R&B singer Wilson Pickett released a cover recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio, with a guitar part played by a young Duane Allman, who recommended the song to Pickett.", "Cover versions and McCartney live performances In 1968, R&B singer Wilson Pickett released a cover recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio, with a guitar part played by a young Duane Allman, who recommended the song to Pickett. Eric Clapton commented, \"I remember hearing [it] and calling either Ahmet Ertegun or Tom Dowd and saying, 'Who's that guitar player?'", "Eric Clapton commented, \"I remember hearing [it] and calling either Ahmet Ertegun or Tom Dowd and saying, 'Who's that guitar player?' ... To this day, I've never heard better rock guitar playing on an R&B record. It's the best.\"", "It's the best.\" It's the best.\" Session musician Jimmy Johnson, who played on the recording, said that Allman's solo \"created Southern rock\". Pickett's version reached number 23 on the Hot 100 and 13 on the Billboard R&B chart.", "Pickett's version reached number 23 on the Hot 100 and 13 on the Billboard R&B chart. \"Hey Jude\" was one of the few Beatles songs that Elvis Presley covered, when he rehearsed the track at his 1969 Memphis sessions with producer Chips Moman, a recording that appeared on the 1972 album Elvis Now.", "\"Hey Jude\" was one of the few Beatles songs that Elvis Presley covered, when he rehearsed the track at his 1969 Memphis sessions with producer Chips Moman, a recording that appeared on the 1972 album Elvis Now. A medley of \"Yesterday\" and \"Hey Jude\" was included on the 1999 reissue of Presley's 1970 live album On Stage.", "A medley of \"Yesterday\" and \"Hey Jude\" was included on the 1999 reissue of Presley's 1970 live album On Stage. Katy Perry performed \"Hey Jude\" as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honouring McCartney.", "Katy Perry performed \"Hey Jude\" as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honouring McCartney. McCartney played \"Hey Jude\" throughout his 1989–90 world tour, his first tour since Lennon's murder in 1980.", "McCartney played \"Hey Jude\" throughout his 1989–90 world tour, his first tour since Lennon's murder in 1980. McCartney had considered including it as the closing song on his band Wings' 1975 tours, but decided that \"it just didn't feel right.\"", "McCartney had considered including it as the closing song on his band Wings' 1975 tours, but decided that \"it just didn't feel right.\" He has continued to feature the song in his concerts, leading the audience in organised singalongs whereby different segments of the crowd – such as those in a certain section of the venue, then only men followed by only the women – chant the \"Na-na-na na\" refrain.", "He has continued to feature the song in his concerts, leading the audience in organised singalongs whereby different segments of the crowd – such as those in a certain section of the venue, then only men followed by only the women – chant the \"Na-na-na na\" refrain. McCartney performed \"Hey Jude\" in the White House East Room as part of a concert honoring him with the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song in June 2010.", "McCartney performed \"Hey Jude\" in the White House East Room as part of a concert honoring him with the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song in June 2010. McCartney also sang the song in the closing moments of the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics hosted in London.", "McCartney also sang the song in the closing moments of the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics hosted in London. On 4 August 2012, McCartney led the crowd in a rendition of \"Hey Jude\" while watching cycling at the velodrome.", "On 4 August 2012, McCartney led the crowd in a rendition of \"Hey Jude\" while watching cycling at the velodrome. Personnel According to Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn: The Beatles Paul McCartney– lead vocal, piano, bass guitar, handclaps John Lennon– backing vocal, acoustic guitar, handclaps George Harrison– backing vocal, electric guitar, handclaps Ringo Starr– backing vocal, drums, tambourine, handclaps Additional musicians Uncredited 36-piece orchestra– 10 violins, three violas, three cellos, two double basses, two flutes, two clarinets, one bass clarinet, one bassoon, one contrabassoon, four trumpets, two horns, four trombones, and one percussion instrument; 35 of these musicians on additional backing vocals and handclaps Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts All-time charts Certifications and sales See also Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1968 List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1960s List of Top 25 singles for 1968 in Australia List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1968 List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1968 List of number-one singles of 1968 (Canada) List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 1968 List of number-one hits of 1968 (Germany) List of number-one singles of 1968 (Ireland) List of number-one singles in 1968 (New Zealand) List of number-one songs in Norway List of number-one singles of 1968 (Spain) List of number-one singles from 1968 to 1979 (Switzerland) List of UK charts and number-one singles (1952–1969) List of best-selling singles of the 1960s in the United Kingdom \"The Official BBC Children in Need Medley\" Notes References Sources External links Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles' official website \"David Frost Meets The Beatles\" at Mojo4music.com 1968 songs 1968 singles The Beatles songs Apple Records singles Songs written by Lennon–McCartney Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs published by Northern Songs Music videos directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Cashbox number-one singles Dutch Top 40 number-one singles Single Top 100 number-one singles Irish Singles Chart number-one singles Number-one singles in Australia Number-one singles in Austria Number-one singles in Germany Number-one singles in New Zealand Number-one singles in Norway Number-one singles in Spain Number-one singles in Switzerland RPM Top Singles number-one singles UK Singles Chart number-one singles Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients British pop rock songs Pop ballads Rock ballads 1960s ballads Wilson Pickett songs" ]

[ "Kumar Sangakkara", "Captaincy" ]

[ "\"Garbage Island\" is the 17th episode of the sixth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother and the 129th episode overall. It aired on February 21, 2011.\n\nPlot\nAt Hong Kong International Airport in 2021, Ted's flight to New York City has been cancelled. While arguing with an attendant at the departure lounge, he runs into Wendy the Waitress. Future Ted describes how it happened.\n\nAt MacLaren's, Ted and Zoey tell Wendy the Waitress how they ended up together. Ted says Zoey was unhappy with her marriage to the Captain, and after a serious fight that ended with the Captain wanting a divorce, Zoey and Ted decided to give a relationship a try. Zoey asks Ted to get her personal belongings from the Captain's apartment. The stuff has been left at the lobby. Just as Ted comes to get the box, the Captain encounters him and at his study, says that Zoey left him for a mustachioed man, narrating a different version of his last argument with Zoey. Ted fails to get the box. He later returns to the apartment building, where the Captain claims that the doorman seduced Zoey. He threatens to harm the doorman but Ted convinces him to let her go because they have nothing in common anyway. Before leaving the apartment with Zoey's box, he admits that he was the one for whom Zoey left the Captain. Later at MacLaren's, Zoey says that good things can come out of something bad.\n\nMeanwhile, Barney reports to the gang that his laser tag date on Valentine's Day with Nora did not go well, despite her giving him her calling card which he later tears up. Robin catches Barney smiling whenever he mentions Nora, and gives him a napkin with Nora's phone number so he can call her. Robin eventually dares him to sleep with her to prove he does not like Nora. Barney shows up at Ted and Robin's apartment, which infuriates Robin because she had been encouraging him to pursue Nora. However, Barney reveals he had actually come to ask for Nora's phone number; pleased, Robin gives it to him and tells him to go for it.\n\nLily is frustrated at home because Marshall is too fixated with watching a documentary about the Great Pacific Garbage Patch to even think about sex. He creates a presentation for a new GNB environmental campaign, but it is negatively received and Arthur Hobbs fires Meeker, the only employee who liked the presentation. Lily catches Marshall in the dumpster trying to find a set of Tallboy O-rings. Marshall tells Lily that his father's death affected his career choices and fears that starting a family right away could force him to work at GNB forever. Lily asks him to save the planet first then start raising a family.\n\nMarshall's obsession also angers Wendy the Waitress because his advocacy prompts MacLaren's to have her carry spent bottles to the recycling center every night, which results in her having back pains. Future Ted says Meeker was a MacLaren's patron who met Wendy the night he goes to the bar to confront Marshall over his dismissal. Wendy's bag of bottles breaks and Meeker helps Wendy pick them up.\n\nThe ending scene shows that because they both hated Marshall, Wendy and Meeker did end up together, being on their second honeymoon when they encountered Ted at the airport. Ted says he is already married with two kids, and his relationship with Zoey did not end well. Ted begins the story of how he met his wife starting from the wedding, but Wendy interrupts saying they have to go. Ted immediately calls Marshall about the encounter.\n\nCritical response\n\nRobert Canning of IGN gave the episode a rating of 7 out of 10.\n\nDonna Bowman of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A−.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Barney's Blog\n \n\nHow I Met Your Mother (season 6) episodes\n2011 American television episodes", "Captain Miho Otani (大谷 三穂) (born May 28, 1971) is an officer in the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force. She was the first woman to become the captain of a naval training vessel and a destroyer. Otani was also a member of the first female class to enter the National Defense Academy of Japan.\n\nCareer \nOtani initially planned to study at Ryukoku University. When she was in her second year of high school she saw news about the Gulf War and decided to apply to the National Defense Academy of Japan instead. Though her family did not approve, she entered the Academy in April 1992 as a member of the first female class. At first she wanted to be a pilot, but she ended up being assigned to the Maritime Self-Defense Force, where she worked on the training ship JDS Natsugumo.\n\nThe ban on women serving in destroyers had been lifted in 2008, and so in 2011 she became the vice captain of . In March 2013, Otani became the captain of the training ship Shimayuki. Alongside Ryoko Azuma, she was the first woman to become the captain of a training ship. In February 2016, Otani took command of , making her the first woman in the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force to command a destroyer. On July 1, 2017, she was promoted to captain. On December 2, 2019, She took command of making her the first woman to command a JMSDF Aegis destroyer.\n\nSee also \n\n Misa Matsushima – First woman in the Japanese Self-Defense Force to become a fighter pilot\n\nReferences \n\nLiving people\n1971 births\nPeople from Osaka Prefecture\nNational Defense Academy of Japan alumni\nJapan Maritime Self-Defense Force personnel" ]

[ "Kumar Chokshanada Sangakkara (; born 27 October 1977) is a Sri Lankan cricket commentator, former professional cricketer, businessman, ICC Hall of Fame inductee, and the former president of Marylebone Cricket Club. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wicket-keeper-batters in the history of the sport.", "He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wicket-keeper-batters in the history of the sport. He was officially rated in the top three current batsmen in the world in all three formats of the game at various stages of his international career. Sangakkara scored 28,016 runs in international cricket across all formats in a career that spanned 15 years.", "Sangakkara scored 28,016 runs in international cricket across all formats in a career that spanned 15 years. At retirement, he was the second-highest run-scorer in ODI cricket, next only to Sachin Tendulkar, and the sixth-highest run scorer in Test cricket.", "At retirement, he was the second-highest run-scorer in ODI cricket, next only to Sachin Tendulkar, and the sixth-highest run scorer in Test cricket. As a player, Sangakkara was a left-handed top-order batsman and was also a wicket-keeper for a large proportion of his career.", "As a player, Sangakkara was a left-handed top-order batsman and was also a wicket-keeper for a large proportion of his career. Sangakkara holds many Test records, having been the fastest, or joint-fastest (in terms of innings) to various run milestones in Test cricket.", "Sangakkara holds many Test records, having been the fastest, or joint-fastest (in terms of innings) to various run milestones in Test cricket. Sangakkara's partnership with Mahela Jayawardene was the second most prolific in the history of Test cricket. Additionally, he holds the record for the most wicket keeping dismissals in ODI cricket.", "Additionally, he holds the record for the most wicket keeping dismissals in ODI cricket. Sangakkara won the ICC Cricketer of the Year in 2012 and won many other awards for both Test and ODI cricket.", "Sangakkara won the ICC Cricketer of the Year in 2012 and won many other awards for both Test and ODI cricket. He was selected as Leading Cricketer in the World in the 2012 and 2015 editions of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, becoming the second player to have won this award twice.", "He was selected as Leading Cricketer in the World in the 2012 and 2015 editions of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, becoming the second player to have won this award twice. Sangakkara was rated as the Greatest ODI player of all time in a public poll conducted by Cricket Australia in 2016.", "Sangakkara was rated as the Greatest ODI player of all time in a public poll conducted by Cricket Australia in 2016. He won the Man of the Match in the finals of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 tournament and was part of the team that made the final of the 2007 Cricket World Cup, 2011 Cricket World Cup, 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and 2012 ICC World Twenty20.", "He won the Man of the Match in the finals of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 tournament and was part of the team that made the final of the 2007 Cricket World Cup, 2011 Cricket World Cup, 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and 2012 ICC World Twenty20. He won the Man of the Match award in the final of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20, where he helped Sri Lanka win their first title.", "He won the Man of the Match award in the final of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20, where he helped Sri Lanka win their first title. In 2019, he was appointed President of the MCC, the first non-British person to be appointed to the position since the club was founded in 1787.", "In 2019, he was appointed President of the MCC, the first non-British person to be appointed to the position since the club was founded in 1787. He was the youngest person and the first active international player to deliver the MCC Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture, which was widely praised by the cricketing community for its outspoken nature.", "He was the youngest person and the first active international player to deliver the MCC Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture, which was widely praised by the cricketing community for its outspoken nature. In June 2021, he was inducted to the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame and became the second Sri Lankan to be inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame after Muttiah Muralitharan.", "In June 2021, he was inducted to the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame and became the second Sri Lankan to be inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame after Muttiah Muralitharan. Early life Sangakkara was born in Matale, Central Province near the city of Kandy in 1977. He grew up in Kandy with three siblings and his parents.", "He grew up in Kandy with three siblings and his parents. Sangakkara received his education at Trinity College, Kandy. During his school days, he was a chorister and played the violin. Sangakkara excelled in many sports and his college principal encouraged him to focus on cricket.", "Sangakkara excelled in many sports and his college principal encouraged him to focus on cricket. He represented his school's Under-13, Under-15, Under-17, Under-19 and first XI squads and was awarded his school's The Trinity Lion award and Ryde Gold Medal.", "He represented his school's Under-13, Under-15, Under-17, Under-19 and first XI squads and was awarded his school's The Trinity Lion award and Ryde Gold Medal. Sangakkara was selected to represent Sri Lankan A cricket team's tour to South Africa in 1999-00.", "Sangakkara was selected to represent Sri Lankan A cricket team's tour to South Africa in 1999-00. His knock of an unbeaten 156 against Zimbabwe A team during a one-day match helped him secure a place in the Sri Lankan national cricket team later that year.", "His knock of an unbeaten 156 against Zimbabwe A team during a one-day match helped him secure a place in the Sri Lankan national cricket team later that year. Sanga was the Senior Prefect (Head Boy) of school and entered the Law Faculty of the University of Colombo, but was unable to finish his degree initially due to his cricketing commitments.", "Sanga was the Senior Prefect (Head Boy) of school and entered the Law Faculty of the University of Colombo, but was unable to finish his degree initially due to his cricketing commitments. He later completed his Masters in Law from the University.", "He later completed his Masters in Law from the University. His parents sheltered Tamil families during the Black July riots in 1983. International career Early career At the age of 22 Sangakkara made his Test debut on 20 July 2000, keeping wicket in the first fixture of a three-match series against South Africa.", "His parents sheltered Tamil families during the Black July riots in 1983. International career Early career At the age of 22 Sangakkara made his Test debut on 20 July 2000, keeping wicket in the first fixture of a three-match series against South Africa. Sri Lanka won the match and in his side's only innings Sangakarra batted at the fall of the third wicket and scored 23 runs before he was dismissed leg before wicket by spin bowler Nicky Boje.", "Sri Lanka won the match and in his side's only innings Sangakarra batted at the fall of the third wicket and scored 23 runs before he was dismissed leg before wicket by spin bowler Nicky Boje. He made 35 runs in his One-day cricket debut against Pakistan and he received his first man of the match award in the 2nd match of the Singer Triangular Series, 2000, scoring 85 runs against South Africa.", "He made 35 runs in his One-day cricket debut against Pakistan and he received his first man of the match award in the 2nd match of the Singer Triangular Series, 2000, scoring 85 runs against South Africa. He ended the series with 199 runs, at an average of 66.33, securing his place for the upcoming Test series against South Africa.", "He ended the series with 199 runs, at an average of 66.33, securing his place for the upcoming Test series against South Africa. Before reaching his first Test century, he was twice dismissed in the 90s, once against each of South Africa and England.", "Before reaching his first Test century, he was twice dismissed in the 90s, once against each of South Africa and England. In August 2001, India toured Sri Lanka for three Tests and in the opening match Sangakkara scored his first century.", "In August 2001, India toured Sri Lanka for three Tests and in the opening match Sangakkara scored his first century. His innings of 105 not out at number three helped set up a ten-wicket victory for Sri Lanka.", "His innings of 105 not out at number three helped set up a ten-wicket victory for Sri Lanka. Later that year Sangakkara scored his second Test century, this time in the first of three matches against the touring West Indians. He scored his first double-century against Pakistan in 2002, at the 2nd Asian Test Championship final.", "He scored his first double-century against Pakistan in 2002, at the 2nd Asian Test Championship final. His performance helped Sri Lanka secure the Test championship. In April 2003, Sangakkara made his first ODI century against Pakistan, in a losing effort.", "In April 2003, Sangakkara made his first ODI century against Pakistan, in a losing effort. Together with Marvan Atapattu, he made a partnership of 438 for the 2nd wicket—4th highest in the world—against Zimbabwe in 2004. In that game, he scored 270, his first 250+ score.", "In that game, he scored 270, his first 250+ score. In July 2005, he was selected to the ICC World XI ODI team but missed out from its Test counterpart. Vice-captaincy When Sri Lanka toured Bangladesh in February 2006 regular captain Marvan Atapattu was injured and Mahela Jayawardene became captain while Sangakkara was made vice-captain.", "Vice-captaincy When Sri Lanka toured Bangladesh in February 2006 regular captain Marvan Atapattu was injured and Mahela Jayawardene became captain while Sangakkara was made vice-captain. Pakistan toured Sri Lanka for two Test and three ODIs in March 2006, and with Atapattu still injured Jayawardene and Sangakkara remained captain and vice-captain respectively.", "Pakistan toured Sri Lanka for two Test and three ODIs in March 2006, and with Atapattu still injured Jayawardene and Sangakkara remained captain and vice-captain respectively. The pair had only expected to hold the positions on an interim basis, but extended into a third series as Atapattu failed to recover in time to tour England in April and ended up filling the roles full-time.", "The pair had only expected to hold the positions on an interim basis, but extended into a third series as Atapattu failed to recover in time to tour England in April and ended up filling the roles full-time. In July 2006, Sangakkara made his second-highest Test score to-date (287) against South Africa.", "In July 2006, Sangakkara made his second-highest Test score to-date (287) against South Africa. In a record-breaking partnership with Mahela Jayawardene, he set up the world record for the highest partnership in Test cricket—624 runs—in this match.", "In a record-breaking partnership with Mahela Jayawardene, he set up the world record for the highest partnership in Test cricket—624 runs—in this match. On 6 December 2007 he made it to the top spot of ICC Test player rankings with a rating of 938, the highest rating ever achieved by a Sri Lankan player, and became the first batsman ever to score in excess of 150 in four consecutive tests.", "On 6 December 2007 he made it to the top spot of ICC Test player rankings with a rating of 938, the highest rating ever achieved by a Sri Lankan player, and became the first batsman ever to score in excess of 150 in four consecutive tests. His skill was recognised worldwide when he earned selection for the ICC World XI One-Day International team that competed against Australia in the Johnnie Walker Series in October 2005.", "His skill was recognised worldwide when he earned selection for the ICC World XI One-Day International team that competed against Australia in the Johnnie Walker Series in October 2005. Despite the World XI losing all of the one-day games by considerable margins, Sangakkara left the series with some credit, averaging 46.", "Despite the World XI losing all of the one-day games by considerable margins, Sangakkara left the series with some credit, averaging 46. He was one of the winners of the 2008 inaugural Cricinfo awards for outstanding batting in Test cricket. He was once again named in the World Test XI by the ICC in 2010.", "He was once again named in the World Test XI by the ICC in 2010. Sangakkara holds the record for being the fastest man to 8,000, 9,000, 10,000 (jointly held), 11,000 and 12,000 runs in Test cricket. During Sri Lanka's tour to England in May 2006, he was named the vice-captain of the side.", "During Sri Lanka's tour to England in May 2006, he was named the vice-captain of the side. On 3 March 2009, a terrorist attack on the Sri Lankan team convoy in Pakistan injured 6 Sri Lankan players including Sangakkara. Sangakkara suffered shrapnel wounds in his shoulder.", "Sangakkara suffered shrapnel wounds in his shoulder. In November 2006, Sangakkara was included in the ICC World XI Test team. Next year, he signed an agreement to join Warwickshire County Cricket Club. That year, he scored back-to-back double centuries in Tests and became only the fifth cricketer in the history to do so.", "That year, he scored back-to-back double centuries in Tests and became only the fifth cricketer in the history to do so. Captaincy In February 2009, the then captain of the Sri Lankan side, Mahela Jayawardene announced that he would step down from captaincy \"in the best interests of the Sri Lankan team\".", "Captaincy In February 2009, the then captain of the Sri Lankan side, Mahela Jayawardene announced that he would step down from captaincy \"in the best interests of the Sri Lankan team\". He said he believed that it would give his successor around two years to build up to the 2011 Cricket World Cup.", "He said he believed that it would give his successor around two years to build up to the 2011 Cricket World Cup. Therefore, at the age of 31 and with the experience of 80 Tests and 246 ODIs, Sangakkara succeeded Jayawardene as Sri Lanka's captain in all formats of the game.", "Therefore, at the age of 31 and with the experience of 80 Tests and 246 ODIs, Sangakkara succeeded Jayawardene as Sri Lanka's captain in all formats of the game. His first engagement in the role was the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 hosted by England in June.", "His first engagement in the role was the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 hosted by England in June. Sri Lanka became runners-up in the series after winning all the game in group and knock-out stages and being defeated by Pakistan in the final. Sangakkara made 64 not-out in the final, but was unable to take Sri Lanka for the championship.", "Sangakkara made 64 not-out in the final, but was unable to take Sri Lanka for the championship. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo for the 2009 T20I World Cup. Sri Lanka failed to reach to the knock-out stage of the ICC Champions Trophy in September 2009.", "Sri Lanka failed to reach to the knock-out stage of the ICC Champions Trophy in September 2009. The next Indian tour proved to be disastrous for the team, with Sri Lanka being beaten by India in Test series 2–0 and ODI series 3–1.", "The next Indian tour proved to be disastrous for the team, with Sri Lanka being beaten by India in Test series 2–0 and ODI series 3–1. Sri Lankan team under the captaincy of Sangakkara gained momentum and won the next Tri-series in Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka, beating India as well.", "Sri Lankan team under the captaincy of Sangakkara gained momentum and won the next Tri-series in Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka, beating India as well. The Sri Lankans' tour of Australia proved to be very successful, in winning both the T20 and ODI series. This was Sri Lanka's first ever series victory in Australia.", "This was Sri Lanka's first ever series victory in Australia. A month in advance of the 2011 World Cup in March, Sangakkara decided that he would resign the captaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament.", "Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar.", "Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC.", "He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo.", "He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World Cup, Sangakkara announced to the public he was stepping down as captain of the T20 and ODI teams.", "Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World Cup, Sangakkara announced to the public he was stepping down as captain of the T20 and ODI teams. He offered to continue as Test captain if deemed necessary for transition to new skipper, but Dilshan was appointed captain across all formats.", "He offered to continue as Test captain if deemed necessary for transition to new skipper, but Dilshan was appointed captain across all formats. Reflecting on the decision afterwards, he said that \"captaining Sri Lanka is a job that ages you very quickly ... It's rarely a job you will last long in ...", "It's rarely a job you will last long in ... I also had a two-year stint, and I enjoyed it at times, certainly on the field where our results showed we were one of the top two sides in the world for one-and-a-half years, especially in the shorter form of the game.\"", "I also had a two-year stint, and I enjoyed it at times, certainly on the field where our results showed we were one of the top two sides in the world for one-and-a-half years, especially in the shorter form of the game.\" The same year, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year at the ICC awards ceremony.", "The same year, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year at the ICC awards ceremony. In 2012, he was honored as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year. Post-captaincy Sri Lanka's first fixture after the World Cup was a Sri Lanka tour of England in 2011 beginning in May.", "Post-captaincy Sri Lanka's first fixture after the World Cup was a Sri Lanka tour of England in 2011 beginning in May. During the second match of a three Test series Tillakaratne Dilshan, Sangakkara's successor as captain, suffered a broken thumb.", "During the second match of a three Test series Tillakaratne Dilshan, Sangakkara's successor as captain, suffered a broken thumb. Sangakkara filled in while Dilshan was off the pitch and formally assumed the captaincy for the final Test.", "Sangakkara filled in while Dilshan was off the pitch and formally assumed the captaincy for the final Test. The match ended in a draw and the series ended in a 1–0 victory for England; Sangakarra scored a century in the match, his first against England in nine Tests.", "The match ended in a draw and the series ended in a 1–0 victory for England; Sangakarra scored a century in the match, his first against England in nine Tests. Sangakkara was named the man of the series in Test series with Pakistan in 2011/12—his first man of the series award in Test cricket.", "Sangakkara was named the man of the series in Test series with Pakistan in 2011/12—his first man of the series award in Test cricket. He made 516 runs in the 3 match series which was won by Pakistan 1–0.", "He made 516 runs in the 3 match series which was won by Pakistan 1–0. On August in 2013, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year, wicket keeper-captain of the ICC World XI Test team, and won the ICC People's Choice Award in 2011 ICC Awards.", "On August in 2013, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year, wicket keeper-captain of the ICC World XI Test team, and won the ICC People's Choice Award in 2011 ICC Awards. In 2012, he was named one of the Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year.", "In 2012, he was named one of the Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year. He was also named as captain and wicket keeper of the 2011 World Test XI by the ICC and named in the 2012 World Test XI and ODI XI. Sangakkara struggled with his form when England toured Sri Lanka in 2012.", "Sangakkara struggled with his form when England toured Sri Lanka in 2012. He failed to score a half century during The Two Test match series. But he regained his form in the ODI series against Pakistan where his batting score reached the 90s.", "But he regained his form in the ODI series against Pakistan where his batting score reached the 90s. In the Test series that followed, Sangakkara continued his form with a 199, the scoreboard originally said he had scored the double century but it turned out to be a mistake. Sri Lanka later won the Test match.", "Sri Lanka later won the Test match. He followed this up with 192 in the same game, again missing out on the double century. The next two matches were drawn, which meant Sri Lanka won the series 1–0. This was their first time winning a Test series since the retirement of Muttiah Muralitharan.", "This was their first time winning a Test series since the retirement of Muttiah Muralitharan. On the Sri Lankan tour of Bangladesh in 2014, Sangakkara hit his highest test score to date with 319 in the first innings of the second test.", "On the Sri Lankan tour of Bangladesh in 2014, Sangakkara hit his highest test score to date with 319 in the first innings of the second test. Making him only the third Sri Lankan player to hit a triple century after Sanath Jayasuria and Mahela Jayawardena.", "Making him only the third Sri Lankan player to hit a triple century after Sanath Jayasuria and Mahela Jayawardena. He followed his triple century with a knock of 105 in the 2nd innings and the game finished as a draw. He continued his good batting run with another century in the 2nd ODI.", "He continued his good batting run with another century in the 2nd ODI. Along with teammate Mahela Jayawardene, he recorded the most partnership runs for the 3rd wicket in Test history, scoring 5890 runs surpassing the 5826 runs of Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar, during the first Test match against Pakistan at Galle International Stadium.", "Along with teammate Mahela Jayawardene, he recorded the most partnership runs for the 3rd wicket in Test history, scoring 5890 runs surpassing the 5826 runs of Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar, during the first Test match against Pakistan at Galle International Stadium. The two also hold the record for the highest partnership for any wicket in Test matches, scoring 624 runs for the 3rd wicket against South Africa in July 2006.", "The two also hold the record for the highest partnership for any wicket in Test matches, scoring 624 runs for the 3rd wicket against South Africa in July 2006. This still stands as the largest partnership for any wicket in first-class cricket, anywhere.", "This still stands as the largest partnership for any wicket in first-class cricket, anywhere. His impressive form with the bat continued at the 2014 Asia Cup where he amassed a total of 245 runs in five innings. He started the tournament with a 63 against Pakistan before hitting a match winning 103 against India.", "He started the tournament with a 63 against Pakistan before hitting a match winning 103 against India. He then added scores of 77 and 2 against Afghanistan and Bangladesh before being dismissed for a golden duck in the final against Pakistan. Sri Lanka went on to win the game and the tournament.", "Sri Lanka went on to win the game and the tournament. Sangakkara decided to retire from T20 internationals after playing the 2014 ICC World Twenty20. Afterwards, Jayawardene also followed him into retirement.", "Afterwards, Jayawardene also followed him into retirement. Sangakkara under-performed in the World T20, but in the final match against India, he scored 51 not out off just 33 balls making his team win their second ICC trophy since 1996.", "Sangakkara under-performed in the World T20, but in the final match against India, he scored 51 not out off just 33 balls making his team win their second ICC trophy since 1996. Sri Lanka played their first 7-match ODI series at home, against England from 26 November to 16 December 2014.", "Sri Lanka played their first 7-match ODI series at home, against England from 26 November to 16 December 2014. On 3 December 2014 Sangakkara reached 13,000 runs in One-day internationals in the third match of the series at the Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium, Hambantota, and became the fourth player in One-day history to achieve the feat after Sachin Tendulkar, Ricky Ponting, and Sanath Jayasuriya.", "On 3 December 2014 Sangakkara reached 13,000 runs in One-day internationals in the third match of the series at the Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium, Hambantota, and became the fourth player in One-day history to achieve the feat after Sachin Tendulkar, Ricky Ponting, and Sanath Jayasuriya. He also became the second most prolific half-century maker in One-day internationals during this match.", "He also became the second most prolific half-century maker in One-day internationals during this match. He scored 4 consecutive half-centuries followed by a century. On 13 December 2014, he scored his 20th ODI century, becoming the second Sri Lankan to score 20 ODI centuries, after 28 by Sanath Jayasuriya, and 9th overall to do so.", "On 13 December 2014, he scored his 20th ODI century, becoming the second Sri Lankan to score 20 ODI centuries, after 28 by Sanath Jayasuriya, and 9th overall to do so. He also took 4 catches as a wicket-keeper in this match taking the player of the match award.", "He also took 4 catches as a wicket-keeper in this match taking the player of the match award. This match was his last match in his home town, due to his retirement from ODI arena after 2015 Cricket World Cup.", "This match was his last match in his home town, due to his retirement from ODI arena after 2015 Cricket World Cup. His last One-day innings in Sri Lanka was played on 13 December 2014 in the last match of the England ODI series. He was caught while on 33 in his last innings on home soil.", "He was caught while on 33 in his last innings on home soil. On 4 January 2015, Sangakkara scored his 38th test century by making 203 against New Zealand during the second match of the 2 Test match series. With this feat, he is only one short to become the highest double-century maker in test history.", "With this feat, he is only one short to become the highest double-century maker in test history. He has 11 test double centuries, only one short of 12 double centuries by Don Bradman. He also surpassed 12,000 runs in Test cricket, becoming the first Sri Lankan and 5th overall cricketer to achieve that mark.", "He also surpassed 12,000 runs in Test cricket, becoming the first Sri Lankan and 5th overall cricketer to achieve that mark. On 14 February 2015, Sangakkara became the second highest run scorer in One-Day International history, by surpassing Australian Ricky Ponting.", "On 14 February 2015, Sangakkara became the second highest run scorer in One-Day International history, by surpassing Australian Ricky Ponting. He achieved this milestone during the first match of 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against New Zealand, but Sri Lanka lost the match.", "He achieved this milestone during the first match of 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against New Zealand, but Sri Lanka lost the match. On 26 February 2015 in 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against Bangladesh, Sangakkara scored his 22nd ODI century in his 400th appearance in One-Day Internationals.", "On 26 February 2015 in 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against Bangladesh, Sangakkara scored his 22nd ODI century in his 400th appearance in One-Day Internationals. The 210* second wicket partnership between Sangakkara and Tillakaratne Dilshan on that day was broken again on 1 March 2015, in the next group match in World Cup against England, where Sangakkara joined Lahiru Thirimanne with 212* for the second wicket.", "The 210* second wicket partnership between Sangakkara and Tillakaratne Dilshan on that day was broken again on 1 March 2015, in the next group match in World Cup against England, where Sangakkara joined Lahiru Thirimanne with 212* for the second wicket. Sangakkara scored his 23rd century in this match and this 70-ball century was his fastest century overall and the fastest century by a Sri Lankan in World Cup history.", "Sangakkara scored his 23rd century in this match and this 70-ball century was his fastest century overall and the fastest century by a Sri Lankan in World Cup history. During the same World Cup, against Australia, when chasing a massive score of 377, Sangakkara passed 14,000 ODI runs, becoming the first Sri Lankan and second overall cricketer to pass it.", "During the same World Cup, against Australia, when chasing a massive score of 377, Sangakkara passed 14,000 ODI runs, becoming the first Sri Lankan and second overall cricketer to pass it. He scored 124 runs in the next match against Scotland, becoming first batsman in World Cup history to score 4 consecutive hundreds.", "He scored 124 runs in the next match against Scotland, becoming first batsman in World Cup history to score 4 consecutive hundreds. Sangakkara's last ODI innings were disappointing from him and his teams' point of view, where Sri Lanka lost the quarter-final against South Africa on 18 March 2015.", "Sangakkara's last ODI innings were disappointing from him and his teams' point of view, where Sri Lanka lost the quarter-final against South Africa on 18 March 2015. He only scored 45 runs, it was Sri Lanka's first World Cup defeat in a quarter final after 1999.", "He only scored 45 runs, it was Sri Lanka's first World Cup defeat in a quarter final after 1999. His teammate Mahela also retired from ODI career with this match. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2015 World Cup by the ICC.", "He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2015 World Cup by the ICC. Retirement During the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 championship, Sangakkara announced his retirement from the Twenty20 International arena after the championship with his teammate Mahela.", "Retirement During the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 championship, Sangakkara announced his retirement from the Twenty20 International arena after the championship with his teammate Mahela. Then in December 2014, he announced that he would also retire from ODI cricket after the 2015 Cricket World Cup, again with Mahela.", "Then in December 2014, he announced that he would also retire from ODI cricket after the 2015 Cricket World Cup, again with Mahela. As he said, he retired from T20I cricket in April 2014 and from ODI cricket on 18 March 2015.", "As he said, he retired from T20I cricket in April 2014 and from ODI cricket on 18 March 2015. On 1 April 2015, Sri Lanka's Sports Minister Navin Dissanayake stated that Sangakkara should reconsider his intention to retire in August 2015.", "On 1 April 2015, Sri Lanka's Sports Minister Navin Dissanayake stated that Sangakkara should reconsider his intention to retire in August 2015. He said that Sangakarra was disillusioned by some of the actions of the Sri Lanka Cricket Board in the past, and now that attempts have been made to change personnel and practices, Sangakkara should reconsider his decision.", "He said that Sangakarra was disillusioned by some of the actions of the Sri Lanka Cricket Board in the past, and now that attempts have been made to change personnel and practices, Sangakkara should reconsider his decision. Sangakkara did not give an answer to the statement.", "Sangakkara did not give an answer to the statement. On 27 June 2015, Sangakkara officially announced his retirement from Test cricket as well. He retired from Test cricket after the second Test match against India.", "He retired from Test cricket after the second Test match against India. He scored 32 runs in the first innings and 18 in the second of his last test match and got out to Ravichandran Ashwin for the fourth consecutive time in the series.", "He scored 32 runs in the first innings and 18 in the second of his last test match and got out to Ravichandran Ashwin for the fourth consecutive time in the series. The P Sara Oval ground was decorated with numerous banners and posters of Sangakkara with messages such as \"Thank You Sanga\" and \"Class Never Retires\".", "The P Sara Oval ground was decorated with numerous banners and posters of Sangakkara with messages such as \"Thank You Sanga\" and \"Class Never Retires\". His teammates including Mahela, Thilan Thushara, and Sanath Jayasuriya, Murali came to the ground to bid farewell to Sangakkara.", "His teammates including Mahela, Thilan Thushara, and Sanath Jayasuriya, Murali came to the ground to bid farewell to Sangakkara. Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation recognized Sangakkara as the \"Player of the Century\" citing many of Sangakkara's memories and achievements.", "Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation recognized Sangakkara as the \"Player of the Century\" citing many of Sangakkara's memories and achievements. After the conclusion of the second test, a special farewell presentation was held for Sangakkara with the presence of President Maithreepala Sirisena, Prime Minister Ranil Wickramasinghe, former Sri Lankan Test captain Arjuna Ranatunga, former Indian Test captain Sunil Gavaskar, and several cricket celebrities.", "After the conclusion of the second test, a special farewell presentation was held for Sangakkara with the presence of President Maithreepala Sirisena, Prime Minister Ranil Wickramasinghe, former Sri Lankan Test captain Arjuna Ranatunga, former Indian Test captain Sunil Gavaskar, and several cricket celebrities. Several mementos were given for the behalf of his cricket career and Gavaskar invited him to the former cricketer's club.", "Several mementos were given for the behalf of his cricket career and Gavaskar invited him to the former cricketer's club. Indian captain Virat Kohli described Sangakkara as \"a lovely person\".", "Indian captain Virat Kohli described Sangakkara as \"a lovely person\". President Sirisena offered him to work as the Commissioner for the United Kingdom in Sri Lanka stating \"He has been a great face for our country and it gives me immense pleasure in offering him the post of High Commissioner to the UK\".", "President Sirisena offered him to work as the Commissioner for the United Kingdom in Sri Lanka stating \"He has been a great face for our country and it gives me immense pleasure in offering him the post of High Commissioner to the UK\". In November 2020, Sangakkara was nominated for the Sir Garfield Sobers Award for ICC Male Cricketer of the Decade, and the award for ODI cricketer of the decade.", "In November 2020, Sangakkara was nominated for the Sir Garfield Sobers Award for ICC Male Cricketer of the Decade, and the award for ODI cricketer of the decade. Cowdrey Lecture Sangakkara delivered the 2011 Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture at Lords.", "Cowdrey Lecture Sangakkara delivered the 2011 Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture at Lords. He became the youngest person and the first active international player to deliver that lecture, which was widely praised by the cricketing community. The one-hour-long speech was based on the history and the corruption in the cricket administration in Sri Lanka.", "The one-hour-long speech was based on the history and the corruption in the cricket administration in Sri Lanka. In his speech, he said: \"accountability and transparency in administration and credibility of conduct were lost in a mad power struggle that would leave Sri Lankan cricket with no clear, consistent administration\", and observed that these problems in administration had risen only after Sri Lanka's 1996 Cricket World Cup victory.", "In his speech, he said: \"accountability and transparency in administration and credibility of conduct were lost in a mad power struggle that would leave Sri Lankan cricket with no clear, consistent administration\", and observed that these problems in administration had risen only after Sri Lanka's 1996 Cricket World Cup victory. He also blamed \"a handful of well-meaning individuals\" who control the game, wasting the cricket board's finances and resources.", "He also blamed \"a handful of well-meaning individuals\" who control the game, wasting the cricket board's finances and resources. Immediately after the lecture, the Sri Lankan sports minister Mahindananda Aluthgamage ordered an investigation into the speech.", "Immediately after the lecture, the Sri Lankan sports minister Mahindananda Aluthgamage ordered an investigation into the speech. Despite the critical comments by the Sri Lankan government officials, it has been described as \"the most important speech in cricket history\". Beyond playing cricket Sangakarra retired from ODI cricket in 2015.", "Beyond playing cricket Sangakarra retired from ODI cricket in 2015. On 19 August 2015, just after the end of Sri Lankan Parliamentary election of 2015, president Maithripala Sirisena appointed Sangakkara as the Ambassador Of Anti-narcotics program In Sri Lanka. The letter of appointment was handed over to Sangakkara by the president at President's official residence.", "The letter of appointment was handed over to Sangakkara by the president at President's official residence. In January 2019, Sangakkara accepted an invitation from the incumbent President of the MCC Anthony Wreford to be his successor. The decision was announced on 1 May 2019, at which time Sangakkara became the President Designate.", "The decision was announced on 1 May 2019, at which time Sangakkara became the President Designate. His one-year term began on 1 October 2019. Sangakkara was the first non-British MCC President since the club was founded in 1787.", "Sangakkara was the first non-British MCC President since the club was founded in 1787. The MCC are the custodians of the Laws of Cricket, which are applied by the International Cricket Council in its role as the global governing body for the game.", "The MCC are the custodians of the Laws of Cricket, which are applied by the International Cricket Council in its role as the global governing body for the game. Sangakkara was awarded honorary life membership of the MCC in 2012 and joined its world cricket committee the same year.", "Sangakkara was awarded honorary life membership of the MCC in 2012 and joined its world cricket committee the same year. Sangakarra described the MCC as \"the greatest cricket club in the world\" and described being named as its President as a \"huge honour\".", "Sangakarra described the MCC as \"the greatest cricket club in the world\" and described being named as its President as a \"huge honour\". Kumar Sangakkara has become the first non-British President of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), with effect from 1 October 2019 for a period of one year which was extended for further one year till October 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Kumar Sangakkara has become the first non-British President of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), with effect from 1 October 2019 for a period of one year which was extended for further one year till October 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He said, \"I am thrilled to hold the prestigious position of MCC President and I look forward to working hard with the MCC to build on this incredible year of cricket.", "He said, \"I am thrilled to hold the prestigious position of MCC President and I look forward to working hard with the MCC to build on this incredible year of cricket. We have the opportunity to convert more supporters to the game we love and educate them about the fantastic work MCC does locally, nationally and globally for cricket and those communities.\"", "We have the opportunity to convert more supporters to the game we love and educate them about the fantastic work MCC does locally, nationally and globally for cricket and those communities.\" Sangakkara has a long association with MCC.", "Sangakkara has a long association with MCC. He played against the Club in 2002, opening the batting for the touring Sri Lankans in a first-class match at Queen's Park Chesterfield. Domestic cricket Sangakkara used to play domestic cricket for Nondescripts in Sri Lanka, as well as Surrey in England and also various T20 tournaments around the world.", "Domestic cricket Sangakkara used to play domestic cricket for Nondescripts in Sri Lanka, as well as Surrey in England and also various T20 tournaments around the world. He made his Twenty20 debut on 17 August 2004, for Nondescripts Cricket Club in the 2004 SLC Twenty20 Tournament. He currently only plays for the MCC as a player-president in T20s.", "He currently only plays for the MCC as a player-president in T20s. County cricket Sangakkara has played English county cricket with Warwickshire in the 2007 County Championship. In 2010 Sangakkara was contracted to represent Lancashire in the 2010 County Championship, but never represented the club because of international commitments.", "In 2010 Sangakkara was contracted to represent Lancashire in the 2010 County Championship, but never represented the club because of international commitments. For the 2015 and 2016 seasons Sangakkara was contracted to play for Surrey.", "For the 2015 and 2016 seasons Sangakkara was contracted to play for Surrey. After his international retirement, Sangakkara continued to play for Surrey and in 2017 scored his 100th century in all formats of the game combined on 13 June 2017. Indian Premier League Sangakkara has played in five seasons of the Indian Premier League.", "Indian Premier League Sangakkara has played in five seasons of the Indian Premier League. Winning bids for him in 2008 and 2011 were US$700,000 by Kings XI Punjab and US$300,000 by Deccan Chargers respectively. He was the captain of the Sunrisers Hyderabad team. Sangakkara has scored 1567 runs with 10 half-centuries in 62 matches in IPL.", "Sangakkara has scored 1567 runs with 10 half-centuries in 62 matches in IPL. In January 2021, Sangakkara was named the director of cricket of Rajasthan Royals ahead of the IPL 2021.", "In January 2021, Sangakkara was named the director of cricket of Rajasthan Royals ahead of the IPL 2021. Sri Lanka Premier League [ SLPL ] In the Sri Lanka Premier League which officially started in 2012, Sangakkara was named the captain and icon player of the Kandurata Warriors franchise.", "Sri Lanka Premier League [ SLPL ] In the Sri Lanka Premier League which officially started in 2012, Sangakkara was named the captain and icon player of the Kandurata Warriors franchise. Unfortunately, he couldn't participate as a player in the inaugural edition in 2012 as he suffered a finger injury weeks before the tournament during a One Day International against India.", "Unfortunately, he couldn't participate as a player in the inaugural edition in 2012 as he suffered a finger injury weeks before the tournament during a One Day International against India. However, he appeared as a television commentator during some matches. Caribbean Premier League On 18 August 2013, Sangakkarra joined the Jamaica Tallawahs of the Caribbean Premier League.", "Caribbean Premier League On 18 August 2013, Sangakkarra joined the Jamaica Tallawahs of the Caribbean Premier League. Pakistan Super League In 2015, Sangakkarra joined the Quetta Gladiators of the Pakistan Super League. He was later released by the franchise and was picked by Karachi Kings as captain for the 2017 edition. Under his captaincy team reached play-offs.", "Under his captaincy team reached play-offs. The following year, in the 3rd edition of PSL, Sangakkarra was picked by Multan Sultans. Return to county cricket Before Sri Lanka's Test series against England in 2014, Sangakkara returned to county cricket, playing two matches for Durham, which included 159 against Sussex in his final innings.", "Return to county cricket Before Sri Lanka's Test series against England in 2014, Sangakkara returned to county cricket, playing two matches for Durham, which included 159 against Sussex in his final innings. On 16 January 2015, it was announced that he would be joining Surrey on a two-year contract.", "On 16 January 2015, it was announced that he would be joining Surrey on a two-year contract. Sangakkara scored a brilliant century against Glamorgan, where he scored 149 runs, which was his maiden century for Surrey in this county season.", "Sangakkara scored a brilliant century against Glamorgan, where he scored 149 runs, which was his maiden century for Surrey in this county season. After the match, he said that he is willing to see the comeback of English batsman Kevin Pietersen to the international cricket.", "After the match, he said that he is willing to see the comeback of English batsman Kevin Pietersen to the international cricket. Sangakkara represented Surrey from 2015 till 2017, helping them win Division Two of LV= 2015 County Championship and gaining promotion to Division One for the Specsavers 2016 County Championship season.", "Sangakkara represented Surrey from 2015 till 2017, helping them win Division Two of LV= 2015 County Championship and gaining promotion to Division One for the Specsavers 2016 County Championship season. Surrey also reached the finals of 2015 Royal London One-Day Cup before losing by six runs to Gloucestershire.", "Surrey also reached the finals of 2015 Royal London One-Day Cup before losing by six runs to Gloucestershire. On 22 May 2017, Sangakkara announced that the following season would be his last in first-class cricket.", "On 22 May 2017, Sangakkara announced that the following season would be his last in first-class cricket. He made the announcement after scoring four consecutive centuries becoming the fourth Surrey batsman to achieve this feat (Ian Ward was the last to do it in 2002), pass 20,000 first-class and having scored 592 runs in the said four games.", "He made the announcement after scoring four consecutive centuries becoming the fourth Surrey batsman to achieve this feat (Ian Ward was the last to do it in 2002), pass 20,000 first-class and having scored 592 runs in the said four games. He scored the fifth consecutive century on 26 May against Essex at the County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford.", "He scored the fifth consecutive century on 26 May against Essex at the County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford. becoming only the eighth player to achieve this feat.", "becoming only the eighth player to achieve this feat. In the quarter-final of the Royal London One-Day Cup against Yorkshire, he scored 121 from as many balls, which became his 100th century in all formats of the game combined, that now included 61 in first-class and 39 in List A games.", "In the quarter-final of the Royal London One-Day Cup against Yorkshire, he scored 121 from as many balls, which became his 100th century in all formats of the game combined, that now included 61 in first-class and 39 in List A games. Sangakkara became the first batsman to reach 1,000 runs for the season when he brought up his sixth century for the season against Yorkshire.", "Sangakkara became the first batsman to reach 1,000 runs for the season when he brought up his sixth century for the season against Yorkshire. MCC On the 2020 MCC tour of Pakistan, with all matches played in Lahore, Sangakkara played in all matches, registering 25 runs in the first T20 match with 1 catch behind the stumps, 3 runs in the only LA game (where he did not keep wicket), 1 catch behind the stumps and 10 with the bat in the second T20, and 52 and 1 catch keeping wicket in the third and tour-ending T20, giving him a total of 3 dismissals credited to his name and 90 runs in total on the tour, giving him a T20 average of 30 and a tour average of 22.5.", "MCC On the 2020 MCC tour of Pakistan, with all matches played in Lahore, Sangakkara played in all matches, registering 25 runs in the first T20 match with 1 catch behind the stumps, 3 runs in the only LA game (where he did not keep wicket), 1 catch behind the stumps and 10 with the bat in the second T20, and 52 and 1 catch keeping wicket in the third and tour-ending T20, giving him a total of 3 dismissals credited to his name and 90 runs in total on the tour, giving him a T20 average of 30 and a tour average of 22.5. Cricket All-Stars Series Sangakkara, though retired from international cricket, participated in the 2015 Cricket All-Stars Series for Warne's Warriors under Shane Warne's captaincy.", "Cricket All-Stars Series Sangakkara, though retired from international cricket, participated in the 2015 Cricket All-Stars Series for Warne's Warriors under Shane Warne's captaincy. In the three T20 matches, he scored 153 runs, more than any other cricketer in the series, and included one fifty. His average in the series was 51.00.", "His average in the series was 51.00. He also hit the most fours and sixes, 12 apiece. For his overall performance, Sangakkara was judged player of the series. Masters Champion League Sangakkara also played for Gemini Arabians in the first edition of Masters Champions League T20 tournament which took place in the UAE.", "Masters Champion League Sangakkara also played for Gemini Arabians in the first edition of Masters Champions League T20 tournament which took place in the UAE. In the first match against Gemini and Libra Legends, Sangakkara scored 86 runs from just 43 balls and helped the team post a huge total of 234 runs in their allotted 20 overs.", "In the first match against Gemini and Libra Legends, Sangakkara scored 86 runs from just 43 balls and helped the team post a huge total of 234 runs in their allotted 20 overs. Libra Legends only scored 156 in their 20 overs and thus Gemini Arabians won the match courtesy of Sangakkara's knock.", "Libra Legends only scored 156 in their 20 overs and thus Gemini Arabians won the match courtesy of Sangakkara's knock. Sangakkara was also awarded man of the match.", "Sangakkara was also awarded man of the match. Sangakkara scored four consecutive fifties (65, 51, 51, 62) in the other matches played during the series, this secured a place in the final for the Arabians. In the final against Leo Lions, he scored 30 runs to become top run scorer of the series.", "In the final against Leo Lions, he scored 30 runs to become top run scorer of the series. His team won the series and remained undefeated throughout the tournament. Sangakkara won player of the series for his 386 runs with 5 fifties.", "Sangakkara won player of the series for his 386 runs with 5 fifties. Selection committee On 7 March 2016, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of Sri Lanka's selection committee by sports minister Dayasiri Jayasekara.", "Selection committee On 7 March 2016, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of Sri Lanka's selection committee by sports minister Dayasiri Jayasekara. The committee was tasked to select the Sri Lankan squad for 2016 ICC World Twenty20 tournament, as Sri Lanka suffered heavy defeats in recent times with the previous squad.", "The committee was tasked to select the Sri Lankan squad for 2016 ICC World Twenty20 tournament, as Sri Lanka suffered heavy defeats in recent times with the previous squad. The chairman of the selection committee is Aravinda de Silva. The other members are Romesh Kaluwitharana, Ranjith Madurasinghe, and Lalith Kaluperuma.", "The other members are Romesh Kaluwitharana, Ranjith Madurasinghe, and Lalith Kaluperuma. On August 20, 2020, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of the National Sports Council under the overview of Cabinet Minister of Sports and Youth Affairs Namal Rajapakse.", "On August 20, 2020, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of the National Sports Council under the overview of Cabinet Minister of Sports and Youth Affairs Namal Rajapakse. The council is headed by his teammate Mahela Jayawardena and includes notable sporting personalities such as Dilantha Malagamuwa and Julian Bolling.", "The council is headed by his teammate Mahela Jayawardena and includes notable sporting personalities such as Dilantha Malagamuwa and Julian Bolling. Coaching career He was appointed as Director of cricket for Rajasthan Royals in January, 2021.", "Coaching career He was appointed as Director of cricket for Rajasthan Royals in January, 2021. Personal life Sangakkara is married to his longtime partner, Yehali with whom he has twin children.Daughter Swyree and son Kavith He is involved in a lot of charity work in Sri Lanka.", "Personal life Sangakkara is married to his longtime partner, Yehali with whom he has twin children.Daughter Swyree and son Kavith He is involved in a lot of charity work in Sri Lanka. He is a member of the Think Wise Initiative, launched by International Cricket Council, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and UNICEF, this initiative is aimed at raising awareness of HIV prevention and eliminating discrimination against people living with HIV and AIDS.", "He is a member of the Think Wise Initiative, launched by International Cricket Council, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and UNICEF, this initiative is aimed at raising awareness of HIV prevention and eliminating discrimination against people living with HIV and AIDS. He is also a partner of the Foundation of Goodness, a charity launched by Kushil Gunasekara.", "He is also a partner of the Foundation of Goodness, a charity launched by Kushil Gunasekara. Playing style Sangakkara is a left-handed top order batsman who likes to hit the ball square of the stumps on the off-side. While the cut and the pull are natural strokes for him, he tends to play off the front foot.", "While the cut and the pull are natural strokes for him, he tends to play off the front foot. The cover drive is one of his regular scoring shots. Sangakkara averaged 57.40 in Test cricket. In ODI cricket, he retired with an average of 42.", "In ODI cricket, he retired with an average of 42. Sangakkara handed his wicket-keeping duties in Test cricket to Prasanna Jayawardene in 2006. He played as a specialist batsman in Tests, and retired as a wicket keeper-batsman in other formats of the game.", "He played as a specialist batsman in Tests, and retired as a wicket keeper-batsman in other formats of the game. He is the first on the list of wicket keepers who contributed to the most dismissals in ODI cricket, with 499.", "He is the first on the list of wicket keepers who contributed to the most dismissals in ODI cricket, with 499. He is also the wicket keeper with the second highest number of stumpings—99—in ODI cricket after Mahendra Singh Dhoni surpassed him.", "He is also the wicket keeper with the second highest number of stumpings—99—in ODI cricket after Mahendra Singh Dhoni surpassed him. He has won a certain degree of admiration for his clever use of sledging and is one of few cricketers who are willing to talk about it openly.", "He has won a certain degree of admiration for his clever use of sledging and is one of few cricketers who are willing to talk about it openly. In an interview in 2004 he explained his approach to sledging: Commentary career Kumar Sangakkara made his ICC TV commentary debut during the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy along with newcomers Brendon McCullum, Graeme Smith and Ricky Ponting.", "In an interview in 2004 he explained his approach to sledging: Commentary career Kumar Sangakkara made his ICC TV commentary debut during the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy along with newcomers Brendon McCullum, Graeme Smith and Ricky Ponting. Sangakkara was also one of the commentators for the global broadcast of the ICC Cricket World Cup in 2019.", "Sangakkara was also one of the commentators for the global broadcast of the ICC Cricket World Cup in 2019. Kumar Sangakkara has joined SkySports for commentary throughout the English summer of 2018. He also commentated in Pakistan's tour of England as well as India's tour of England.", "He also commentated in Pakistan's tour of England as well as India's tour of England. Sangakkara is also a part of the IPL commentary panel in 2019 as well as in the 2020 edition that was taking place in the UAE International records NOTE: World records are bold Tests Sixth highest aggregate of runs (12,400) in 134 matches at an Average of 57.40 Second most double centuries in a career – Sangakkara has 11 double centuries in Tests, second only to 12 by Don Bradman.", "Sangakkara is also a part of the IPL commentary panel in 2019 as well as in the 2020 edition that was taking place in the UAE International records NOTE: World records are bold Tests Sixth highest aggregate of runs (12,400) in 134 matches at an Average of 57.40 Second most double centuries in a career – Sangakkara has 11 double centuries in Tests, second only to 12 by Don Bradman. Fourth highest number of centuries – Sangakkara has 38 centuries in 134 matches.", "Fourth highest number of centuries – Sangakkara has 38 centuries in 134 matches. Highest average (qualification 5000 runs.) by a Sri Lankan – Sangakkara (57.40)- fifth highest overall after Donald Bradman, Ken Barrington, Wally Hammond and Garfield Sobers. Half centuries – Sangakkara has 52 half-centuries in 134 matches.", "Half centuries – Sangakkara has 52 half-centuries in 134 matches. He is ninth in the list. First player to score 150+ scores in four consecutive Test matches.", "First player to score 150+ scores in four consecutive Test matches. Fastest 8,000 runs – Sangakkara (152 innings) Fastest 9,000 runs – Sangakkara (172 innings) Joint fastest to 10,000 runs – Sangakkara along with Brian Lara and Sachin Tendulkar (195 innings) Fastest 11,000 runs – Sangakkara (208 innings) Fastest 12,000 runs – Sangakkara (224 innings) Highest partnership for any wicket – 624 for the third wicket by Kumara Sangakkara (287) & Mahela Jayawardene (374) against South Africa in 2006.", "Fastest 8,000 runs – Sangakkara (152 innings) Fastest 9,000 runs – Sangakkara (172 innings) Joint fastest to 10,000 runs – Sangakkara along with Brian Lara and Sachin Tendulkar (195 innings) Fastest 11,000 runs – Sangakkara (208 innings) Fastest 12,000 runs – Sangakkara (224 innings) Highest partnership for any wicket – 624 for the third wicket by Kumara Sangakkara (287) & Mahela Jayawardene (374) against South Africa in 2006. This pair is the only on to score a 600+ partnership for any wicket in first-class history Most partnership runs – Kumara Sangakkara and Mahela Jayawardene scored 6554 runs together, which is the second highest by any partnership.", "This pair is the only on to score a 600+ partnership for any wicket in first-class history Most partnership runs – Kumara Sangakkara and Mahela Jayawardene scored 6554 runs together, which is the second highest by any partnership. Most runs in Year 2014 – 1493 runs in 12 matches with 4 hundreds and 9 fifties with average 71.09 Most test centuries when batting at number 3 position(37) Most career runs when batting at number 3 position in test history(11679) One-Day Internationals Aggregate runs (14,234 in 404 matches at an Average of 41.98) – Sangakkara is second on the list.", "Most runs in Year 2014 – 1493 runs in 12 matches with 4 hundreds and 9 fifties with average 71.09 Most test centuries when batting at number 3 position(37) Most career runs when batting at number 3 position in test history(11679) One-Day Internationals Aggregate runs (14,234 in 404 matches at an Average of 41.98) – Sangakkara is second on the list. First Sri Lankan to pass 14,000 runs.", "First Sri Lankan to pass 14,000 runs. Most half centuries – Sangakkara has 93 half-centuries in 404 matches. He is second in the list. Most dismissals (includes wicket-keeping) – Sangakkara has taken (482 dismissals = 383 ct. + 99 st.) in 404 matches.", "Most dismissals (includes wicket-keeping) – Sangakkara has taken (482 dismissals = 383 ct. + 99 st.) in 404 matches. Second most stumpings in a career as a wicketkeeper in ODIs – 99 by Sangakkara.", "Second most stumpings in a career as a wicketkeeper in ODIs – 99 by Sangakkara. Most runs in Year 2014 – 1256 runs in 28 matches with 4 hundreds and 8 fifties with the average 46.51 First and only batsman to score four consecutive hundreds – centuries against Bangladesh (105*), England (117*), Australia (104) and Scotland (124) in the 2015 ICC World Cup.", "Most runs in Year 2014 – 1256 runs in 28 matches with 4 hundreds and 8 fifties with the average 46.51 First and only batsman to score four consecutive hundreds – centuries against Bangladesh (105*), England (117*), Australia (104) and Scotland (124) in the 2015 ICC World Cup. Sangakkara was the first Sri Lankan and 4th overall batsman to reach List of cricketers who scored a century in their hundred in his 100th ODI appearance.", "Sangakkara was the first Sri Lankan and 4th overall batsman to reach List of cricketers who scored a century in their hundred in his 100th ODI appearance. Most runs as wicketkeeper batsman in ODI history (13,262 runs) and the first wicketkeeper batsman to score over 10000 runs in One Day Internationals.", "Most runs as wicketkeeper batsman in ODI history (13,262 runs) and the first wicketkeeper batsman to score over 10000 runs in One Day Internationals. T20I records He along with Mahela Jayawardene holds the record for the highest ever partnership for any wicket in ICC World T20 history(166 for the 2nd wicket) He was the first batsman to score half centuries in 2 different ICC T20 World Cup finals(in 2009 and 2014) Aggregate records Most runs in cricket in all formats of the game in a calendar year – Sangakkara scored 2868 runs in the year 2014.", "T20I records He along with Mahela Jayawardene holds the record for the highest ever partnership for any wicket in ICC World T20 history(166 for the 2nd wicket) He was the first batsman to score half centuries in 2 different ICC T20 World Cup finals(in 2009 and 2014) Aggregate records Most runs in cricket in all formats of the game in a calendar year – Sangakkara scored 2868 runs in the year 2014. (1493 Tests + 1256 ODIs + 119 T20Is) Total runs scored in all forms of the game – Sangakkara is second only to Indian Sachin Tendulkar, scoring 28,016 international runs.", "(1493 Tests + 1256 ODIs + 119 T20Is) Total runs scored in all forms of the game – Sangakkara is second only to Indian Sachin Tendulkar, scoring 28,016 international runs. Fourth in the list of most dismissals as wicketkeeper across all formats (678).", "Fourth in the list of most dismissals as wicketkeeper across all formats (678). World Cups Most dismissals as wicketkeeper – Kumara Sangakkara (54) in 37 matches.", "World Cups Most dismissals as wicketkeeper – Kumara Sangakkara (54) in 37 matches. He was also the second wicketkeeper after Adam Gilchrist to effect in 50+ dismissals in World Cups Fastest century by a Sri Lankan – Sangakkara scored his 23rd ODI century by 70 balls against England on 1 March 2015.", "He was also the second wicketkeeper after Adam Gilchrist to effect in 50+ dismissals in World Cups Fastest century by a Sri Lankan – Sangakkara scored his 23rd ODI century by 70 balls against England on 1 March 2015. Most consecutive centuries in a single World Cup (4).", "Most consecutive centuries in a single World Cup (4). He is first the player to have scored 4 centuries in a single WorldCup. Second Is Rohit Sharma From India who scored 5 centuries in 2019 edition Player statistics Centuries Sangakkara has scored 38 centuries in Test cricket, more than any other Sri Lankan.", "Second Is Rohit Sharma From India who scored 5 centuries in 2019 edition Player statistics Centuries Sangakkara has scored 38 centuries in Test cricket, more than any other Sri Lankan. Additionally, Sangakkara has scored 25 centuries in ODIs.", "Additionally, Sangakkara has scored 25 centuries in ODIs. Awards Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy (ICC Cricketer of the Year): 2012 ICC Test Player of the Year: 2012 ICC ODI Player of the Year: 2011, 2013 ICC Test Team of the Year:2006-2008, 2010-2012, 2014 ICC ODI Team of the Year: 2011-2013, 2015 Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World: 2011, 2014 Wisden Cricketers of the Year: 2012 LG People's Choice Award: 2011 & 2012 Outstanding Achievement in Sport 2015, The Asian Awards.", "Awards Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy (ICC Cricketer of the Year): 2012 ICC Test Player of the Year: 2012 ICC ODI Player of the Year: 2011, 2013 ICC Test Team of the Year:2006-2008, 2010-2012, 2014 ICC ODI Team of the Year: 2011-2013, 2015 Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World: 2011, 2014 Wisden Cricketers of the Year: 2012 LG People's Choice Award: 2011 & 2012 Outstanding Achievement in Sport 2015, The Asian Awards. CEAT International Cricketer of the Year: 2015 Ada Derana Sri Lankan of the Year 2016 – Icon of the Year Award Dialog SLC ODI Batsman of the Year: 2015 See also Mahela-Sanga Challenge Trophy References External links Official Website Kumara Sangakkara videos, photos and news Kumar Sangakkara: The Gentleman Stylist Of Sri Lankan Cricket 1977 births Living people ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers ICC World XI One Day International cricketers Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers Warwickshire cricketers Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers Sri Lanka Test cricketers Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers Sri Lanka Test cricket captains Punjab Kings cricketers Sri Lankan terrorism victims Sinhalese sportspeople Sri Lankan Buddhists Alumni of the University of Colombo Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup Alumni of Trinity College, Kandy Kandurata cricketers Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World Wisden Cricketers of the Year Cricketers from Kandy Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers International Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year Jamaica Tallawahs cricketers Durham cricketers Surrey cricketers Quetta Gladiators cricketers Karachi Kings cricketers Deccan Chargers cricketers Dhaka Dynamites cricketers Hobart Hurricanes cricketers Multan Sultans cricketers Sri Lankan cricket commentators Wicket-keepers" ]

[ "Kumar Sangakkara", "Captaincy", "How did he become captain?", "In February 2009, the then captain of the Sri Lankan side, Mahela Jayawardene announced that he would step down from captaincy \"in the best interests of the Sri Lankan team\"." ]

[ "Practical Aesthetics is an acting technique originally conceived by David Mamet and William H. Macy, based on the teachings of Stanislavsky, Sanford Meisner, and the Stoic philosopher Epictetus.\n\nTechnique\nPractical Aesthetics is based on the practice of breaking down a scene using a four-step analysis that entails the following:\n\n1) The \"Literal\": The essential and most basic, uninterpretive, description of what is taking place. 'What is Literally happening for your character within the scene?'. For example; 'My character is literally proposing marriage to their partner of 6 months'\n\n2) The \"Want\": What does one character ultimately want the other character to say or do. \"What does my character want from the other person within the scene?\". For example; 'I want the other character to accept my marriage proposal\"\n\n3) The \"Essential Action\": A universal human desire that relates to the specific and essential nature of what your character wants within the scene. In this step, you must distill the given circumstances and the actions of your character, given to you by the playwright, to a universal human desire that underlies the text. For example; if your 'Want' is \"I want the other character to accept my marriage proposal\" the 'Universal Human Desire' or 'Essential Action' underlying that specific 'Want' could be 'To get my soulmate to take a brave step'. \n\n4) The \"As If\": This relates the \"essential action\" to the actor's own life. (Often the most difficult step of Analysis)\n\nFor example: \"Essential Action\" – To retrieve what is rightfully mine. \"As If\" – It's as if my girlfriend has taken away my favorite album that I was going to give as a gift. I need to retrieve it because it is mine.\n\nUnlike other acting techniques, this step is NOT a memory device. In Practical Aesthetics actors are taught that using the memory of past experiences hinders the truth of the moment within a scene because you already know how that memory ends, there is a resolution inherently tied to that memory. Therefore if you choose to use memory to replicate an emotional response within the scene, you have to ignore the resolution or pretend as if it has not occurred, you are playing a 'double fiction'. Firstly you are playing the fiction of the scene and secondly, you are acting as if you don't know the outcome of the memory you are drawing an emotional response from.\n\nTherefore the Practical Aesthetic 'As If' is something that could feasibly happen in your life, that has not yet happened, that produces a galvanized response within you; a spark to involve the actor in the scene. It helps the actor escape the fiction, find the truth, and apply it elsewhere. \n\nThis technique is aimed at making the experience of acting entirely based on the will of the actor. It is in response to \"The Method, \" which some believe uses more introverted and self-based practices. The Practical Aesthetic asks an actor only to commit his will to the pursuit of an action based on the other actor.\n\nPractitioners\nFamous practitioners of Practical Aesthetics include: William H Macy, Felicity Huffman, Rose Byrne, Jessica Alba, Rhea Seehorn, and Clark Gregg.\n\nSee also\nGOTE: This acronym (Goal, Obstacle, Tactics, and Expectation) was devised by Robert Cohen to remind his students of his acting \"method\" – a method often linked with practical aesthetics.\n\nTo my knowledge, the GOTE system has never been directly linked with Practical Aesthetics, and is not a formal part of the Practical Aesthetics curriculum. Thank God. – Lee Michael Cohn, co-author of A Practical Handbook for the Actor\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\nBruder, Melissa, et al. (1986). A Practical Handbook for the Actor. New York: Vintage Books. \nCohen, Robert (1978). Acting Power. New York: McGraw-Hill. \nCohen, Robert (2003). Acting Professionally: Raw Facts About Careers in Acting. New York: McGraw-Hill. \nMamet, David (1999). True and False: Heresy and Common Sense for the Actor. New York: Vintage Books.\n\nExternal links\nAtlantic Theater Company\nAtlantic Acting School\n\nActing techniques", "\"What They Want\" is a song by American rapper Russ. It was released on his SoundCloud page on August 19, 2015. Russ included this song on his 12th (and major-label debut) album There's Really a Wolf. The song was mixed, mastered, engineered, produced, written, and performed by Russ.\n\nBackground \nThe song is a response to labels and women who now want to approach him due to his success as a rapper. In the songs hook, Russ states \"Dollar signs, yeah, I know it's what they want\", as women now want him for his money, and labels want him for the money they can make off of his hard work.\n\nCommercial performance \n\"What They Want\" debuted at number 99 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, on the week of November 12, 2016. This became Russ' first song to appear on the chart. Three weeks later, the single reached its peak at number 83 on the week of December 3, 2016. The song also managed to chart at number 12 on the US Rhythmic Airplay chart on the week of December 3, 2016. On July 26, 2021, the single was certified four times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and streaming units of over four million units in the United States.\n\nRuss debuted the music video to \"What They Want\" through his Vevo account on May 3, 2016. As of June 2021, the song has over 320 million views on YouTube.\n\nCharts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n2015 singles\n2015 songs" ]

[ "Kumar Chokshanada Sangakkara (; born 27 October 1977) is a Sri Lankan cricket commentator, former professional cricketer, businessman, ICC Hall of Fame inductee, and the former president of Marylebone Cricket Club. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wicket-keeper-batters in the history of the sport.", "He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wicket-keeper-batters in the history of the sport. He was officially rated in the top three current batsmen in the world in all three formats of the game at various stages of his international career. Sangakkara scored 28,016 runs in international cricket across all formats in a career that spanned 15 years.", "Sangakkara scored 28,016 runs in international cricket across all formats in a career that spanned 15 years. At retirement, he was the second-highest run-scorer in ODI cricket, next only to Sachin Tendulkar, and the sixth-highest run scorer in Test cricket.", "At retirement, he was the second-highest run-scorer in ODI cricket, next only to Sachin Tendulkar, and the sixth-highest run scorer in Test cricket. As a player, Sangakkara was a left-handed top-order batsman and was also a wicket-keeper for a large proportion of his career.", "As a player, Sangakkara was a left-handed top-order batsman and was also a wicket-keeper for a large proportion of his career. Sangakkara holds many Test records, having been the fastest, or joint-fastest (in terms of innings) to various run milestones in Test cricket.", "Sangakkara holds many Test records, having been the fastest, or joint-fastest (in terms of innings) to various run milestones in Test cricket. Sangakkara's partnership with Mahela Jayawardene was the second most prolific in the history of Test cricket. Additionally, he holds the record for the most wicket keeping dismissals in ODI cricket.", "Additionally, he holds the record for the most wicket keeping dismissals in ODI cricket. Sangakkara won the ICC Cricketer of the Year in 2012 and won many other awards for both Test and ODI cricket.", "Sangakkara won the ICC Cricketer of the Year in 2012 and won many other awards for both Test and ODI cricket. He was selected as Leading Cricketer in the World in the 2012 and 2015 editions of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, becoming the second player to have won this award twice.", "He was selected as Leading Cricketer in the World in the 2012 and 2015 editions of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, becoming the second player to have won this award twice. Sangakkara was rated as the Greatest ODI player of all time in a public poll conducted by Cricket Australia in 2016.", "Sangakkara was rated as the Greatest ODI player of all time in a public poll conducted by Cricket Australia in 2016. He won the Man of the Match in the finals of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 tournament and was part of the team that made the final of the 2007 Cricket World Cup, 2011 Cricket World Cup, 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and 2012 ICC World Twenty20.", "He won the Man of the Match in the finals of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 tournament and was part of the team that made the final of the 2007 Cricket World Cup, 2011 Cricket World Cup, 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and 2012 ICC World Twenty20. He won the Man of the Match award in the final of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20, where he helped Sri Lanka win their first title.", "He won the Man of the Match award in the final of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20, where he helped Sri Lanka win their first title. In 2019, he was appointed President of the MCC, the first non-British person to be appointed to the position since the club was founded in 1787.", "In 2019, he was appointed President of the MCC, the first non-British person to be appointed to the position since the club was founded in 1787. He was the youngest person and the first active international player to deliver the MCC Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture, which was widely praised by the cricketing community for its outspoken nature.", "He was the youngest person and the first active international player to deliver the MCC Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture, which was widely praised by the cricketing community for its outspoken nature. In June 2021, he was inducted to the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame and became the second Sri Lankan to be inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame after Muttiah Muralitharan.", "In June 2021, he was inducted to the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame and became the second Sri Lankan to be inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame after Muttiah Muralitharan. Early life Sangakkara was born in Matale, Central Province near the city of Kandy in 1977. He grew up in Kandy with three siblings and his parents.", "He grew up in Kandy with three siblings and his parents. Sangakkara received his education at Trinity College, Kandy. During his school days, he was a chorister and played the violin. Sangakkara excelled in many sports and his college principal encouraged him to focus on cricket.", "Sangakkara excelled in many sports and his college principal encouraged him to focus on cricket. He represented his school's Under-13, Under-15, Under-17, Under-19 and first XI squads and was awarded his school's The Trinity Lion award and Ryde Gold Medal.", "He represented his school's Under-13, Under-15, Under-17, Under-19 and first XI squads and was awarded his school's The Trinity Lion award and Ryde Gold Medal. Sangakkara was selected to represent Sri Lankan A cricket team's tour to South Africa in 1999-00.", "Sangakkara was selected to represent Sri Lankan A cricket team's tour to South Africa in 1999-00. His knock of an unbeaten 156 against Zimbabwe A team during a one-day match helped him secure a place in the Sri Lankan national cricket team later that year.", "His knock of an unbeaten 156 against Zimbabwe A team during a one-day match helped him secure a place in the Sri Lankan national cricket team later that year. Sanga was the Senior Prefect (Head Boy) of school and entered the Law Faculty of the University of Colombo, but was unable to finish his degree initially due to his cricketing commitments.", "Sanga was the Senior Prefect (Head Boy) of school and entered the Law Faculty of the University of Colombo, but was unable to finish his degree initially due to his cricketing commitments. He later completed his Masters in Law from the University.", "He later completed his Masters in Law from the University. His parents sheltered Tamil families during the Black July riots in 1983. International career Early career At the age of 22 Sangakkara made his Test debut on 20 July 2000, keeping wicket in the first fixture of a three-match series against South Africa.", "His parents sheltered Tamil families during the Black July riots in 1983. International career Early career At the age of 22 Sangakkara made his Test debut on 20 July 2000, keeping wicket in the first fixture of a three-match series against South Africa. Sri Lanka won the match and in his side's only innings Sangakarra batted at the fall of the third wicket and scored 23 runs before he was dismissed leg before wicket by spin bowler Nicky Boje.", "Sri Lanka won the match and in his side's only innings Sangakarra batted at the fall of the third wicket and scored 23 runs before he was dismissed leg before wicket by spin bowler Nicky Boje. He made 35 runs in his One-day cricket debut against Pakistan and he received his first man of the match award in the 2nd match of the Singer Triangular Series, 2000, scoring 85 runs against South Africa.", "He made 35 runs in his One-day cricket debut against Pakistan and he received his first man of the match award in the 2nd match of the Singer Triangular Series, 2000, scoring 85 runs against South Africa. He ended the series with 199 runs, at an average of 66.33, securing his place for the upcoming Test series against South Africa.", "He ended the series with 199 runs, at an average of 66.33, securing his place for the upcoming Test series against South Africa. Before reaching his first Test century, he was twice dismissed in the 90s, once against each of South Africa and England.", "Before reaching his first Test century, he was twice dismissed in the 90s, once against each of South Africa and England. In August 2001, India toured Sri Lanka for three Tests and in the opening match Sangakkara scored his first century.", "In August 2001, India toured Sri Lanka for three Tests and in the opening match Sangakkara scored his first century. His innings of 105 not out at number three helped set up a ten-wicket victory for Sri Lanka.", "His innings of 105 not out at number three helped set up a ten-wicket victory for Sri Lanka. Later that year Sangakkara scored his second Test century, this time in the first of three matches against the touring West Indians. He scored his first double-century against Pakistan in 2002, at the 2nd Asian Test Championship final.", "He scored his first double-century against Pakistan in 2002, at the 2nd Asian Test Championship final. His performance helped Sri Lanka secure the Test championship. In April 2003, Sangakkara made his first ODI century against Pakistan, in a losing effort.", "In April 2003, Sangakkara made his first ODI century against Pakistan, in a losing effort. Together with Marvan Atapattu, he made a partnership of 438 for the 2nd wicket—4th highest in the world—against Zimbabwe in 2004. In that game, he scored 270, his first 250+ score.", "In that game, he scored 270, his first 250+ score. In July 2005, he was selected to the ICC World XI ODI team but missed out from its Test counterpart. Vice-captaincy When Sri Lanka toured Bangladesh in February 2006 regular captain Marvan Atapattu was injured and Mahela Jayawardene became captain while Sangakkara was made vice-captain.", "Vice-captaincy When Sri Lanka toured Bangladesh in February 2006 regular captain Marvan Atapattu was injured and Mahela Jayawardene became captain while Sangakkara was made vice-captain. Pakistan toured Sri Lanka for two Test and three ODIs in March 2006, and with Atapattu still injured Jayawardene and Sangakkara remained captain and vice-captain respectively.", "Pakistan toured Sri Lanka for two Test and three ODIs in March 2006, and with Atapattu still injured Jayawardene and Sangakkara remained captain and vice-captain respectively. The pair had only expected to hold the positions on an interim basis, but extended into a third series as Atapattu failed to recover in time to tour England in April and ended up filling the roles full-time.", "The pair had only expected to hold the positions on an interim basis, but extended into a third series as Atapattu failed to recover in time to tour England in April and ended up filling the roles full-time. In July 2006, Sangakkara made his second-highest Test score to-date (287) against South Africa.", "In July 2006, Sangakkara made his second-highest Test score to-date (287) against South Africa. In a record-breaking partnership with Mahela Jayawardene, he set up the world record for the highest partnership in Test cricket—624 runs—in this match.", "In a record-breaking partnership with Mahela Jayawardene, he set up the world record for the highest partnership in Test cricket—624 runs—in this match. On 6 December 2007 he made it to the top spot of ICC Test player rankings with a rating of 938, the highest rating ever achieved by a Sri Lankan player, and became the first batsman ever to score in excess of 150 in four consecutive tests.", "On 6 December 2007 he made it to the top spot of ICC Test player rankings with a rating of 938, the highest rating ever achieved by a Sri Lankan player, and became the first batsman ever to score in excess of 150 in four consecutive tests. His skill was recognised worldwide when he earned selection for the ICC World XI One-Day International team that competed against Australia in the Johnnie Walker Series in October 2005.", "His skill was recognised worldwide when he earned selection for the ICC World XI One-Day International team that competed against Australia in the Johnnie Walker Series in October 2005. Despite the World XI losing all of the one-day games by considerable margins, Sangakkara left the series with some credit, averaging 46.", "Despite the World XI losing all of the one-day games by considerable margins, Sangakkara left the series with some credit, averaging 46. He was one of the winners of the 2008 inaugural Cricinfo awards for outstanding batting in Test cricket. He was once again named in the World Test XI by the ICC in 2010.", "He was once again named in the World Test XI by the ICC in 2010. Sangakkara holds the record for being the fastest man to 8,000, 9,000, 10,000 (jointly held), 11,000 and 12,000 runs in Test cricket. During Sri Lanka's tour to England in May 2006, he was named the vice-captain of the side.", "During Sri Lanka's tour to England in May 2006, he was named the vice-captain of the side. On 3 March 2009, a terrorist attack on the Sri Lankan team convoy in Pakistan injured 6 Sri Lankan players including Sangakkara. Sangakkara suffered shrapnel wounds in his shoulder.", "Sangakkara suffered shrapnel wounds in his shoulder. In November 2006, Sangakkara was included in the ICC World XI Test team. Next year, he signed an agreement to join Warwickshire County Cricket Club. That year, he scored back-to-back double centuries in Tests and became only the fifth cricketer in the history to do so.", "That year, he scored back-to-back double centuries in Tests and became only the fifth cricketer in the history to do so. Captaincy In February 2009, the then captain of the Sri Lankan side, Mahela Jayawardene announced that he would step down from captaincy \"in the best interests of the Sri Lankan team\".", "Captaincy In February 2009, the then captain of the Sri Lankan side, Mahela Jayawardene announced that he would step down from captaincy \"in the best interests of the Sri Lankan team\". He said he believed that it would give his successor around two years to build up to the 2011 Cricket World Cup.", "He said he believed that it would give his successor around two years to build up to the 2011 Cricket World Cup. Therefore, at the age of 31 and with the experience of 80 Tests and 246 ODIs, Sangakkara succeeded Jayawardene as Sri Lanka's captain in all formats of the game.", "Therefore, at the age of 31 and with the experience of 80 Tests and 246 ODIs, Sangakkara succeeded Jayawardene as Sri Lanka's captain in all formats of the game. His first engagement in the role was the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 hosted by England in June.", "His first engagement in the role was the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 hosted by England in June. Sri Lanka became runners-up in the series after winning all the game in group and knock-out stages and being defeated by Pakistan in the final. Sangakkara made 64 not-out in the final, but was unable to take Sri Lanka for the championship.", "Sangakkara made 64 not-out in the final, but was unable to take Sri Lanka for the championship. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo for the 2009 T20I World Cup. Sri Lanka failed to reach to the knock-out stage of the ICC Champions Trophy in September 2009.", "Sri Lanka failed to reach to the knock-out stage of the ICC Champions Trophy in September 2009. The next Indian tour proved to be disastrous for the team, with Sri Lanka being beaten by India in Test series 2–0 and ODI series 3–1.", "The next Indian tour proved to be disastrous for the team, with Sri Lanka being beaten by India in Test series 2–0 and ODI series 3–1. Sri Lankan team under the captaincy of Sangakkara gained momentum and won the next Tri-series in Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka, beating India as well.", "Sri Lankan team under the captaincy of Sangakkara gained momentum and won the next Tri-series in Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka, beating India as well. The Sri Lankans' tour of Australia proved to be very successful, in winning both the T20 and ODI series. This was Sri Lanka's first ever series victory in Australia.", "This was Sri Lanka's first ever series victory in Australia. A month in advance of the 2011 World Cup in March, Sangakkara decided that he would resign the captaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament.", "Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar.", "Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC.", "He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo.", "He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World Cup, Sangakkara announced to the public he was stepping down as captain of the T20 and ODI teams.", "Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World Cup, Sangakkara announced to the public he was stepping down as captain of the T20 and ODI teams. He offered to continue as Test captain if deemed necessary for transition to new skipper, but Dilshan was appointed captain across all formats.", "He offered to continue as Test captain if deemed necessary for transition to new skipper, but Dilshan was appointed captain across all formats. Reflecting on the decision afterwards, he said that \"captaining Sri Lanka is a job that ages you very quickly ... It's rarely a job you will last long in ...", "It's rarely a job you will last long in ... I also had a two-year stint, and I enjoyed it at times, certainly on the field where our results showed we were one of the top two sides in the world for one-and-a-half years, especially in the shorter form of the game.\"", "I also had a two-year stint, and I enjoyed it at times, certainly on the field where our results showed we were one of the top two sides in the world for one-and-a-half years, especially in the shorter form of the game.\" The same year, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year at the ICC awards ceremony.", "The same year, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year at the ICC awards ceremony. In 2012, he was honored as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year. Post-captaincy Sri Lanka's first fixture after the World Cup was a Sri Lanka tour of England in 2011 beginning in May.", "Post-captaincy Sri Lanka's first fixture after the World Cup was a Sri Lanka tour of England in 2011 beginning in May. During the second match of a three Test series Tillakaratne Dilshan, Sangakkara's successor as captain, suffered a broken thumb.", "During the second match of a three Test series Tillakaratne Dilshan, Sangakkara's successor as captain, suffered a broken thumb. Sangakkara filled in while Dilshan was off the pitch and formally assumed the captaincy for the final Test.", "Sangakkara filled in while Dilshan was off the pitch and formally assumed the captaincy for the final Test. The match ended in a draw and the series ended in a 1–0 victory for England; Sangakarra scored a century in the match, his first against England in nine Tests.", "The match ended in a draw and the series ended in a 1–0 victory for England; Sangakarra scored a century in the match, his first against England in nine Tests. Sangakkara was named the man of the series in Test series with Pakistan in 2011/12—his first man of the series award in Test cricket.", "Sangakkara was named the man of the series in Test series with Pakistan in 2011/12—his first man of the series award in Test cricket. He made 516 runs in the 3 match series which was won by Pakistan 1–0.", "He made 516 runs in the 3 match series which was won by Pakistan 1–0. On August in 2013, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year, wicket keeper-captain of the ICC World XI Test team, and won the ICC People's Choice Award in 2011 ICC Awards.", "On August in 2013, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year, wicket keeper-captain of the ICC World XI Test team, and won the ICC People's Choice Award in 2011 ICC Awards. In 2012, he was named one of the Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year.", "In 2012, he was named one of the Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year. He was also named as captain and wicket keeper of the 2011 World Test XI by the ICC and named in the 2012 World Test XI and ODI XI. Sangakkara struggled with his form when England toured Sri Lanka in 2012.", "Sangakkara struggled with his form when England toured Sri Lanka in 2012. He failed to score a half century during The Two Test match series. But he regained his form in the ODI series against Pakistan where his batting score reached the 90s.", "But he regained his form in the ODI series against Pakistan where his batting score reached the 90s. In the Test series that followed, Sangakkara continued his form with a 199, the scoreboard originally said he had scored the double century but it turned out to be a mistake. Sri Lanka later won the Test match.", "Sri Lanka later won the Test match. He followed this up with 192 in the same game, again missing out on the double century. The next two matches were drawn, which meant Sri Lanka won the series 1–0. This was their first time winning a Test series since the retirement of Muttiah Muralitharan.", "This was their first time winning a Test series since the retirement of Muttiah Muralitharan. On the Sri Lankan tour of Bangladesh in 2014, Sangakkara hit his highest test score to date with 319 in the first innings of the second test.", "On the Sri Lankan tour of Bangladesh in 2014, Sangakkara hit his highest test score to date with 319 in the first innings of the second test. Making him only the third Sri Lankan player to hit a triple century after Sanath Jayasuria and Mahela Jayawardena.", "Making him only the third Sri Lankan player to hit a triple century after Sanath Jayasuria and Mahela Jayawardena. He followed his triple century with a knock of 105 in the 2nd innings and the game finished as a draw. He continued his good batting run with another century in the 2nd ODI.", "He continued his good batting run with another century in the 2nd ODI. Along with teammate Mahela Jayawardene, he recorded the most partnership runs for the 3rd wicket in Test history, scoring 5890 runs surpassing the 5826 runs of Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar, during the first Test match against Pakistan at Galle International Stadium.", "Along with teammate Mahela Jayawardene, he recorded the most partnership runs for the 3rd wicket in Test history, scoring 5890 runs surpassing the 5826 runs of Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar, during the first Test match against Pakistan at Galle International Stadium. The two also hold the record for the highest partnership for any wicket in Test matches, scoring 624 runs for the 3rd wicket against South Africa in July 2006.", "The two also hold the record for the highest partnership for any wicket in Test matches, scoring 624 runs for the 3rd wicket against South Africa in July 2006. This still stands as the largest partnership for any wicket in first-class cricket, anywhere.", "This still stands as the largest partnership for any wicket in first-class cricket, anywhere. His impressive form with the bat continued at the 2014 Asia Cup where he amassed a total of 245 runs in five innings. He started the tournament with a 63 against Pakistan before hitting a match winning 103 against India.", "He started the tournament with a 63 against Pakistan before hitting a match winning 103 against India. He then added scores of 77 and 2 against Afghanistan and Bangladesh before being dismissed for a golden duck in the final against Pakistan. Sri Lanka went on to win the game and the tournament.", "Sri Lanka went on to win the game and the tournament. Sangakkara decided to retire from T20 internationals after playing the 2014 ICC World Twenty20. Afterwards, Jayawardene also followed him into retirement.", "Afterwards, Jayawardene also followed him into retirement. Sangakkara under-performed in the World T20, but in the final match against India, he scored 51 not out off just 33 balls making his team win their second ICC trophy since 1996.", "Sangakkara under-performed in the World T20, but in the final match against India, he scored 51 not out off just 33 balls making his team win their second ICC trophy since 1996. Sri Lanka played their first 7-match ODI series at home, against England from 26 November to 16 December 2014.", "Sri Lanka played their first 7-match ODI series at home, against England from 26 November to 16 December 2014. On 3 December 2014 Sangakkara reached 13,000 runs in One-day internationals in the third match of the series at the Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium, Hambantota, and became the fourth player in One-day history to achieve the feat after Sachin Tendulkar, Ricky Ponting, and Sanath Jayasuriya.", "On 3 December 2014 Sangakkara reached 13,000 runs in One-day internationals in the third match of the series at the Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium, Hambantota, and became the fourth player in One-day history to achieve the feat after Sachin Tendulkar, Ricky Ponting, and Sanath Jayasuriya. He also became the second most prolific half-century maker in One-day internationals during this match.", "He also became the second most prolific half-century maker in One-day internationals during this match. He scored 4 consecutive half-centuries followed by a century. On 13 December 2014, he scored his 20th ODI century, becoming the second Sri Lankan to score 20 ODI centuries, after 28 by Sanath Jayasuriya, and 9th overall to do so.", "On 13 December 2014, he scored his 20th ODI century, becoming the second Sri Lankan to score 20 ODI centuries, after 28 by Sanath Jayasuriya, and 9th overall to do so. He also took 4 catches as a wicket-keeper in this match taking the player of the match award.", "He also took 4 catches as a wicket-keeper in this match taking the player of the match award. This match was his last match in his home town, due to his retirement from ODI arena after 2015 Cricket World Cup.", "This match was his last match in his home town, due to his retirement from ODI arena after 2015 Cricket World Cup. His last One-day innings in Sri Lanka was played on 13 December 2014 in the last match of the England ODI series. He was caught while on 33 in his last innings on home soil.", "He was caught while on 33 in his last innings on home soil. On 4 January 2015, Sangakkara scored his 38th test century by making 203 against New Zealand during the second match of the 2 Test match series. With this feat, he is only one short to become the highest double-century maker in test history.", "With this feat, he is only one short to become the highest double-century maker in test history. He has 11 test double centuries, only one short of 12 double centuries by Don Bradman. He also surpassed 12,000 runs in Test cricket, becoming the first Sri Lankan and 5th overall cricketer to achieve that mark.", "He also surpassed 12,000 runs in Test cricket, becoming the first Sri Lankan and 5th overall cricketer to achieve that mark. On 14 February 2015, Sangakkara became the second highest run scorer in One-Day International history, by surpassing Australian Ricky Ponting.", "On 14 February 2015, Sangakkara became the second highest run scorer in One-Day International history, by surpassing Australian Ricky Ponting. He achieved this milestone during the first match of 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against New Zealand, but Sri Lanka lost the match.", "He achieved this milestone during the first match of 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against New Zealand, but Sri Lanka lost the match. On 26 February 2015 in 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against Bangladesh, Sangakkara scored his 22nd ODI century in his 400th appearance in One-Day Internationals.", "On 26 February 2015 in 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against Bangladesh, Sangakkara scored his 22nd ODI century in his 400th appearance in One-Day Internationals. The 210* second wicket partnership between Sangakkara and Tillakaratne Dilshan on that day was broken again on 1 March 2015, in the next group match in World Cup against England, where Sangakkara joined Lahiru Thirimanne with 212* for the second wicket.", "The 210* second wicket partnership between Sangakkara and Tillakaratne Dilshan on that day was broken again on 1 March 2015, in the next group match in World Cup against England, where Sangakkara joined Lahiru Thirimanne with 212* for the second wicket. Sangakkara scored his 23rd century in this match and this 70-ball century was his fastest century overall and the fastest century by a Sri Lankan in World Cup history.", "Sangakkara scored his 23rd century in this match and this 70-ball century was his fastest century overall and the fastest century by a Sri Lankan in World Cup history. During the same World Cup, against Australia, when chasing a massive score of 377, Sangakkara passed 14,000 ODI runs, becoming the first Sri Lankan and second overall cricketer to pass it.", "During the same World Cup, against Australia, when chasing a massive score of 377, Sangakkara passed 14,000 ODI runs, becoming the first Sri Lankan and second overall cricketer to pass it. He scored 124 runs in the next match against Scotland, becoming first batsman in World Cup history to score 4 consecutive hundreds.", "He scored 124 runs in the next match against Scotland, becoming first batsman in World Cup history to score 4 consecutive hundreds. Sangakkara's last ODI innings were disappointing from him and his teams' point of view, where Sri Lanka lost the quarter-final against South Africa on 18 March 2015.", "Sangakkara's last ODI innings were disappointing from him and his teams' point of view, where Sri Lanka lost the quarter-final against South Africa on 18 March 2015. He only scored 45 runs, it was Sri Lanka's first World Cup defeat in a quarter final after 1999.", "He only scored 45 runs, it was Sri Lanka's first World Cup defeat in a quarter final after 1999. His teammate Mahela also retired from ODI career with this match. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2015 World Cup by the ICC.", "He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2015 World Cup by the ICC. Retirement During the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 championship, Sangakkara announced his retirement from the Twenty20 International arena after the championship with his teammate Mahela.", "Retirement During the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 championship, Sangakkara announced his retirement from the Twenty20 International arena after the championship with his teammate Mahela. Then in December 2014, he announced that he would also retire from ODI cricket after the 2015 Cricket World Cup, again with Mahela.", "Then in December 2014, he announced that he would also retire from ODI cricket after the 2015 Cricket World Cup, again with Mahela. As he said, he retired from T20I cricket in April 2014 and from ODI cricket on 18 March 2015.", "As he said, he retired from T20I cricket in April 2014 and from ODI cricket on 18 March 2015. On 1 April 2015, Sri Lanka's Sports Minister Navin Dissanayake stated that Sangakkara should reconsider his intention to retire in August 2015.", "On 1 April 2015, Sri Lanka's Sports Minister Navin Dissanayake stated that Sangakkara should reconsider his intention to retire in August 2015. He said that Sangakarra was disillusioned by some of the actions of the Sri Lanka Cricket Board in the past, and now that attempts have been made to change personnel and practices, Sangakkara should reconsider his decision.", "He said that Sangakarra was disillusioned by some of the actions of the Sri Lanka Cricket Board in the past, and now that attempts have been made to change personnel and practices, Sangakkara should reconsider his decision. Sangakkara did not give an answer to the statement.", "Sangakkara did not give an answer to the statement. On 27 June 2015, Sangakkara officially announced his retirement from Test cricket as well. He retired from Test cricket after the second Test match against India.", "He retired from Test cricket after the second Test match against India. He scored 32 runs in the first innings and 18 in the second of his last test match and got out to Ravichandran Ashwin for the fourth consecutive time in the series.", "He scored 32 runs in the first innings and 18 in the second of his last test match and got out to Ravichandran Ashwin for the fourth consecutive time in the series. The P Sara Oval ground was decorated with numerous banners and posters of Sangakkara with messages such as \"Thank You Sanga\" and \"Class Never Retires\".", "The P Sara Oval ground was decorated with numerous banners and posters of Sangakkara with messages such as \"Thank You Sanga\" and \"Class Never Retires\". His teammates including Mahela, Thilan Thushara, and Sanath Jayasuriya, Murali came to the ground to bid farewell to Sangakkara.", "His teammates including Mahela, Thilan Thushara, and Sanath Jayasuriya, Murali came to the ground to bid farewell to Sangakkara. Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation recognized Sangakkara as the \"Player of the Century\" citing many of Sangakkara's memories and achievements.", "Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation recognized Sangakkara as the \"Player of the Century\" citing many of Sangakkara's memories and achievements. After the conclusion of the second test, a special farewell presentation was held for Sangakkara with the presence of President Maithreepala Sirisena, Prime Minister Ranil Wickramasinghe, former Sri Lankan Test captain Arjuna Ranatunga, former Indian Test captain Sunil Gavaskar, and several cricket celebrities.", "After the conclusion of the second test, a special farewell presentation was held for Sangakkara with the presence of President Maithreepala Sirisena, Prime Minister Ranil Wickramasinghe, former Sri Lankan Test captain Arjuna Ranatunga, former Indian Test captain Sunil Gavaskar, and several cricket celebrities. Several mementos were given for the behalf of his cricket career and Gavaskar invited him to the former cricketer's club.", "Several mementos were given for the behalf of his cricket career and Gavaskar invited him to the former cricketer's club. Indian captain Virat Kohli described Sangakkara as \"a lovely person\".", "Indian captain Virat Kohli described Sangakkara as \"a lovely person\". President Sirisena offered him to work as the Commissioner for the United Kingdom in Sri Lanka stating \"He has been a great face for our country and it gives me immense pleasure in offering him the post of High Commissioner to the UK\".", "President Sirisena offered him to work as the Commissioner for the United Kingdom in Sri Lanka stating \"He has been a great face for our country and it gives me immense pleasure in offering him the post of High Commissioner to the UK\". In November 2020, Sangakkara was nominated for the Sir Garfield Sobers Award for ICC Male Cricketer of the Decade, and the award for ODI cricketer of the decade.", "In November 2020, Sangakkara was nominated for the Sir Garfield Sobers Award for ICC Male Cricketer of the Decade, and the award for ODI cricketer of the decade. Cowdrey Lecture Sangakkara delivered the 2011 Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture at Lords.", "Cowdrey Lecture Sangakkara delivered the 2011 Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture at Lords. He became the youngest person and the first active international player to deliver that lecture, which was widely praised by the cricketing community. The one-hour-long speech was based on the history and the corruption in the cricket administration in Sri Lanka.", "The one-hour-long speech was based on the history and the corruption in the cricket administration in Sri Lanka. In his speech, he said: \"accountability and transparency in administration and credibility of conduct were lost in a mad power struggle that would leave Sri Lankan cricket with no clear, consistent administration\", and observed that these problems in administration had risen only after Sri Lanka's 1996 Cricket World Cup victory.", "In his speech, he said: \"accountability and transparency in administration and credibility of conduct were lost in a mad power struggle that would leave Sri Lankan cricket with no clear, consistent administration\", and observed that these problems in administration had risen only after Sri Lanka's 1996 Cricket World Cup victory. He also blamed \"a handful of well-meaning individuals\" who control the game, wasting the cricket board's finances and resources.", "He also blamed \"a handful of well-meaning individuals\" who control the game, wasting the cricket board's finances and resources. Immediately after the lecture, the Sri Lankan sports minister Mahindananda Aluthgamage ordered an investigation into the speech.", "Immediately after the lecture, the Sri Lankan sports minister Mahindananda Aluthgamage ordered an investigation into the speech. Despite the critical comments by the Sri Lankan government officials, it has been described as \"the most important speech in cricket history\". Beyond playing cricket Sangakarra retired from ODI cricket in 2015.", "Beyond playing cricket Sangakarra retired from ODI cricket in 2015. On 19 August 2015, just after the end of Sri Lankan Parliamentary election of 2015, president Maithripala Sirisena appointed Sangakkara as the Ambassador Of Anti-narcotics program In Sri Lanka. The letter of appointment was handed over to Sangakkara by the president at President's official residence.", "The letter of appointment was handed over to Sangakkara by the president at President's official residence. In January 2019, Sangakkara accepted an invitation from the incumbent President of the MCC Anthony Wreford to be his successor. The decision was announced on 1 May 2019, at which time Sangakkara became the President Designate.", "The decision was announced on 1 May 2019, at which time Sangakkara became the President Designate. His one-year term began on 1 October 2019. Sangakkara was the first non-British MCC President since the club was founded in 1787.", "Sangakkara was the first non-British MCC President since the club was founded in 1787. The MCC are the custodians of the Laws of Cricket, which are applied by the International Cricket Council in its role as the global governing body for the game.", "The MCC are the custodians of the Laws of Cricket, which are applied by the International Cricket Council in its role as the global governing body for the game. Sangakkara was awarded honorary life membership of the MCC in 2012 and joined its world cricket committee the same year.", "Sangakkara was awarded honorary life membership of the MCC in 2012 and joined its world cricket committee the same year. Sangakarra described the MCC as \"the greatest cricket club in the world\" and described being named as its President as a \"huge honour\".", "Sangakarra described the MCC as \"the greatest cricket club in the world\" and described being named as its President as a \"huge honour\". Kumar Sangakkara has become the first non-British President of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), with effect from 1 October 2019 for a period of one year which was extended for further one year till October 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Kumar Sangakkara has become the first non-British President of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), with effect from 1 October 2019 for a period of one year which was extended for further one year till October 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He said, \"I am thrilled to hold the prestigious position of MCC President and I look forward to working hard with the MCC to build on this incredible year of cricket.", "He said, \"I am thrilled to hold the prestigious position of MCC President and I look forward to working hard with the MCC to build on this incredible year of cricket. We have the opportunity to convert more supporters to the game we love and educate them about the fantastic work MCC does locally, nationally and globally for cricket and those communities.\"", "We have the opportunity to convert more supporters to the game we love and educate them about the fantastic work MCC does locally, nationally and globally for cricket and those communities.\" Sangakkara has a long association with MCC.", "Sangakkara has a long association with MCC. He played against the Club in 2002, opening the batting for the touring Sri Lankans in a first-class match at Queen's Park Chesterfield. Domestic cricket Sangakkara used to play domestic cricket for Nondescripts in Sri Lanka, as well as Surrey in England and also various T20 tournaments around the world.", "Domestic cricket Sangakkara used to play domestic cricket for Nondescripts in Sri Lanka, as well as Surrey in England and also various T20 tournaments around the world. He made his Twenty20 debut on 17 August 2004, for Nondescripts Cricket Club in the 2004 SLC Twenty20 Tournament. He currently only plays for the MCC as a player-president in T20s.", "He currently only plays for the MCC as a player-president in T20s. County cricket Sangakkara has played English county cricket with Warwickshire in the 2007 County Championship. In 2010 Sangakkara was contracted to represent Lancashire in the 2010 County Championship, but never represented the club because of international commitments.", "In 2010 Sangakkara was contracted to represent Lancashire in the 2010 County Championship, but never represented the club because of international commitments. For the 2015 and 2016 seasons Sangakkara was contracted to play for Surrey.", "For the 2015 and 2016 seasons Sangakkara was contracted to play for Surrey. After his international retirement, Sangakkara continued to play for Surrey and in 2017 scored his 100th century in all formats of the game combined on 13 June 2017. Indian Premier League Sangakkara has played in five seasons of the Indian Premier League.", "Indian Premier League Sangakkara has played in five seasons of the Indian Premier League. Winning bids for him in 2008 and 2011 were US$700,000 by Kings XI Punjab and US$300,000 by Deccan Chargers respectively. He was the captain of the Sunrisers Hyderabad team. Sangakkara has scored 1567 runs with 10 half-centuries in 62 matches in IPL.", "Sangakkara has scored 1567 runs with 10 half-centuries in 62 matches in IPL. In January 2021, Sangakkara was named the director of cricket of Rajasthan Royals ahead of the IPL 2021.", "In January 2021, Sangakkara was named the director of cricket of Rajasthan Royals ahead of the IPL 2021. Sri Lanka Premier League [ SLPL ] In the Sri Lanka Premier League which officially started in 2012, Sangakkara was named the captain and icon player of the Kandurata Warriors franchise.", "Sri Lanka Premier League [ SLPL ] In the Sri Lanka Premier League which officially started in 2012, Sangakkara was named the captain and icon player of the Kandurata Warriors franchise. Unfortunately, he couldn't participate as a player in the inaugural edition in 2012 as he suffered a finger injury weeks before the tournament during a One Day International against India.", "Unfortunately, he couldn't participate as a player in the inaugural edition in 2012 as he suffered a finger injury weeks before the tournament during a One Day International against India. However, he appeared as a television commentator during some matches. Caribbean Premier League On 18 August 2013, Sangakkarra joined the Jamaica Tallawahs of the Caribbean Premier League.", "Caribbean Premier League On 18 August 2013, Sangakkarra joined the Jamaica Tallawahs of the Caribbean Premier League. Pakistan Super League In 2015, Sangakkarra joined the Quetta Gladiators of the Pakistan Super League. He was later released by the franchise and was picked by Karachi Kings as captain for the 2017 edition. Under his captaincy team reached play-offs.", "Under his captaincy team reached play-offs. The following year, in the 3rd edition of PSL, Sangakkarra was picked by Multan Sultans. Return to county cricket Before Sri Lanka's Test series against England in 2014, Sangakkara returned to county cricket, playing two matches for Durham, which included 159 against Sussex in his final innings.", "Return to county cricket Before Sri Lanka's Test series against England in 2014, Sangakkara returned to county cricket, playing two matches for Durham, which included 159 against Sussex in his final innings. On 16 January 2015, it was announced that he would be joining Surrey on a two-year contract.", "On 16 January 2015, it was announced that he would be joining Surrey on a two-year contract. Sangakkara scored a brilliant century against Glamorgan, where he scored 149 runs, which was his maiden century for Surrey in this county season.", "Sangakkara scored a brilliant century against Glamorgan, where he scored 149 runs, which was his maiden century for Surrey in this county season. After the match, he said that he is willing to see the comeback of English batsman Kevin Pietersen to the international cricket.", "After the match, he said that he is willing to see the comeback of English batsman Kevin Pietersen to the international cricket. Sangakkara represented Surrey from 2015 till 2017, helping them win Division Two of LV= 2015 County Championship and gaining promotion to Division One for the Specsavers 2016 County Championship season.", "Sangakkara represented Surrey from 2015 till 2017, helping them win Division Two of LV= 2015 County Championship and gaining promotion to Division One for the Specsavers 2016 County Championship season. Surrey also reached the finals of 2015 Royal London One-Day Cup before losing by six runs to Gloucestershire.", "Surrey also reached the finals of 2015 Royal London One-Day Cup before losing by six runs to Gloucestershire. On 22 May 2017, Sangakkara announced that the following season would be his last in first-class cricket.", "On 22 May 2017, Sangakkara announced that the following season would be his last in first-class cricket. He made the announcement after scoring four consecutive centuries becoming the fourth Surrey batsman to achieve this feat (Ian Ward was the last to do it in 2002), pass 20,000 first-class and having scored 592 runs in the said four games.", "He made the announcement after scoring four consecutive centuries becoming the fourth Surrey batsman to achieve this feat (Ian Ward was the last to do it in 2002), pass 20,000 first-class and having scored 592 runs in the said four games. He scored the fifth consecutive century on 26 May against Essex at the County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford.", "He scored the fifth consecutive century on 26 May against Essex at the County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford. becoming only the eighth player to achieve this feat.", "becoming only the eighth player to achieve this feat. In the quarter-final of the Royal London One-Day Cup against Yorkshire, he scored 121 from as many balls, which became his 100th century in all formats of the game combined, that now included 61 in first-class and 39 in List A games.", "In the quarter-final of the Royal London One-Day Cup against Yorkshire, he scored 121 from as many balls, which became his 100th century in all formats of the game combined, that now included 61 in first-class and 39 in List A games. Sangakkara became the first batsman to reach 1,000 runs for the season when he brought up his sixth century for the season against Yorkshire.", "Sangakkara became the first batsman to reach 1,000 runs for the season when he brought up his sixth century for the season against Yorkshire. MCC On the 2020 MCC tour of Pakistan, with all matches played in Lahore, Sangakkara played in all matches, registering 25 runs in the first T20 match with 1 catch behind the stumps, 3 runs in the only LA game (where he did not keep wicket), 1 catch behind the stumps and 10 with the bat in the second T20, and 52 and 1 catch keeping wicket in the third and tour-ending T20, giving him a total of 3 dismissals credited to his name and 90 runs in total on the tour, giving him a T20 average of 30 and a tour average of 22.5.", "MCC On the 2020 MCC tour of Pakistan, with all matches played in Lahore, Sangakkara played in all matches, registering 25 runs in the first T20 match with 1 catch behind the stumps, 3 runs in the only LA game (where he did not keep wicket), 1 catch behind the stumps and 10 with the bat in the second T20, and 52 and 1 catch keeping wicket in the third and tour-ending T20, giving him a total of 3 dismissals credited to his name and 90 runs in total on the tour, giving him a T20 average of 30 and a tour average of 22.5. Cricket All-Stars Series Sangakkara, though retired from international cricket, participated in the 2015 Cricket All-Stars Series for Warne's Warriors under Shane Warne's captaincy.", "Cricket All-Stars Series Sangakkara, though retired from international cricket, participated in the 2015 Cricket All-Stars Series for Warne's Warriors under Shane Warne's captaincy. In the three T20 matches, he scored 153 runs, more than any other cricketer in the series, and included one fifty. His average in the series was 51.00.", "His average in the series was 51.00. He also hit the most fours and sixes, 12 apiece. For his overall performance, Sangakkara was judged player of the series. Masters Champion League Sangakkara also played for Gemini Arabians in the first edition of Masters Champions League T20 tournament which took place in the UAE.", "Masters Champion League Sangakkara also played for Gemini Arabians in the first edition of Masters Champions League T20 tournament which took place in the UAE. In the first match against Gemini and Libra Legends, Sangakkara scored 86 runs from just 43 balls and helped the team post a huge total of 234 runs in their allotted 20 overs.", "In the first match against Gemini and Libra Legends, Sangakkara scored 86 runs from just 43 balls and helped the team post a huge total of 234 runs in their allotted 20 overs. Libra Legends only scored 156 in their 20 overs and thus Gemini Arabians won the match courtesy of Sangakkara's knock.", "Libra Legends only scored 156 in their 20 overs and thus Gemini Arabians won the match courtesy of Sangakkara's knock. Sangakkara was also awarded man of the match.", "Sangakkara was also awarded man of the match. Sangakkara scored four consecutive fifties (65, 51, 51, 62) in the other matches played during the series, this secured a place in the final for the Arabians. In the final against Leo Lions, he scored 30 runs to become top run scorer of the series.", "In the final against Leo Lions, he scored 30 runs to become top run scorer of the series. His team won the series and remained undefeated throughout the tournament. Sangakkara won player of the series for his 386 runs with 5 fifties.", "Sangakkara won player of the series for his 386 runs with 5 fifties. Selection committee On 7 March 2016, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of Sri Lanka's selection committee by sports minister Dayasiri Jayasekara.", "Selection committee On 7 March 2016, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of Sri Lanka's selection committee by sports minister Dayasiri Jayasekara. The committee was tasked to select the Sri Lankan squad for 2016 ICC World Twenty20 tournament, as Sri Lanka suffered heavy defeats in recent times with the previous squad.", "The committee was tasked to select the Sri Lankan squad for 2016 ICC World Twenty20 tournament, as Sri Lanka suffered heavy defeats in recent times with the previous squad. The chairman of the selection committee is Aravinda de Silva. The other members are Romesh Kaluwitharana, Ranjith Madurasinghe, and Lalith Kaluperuma.", "The other members are Romesh Kaluwitharana, Ranjith Madurasinghe, and Lalith Kaluperuma. On August 20, 2020, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of the National Sports Council under the overview of Cabinet Minister of Sports and Youth Affairs Namal Rajapakse.", "On August 20, 2020, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of the National Sports Council under the overview of Cabinet Minister of Sports and Youth Affairs Namal Rajapakse. The council is headed by his teammate Mahela Jayawardena and includes notable sporting personalities such as Dilantha Malagamuwa and Julian Bolling.", "The council is headed by his teammate Mahela Jayawardena and includes notable sporting personalities such as Dilantha Malagamuwa and Julian Bolling. Coaching career He was appointed as Director of cricket for Rajasthan Royals in January, 2021.", "Coaching career He was appointed as Director of cricket for Rajasthan Royals in January, 2021. Personal life Sangakkara is married to his longtime partner, Yehali with whom he has twin children.Daughter Swyree and son Kavith He is involved in a lot of charity work in Sri Lanka.", "Personal life Sangakkara is married to his longtime partner, Yehali with whom he has twin children.Daughter Swyree and son Kavith He is involved in a lot of charity work in Sri Lanka. He is a member of the Think Wise Initiative, launched by International Cricket Council, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and UNICEF, this initiative is aimed at raising awareness of HIV prevention and eliminating discrimination against people living with HIV and AIDS.", "He is a member of the Think Wise Initiative, launched by International Cricket Council, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and UNICEF, this initiative is aimed at raising awareness of HIV prevention and eliminating discrimination against people living with HIV and AIDS. He is also a partner of the Foundation of Goodness, a charity launched by Kushil Gunasekara.", "He is also a partner of the Foundation of Goodness, a charity launched by Kushil Gunasekara. Playing style Sangakkara is a left-handed top order batsman who likes to hit the ball square of the stumps on the off-side. While the cut and the pull are natural strokes for him, he tends to play off the front foot.", "While the cut and the pull are natural strokes for him, he tends to play off the front foot. The cover drive is one of his regular scoring shots. Sangakkara averaged 57.40 in Test cricket. In ODI cricket, he retired with an average of 42.", "In ODI cricket, he retired with an average of 42. Sangakkara handed his wicket-keeping duties in Test cricket to Prasanna Jayawardene in 2006. He played as a specialist batsman in Tests, and retired as a wicket keeper-batsman in other formats of the game.", "He played as a specialist batsman in Tests, and retired as a wicket keeper-batsman in other formats of the game. He is the first on the list of wicket keepers who contributed to the most dismissals in ODI cricket, with 499.", "He is the first on the list of wicket keepers who contributed to the most dismissals in ODI cricket, with 499. He is also the wicket keeper with the second highest number of stumpings—99—in ODI cricket after Mahendra Singh Dhoni surpassed him.", "He is also the wicket keeper with the second highest number of stumpings—99—in ODI cricket after Mahendra Singh Dhoni surpassed him. He has won a certain degree of admiration for his clever use of sledging and is one of few cricketers who are willing to talk about it openly.", "He has won a certain degree of admiration for his clever use of sledging and is one of few cricketers who are willing to talk about it openly. In an interview in 2004 he explained his approach to sledging: Commentary career Kumar Sangakkara made his ICC TV commentary debut during the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy along with newcomers Brendon McCullum, Graeme Smith and Ricky Ponting.", "In an interview in 2004 he explained his approach to sledging: Commentary career Kumar Sangakkara made his ICC TV commentary debut during the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy along with newcomers Brendon McCullum, Graeme Smith and Ricky Ponting. Sangakkara was also one of the commentators for the global broadcast of the ICC Cricket World Cup in 2019.", "Sangakkara was also one of the commentators for the global broadcast of the ICC Cricket World Cup in 2019. Kumar Sangakkara has joined SkySports for commentary throughout the English summer of 2018. He also commentated in Pakistan's tour of England as well as India's tour of England.", "He also commentated in Pakistan's tour of England as well as India's tour of England. Sangakkara is also a part of the IPL commentary panel in 2019 as well as in the 2020 edition that was taking place in the UAE International records NOTE: World records are bold Tests Sixth highest aggregate of runs (12,400) in 134 matches at an Average of 57.40 Second most double centuries in a career – Sangakkara has 11 double centuries in Tests, second only to 12 by Don Bradman.", "Sangakkara is also a part of the IPL commentary panel in 2019 as well as in the 2020 edition that was taking place in the UAE International records NOTE: World records are bold Tests Sixth highest aggregate of runs (12,400) in 134 matches at an Average of 57.40 Second most double centuries in a career – Sangakkara has 11 double centuries in Tests, second only to 12 by Don Bradman. Fourth highest number of centuries – Sangakkara has 38 centuries in 134 matches.", "Fourth highest number of centuries – Sangakkara has 38 centuries in 134 matches. Highest average (qualification 5000 runs.) by a Sri Lankan – Sangakkara (57.40)- fifth highest overall after Donald Bradman, Ken Barrington, Wally Hammond and Garfield Sobers. Half centuries – Sangakkara has 52 half-centuries in 134 matches.", "Half centuries – Sangakkara has 52 half-centuries in 134 matches. He is ninth in the list. First player to score 150+ scores in four consecutive Test matches.", "First player to score 150+ scores in four consecutive Test matches. Fastest 8,000 runs – Sangakkara (152 innings) Fastest 9,000 runs – Sangakkara (172 innings) Joint fastest to 10,000 runs – Sangakkara along with Brian Lara and Sachin Tendulkar (195 innings) Fastest 11,000 runs – Sangakkara (208 innings) Fastest 12,000 runs – Sangakkara (224 innings) Highest partnership for any wicket – 624 for the third wicket by Kumara Sangakkara (287) & Mahela Jayawardene (374) against South Africa in 2006.", "Fastest 8,000 runs – Sangakkara (152 innings) Fastest 9,000 runs – Sangakkara (172 innings) Joint fastest to 10,000 runs – Sangakkara along with Brian Lara and Sachin Tendulkar (195 innings) Fastest 11,000 runs – Sangakkara (208 innings) Fastest 12,000 runs – Sangakkara (224 innings) Highest partnership for any wicket – 624 for the third wicket by Kumara Sangakkara (287) & Mahela Jayawardene (374) against South Africa in 2006. This pair is the only on to score a 600+ partnership for any wicket in first-class history Most partnership runs – Kumara Sangakkara and Mahela Jayawardene scored 6554 runs together, which is the second highest by any partnership.", "This pair is the only on to score a 600+ partnership for any wicket in first-class history Most partnership runs – Kumara Sangakkara and Mahela Jayawardene scored 6554 runs together, which is the second highest by any partnership. Most runs in Year 2014 – 1493 runs in 12 matches with 4 hundreds and 9 fifties with average 71.09 Most test centuries when batting at number 3 position(37) Most career runs when batting at number 3 position in test history(11679) One-Day Internationals Aggregate runs (14,234 in 404 matches at an Average of 41.98) – Sangakkara is second on the list.", "Most runs in Year 2014 – 1493 runs in 12 matches with 4 hundreds and 9 fifties with average 71.09 Most test centuries when batting at number 3 position(37) Most career runs when batting at number 3 position in test history(11679) One-Day Internationals Aggregate runs (14,234 in 404 matches at an Average of 41.98) – Sangakkara is second on the list. First Sri Lankan to pass 14,000 runs.", "First Sri Lankan to pass 14,000 runs. Most half centuries – Sangakkara has 93 half-centuries in 404 matches. He is second in the list. Most dismissals (includes wicket-keeping) – Sangakkara has taken (482 dismissals = 383 ct. + 99 st.) in 404 matches.", "Most dismissals (includes wicket-keeping) – Sangakkara has taken (482 dismissals = 383 ct. + 99 st.) in 404 matches. Second most stumpings in a career as a wicketkeeper in ODIs – 99 by Sangakkara.", "Second most stumpings in a career as a wicketkeeper in ODIs – 99 by Sangakkara. Most runs in Year 2014 – 1256 runs in 28 matches with 4 hundreds and 8 fifties with the average 46.51 First and only batsman to score four consecutive hundreds – centuries against Bangladesh (105*), England (117*), Australia (104) and Scotland (124) in the 2015 ICC World Cup.", "Most runs in Year 2014 – 1256 runs in 28 matches with 4 hundreds and 8 fifties with the average 46.51 First and only batsman to score four consecutive hundreds – centuries against Bangladesh (105*), England (117*), Australia (104) and Scotland (124) in the 2015 ICC World Cup. Sangakkara was the first Sri Lankan and 4th overall batsman to reach List of cricketers who scored a century in their hundred in his 100th ODI appearance.", "Sangakkara was the first Sri Lankan and 4th overall batsman to reach List of cricketers who scored a century in their hundred in his 100th ODI appearance. Most runs as wicketkeeper batsman in ODI history (13,262 runs) and the first wicketkeeper batsman to score over 10000 runs in One Day Internationals.", "Most runs as wicketkeeper batsman in ODI history (13,262 runs) and the first wicketkeeper batsman to score over 10000 runs in One Day Internationals. T20I records He along with Mahela Jayawardene holds the record for the highest ever partnership for any wicket in ICC World T20 history(166 for the 2nd wicket) He was the first batsman to score half centuries in 2 different ICC T20 World Cup finals(in 2009 and 2014) Aggregate records Most runs in cricket in all formats of the game in a calendar year – Sangakkara scored 2868 runs in the year 2014.", "T20I records He along with Mahela Jayawardene holds the record for the highest ever partnership for any wicket in ICC World T20 history(166 for the 2nd wicket) He was the first batsman to score half centuries in 2 different ICC T20 World Cup finals(in 2009 and 2014) Aggregate records Most runs in cricket in all formats of the game in a calendar year – Sangakkara scored 2868 runs in the year 2014. (1493 Tests + 1256 ODIs + 119 T20Is) Total runs scored in all forms of the game – Sangakkara is second only to Indian Sachin Tendulkar, scoring 28,016 international runs.", "(1493 Tests + 1256 ODIs + 119 T20Is) Total runs scored in all forms of the game – Sangakkara is second only to Indian Sachin Tendulkar, scoring 28,016 international runs. Fourth in the list of most dismissals as wicketkeeper across all formats (678).", "Fourth in the list of most dismissals as wicketkeeper across all formats (678). World Cups Most dismissals as wicketkeeper – Kumara Sangakkara (54) in 37 matches.", "World Cups Most dismissals as wicketkeeper – Kumara Sangakkara (54) in 37 matches. He was also the second wicketkeeper after Adam Gilchrist to effect in 50+ dismissals in World Cups Fastest century by a Sri Lankan – Sangakkara scored his 23rd ODI century by 70 balls against England on 1 March 2015.", "He was also the second wicketkeeper after Adam Gilchrist to effect in 50+ dismissals in World Cups Fastest century by a Sri Lankan – Sangakkara scored his 23rd ODI century by 70 balls against England on 1 March 2015. Most consecutive centuries in a single World Cup (4).", "Most consecutive centuries in a single World Cup (4). He is first the player to have scored 4 centuries in a single WorldCup. Second Is Rohit Sharma From India who scored 5 centuries in 2019 edition Player statistics Centuries Sangakkara has scored 38 centuries in Test cricket, more than any other Sri Lankan.", "Second Is Rohit Sharma From India who scored 5 centuries in 2019 edition Player statistics Centuries Sangakkara has scored 38 centuries in Test cricket, more than any other Sri Lankan. Additionally, Sangakkara has scored 25 centuries in ODIs.", "Additionally, Sangakkara has scored 25 centuries in ODIs. Awards Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy (ICC Cricketer of the Year): 2012 ICC Test Player of the Year: 2012 ICC ODI Player of the Year: 2011, 2013 ICC Test Team of the Year:2006-2008, 2010-2012, 2014 ICC ODI Team of the Year: 2011-2013, 2015 Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World: 2011, 2014 Wisden Cricketers of the Year: 2012 LG People's Choice Award: 2011 & 2012 Outstanding Achievement in Sport 2015, The Asian Awards.", "Awards Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy (ICC Cricketer of the Year): 2012 ICC Test Player of the Year: 2012 ICC ODI Player of the Year: 2011, 2013 ICC Test Team of the Year:2006-2008, 2010-2012, 2014 ICC ODI Team of the Year: 2011-2013, 2015 Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World: 2011, 2014 Wisden Cricketers of the Year: 2012 LG People's Choice Award: 2011 & 2012 Outstanding Achievement in Sport 2015, The Asian Awards. CEAT International Cricketer of the Year: 2015 Ada Derana Sri Lankan of the Year 2016 – Icon of the Year Award Dialog SLC ODI Batsman of the Year: 2015 See also Mahela-Sanga Challenge Trophy References External links Official Website Kumara Sangakkara videos, photos and news Kumar Sangakkara: The Gentleman Stylist Of Sri Lankan Cricket 1977 births Living people ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers ICC World XI One Day International cricketers Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers Warwickshire cricketers Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers Sri Lanka Test cricketers Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers Sri Lanka Test cricket captains Punjab Kings cricketers Sri Lankan terrorism victims Sinhalese sportspeople Sri Lankan Buddhists Alumni of the University of Colombo Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup Alumni of Trinity College, Kandy Kandurata cricketers Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World Wisden Cricketers of the Year Cricketers from Kandy Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers International Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year Jamaica Tallawahs cricketers Durham cricketers Surrey cricketers Quetta Gladiators cricketers Karachi Kings cricketers Deccan Chargers cricketers Dhaka Dynamites cricketers Hobart Hurricanes cricketers Multan Sultans cricketers Sri Lankan cricket commentators Wicket-keepers" ]

[ "Kumar Sangakkara", "Captaincy", "How did he become captain?", "In February 2009, the then captain of the Sri Lankan side, Mahela Jayawardene announced that he would step down from captaincy \"in the best interests of the Sri Lankan team\".", "What made him want to step down?", "He said he believed that it would give his successor around two years to build up to the 2011 Cricket World Cup." ]

[ "Bastiaan (\"Bas\") Zuiderent (born 3 March 1977) is a former Dutch international cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler. He is one of very few Dutchmen, to have appeared in six International Cricket Council events.\n\nInternational career\nAt the age of 18, Zuiderent was selected in the Netherlands squad for their inaugural appearance at the Cricket World Cup in 1996. In his second World Cup match, he scored 54 against England at Peshawar.\n\nThe following year, Zuiderent was selected in the Dutch squad for the 1997 ICC Trophy, but the team was unable to secure qualification for the 1999 Cricket World Cup.\n\nMost notably, he missed the 2001 ICC Trophy competition in which the Netherlands earned qualification for the 2003 Cricket World Cup, but he did later represent his country in all their matches at the 2003 Cricket World Cup.\n\nAfter leaving Sussex, Zuiderent returned to the Netherlands and once again was a regular member of the national team. In the 2005 ICC Trophy, he scored three centuries and finished as the tournament's top run-scorer. He produced a man of the match performance in the 5th/6th place play-off against the United Arab Emirates, carrying his bat and scoring 116 not out. The win ensured that the Netherlands would qualify for the 2007 Cricket World Cup and receive ICC funding and ODI status for four years. Zuiderent was named as the Player of the Tournament.\n\nIn February 2007, Zuiderent was named in the Dutch squad for the 2007 Cricket World Cup.\n\nCounty career\nIn 1999, Zuiderent was signed by Sussex County Cricket Club, and played for them up until the end of the 2003 season. During this period, he did not always appear regularly for the Netherlands team as he believed that playing in matches for Sussex would be more beneficial to his career.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n Bas Zuiderent Interview\n\n1977 births\nLiving people\nDutch cricketers\nNetherlands One Day International cricketers\nNetherlands Twenty20 International cricketers\nCricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup\nCricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup\nCricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup\nCricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup\nSussex cricketers\nSportspeople from Utrecht (city)", "The New Zealand blind cricket team is the national blind cricket team of New Zealand. New Zealand blind cricket team participates in One Day Internationals and T20 Internationals. New Zealand team also participated in the inaugural Blind Cricket World Cup in 1998 and ended up as semifinalists.\nIn the inaugural Blind Cricket World Cup, the following cricketers of New Zealand blind cricket team went on to bag some awards.\n\n(A) Best bowlers of the World Cup\n B1 (Totally Blind)\tKevin Murray (New Zealand)\t5 for 240\n(B) Best Player of the First World Cup - (Rs 5,000 each)\n B2 (Partially blind)\tJames Dunn (New Zealand)\t332 runs and 5 wickets\n\nTournament History\n\n40 Over Blind Cricket World Cup \n 1998 Blind Cricket World Cup-Groupstage\n 2002 Blind Cricket World Cup-Did not participate\n 2006 Blind Cricket World Cup-Did not participate\n 2014 Blind Cricket World Cup-Groupstage\n\nBlind T20 World Cup \n 2012 Blind World T20-Groupstage\n 2017 Blind World T20-Groupstage\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nBlind cricket teams\nMen's national sports teams of New Zealand\nParasports in New Zealand" ]

[ "Kumar Chokshanada Sangakkara (; born 27 October 1977) is a Sri Lankan cricket commentator, former professional cricketer, businessman, ICC Hall of Fame inductee, and the former president of Marylebone Cricket Club. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wicket-keeper-batters in the history of the sport.", "He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wicket-keeper-batters in the history of the sport. He was officially rated in the top three current batsmen in the world in all three formats of the game at various stages of his international career. Sangakkara scored 28,016 runs in international cricket across all formats in a career that spanned 15 years.", "Sangakkara scored 28,016 runs in international cricket across all formats in a career that spanned 15 years. At retirement, he was the second-highest run-scorer in ODI cricket, next only to Sachin Tendulkar, and the sixth-highest run scorer in Test cricket.", "At retirement, he was the second-highest run-scorer in ODI cricket, next only to Sachin Tendulkar, and the sixth-highest run scorer in Test cricket. As a player, Sangakkara was a left-handed top-order batsman and was also a wicket-keeper for a large proportion of his career.", "As a player, Sangakkara was a left-handed top-order batsman and was also a wicket-keeper for a large proportion of his career. Sangakkara holds many Test records, having been the fastest, or joint-fastest (in terms of innings) to various run milestones in Test cricket.", "Sangakkara holds many Test records, having been the fastest, or joint-fastest (in terms of innings) to various run milestones in Test cricket. Sangakkara's partnership with Mahela Jayawardene was the second most prolific in the history of Test cricket. Additionally, he holds the record for the most wicket keeping dismissals in ODI cricket.", "Additionally, he holds the record for the most wicket keeping dismissals in ODI cricket. Sangakkara won the ICC Cricketer of the Year in 2012 and won many other awards for both Test and ODI cricket.", "Sangakkara won the ICC Cricketer of the Year in 2012 and won many other awards for both Test and ODI cricket. He was selected as Leading Cricketer in the World in the 2012 and 2015 editions of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, becoming the second player to have won this award twice.", "He was selected as Leading Cricketer in the World in the 2012 and 2015 editions of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, becoming the second player to have won this award twice. Sangakkara was rated as the Greatest ODI player of all time in a public poll conducted by Cricket Australia in 2016.", "Sangakkara was rated as the Greatest ODI player of all time in a public poll conducted by Cricket Australia in 2016. He won the Man of the Match in the finals of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 tournament and was part of the team that made the final of the 2007 Cricket World Cup, 2011 Cricket World Cup, 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and 2012 ICC World Twenty20.", "He won the Man of the Match in the finals of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 tournament and was part of the team that made the final of the 2007 Cricket World Cup, 2011 Cricket World Cup, 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and 2012 ICC World Twenty20. He won the Man of the Match award in the final of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20, where he helped Sri Lanka win their first title.", "He won the Man of the Match award in the final of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20, where he helped Sri Lanka win their first title. In 2019, he was appointed President of the MCC, the first non-British person to be appointed to the position since the club was founded in 1787.", "In 2019, he was appointed President of the MCC, the first non-British person to be appointed to the position since the club was founded in 1787. He was the youngest person and the first active international player to deliver the MCC Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture, which was widely praised by the cricketing community for its outspoken nature.", "He was the youngest person and the first active international player to deliver the MCC Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture, which was widely praised by the cricketing community for its outspoken nature. In June 2021, he was inducted to the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame and became the second Sri Lankan to be inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame after Muttiah Muralitharan.", "In June 2021, he was inducted to the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame and became the second Sri Lankan to be inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame after Muttiah Muralitharan. Early life Sangakkara was born in Matale, Central Province near the city of Kandy in 1977. He grew up in Kandy with three siblings and his parents.", "He grew up in Kandy with three siblings and his parents. Sangakkara received his education at Trinity College, Kandy. During his school days, he was a chorister and played the violin. Sangakkara excelled in many sports and his college principal encouraged him to focus on cricket.", "Sangakkara excelled in many sports and his college principal encouraged him to focus on cricket. He represented his school's Under-13, Under-15, Under-17, Under-19 and first XI squads and was awarded his school's The Trinity Lion award and Ryde Gold Medal.", "He represented his school's Under-13, Under-15, Under-17, Under-19 and first XI squads and was awarded his school's The Trinity Lion award and Ryde Gold Medal. Sangakkara was selected to represent Sri Lankan A cricket team's tour to South Africa in 1999-00.", "Sangakkara was selected to represent Sri Lankan A cricket team's tour to South Africa in 1999-00. His knock of an unbeaten 156 against Zimbabwe A team during a one-day match helped him secure a place in the Sri Lankan national cricket team later that year.", "His knock of an unbeaten 156 against Zimbabwe A team during a one-day match helped him secure a place in the Sri Lankan national cricket team later that year. Sanga was the Senior Prefect (Head Boy) of school and entered the Law Faculty of the University of Colombo, but was unable to finish his degree initially due to his cricketing commitments.", "Sanga was the Senior Prefect (Head Boy) of school and entered the Law Faculty of the University of Colombo, but was unable to finish his degree initially due to his cricketing commitments. He later completed his Masters in Law from the University.", "He later completed his Masters in Law from the University. His parents sheltered Tamil families during the Black July riots in 1983. International career Early career At the age of 22 Sangakkara made his Test debut on 20 July 2000, keeping wicket in the first fixture of a three-match series against South Africa.", "His parents sheltered Tamil families during the Black July riots in 1983. International career Early career At the age of 22 Sangakkara made his Test debut on 20 July 2000, keeping wicket in the first fixture of a three-match series against South Africa. Sri Lanka won the match and in his side's only innings Sangakarra batted at the fall of the third wicket and scored 23 runs before he was dismissed leg before wicket by spin bowler Nicky Boje.", "Sri Lanka won the match and in his side's only innings Sangakarra batted at the fall of the third wicket and scored 23 runs before he was dismissed leg before wicket by spin bowler Nicky Boje. He made 35 runs in his One-day cricket debut against Pakistan and he received his first man of the match award in the 2nd match of the Singer Triangular Series, 2000, scoring 85 runs against South Africa.", "He made 35 runs in his One-day cricket debut against Pakistan and he received his first man of the match award in the 2nd match of the Singer Triangular Series, 2000, scoring 85 runs against South Africa. He ended the series with 199 runs, at an average of 66.33, securing his place for the upcoming Test series against South Africa.", "He ended the series with 199 runs, at an average of 66.33, securing his place for the upcoming Test series against South Africa. Before reaching his first Test century, he was twice dismissed in the 90s, once against each of South Africa and England.", "Before reaching his first Test century, he was twice dismissed in the 90s, once against each of South Africa and England. In August 2001, India toured Sri Lanka for three Tests and in the opening match Sangakkara scored his first century.", "In August 2001, India toured Sri Lanka for three Tests and in the opening match Sangakkara scored his first century. His innings of 105 not out at number three helped set up a ten-wicket victory for Sri Lanka.", "His innings of 105 not out at number three helped set up a ten-wicket victory for Sri Lanka. Later that year Sangakkara scored his second Test century, this time in the first of three matches against the touring West Indians. He scored his first double-century against Pakistan in 2002, at the 2nd Asian Test Championship final.", "He scored his first double-century against Pakistan in 2002, at the 2nd Asian Test Championship final. His performance helped Sri Lanka secure the Test championship. In April 2003, Sangakkara made his first ODI century against Pakistan, in a losing effort.", "In April 2003, Sangakkara made his first ODI century against Pakistan, in a losing effort. Together with Marvan Atapattu, he made a partnership of 438 for the 2nd wicket—4th highest in the world—against Zimbabwe in 2004. In that game, he scored 270, his first 250+ score.", "In that game, he scored 270, his first 250+ score. In July 2005, he was selected to the ICC World XI ODI team but missed out from its Test counterpart. Vice-captaincy When Sri Lanka toured Bangladesh in February 2006 regular captain Marvan Atapattu was injured and Mahela Jayawardene became captain while Sangakkara was made vice-captain.", "Vice-captaincy When Sri Lanka toured Bangladesh in February 2006 regular captain Marvan Atapattu was injured and Mahela Jayawardene became captain while Sangakkara was made vice-captain. Pakistan toured Sri Lanka for two Test and three ODIs in March 2006, and with Atapattu still injured Jayawardene and Sangakkara remained captain and vice-captain respectively.", "Pakistan toured Sri Lanka for two Test and three ODIs in March 2006, and with Atapattu still injured Jayawardene and Sangakkara remained captain and vice-captain respectively. The pair had only expected to hold the positions on an interim basis, but extended into a third series as Atapattu failed to recover in time to tour England in April and ended up filling the roles full-time.", "The pair had only expected to hold the positions on an interim basis, but extended into a third series as Atapattu failed to recover in time to tour England in April and ended up filling the roles full-time. In July 2006, Sangakkara made his second-highest Test score to-date (287) against South Africa.", "In July 2006, Sangakkara made his second-highest Test score to-date (287) against South Africa. In a record-breaking partnership with Mahela Jayawardene, he set up the world record for the highest partnership in Test cricket—624 runs—in this match.", "In a record-breaking partnership with Mahela Jayawardene, he set up the world record for the highest partnership in Test cricket—624 runs—in this match. On 6 December 2007 he made it to the top spot of ICC Test player rankings with a rating of 938, the highest rating ever achieved by a Sri Lankan player, and became the first batsman ever to score in excess of 150 in four consecutive tests.", "On 6 December 2007 he made it to the top spot of ICC Test player rankings with a rating of 938, the highest rating ever achieved by a Sri Lankan player, and became the first batsman ever to score in excess of 150 in four consecutive tests. His skill was recognised worldwide when he earned selection for the ICC World XI One-Day International team that competed against Australia in the Johnnie Walker Series in October 2005.", "His skill was recognised worldwide when he earned selection for the ICC World XI One-Day International team that competed against Australia in the Johnnie Walker Series in October 2005. Despite the World XI losing all of the one-day games by considerable margins, Sangakkara left the series with some credit, averaging 46.", "Despite the World XI losing all of the one-day games by considerable margins, Sangakkara left the series with some credit, averaging 46. He was one of the winners of the 2008 inaugural Cricinfo awards for outstanding batting in Test cricket. He was once again named in the World Test XI by the ICC in 2010.", "He was once again named in the World Test XI by the ICC in 2010. Sangakkara holds the record for being the fastest man to 8,000, 9,000, 10,000 (jointly held), 11,000 and 12,000 runs in Test cricket. During Sri Lanka's tour to England in May 2006, he was named the vice-captain of the side.", "During Sri Lanka's tour to England in May 2006, he was named the vice-captain of the side. On 3 March 2009, a terrorist attack on the Sri Lankan team convoy in Pakistan injured 6 Sri Lankan players including Sangakkara. Sangakkara suffered shrapnel wounds in his shoulder.", "Sangakkara suffered shrapnel wounds in his shoulder. In November 2006, Sangakkara was included in the ICC World XI Test team. Next year, he signed an agreement to join Warwickshire County Cricket Club. That year, he scored back-to-back double centuries in Tests and became only the fifth cricketer in the history to do so.", "That year, he scored back-to-back double centuries in Tests and became only the fifth cricketer in the history to do so. Captaincy In February 2009, the then captain of the Sri Lankan side, Mahela Jayawardene announced that he would step down from captaincy \"in the best interests of the Sri Lankan team\".", "Captaincy In February 2009, the then captain of the Sri Lankan side, Mahela Jayawardene announced that he would step down from captaincy \"in the best interests of the Sri Lankan team\". He said he believed that it would give his successor around two years to build up to the 2011 Cricket World Cup.", "He said he believed that it would give his successor around two years to build up to the 2011 Cricket World Cup. Therefore, at the age of 31 and with the experience of 80 Tests and 246 ODIs, Sangakkara succeeded Jayawardene as Sri Lanka's captain in all formats of the game.", "Therefore, at the age of 31 and with the experience of 80 Tests and 246 ODIs, Sangakkara succeeded Jayawardene as Sri Lanka's captain in all formats of the game. His first engagement in the role was the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 hosted by England in June.", "His first engagement in the role was the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 hosted by England in June. Sri Lanka became runners-up in the series after winning all the game in group and knock-out stages and being defeated by Pakistan in the final. Sangakkara made 64 not-out in the final, but was unable to take Sri Lanka for the championship.", "Sangakkara made 64 not-out in the final, but was unable to take Sri Lanka for the championship. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo for the 2009 T20I World Cup. Sri Lanka failed to reach to the knock-out stage of the ICC Champions Trophy in September 2009.", "Sri Lanka failed to reach to the knock-out stage of the ICC Champions Trophy in September 2009. The next Indian tour proved to be disastrous for the team, with Sri Lanka being beaten by India in Test series 2–0 and ODI series 3–1.", "The next Indian tour proved to be disastrous for the team, with Sri Lanka being beaten by India in Test series 2–0 and ODI series 3–1. Sri Lankan team under the captaincy of Sangakkara gained momentum and won the next Tri-series in Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka, beating India as well.", "Sri Lankan team under the captaincy of Sangakkara gained momentum and won the next Tri-series in Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka, beating India as well. The Sri Lankans' tour of Australia proved to be very successful, in winning both the T20 and ODI series. This was Sri Lanka's first ever series victory in Australia.", "This was Sri Lanka's first ever series victory in Australia. A month in advance of the 2011 World Cup in March, Sangakkara decided that he would resign the captaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament.", "Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar.", "Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC.", "He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo.", "He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World Cup, Sangakkara announced to the public he was stepping down as captain of the T20 and ODI teams.", "Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World Cup, Sangakkara announced to the public he was stepping down as captain of the T20 and ODI teams. He offered to continue as Test captain if deemed necessary for transition to new skipper, but Dilshan was appointed captain across all formats.", "He offered to continue as Test captain if deemed necessary for transition to new skipper, but Dilshan was appointed captain across all formats. Reflecting on the decision afterwards, he said that \"captaining Sri Lanka is a job that ages you very quickly ... It's rarely a job you will last long in ...", "It's rarely a job you will last long in ... I also had a two-year stint, and I enjoyed it at times, certainly on the field where our results showed we were one of the top two sides in the world for one-and-a-half years, especially in the shorter form of the game.\"", "I also had a two-year stint, and I enjoyed it at times, certainly on the field where our results showed we were one of the top two sides in the world for one-and-a-half years, especially in the shorter form of the game.\" The same year, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year at the ICC awards ceremony.", "The same year, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year at the ICC awards ceremony. In 2012, he was honored as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year. Post-captaincy Sri Lanka's first fixture after the World Cup was a Sri Lanka tour of England in 2011 beginning in May.", "Post-captaincy Sri Lanka's first fixture after the World Cup was a Sri Lanka tour of England in 2011 beginning in May. During the second match of a three Test series Tillakaratne Dilshan, Sangakkara's successor as captain, suffered a broken thumb.", "During the second match of a three Test series Tillakaratne Dilshan, Sangakkara's successor as captain, suffered a broken thumb. Sangakkara filled in while Dilshan was off the pitch and formally assumed the captaincy for the final Test.", "Sangakkara filled in while Dilshan was off the pitch and formally assumed the captaincy for the final Test. The match ended in a draw and the series ended in a 1–0 victory for England; Sangakarra scored a century in the match, his first against England in nine Tests.", "The match ended in a draw and the series ended in a 1–0 victory for England; Sangakarra scored a century in the match, his first against England in nine Tests. Sangakkara was named the man of the series in Test series with Pakistan in 2011/12—his first man of the series award in Test cricket.", "Sangakkara was named the man of the series in Test series with Pakistan in 2011/12—his first man of the series award in Test cricket. He made 516 runs in the 3 match series which was won by Pakistan 1–0.", "He made 516 runs in the 3 match series which was won by Pakistan 1–0. On August in 2013, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year, wicket keeper-captain of the ICC World XI Test team, and won the ICC People's Choice Award in 2011 ICC Awards.", "On August in 2013, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year, wicket keeper-captain of the ICC World XI Test team, and won the ICC People's Choice Award in 2011 ICC Awards. In 2012, he was named one of the Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year.", "In 2012, he was named one of the Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year. He was also named as captain and wicket keeper of the 2011 World Test XI by the ICC and named in the 2012 World Test XI and ODI XI. Sangakkara struggled with his form when England toured Sri Lanka in 2012.", "Sangakkara struggled with his form when England toured Sri Lanka in 2012. He failed to score a half century during The Two Test match series. But he regained his form in the ODI series against Pakistan where his batting score reached the 90s.", "But he regained his form in the ODI series against Pakistan where his batting score reached the 90s. In the Test series that followed, Sangakkara continued his form with a 199, the scoreboard originally said he had scored the double century but it turned out to be a mistake. Sri Lanka later won the Test match.", "Sri Lanka later won the Test match. He followed this up with 192 in the same game, again missing out on the double century. The next two matches were drawn, which meant Sri Lanka won the series 1–0. This was their first time winning a Test series since the retirement of Muttiah Muralitharan.", "This was their first time winning a Test series since the retirement of Muttiah Muralitharan. On the Sri Lankan tour of Bangladesh in 2014, Sangakkara hit his highest test score to date with 319 in the first innings of the second test.", "On the Sri Lankan tour of Bangladesh in 2014, Sangakkara hit his highest test score to date with 319 in the first innings of the second test. Making him only the third Sri Lankan player to hit a triple century after Sanath Jayasuria and Mahela Jayawardena.", "Making him only the third Sri Lankan player to hit a triple century after Sanath Jayasuria and Mahela Jayawardena. He followed his triple century with a knock of 105 in the 2nd innings and the game finished as a draw. He continued his good batting run with another century in the 2nd ODI.", "He continued his good batting run with another century in the 2nd ODI. Along with teammate Mahela Jayawardene, he recorded the most partnership runs for the 3rd wicket in Test history, scoring 5890 runs surpassing the 5826 runs of Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar, during the first Test match against Pakistan at Galle International Stadium.", "Along with teammate Mahela Jayawardene, he recorded the most partnership runs for the 3rd wicket in Test history, scoring 5890 runs surpassing the 5826 runs of Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar, during the first Test match against Pakistan at Galle International Stadium. The two also hold the record for the highest partnership for any wicket in Test matches, scoring 624 runs for the 3rd wicket against South Africa in July 2006.", "The two also hold the record for the highest partnership for any wicket in Test matches, scoring 624 runs for the 3rd wicket against South Africa in July 2006. This still stands as the largest partnership for any wicket in first-class cricket, anywhere.", "This still stands as the largest partnership for any wicket in first-class cricket, anywhere. His impressive form with the bat continued at the 2014 Asia Cup where he amassed a total of 245 runs in five innings. He started the tournament with a 63 against Pakistan before hitting a match winning 103 against India.", "He started the tournament with a 63 against Pakistan before hitting a match winning 103 against India. He then added scores of 77 and 2 against Afghanistan and Bangladesh before being dismissed for a golden duck in the final against Pakistan. Sri Lanka went on to win the game and the tournament.", "Sri Lanka went on to win the game and the tournament. Sangakkara decided to retire from T20 internationals after playing the 2014 ICC World Twenty20. Afterwards, Jayawardene also followed him into retirement.", "Afterwards, Jayawardene also followed him into retirement. Sangakkara under-performed in the World T20, but in the final match against India, he scored 51 not out off just 33 balls making his team win their second ICC trophy since 1996.", "Sangakkara under-performed in the World T20, but in the final match against India, he scored 51 not out off just 33 balls making his team win their second ICC trophy since 1996. Sri Lanka played their first 7-match ODI series at home, against England from 26 November to 16 December 2014.", "Sri Lanka played their first 7-match ODI series at home, against England from 26 November to 16 December 2014. On 3 December 2014 Sangakkara reached 13,000 runs in One-day internationals in the third match of the series at the Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium, Hambantota, and became the fourth player in One-day history to achieve the feat after Sachin Tendulkar, Ricky Ponting, and Sanath Jayasuriya.", "On 3 December 2014 Sangakkara reached 13,000 runs in One-day internationals in the third match of the series at the Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium, Hambantota, and became the fourth player in One-day history to achieve the feat after Sachin Tendulkar, Ricky Ponting, and Sanath Jayasuriya. He also became the second most prolific half-century maker in One-day internationals during this match.", "He also became the second most prolific half-century maker in One-day internationals during this match. He scored 4 consecutive half-centuries followed by a century. On 13 December 2014, he scored his 20th ODI century, becoming the second Sri Lankan to score 20 ODI centuries, after 28 by Sanath Jayasuriya, and 9th overall to do so.", "On 13 December 2014, he scored his 20th ODI century, becoming the second Sri Lankan to score 20 ODI centuries, after 28 by Sanath Jayasuriya, and 9th overall to do so. He also took 4 catches as a wicket-keeper in this match taking the player of the match award.", "He also took 4 catches as a wicket-keeper in this match taking the player of the match award. This match was his last match in his home town, due to his retirement from ODI arena after 2015 Cricket World Cup.", "This match was his last match in his home town, due to his retirement from ODI arena after 2015 Cricket World Cup. His last One-day innings in Sri Lanka was played on 13 December 2014 in the last match of the England ODI series. He was caught while on 33 in his last innings on home soil.", "He was caught while on 33 in his last innings on home soil. On 4 January 2015, Sangakkara scored his 38th test century by making 203 against New Zealand during the second match of the 2 Test match series. With this feat, he is only one short to become the highest double-century maker in test history.", "With this feat, he is only one short to become the highest double-century maker in test history. He has 11 test double centuries, only one short of 12 double centuries by Don Bradman. He also surpassed 12,000 runs in Test cricket, becoming the first Sri Lankan and 5th overall cricketer to achieve that mark.", "He also surpassed 12,000 runs in Test cricket, becoming the first Sri Lankan and 5th overall cricketer to achieve that mark. On 14 February 2015, Sangakkara became the second highest run scorer in One-Day International history, by surpassing Australian Ricky Ponting.", "On 14 February 2015, Sangakkara became the second highest run scorer in One-Day International history, by surpassing Australian Ricky Ponting. He achieved this milestone during the first match of 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against New Zealand, but Sri Lanka lost the match.", "He achieved this milestone during the first match of 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against New Zealand, but Sri Lanka lost the match. On 26 February 2015 in 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against Bangladesh, Sangakkara scored his 22nd ODI century in his 400th appearance in One-Day Internationals.", "On 26 February 2015 in 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against Bangladesh, Sangakkara scored his 22nd ODI century in his 400th appearance in One-Day Internationals. The 210* second wicket partnership between Sangakkara and Tillakaratne Dilshan on that day was broken again on 1 March 2015, in the next group match in World Cup against England, where Sangakkara joined Lahiru Thirimanne with 212* for the second wicket.", "The 210* second wicket partnership between Sangakkara and Tillakaratne Dilshan on that day was broken again on 1 March 2015, in the next group match in World Cup against England, where Sangakkara joined Lahiru Thirimanne with 212* for the second wicket. Sangakkara scored his 23rd century in this match and this 70-ball century was his fastest century overall and the fastest century by a Sri Lankan in World Cup history.", "Sangakkara scored his 23rd century in this match and this 70-ball century was his fastest century overall and the fastest century by a Sri Lankan in World Cup history. During the same World Cup, against Australia, when chasing a massive score of 377, Sangakkara passed 14,000 ODI runs, becoming the first Sri Lankan and second overall cricketer to pass it.", "During the same World Cup, against Australia, when chasing a massive score of 377, Sangakkara passed 14,000 ODI runs, becoming the first Sri Lankan and second overall cricketer to pass it. He scored 124 runs in the next match against Scotland, becoming first batsman in World Cup history to score 4 consecutive hundreds.", "He scored 124 runs in the next match against Scotland, becoming first batsman in World Cup history to score 4 consecutive hundreds. Sangakkara's last ODI innings were disappointing from him and his teams' point of view, where Sri Lanka lost the quarter-final against South Africa on 18 March 2015.", "Sangakkara's last ODI innings were disappointing from him and his teams' point of view, where Sri Lanka lost the quarter-final against South Africa on 18 March 2015. He only scored 45 runs, it was Sri Lanka's first World Cup defeat in a quarter final after 1999.", "He only scored 45 runs, it was Sri Lanka's first World Cup defeat in a quarter final after 1999. His teammate Mahela also retired from ODI career with this match. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2015 World Cup by the ICC.", "He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2015 World Cup by the ICC. Retirement During the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 championship, Sangakkara announced his retirement from the Twenty20 International arena after the championship with his teammate Mahela.", "Retirement During the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 championship, Sangakkara announced his retirement from the Twenty20 International arena after the championship with his teammate Mahela. Then in December 2014, he announced that he would also retire from ODI cricket after the 2015 Cricket World Cup, again with Mahela.", "Then in December 2014, he announced that he would also retire from ODI cricket after the 2015 Cricket World Cup, again with Mahela. As he said, he retired from T20I cricket in April 2014 and from ODI cricket on 18 March 2015.", "As he said, he retired from T20I cricket in April 2014 and from ODI cricket on 18 March 2015. On 1 April 2015, Sri Lanka's Sports Minister Navin Dissanayake stated that Sangakkara should reconsider his intention to retire in August 2015.", "On 1 April 2015, Sri Lanka's Sports Minister Navin Dissanayake stated that Sangakkara should reconsider his intention to retire in August 2015. He said that Sangakarra was disillusioned by some of the actions of the Sri Lanka Cricket Board in the past, and now that attempts have been made to change personnel and practices, Sangakkara should reconsider his decision.", "He said that Sangakarra was disillusioned by some of the actions of the Sri Lanka Cricket Board in the past, and now that attempts have been made to change personnel and practices, Sangakkara should reconsider his decision. Sangakkara did not give an answer to the statement.", "Sangakkara did not give an answer to the statement. On 27 June 2015, Sangakkara officially announced his retirement from Test cricket as well. He retired from Test cricket after the second Test match against India.", "He retired from Test cricket after the second Test match against India. He scored 32 runs in the first innings and 18 in the second of his last test match and got out to Ravichandran Ashwin for the fourth consecutive time in the series.", "He scored 32 runs in the first innings and 18 in the second of his last test match and got out to Ravichandran Ashwin for the fourth consecutive time in the series. The P Sara Oval ground was decorated with numerous banners and posters of Sangakkara with messages such as \"Thank You Sanga\" and \"Class Never Retires\".", "The P Sara Oval ground was decorated with numerous banners and posters of Sangakkara with messages such as \"Thank You Sanga\" and \"Class Never Retires\". His teammates including Mahela, Thilan Thushara, and Sanath Jayasuriya, Murali came to the ground to bid farewell to Sangakkara.", "His teammates including Mahela, Thilan Thushara, and Sanath Jayasuriya, Murali came to the ground to bid farewell to Sangakkara. Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation recognized Sangakkara as the \"Player of the Century\" citing many of Sangakkara's memories and achievements.", "Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation recognized Sangakkara as the \"Player of the Century\" citing many of Sangakkara's memories and achievements. After the conclusion of the second test, a special farewell presentation was held for Sangakkara with the presence of President Maithreepala Sirisena, Prime Minister Ranil Wickramasinghe, former Sri Lankan Test captain Arjuna Ranatunga, former Indian Test captain Sunil Gavaskar, and several cricket celebrities.", "After the conclusion of the second test, a special farewell presentation was held for Sangakkara with the presence of President Maithreepala Sirisena, Prime Minister Ranil Wickramasinghe, former Sri Lankan Test captain Arjuna Ranatunga, former Indian Test captain Sunil Gavaskar, and several cricket celebrities. Several mementos were given for the behalf of his cricket career and Gavaskar invited him to the former cricketer's club.", "Several mementos were given for the behalf of his cricket career and Gavaskar invited him to the former cricketer's club. Indian captain Virat Kohli described Sangakkara as \"a lovely person\".", "Indian captain Virat Kohli described Sangakkara as \"a lovely person\". President Sirisena offered him to work as the Commissioner for the United Kingdom in Sri Lanka stating \"He has been a great face for our country and it gives me immense pleasure in offering him the post of High Commissioner to the UK\".", "President Sirisena offered him to work as the Commissioner for the United Kingdom in Sri Lanka stating \"He has been a great face for our country and it gives me immense pleasure in offering him the post of High Commissioner to the UK\". In November 2020, Sangakkara was nominated for the Sir Garfield Sobers Award for ICC Male Cricketer of the Decade, and the award for ODI cricketer of the decade.", "In November 2020, Sangakkara was nominated for the Sir Garfield Sobers Award for ICC Male Cricketer of the Decade, and the award for ODI cricketer of the decade. Cowdrey Lecture Sangakkara delivered the 2011 Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture at Lords.", "Cowdrey Lecture Sangakkara delivered the 2011 Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture at Lords. He became the youngest person and the first active international player to deliver that lecture, which was widely praised by the cricketing community. The one-hour-long speech was based on the history and the corruption in the cricket administration in Sri Lanka.", "The one-hour-long speech was based on the history and the corruption in the cricket administration in Sri Lanka. In his speech, he said: \"accountability and transparency in administration and credibility of conduct were lost in a mad power struggle that would leave Sri Lankan cricket with no clear, consistent administration\", and observed that these problems in administration had risen only after Sri Lanka's 1996 Cricket World Cup victory.", "In his speech, he said: \"accountability and transparency in administration and credibility of conduct were lost in a mad power struggle that would leave Sri Lankan cricket with no clear, consistent administration\", and observed that these problems in administration had risen only after Sri Lanka's 1996 Cricket World Cup victory. He also blamed \"a handful of well-meaning individuals\" who control the game, wasting the cricket board's finances and resources.", "He also blamed \"a handful of well-meaning individuals\" who control the game, wasting the cricket board's finances and resources. Immediately after the lecture, the Sri Lankan sports minister Mahindananda Aluthgamage ordered an investigation into the speech.", "Immediately after the lecture, the Sri Lankan sports minister Mahindananda Aluthgamage ordered an investigation into the speech. Despite the critical comments by the Sri Lankan government officials, it has been described as \"the most important speech in cricket history\". Beyond playing cricket Sangakarra retired from ODI cricket in 2015.", "Beyond playing cricket Sangakarra retired from ODI cricket in 2015. On 19 August 2015, just after the end of Sri Lankan Parliamentary election of 2015, president Maithripala Sirisena appointed Sangakkara as the Ambassador Of Anti-narcotics program In Sri Lanka. The letter of appointment was handed over to Sangakkara by the president at President's official residence.", "The letter of appointment was handed over to Sangakkara by the president at President's official residence. In January 2019, Sangakkara accepted an invitation from the incumbent President of the MCC Anthony Wreford to be his successor. The decision was announced on 1 May 2019, at which time Sangakkara became the President Designate.", "The decision was announced on 1 May 2019, at which time Sangakkara became the President Designate. His one-year term began on 1 October 2019. Sangakkara was the first non-British MCC President since the club was founded in 1787.", "Sangakkara was the first non-British MCC President since the club was founded in 1787. The MCC are the custodians of the Laws of Cricket, which are applied by the International Cricket Council in its role as the global governing body for the game.", "The MCC are the custodians of the Laws of Cricket, which are applied by the International Cricket Council in its role as the global governing body for the game. Sangakkara was awarded honorary life membership of the MCC in 2012 and joined its world cricket committee the same year.", "Sangakkara was awarded honorary life membership of the MCC in 2012 and joined its world cricket committee the same year. Sangakarra described the MCC as \"the greatest cricket club in the world\" and described being named as its President as a \"huge honour\".", "Sangakarra described the MCC as \"the greatest cricket club in the world\" and described being named as its President as a \"huge honour\". Kumar Sangakkara has become the first non-British President of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), with effect from 1 October 2019 for a period of one year which was extended for further one year till October 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Kumar Sangakkara has become the first non-British President of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), with effect from 1 October 2019 for a period of one year which was extended for further one year till October 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He said, \"I am thrilled to hold the prestigious position of MCC President and I look forward to working hard with the MCC to build on this incredible year of cricket.", "He said, \"I am thrilled to hold the prestigious position of MCC President and I look forward to working hard with the MCC to build on this incredible year of cricket. We have the opportunity to convert more supporters to the game we love and educate them about the fantastic work MCC does locally, nationally and globally for cricket and those communities.\"", "We have the opportunity to convert more supporters to the game we love and educate them about the fantastic work MCC does locally, nationally and globally for cricket and those communities.\" Sangakkara has a long association with MCC.", "Sangakkara has a long association with MCC. He played against the Club in 2002, opening the batting for the touring Sri Lankans in a first-class match at Queen's Park Chesterfield. Domestic cricket Sangakkara used to play domestic cricket for Nondescripts in Sri Lanka, as well as Surrey in England and also various T20 tournaments around the world.", "Domestic cricket Sangakkara used to play domestic cricket for Nondescripts in Sri Lanka, as well as Surrey in England and also various T20 tournaments around the world. He made his Twenty20 debut on 17 August 2004, for Nondescripts Cricket Club in the 2004 SLC Twenty20 Tournament. He currently only plays for the MCC as a player-president in T20s.", "He currently only plays for the MCC as a player-president in T20s. County cricket Sangakkara has played English county cricket with Warwickshire in the 2007 County Championship. In 2010 Sangakkara was contracted to represent Lancashire in the 2010 County Championship, but never represented the club because of international commitments.", "In 2010 Sangakkara was contracted to represent Lancashire in the 2010 County Championship, but never represented the club because of international commitments. For the 2015 and 2016 seasons Sangakkara was contracted to play for Surrey.", "For the 2015 and 2016 seasons Sangakkara was contracted to play for Surrey. After his international retirement, Sangakkara continued to play for Surrey and in 2017 scored his 100th century in all formats of the game combined on 13 June 2017. Indian Premier League Sangakkara has played in five seasons of the Indian Premier League.", "Indian Premier League Sangakkara has played in five seasons of the Indian Premier League. Winning bids for him in 2008 and 2011 were US$700,000 by Kings XI Punjab and US$300,000 by Deccan Chargers respectively. He was the captain of the Sunrisers Hyderabad team. Sangakkara has scored 1567 runs with 10 half-centuries in 62 matches in IPL.", "Sangakkara has scored 1567 runs with 10 half-centuries in 62 matches in IPL. In January 2021, Sangakkara was named the director of cricket of Rajasthan Royals ahead of the IPL 2021.", "In January 2021, Sangakkara was named the director of cricket of Rajasthan Royals ahead of the IPL 2021. Sri Lanka Premier League [ SLPL ] In the Sri Lanka Premier League which officially started in 2012, Sangakkara was named the captain and icon player of the Kandurata Warriors franchise.", "Sri Lanka Premier League [ SLPL ] In the Sri Lanka Premier League which officially started in 2012, Sangakkara was named the captain and icon player of the Kandurata Warriors franchise. Unfortunately, he couldn't participate as a player in the inaugural edition in 2012 as he suffered a finger injury weeks before the tournament during a One Day International against India.", "Unfortunately, he couldn't participate as a player in the inaugural edition in 2012 as he suffered a finger injury weeks before the tournament during a One Day International against India. However, he appeared as a television commentator during some matches. Caribbean Premier League On 18 August 2013, Sangakkarra joined the Jamaica Tallawahs of the Caribbean Premier League.", "Caribbean Premier League On 18 August 2013, Sangakkarra joined the Jamaica Tallawahs of the Caribbean Premier League. Pakistan Super League In 2015, Sangakkarra joined the Quetta Gladiators of the Pakistan Super League. He was later released by the franchise and was picked by Karachi Kings as captain for the 2017 edition. Under his captaincy team reached play-offs.", "Under his captaincy team reached play-offs. The following year, in the 3rd edition of PSL, Sangakkarra was picked by Multan Sultans. Return to county cricket Before Sri Lanka's Test series against England in 2014, Sangakkara returned to county cricket, playing two matches for Durham, which included 159 against Sussex in his final innings.", "Return to county cricket Before Sri Lanka's Test series against England in 2014, Sangakkara returned to county cricket, playing two matches for Durham, which included 159 against Sussex in his final innings. On 16 January 2015, it was announced that he would be joining Surrey on a two-year contract.", "On 16 January 2015, it was announced that he would be joining Surrey on a two-year contract. Sangakkara scored a brilliant century against Glamorgan, where he scored 149 runs, which was his maiden century for Surrey in this county season.", "Sangakkara scored a brilliant century against Glamorgan, where he scored 149 runs, which was his maiden century for Surrey in this county season. After the match, he said that he is willing to see the comeback of English batsman Kevin Pietersen to the international cricket.", "After the match, he said that he is willing to see the comeback of English batsman Kevin Pietersen to the international cricket. Sangakkara represented Surrey from 2015 till 2017, helping them win Division Two of LV= 2015 County Championship and gaining promotion to Division One for the Specsavers 2016 County Championship season.", "Sangakkara represented Surrey from 2015 till 2017, helping them win Division Two of LV= 2015 County Championship and gaining promotion to Division One for the Specsavers 2016 County Championship season. Surrey also reached the finals of 2015 Royal London One-Day Cup before losing by six runs to Gloucestershire.", "Surrey also reached the finals of 2015 Royal London One-Day Cup before losing by six runs to Gloucestershire. On 22 May 2017, Sangakkara announced that the following season would be his last in first-class cricket.", "On 22 May 2017, Sangakkara announced that the following season would be his last in first-class cricket. He made the announcement after scoring four consecutive centuries becoming the fourth Surrey batsman to achieve this feat (Ian Ward was the last to do it in 2002), pass 20,000 first-class and having scored 592 runs in the said four games.", "He made the announcement after scoring four consecutive centuries becoming the fourth Surrey batsman to achieve this feat (Ian Ward was the last to do it in 2002), pass 20,000 first-class and having scored 592 runs in the said four games. He scored the fifth consecutive century on 26 May against Essex at the County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford.", "He scored the fifth consecutive century on 26 May against Essex at the County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford. becoming only the eighth player to achieve this feat.", "becoming only the eighth player to achieve this feat. In the quarter-final of the Royal London One-Day Cup against Yorkshire, he scored 121 from as many balls, which became his 100th century in all formats of the game combined, that now included 61 in first-class and 39 in List A games.", "In the quarter-final of the Royal London One-Day Cup against Yorkshire, he scored 121 from as many balls, which became his 100th century in all formats of the game combined, that now included 61 in first-class and 39 in List A games. Sangakkara became the first batsman to reach 1,000 runs for the season when he brought up his sixth century for the season against Yorkshire.", "Sangakkara became the first batsman to reach 1,000 runs for the season when he brought up his sixth century for the season against Yorkshire. MCC On the 2020 MCC tour of Pakistan, with all matches played in Lahore, Sangakkara played in all matches, registering 25 runs in the first T20 match with 1 catch behind the stumps, 3 runs in the only LA game (where he did not keep wicket), 1 catch behind the stumps and 10 with the bat in the second T20, and 52 and 1 catch keeping wicket in the third and tour-ending T20, giving him a total of 3 dismissals credited to his name and 90 runs in total on the tour, giving him a T20 average of 30 and a tour average of 22.5.", "MCC On the 2020 MCC tour of Pakistan, with all matches played in Lahore, Sangakkara played in all matches, registering 25 runs in the first T20 match with 1 catch behind the stumps, 3 runs in the only LA game (where he did not keep wicket), 1 catch behind the stumps and 10 with the bat in the second T20, and 52 and 1 catch keeping wicket in the third and tour-ending T20, giving him a total of 3 dismissals credited to his name and 90 runs in total on the tour, giving him a T20 average of 30 and a tour average of 22.5. Cricket All-Stars Series Sangakkara, though retired from international cricket, participated in the 2015 Cricket All-Stars Series for Warne's Warriors under Shane Warne's captaincy.", "Cricket All-Stars Series Sangakkara, though retired from international cricket, participated in the 2015 Cricket All-Stars Series for Warne's Warriors under Shane Warne's captaincy. In the three T20 matches, he scored 153 runs, more than any other cricketer in the series, and included one fifty. His average in the series was 51.00.", "His average in the series was 51.00. He also hit the most fours and sixes, 12 apiece. For his overall performance, Sangakkara was judged player of the series. Masters Champion League Sangakkara also played for Gemini Arabians in the first edition of Masters Champions League T20 tournament which took place in the UAE.", "Masters Champion League Sangakkara also played for Gemini Arabians in the first edition of Masters Champions League T20 tournament which took place in the UAE. In the first match against Gemini and Libra Legends, Sangakkara scored 86 runs from just 43 balls and helped the team post a huge total of 234 runs in their allotted 20 overs.", "In the first match against Gemini and Libra Legends, Sangakkara scored 86 runs from just 43 balls and helped the team post a huge total of 234 runs in their allotted 20 overs. Libra Legends only scored 156 in their 20 overs and thus Gemini Arabians won the match courtesy of Sangakkara's knock.", "Libra Legends only scored 156 in their 20 overs and thus Gemini Arabians won the match courtesy of Sangakkara's knock. Sangakkara was also awarded man of the match.", "Sangakkara was also awarded man of the match. Sangakkara scored four consecutive fifties (65, 51, 51, 62) in the other matches played during the series, this secured a place in the final for the Arabians. In the final against Leo Lions, he scored 30 runs to become top run scorer of the series.", "In the final against Leo Lions, he scored 30 runs to become top run scorer of the series. His team won the series and remained undefeated throughout the tournament. Sangakkara won player of the series for his 386 runs with 5 fifties.", "Sangakkara won player of the series for his 386 runs with 5 fifties. Selection committee On 7 March 2016, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of Sri Lanka's selection committee by sports minister Dayasiri Jayasekara.", "Selection committee On 7 March 2016, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of Sri Lanka's selection committee by sports minister Dayasiri Jayasekara. The committee was tasked to select the Sri Lankan squad for 2016 ICC World Twenty20 tournament, as Sri Lanka suffered heavy defeats in recent times with the previous squad.", "The committee was tasked to select the Sri Lankan squad for 2016 ICC World Twenty20 tournament, as Sri Lanka suffered heavy defeats in recent times with the previous squad. The chairman of the selection committee is Aravinda de Silva. The other members are Romesh Kaluwitharana, Ranjith Madurasinghe, and Lalith Kaluperuma.", "The other members are Romesh Kaluwitharana, Ranjith Madurasinghe, and Lalith Kaluperuma. On August 20, 2020, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of the National Sports Council under the overview of Cabinet Minister of Sports and Youth Affairs Namal Rajapakse.", "On August 20, 2020, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of the National Sports Council under the overview of Cabinet Minister of Sports and Youth Affairs Namal Rajapakse. The council is headed by his teammate Mahela Jayawardena and includes notable sporting personalities such as Dilantha Malagamuwa and Julian Bolling.", "The council is headed by his teammate Mahela Jayawardena and includes notable sporting personalities such as Dilantha Malagamuwa and Julian Bolling. Coaching career He was appointed as Director of cricket for Rajasthan Royals in January, 2021.", "Coaching career He was appointed as Director of cricket for Rajasthan Royals in January, 2021. Personal life Sangakkara is married to his longtime partner, Yehali with whom he has twin children.Daughter Swyree and son Kavith He is involved in a lot of charity work in Sri Lanka.", "Personal life Sangakkara is married to his longtime partner, Yehali with whom he has twin children.Daughter Swyree and son Kavith He is involved in a lot of charity work in Sri Lanka. He is a member of the Think Wise Initiative, launched by International Cricket Council, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and UNICEF, this initiative is aimed at raising awareness of HIV prevention and eliminating discrimination against people living with HIV and AIDS.", "He is a member of the Think Wise Initiative, launched by International Cricket Council, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and UNICEF, this initiative is aimed at raising awareness of HIV prevention and eliminating discrimination against people living with HIV and AIDS. He is also a partner of the Foundation of Goodness, a charity launched by Kushil Gunasekara.", "He is also a partner of the Foundation of Goodness, a charity launched by Kushil Gunasekara. Playing style Sangakkara is a left-handed top order batsman who likes to hit the ball square of the stumps on the off-side. While the cut and the pull are natural strokes for him, he tends to play off the front foot.", "While the cut and the pull are natural strokes for him, he tends to play off the front foot. The cover drive is one of his regular scoring shots. Sangakkara averaged 57.40 in Test cricket. In ODI cricket, he retired with an average of 42.", "In ODI cricket, he retired with an average of 42. Sangakkara handed his wicket-keeping duties in Test cricket to Prasanna Jayawardene in 2006. He played as a specialist batsman in Tests, and retired as a wicket keeper-batsman in other formats of the game.", "He played as a specialist batsman in Tests, and retired as a wicket keeper-batsman in other formats of the game. He is the first on the list of wicket keepers who contributed to the most dismissals in ODI cricket, with 499.", "He is the first on the list of wicket keepers who contributed to the most dismissals in ODI cricket, with 499. He is also the wicket keeper with the second highest number of stumpings—99—in ODI cricket after Mahendra Singh Dhoni surpassed him.", "He is also the wicket keeper with the second highest number of stumpings—99—in ODI cricket after Mahendra Singh Dhoni surpassed him. He has won a certain degree of admiration for his clever use of sledging and is one of few cricketers who are willing to talk about it openly.", "He has won a certain degree of admiration for his clever use of sledging and is one of few cricketers who are willing to talk about it openly. In an interview in 2004 he explained his approach to sledging: Commentary career Kumar Sangakkara made his ICC TV commentary debut during the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy along with newcomers Brendon McCullum, Graeme Smith and Ricky Ponting.", "In an interview in 2004 he explained his approach to sledging: Commentary career Kumar Sangakkara made his ICC TV commentary debut during the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy along with newcomers Brendon McCullum, Graeme Smith and Ricky Ponting. Sangakkara was also one of the commentators for the global broadcast of the ICC Cricket World Cup in 2019.", "Sangakkara was also one of the commentators for the global broadcast of the ICC Cricket World Cup in 2019. Kumar Sangakkara has joined SkySports for commentary throughout the English summer of 2018. He also commentated in Pakistan's tour of England as well as India's tour of England.", "He also commentated in Pakistan's tour of England as well as India's tour of England. Sangakkara is also a part of the IPL commentary panel in 2019 as well as in the 2020 edition that was taking place in the UAE International records NOTE: World records are bold Tests Sixth highest aggregate of runs (12,400) in 134 matches at an Average of 57.40 Second most double centuries in a career – Sangakkara has 11 double centuries in Tests, second only to 12 by Don Bradman.", "Sangakkara is also a part of the IPL commentary panel in 2019 as well as in the 2020 edition that was taking place in the UAE International records NOTE: World records are bold Tests Sixth highest aggregate of runs (12,400) in 134 matches at an Average of 57.40 Second most double centuries in a career – Sangakkara has 11 double centuries in Tests, second only to 12 by Don Bradman. Fourth highest number of centuries – Sangakkara has 38 centuries in 134 matches.", "Fourth highest number of centuries – Sangakkara has 38 centuries in 134 matches. Highest average (qualification 5000 runs.) by a Sri Lankan – Sangakkara (57.40)- fifth highest overall after Donald Bradman, Ken Barrington, Wally Hammond and Garfield Sobers. Half centuries – Sangakkara has 52 half-centuries in 134 matches.", "Half centuries – Sangakkara has 52 half-centuries in 134 matches. He is ninth in the list. First player to score 150+ scores in four consecutive Test matches.", "First player to score 150+ scores in four consecutive Test matches. Fastest 8,000 runs – Sangakkara (152 innings) Fastest 9,000 runs – Sangakkara (172 innings) Joint fastest to 10,000 runs – Sangakkara along with Brian Lara and Sachin Tendulkar (195 innings) Fastest 11,000 runs – Sangakkara (208 innings) Fastest 12,000 runs – Sangakkara (224 innings) Highest partnership for any wicket – 624 for the third wicket by Kumara Sangakkara (287) & Mahela Jayawardene (374) against South Africa in 2006.", "Fastest 8,000 runs – Sangakkara (152 innings) Fastest 9,000 runs – Sangakkara (172 innings) Joint fastest to 10,000 runs – Sangakkara along with Brian Lara and Sachin Tendulkar (195 innings) Fastest 11,000 runs – Sangakkara (208 innings) Fastest 12,000 runs – Sangakkara (224 innings) Highest partnership for any wicket – 624 for the third wicket by Kumara Sangakkara (287) & Mahela Jayawardene (374) against South Africa in 2006. This pair is the only on to score a 600+ partnership for any wicket in first-class history Most partnership runs – Kumara Sangakkara and Mahela Jayawardene scored 6554 runs together, which is the second highest by any partnership.", "This pair is the only on to score a 600+ partnership for any wicket in first-class history Most partnership runs – Kumara Sangakkara and Mahela Jayawardene scored 6554 runs together, which is the second highest by any partnership. Most runs in Year 2014 – 1493 runs in 12 matches with 4 hundreds and 9 fifties with average 71.09 Most test centuries when batting at number 3 position(37) Most career runs when batting at number 3 position in test history(11679) One-Day Internationals Aggregate runs (14,234 in 404 matches at an Average of 41.98) – Sangakkara is second on the list.", "Most runs in Year 2014 – 1493 runs in 12 matches with 4 hundreds and 9 fifties with average 71.09 Most test centuries when batting at number 3 position(37) Most career runs when batting at number 3 position in test history(11679) One-Day Internationals Aggregate runs (14,234 in 404 matches at an Average of 41.98) – Sangakkara is second on the list. First Sri Lankan to pass 14,000 runs.", "First Sri Lankan to pass 14,000 runs. Most half centuries – Sangakkara has 93 half-centuries in 404 matches. He is second in the list. Most dismissals (includes wicket-keeping) – Sangakkara has taken (482 dismissals = 383 ct. + 99 st.) in 404 matches.", "Most dismissals (includes wicket-keeping) – Sangakkara has taken (482 dismissals = 383 ct. + 99 st.) in 404 matches. Second most stumpings in a career as a wicketkeeper in ODIs – 99 by Sangakkara.", "Second most stumpings in a career as a wicketkeeper in ODIs – 99 by Sangakkara. Most runs in Year 2014 – 1256 runs in 28 matches with 4 hundreds and 8 fifties with the average 46.51 First and only batsman to score four consecutive hundreds – centuries against Bangladesh (105*), England (117*), Australia (104) and Scotland (124) in the 2015 ICC World Cup.", "Most runs in Year 2014 – 1256 runs in 28 matches with 4 hundreds and 8 fifties with the average 46.51 First and only batsman to score four consecutive hundreds – centuries against Bangladesh (105*), England (117*), Australia (104) and Scotland (124) in the 2015 ICC World Cup. Sangakkara was the first Sri Lankan and 4th overall batsman to reach List of cricketers who scored a century in their hundred in his 100th ODI appearance.", "Sangakkara was the first Sri Lankan and 4th overall batsman to reach List of cricketers who scored a century in their hundred in his 100th ODI appearance. Most runs as wicketkeeper batsman in ODI history (13,262 runs) and the first wicketkeeper batsman to score over 10000 runs in One Day Internationals.", "Most runs as wicketkeeper batsman in ODI history (13,262 runs) and the first wicketkeeper batsman to score over 10000 runs in One Day Internationals. T20I records He along with Mahela Jayawardene holds the record for the highest ever partnership for any wicket in ICC World T20 history(166 for the 2nd wicket) He was the first batsman to score half centuries in 2 different ICC T20 World Cup finals(in 2009 and 2014) Aggregate records Most runs in cricket in all formats of the game in a calendar year – Sangakkara scored 2868 runs in the year 2014.", "T20I records He along with Mahela Jayawardene holds the record for the highest ever partnership for any wicket in ICC World T20 history(166 for the 2nd wicket) He was the first batsman to score half centuries in 2 different ICC T20 World Cup finals(in 2009 and 2014) Aggregate records Most runs in cricket in all formats of the game in a calendar year – Sangakkara scored 2868 runs in the year 2014. (1493 Tests + 1256 ODIs + 119 T20Is) Total runs scored in all forms of the game – Sangakkara is second only to Indian Sachin Tendulkar, scoring 28,016 international runs.", "(1493 Tests + 1256 ODIs + 119 T20Is) Total runs scored in all forms of the game – Sangakkara is second only to Indian Sachin Tendulkar, scoring 28,016 international runs. Fourth in the list of most dismissals as wicketkeeper across all formats (678).", "Fourth in the list of most dismissals as wicketkeeper across all formats (678). World Cups Most dismissals as wicketkeeper – Kumara Sangakkara (54) in 37 matches.", "World Cups Most dismissals as wicketkeeper – Kumara Sangakkara (54) in 37 matches. He was also the second wicketkeeper after Adam Gilchrist to effect in 50+ dismissals in World Cups Fastest century by a Sri Lankan – Sangakkara scored his 23rd ODI century by 70 balls against England on 1 March 2015.", "He was also the second wicketkeeper after Adam Gilchrist to effect in 50+ dismissals in World Cups Fastest century by a Sri Lankan – Sangakkara scored his 23rd ODI century by 70 balls against England on 1 March 2015. Most consecutive centuries in a single World Cup (4).", "Most consecutive centuries in a single World Cup (4). He is first the player to have scored 4 centuries in a single WorldCup. Second Is Rohit Sharma From India who scored 5 centuries in 2019 edition Player statistics Centuries Sangakkara has scored 38 centuries in Test cricket, more than any other Sri Lankan.", "Second Is Rohit Sharma From India who scored 5 centuries in 2019 edition Player statistics Centuries Sangakkara has scored 38 centuries in Test cricket, more than any other Sri Lankan. Additionally, Sangakkara has scored 25 centuries in ODIs.", "Additionally, Sangakkara has scored 25 centuries in ODIs. Awards Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy (ICC Cricketer of the Year): 2012 ICC Test Player of the Year: 2012 ICC ODI Player of the Year: 2011, 2013 ICC Test Team of the Year:2006-2008, 2010-2012, 2014 ICC ODI Team of the Year: 2011-2013, 2015 Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World: 2011, 2014 Wisden Cricketers of the Year: 2012 LG People's Choice Award: 2011 & 2012 Outstanding Achievement in Sport 2015, The Asian Awards.", "Awards Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy (ICC Cricketer of the Year): 2012 ICC Test Player of the Year: 2012 ICC ODI Player of the Year: 2011, 2013 ICC Test Team of the Year:2006-2008, 2010-2012, 2014 ICC ODI Team of the Year: 2011-2013, 2015 Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World: 2011, 2014 Wisden Cricketers of the Year: 2012 LG People's Choice Award: 2011 & 2012 Outstanding Achievement in Sport 2015, The Asian Awards. CEAT International Cricketer of the Year: 2015 Ada Derana Sri Lankan of the Year 2016 – Icon of the Year Award Dialog SLC ODI Batsman of the Year: 2015 See also Mahela-Sanga Challenge Trophy References External links Official Website Kumara Sangakkara videos, photos and news Kumar Sangakkara: The Gentleman Stylist Of Sri Lankan Cricket 1977 births Living people ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers ICC World XI One Day International cricketers Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers Warwickshire cricketers Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers Sri Lanka Test cricketers Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers Sri Lanka Test cricket captains Punjab Kings cricketers Sri Lankan terrorism victims Sinhalese sportspeople Sri Lankan Buddhists Alumni of the University of Colombo Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup Alumni of Trinity College, Kandy Kandurata cricketers Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World Wisden Cricketers of the Year Cricketers from Kandy Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers International Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year Jamaica Tallawahs cricketers Durham cricketers Surrey cricketers Quetta Gladiators cricketers Karachi Kings cricketers Deccan Chargers cricketers Dhaka Dynamites cricketers Hobart Hurricanes cricketers Multan Sultans cricketers Sri Lankan cricket commentators Wicket-keepers" ]

[ "Kumar Sangakkara", "Captaincy", "How did he become captain?", "In February 2009, the then captain of the Sri Lankan side, Mahela Jayawardene announced that he would step down from captaincy \"in the best interests of the Sri Lankan team\".", "What made him want to step down?", "He said he believed that it would give his successor around two years to build up to the 2011 Cricket World Cup.", "Did he win the 2011 Cricket World Cup?", "Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World Cup, Sangakkara announced to the public he was stepping down as captain", "Why did he step down?", "captaining Sri Lanka is a job that ages you very quickly ... It's rarely a job you will last long in ...", "Did he retire after this?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, Affection. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and by the Grammy Award-winning American house music DJ and producer, David Morales. The single became a top forty hit in the European countries reaching number eighteen in Finland, number twenty in Ireland and number twenty-five in the United Kingdom. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was also released in Japan.\n\nIn 2014, the remixes of \"What Did I Do to You?\" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Affection and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology. They were also featured on The Collection 1989–2003 box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales.\n\nCritical reception\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Hocter from Albumism viewed it as a \"upbeat offering\". David Giles from Music Week said it is \"beautifully performed\" by Stansfield. A reviewer from Reading Eagle wrote that \"What Did I Do to You?\" \"would be right at home on the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack.\"\n\nMusic video\nA music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Philip Richardson, who had previously directed the videos for \"All Around the World\" and \"Live Together\". It features Stansfield with her kiss curls, dressed in a white outfit and performing with her band on a stage in front of a jumping audience. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 1,6 million views as of October 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n European/UK 7\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK/Japanese CD single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n UK 10\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix) – 5:52\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK 12\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 4:22\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 3:19\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:15\n\n UK 12\" promotional single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub) – 6:31\n\n Other remixes\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix) – 7:45\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nLisa Stansfield songs\n1990 singles\nSongs written by Lisa Stansfield\n1989 songs\nArista Records singles\nSongs written by Ian Devaney\nSongs written by Andy Morris (musician)", "Songs from the Edge is the second album by British musician Dirty Harry (formerly known as Harry).\n\nIt was recorded as the follow-up to The Trouble with... Harry (2003) and produced by multi-platinum Grammy-nominated producer Luke Ebbin (Bon Jovi, Rival Schools). The album features Curt Schneider engineering and playing bass guitar, David Levita on guitar, and Victor Indrizzo on drums.\n\nTrack listing \n \"Frayed at the Edges\"\n \"Takes One to Know One\"\n \"Welcome to What Is Meant to Be\"\n \"Do You Remember Those Days?\"\n \"Dirty Boys & Girls\"\n \"Stepping Stones\"\n \"Drunks of London Town\"\n \"Let Go of Me\"\n \"Fake It Like You\"\n \"Not That Girl / Been Down\"\n \"Sweet Sound of Rock'n'roll\"\n\nExternal links \nHarry's Myspace\nHarry's Online Community\nGirlBand.Org Entry for Dirty Harry\n\n2007 albums\nDirty Harry (musician) albums\nAlbums produced by Luke Ebbin" ]

[ "Kumar Chokshanada Sangakkara (; born 27 October 1977) is a Sri Lankan cricket commentator, former professional cricketer, businessman, ICC Hall of Fame inductee, and the former president of Marylebone Cricket Club. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wicket-keeper-batters in the history of the sport.", "He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wicket-keeper-batters in the history of the sport. He was officially rated in the top three current batsmen in the world in all three formats of the game at various stages of his international career. Sangakkara scored 28,016 runs in international cricket across all formats in a career that spanned 15 years.", "Sangakkara scored 28,016 runs in international cricket across all formats in a career that spanned 15 years. At retirement, he was the second-highest run-scorer in ODI cricket, next only to Sachin Tendulkar, and the sixth-highest run scorer in Test cricket.", "At retirement, he was the second-highest run-scorer in ODI cricket, next only to Sachin Tendulkar, and the sixth-highest run scorer in Test cricket. As a player, Sangakkara was a left-handed top-order batsman and was also a wicket-keeper for a large proportion of his career.", "As a player, Sangakkara was a left-handed top-order batsman and was also a wicket-keeper for a large proportion of his career. Sangakkara holds many Test records, having been the fastest, or joint-fastest (in terms of innings) to various run milestones in Test cricket.", "Sangakkara holds many Test records, having been the fastest, or joint-fastest (in terms of innings) to various run milestones in Test cricket. Sangakkara's partnership with Mahela Jayawardene was the second most prolific in the history of Test cricket. Additionally, he holds the record for the most wicket keeping dismissals in ODI cricket.", "Additionally, he holds the record for the most wicket keeping dismissals in ODI cricket. Sangakkara won the ICC Cricketer of the Year in 2012 and won many other awards for both Test and ODI cricket.", "Sangakkara won the ICC Cricketer of the Year in 2012 and won many other awards for both Test and ODI cricket. He was selected as Leading Cricketer in the World in the 2012 and 2015 editions of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, becoming the second player to have won this award twice.", "He was selected as Leading Cricketer in the World in the 2012 and 2015 editions of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, becoming the second player to have won this award twice. Sangakkara was rated as the Greatest ODI player of all time in a public poll conducted by Cricket Australia in 2016.", "Sangakkara was rated as the Greatest ODI player of all time in a public poll conducted by Cricket Australia in 2016. He won the Man of the Match in the finals of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 tournament and was part of the team that made the final of the 2007 Cricket World Cup, 2011 Cricket World Cup, 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and 2012 ICC World Twenty20.", "He won the Man of the Match in the finals of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 tournament and was part of the team that made the final of the 2007 Cricket World Cup, 2011 Cricket World Cup, 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and 2012 ICC World Twenty20. He won the Man of the Match award in the final of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20, where he helped Sri Lanka win their first title.", "He won the Man of the Match award in the final of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20, where he helped Sri Lanka win their first title. In 2019, he was appointed President of the MCC, the first non-British person to be appointed to the position since the club was founded in 1787.", "In 2019, he was appointed President of the MCC, the first non-British person to be appointed to the position since the club was founded in 1787. He was the youngest person and the first active international player to deliver the MCC Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture, which was widely praised by the cricketing community for its outspoken nature.", "He was the youngest person and the first active international player to deliver the MCC Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture, which was widely praised by the cricketing community for its outspoken nature. In June 2021, he was inducted to the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame and became the second Sri Lankan to be inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame after Muttiah Muralitharan.", "In June 2021, he was inducted to the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame and became the second Sri Lankan to be inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame after Muttiah Muralitharan. Early life Sangakkara was born in Matale, Central Province near the city of Kandy in 1977. He grew up in Kandy with three siblings and his parents.", "He grew up in Kandy with three siblings and his parents. Sangakkara received his education at Trinity College, Kandy. During his school days, he was a chorister and played the violin. Sangakkara excelled in many sports and his college principal encouraged him to focus on cricket.", "Sangakkara excelled in many sports and his college principal encouraged him to focus on cricket. He represented his school's Under-13, Under-15, Under-17, Under-19 and first XI squads and was awarded his school's The Trinity Lion award and Ryde Gold Medal.", "He represented his school's Under-13, Under-15, Under-17, Under-19 and first XI squads and was awarded his school's The Trinity Lion award and Ryde Gold Medal. Sangakkara was selected to represent Sri Lankan A cricket team's tour to South Africa in 1999-00.", "Sangakkara was selected to represent Sri Lankan A cricket team's tour to South Africa in 1999-00. His knock of an unbeaten 156 against Zimbabwe A team during a one-day match helped him secure a place in the Sri Lankan national cricket team later that year.", "His knock of an unbeaten 156 against Zimbabwe A team during a one-day match helped him secure a place in the Sri Lankan national cricket team later that year. Sanga was the Senior Prefect (Head Boy) of school and entered the Law Faculty of the University of Colombo, but was unable to finish his degree initially due to his cricketing commitments.", "Sanga was the Senior Prefect (Head Boy) of school and entered the Law Faculty of the University of Colombo, but was unable to finish his degree initially due to his cricketing commitments. He later completed his Masters in Law from the University.", "He later completed his Masters in Law from the University. His parents sheltered Tamil families during the Black July riots in 1983. International career Early career At the age of 22 Sangakkara made his Test debut on 20 July 2000, keeping wicket in the first fixture of a three-match series against South Africa.", "His parents sheltered Tamil families during the Black July riots in 1983. International career Early career At the age of 22 Sangakkara made his Test debut on 20 July 2000, keeping wicket in the first fixture of a three-match series against South Africa. Sri Lanka won the match and in his side's only innings Sangakarra batted at the fall of the third wicket and scored 23 runs before he was dismissed leg before wicket by spin bowler Nicky Boje.", "Sri Lanka won the match and in his side's only innings Sangakarra batted at the fall of the third wicket and scored 23 runs before he was dismissed leg before wicket by spin bowler Nicky Boje. He made 35 runs in his One-day cricket debut against Pakistan and he received his first man of the match award in the 2nd match of the Singer Triangular Series, 2000, scoring 85 runs against South Africa.", "He made 35 runs in his One-day cricket debut against Pakistan and he received his first man of the match award in the 2nd match of the Singer Triangular Series, 2000, scoring 85 runs against South Africa. He ended the series with 199 runs, at an average of 66.33, securing his place for the upcoming Test series against South Africa.", "He ended the series with 199 runs, at an average of 66.33, securing his place for the upcoming Test series against South Africa. Before reaching his first Test century, he was twice dismissed in the 90s, once against each of South Africa and England.", "Before reaching his first Test century, he was twice dismissed in the 90s, once against each of South Africa and England. In August 2001, India toured Sri Lanka for three Tests and in the opening match Sangakkara scored his first century.", "In August 2001, India toured Sri Lanka for three Tests and in the opening match Sangakkara scored his first century. His innings of 105 not out at number three helped set up a ten-wicket victory for Sri Lanka.", "His innings of 105 not out at number three helped set up a ten-wicket victory for Sri Lanka. Later that year Sangakkara scored his second Test century, this time in the first of three matches against the touring West Indians. He scored his first double-century against Pakistan in 2002, at the 2nd Asian Test Championship final.", "He scored his first double-century against Pakistan in 2002, at the 2nd Asian Test Championship final. His performance helped Sri Lanka secure the Test championship. In April 2003, Sangakkara made his first ODI century against Pakistan, in a losing effort.", "In April 2003, Sangakkara made his first ODI century against Pakistan, in a losing effort. Together with Marvan Atapattu, he made a partnership of 438 for the 2nd wicket—4th highest in the world—against Zimbabwe in 2004. In that game, he scored 270, his first 250+ score.", "In that game, he scored 270, his first 250+ score. In July 2005, he was selected to the ICC World XI ODI team but missed out from its Test counterpart. Vice-captaincy When Sri Lanka toured Bangladesh in February 2006 regular captain Marvan Atapattu was injured and Mahela Jayawardene became captain while Sangakkara was made vice-captain.", "Vice-captaincy When Sri Lanka toured Bangladesh in February 2006 regular captain Marvan Atapattu was injured and Mahela Jayawardene became captain while Sangakkara was made vice-captain. Pakistan toured Sri Lanka for two Test and three ODIs in March 2006, and with Atapattu still injured Jayawardene and Sangakkara remained captain and vice-captain respectively.", "Pakistan toured Sri Lanka for two Test and three ODIs in March 2006, and with Atapattu still injured Jayawardene and Sangakkara remained captain and vice-captain respectively. The pair had only expected to hold the positions on an interim basis, but extended into a third series as Atapattu failed to recover in time to tour England in April and ended up filling the roles full-time.", "The pair had only expected to hold the positions on an interim basis, but extended into a third series as Atapattu failed to recover in time to tour England in April and ended up filling the roles full-time. In July 2006, Sangakkara made his second-highest Test score to-date (287) against South Africa.", "In July 2006, Sangakkara made his second-highest Test score to-date (287) against South Africa. In a record-breaking partnership with Mahela Jayawardene, he set up the world record for the highest partnership in Test cricket—624 runs—in this match.", "In a record-breaking partnership with Mahela Jayawardene, he set up the world record for the highest partnership in Test cricket—624 runs—in this match. On 6 December 2007 he made it to the top spot of ICC Test player rankings with a rating of 938, the highest rating ever achieved by a Sri Lankan player, and became the first batsman ever to score in excess of 150 in four consecutive tests.", "On 6 December 2007 he made it to the top spot of ICC Test player rankings with a rating of 938, the highest rating ever achieved by a Sri Lankan player, and became the first batsman ever to score in excess of 150 in four consecutive tests. His skill was recognised worldwide when he earned selection for the ICC World XI One-Day International team that competed against Australia in the Johnnie Walker Series in October 2005.", "His skill was recognised worldwide when he earned selection for the ICC World XI One-Day International team that competed against Australia in the Johnnie Walker Series in October 2005. Despite the World XI losing all of the one-day games by considerable margins, Sangakkara left the series with some credit, averaging 46.", "Despite the World XI losing all of the one-day games by considerable margins, Sangakkara left the series with some credit, averaging 46. He was one of the winners of the 2008 inaugural Cricinfo awards for outstanding batting in Test cricket. He was once again named in the World Test XI by the ICC in 2010.", "He was once again named in the World Test XI by the ICC in 2010. Sangakkara holds the record for being the fastest man to 8,000, 9,000, 10,000 (jointly held), 11,000 and 12,000 runs in Test cricket. During Sri Lanka's tour to England in May 2006, he was named the vice-captain of the side.", "During Sri Lanka's tour to England in May 2006, he was named the vice-captain of the side. On 3 March 2009, a terrorist attack on the Sri Lankan team convoy in Pakistan injured 6 Sri Lankan players including Sangakkara. Sangakkara suffered shrapnel wounds in his shoulder.", "Sangakkara suffered shrapnel wounds in his shoulder. In November 2006, Sangakkara was included in the ICC World XI Test team. Next year, he signed an agreement to join Warwickshire County Cricket Club. That year, he scored back-to-back double centuries in Tests and became only the fifth cricketer in the history to do so.", "That year, he scored back-to-back double centuries in Tests and became only the fifth cricketer in the history to do so. Captaincy In February 2009, the then captain of the Sri Lankan side, Mahela Jayawardene announced that he would step down from captaincy \"in the best interests of the Sri Lankan team\".", "Captaincy In February 2009, the then captain of the Sri Lankan side, Mahela Jayawardene announced that he would step down from captaincy \"in the best interests of the Sri Lankan team\". He said he believed that it would give his successor around two years to build up to the 2011 Cricket World Cup.", "He said he believed that it would give his successor around two years to build up to the 2011 Cricket World Cup. Therefore, at the age of 31 and with the experience of 80 Tests and 246 ODIs, Sangakkara succeeded Jayawardene as Sri Lanka's captain in all formats of the game.", "Therefore, at the age of 31 and with the experience of 80 Tests and 246 ODIs, Sangakkara succeeded Jayawardene as Sri Lanka's captain in all formats of the game. His first engagement in the role was the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 hosted by England in June.", "His first engagement in the role was the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 hosted by England in June. Sri Lanka became runners-up in the series after winning all the game in group and knock-out stages and being defeated by Pakistan in the final. Sangakkara made 64 not-out in the final, but was unable to take Sri Lanka for the championship.", "Sangakkara made 64 not-out in the final, but was unable to take Sri Lanka for the championship. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo for the 2009 T20I World Cup. Sri Lanka failed to reach to the knock-out stage of the ICC Champions Trophy in September 2009.", "Sri Lanka failed to reach to the knock-out stage of the ICC Champions Trophy in September 2009. The next Indian tour proved to be disastrous for the team, with Sri Lanka being beaten by India in Test series 2–0 and ODI series 3–1.", "The next Indian tour proved to be disastrous for the team, with Sri Lanka being beaten by India in Test series 2–0 and ODI series 3–1. Sri Lankan team under the captaincy of Sangakkara gained momentum and won the next Tri-series in Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka, beating India as well.", "Sri Lankan team under the captaincy of Sangakkara gained momentum and won the next Tri-series in Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka, beating India as well. The Sri Lankans' tour of Australia proved to be very successful, in winning both the T20 and ODI series. This was Sri Lanka's first ever series victory in Australia.", "This was Sri Lanka's first ever series victory in Australia. A month in advance of the 2011 World Cup in March, Sangakkara decided that he would resign the captaincy after the tournament. Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament.", "Sri Lanka reached the final of the tournament. Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar.", "Throughout the tournament Sangakkara was in prolific form with the bat scoring 465 runs from 9 matches and was the third highest run-scorer behind teammate Tillakaratne Dilshan and India's Sachin Tendulkar. He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC.", "He was named as captain and wicket keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC. He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo.", "He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo. Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World Cup, Sangakkara announced to the public he was stepping down as captain of the T20 and ODI teams.", "Days after guiding Sri Lanka to the finals of the World Cup, Sangakkara announced to the public he was stepping down as captain of the T20 and ODI teams. He offered to continue as Test captain if deemed necessary for transition to new skipper, but Dilshan was appointed captain across all formats.", "He offered to continue as Test captain if deemed necessary for transition to new skipper, but Dilshan was appointed captain across all formats. Reflecting on the decision afterwards, he said that \"captaining Sri Lanka is a job that ages you very quickly ... It's rarely a job you will last long in ...", "It's rarely a job you will last long in ... I also had a two-year stint, and I enjoyed it at times, certainly on the field where our results showed we were one of the top two sides in the world for one-and-a-half years, especially in the shorter form of the game.\"", "I also had a two-year stint, and I enjoyed it at times, certainly on the field where our results showed we were one of the top two sides in the world for one-and-a-half years, especially in the shorter form of the game.\" The same year, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year at the ICC awards ceremony.", "The same year, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year at the ICC awards ceremony. In 2012, he was honored as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year. Post-captaincy Sri Lanka's first fixture after the World Cup was a Sri Lanka tour of England in 2011 beginning in May.", "Post-captaincy Sri Lanka's first fixture after the World Cup was a Sri Lanka tour of England in 2011 beginning in May. During the second match of a three Test series Tillakaratne Dilshan, Sangakkara's successor as captain, suffered a broken thumb.", "During the second match of a three Test series Tillakaratne Dilshan, Sangakkara's successor as captain, suffered a broken thumb. Sangakkara filled in while Dilshan was off the pitch and formally assumed the captaincy for the final Test.", "Sangakkara filled in while Dilshan was off the pitch and formally assumed the captaincy for the final Test. The match ended in a draw and the series ended in a 1–0 victory for England; Sangakarra scored a century in the match, his first against England in nine Tests.", "The match ended in a draw and the series ended in a 1–0 victory for England; Sangakarra scored a century in the match, his first against England in nine Tests. Sangakkara was named the man of the series in Test series with Pakistan in 2011/12—his first man of the series award in Test cricket.", "Sangakkara was named the man of the series in Test series with Pakistan in 2011/12—his first man of the series award in Test cricket. He made 516 runs in the 3 match series which was won by Pakistan 1–0.", "He made 516 runs in the 3 match series which was won by Pakistan 1–0. On August in 2013, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year, wicket keeper-captain of the ICC World XI Test team, and won the ICC People's Choice Award in 2011 ICC Awards.", "On August in 2013, he was named the ODI Cricketer of the Year, wicket keeper-captain of the ICC World XI Test team, and won the ICC People's Choice Award in 2011 ICC Awards. In 2012, he was named one of the Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year.", "In 2012, he was named one of the Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year. He was also named as captain and wicket keeper of the 2011 World Test XI by the ICC and named in the 2012 World Test XI and ODI XI. Sangakkara struggled with his form when England toured Sri Lanka in 2012.", "Sangakkara struggled with his form when England toured Sri Lanka in 2012. He failed to score a half century during The Two Test match series. But he regained his form in the ODI series against Pakistan where his batting score reached the 90s.", "But he regained his form in the ODI series against Pakistan where his batting score reached the 90s. In the Test series that followed, Sangakkara continued his form with a 199, the scoreboard originally said he had scored the double century but it turned out to be a mistake. Sri Lanka later won the Test match.", "Sri Lanka later won the Test match. He followed this up with 192 in the same game, again missing out on the double century. The next two matches were drawn, which meant Sri Lanka won the series 1–0. This was their first time winning a Test series since the retirement of Muttiah Muralitharan.", "This was their first time winning a Test series since the retirement of Muttiah Muralitharan. On the Sri Lankan tour of Bangladesh in 2014, Sangakkara hit his highest test score to date with 319 in the first innings of the second test.", "On the Sri Lankan tour of Bangladesh in 2014, Sangakkara hit his highest test score to date with 319 in the first innings of the second test. Making him only the third Sri Lankan player to hit a triple century after Sanath Jayasuria and Mahela Jayawardena.", "Making him only the third Sri Lankan player to hit a triple century after Sanath Jayasuria and Mahela Jayawardena. He followed his triple century with a knock of 105 in the 2nd innings and the game finished as a draw. He continued his good batting run with another century in the 2nd ODI.", "He continued his good batting run with another century in the 2nd ODI. Along with teammate Mahela Jayawardene, he recorded the most partnership runs for the 3rd wicket in Test history, scoring 5890 runs surpassing the 5826 runs of Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar, during the first Test match against Pakistan at Galle International Stadium.", "Along with teammate Mahela Jayawardene, he recorded the most partnership runs for the 3rd wicket in Test history, scoring 5890 runs surpassing the 5826 runs of Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar, during the first Test match against Pakistan at Galle International Stadium. The two also hold the record for the highest partnership for any wicket in Test matches, scoring 624 runs for the 3rd wicket against South Africa in July 2006.", "The two also hold the record for the highest partnership for any wicket in Test matches, scoring 624 runs for the 3rd wicket against South Africa in July 2006. This still stands as the largest partnership for any wicket in first-class cricket, anywhere.", "This still stands as the largest partnership for any wicket in first-class cricket, anywhere. His impressive form with the bat continued at the 2014 Asia Cup where he amassed a total of 245 runs in five innings. He started the tournament with a 63 against Pakistan before hitting a match winning 103 against India.", "He started the tournament with a 63 against Pakistan before hitting a match winning 103 against India. He then added scores of 77 and 2 against Afghanistan and Bangladesh before being dismissed for a golden duck in the final against Pakistan. Sri Lanka went on to win the game and the tournament.", "Sri Lanka went on to win the game and the tournament. Sangakkara decided to retire from T20 internationals after playing the 2014 ICC World Twenty20. Afterwards, Jayawardene also followed him into retirement.", "Afterwards, Jayawardene also followed him into retirement. Sangakkara under-performed in the World T20, but in the final match against India, he scored 51 not out off just 33 balls making his team win their second ICC trophy since 1996.", "Sangakkara under-performed in the World T20, but in the final match against India, he scored 51 not out off just 33 balls making his team win their second ICC trophy since 1996. Sri Lanka played their first 7-match ODI series at home, against England from 26 November to 16 December 2014.", "Sri Lanka played their first 7-match ODI series at home, against England from 26 November to 16 December 2014. On 3 December 2014 Sangakkara reached 13,000 runs in One-day internationals in the third match of the series at the Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium, Hambantota, and became the fourth player in One-day history to achieve the feat after Sachin Tendulkar, Ricky Ponting, and Sanath Jayasuriya.", "On 3 December 2014 Sangakkara reached 13,000 runs in One-day internationals in the third match of the series at the Mahinda Rajapaksa International Stadium, Hambantota, and became the fourth player in One-day history to achieve the feat after Sachin Tendulkar, Ricky Ponting, and Sanath Jayasuriya. He also became the second most prolific half-century maker in One-day internationals during this match.", "He also became the second most prolific half-century maker in One-day internationals during this match. He scored 4 consecutive half-centuries followed by a century. On 13 December 2014, he scored his 20th ODI century, becoming the second Sri Lankan to score 20 ODI centuries, after 28 by Sanath Jayasuriya, and 9th overall to do so.", "On 13 December 2014, he scored his 20th ODI century, becoming the second Sri Lankan to score 20 ODI centuries, after 28 by Sanath Jayasuriya, and 9th overall to do so. He also took 4 catches as a wicket-keeper in this match taking the player of the match award.", "He also took 4 catches as a wicket-keeper in this match taking the player of the match award. This match was his last match in his home town, due to his retirement from ODI arena after 2015 Cricket World Cup.", "This match was his last match in his home town, due to his retirement from ODI arena after 2015 Cricket World Cup. His last One-day innings in Sri Lanka was played on 13 December 2014 in the last match of the England ODI series. He was caught while on 33 in his last innings on home soil.", "He was caught while on 33 in his last innings on home soil. On 4 January 2015, Sangakkara scored his 38th test century by making 203 against New Zealand during the second match of the 2 Test match series. With this feat, he is only one short to become the highest double-century maker in test history.", "With this feat, he is only one short to become the highest double-century maker in test history. He has 11 test double centuries, only one short of 12 double centuries by Don Bradman. He also surpassed 12,000 runs in Test cricket, becoming the first Sri Lankan and 5th overall cricketer to achieve that mark.", "He also surpassed 12,000 runs in Test cricket, becoming the first Sri Lankan and 5th overall cricketer to achieve that mark. On 14 February 2015, Sangakkara became the second highest run scorer in One-Day International history, by surpassing Australian Ricky Ponting.", "On 14 February 2015, Sangakkara became the second highest run scorer in One-Day International history, by surpassing Australian Ricky Ponting. He achieved this milestone during the first match of 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against New Zealand, but Sri Lanka lost the match.", "He achieved this milestone during the first match of 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against New Zealand, but Sri Lanka lost the match. On 26 February 2015 in 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against Bangladesh, Sangakkara scored his 22nd ODI century in his 400th appearance in One-Day Internationals.", "On 26 February 2015 in 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against Bangladesh, Sangakkara scored his 22nd ODI century in his 400th appearance in One-Day Internationals. The 210* second wicket partnership between Sangakkara and Tillakaratne Dilshan on that day was broken again on 1 March 2015, in the next group match in World Cup against England, where Sangakkara joined Lahiru Thirimanne with 212* for the second wicket.", "The 210* second wicket partnership between Sangakkara and Tillakaratne Dilshan on that day was broken again on 1 March 2015, in the next group match in World Cup against England, where Sangakkara joined Lahiru Thirimanne with 212* for the second wicket. Sangakkara scored his 23rd century in this match and this 70-ball century was his fastest century overall and the fastest century by a Sri Lankan in World Cup history.", "Sangakkara scored his 23rd century in this match and this 70-ball century was his fastest century overall and the fastest century by a Sri Lankan in World Cup history. During the same World Cup, against Australia, when chasing a massive score of 377, Sangakkara passed 14,000 ODI runs, becoming the first Sri Lankan and second overall cricketer to pass it.", "During the same World Cup, against Australia, when chasing a massive score of 377, Sangakkara passed 14,000 ODI runs, becoming the first Sri Lankan and second overall cricketer to pass it. He scored 124 runs in the next match against Scotland, becoming first batsman in World Cup history to score 4 consecutive hundreds.", "He scored 124 runs in the next match against Scotland, becoming first batsman in World Cup history to score 4 consecutive hundreds. Sangakkara's last ODI innings were disappointing from him and his teams' point of view, where Sri Lanka lost the quarter-final against South Africa on 18 March 2015.", "Sangakkara's last ODI innings were disappointing from him and his teams' point of view, where Sri Lanka lost the quarter-final against South Africa on 18 March 2015. He only scored 45 runs, it was Sri Lanka's first World Cup defeat in a quarter final after 1999.", "He only scored 45 runs, it was Sri Lanka's first World Cup defeat in a quarter final after 1999. His teammate Mahela also retired from ODI career with this match. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2015 World Cup by the ICC.", "He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2015 World Cup by the ICC. Retirement During the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 championship, Sangakkara announced his retirement from the Twenty20 International arena after the championship with his teammate Mahela.", "Retirement During the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 championship, Sangakkara announced his retirement from the Twenty20 International arena after the championship with his teammate Mahela. Then in December 2014, he announced that he would also retire from ODI cricket after the 2015 Cricket World Cup, again with Mahela.", "Then in December 2014, he announced that he would also retire from ODI cricket after the 2015 Cricket World Cup, again with Mahela. As he said, he retired from T20I cricket in April 2014 and from ODI cricket on 18 March 2015.", "As he said, he retired from T20I cricket in April 2014 and from ODI cricket on 18 March 2015. On 1 April 2015, Sri Lanka's Sports Minister Navin Dissanayake stated that Sangakkara should reconsider his intention to retire in August 2015.", "On 1 April 2015, Sri Lanka's Sports Minister Navin Dissanayake stated that Sangakkara should reconsider his intention to retire in August 2015. He said that Sangakarra was disillusioned by some of the actions of the Sri Lanka Cricket Board in the past, and now that attempts have been made to change personnel and practices, Sangakkara should reconsider his decision.", "He said that Sangakarra was disillusioned by some of the actions of the Sri Lanka Cricket Board in the past, and now that attempts have been made to change personnel and practices, Sangakkara should reconsider his decision. Sangakkara did not give an answer to the statement.", "Sangakkara did not give an answer to the statement. On 27 June 2015, Sangakkara officially announced his retirement from Test cricket as well. He retired from Test cricket after the second Test match against India.", "He retired from Test cricket after the second Test match against India. He scored 32 runs in the first innings and 18 in the second of his last test match and got out to Ravichandran Ashwin for the fourth consecutive time in the series.", "He scored 32 runs in the first innings and 18 in the second of his last test match and got out to Ravichandran Ashwin for the fourth consecutive time in the series. The P Sara Oval ground was decorated with numerous banners and posters of Sangakkara with messages such as \"Thank You Sanga\" and \"Class Never Retires\".", "The P Sara Oval ground was decorated with numerous banners and posters of Sangakkara with messages such as \"Thank You Sanga\" and \"Class Never Retires\". His teammates including Mahela, Thilan Thushara, and Sanath Jayasuriya, Murali came to the ground to bid farewell to Sangakkara.", "His teammates including Mahela, Thilan Thushara, and Sanath Jayasuriya, Murali came to the ground to bid farewell to Sangakkara. Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation recognized Sangakkara as the \"Player of the Century\" citing many of Sangakkara's memories and achievements.", "Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation recognized Sangakkara as the \"Player of the Century\" citing many of Sangakkara's memories and achievements. After the conclusion of the second test, a special farewell presentation was held for Sangakkara with the presence of President Maithreepala Sirisena, Prime Minister Ranil Wickramasinghe, former Sri Lankan Test captain Arjuna Ranatunga, former Indian Test captain Sunil Gavaskar, and several cricket celebrities.", "After the conclusion of the second test, a special farewell presentation was held for Sangakkara with the presence of President Maithreepala Sirisena, Prime Minister Ranil Wickramasinghe, former Sri Lankan Test captain Arjuna Ranatunga, former Indian Test captain Sunil Gavaskar, and several cricket celebrities. Several mementos were given for the behalf of his cricket career and Gavaskar invited him to the former cricketer's club.", "Several mementos were given for the behalf of his cricket career and Gavaskar invited him to the former cricketer's club. Indian captain Virat Kohli described Sangakkara as \"a lovely person\".", "Indian captain Virat Kohli described Sangakkara as \"a lovely person\". President Sirisena offered him to work as the Commissioner for the United Kingdom in Sri Lanka stating \"He has been a great face for our country and it gives me immense pleasure in offering him the post of High Commissioner to the UK\".", "President Sirisena offered him to work as the Commissioner for the United Kingdom in Sri Lanka stating \"He has been a great face for our country and it gives me immense pleasure in offering him the post of High Commissioner to the UK\". In November 2020, Sangakkara was nominated for the Sir Garfield Sobers Award for ICC Male Cricketer of the Decade, and the award for ODI cricketer of the decade.", "In November 2020, Sangakkara was nominated for the Sir Garfield Sobers Award for ICC Male Cricketer of the Decade, and the award for ODI cricketer of the decade. Cowdrey Lecture Sangakkara delivered the 2011 Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture at Lords.", "Cowdrey Lecture Sangakkara delivered the 2011 Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture at Lords. He became the youngest person and the first active international player to deliver that lecture, which was widely praised by the cricketing community. The one-hour-long speech was based on the history and the corruption in the cricket administration in Sri Lanka.", "The one-hour-long speech was based on the history and the corruption in the cricket administration in Sri Lanka. In his speech, he said: \"accountability and transparency in administration and credibility of conduct were lost in a mad power struggle that would leave Sri Lankan cricket with no clear, consistent administration\", and observed that these problems in administration had risen only after Sri Lanka's 1996 Cricket World Cup victory.", "In his speech, he said: \"accountability and transparency in administration and credibility of conduct were lost in a mad power struggle that would leave Sri Lankan cricket with no clear, consistent administration\", and observed that these problems in administration had risen only after Sri Lanka's 1996 Cricket World Cup victory. He also blamed \"a handful of well-meaning individuals\" who control the game, wasting the cricket board's finances and resources.", "He also blamed \"a handful of well-meaning individuals\" who control the game, wasting the cricket board's finances and resources. Immediately after the lecture, the Sri Lankan sports minister Mahindananda Aluthgamage ordered an investigation into the speech.", "Immediately after the lecture, the Sri Lankan sports minister Mahindananda Aluthgamage ordered an investigation into the speech. Despite the critical comments by the Sri Lankan government officials, it has been described as \"the most important speech in cricket history\". Beyond playing cricket Sangakarra retired from ODI cricket in 2015.", "Beyond playing cricket Sangakarra retired from ODI cricket in 2015. On 19 August 2015, just after the end of Sri Lankan Parliamentary election of 2015, president Maithripala Sirisena appointed Sangakkara as the Ambassador Of Anti-narcotics program In Sri Lanka. The letter of appointment was handed over to Sangakkara by the president at President's official residence.", "The letter of appointment was handed over to Sangakkara by the president at President's official residence. In January 2019, Sangakkara accepted an invitation from the incumbent President of the MCC Anthony Wreford to be his successor. The decision was announced on 1 May 2019, at which time Sangakkara became the President Designate.", "The decision was announced on 1 May 2019, at which time Sangakkara became the President Designate. His one-year term began on 1 October 2019. Sangakkara was the first non-British MCC President since the club was founded in 1787.", "Sangakkara was the first non-British MCC President since the club was founded in 1787. The MCC are the custodians of the Laws of Cricket, which are applied by the International Cricket Council in its role as the global governing body for the game.", "The MCC are the custodians of the Laws of Cricket, which are applied by the International Cricket Council in its role as the global governing body for the game. Sangakkara was awarded honorary life membership of the MCC in 2012 and joined its world cricket committee the same year.", "Sangakkara was awarded honorary life membership of the MCC in 2012 and joined its world cricket committee the same year. Sangakarra described the MCC as \"the greatest cricket club in the world\" and described being named as its President as a \"huge honour\".", "Sangakarra described the MCC as \"the greatest cricket club in the world\" and described being named as its President as a \"huge honour\". Kumar Sangakkara has become the first non-British President of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), with effect from 1 October 2019 for a period of one year which was extended for further one year till October 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Kumar Sangakkara has become the first non-British President of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), with effect from 1 October 2019 for a period of one year which was extended for further one year till October 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He said, \"I am thrilled to hold the prestigious position of MCC President and I look forward to working hard with the MCC to build on this incredible year of cricket.", "He said, \"I am thrilled to hold the prestigious position of MCC President and I look forward to working hard with the MCC to build on this incredible year of cricket. We have the opportunity to convert more supporters to the game we love and educate them about the fantastic work MCC does locally, nationally and globally for cricket and those communities.\"", "We have the opportunity to convert more supporters to the game we love and educate them about the fantastic work MCC does locally, nationally and globally for cricket and those communities.\" Sangakkara has a long association with MCC.", "Sangakkara has a long association with MCC. He played against the Club in 2002, opening the batting for the touring Sri Lankans in a first-class match at Queen's Park Chesterfield. Domestic cricket Sangakkara used to play domestic cricket for Nondescripts in Sri Lanka, as well as Surrey in England and also various T20 tournaments around the world.", "Domestic cricket Sangakkara used to play domestic cricket for Nondescripts in Sri Lanka, as well as Surrey in England and also various T20 tournaments around the world. He made his Twenty20 debut on 17 August 2004, for Nondescripts Cricket Club in the 2004 SLC Twenty20 Tournament. He currently only plays for the MCC as a player-president in T20s.", "He currently only plays for the MCC as a player-president in T20s. County cricket Sangakkara has played English county cricket with Warwickshire in the 2007 County Championship. In 2010 Sangakkara was contracted to represent Lancashire in the 2010 County Championship, but never represented the club because of international commitments.", "In 2010 Sangakkara was contracted to represent Lancashire in the 2010 County Championship, but never represented the club because of international commitments. For the 2015 and 2016 seasons Sangakkara was contracted to play for Surrey.", "For the 2015 and 2016 seasons Sangakkara was contracted to play for Surrey. After his international retirement, Sangakkara continued to play for Surrey and in 2017 scored his 100th century in all formats of the game combined on 13 June 2017. Indian Premier League Sangakkara has played in five seasons of the Indian Premier League.", "Indian Premier League Sangakkara has played in five seasons of the Indian Premier League. Winning bids for him in 2008 and 2011 were US$700,000 by Kings XI Punjab and US$300,000 by Deccan Chargers respectively. He was the captain of the Sunrisers Hyderabad team. Sangakkara has scored 1567 runs with 10 half-centuries in 62 matches in IPL.", "Sangakkara has scored 1567 runs with 10 half-centuries in 62 matches in IPL. In January 2021, Sangakkara was named the director of cricket of Rajasthan Royals ahead of the IPL 2021.", "In January 2021, Sangakkara was named the director of cricket of Rajasthan Royals ahead of the IPL 2021. Sri Lanka Premier League [ SLPL ] In the Sri Lanka Premier League which officially started in 2012, Sangakkara was named the captain and icon player of the Kandurata Warriors franchise.", "Sri Lanka Premier League [ SLPL ] In the Sri Lanka Premier League which officially started in 2012, Sangakkara was named the captain and icon player of the Kandurata Warriors franchise. Unfortunately, he couldn't participate as a player in the inaugural edition in 2012 as he suffered a finger injury weeks before the tournament during a One Day International against India.", "Unfortunately, he couldn't participate as a player in the inaugural edition in 2012 as he suffered a finger injury weeks before the tournament during a One Day International against India. However, he appeared as a television commentator during some matches. Caribbean Premier League On 18 August 2013, Sangakkarra joined the Jamaica Tallawahs of the Caribbean Premier League.", "Caribbean Premier League On 18 August 2013, Sangakkarra joined the Jamaica Tallawahs of the Caribbean Premier League. Pakistan Super League In 2015, Sangakkarra joined the Quetta Gladiators of the Pakistan Super League. He was later released by the franchise and was picked by Karachi Kings as captain for the 2017 edition. Under his captaincy team reached play-offs.", "Under his captaincy team reached play-offs. The following year, in the 3rd edition of PSL, Sangakkarra was picked by Multan Sultans. Return to county cricket Before Sri Lanka's Test series against England in 2014, Sangakkara returned to county cricket, playing two matches for Durham, which included 159 against Sussex in his final innings.", "Return to county cricket Before Sri Lanka's Test series against England in 2014, Sangakkara returned to county cricket, playing two matches for Durham, which included 159 against Sussex in his final innings. On 16 January 2015, it was announced that he would be joining Surrey on a two-year contract.", "On 16 January 2015, it was announced that he would be joining Surrey on a two-year contract. Sangakkara scored a brilliant century against Glamorgan, where he scored 149 runs, which was his maiden century for Surrey in this county season.", "Sangakkara scored a brilliant century against Glamorgan, where he scored 149 runs, which was his maiden century for Surrey in this county season. After the match, he said that he is willing to see the comeback of English batsman Kevin Pietersen to the international cricket.", "After the match, he said that he is willing to see the comeback of English batsman Kevin Pietersen to the international cricket. Sangakkara represented Surrey from 2015 till 2017, helping them win Division Two of LV= 2015 County Championship and gaining promotion to Division One for the Specsavers 2016 County Championship season.", "Sangakkara represented Surrey from 2015 till 2017, helping them win Division Two of LV= 2015 County Championship and gaining promotion to Division One for the Specsavers 2016 County Championship season. Surrey also reached the finals of 2015 Royal London One-Day Cup before losing by six runs to Gloucestershire.", "Surrey also reached the finals of 2015 Royal London One-Day Cup before losing by six runs to Gloucestershire. On 22 May 2017, Sangakkara announced that the following season would be his last in first-class cricket.", "On 22 May 2017, Sangakkara announced that the following season would be his last in first-class cricket. He made the announcement after scoring four consecutive centuries becoming the fourth Surrey batsman to achieve this feat (Ian Ward was the last to do it in 2002), pass 20,000 first-class and having scored 592 runs in the said four games.", "He made the announcement after scoring four consecutive centuries becoming the fourth Surrey batsman to achieve this feat (Ian Ward was the last to do it in 2002), pass 20,000 first-class and having scored 592 runs in the said four games. He scored the fifth consecutive century on 26 May against Essex at the County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford.", "He scored the fifth consecutive century on 26 May against Essex at the County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford. becoming only the eighth player to achieve this feat.", "becoming only the eighth player to achieve this feat. In the quarter-final of the Royal London One-Day Cup against Yorkshire, he scored 121 from as many balls, which became his 100th century in all formats of the game combined, that now included 61 in first-class and 39 in List A games.", "In the quarter-final of the Royal London One-Day Cup against Yorkshire, he scored 121 from as many balls, which became his 100th century in all formats of the game combined, that now included 61 in first-class and 39 in List A games. Sangakkara became the first batsman to reach 1,000 runs for the season when he brought up his sixth century for the season against Yorkshire.", "Sangakkara became the first batsman to reach 1,000 runs for the season when he brought up his sixth century for the season against Yorkshire. MCC On the 2020 MCC tour of Pakistan, with all matches played in Lahore, Sangakkara played in all matches, registering 25 runs in the first T20 match with 1 catch behind the stumps, 3 runs in the only LA game (where he did not keep wicket), 1 catch behind the stumps and 10 with the bat in the second T20, and 52 and 1 catch keeping wicket in the third and tour-ending T20, giving him a total of 3 dismissals credited to his name and 90 runs in total on the tour, giving him a T20 average of 30 and a tour average of 22.5.", "MCC On the 2020 MCC tour of Pakistan, with all matches played in Lahore, Sangakkara played in all matches, registering 25 runs in the first T20 match with 1 catch behind the stumps, 3 runs in the only LA game (where he did not keep wicket), 1 catch behind the stumps and 10 with the bat in the second T20, and 52 and 1 catch keeping wicket in the third and tour-ending T20, giving him a total of 3 dismissals credited to his name and 90 runs in total on the tour, giving him a T20 average of 30 and a tour average of 22.5. Cricket All-Stars Series Sangakkara, though retired from international cricket, participated in the 2015 Cricket All-Stars Series for Warne's Warriors under Shane Warne's captaincy.", "Cricket All-Stars Series Sangakkara, though retired from international cricket, participated in the 2015 Cricket All-Stars Series for Warne's Warriors under Shane Warne's captaincy. In the three T20 matches, he scored 153 runs, more than any other cricketer in the series, and included one fifty. His average in the series was 51.00.", "His average in the series was 51.00. He also hit the most fours and sixes, 12 apiece. For his overall performance, Sangakkara was judged player of the series. Masters Champion League Sangakkara also played for Gemini Arabians in the first edition of Masters Champions League T20 tournament which took place in the UAE.", "Masters Champion League Sangakkara also played for Gemini Arabians in the first edition of Masters Champions League T20 tournament which took place in the UAE. In the first match against Gemini and Libra Legends, Sangakkara scored 86 runs from just 43 balls and helped the team post a huge total of 234 runs in their allotted 20 overs.", "In the first match against Gemini and Libra Legends, Sangakkara scored 86 runs from just 43 balls and helped the team post a huge total of 234 runs in their allotted 20 overs. Libra Legends only scored 156 in their 20 overs and thus Gemini Arabians won the match courtesy of Sangakkara's knock.", "Libra Legends only scored 156 in their 20 overs and thus Gemini Arabians won the match courtesy of Sangakkara's knock. Sangakkara was also awarded man of the match.", "Sangakkara was also awarded man of the match. Sangakkara scored four consecutive fifties (65, 51, 51, 62) in the other matches played during the series, this secured a place in the final for the Arabians. In the final against Leo Lions, he scored 30 runs to become top run scorer of the series.", "In the final against Leo Lions, he scored 30 runs to become top run scorer of the series. His team won the series and remained undefeated throughout the tournament. Sangakkara won player of the series for his 386 runs with 5 fifties.", "Sangakkara won player of the series for his 386 runs with 5 fifties. Selection committee On 7 March 2016, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of Sri Lanka's selection committee by sports minister Dayasiri Jayasekara.", "Selection committee On 7 March 2016, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of Sri Lanka's selection committee by sports minister Dayasiri Jayasekara. The committee was tasked to select the Sri Lankan squad for 2016 ICC World Twenty20 tournament, as Sri Lanka suffered heavy defeats in recent times with the previous squad.", "The committee was tasked to select the Sri Lankan squad for 2016 ICC World Twenty20 tournament, as Sri Lanka suffered heavy defeats in recent times with the previous squad. The chairman of the selection committee is Aravinda de Silva. The other members are Romesh Kaluwitharana, Ranjith Madurasinghe, and Lalith Kaluperuma.", "The other members are Romesh Kaluwitharana, Ranjith Madurasinghe, and Lalith Kaluperuma. On August 20, 2020, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of the National Sports Council under the overview of Cabinet Minister of Sports and Youth Affairs Namal Rajapakse.", "On August 20, 2020, Sangakkara was appointed as a member of the National Sports Council under the overview of Cabinet Minister of Sports and Youth Affairs Namal Rajapakse. The council is headed by his teammate Mahela Jayawardena and includes notable sporting personalities such as Dilantha Malagamuwa and Julian Bolling.", "The council is headed by his teammate Mahela Jayawardena and includes notable sporting personalities such as Dilantha Malagamuwa and Julian Bolling. Coaching career He was appointed as Director of cricket for Rajasthan Royals in January, 2021.", "Coaching career He was appointed as Director of cricket for Rajasthan Royals in January, 2021. Personal life Sangakkara is married to his longtime partner, Yehali with whom he has twin children.Daughter Swyree and son Kavith He is involved in a lot of charity work in Sri Lanka.", "Personal life Sangakkara is married to his longtime partner, Yehali with whom he has twin children.Daughter Swyree and son Kavith He is involved in a lot of charity work in Sri Lanka. He is a member of the Think Wise Initiative, launched by International Cricket Council, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and UNICEF, this initiative is aimed at raising awareness of HIV prevention and eliminating discrimination against people living with HIV and AIDS.", "He is a member of the Think Wise Initiative, launched by International Cricket Council, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and UNICEF, this initiative is aimed at raising awareness of HIV prevention and eliminating discrimination against people living with HIV and AIDS. He is also a partner of the Foundation of Goodness, a charity launched by Kushil Gunasekara.", "He is also a partner of the Foundation of Goodness, a charity launched by Kushil Gunasekara. Playing style Sangakkara is a left-handed top order batsman who likes to hit the ball square of the stumps on the off-side. While the cut and the pull are natural strokes for him, he tends to play off the front foot.", "While the cut and the pull are natural strokes for him, he tends to play off the front foot. The cover drive is one of his regular scoring shots. Sangakkara averaged 57.40 in Test cricket. In ODI cricket, he retired with an average of 42.", "In ODI cricket, he retired with an average of 42. Sangakkara handed his wicket-keeping duties in Test cricket to Prasanna Jayawardene in 2006. He played as a specialist batsman in Tests, and retired as a wicket keeper-batsman in other formats of the game.", "He played as a specialist batsman in Tests, and retired as a wicket keeper-batsman in other formats of the game. He is the first on the list of wicket keepers who contributed to the most dismissals in ODI cricket, with 499.", "He is the first on the list of wicket keepers who contributed to the most dismissals in ODI cricket, with 499. He is also the wicket keeper with the second highest number of stumpings—99—in ODI cricket after Mahendra Singh Dhoni surpassed him.", "He is also the wicket keeper with the second highest number of stumpings—99—in ODI cricket after Mahendra Singh Dhoni surpassed him. He has won a certain degree of admiration for his clever use of sledging and is one of few cricketers who are willing to talk about it openly.", "He has won a certain degree of admiration for his clever use of sledging and is one of few cricketers who are willing to talk about it openly. In an interview in 2004 he explained his approach to sledging: Commentary career Kumar Sangakkara made his ICC TV commentary debut during the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy along with newcomers Brendon McCullum, Graeme Smith and Ricky Ponting.", "In an interview in 2004 he explained his approach to sledging: Commentary career Kumar Sangakkara made his ICC TV commentary debut during the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy along with newcomers Brendon McCullum, Graeme Smith and Ricky Ponting. Sangakkara was also one of the commentators for the global broadcast of the ICC Cricket World Cup in 2019.", "Sangakkara was also one of the commentators for the global broadcast of the ICC Cricket World Cup in 2019. Kumar Sangakkara has joined SkySports for commentary throughout the English summer of 2018. He also commentated in Pakistan's tour of England as well as India's tour of England.", "He also commentated in Pakistan's tour of England as well as India's tour of England. Sangakkara is also a part of the IPL commentary panel in 2019 as well as in the 2020 edition that was taking place in the UAE International records NOTE: World records are bold Tests Sixth highest aggregate of runs (12,400) in 134 matches at an Average of 57.40 Second most double centuries in a career – Sangakkara has 11 double centuries in Tests, second only to 12 by Don Bradman.", "Sangakkara is also a part of the IPL commentary panel in 2019 as well as in the 2020 edition that was taking place in the UAE International records NOTE: World records are bold Tests Sixth highest aggregate of runs (12,400) in 134 matches at an Average of 57.40 Second most double centuries in a career – Sangakkara has 11 double centuries in Tests, second only to 12 by Don Bradman. Fourth highest number of centuries – Sangakkara has 38 centuries in 134 matches.", "Fourth highest number of centuries – Sangakkara has 38 centuries in 134 matches. Highest average (qualification 5000 runs.) by a Sri Lankan – Sangakkara (57.40)- fifth highest overall after Donald Bradman, Ken Barrington, Wally Hammond and Garfield Sobers. Half centuries – Sangakkara has 52 half-centuries in 134 matches.", "Half centuries – Sangakkara has 52 half-centuries in 134 matches. He is ninth in the list. First player to score 150+ scores in four consecutive Test matches.", "First player to score 150+ scores in four consecutive Test matches. Fastest 8,000 runs – Sangakkara (152 innings) Fastest 9,000 runs – Sangakkara (172 innings) Joint fastest to 10,000 runs – Sangakkara along with Brian Lara and Sachin Tendulkar (195 innings) Fastest 11,000 runs – Sangakkara (208 innings) Fastest 12,000 runs – Sangakkara (224 innings) Highest partnership for any wicket – 624 for the third wicket by Kumara Sangakkara (287) & Mahela Jayawardene (374) against South Africa in 2006.", "Fastest 8,000 runs – Sangakkara (152 innings) Fastest 9,000 runs – Sangakkara (172 innings) Joint fastest to 10,000 runs – Sangakkara along with Brian Lara and Sachin Tendulkar (195 innings) Fastest 11,000 runs – Sangakkara (208 innings) Fastest 12,000 runs – Sangakkara (224 innings) Highest partnership for any wicket – 624 for the third wicket by Kumara Sangakkara (287) & Mahela Jayawardene (374) against South Africa in 2006. This pair is the only on to score a 600+ partnership for any wicket in first-class history Most partnership runs – Kumara Sangakkara and Mahela Jayawardene scored 6554 runs together, which is the second highest by any partnership.", "This pair is the only on to score a 600+ partnership for any wicket in first-class history Most partnership runs – Kumara Sangakkara and Mahela Jayawardene scored 6554 runs together, which is the second highest by any partnership. Most runs in Year 2014 – 1493 runs in 12 matches with 4 hundreds and 9 fifties with average 71.09 Most test centuries when batting at number 3 position(37) Most career runs when batting at number 3 position in test history(11679) One-Day Internationals Aggregate runs (14,234 in 404 matches at an Average of 41.98) – Sangakkara is second on the list.", "Most runs in Year 2014 – 1493 runs in 12 matches with 4 hundreds and 9 fifties with average 71.09 Most test centuries when batting at number 3 position(37) Most career runs when batting at number 3 position in test history(11679) One-Day Internationals Aggregate runs (14,234 in 404 matches at an Average of 41.98) – Sangakkara is second on the list. First Sri Lankan to pass 14,000 runs.", "First Sri Lankan to pass 14,000 runs. Most half centuries – Sangakkara has 93 half-centuries in 404 matches. He is second in the list. Most dismissals (includes wicket-keeping) – Sangakkara has taken (482 dismissals = 383 ct. + 99 st.) in 404 matches.", "Most dismissals (includes wicket-keeping) – Sangakkara has taken (482 dismissals = 383 ct. + 99 st.) in 404 matches. Second most stumpings in a career as a wicketkeeper in ODIs – 99 by Sangakkara.", "Second most stumpings in a career as a wicketkeeper in ODIs – 99 by Sangakkara. Most runs in Year 2014 – 1256 runs in 28 matches with 4 hundreds and 8 fifties with the average 46.51 First and only batsman to score four consecutive hundreds – centuries against Bangladesh (105*), England (117*), Australia (104) and Scotland (124) in the 2015 ICC World Cup.", "Most runs in Year 2014 – 1256 runs in 28 matches with 4 hundreds and 8 fifties with the average 46.51 First and only batsman to score four consecutive hundreds – centuries against Bangladesh (105*), England (117*), Australia (104) and Scotland (124) in the 2015 ICC World Cup. Sangakkara was the first Sri Lankan and 4th overall batsman to reach List of cricketers who scored a century in their hundred in his 100th ODI appearance.", "Sangakkara was the first Sri Lankan and 4th overall batsman to reach List of cricketers who scored a century in their hundred in his 100th ODI appearance. Most runs as wicketkeeper batsman in ODI history (13,262 runs) and the first wicketkeeper batsman to score over 10000 runs in One Day Internationals.", "Most runs as wicketkeeper batsman in ODI history (13,262 runs) and the first wicketkeeper batsman to score over 10000 runs in One Day Internationals. T20I records He along with Mahela Jayawardene holds the record for the highest ever partnership for any wicket in ICC World T20 history(166 for the 2nd wicket) He was the first batsman to score half centuries in 2 different ICC T20 World Cup finals(in 2009 and 2014) Aggregate records Most runs in cricket in all formats of the game in a calendar year – Sangakkara scored 2868 runs in the year 2014.", "T20I records He along with Mahela Jayawardene holds the record for the highest ever partnership for any wicket in ICC World T20 history(166 for the 2nd wicket) He was the first batsman to score half centuries in 2 different ICC T20 World Cup finals(in 2009 and 2014) Aggregate records Most runs in cricket in all formats of the game in a calendar year – Sangakkara scored 2868 runs in the year 2014. (1493 Tests + 1256 ODIs + 119 T20Is) Total runs scored in all forms of the game – Sangakkara is second only to Indian Sachin Tendulkar, scoring 28,016 international runs.", "(1493 Tests + 1256 ODIs + 119 T20Is) Total runs scored in all forms of the game – Sangakkara is second only to Indian Sachin Tendulkar, scoring 28,016 international runs. Fourth in the list of most dismissals as wicketkeeper across all formats (678).", "Fourth in the list of most dismissals as wicketkeeper across all formats (678). World Cups Most dismissals as wicketkeeper – Kumara Sangakkara (54) in 37 matches.", "World Cups Most dismissals as wicketkeeper – Kumara Sangakkara (54) in 37 matches. He was also the second wicketkeeper after Adam Gilchrist to effect in 50+ dismissals in World Cups Fastest century by a Sri Lankan – Sangakkara scored his 23rd ODI century by 70 balls against England on 1 March 2015.", "He was also the second wicketkeeper after Adam Gilchrist to effect in 50+ dismissals in World Cups Fastest century by a Sri Lankan – Sangakkara scored his 23rd ODI century by 70 balls against England on 1 March 2015. Most consecutive centuries in a single World Cup (4).", "Most consecutive centuries in a single World Cup (4). He is first the player to have scored 4 centuries in a single WorldCup. Second Is Rohit Sharma From India who scored 5 centuries in 2019 edition Player statistics Centuries Sangakkara has scored 38 centuries in Test cricket, more than any other Sri Lankan.", "Second Is Rohit Sharma From India who scored 5 centuries in 2019 edition Player statistics Centuries Sangakkara has scored 38 centuries in Test cricket, more than any other Sri Lankan. Additionally, Sangakkara has scored 25 centuries in ODIs.", "Additionally, Sangakkara has scored 25 centuries in ODIs. Awards Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy (ICC Cricketer of the Year): 2012 ICC Test Player of the Year: 2012 ICC ODI Player of the Year: 2011, 2013 ICC Test Team of the Year:2006-2008, 2010-2012, 2014 ICC ODI Team of the Year: 2011-2013, 2015 Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World: 2011, 2014 Wisden Cricketers of the Year: 2012 LG People's Choice Award: 2011 & 2012 Outstanding Achievement in Sport 2015, The Asian Awards.", "Awards Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy (ICC Cricketer of the Year): 2012 ICC Test Player of the Year: 2012 ICC ODI Player of the Year: 2011, 2013 ICC Test Team of the Year:2006-2008, 2010-2012, 2014 ICC ODI Team of the Year: 2011-2013, 2015 Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World: 2011, 2014 Wisden Cricketers of the Year: 2012 LG People's Choice Award: 2011 & 2012 Outstanding Achievement in Sport 2015, The Asian Awards. CEAT International Cricketer of the Year: 2015 Ada Derana Sri Lankan of the Year 2016 – Icon of the Year Award Dialog SLC ODI Batsman of the Year: 2015 See also Mahela-Sanga Challenge Trophy References External links Official Website Kumara Sangakkara videos, photos and news Kumar Sangakkara: The Gentleman Stylist Of Sri Lankan Cricket 1977 births Living people ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers ICC World XI One Day International cricketers Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers Warwickshire cricketers Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers Sri Lanka Test cricketers Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers Sri Lanka Test cricket captains Punjab Kings cricketers Sri Lankan terrorism victims Sinhalese sportspeople Sri Lankan Buddhists Alumni of the University of Colombo Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup Alumni of Trinity College, Kandy Kandurata cricketers Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World Wisden Cricketers of the Year Cricketers from Kandy Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers International Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year Jamaica Tallawahs cricketers Durham cricketers Surrey cricketers Quetta Gladiators cricketers Karachi Kings cricketers Deccan Chargers cricketers Dhaka Dynamites cricketers Hobart Hurricanes cricketers Multan Sultans cricketers Sri Lankan cricket commentators Wicket-keepers" ]

[ "Blackfoot Confederacy", "Early history", "When is the Blackfoot confederacy started ?", "Only one of the Niitsitapi tribes are called Blackfoot or Siksika." ]

[ "Cellana exarata, common name the black-foot ʻopihi and Hawaiian blackfoot is a species of edible true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Nacellidae, one of the families of true limpets. ‘Opihi are significant in Hawaiian history where they have had many uses such as food, tools, and jewelry. They are known as a “fish of death.”\n\nClassification\nHawaiian Blackfoot limpets are gastropods belonging to the subclass Patellogastropoda and the family Nacellidae. They share many characteristics with many types of primitive mollusc other than gastropods, including a structure called the radula and shell micro-structure.\n\nDistribution\nThis species is endemic to the islands of Hawaii and abundant on the basalt or elionite wave-exposed rocky windward shorelines.\n\nHabitat\nThe limpet, C.exarata, resides in the high intertidal zone on the shores of the Hawaiian islands. The coastline on each island differs such that the different substrates, basalt and eolianite, affect the shape of the limpets in each location. Additionally, the issues of the intertidal zone, such as wave stress and exposure to heat, have further impacted the shape of the limpet species. The basalt substrate increased the risk of desiccation while the elionite substrate had increased exposure to waves, so each required different adaptations.\n\nDescription\n\nThe unique species of limpet, C. exarata, has adapted to develop a shell with increased height compared to its relatives in the lower tidal zones. This gives the limpet an oblong shape as to increase the ratio of volume to evaporative surface area to endure the thermal stress. With their typical habitat being above their common predators, their increased shell height does not have any negative effects for the limpet. Both the shell and the foot of the animal are black in color.\n\nAnatomy\n\nThis species has flattened, conical shells with a large, muscular foot. Their shells are cone shaped to protect them from waves, while the foot clings to rocks. Hawaiian Blackfoots, like other limpet species, lack an operculum, unlike other snails. Covered by the shell, is their head, mantle, and foot. Their vision is poor but their head and mantle contain small tentacles that protrude just beyond the edge of their shell. These are sensory organs used to help limpets perceive their surroundings. They feed on algae using a radula, an organ made of chitin that is covered in small teeth. They breathe using gills. Their anatomy suggests that limpets may be the most primitive of the living sea snails. Hawaiian Blackfoots can be distinguished from other Hawaiian limpet species by comparing the ridges on their shells, Blackfoot Limpets are somewhat smooth with ridges that do not extend to the edges of the shell. They can reach up to 60mm in length but average between 33 and 37mm.\n\nDiffering phylogeography\nWhile Limpets have similar life histories, behavior and habitat affinity also plays a major role in the way that three different species of the endemic Hawaiian Cellana spp. which are sympatric species in a monophyletic group. The three species are Cellana exarata, C. sandwincensis, and C. talcosa. The main reasons for these differences are habitat specificity and biogeography. In terms of habitat, C. exarata and C. sandwincensis both live above the waterline, however, the third species, C. talcosa remains in a subtidal habitat. Additionally, these stark differences between species also relate to the restricted gene flow that comes from geographical partitioning and, somewhat, the restriction of channels that separate the species from each other. All in all, this revelation that species so similar to one another, especially ones that have such similar life histories is detrimental to the understanding of these species and especially for Hawaiian Limpets that are so important to the ecosystem of Hawaii, it is important to recognize the differing phylogeography between these three species.\n\nReproduction\nFertilization occurs externally and sexes are separate within this species of limpets. Without any parental care, the embryos drift in the ocean currents until they settle onto shoreline rocks. C.exarata has a continuous monthly shell growth of 4–5 mm until it reaches sexual maturity. Following that event, its growth decreases to 2–3 mm monthly. Similarly, its weight increases monthly until sexual maturity, then decreases following that. Lastly, Its lifespan is less than one and half years.\n\nGrowth\nIt takes just one year for the shell lengths of Cellana exarata and Cellana sandwincensis to grow over 40 mm. Before sexual maturity, shell length continues to increase at a rate of 4 to 5 mm every month. After sexual maturity, this slows down to 2–3 mm every month. The absolute body weight of both species increases every month as well, until they reach sexual maturity, when that absolute body weight still increases but at a slower rate. However, C. sandwincesis have a lower height and heavier shell than the shells of the species C. exarata, and it has been hypothesized that this may be due to the fact that they live in a more wave-exposed habitat. Lastly, neither species grows very large due to their lifespan being less than 1.5 years long.\n\nEcological and evolutionary factors influencing growth\nSince the Proto-Historic Period, the average limpet size has increased, especially in terms of the mean limpet size in the western shoreline harvests. There are two main reasons why, for one, shelter from trade winds and strong ocean currents in Hawaii have allowed for limpets to grow larger than they were previously able to. Another reason is that there has been less harvesting pressure placed on these limpets allowing them time to grow and evolve.\n\nHuman use\nThis species is used as a food item; it is considered not as high in quality as the yellow-foot ʻopihi, Cellana sandwicensis. A Hawaiian delicacy and ‘Opihi can be served either raw or cooked. Very important to Hawaiian culture, it is used for celebrations and those special events. Due to overpicking, legislation was passed in 2006 to limit the sale of ‘Opihi and collection is reserved solely for personal use.\n\nConservation\n\nOver-harvesting \nThis species has become scarce due to over-harvesting caused by a lack of rules and regulations. There are now strict rules in place to limit the harvesting of these limpets and sustain healthy population sizes. These regulations limit the size, amount, and species that can be harvested. They can be collected year round but must be at least one and one-fourth inches in the longest dimension to be legally harvested. Due to their habitat, many people have died attempting to collect Hawaiian Blackfoots and this is one reason that commercial fish hatcheries have been working to successfully breed and raise this species in captivity. Some fishermen practice traditional methods that are supposed to protect Blackfoots, these include avoiding limpets that are below the waterline and harvesting predators of the limpets.\n\nClimate change \nNot much research has been performed on the effects of climate change on 'Opihi but a study done in 2019 suggests that this species has a narrow thermal niche that will continue to get narrower as the Earth warms.\n\nCultural significance\n‘Opihi were consumed by early Hawaiians and are still a common source of food in the Hawaiian Islands, often eaten raw or boiled. Their shells were often traditionally used for jewelry or tools. There is also evidence that Hawaiian limpet species were used for various religious rituals in Hawaiian history. They are known as the “fish of death” because they can be incredibly dangerous to harvest due to their habitat.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nNacellidae\nEndemic fauna of Hawaii\nMolluscs of Hawaii\nMolluscs of the Pacific Ocean", "ITV Play of the Week is a 90-minute UK television anthology series produced by a variety of companies including Granada Television, Associated-Rediffusion, ATV and Anglia Television. From 1956 to 1966 approximately 500 episodes aired on ITV. The first production was Ten Minute Alibi, produced by Associated-Rediffusion on 14 May 1956 while the earliest to survive is There Was a Young Lady, transmitted on 23 July 1956 and was telerecorded (film recorded). The first production not to be transmitted live was Henrik Ibsen's The Wild Duck which was also film recorded. The first to be pre-recorded on videotape was Mary Broome, a Granada production broadcast on 3 September 1958. Subsequently, only one play was transmitted live, Associated-Rediffusion's Search Party on 26 July 1960. The recording of The Liberty Man, a Granada production broadcast on 1 October 1958, contains the original advertisements during the first commercial break. The Violent Years was networked from Anglia on its opening night, 27 October 1959, and exists at the University of East Anglia.\n\nThe series included You in Your Small Corner by Barry Reckord, first broadcast in June 1962, which was an early taboo breaking drama depicting lovers from white and black backgrounds kissing. This also survives.\n\nOther productions included:\n\n Look Back in Anger - produced by Granada, broadcast 28 November 1956, does not exist\n Morning's at Seven - produced by H.M. Tennent for ATV, broadcast 21 August 1957, does not exist\n Death of a Salesman - produced by Granada, broadcast 27 November 1957, does not exist\n The Importance of Being Earnest - produced by Associated-Rediffusion, broadcast 26 March 1958, does not exist\n Playboy of the Western World - produced by Granada, broadcast 26 November 1958, does not exist\n The Skin of Our Teeth - produced by Granada, broadcast 17 March 1959, does not exist\n South - produced by Granada, broadcast 24 November 1959, earliest known drama to feature a gay story line. Available to watch via BFI\n\n The Member of the Wedding - produced by Granada, broadcast 16 February 1960, does not exist\n The House of Bernarda Alba - produced by Associated-Rediffusion, broadcast 23 February 1960, does not exist\n The Birthday Party - produced by Associated-Rediffusion, broadcast 22 March 1960, does not exist\n I Remember Mama - produced by Associated-Rediffusion, broadcast 27 June 1961, does not exist\n The Lark - produced by Granada, broadcast 28 August 1962, does not exist\n The Rose Tattoo - produced by Granada, broadcast 13 January 1964, does not exist\n Come Back, Little Sheba - produced by Anglia, broadcast 8 March 1965, does not exist\n A Choice of Kings - produced by Rediffusion, broadcast 11 October 1966, survives \n\nAmong its directors were Tony Richardson, Peter Wood, Peter Brook, Vivian Matalon, and Desmond Davis.\n\nNotable guest stars included Sean Connery, Michael Caine, Peter O'Toole, Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh, Peggy Ashcroft, Maggie Smith, Julie Christie, Alan Bates, Judi Dench, Deborah Kerr, Paul Scofield, Laurence Harvey, Glenda Jackson, Susannah York, Leslie Caron, Richard Harris, Edith Evans, James Mason, Claire Bloom, David McCallum, Donald Sutherland, John Gielgud, Oliver Reed, Mel Ferrer, Diana Rigg, Marius Goring and Margaret Whiting.\n\nSee also\n Armchair Theatre\n ITV Playhouse\n Theatre 625\n The Wednesday Play\n Play for Today\n Second City Firsts\n Thirty-Minute Theatre\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1956 British television series debuts\n1966 British television series endings\n1950s British anthology television series\n1960s British anthology television series\nTelevision shows produced by Associated-Rediffusion\nTelevision shows produced by Associated Television (ATV)\nTelevision shows produced by Granada Television\nTelevision shows produced by Anglia Television" ]

[ "The Blackfoot Confederacy, Niitsitapi or Siksikaitsitapi (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᒣᑯ, meaning \"the people\" or \"Blackfoot-speaking real people\"), is a historic collective name for linguistically related groups that make up the Blackfoot or Blackfeet people: the Siksika (\"Blackfoot\"), the Kainai or Blood (\"Many Chiefs\"), and two sections of the Peigan or Piikani (\"Splotchy Robe\") – the Northern Piikani (Aapátohsipikáni) and the Southern Piikani (Amskapi Piikani or Pikuni). Broader definitions include groups such as the Tsúùtínà (Sarcee) and A'aninin (Gros Ventre) who spoke quite different languages but allied with or joined the Blackfoot Confederacy.", "Broader definitions include groups such as the Tsúùtínà (Sarcee) and A'aninin (Gros Ventre) who spoke quite different languages but allied with or joined the Blackfoot Confederacy. Historically, the member peoples of the Confederacy were nomadic bison hunters and trout fishermen, who ranged across large areas of the northern Great Plains of western North America, specifically the semi-arid shortgrass prairie ecological region.", "Historically, the member peoples of the Confederacy were nomadic bison hunters and trout fishermen, who ranged across large areas of the northern Great Plains of western North America, specifically the semi-arid shortgrass prairie ecological region. They followed the bison herds as they migrated between what are now the United States and Canada, as far north as the Bow River.", "They followed the bison herds as they migrated between what are now the United States and Canada, as far north as the Bow River. In the first half of the 18th century, they acquired horses and firearms from white traders and their Cree and Assiniboine go-betweens.", "In the first half of the 18th century, they acquired horses and firearms from white traders and their Cree and Assiniboine go-betweens. The Blackfoot used these to expand their territory at the expense of neighboring tribes.", "The Blackfoot used these to expand their territory at the expense of neighboring tribes. Today, three Blackfoot First Nation band governments (the Siksika, Kainai, and Piikani Nations) reside in the Canadian province of Alberta, while the Blackfeet Nation is a federally recognized Native American tribe of Southern Piikani in Montana, United States.", "Today, three Blackfoot First Nation band governments (the Siksika, Kainai, and Piikani Nations) reside in the Canadian province of Alberta, while the Blackfeet Nation is a federally recognized Native American tribe of Southern Piikani in Montana, United States. Additionally, the Gros Ventre are members of the federally recognized Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana in the United States and the Tsuutʼina Nation is a First Nation band government in Alberta, Canada.", "Additionally, the Gros Ventre are members of the federally recognized Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana in the United States and the Tsuutʼina Nation is a First Nation band government in Alberta, Canada. Government The four Blackfoot nations come together to make up what is known as the Blackfoot Confederacy, meaning that they have banded together to help one another.", "Government The four Blackfoot nations come together to make up what is known as the Blackfoot Confederacy, meaning that they have banded together to help one another. The nations have their own separate governments ruled by a head chief, but regularly come together for religious and social celebrations.", "The nations have their own separate governments ruled by a head chief, but regularly come together for religious and social celebrations. Originally the Blackfoot/Plains Confederacy consisted of three peoples (\"nation\", \"tribes\", \"tribal nations\") based on kinship and dialect, but all speaking the common language of Blackfoot, one of the Algonquian languages family.", "Originally the Blackfoot/Plains Confederacy consisted of three peoples (\"nation\", \"tribes\", \"tribal nations\") based on kinship and dialect, but all speaking the common language of Blackfoot, one of the Algonquian languages family. The three were the Piikáni (historically called \"Piegan Blackfeet\" in English-language sources), the Káínaa (called \"Bloods\"), and the Siksikáwa (\"Blackfoot\").", "The three were the Piikáni (historically called \"Piegan Blackfeet\" in English-language sources), the Káínaa (called \"Bloods\"), and the Siksikáwa (\"Blackfoot\"). They later allied with the unrelated Tsuu T'ina (\"Sarcee\"), who became merged into the Confederacy and, (for a time) with the Atsina, or A'aninin (Gros Ventre).", "They later allied with the unrelated Tsuu T'ina (\"Sarcee\"), who became merged into the Confederacy and, (for a time) with the Atsina, or A'aninin (Gros Ventre). Each of these highly decentralized peoples were divided into many bands, which ranged in size from 10 to 30 lodges, or about 80 to 240 persons.", "Each of these highly decentralized peoples were divided into many bands, which ranged in size from 10 to 30 lodges, or about 80 to 240 persons. The band was the basic unit of organization for hunting and defence.", "The band was the basic unit of organization for hunting and defence. The Confederacy occupied a large territory where they hunted and foraged; in the 19th century it was divided by the current Canada–US international border.", "The Confederacy occupied a large territory where they hunted and foraged; in the 19th century it was divided by the current Canada–US international border. But during the late nineteenth century, both governments forced the peoples to end their nomadic traditions and settle on \"Indian reserves\" (Canadian terminology) or \"Indian reservations\" (US terminology).", "But during the late nineteenth century, both governments forced the peoples to end their nomadic traditions and settle on \"Indian reserves\" (Canadian terminology) or \"Indian reservations\" (US terminology). The South Peigan are the only group who chose to settle in Montana.", "The South Peigan are the only group who chose to settle in Montana. The other three Blackfoot-speaking peoples and the Sarcee are located in Alberta. Together, the Blackfoot-speakers call themselves the Niitsítapi (the \"Original People\"). After leaving the Confederacy, the Gros Ventres also settled on a reservation in Montana.", "After leaving the Confederacy, the Gros Ventres also settled on a reservation in Montana. When these peoples were forced to end their nomadic traditions, their social structures changed.", "When these peoples were forced to end their nomadic traditions, their social structures changed. Tribal nations, which had formerly been mostly ethnic associations, were institutionalized as governments (referred to as \"tribes\" in the United States and \"bands\" or \"First Nations\" in Canada).", "Tribal nations, which had formerly been mostly ethnic associations, were institutionalized as governments (referred to as \"tribes\" in the United States and \"bands\" or \"First Nations\" in Canada). The Piegan were divided into the North Peigan in Alberta, and the South Peigan in Montana.", "The Piegan were divided into the North Peigan in Alberta, and the South Peigan in Montana. History The Confederacy had a territory that stretched from the North Saskatchewan River (called Ponoká'sisaahta) along what is now Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada, to the Yellowstone River (called Otahkoiitahtayi) of Montana in the United States, and from the Rocky Mountains (called Miistakistsi) and along the South Saskatchewan River to the present Alberta-Saskatchewan border (called Kaayihkimikoyi), east past the Cypress Hills.", "History The Confederacy had a territory that stretched from the North Saskatchewan River (called Ponoká'sisaahta) along what is now Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada, to the Yellowstone River (called Otahkoiitahtayi) of Montana in the United States, and from the Rocky Mountains (called Miistakistsi) and along the South Saskatchewan River to the present Alberta-Saskatchewan border (called Kaayihkimikoyi), east past the Cypress Hills. They called their tribal territory Niitsitpiis-stahkoii (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᐨᑯᐧ ᓴᐦᖾᐟ)- \"Original People s Land.\"", "They called their tribal territory Niitsitpiis-stahkoii (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᐨᑯᐧ ᓴᐦᖾᐟ)- \"Original People s Land.\" To the east, the Innu and Naskapi called their territory Nitassinan – \"Our Land.\"", "To the east, the Innu and Naskapi called their territory Nitassinan – \"Our Land.\" They had adopted the use of the horse from other Plains tribes, probably by the early eighteenth century, which gave them expanded range and mobility, as well as advantages in hunting.", "They had adopted the use of the horse from other Plains tribes, probably by the early eighteenth century, which gave them expanded range and mobility, as well as advantages in hunting. The basic social unit of the Niitsitapi above the family was the band, varying from about 10 to 30 lodges, about 80 to 241 people.", "The basic social unit of the Niitsitapi above the family was the band, varying from about 10 to 30 lodges, about 80 to 241 people. This size group was large enough to defend against attack and to undertake communal hunts, but was also small enough for flexibility.", "This size group was large enough to defend against attack and to undertake communal hunts, but was also small enough for flexibility. Each band consisted of a respected leader , possibly his brothers and parents, and others who were not related.", "Each band consisted of a respected leader , possibly his brothers and parents, and others who were not related. Since the band was defined by place of residence, rather than by kinship, a person was free to leave one band and join another, which tended to ameliorate leadership disputes.", "Since the band was defined by place of residence, rather than by kinship, a person was free to leave one band and join another, which tended to ameliorate leadership disputes. As well, should a band fall upon hard times, its members could split up and join other bands.", "As well, should a band fall upon hard times, its members could split up and join other bands. In practice, bands were constantly forming and breaking up. The system maximized flexibility and was an ideal organization for a hunting people on the northwestern Great Plains. During the summer, the people assembled for nation gatherings.", "During the summer, the people assembled for nation gatherings. In these large assemblies, warrior societies played an important role for the men. Membership into these societies was based on brave acts and deeds. For almost half the year in the long northern winter, the Niitsitapi lived in their winter camps along a wooded river valley.", "For almost half the year in the long northern winter, the Niitsitapi lived in their winter camps along a wooded river valley. They were located perhaps a day's march apart, not moving camp unless food for the people and horses, or firewood became depleted.", "They were located perhaps a day's march apart, not moving camp unless food for the people and horses, or firewood became depleted. Where there was adequate wood and game resources, some bands would camp together.", "Where there was adequate wood and game resources, some bands would camp together. During this part of the year, buffalo also wintered in wooded areas, where they were partially sheltered from storms and snow. They were easier prey as their movements were hampered.", "They were easier prey as their movements were hampered. In spring the buffalo moved out onto the grasslands to forage on new spring growth. The Blackfoot did not follow immediately, for fear of late blizzards. As dried food or game became depleted, the bands would split up and begin to hunt the buffalo.", "As dried food or game became depleted, the bands would split up and begin to hunt the buffalo. In midsummer, when the chokecherries ripened, the people regrouped for their major ceremony, the Okan (Sun Dance). This was the only time of year when the four nations would assemble.", "This was the only time of year when the four nations would assemble. The gathering reinforced the bonds among the various groups and linked individuals with the nations. Communal buffalo hunts provided food for the people, as well as offerings of the bulls' tongues (a delicacy) for the ceremonies. These ceremonies are sacred to the people.", "These ceremonies are sacred to the people. After the Okan, the people again separated to follow the buffalo. They used the buffalo hides to make their dwellings and temporary tipis. In the fall, the people would gradually shift to their wintering areas.", "In the fall, the people would gradually shift to their wintering areas. The men would prepare the buffalo jumps and pounds for capturing or driving the bison for hunting. Several groups of people might join together at particularly good sites, such as Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump.", "Several groups of people might join together at particularly good sites, such as Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump. As the buffalo were naturally driven into the area by the gradual late summer drying off of the open grasslands, the Blackfoot would carry out great communal buffalo kills.", "As the buffalo were naturally driven into the area by the gradual late summer drying off of the open grasslands, the Blackfoot would carry out great communal buffalo kills. The women processed the buffalo, preparing dried meat, and combining it for nutrition and flavor with dried fruits into pemmican, to last them through winter and other times when hunting was poor.", "The women processed the buffalo, preparing dried meat, and combining it for nutrition and flavor with dried fruits into pemmican, to last them through winter and other times when hunting was poor. At the end of the fall, the Blackfoot would move to their winter camps.", "At the end of the fall, the Blackfoot would move to their winter camps. The women worked the buffalo and other game skins for clothing, as well as to reinforce their dwellings; other elements were used to make warm fur robes, leggings, cords and other needed items.", "The women worked the buffalo and other game skins for clothing, as well as to reinforce their dwellings; other elements were used to make warm fur robes, leggings, cords and other needed items. Animal sinews were used to tie arrow points and lances to throwing sticks, or for bridles for horses.", "Animal sinews were used to tie arrow points and lances to throwing sticks, or for bridles for horses. The Niitsitapi maintained this traditional way of life based on hunting bison, until the near extirpation of the bison by 1881 forced them to adapt their ways of life in response to the encroachment of the European settlers and their descendants.", "The Niitsitapi maintained this traditional way of life based on hunting bison, until the near extirpation of the bison by 1881 forced them to adapt their ways of life in response to the encroachment of the European settlers and their descendants. In the United States, they were restricted to land assigned in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851.", "In the United States, they were restricted to land assigned in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. Nearly three decades later, they were given a distinct reservation in the Sweetgrass Hills Treaty of 1887. In 1877, the Canadian Niitsitapi signed Treaty 7 and settled on reserves in southern Alberta.", "In 1877, the Canadian Niitsitapi signed Treaty 7 and settled on reserves in southern Alberta. This began a period of great struggle and economic hardship; the Niitsitapi had to try to adapt to a completely new way of life. They suffered a high rate of fatalities when exposed to Eurasian diseases, for which they had no natural immunity.", "They suffered a high rate of fatalities when exposed to Eurasian diseases, for which they had no natural immunity. Eventually, they established a viable economy based on farming, ranching, and light industry. Their population has increased to about 16,000 in Canada and 15,000 in the U.S. today.", "Their population has increased to about 16,000 in Canada and 15,000 in the U.S. today. With their new economic stability, the Niitsitapi have been free to adapt their culture and traditions to their new circumstances, renewing their connection to their ancient roots.", "With their new economic stability, the Niitsitapi have been free to adapt their culture and traditions to their new circumstances, renewing their connection to their ancient roots. Early history The Niitsitapi, also known as the Blackfoot or Blackfeet Indians, reside in the Great Plains of Montana and the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.", "Early history The Niitsitapi, also known as the Blackfoot or Blackfeet Indians, reside in the Great Plains of Montana and the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Originally, only one of the Niitsitapi tribes was called Blackfoot or Siksika. The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples' moccasins, made of leather.", "The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples' moccasins, made of leather. They had typically dyed or painted the soles of their moccasins black. One legendary story claimed that the Siksika walked through ashes of prairie fires, which in turn colored the bottoms of their moccasins black.", "One legendary story claimed that the Siksika walked through ashes of prairie fires, which in turn colored the bottoms of their moccasins black. Due to language and cultural patterns, anthropologists believe the Niitsitapi did not originate in the Great Plains of the Midwest North America, but migrated from the upper Northeastern part of the country.", "Due to language and cultural patterns, anthropologists believe the Niitsitapi did not originate in the Great Plains of the Midwest North America, but migrated from the upper Northeastern part of the country. They coalesced as a group while living in the forests of what is now the Northeastern United States.", "They coalesced as a group while living in the forests of what is now the Northeastern United States. They were mostly located around the modern-day border between Canada and the state of Maine. By 1200, the Niitsitapi were moving in search of more land.", "By 1200, the Niitsitapi were moving in search of more land. They moved west and settled for a while north of the Great Lakes in present-day Canada, but had to compete for resources with existing tribes. They left the Great Lakes area and kept moving west.", "They left the Great Lakes area and kept moving west. When they moved, they usually packed their belongings on an A-shaped sled called a travois. The travois was designed for transport over dry land. The Blackfoot had relied on dogs to pull the travois; they did not acquire horses until the 18th century.", "The Blackfoot had relied on dogs to pull the travois; they did not acquire horses until the 18th century. From the Great Lakes area, they continued to move west and eventually settled in the Great Plains.", "From the Great Lakes area, they continued to move west and eventually settled in the Great Plains. The Plains had covered approximately with the Saskatchewan River to the north, the Rio Grande to the south, the Mississippi River to the east, and the Rocky Mountains to the west.", "The Plains had covered approximately with the Saskatchewan River to the north, the Rio Grande to the south, the Mississippi River to the east, and the Rocky Mountains to the west. Adopting the use of the horse, the Niitsitapi established themselves as one of the most powerful Indian tribes on the Plains in the late 18th century, earning themselves the name \"The Lords of the Plains.\"", "Adopting the use of the horse, the Niitsitapi established themselves as one of the most powerful Indian tribes on the Plains in the late 18th century, earning themselves the name \"The Lords of the Plains.\" Niitsitapi stories trace their residence and possession of their plains territory to \"time immemorial.\"", "Niitsitapi stories trace their residence and possession of their plains territory to \"time immemorial.\" Importance and uses of bison The Niitsitapi main source of food on the plains was the American bison (buffalo), the largest mammal in North America, standing about tall and weighing up to .", "Importance and uses of bison The Niitsitapi main source of food on the plains was the American bison (buffalo), the largest mammal in North America, standing about tall and weighing up to . Before the introduction of horses, the Niitsitapi needed other ways to get in range. The buffalo jump was one of the most common ways.", "The buffalo jump was one of the most common ways. The hunters would round up the buffalo into V-shaped pens, and drive them over a cliff (they hunted pronghorn antelopes in the same way). Afterwards the hunters would go to the bottom and take as much meat as they could carry back to camp.", "Afterwards the hunters would go to the bottom and take as much meat as they could carry back to camp. They also used camouflage for hunting. The hunters would take buffalo skins from previous hunting trips and drape them over their bodies to blend in and mask their scent.", "The hunters would take buffalo skins from previous hunting trips and drape them over their bodies to blend in and mask their scent. By subtle moves, the hunters could get close to the herd. When close enough, the hunters would attack with arrows or spears to kill wounded animals.", "When close enough, the hunters would attack with arrows or spears to kill wounded animals. The people used virtually all parts of the body and skin. The women prepared the meat for food: by boiling, roasting or drying for jerky.", "The women prepared the meat for food: by boiling, roasting or drying for jerky. This processed it to last a long time without spoiling, and they depended on bison meat to get through the winters.", "This processed it to last a long time without spoiling, and they depended on bison meat to get through the winters. The winters were long, harsh, and cold due to the lack of trees in the Plains, so people stockpiled meat in summer. As a ritual, hunters often ate the bison heart minutes after the kill.", "As a ritual, hunters often ate the bison heart minutes after the kill. The women tanned and prepared the skins to cover the tepees. These were made of log poles, with the skins draped over it. The tepee remained warm in the winter and cool in the summer, and was a great shield against the wind.", "The tepee remained warm in the winter and cool in the summer, and was a great shield against the wind. The women also made clothing from the skins, such as robes and moccasins, and made soap from the fat.", "The women also made clothing from the skins, such as robes and moccasins, and made soap from the fat. Both men and women made utensils, sewing needles and tools from the bones, using tendon for fastening and binding. The stomach and bladder were cleaned and prepared for use for storing liquids.", "The stomach and bladder were cleaned and prepared for use for storing liquids. Dried bison dung was fuel for the fires. The Niitsitapi considered the animal sacred and integral to their lives. Discovery and uses of horses Up until around 1730, the Blackfoot traveled by foot and used dogs to carry and pull some of their goods.", "Discovery and uses of horses Up until around 1730, the Blackfoot traveled by foot and used dogs to carry and pull some of their goods. They had not seen horses in their previous lands, but were introduced to them on the Plains, as other tribes, such as the Shoshone, had already adopted their use.", "They had not seen horses in their previous lands, but were introduced to them on the Plains, as other tribes, such as the Shoshone, had already adopted their use. They saw the advantages of horses and wanted some. The Blackfoot called the horses ponokamita (elk dogs).", "The Blackfoot called the horses ponokamita (elk dogs). The horses could carry much more weight than dogs and moved at a greater speed. They could be ridden for hunting and travel. Horses revolutionised life on the Great Plains and soon came to be regarded as a measure of wealth.", "Horses revolutionised life on the Great Plains and soon came to be regarded as a measure of wealth. Warriors regularly raided other tribes for their best horses. Horses were generally used as universal standards of barter. Medicine men were paid for cures and healing with horses. Those who designed shields or war bonnets were also paid in horses.", "Those who designed shields or war bonnets were also paid in horses. The men gave horses to those who were owed gifts as well as to the needy. An individual's wealth rose with the number of horses accumulated, but a man did not keep an abundance of them.", "An individual's wealth rose with the number of horses accumulated, but a man did not keep an abundance of them. The individual's prestige and status was judged by the number of horses that he could give away. For the Indians who lived on the Plains, the principal value of property was to share it with others.", "For the Indians who lived on the Plains, the principal value of property was to share it with others. After having driven the hostile Shoshone and Arapaho from the Northwestern Plains, the Niitsitapi began in 1800 a long phase of keen competition in the fur trade with their former Cree allies, which often escalated militarily.", "After having driven the hostile Shoshone and Arapaho from the Northwestern Plains, the Niitsitapi began in 1800 a long phase of keen competition in the fur trade with their former Cree allies, which often escalated militarily. In addition both groups had adapted to using horses about 1730, so by mid-century an adequate supply of horses became a question of survival.", "In addition both groups had adapted to using horses about 1730, so by mid-century an adequate supply of horses became a question of survival. Horse theft was at this stage not only a proof of courage, but often a desperate contribution to survival, for many ethnic groups competed for hunting in the grasslands.", "Horse theft was at this stage not only a proof of courage, but often a desperate contribution to survival, for many ethnic groups competed for hunting in the grasslands. The Cree and Assiniboine continued horse raiding against the Gros Ventre (in Cree: Pawistiko Iyiniwak – \"Rapids People\" – \"People of the Rapids\"), allies of the Niitsitapi.", "The Cree and Assiniboine continued horse raiding against the Gros Ventre (in Cree: Pawistiko Iyiniwak – \"Rapids People\" – \"People of the Rapids\"), allies of the Niitsitapi. The Gros Ventres were also known as Niya Wati Inew, Naywattamee (\"They Live in Holes People\"), because their tribal lands were along the Saskatchewan River Forks (the confluence of North and South Saskatchewan River).", "The Gros Ventres were also known as Niya Wati Inew, Naywattamee (\"They Live in Holes People\"), because their tribal lands were along the Saskatchewan River Forks (the confluence of North and South Saskatchewan River). They had to withstand attacks of enemies with guns.", "They had to withstand attacks of enemies with guns. In retaliation for Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) supplying their enemies with weapons, the Gros Ventre attacked and burned in 1793 South Branch House of the HBC on the South Saskatchewan River near the present village of St. Louis, Saskatchewan.", "In retaliation for Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) supplying their enemies with weapons, the Gros Ventre attacked and burned in 1793 South Branch House of the HBC on the South Saskatchewan River near the present village of St. Louis, Saskatchewan. Then, the tribe moved southward to the Milk River in Montana and allied themselves with the Blackfoot.", "Then, the tribe moved southward to the Milk River in Montana and allied themselves with the Blackfoot. The area between the North Saskatchewan River and Battle River (the name derives from the war fought between these two tribal groups) was the limit of the now warring tribal alliances.", "The area between the North Saskatchewan River and Battle River (the name derives from the war fought between these two tribal groups) was the limit of the now warring tribal alliances. Enemies and warrior culture Blackfoot war parties would ride hundreds of miles on raids. A boy on his first war party was given a silly or derogatory name.", "A boy on his first war party was given a silly or derogatory name. But after he had stolen his first horse or killed an enemy, he was given a name to honor him. Warriors would strive to perform various acts of bravery called counting coup, in order to move up in social rank.", "Warriors would strive to perform various acts of bravery called counting coup, in order to move up in social rank. The coups in order of importance were: taking a gun from a living enemy and or touching him directly; capturing lances, and bows; scalping an enemy; killing an enemy; freeing a tied horse from in front of an enemy lodge; leading a war party; scouting for a war party; stealing headdresses, shields, pipes (sacred ceremonial pipes); and driving a herd of stolen horses back to camp.", "The coups in order of importance were: taking a gun from a living enemy and or touching him directly; capturing lances, and bows; scalping an enemy; killing an enemy; freeing a tied horse from in front of an enemy lodge; leading a war party; scouting for a war party; stealing headdresses, shields, pipes (sacred ceremonial pipes); and driving a herd of stolen horses back to camp. The Niitsitapi were enemies of the Crow, Cheyenne (kiihtsipimiitapi – ″Pinto People″), and Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota) (called pinaapisinaa – \"East Cree\") on the Great Plains; and the Shoshone, Flathead, Kalispel, Kootenai (called kotonáá'wa) and Nez Perce (called komonóítapiikoan) in the mountain country to their west and southwest.", "The Niitsitapi were enemies of the Crow, Cheyenne (kiihtsipimiitapi – ″Pinto People″), and Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota) (called pinaapisinaa – \"East Cree\") on the Great Plains; and the Shoshone, Flathead, Kalispel, Kootenai (called kotonáá'wa) and Nez Perce (called komonóítapiikoan) in the mountain country to their west and southwest. Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were the political/military/trading alliance of the Iron Confederacy or Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Plains Cree: Nehiyaw – 'Cree' and Pwat or Pwat-sak – 'Sioux, i.e.", "Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were the political/military/trading alliance of the Iron Confederacy or Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Plains Cree: Nehiyaw – 'Cree' and Pwat or Pwat-sak – 'Sioux, i.e. Assiniboine') – named after the dominating Plains Cree (called Asinaa) and Assiniboine (called Niitsísinaa – \"Original Cree\").", "Assiniboine') – named after the dominating Plains Cree (called Asinaa) and Assiniboine (called Niitsísinaa – \"Original Cree\"). These included the Stoney (called Saahsáísso'kitaki or Sahsi-sokitaki – ″Sarcee trying to cut″), Saulteaux (or Plains Ojibwe), and Métis to the north, east and southeast.", "These included the Stoney (called Saahsáísso'kitaki or Sahsi-sokitaki – ″Sarcee trying to cut″), Saulteaux (or Plains Ojibwe), and Métis to the north, east and southeast. With the expansion of the Nehiyaw-Pwat to the north, west and southwest, they integrated larger groups of Iroquois, Chipewyan, Danezaa (Dunneza – 'The real (prototypical) people'), Ktunaxa, Flathead, and later Gros Ventre (called atsíína – \"Gut People\" or \"like a Cree\"), in their local groups.", "With the expansion of the Nehiyaw-Pwat to the north, west and southwest, they integrated larger groups of Iroquois, Chipewyan, Danezaa (Dunneza – 'The real (prototypical) people'), Ktunaxa, Flathead, and later Gros Ventre (called atsíína – \"Gut People\" or \"like a Cree\"), in their local groups. Loosely allied with the Nehiyaw-Pwat, but politically independent, were neighboring tribes like the Ktunaxa, Secwepemc and in particular the arch enemy of the Blackfoot, the Crow, or Indian trading partners like the Nez Perce and Flathead.", "Loosely allied with the Nehiyaw-Pwat, but politically independent, were neighboring tribes like the Ktunaxa, Secwepemc and in particular the arch enemy of the Blackfoot, the Crow, or Indian trading partners like the Nez Perce and Flathead. The Shoshone acquired horses much sooner than the Blackfoot and soon occupied much of present-day Alberta, most of Montana, and parts of Wyoming, and raided the Blackfoot frequently.", "The Shoshone acquired horses much sooner than the Blackfoot and soon occupied much of present-day Alberta, most of Montana, and parts of Wyoming, and raided the Blackfoot frequently. Once the Piegan gained access to horses of their own and guns, obtained from the HBC via the Cree and Assiniboine, the situation changed.", "Once the Piegan gained access to horses of their own and guns, obtained from the HBC via the Cree and Assiniboine, the situation changed. By 1787 David Thompson reports that the Blackfoot had completely conquered most of Shoshone territory, and frequently captured Shoshone women and children and forcibly assimilated them into Blackfoot society, further increasing their advantages over the Shoshone.", "By 1787 David Thompson reports that the Blackfoot had completely conquered most of Shoshone territory, and frequently captured Shoshone women and children and forcibly assimilated them into Blackfoot society, further increasing their advantages over the Shoshone. Thompson reports that Blackfoot territory in 1787 was from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the South, and from Rocky Mountains in the west out to a distance of to the east.", "Thompson reports that Blackfoot territory in 1787 was from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the South, and from Rocky Mountains in the west out to a distance of to the east. Between 1790 and 1850, the Nehiyaw-Pwat were at the height of their power; they could successfully defend their territories against the Sioux (Lakota, Nakota and Dakota) and the Niitsitapi Confederacy.", "Between 1790 and 1850, the Nehiyaw-Pwat were at the height of their power; they could successfully defend their territories against the Sioux (Lakota, Nakota and Dakota) and the Niitsitapi Confederacy. During the so-called Buffalo Wars (about 1850 – 1870), they penetrated further and further into the territory from the Niitsitapi Confederacy in search for the buffalo, so that the Piegan were forced to give way in the region of the Missouri River (in Cree: Pikano Sipi – \"Muddy River\", \"Muddy, turbid River\"), the Kainai withdrew to the Bow River and Belly River; only the Siksika could hold their tribal lands along the Red Deer River.", "During the so-called Buffalo Wars (about 1850 – 1870), they penetrated further and further into the territory from the Niitsitapi Confederacy in search for the buffalo, so that the Piegan were forced to give way in the region of the Missouri River (in Cree: Pikano Sipi – \"Muddy River\", \"Muddy, turbid River\"), the Kainai withdrew to the Bow River and Belly River; only the Siksika could hold their tribal lands along the Red Deer River. Around 1870, the alliance between the Blackfoot and the Gros Ventre broke, and the latter began to look to their former enemies, the Southern Assiniboine (or Plains Assiniboine), for protection.", "Around 1870, the alliance between the Blackfoot and the Gros Ventre broke, and the latter began to look to their former enemies, the Southern Assiniboine (or Plains Assiniboine), for protection. First contact with Europeans and the fur trade Anthony Henday of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) met a large Blackfoot group in 1754 in what is now Alberta.", "First contact with Europeans and the fur trade Anthony Henday of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) met a large Blackfoot group in 1754 in what is now Alberta. The Blackfoot had established dealings with traders connected to the Canadian and English fur trade before meeting the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1806.", "The Blackfoot had established dealings with traders connected to the Canadian and English fur trade before meeting the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1806. Lewis and Clark and their men had embarked on mapping the Louisiana Territory and upper Missouri River for the United States government.", "Lewis and Clark and their men had embarked on mapping the Louisiana Territory and upper Missouri River for the United States government. On their return trip from the Pacific Coast, Lewis and three of his men encountered a group of young Blackfoot warriors with a large herd of horses, and it was clear to Meriwether Lewis that they were not far from much larger groups of warriors.", "On their return trip from the Pacific Coast, Lewis and three of his men encountered a group of young Blackfoot warriors with a large herd of horses, and it was clear to Meriwether Lewis that they were not far from much larger groups of warriors. Lewis explained to them that the United States government wanted peace with all Indian nations, and that the US leaders had successfully formed alliances with other Indian nations.", "Lewis explained to them that the United States government wanted peace with all Indian nations, and that the US leaders had successfully formed alliances with other Indian nations. The group camped together that night, and at dawn there was a scuffle as it was discovered that the Blackfoot were trying to steal guns and run off with their horses while the Americans slept.", "The group camped together that night, and at dawn there was a scuffle as it was discovered that the Blackfoot were trying to steal guns and run off with their horses while the Americans slept. In the ensuing struggle, one warrior was fatally stabbed and another shot by Lewis and presumed killed.", "In the ensuing struggle, one warrior was fatally stabbed and another shot by Lewis and presumed killed. In subsequent years, American mountain men trapping in Blackfoot country generally encountered hostility. When John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, returned to Blackfoot country soon after, he barely escaped with his life.", "When John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, returned to Blackfoot country soon after, he barely escaped with his life. In 1809, Colter and his companion were trapping on the Jefferson River by canoe when they were surrounded by hundreds of Blackfoot warriors on horseback on both sides of the river bank.", "In 1809, Colter and his companion were trapping on the Jefferson River by canoe when they were surrounded by hundreds of Blackfoot warriors on horseback on both sides of the river bank. Colter's companion, John Potts, did not surrender and was killed.", "Colter's companion, John Potts, did not surrender and was killed. Colter was stripped of his clothes and forced to run for his life, after being given a head start (famously known in the annals of the West as \"Colter's Run.\")", "Colter was stripped of his clothes and forced to run for his life, after being given a head start (famously known in the annals of the West as \"Colter's Run.\") He eventually escaped by reaching a river five miles away and diving under either an island of driftwood or a beaver dam, where he remained concealed until after nightfall.", "He eventually escaped by reaching a river five miles away and diving under either an island of driftwood or a beaver dam, where he remained concealed until after nightfall. He trekked another 300 miles to a fort.", "He trekked another 300 miles to a fort. In the context of shifting tribal politics due to the spread of horses and guns, the Niitsitapi initially tried to increase their trade with the HBC traders in Rupert's Land whilst blocking access to the HBC by neighboring peoples to the West.", "In the context of shifting tribal politics due to the spread of horses and guns, the Niitsitapi initially tried to increase their trade with the HBC traders in Rupert's Land whilst blocking access to the HBC by neighboring peoples to the West. But the HBC trade eventually reached into what is now inland British Columbia.", "But the HBC trade eventually reached into what is now inland British Columbia. By the late 1820s, [this prompted] the Niitsitapiksi, and in particular the Piikani, whose territory was rich in beaver, [to] temporarily put aside cultural prohibitions and environmental constraints to trap enormous numbers of these animals and, in turn, receive greater quantities of trade items.", "By the late 1820s, [this prompted] the Niitsitapiksi, and in particular the Piikani, whose territory was rich in beaver, [to] temporarily put aside cultural prohibitions and environmental constraints to trap enormous numbers of these animals and, in turn, receive greater quantities of trade items. The HBC encouraged Niitsitapiksi to trade by setting up posts on the North Saskatchewan River, on the northern boundary of their territory.", "The HBC encouraged Niitsitapiksi to trade by setting up posts on the North Saskatchewan River, on the northern boundary of their territory. In the 1830s the Rocky Mountain region and the wider Saskatchewan District were the HBC's most profitable, and Rocky Mountain House was the HBC's busiest post. It was primarily used by the Piikani.", "It was primarily used by the Piikani. Other Niitsitapiksi nations traded more in pemmican and buffalo skins than beaver, and visited other posts such as Fort Edmonton. Meanwhile, in 1822 the American Fur Company entered the Upper Missouri region from the south for the first time, without Niitsitapiksi permission.", "Meanwhile, in 1822 the American Fur Company entered the Upper Missouri region from the south for the first time, without Niitsitapiksi permission. This led to tensions and conflict until 1830, when peaceful trade was established.", "This led to tensions and conflict until 1830, when peaceful trade was established. This was followed by the opening of Fort Piegan as the first American trading post in Niitsitapi territory in 1831, joined by Fort MacKenzie in 1833.", "This was followed by the opening of Fort Piegan as the first American trading post in Niitsitapi territory in 1831, joined by Fort MacKenzie in 1833. The Americans offered better terms of trade and were more interested in buffalo skins than the HBC, which brought them more trade from the Niitsitapi.", "The Americans offered better terms of trade and were more interested in buffalo skins than the HBC, which brought them more trade from the Niitsitapi. The HBC responded by building Bow Fort (Peigan Post) on the Bow River in 1832, but it was not a success.", "The HBC responded by building Bow Fort (Peigan Post) on the Bow River in 1832, but it was not a success. In 1833, German explorer Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied and Swiss painter Karl Bodmer spent months with the Niitsitapi to get a sense of their culture. Bodmer portrayed their society in paintings and drawings.", "Bodmer portrayed their society in paintings and drawings. Contact with the Europeans caused a spread of infectious diseases to the Niitsitapi, mostly cholera and smallpox. In one instance in 1837, an American Fur Company steamboat, the St. Peter's, was headed to Fort Union and several passengers contracted smallpox on the way.", "In one instance in 1837, an American Fur Company steamboat, the St. Peter's, was headed to Fort Union and several passengers contracted smallpox on the way. They continued to send a smaller vessel with supplies farther up the river to posts among the Niitsitapi.", "They continued to send a smaller vessel with supplies farther up the river to posts among the Niitsitapi. The Niitsitapi contracted the disease and eventually 6,000 died, marking an end to their dominance among tribes over the Plains.", "The Niitsitapi contracted the disease and eventually 6,000 died, marking an end to their dominance among tribes over the Plains. The Hudson's Bay Company did not require or help their employees get vaccinated; the English doctor Edward Jenner had developed a technique 41 years before but its use was not yet widespread.", "The Hudson's Bay Company did not require or help their employees get vaccinated; the English doctor Edward Jenner had developed a technique 41 years before but its use was not yet widespread. Indian Wars Like many other Great Plains Indian nations, the Niitsitapi often had hostile relationships with white settlers.", "Indian Wars Like many other Great Plains Indian nations, the Niitsitapi often had hostile relationships with white settlers. Despite the hostilities, the Blackfoot stayed largely out of the Great Plains Indian Wars, neither fighting against nor scouting for the United States army.", "Despite the hostilities, the Blackfoot stayed largely out of the Great Plains Indian Wars, neither fighting against nor scouting for the United States army. One of their friendly bands, however, was attacked by mistake and nearly destroyed by the US Army in the Marias Massacre on 23 January 1870, undertaken as an action to suppress violence against settlers.", "One of their friendly bands, however, was attacked by mistake and nearly destroyed by the US Army in the Marias Massacre on 23 January 1870, undertaken as an action to suppress violence against settlers. A friendly relationship with the North-West Mounted Police and learning of the brutality of the Marias Massacre discouraged the Blackfoot from engaging in wars against Canada and the United States.", "A friendly relationship with the North-West Mounted Police and learning of the brutality of the Marias Massacre discouraged the Blackfoot from engaging in wars against Canada and the United States. When the Lakota, together with their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies, were fighting the United States Army, they sent runners into Blackfoot territory, urging them to join the fight.", "When the Lakota, together with their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies, were fighting the United States Army, they sent runners into Blackfoot territory, urging them to join the fight. Crowfoot, one of the most influential Blackfoot chiefs, dismissed the Lakota messengers.", "Crowfoot, one of the most influential Blackfoot chiefs, dismissed the Lakota messengers. He threatened to ally with the NWMP to fight them if they came north into Blackfoot country again. News of Crowfoot's loyalty reached Ottawa and from there London; Queen Victoria praised Crowfoot and the Blackfoot for their loyalty.", "News of Crowfoot's loyalty reached Ottawa and from there London; Queen Victoria praised Crowfoot and the Blackfoot for their loyalty. Despite his threats, Crowfoot later met those Lakota who had fled with Sitting Bull into Canada after defeating George Armstrong Custer and his battalion at the Battle of Little Big Horn.", "Despite his threats, Crowfoot later met those Lakota who had fled with Sitting Bull into Canada after defeating George Armstrong Custer and his battalion at the Battle of Little Big Horn. Crowfoot considered the Lakota then to be refugees and was sympathetic to their strife, but retained his anti-war stance.", "Crowfoot considered the Lakota then to be refugees and was sympathetic to their strife, but retained his anti-war stance. Sitting Bull and Crowfoot fostered peace between the two nations by a ceremonial offering of tobacco, ending hostilities between them. Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him.", "Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him. The Blackfoot also chose to stay out of the North- West Rebellion, led by the famous Métis leader Louis Riel. Louis Riel and his men added to the already unsettled conditions facing the Blackfoot by camping near them.", "Louis Riel and his men added to the already unsettled conditions facing the Blackfoot by camping near them. They tried to spread discontent with the government and gain a powerful ally. The North-West Rebellion was made up mostly of Métis, Assiniboine (Nakota) and Plains Cree, who all fought against European encroachment and destruction of Bison herds.", "The North-West Rebellion was made up mostly of Métis, Assiniboine (Nakota) and Plains Cree, who all fought against European encroachment and destruction of Bison herds. The Plains Cree were one of the Blackfoot's most hated enemies; however, the two nations made peace when Crowfoot adopted Poundmaker, an influential Cree chief and great peacemaker, as his son.", "The Plains Cree were one of the Blackfoot's most hated enemies; however, the two nations made peace when Crowfoot adopted Poundmaker, an influential Cree chief and great peacemaker, as his son. Although he refused to fight, Crowfoot had sympathy for those with the rebellion, especially the Cree led by such notable chiefs as Poundmaker, Big Bear, Wandering Spirit and Fine-Day.", "Although he refused to fight, Crowfoot had sympathy for those with the rebellion, especially the Cree led by such notable chiefs as Poundmaker, Big Bear, Wandering Spirit and Fine-Day. When news of continued Blackfoot neutrality reached Ottawa, Lord Lansdowne, the governor general, expressed his thanks to Crowfoot again on behalf of the Queen back in London.", "When news of continued Blackfoot neutrality reached Ottawa, Lord Lansdowne, the governor general, expressed his thanks to Crowfoot again on behalf of the Queen back in London. The cabinet of John A. Macdonald (the current Prime Minister of Canada at the time) gave Crowfoot a round of applause.", "The cabinet of John A. Macdonald (the current Prime Minister of Canada at the time) gave Crowfoot a round of applause. Hardships of the Niitsitapi During the mid-1800s, the Niitsitapi faced a dwindling food supply, as European-American hunters were hired by the U.S government to kill bison so the Blackfeet would remain in their reservation.", "Hardships of the Niitsitapi During the mid-1800s, the Niitsitapi faced a dwindling food supply, as European-American hunters were hired by the U.S government to kill bison so the Blackfeet would remain in their reservation. Settlers were also encroaching on their territory. Without the buffalo, the Niitsitapi were forced to depend on the United States government for food supplies.", "Without the buffalo, the Niitsitapi were forced to depend on the United States government for food supplies. In 1855, the Niitsitapi chief Lame Bull made a peace treaty with the United States government. The Lame Bull Treaty promised the Niitsitapi $20,000 annually in goods and services in exchange for their moving onto a reservation.", "The Lame Bull Treaty promised the Niitsitapi $20,000 annually in goods and services in exchange for their moving onto a reservation. In 1860, very few buffalo were left, and the Niitsitapi became completely dependent on government supplies. Often the food was spoiled by the time they received it, or supplies failed to arrive at all.", "Often the food was spoiled by the time they received it, or supplies failed to arrive at all. Hungry and desperate, Blackfoot raided white settlements for food and supplies, and outlaws on both sides stirred up trouble.", "Hungry and desperate, Blackfoot raided white settlements for food and supplies, and outlaws on both sides stirred up trouble. Events were catalyzed by Owl Child, a young Piegan warrior who stole a herd of horses in 1867 from an American trader named Malcolm Clarke.", "Events were catalyzed by Owl Child, a young Piegan warrior who stole a herd of horses in 1867 from an American trader named Malcolm Clarke. Clarke retaliated by tracking Owl Child down and severely beating him in full view of Owl Child's camp, and humiliating him.", "Clarke retaliated by tracking Owl Child down and severely beating him in full view of Owl Child's camp, and humiliating him. According to Piegan oral history, Clarke had also raped Owl Child's wife. But, Clarke was long married to Coth-co-co-na, a Piegan woman who was Owl Child's cousin.", "But, Clarke was long married to Coth-co-co-na, a Piegan woman who was Owl Child's cousin. The raped woman gave birth to a child as a result of the rape, which oral history said was stillborn or killed by band elders.", "The raped woman gave birth to a child as a result of the rape, which oral history said was stillborn or killed by band elders. Two years after the beating, in 1869 Owl Child and some associates killed Clarke at his ranch after dinner, and severely wounded his son Horace.", "Two years after the beating, in 1869 Owl Child and some associates killed Clarke at his ranch after dinner, and severely wounded his son Horace. Public outcry from news of the event led to General Philip Sheridan to dispatch a band of cavalry, led by Major Eugene Baker, to find Owl Child and his camp and punish them.", "Public outcry from news of the event led to General Philip Sheridan to dispatch a band of cavalry, led by Major Eugene Baker, to find Owl Child and his camp and punish them. On 23 January 1870, a camp of Piegan Indians were spotted by army scouts and reported to the dispatched cavalry, but it was mistakenly identified as a hostile band.", "On 23 January 1870, a camp of Piegan Indians were spotted by army scouts and reported to the dispatched cavalry, but it was mistakenly identified as a hostile band. Around 200 soldiers surrounded the camp the following morning and prepared for an ambush.", "Around 200 soldiers surrounded the camp the following morning and prepared for an ambush. Before the command to fire, the chief Heavy Runner was alerted to soldiers on the snowy bluffs above the encampment. He walked toward them, carrying his safe-conduct paper.", "He walked toward them, carrying his safe-conduct paper. Heavy Runner and his band of Piegans shared peace between American settlers and troops at the time of the event.", "Heavy Runner and his band of Piegans shared peace between American settlers and troops at the time of the event. Heavy Runner was shot and killed by army scout Joe Cobell, whose wife was part of the camp of the hostile Mountain Chief, further along the river, from whom he wanted to divert attention.", "Heavy Runner was shot and killed by army scout Joe Cobell, whose wife was part of the camp of the hostile Mountain Chief, further along the river, from whom he wanted to divert attention. Fellow scout Joe Kipp had realized the error and tried to signal the troops.", "Fellow scout Joe Kipp had realized the error and tried to signal the troops. He was threatened by the cavalry for reporting that the people they attacked were friendly. Following the death of Heavy Runner, the soldiers attacked the camp.", "Following the death of Heavy Runner, the soldiers attacked the camp. According to their count, they killed 173 Piegan and suffered just one U.S Army soldier casualty, who fell off his horse and broke his leg, dying of complications.", "According to their count, they killed 173 Piegan and suffered just one U.S Army soldier casualty, who fell off his horse and broke his leg, dying of complications. Most of the victims were women, children and the elderly, as most of the younger men were out hunting.", "Most of the victims were women, children and the elderly, as most of the younger men were out hunting. The Army took 140 Piegan prisoner and then released them. With their camp and belongings destroyed, they suffered terribly from exposure, making their way as refugees to Fort Benton.", "With their camp and belongings destroyed, they suffered terribly from exposure, making their way as refugees to Fort Benton. As reports of the massacre gradually were learned in the east, members of the United States congress and press were outraged. General William Sherman reported that most of the killed were warriors under Mountain Chief.", "General William Sherman reported that most of the killed were warriors under Mountain Chief. An official investigation never occurred, and no official monument marks the spot of the massacre. Compared to events such as the massacres at Wounded Knee and Sand Creek, the Marias Massacre remains largely unknown.", "Compared to events such as the massacres at Wounded Knee and Sand Creek, the Marias Massacre remains largely unknown. But, it confirmed President Ulysses S. Grant in his decision not to allow the Army to take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as it had been suggesting to combat corruption among Indian agents.", "But, it confirmed President Ulysses S. Grant in his decision not to allow the Army to take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as it had been suggesting to combat corruption among Indian agents. Grant chose to appoint numerous Quakers to those positions as he pursued a peace policy with Native Americans.", "Grant chose to appoint numerous Quakers to those positions as he pursued a peace policy with Native Americans. The Cree and Assiniboine also suffered from the dwindling herds of the buffalo. By 1850 herds were found almost exclusively on the territory of the Blackfoot.", "By 1850 herds were found almost exclusively on the territory of the Blackfoot. Therefore, in 1870 various Nehiyaw-Pwat bands began a final effort to get hold of their prey, by beginning a war. They hoped to defeat the Blackfoot weakened by smallpox and attacked a camp near Fort Whoop-Up (called Akaisakoyi – \"Many Dead\").", "They hoped to defeat the Blackfoot weakened by smallpox and attacked a camp near Fort Whoop-Up (called Akaisakoyi – \"Many Dead\"). But they were defeated in the so-called Battle of the Belly River (near Lethbridge, called Assini-etomochi – \"where we slaughtered the Cree\") and lost over 300 warriors.", "But they were defeated in the so-called Battle of the Belly River (near Lethbridge, called Assini-etomochi – \"where we slaughtered the Cree\") and lost over 300 warriors. The next winter the hunger compelled them to negotiate with the Niitsitapi, with whom they made a final lasting peace.", "The next winter the hunger compelled them to negotiate with the Niitsitapi, with whom they made a final lasting peace. The United States passed laws that adversely affected the Niitsitapi. In 1874, the US Congress voted to change the Niitsitapi reservation borders without discussing it with the Niitsitapi.", "In 1874, the US Congress voted to change the Niitsitapi reservation borders without discussing it with the Niitsitapi. They received no other land or compensation for the land lost, and in response, the Kainai, Siksika, and Piegan moved to Canada; only the Pikuni remained in Montana.", "They received no other land or compensation for the land lost, and in response, the Kainai, Siksika, and Piegan moved to Canada; only the Pikuni remained in Montana. The winter of 1883–1884 became known as \"Starvation Winter\" because no government supplies came in, and the buffalo were gone.", "The winter of 1883–1884 became known as \"Starvation Winter\" because no government supplies came in, and the buffalo were gone. That winter, 600 Niitsitapi died of hunger. In efforts to assimilate the Native Americans to European-American ways, in 1898, the government dismantled tribal governments and outlawed the practice of traditional Indian religions.", "In efforts to assimilate the Native Americans to European-American ways, in 1898, the government dismantled tribal governments and outlawed the practice of traditional Indian religions. They required Blackfoot children to go to boarding schools, where they were forbidden to speak their native language, practise customs, or wear traditional clothing.", "They required Blackfoot children to go to boarding schools, where they were forbidden to speak their native language, practise customs, or wear traditional clothing. In 1907, the United States government adopted a policy of allotment of reservation land to individual heads of families to encourage family farming and break up the communal tribal lands.", "In 1907, the United States government adopted a policy of allotment of reservation land to individual heads of families to encourage family farming and break up the communal tribal lands. Each household received a farm, and the government declared the remainder \"surplus\" to the tribe's needs. It put it up for sale for development.", "It put it up for sale for development. The allotments were too small to support farming on the arid plains. A 1919 drought destroyed crops and increased the cost of beef. Many Indians were forced to sell their allotted land and pay taxes which the government said they owed.", "Many Indians were forced to sell their allotted land and pay taxes which the government said they owed. In 1934 the Indian Reorganization Act, passed by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, ended allotments and allowed the tribes to choose their own government. They were also allowed to practise their cultures.", "They were also allowed to practise their cultures. In 1935, the Blackfeet Nation of Montana began a Tribal Business Council. After that, they wrote and passed their own Constitution, with an elected representative government. Culture Electing a leader Family was highly valued by the Blackfoot Indians.", "Culture Electing a leader Family was highly valued by the Blackfoot Indians. For traveling, they also split into bands of 20-30 people, but would come together for times of celebration. They valued leadership skills and chose the chiefs who would run their settlements wisely.", "They valued leadership skills and chose the chiefs who would run their settlements wisely. During times of peace, the people would elect a peace chief, meaning someone who could lead the people and improve relations with other tribes.", "During times of peace, the people would elect a peace chief, meaning someone who could lead the people and improve relations with other tribes. The title of war chief could not be gained through election and needed to be earned by successfully performing various acts of bravery including touching a living enemy.", "The title of war chief could not be gained through election and needed to be earned by successfully performing various acts of bravery including touching a living enemy. Blackfoot bands often had minor chiefs in addition to an appointed head chief.", "Blackfoot bands often had minor chiefs in addition to an appointed head chief. Societies Within the Blackfoot nation, there were different societies to which people belonged, each of which had functions for the tribe. Young people were invited into societies after proving themselves by recognized passages and rituals.", "Young people were invited into societies after proving themselves by recognized passages and rituals. For instance, young men had to perform a vision quest, begun by a spiritual cleansing in a sweat lodge. They went out from the camp alone for four days of fasting and praying.", "They went out from the camp alone for four days of fasting and praying. Their main goal was to see a vision that would explain their future. After having the vision, a youth returned to the village ready to join society. In a warrior society, the men had to be prepared for battle.", "In a warrior society, the men had to be prepared for battle. Again, the warriors would prepare by spiritual cleansing, then paint themselves symbolically; they often painted their horses for war as well.", "Again, the warriors would prepare by spiritual cleansing, then paint themselves symbolically; they often painted their horses for war as well. Leaders of the warrior society carried spears or lances called a coup stick, which was decorated with feathers, skin, and other tokens.", "Leaders of the warrior society carried spears or lances called a coup stick, which was decorated with feathers, skin, and other tokens. They won prestige by \"counting coup\", tapping the enemy with the stick and getting away. Members of the religious society protected sacred Blackfoot items and conducted religious ceremonies.", "Members of the religious society protected sacred Blackfoot items and conducted religious ceremonies. They blessed the warriors before battle. Their major ceremony was the Sun Dance, or Medicine Lodge Ceremony. By engaging in the Sun Dance, their prayers would be carried up to the Creator, who would bless them with well-being and abundance of buffalo.", "By engaging in the Sun Dance, their prayers would be carried up to the Creator, who would bless them with well-being and abundance of buffalo. Women's societies also had important responsibilities for the communal tribe.", "Women's societies also had important responsibilities for the communal tribe. They designed refined quillwork on clothing and ceremonial shields, helped prepare for battle, prepared skins and cloth to make clothing, cared for the children and taught them tribal ways, skinned and tanned the leathers used for clothing and other purposes, prepared fresh and dried foods, and performed ceremonies to help hunters in their journeys.", "They designed refined quillwork on clothing and ceremonial shields, helped prepare for battle, prepared skins and cloth to make clothing, cared for the children and taught them tribal ways, skinned and tanned the leathers used for clothing and other purposes, prepared fresh and dried foods, and performed ceremonies to help hunters in their journeys. Ethnobotany Sage and sweet grass are both used by Blackfoot and other Plains tribes for ceremonial purposes and are considered sacred plants.", "Ethnobotany Sage and sweet grass are both used by Blackfoot and other Plains tribes for ceremonial purposes and are considered sacred plants. Sage and sweet grass are burned with the user inhaling and covering themselves in the smoke in a process known widely as smudging. Sage is said to rid the body of negative emotions such as anger.", "Sage is said to rid the body of negative emotions such as anger. Sweet grass is said to draw in positive energy. Both are used for purification purposes. The pleasant and natural odor of the burning grass is said to attract spirits. Sweet grass is prepared for ceremony by braiding the stems together then drying them before burning.", "Sweet grass is prepared for ceremony by braiding the stems together then drying them before burning. Sweet grass is also often present and burned in pipe-smoking mixtures alongside bearberry and red willow plants. The smoke from the pipe is said to carry the users prayers up to the creator with the rising smoke.", "The smoke from the pipe is said to carry the users prayers up to the creator with the rising smoke. Large medicine bags often decorated with ornate beaded designs were used by medicine men to carry sage, sweet grass, and other important plants.", "Large medicine bags often decorated with ornate beaded designs were used by medicine men to carry sage, sweet grass, and other important plants. Blackfoot also used sweet grass smoke, or sachets of sweet grass in their clothing, as an effective insect repellent.", "Blackfoot also used sweet grass smoke, or sachets of sweet grass in their clothing, as an effective insect repellent. They apply a poultice of chewed roots Asclepias viridiflora to swellings, to \"diarrhea rash\", to rashes, to the sore gums of nursing infants and to sore eyes.", "They apply a poultice of chewed roots Asclepias viridiflora to swellings, to \"diarrhea rash\", to rashes, to the sore gums of nursing infants and to sore eyes. They also chew the root of Asclepias viridiflora for sore throats, and use the plant to spice soups, and use the fresh roots for food.", "They also chew the root of Asclepias viridiflora for sore throats, and use the plant to spice soups, and use the fresh roots for food. They make use of Viola adunca, applying an infusion of the roots and leaves to sore and swollen joints, giving an infusion of the leaves and roots to asthmatic children, and using the plant to dye their arrows blue.", "They make use of Viola adunca, applying an infusion of the roots and leaves to sore and swollen joints, giving an infusion of the leaves and roots to asthmatic children, and using the plant to dye their arrows blue. They put Carex in moccasins to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions.", "They put Carex in moccasins to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions. Marriage In the Blackfoot culture, men were responsible for choosing their marriage partners, but women had the choice to accept them or not. The male had to show the woman's father his skills as a hunter or warrior.", "The male had to show the woman's father his skills as a hunter or warrior. If the father was impressed and approved of the marriage, the man and woman would exchange gifts of horses and clothing and were considered married. The married couple would reside in their own tipi or with the husband's family.", "The married couple would reside in their own tipi or with the husband's family. Although the man was permitted more than one wife, typically he only chose one. In cases of more than one wife, quite often the male would choose a sister of the wife, believing that sisters would not argue as much as total strangers.", "In cases of more than one wife, quite often the male would choose a sister of the wife, believing that sisters would not argue as much as total strangers. Responsibilities and clothing In a typical Blackfoot family, the father would go out and hunt and bring back supplies that the family might need.", "Responsibilities and clothing In a typical Blackfoot family, the father would go out and hunt and bring back supplies that the family might need. The mother would stay close to home and watch over the children while the father was out. The children were taught basic survival skills and culture as they grew up.", "The children were taught basic survival skills and culture as they grew up. It was generally said that both boys and girls learned to ride horses early. Boys would usually play with toy bows and arrows until they were old enough to learn how to hunt.", "Boys would usually play with toy bows and arrows until they were old enough to learn how to hunt. They would also play a popular game called shinny, which later became known as ice hockey. They used a long curved wooden stick to knock a ball, made of baked clay covered with buckskin, over a goal line.", "They used a long curved wooden stick to knock a ball, made of baked clay covered with buckskin, over a goal line. Girls were given a doll to play with, which also doubled as a learning tool because it was fashioned with typical tribal clothing and designs and also taught the young women how to care for a child.", "Girls were given a doll to play with, which also doubled as a learning tool because it was fashioned with typical tribal clothing and designs and also taught the young women how to care for a child. As they grew older, more responsibilities were placed upon their shoulders.", "As they grew older, more responsibilities were placed upon their shoulders. The girls were then taught to cook, prepare hides for leather, and gather wild plants and berries. The boys were held accountable for going out with their father to prepare food by means of hunting.", "The boys were held accountable for going out with their father to prepare food by means of hunting. Typically clothing was made primarily of softened and tanned antelope and deer hides. The women would make and decorate the clothes for everyone in the tribe.", "The women would make and decorate the clothes for everyone in the tribe. Men wore moccasins, long leggings that went up to their hips, a loincloth, and a belt. Occasionally they would wear shirts but generally they would wrap buffalo robes around their shoulders.", "Occasionally they would wear shirts but generally they would wrap buffalo robes around their shoulders. The distinguished men of bravery would wear a necklace made of grizzly bear claws. Boys dressed much like the older males, wearing leggings, loincloths, moccasins, and occasionally an undecorated shirt.", "Boys dressed much like the older males, wearing leggings, loincloths, moccasins, and occasionally an undecorated shirt. They kept warm by wearing a buffalo robe over their shoulders or over their heads if it became cold. Women and girls wore dresses made from two or three deerskins.", "Women and girls wore dresses made from two or three deerskins. The women wore decorative earrings and bracelets made from sea shells, obtained through trade with distant tribes, or different types of metal.", "The women wore decorative earrings and bracelets made from sea shells, obtained through trade with distant tribes, or different types of metal. They would sometimes wear beads in their hair or paint the part in their hair red, which signified that they were old enough to bear children.", "They would sometimes wear beads in their hair or paint the part in their hair red, which signified that they were old enough to bear children. Headdresses Similar to other Indigenous Peoples of the Great Plains, the Blackfoot developed a variety of different headdresses that incorporated elements of creatures important to them; these served different purposes and symbolized different associations.", "Headdresses Similar to other Indigenous Peoples of the Great Plains, the Blackfoot developed a variety of different headdresses that incorporated elements of creatures important to them; these served different purposes and symbolized different associations. The typical war bonnet was made from eagle feathers, because the bird was considered powerful.", "The typical war bonnet was made from eagle feathers, because the bird was considered powerful. It was worn by prestigious warriors and chiefs (including war-chiefs) of the Blackfoot. The straight-up headdress is a uniquely Blackfoot headdress that, like the war bonnet, is made with eagle feathers.", "The straight-up headdress is a uniquely Blackfoot headdress that, like the war bonnet, is made with eagle feathers. The feathers on the straight-up headdress point directly straight upwards from the rim (hence the name). Often a red plume is attached to the front of the headdress; it also points straight upward.", "Often a red plume is attached to the front of the headdress; it also points straight upward. The split-horn headdress was very popular among Northern Plains Indians, particularly those nations of the Blackfoot Confederacy. Many warrior societies, including the Horn Society of the Blackfoot, wore the split-horn headdress.", "Many warrior societies, including the Horn Society of the Blackfoot, wore the split-horn headdress. The split-horn headdress was made from a single bison horn, split in two and reshaped as slimmer versions of a full-sized bison horn, and polished. The horns were attached to a beaded, rimmed felt hat.", "The horns were attached to a beaded, rimmed felt hat. Furs from weasels (taken when carrying heavy winter coats) were attached to the top of the headdress, and dangled from the sides. The side furs were often finished with bead work where attached to the headdress.", "The side furs were often finished with bead work where attached to the headdress. A similar headdress, called the antelope horn headdress, was made in a similar fashion using the horn or horns from a pronghorn antelope. Blackfoot men, particularly warriors, sometimes wore a roach made from porcupine hair.", "Blackfoot men, particularly warriors, sometimes wore a roach made from porcupine hair. The hairs of the porcupine are most often dyed red. Eagle and other bird feathers were occasionally attached to the roach. Buffalo scalps, often with horns still attached and often with a beaded rim, were also worn.", "Buffalo scalps, often with horns still attached and often with a beaded rim, were also worn. Fur \"turbans\" made from soft animal fur (most often otter) were also popular. Buffalo scalps and fur turbans were worn in the winter to protect the head from the cold.", "Buffalo scalps and fur turbans were worn in the winter to protect the head from the cold. The Blackfoot have continued to wear traditional headdresses at special ceremonies. They are worn mostly by elected chiefs, members of various traditional societies (including the Horn, Crazy Dog and Motokik societies), powwow dancers and spiritual leaders.", "They are worn mostly by elected chiefs, members of various traditional societies (including the Horn, Crazy Dog and Motokik societies), powwow dancers and spiritual leaders. Sun and the Moon One of the most famous traditions held by the Blackfoot is their story of sun and the moon.", "Sun and the Moon One of the most famous traditions held by the Blackfoot is their story of sun and the moon. It starts with a family of a man, wife, and two sons, who live off berries and other food they can gather, as they have no bows and arrows, or other tools.", "It starts with a family of a man, wife, and two sons, who live off berries and other food they can gather, as they have no bows and arrows, or other tools. The man had a dream: he was told by the Creator Napi, Napiu, or Napioa (depending on the band) to get a large spider web and put it on the trail where the animals roamed, and they would get caught up and could be easily killed with the stone axe he had.", "The man had a dream: he was told by the Creator Napi, Napiu, or Napioa (depending on the band) to get a large spider web and put it on the trail where the animals roamed, and they would get caught up and could be easily killed with the stone axe he had. The man had done so and saw that it was true.", "The man had done so and saw that it was true. One day, he came home from bringing in some fresh meat from the trail and discovered his wife to be applying perfume on herself. He thought that she must have another lover since she never did this before.", "He thought that she must have another lover since she never did this before. He then told his wife that he was going to move a web and asked if she could bring in the meat and wood he had left outside from a previous hunt. She had reluctantly gone out and passed over a hill.", "She had reluctantly gone out and passed over a hill. The wife looked back three times and saw her husband in the same place she had left him, so she continued on to retrieve the meat. The father then asked his children if they went with their mother to find wood, but they never had.", "The father then asked his children if they went with their mother to find wood, but they never had. However they knew the location in which she retrieved it from. The man set out and found the timber along with a den of rattlesnakes, one of which was his wife's lover.", "The man set out and found the timber along with a den of rattlesnakes, one of which was his wife's lover. He set the timber on fire and killed the snakes. He knew by doing this that his wife would become enraged, so the man returned home.", "He knew by doing this that his wife would become enraged, so the man returned home. He told the children to flee and gave them a stick, stone, and moss to use if their mother chased after them. He remained at the house and put a web over his front door.", "He remained at the house and put a web over his front door. The wife tried to get in but became stuck and had her leg cut off. She then put her head through and he cut that off also. While the body followed the husband to the creek, the head followed the children.", "While the body followed the husband to the creek, the head followed the children. The oldest boy saw the head behind them and threw the stick. The stick turned into a great forest. The head made it through, so the younger brother instructed the elder to throw the stone.", "The head made it through, so the younger brother instructed the elder to throw the stone. He did so, and where the stone landed a huge mountain popped up. It spanned from big water (ocean) to big water and the head was forced to go through it, not around.", "It spanned from big water (ocean) to big water and the head was forced to go through it, not around. The head met a group of rams and said to them she would marry their chief if they butted their way through the mountain.", "The head met a group of rams and said to them she would marry their chief if they butted their way through the mountain. The chief agreed and they butted until their horns were worn down, but this still was not through.", "The chief agreed and they butted until their horns were worn down, but this still was not through. She then asked the ants if they could burrow through the mountain with the same stipulations, it was agreed and they get her the rest of the way through.", "She then asked the ants if they could burrow through the mountain with the same stipulations, it was agreed and they get her the rest of the way through. The children were far ahead, but eventually saw the head rolling behind them. The boys wet the moss and wrung it out behind themselves.", "The boys wet the moss and wrung it out behind themselves. They were then in a different land. The country they had just left was now surrounded by water. The head rolled into the water and drowned. They decided to build a raft and head back.", "They decided to build a raft and head back. Once they returned to their land, they discovered that it was occupied by the crows and the snakes so they decided to split up. One brother was simple and went north to discover what he could and make people.", "One brother was simple and went north to discover what he could and make people. The other was smart and went south to make white people and taught them valuable skills. The simple brother created the Blackfeet. He became known as Left Hand, and later by the Blackfeet as Old Man.", "He became known as Left Hand, and later by the Blackfeet as Old Man. The woman still chases the man: she is the moon and he is the sun, and if she ever catches him, it will always be night. Blackfoot creation story The creation myth is part of the oral history of the Blackfoot nation.", "Blackfoot creation story The creation myth is part of the oral history of the Blackfoot nation. It was said that in the beginning, Napio floated on a log with four animals. The animals were: Mameo (fish), Matcekups (frog), Maniskeo (lizard), and Sopeo (turtle).", "The animals were: Mameo (fish), Matcekups (frog), Maniskeo (lizard), and Sopeo (turtle). Napio sent all of them into the deep water, one after another. The first three had gone down and returned with nothing.", "The first three had gone down and returned with nothing. The turtle went down and retrieved mud from the bottom and gave it to Napio. He took the mud and rolled it in his hand and created the earth. He let it roll out of his hand and over time, it has grown to what it is today.", "He let it roll out of his hand and over time, it has grown to what it is today. After he created the earth, he created women first, followed by men. He had them living separately from one another.", "He had them living separately from one another. The men were shy and afraid, but Napio said to them to not fear and take one as their wife. They had done as he asked, and Napio continued to create the buffalo and bows and arrows for the people so that they could hunt them.", "They had done as he asked, and Napio continued to create the buffalo and bows and arrows for the people so that they could hunt them. People Ethnic divisions The largest ethnic group in the Confederacy is the Piegan, also spelled Peigan or Pikuni. Their name derives from the Blackfoot term Piikáni.", "Their name derives from the Blackfoot term Piikáni. They are divided into the Piikani Nation (Aapátohsipikáni (\"the companion up there\") or simply Piikáni) in present-day Alberta, and the South Peigan or Piegan Blackfeet (Aamsskáápipikani) in Montana, United States.", "They are divided into the Piikani Nation (Aapátohsipikáni (\"the companion up there\") or simply Piikáni) in present-day Alberta, and the South Peigan or Piegan Blackfeet (Aamsskáápipikani) in Montana, United States. A once large and mighty division of the Piegan were the Inuk'sik (\"the humans\") of southwestern Montana.", "A once large and mighty division of the Piegan were the Inuk'sik (\"the humans\") of southwestern Montana. Today they survive only as a clan or band of the South Peigan. The modern Kainai Nation is named for the Blackfoot-language term Káínaa, meaning \"Many Chief people\".", "The modern Kainai Nation is named for the Blackfoot-language term Káínaa, meaning \"Many Chief people\". These were historically also called the \"Blood,\" from a Plains Cree name for the Kainai: Miko-Ew, meaning \"stained with blood\" (i.e. \"the bloodthirsty, cruel\").", "\"the bloodthirsty, cruel\"). The common English name for the tribe is Blood or the Blood tribe. The Siksika Nation's name derives from Siksikáwa, meaning \"Those of like\". The Siksika also call themselves Sao-kitapiiksi, meaning \"Plains People\".", "The Siksika also call themselves Sao-kitapiiksi, meaning \"Plains People\". The Sarcee call themselves the Tsu T'ina, meaning \"a great number of people.\" During early years of conflict, the Blackfoot called them Saahsi or Sarsi, \"the stubborn ones\", in their language.", "During early years of conflict, the Blackfoot called them Saahsi or Sarsi, \"the stubborn ones\", in their language. The Sarcee are from an entirely different language family; they are part of the Athabascan or Dené language family, most of whose members are located in the Subarctic of Northern Canada.", "The Sarcee are from an entirely different language family; they are part of the Athabascan or Dené language family, most of whose members are located in the Subarctic of Northern Canada. Specifically, the Sarcee are an offshoot of the Beaver (Danezaa) people, who migrated south onto the plains sometime in the early eighteenth century.", "Specifically, the Sarcee are an offshoot of the Beaver (Danezaa) people, who migrated south onto the plains sometime in the early eighteenth century. They later joined the Confederacy and essentially merged with the Pikuni (\"Once had\").", "They later joined the Confederacy and essentially merged with the Pikuni (\"Once had\"). The Gros Ventre people call themselves the Haaninin (\"white clay people\"), also spelled A'aninin.", "The Gros Ventre people call themselves the Haaninin (\"white clay people\"), also spelled A'aninin. The French called them Gros Ventres (\"fat bellies\"), misinterpreting a physical sign for waterfall; and the English called them the Fall Indians, related to waterfalls in the mountains.", "The French called them Gros Ventres (\"fat bellies\"), misinterpreting a physical sign for waterfall; and the English called them the Fall Indians, related to waterfalls in the mountains. The Blackfoot referred to them as the Piik-siik-sii-naa (\"snakes\") or Atsina (\"like a Cree\"), because of years of enmity.", "The Blackfoot referred to them as the Piik-siik-sii-naa (\"snakes\") or Atsina (\"like a Cree\"), because of years of enmity. Early scholars thought the A'aninin were related to the Arapaho Nation, who inhabited the Missouri Plains and moved west to Colorado and Wyoming.", "Early scholars thought the A'aninin were related to the Arapaho Nation, who inhabited the Missouri Plains and moved west to Colorado and Wyoming. They were allied with the Confederacy from circa 1793 to 1861, but came to disagreement and were enemies of it thereafter.", "They were allied with the Confederacy from circa 1793 to 1861, but came to disagreement and were enemies of it thereafter. Modern communities Economy and services Today, many of the Blackfoot live on reserves in Canada. About 8,500 live on the Montana reservation of .", "About 8,500 live on the Montana reservation of . In 1896, the Blackfoot sold a large portion of their land to the United States government, which hoped to find gold or copper deposits. No such mineral deposits were found. In 1910, the land was set aside as Glacier National Park.", "In 1910, the land was set aside as Glacier National Park. Some Blackfoot work there and occasional Native American ceremonies are held there. Unemployment is a challenging problem on the Blackfeet Reservation and on Canadian Blackfoot reserves, because of their isolation from major urban areas.", "Unemployment is a challenging problem on the Blackfeet Reservation and on Canadian Blackfoot reserves, because of their isolation from major urban areas. Many people work as farmers, but there are not enough other jobs nearby. To find work, many Blackfoot have relocated from the reservation to towns and cities.", "To find work, many Blackfoot have relocated from the reservation to towns and cities. Some companies pay the Blackfoot governments to lease use of lands for extracting oil, natural gas, and other resources.", "Some companies pay the Blackfoot governments to lease use of lands for extracting oil, natural gas, and other resources. The nations have operated such businesses such as the Blackfoot Writing Company, a pen and pencil factory, which opened in 1972, but it closed in the late 1990s.", "The nations have operated such businesses such as the Blackfoot Writing Company, a pen and pencil factory, which opened in 1972, but it closed in the late 1990s. In Canada, the Northern Piegan make traditional craft clothing and moccasins, and the Kainai operate a shopping center and factory.", "In Canada, the Northern Piegan make traditional craft clothing and moccasins, and the Kainai operate a shopping center and factory. In 1974, the Blackfoot Community College, a tribal college, opened in Browning, Montana. The school is also the location of the tribal headquarters.", "The school is also the location of the tribal headquarters. As of 1979, the Montana state government requires all public school teachers on or near the reservation to have a background in American Indian studies. In 1986, the Kainai Nation opened the Red Crow Community College in Stand Off, Alberta.", "In 1986, the Kainai Nation opened the Red Crow Community College in Stand Off, Alberta. In 1989, the Siksika tribe in Canada completed the construction of a high school to go along with its elementary school. Traditional culture The Blackfoot continue many cultural traditions of the past and hope to extend their ancestors' traditions to their children.", "Traditional culture The Blackfoot continue many cultural traditions of the past and hope to extend their ancestors' traditions to their children. They want to teach their children the Pikuni language as well as other traditional knowledge. In the early 20th century, a white woman named Frances Densmore helped the Blackfoot record their language.", "In the early 20th century, a white woman named Frances Densmore helped the Blackfoot record their language. During the 1950s and 1960s, few Blackfoot spoke the Pikuni language. In order to save their language, the Blackfoot Council asked elders who still knew the language to teach it.", "In order to save their language, the Blackfoot Council asked elders who still knew the language to teach it. The elders had agreed and succeeded in reviving the language, so today the children can learn Pikuni at school or at home. In 1994, the Blackfoot Council accepted Pikuni as the official language.", "In 1994, the Blackfoot Council accepted Pikuni as the official language. The people have revived the Black Lodge Society, responsible for protecting songs and dances of the Blackfoot. They continue to announce the coming of spring by opening five medicine bundles, one at every sound of thunder during the spring.", "They continue to announce the coming of spring by opening five medicine bundles, one at every sound of thunder during the spring. One of the biggest celebrations is called the North American Indian Days. Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in Browning.", "Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in Browning. Lastly, the Sun Dance, which was illegal from the 1890s-1934, has been practiced again for years. While it was illegal, the Blackfoot held it in secret. Since 1934, they have practised it every summer.", "Since 1934, they have practised it every summer. The event lasts eight days – time filled with prayers, dancing, singing, and offerings to honor the Creator. It provides an opportunity for the Blackfoot to get together and share views and ideas with each other, while celebrating their culture's most sacred ceremonies.", "It provides an opportunity for the Blackfoot to get together and share views and ideas with each other, while celebrating their culture's most sacred ceremonies. The Blackfeet Nation in Montana have a blue tribal flag. The flag shows a ceremonial lance or coup stick with 29 feathers.", "The flag shows a ceremonial lance or coup stick with 29 feathers. The center of the flag contains a ring of 32 white and black eagle feathers. Within the ring is an outline map of the Blackfoot Reservation.", "Within the ring is an outline map of the Blackfoot Reservation. Within the map is depicted a warrior's headdress and the words \"Blackfeet Nation\" and \"Pikuni\" (the name of the tribe in the Algonquian native tongue of the Blackfoot).", "Within the map is depicted a warrior's headdress and the words \"Blackfeet Nation\" and \"Pikuni\" (the name of the tribe in the Algonquian native tongue of the Blackfoot). Notable Blackfoot people Elouise Cobell, banker and activist who led the 20th-century lawsuit that forced the US Government to reform individual Indian trusts Byron Chief-Moon, performer and choreographer Crowfoot (ISAPO-MUXIKA – \"Crow Indian's Big Foot\", also known in French as Pied de Corbeau), Chief of the Big Pipes band (later renamed Moccasin band, a splinter band of the Biters band), Head Chief of the South Siksika, by 1870 one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika or the Blackfoot proper Aatsista-Mahkan (\"Running Rabbit\", * about 1833 – d. January 1911), since 1871 Chief of the Biters band (Ai-sik'-stuk-iks) of the Siksika, signed Treaty No.7 in 1877, along with Crowfoot, Old Sun, Red Crow, and other leaders A-ca-oo-mah-ca-ye (Ac ko mok ki, Ak ko mock ki, A'kow-muk-ai – \"Feathers\", since he took the name Old Swan), since about 1820 Chief of the Old Feathers' band, his personal following was known as the Bad Guns band, consisted of about 400 persons, along with Old Sun and Three Suns (No-okskatos) one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika Stu-mick-o-súcks (\"Buffalo Bull's Back Fat\"), Head Chief of the Kainai, had his portrait painted at Fort Union in 1832 Faye HeavyShield, Kainai sculptor and installation artist Joe Hipp, Heavyweight boxer, the first Native American to compete for the WBA World Heavyweight Title.", "Notable Blackfoot people Elouise Cobell, banker and activist who led the 20th-century lawsuit that forced the US Government to reform individual Indian trusts Byron Chief-Moon, performer and choreographer Crowfoot (ISAPO-MUXIKA – \"Crow Indian's Big Foot\", also known in French as Pied de Corbeau), Chief of the Big Pipes band (later renamed Moccasin band, a splinter band of the Biters band), Head Chief of the South Siksika, by 1870 one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika or the Blackfoot proper Aatsista-Mahkan (\"Running Rabbit\", * about 1833 – d. January 1911), since 1871 Chief of the Biters band (Ai-sik'-stuk-iks) of the Siksika, signed Treaty No.7 in 1877, along with Crowfoot, Old Sun, Red Crow, and other leaders A-ca-oo-mah-ca-ye (Ac ko mok ki, Ak ko mock ki, A'kow-muk-ai – \"Feathers\", since he took the name Old Swan), since about 1820 Chief of the Old Feathers' band, his personal following was known as the Bad Guns band, consisted of about 400 persons, along with Old Sun and Three Suns (No-okskatos) one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika Stu-mick-o-súcks (\"Buffalo Bull's Back Fat\"), Head Chief of the Kainai, had his portrait painted at Fort Union in 1832 Faye HeavyShield, Kainai sculptor and installation artist Joe Hipp, Heavyweight boxer, the first Native American to compete for the WBA World Heavyweight Title. Beverly Hungry Wolf, author Stephen Graham Jones, author Earl Old Person (Cold Wind or Changing Home), Blackfoot tribal chairman from 1964-2008 and honorary lifetime chief of the Blackfoot Jerry Potts (1840–1896), (also known as Ky-yo-kosi – \"Bear Child\"), was a Canadian-American plainsman, buffalo hunter, horse trader, interpreter, and scout of Kainai-Scottish descent.", "Beverly Hungry Wolf, author Stephen Graham Jones, author Earl Old Person (Cold Wind or Changing Home), Blackfoot tribal chairman from 1964-2008 and honorary lifetime chief of the Blackfoot Jerry Potts (1840–1896), (also known as Ky-yo-kosi – \"Bear Child\"), was a Canadian-American plainsman, buffalo hunter, horse trader, interpreter, and scout of Kainai-Scottish descent. He identified as Piegan and became a minor Kainai chief.", "He identified as Piegan and became a minor Kainai chief. Steve Reevis, actor who appeared in Fargo, Dances with Wolves, Last of the Dogmen, Comanche Moon and many other films and TV.", "Steve Reevis, actor who appeared in Fargo, Dances with Wolves, Last of the Dogmen, Comanche Moon and many other films and TV. Misty Upham (1982-2014), actress James Welch (1940–2003), Blackfoot-Gros Ventre author The Honourable Eugene Creighton, judge of the Provincial Court of Alberta.", "Misty Upham (1982-2014), actress James Welch (1940–2003), Blackfoot-Gros Ventre author The Honourable Eugene Creighton, judge of the Provincial Court of Alberta. Gyasi Ross, author, attorney, musician and political activist. Representation in other media Hergé's Tintin in America (1932) featured Blackfoot people.", "Representation in other media Hergé's Tintin in America (1932) featured Blackfoot people. Jimmy P (2013) is a Franco-American film exploring the psychoanalysis of a Blackfoot, Jimmy Picard, in the post-World War II period at a veterans' hospital by a Hungarian-French ethnologist and psychoanalyst, George Devereux.", "Jimmy P (2013) is a Franco-American film exploring the psychoanalysis of a Blackfoot, Jimmy Picard, in the post-World War II period at a veterans' hospital by a Hungarian-French ethnologist and psychoanalyst, George Devereux. The screenplay was adapted from his book about this process, published in 1951.", "The screenplay was adapted from his book about this process, published in 1951. See also Blackfeet music Blackfoot language List of Native American peoples in the United States Palliser Region Notes References Citations Sources External links Blackfoot homepage Blackfoot Confederacy Blackfoot Language and the Blackfoot Indian Tribe Map of Blackfeet tribal lands Walter McClintock Glass Lantern Slides Photographs of the Blackfoot, their homelands, material culture, and ceremonies from the collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University Blackfoot Digital Library, project of Red Crow Community College and the University of Lethbridge Blackfoot Anthropological Notes at Dartmouth College Library Algonquian peoples Plains tribes First Nations history Native American history of Montana First Nations in Alberta Native American tribes in Montana Native American tribes in Wyoming" ]

[ "Blackfoot Confederacy", "Early history", "When is the Blackfoot confederacy started ?", "Only one of the Niitsitapi tribes are called Blackfoot or Siksika.", "Does any record exist of the Blackfoots' early history ?", "The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples' moccasins, made of leather. They had typically dyed or painted the soles of their moccasins black." ]

[ "J. D. Blackfoot is a rock musician from Ohio, United states who has been recording since the early 1970s. Along with a couple of hit singles, he won an award for his album The Song of Crazy Horse.\n\nBackground\nThe name J. D. Blackfoot applies to both the singer and the group. Blackfoot was born Benjamin Franklin Van Dervort. Before he made his way in music, he worked in various occupations which included pest extermination, insurance sales and also as a driver. In relation possible confusion about his ethnicity, Blackfoot is not Native American. He is a convert to their plight as a result of discovering it in books while in his 20s.\n\nCareer\n\n1960s to 1990s\nEarly in his career Blackfoot was going by the name Benny Van and was fronting The Ebb Tides, an Ohio band formed in 1963. For a period of time, around 1967 to 1968, the band became known as Tree. In 1969, he reformed the band around his name and the single \"Who's Nuts Alfred\" was released. The single was backed with \"Epitaph For A Head\" and had its release in the US in 1969 on Philips 40625.\n\nIn 1970, his album The Ultimate Prophecy was released on Mercury SR 61288. It contained the songs \"One Time Woman\" and \"Angel\". It was also released in twenty countries.\n\nWith his album behind him and a couple of hits, he headed to New Zealand. In 1972, he arrived there with his wife. Whilst employed by Pye, he got the director Tim Murdoch to allow him to record an album The Song of Crazy Horse. The title track, which ran for 18 minutes, was recorded at Stebbing Studio in Auckland. Musicians who played on the album were Frank Gibson Jr. on drums, Billy Kristian on bass, Mike Walker on piano, Bob Jackson on guitar and Jimmy Sloggett on saxophone. Tony Baker produced the album as well as handling the conducting chores. Producer Baker also contributed saxophone and organ. The album became the Album of the Year, picking up 1974 RATA award.\n\n2000s\nIn the early 2000s Blackfoot returned to New Zealand and while there he recorded the Co-Dependent Dysfunctional You double album. Around the mid-2000s he was still performing throughout the Midwest.\n\nIn 2007 The Ultimate Prophecy was re-released.\n\nIn October, 2016 he was inducted into the “St. Louis Classic Rock Hall of Fame. Even though he was from Columbus, Ohio, the category he was inducted in was the \"Outside Influence\" category for those who have had a great influence on the St. Louis music market. After 50 years of performing, he was calling it quits for performing live. The JD Blackfoot Farewell Concert was announced for May 20, 2017 at the Touhill Anheuser-Busch Performance Hall. Also in 2017, the documentary Never Say Goodbye was released. Along with Rusty Young and Jesse Colin Young, J. D. Blackfoot appeared in it.\n\nDiscography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Website\n AllMusic: J.D. Blackfoot\n Buckeye Beat: J. D. Blackfoot (band)\n Discogs: J.D. Blackfoot\n\nPhilips Records artists\nMercury Records artists", "The Blackfoot or Blackfeet are groups of people from the Blackfoot language-speaking nations who constitute the Blackfoot Confederacy that spans Canada and the United States.\n\nBlackfoot or Blackfeet may also refer to:\n\nPlaces\n\nCanada\n Blackfoot, Alberta\n Blackfoot, British Columbia\n Blackfoot diatreme, a volcanic pipe in British Columbia, Canada\n\nUnited States\n Blackfoot, Idaho\n Blackfoot, Montana\n Blackfoot, Texas\n Blackfoot Creek, a stream in South Dakota\n Blackfoot Glacier, in Montana\n Blackfoot Mountain, in Montana\n Blackfoot Mountains, in Idaho\n Blackfoot River (disambiguation)\n\nOther uses\n Blackfoot language, an Algonquian language spoken by the Blackfoot people\n Sihasapa, or Blackfoot Sioux, an unrelated people\n Blackfoot (band), an American rock band\n Black foot disease of grapevine, a plant disease\n Blackfoot, a fictional character in the Warriors novel series\n J. Blackfoot (1946–2011), American soul singer\n J. D. Blackfoot (born 1944), an American rock musician\n Melampodium, or blackfoots, a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family\n Pied-Noir ('Black Feet'), people of French or European origin born in Algeria during French rule 1830–1962\n Tamiya Blackfoot, a radio-controlled model truck\n\nSee also\n\n Gangrene, a type of tissue death that may change skin black" ]

[ "The Blackfoot Confederacy, Niitsitapi or Siksikaitsitapi (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᒣᑯ, meaning \"the people\" or \"Blackfoot-speaking real people\"), is a historic collective name for linguistically related groups that make up the Blackfoot or Blackfeet people: the Siksika (\"Blackfoot\"), the Kainai or Blood (\"Many Chiefs\"), and two sections of the Peigan or Piikani (\"Splotchy Robe\") – the Northern Piikani (Aapátohsipikáni) and the Southern Piikani (Amskapi Piikani or Pikuni). Broader definitions include groups such as the Tsúùtínà (Sarcee) and A'aninin (Gros Ventre) who spoke quite different languages but allied with or joined the Blackfoot Confederacy.", "Broader definitions include groups such as the Tsúùtínà (Sarcee) and A'aninin (Gros Ventre) who spoke quite different languages but allied with or joined the Blackfoot Confederacy. Historically, the member peoples of the Confederacy were nomadic bison hunters and trout fishermen, who ranged across large areas of the northern Great Plains of western North America, specifically the semi-arid shortgrass prairie ecological region.", "Historically, the member peoples of the Confederacy were nomadic bison hunters and trout fishermen, who ranged across large areas of the northern Great Plains of western North America, specifically the semi-arid shortgrass prairie ecological region. They followed the bison herds as they migrated between what are now the United States and Canada, as far north as the Bow River.", "They followed the bison herds as they migrated between what are now the United States and Canada, as far north as the Bow River. In the first half of the 18th century, they acquired horses and firearms from white traders and their Cree and Assiniboine go-betweens.", "In the first half of the 18th century, they acquired horses and firearms from white traders and their Cree and Assiniboine go-betweens. The Blackfoot used these to expand their territory at the expense of neighboring tribes.", "The Blackfoot used these to expand their territory at the expense of neighboring tribes. Today, three Blackfoot First Nation band governments (the Siksika, Kainai, and Piikani Nations) reside in the Canadian province of Alberta, while the Blackfeet Nation is a federally recognized Native American tribe of Southern Piikani in Montana, United States.", "Today, three Blackfoot First Nation band governments (the Siksika, Kainai, and Piikani Nations) reside in the Canadian province of Alberta, while the Blackfeet Nation is a federally recognized Native American tribe of Southern Piikani in Montana, United States. Additionally, the Gros Ventre are members of the federally recognized Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana in the United States and the Tsuutʼina Nation is a First Nation band government in Alberta, Canada.", "Additionally, the Gros Ventre are members of the federally recognized Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana in the United States and the Tsuutʼina Nation is a First Nation band government in Alberta, Canada. Government The four Blackfoot nations come together to make up what is known as the Blackfoot Confederacy, meaning that they have banded together to help one another.", "Government The four Blackfoot nations come together to make up what is known as the Blackfoot Confederacy, meaning that they have banded together to help one another. The nations have their own separate governments ruled by a head chief, but regularly come together for religious and social celebrations.", "The nations have their own separate governments ruled by a head chief, but regularly come together for religious and social celebrations. Originally the Blackfoot/Plains Confederacy consisted of three peoples (\"nation\", \"tribes\", \"tribal nations\") based on kinship and dialect, but all speaking the common language of Blackfoot, one of the Algonquian languages family.", "Originally the Blackfoot/Plains Confederacy consisted of three peoples (\"nation\", \"tribes\", \"tribal nations\") based on kinship and dialect, but all speaking the common language of Blackfoot, one of the Algonquian languages family. The three were the Piikáni (historically called \"Piegan Blackfeet\" in English-language sources), the Káínaa (called \"Bloods\"), and the Siksikáwa (\"Blackfoot\").", "The three were the Piikáni (historically called \"Piegan Blackfeet\" in English-language sources), the Káínaa (called \"Bloods\"), and the Siksikáwa (\"Blackfoot\"). They later allied with the unrelated Tsuu T'ina (\"Sarcee\"), who became merged into the Confederacy and, (for a time) with the Atsina, or A'aninin (Gros Ventre).", "They later allied with the unrelated Tsuu T'ina (\"Sarcee\"), who became merged into the Confederacy and, (for a time) with the Atsina, or A'aninin (Gros Ventre). Each of these highly decentralized peoples were divided into many bands, which ranged in size from 10 to 30 lodges, or about 80 to 240 persons.", "Each of these highly decentralized peoples were divided into many bands, which ranged in size from 10 to 30 lodges, or about 80 to 240 persons. The band was the basic unit of organization for hunting and defence.", "The band was the basic unit of organization for hunting and defence. The Confederacy occupied a large territory where they hunted and foraged; in the 19th century it was divided by the current Canada–US international border.", "The Confederacy occupied a large territory where they hunted and foraged; in the 19th century it was divided by the current Canada–US international border. But during the late nineteenth century, both governments forced the peoples to end their nomadic traditions and settle on \"Indian reserves\" (Canadian terminology) or \"Indian reservations\" (US terminology).", "But during the late nineteenth century, both governments forced the peoples to end their nomadic traditions and settle on \"Indian reserves\" (Canadian terminology) or \"Indian reservations\" (US terminology). The South Peigan are the only group who chose to settle in Montana.", "The South Peigan are the only group who chose to settle in Montana. The other three Blackfoot-speaking peoples and the Sarcee are located in Alberta. Together, the Blackfoot-speakers call themselves the Niitsítapi (the \"Original People\"). After leaving the Confederacy, the Gros Ventres also settled on a reservation in Montana.", "After leaving the Confederacy, the Gros Ventres also settled on a reservation in Montana. When these peoples were forced to end their nomadic traditions, their social structures changed.", "When these peoples were forced to end their nomadic traditions, their social structures changed. Tribal nations, which had formerly been mostly ethnic associations, were institutionalized as governments (referred to as \"tribes\" in the United States and \"bands\" or \"First Nations\" in Canada).", "Tribal nations, which had formerly been mostly ethnic associations, were institutionalized as governments (referred to as \"tribes\" in the United States and \"bands\" or \"First Nations\" in Canada). The Piegan were divided into the North Peigan in Alberta, and the South Peigan in Montana.", "The Piegan were divided into the North Peigan in Alberta, and the South Peigan in Montana. History The Confederacy had a territory that stretched from the North Saskatchewan River (called Ponoká'sisaahta) along what is now Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada, to the Yellowstone River (called Otahkoiitahtayi) of Montana in the United States, and from the Rocky Mountains (called Miistakistsi) and along the South Saskatchewan River to the present Alberta-Saskatchewan border (called Kaayihkimikoyi), east past the Cypress Hills.", "History The Confederacy had a territory that stretched from the North Saskatchewan River (called Ponoká'sisaahta) along what is now Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada, to the Yellowstone River (called Otahkoiitahtayi) of Montana in the United States, and from the Rocky Mountains (called Miistakistsi) and along the South Saskatchewan River to the present Alberta-Saskatchewan border (called Kaayihkimikoyi), east past the Cypress Hills. They called their tribal territory Niitsitpiis-stahkoii (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᐨᑯᐧ ᓴᐦᖾᐟ)- \"Original People s Land.\"", "They called their tribal territory Niitsitpiis-stahkoii (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᐨᑯᐧ ᓴᐦᖾᐟ)- \"Original People s Land.\" To the east, the Innu and Naskapi called their territory Nitassinan – \"Our Land.\"", "To the east, the Innu and Naskapi called their territory Nitassinan – \"Our Land.\" They had adopted the use of the horse from other Plains tribes, probably by the early eighteenth century, which gave them expanded range and mobility, as well as advantages in hunting.", "They had adopted the use of the horse from other Plains tribes, probably by the early eighteenth century, which gave them expanded range and mobility, as well as advantages in hunting. The basic social unit of the Niitsitapi above the family was the band, varying from about 10 to 30 lodges, about 80 to 241 people.", "The basic social unit of the Niitsitapi above the family was the band, varying from about 10 to 30 lodges, about 80 to 241 people. This size group was large enough to defend against attack and to undertake communal hunts, but was also small enough for flexibility.", "This size group was large enough to defend against attack and to undertake communal hunts, but was also small enough for flexibility. Each band consisted of a respected leader , possibly his brothers and parents, and others who were not related.", "Each band consisted of a respected leader , possibly his brothers and parents, and others who were not related. Since the band was defined by place of residence, rather than by kinship, a person was free to leave one band and join another, which tended to ameliorate leadership disputes.", "Since the band was defined by place of residence, rather than by kinship, a person was free to leave one band and join another, which tended to ameliorate leadership disputes. As well, should a band fall upon hard times, its members could split up and join other bands.", "As well, should a band fall upon hard times, its members could split up and join other bands. In practice, bands were constantly forming and breaking up. The system maximized flexibility and was an ideal organization for a hunting people on the northwestern Great Plains. During the summer, the people assembled for nation gatherings.", "During the summer, the people assembled for nation gatherings. In these large assemblies, warrior societies played an important role for the men. Membership into these societies was based on brave acts and deeds. For almost half the year in the long northern winter, the Niitsitapi lived in their winter camps along a wooded river valley.", "For almost half the year in the long northern winter, the Niitsitapi lived in their winter camps along a wooded river valley. They were located perhaps a day's march apart, not moving camp unless food for the people and horses, or firewood became depleted.", "They were located perhaps a day's march apart, not moving camp unless food for the people and horses, or firewood became depleted. Where there was adequate wood and game resources, some bands would camp together.", "Where there was adequate wood and game resources, some bands would camp together. During this part of the year, buffalo also wintered in wooded areas, where they were partially sheltered from storms and snow. They were easier prey as their movements were hampered.", "They were easier prey as their movements were hampered. In spring the buffalo moved out onto the grasslands to forage on new spring growth. The Blackfoot did not follow immediately, for fear of late blizzards. As dried food or game became depleted, the bands would split up and begin to hunt the buffalo.", "As dried food or game became depleted, the bands would split up and begin to hunt the buffalo. In midsummer, when the chokecherries ripened, the people regrouped for their major ceremony, the Okan (Sun Dance). This was the only time of year when the four nations would assemble.", "This was the only time of year when the four nations would assemble. The gathering reinforced the bonds among the various groups and linked individuals with the nations. Communal buffalo hunts provided food for the people, as well as offerings of the bulls' tongues (a delicacy) for the ceremonies. These ceremonies are sacred to the people.", "These ceremonies are sacred to the people. After the Okan, the people again separated to follow the buffalo. They used the buffalo hides to make their dwellings and temporary tipis. In the fall, the people would gradually shift to their wintering areas.", "In the fall, the people would gradually shift to their wintering areas. The men would prepare the buffalo jumps and pounds for capturing or driving the bison for hunting. Several groups of people might join together at particularly good sites, such as Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump.", "Several groups of people might join together at particularly good sites, such as Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump. As the buffalo were naturally driven into the area by the gradual late summer drying off of the open grasslands, the Blackfoot would carry out great communal buffalo kills.", "As the buffalo were naturally driven into the area by the gradual late summer drying off of the open grasslands, the Blackfoot would carry out great communal buffalo kills. The women processed the buffalo, preparing dried meat, and combining it for nutrition and flavor with dried fruits into pemmican, to last them through winter and other times when hunting was poor.", "The women processed the buffalo, preparing dried meat, and combining it for nutrition and flavor with dried fruits into pemmican, to last them through winter and other times when hunting was poor. At the end of the fall, the Blackfoot would move to their winter camps.", "At the end of the fall, the Blackfoot would move to their winter camps. The women worked the buffalo and other game skins for clothing, as well as to reinforce their dwellings; other elements were used to make warm fur robes, leggings, cords and other needed items.", "The women worked the buffalo and other game skins for clothing, as well as to reinforce their dwellings; other elements were used to make warm fur robes, leggings, cords and other needed items. Animal sinews were used to tie arrow points and lances to throwing sticks, or for bridles for horses.", "Animal sinews were used to tie arrow points and lances to throwing sticks, or for bridles for horses. The Niitsitapi maintained this traditional way of life based on hunting bison, until the near extirpation of the bison by 1881 forced them to adapt their ways of life in response to the encroachment of the European settlers and their descendants.", "The Niitsitapi maintained this traditional way of life based on hunting bison, until the near extirpation of the bison by 1881 forced them to adapt their ways of life in response to the encroachment of the European settlers and their descendants. In the United States, they were restricted to land assigned in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851.", "In the United States, they were restricted to land assigned in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. Nearly three decades later, they were given a distinct reservation in the Sweetgrass Hills Treaty of 1887. In 1877, the Canadian Niitsitapi signed Treaty 7 and settled on reserves in southern Alberta.", "In 1877, the Canadian Niitsitapi signed Treaty 7 and settled on reserves in southern Alberta. This began a period of great struggle and economic hardship; the Niitsitapi had to try to adapt to a completely new way of life. They suffered a high rate of fatalities when exposed to Eurasian diseases, for which they had no natural immunity.", "They suffered a high rate of fatalities when exposed to Eurasian diseases, for which they had no natural immunity. Eventually, they established a viable economy based on farming, ranching, and light industry. Their population has increased to about 16,000 in Canada and 15,000 in the U.S. today.", "Their population has increased to about 16,000 in Canada and 15,000 in the U.S. today. With their new economic stability, the Niitsitapi have been free to adapt their culture and traditions to their new circumstances, renewing their connection to their ancient roots.", "With their new economic stability, the Niitsitapi have been free to adapt their culture and traditions to their new circumstances, renewing their connection to their ancient roots. Early history The Niitsitapi, also known as the Blackfoot or Blackfeet Indians, reside in the Great Plains of Montana and the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.", "Early history The Niitsitapi, also known as the Blackfoot or Blackfeet Indians, reside in the Great Plains of Montana and the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Originally, only one of the Niitsitapi tribes was called Blackfoot or Siksika. The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples' moccasins, made of leather.", "The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples' moccasins, made of leather. They had typically dyed or painted the soles of their moccasins black. One legendary story claimed that the Siksika walked through ashes of prairie fires, which in turn colored the bottoms of their moccasins black.", "One legendary story claimed that the Siksika walked through ashes of prairie fires, which in turn colored the bottoms of their moccasins black. Due to language and cultural patterns, anthropologists believe the Niitsitapi did not originate in the Great Plains of the Midwest North America, but migrated from the upper Northeastern part of the country.", "Due to language and cultural patterns, anthropologists believe the Niitsitapi did not originate in the Great Plains of the Midwest North America, but migrated from the upper Northeastern part of the country. They coalesced as a group while living in the forests of what is now the Northeastern United States.", "They coalesced as a group while living in the forests of what is now the Northeastern United States. They were mostly located around the modern-day border between Canada and the state of Maine. By 1200, the Niitsitapi were moving in search of more land.", "By 1200, the Niitsitapi were moving in search of more land. They moved west and settled for a while north of the Great Lakes in present-day Canada, but had to compete for resources with existing tribes. They left the Great Lakes area and kept moving west.", "They left the Great Lakes area and kept moving west. When they moved, they usually packed their belongings on an A-shaped sled called a travois. The travois was designed for transport over dry land. The Blackfoot had relied on dogs to pull the travois; they did not acquire horses until the 18th century.", "The Blackfoot had relied on dogs to pull the travois; they did not acquire horses until the 18th century. From the Great Lakes area, they continued to move west and eventually settled in the Great Plains.", "From the Great Lakes area, they continued to move west and eventually settled in the Great Plains. The Plains had covered approximately with the Saskatchewan River to the north, the Rio Grande to the south, the Mississippi River to the east, and the Rocky Mountains to the west.", "The Plains had covered approximately with the Saskatchewan River to the north, the Rio Grande to the south, the Mississippi River to the east, and the Rocky Mountains to the west. Adopting the use of the horse, the Niitsitapi established themselves as one of the most powerful Indian tribes on the Plains in the late 18th century, earning themselves the name \"The Lords of the Plains.\"", "Adopting the use of the horse, the Niitsitapi established themselves as one of the most powerful Indian tribes on the Plains in the late 18th century, earning themselves the name \"The Lords of the Plains.\" Niitsitapi stories trace their residence and possession of their plains territory to \"time immemorial.\"", "Niitsitapi stories trace their residence and possession of their plains territory to \"time immemorial.\" Importance and uses of bison The Niitsitapi main source of food on the plains was the American bison (buffalo), the largest mammal in North America, standing about tall and weighing up to .", "Importance and uses of bison The Niitsitapi main source of food on the plains was the American bison (buffalo), the largest mammal in North America, standing about tall and weighing up to . Before the introduction of horses, the Niitsitapi needed other ways to get in range. The buffalo jump was one of the most common ways.", "The buffalo jump was one of the most common ways. The hunters would round up the buffalo into V-shaped pens, and drive them over a cliff (they hunted pronghorn antelopes in the same way). Afterwards the hunters would go to the bottom and take as much meat as they could carry back to camp.", "Afterwards the hunters would go to the bottom and take as much meat as they could carry back to camp. They also used camouflage for hunting. The hunters would take buffalo skins from previous hunting trips and drape them over their bodies to blend in and mask their scent.", "The hunters would take buffalo skins from previous hunting trips and drape them over their bodies to blend in and mask their scent. By subtle moves, the hunters could get close to the herd. When close enough, the hunters would attack with arrows or spears to kill wounded animals.", "When close enough, the hunters would attack with arrows or spears to kill wounded animals. The people used virtually all parts of the body and skin. The women prepared the meat for food: by boiling, roasting or drying for jerky.", "The women prepared the meat for food: by boiling, roasting or drying for jerky. This processed it to last a long time without spoiling, and they depended on bison meat to get through the winters.", "This processed it to last a long time without spoiling, and they depended on bison meat to get through the winters. The winters were long, harsh, and cold due to the lack of trees in the Plains, so people stockpiled meat in summer. As a ritual, hunters often ate the bison heart minutes after the kill.", "As a ritual, hunters often ate the bison heart minutes after the kill. The women tanned and prepared the skins to cover the tepees. These were made of log poles, with the skins draped over it. The tepee remained warm in the winter and cool in the summer, and was a great shield against the wind.", "The tepee remained warm in the winter and cool in the summer, and was a great shield against the wind. The women also made clothing from the skins, such as robes and moccasins, and made soap from the fat.", "The women also made clothing from the skins, such as robes and moccasins, and made soap from the fat. Both men and women made utensils, sewing needles and tools from the bones, using tendon for fastening and binding. The stomach and bladder were cleaned and prepared for use for storing liquids.", "The stomach and bladder were cleaned and prepared for use for storing liquids. Dried bison dung was fuel for the fires. The Niitsitapi considered the animal sacred and integral to their lives. Discovery and uses of horses Up until around 1730, the Blackfoot traveled by foot and used dogs to carry and pull some of their goods.", "Discovery and uses of horses Up until around 1730, the Blackfoot traveled by foot and used dogs to carry and pull some of their goods. They had not seen horses in their previous lands, but were introduced to them on the Plains, as other tribes, such as the Shoshone, had already adopted their use.", "They had not seen horses in their previous lands, but were introduced to them on the Plains, as other tribes, such as the Shoshone, had already adopted their use. They saw the advantages of horses and wanted some. The Blackfoot called the horses ponokamita (elk dogs).", "The Blackfoot called the horses ponokamita (elk dogs). The horses could carry much more weight than dogs and moved at a greater speed. They could be ridden for hunting and travel. Horses revolutionised life on the Great Plains and soon came to be regarded as a measure of wealth.", "Horses revolutionised life on the Great Plains and soon came to be regarded as a measure of wealth. Warriors regularly raided other tribes for their best horses. Horses were generally used as universal standards of barter. Medicine men were paid for cures and healing with horses. Those who designed shields or war bonnets were also paid in horses.", "Those who designed shields or war bonnets were also paid in horses. The men gave horses to those who were owed gifts as well as to the needy. An individual's wealth rose with the number of horses accumulated, but a man did not keep an abundance of them.", "An individual's wealth rose with the number of horses accumulated, but a man did not keep an abundance of them. The individual's prestige and status was judged by the number of horses that he could give away. For the Indians who lived on the Plains, the principal value of property was to share it with others.", "For the Indians who lived on the Plains, the principal value of property was to share it with others. After having driven the hostile Shoshone and Arapaho from the Northwestern Plains, the Niitsitapi began in 1800 a long phase of keen competition in the fur trade with their former Cree allies, which often escalated militarily.", "After having driven the hostile Shoshone and Arapaho from the Northwestern Plains, the Niitsitapi began in 1800 a long phase of keen competition in the fur trade with their former Cree allies, which often escalated militarily. In addition both groups had adapted to using horses about 1730, so by mid-century an adequate supply of horses became a question of survival.", "In addition both groups had adapted to using horses about 1730, so by mid-century an adequate supply of horses became a question of survival. Horse theft was at this stage not only a proof of courage, but often a desperate contribution to survival, for many ethnic groups competed for hunting in the grasslands.", "Horse theft was at this stage not only a proof of courage, but often a desperate contribution to survival, for many ethnic groups competed for hunting in the grasslands. The Cree and Assiniboine continued horse raiding against the Gros Ventre (in Cree: Pawistiko Iyiniwak – \"Rapids People\" – \"People of the Rapids\"), allies of the Niitsitapi.", "The Cree and Assiniboine continued horse raiding against the Gros Ventre (in Cree: Pawistiko Iyiniwak – \"Rapids People\" – \"People of the Rapids\"), allies of the Niitsitapi. The Gros Ventres were also known as Niya Wati Inew, Naywattamee (\"They Live in Holes People\"), because their tribal lands were along the Saskatchewan River Forks (the confluence of North and South Saskatchewan River).", "The Gros Ventres were also known as Niya Wati Inew, Naywattamee (\"They Live in Holes People\"), because their tribal lands were along the Saskatchewan River Forks (the confluence of North and South Saskatchewan River). They had to withstand attacks of enemies with guns.", "They had to withstand attacks of enemies with guns. In retaliation for Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) supplying their enemies with weapons, the Gros Ventre attacked and burned in 1793 South Branch House of the HBC on the South Saskatchewan River near the present village of St. Louis, Saskatchewan.", "In retaliation for Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) supplying their enemies with weapons, the Gros Ventre attacked and burned in 1793 South Branch House of the HBC on the South Saskatchewan River near the present village of St. Louis, Saskatchewan. Then, the tribe moved southward to the Milk River in Montana and allied themselves with the Blackfoot.", "Then, the tribe moved southward to the Milk River in Montana and allied themselves with the Blackfoot. The area between the North Saskatchewan River and Battle River (the name derives from the war fought between these two tribal groups) was the limit of the now warring tribal alliances.", "The area between the North Saskatchewan River and Battle River (the name derives from the war fought between these two tribal groups) was the limit of the now warring tribal alliances. Enemies and warrior culture Blackfoot war parties would ride hundreds of miles on raids. A boy on his first war party was given a silly or derogatory name.", "A boy on his first war party was given a silly or derogatory name. But after he had stolen his first horse or killed an enemy, he was given a name to honor him. Warriors would strive to perform various acts of bravery called counting coup, in order to move up in social rank.", "Warriors would strive to perform various acts of bravery called counting coup, in order to move up in social rank. The coups in order of importance were: taking a gun from a living enemy and or touching him directly; capturing lances, and bows; scalping an enemy; killing an enemy; freeing a tied horse from in front of an enemy lodge; leading a war party; scouting for a war party; stealing headdresses, shields, pipes (sacred ceremonial pipes); and driving a herd of stolen horses back to camp.", "The coups in order of importance were: taking a gun from a living enemy and or touching him directly; capturing lances, and bows; scalping an enemy; killing an enemy; freeing a tied horse from in front of an enemy lodge; leading a war party; scouting for a war party; stealing headdresses, shields, pipes (sacred ceremonial pipes); and driving a herd of stolen horses back to camp. The Niitsitapi were enemies of the Crow, Cheyenne (kiihtsipimiitapi – ″Pinto People″), and Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota) (called pinaapisinaa – \"East Cree\") on the Great Plains; and the Shoshone, Flathead, Kalispel, Kootenai (called kotonáá'wa) and Nez Perce (called komonóítapiikoan) in the mountain country to their west and southwest.", "The Niitsitapi were enemies of the Crow, Cheyenne (kiihtsipimiitapi – ″Pinto People″), and Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota) (called pinaapisinaa – \"East Cree\") on the Great Plains; and the Shoshone, Flathead, Kalispel, Kootenai (called kotonáá'wa) and Nez Perce (called komonóítapiikoan) in the mountain country to their west and southwest. Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were the political/military/trading alliance of the Iron Confederacy or Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Plains Cree: Nehiyaw – 'Cree' and Pwat or Pwat-sak – 'Sioux, i.e.", "Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were the political/military/trading alliance of the Iron Confederacy or Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Plains Cree: Nehiyaw – 'Cree' and Pwat or Pwat-sak – 'Sioux, i.e. Assiniboine') – named after the dominating Plains Cree (called Asinaa) and Assiniboine (called Niitsísinaa – \"Original Cree\").", "Assiniboine') – named after the dominating Plains Cree (called Asinaa) and Assiniboine (called Niitsísinaa – \"Original Cree\"). These included the Stoney (called Saahsáísso'kitaki or Sahsi-sokitaki – ″Sarcee trying to cut″), Saulteaux (or Plains Ojibwe), and Métis to the north, east and southeast.", "These included the Stoney (called Saahsáísso'kitaki or Sahsi-sokitaki – ″Sarcee trying to cut″), Saulteaux (or Plains Ojibwe), and Métis to the north, east and southeast. With the expansion of the Nehiyaw-Pwat to the north, west and southwest, they integrated larger groups of Iroquois, Chipewyan, Danezaa (Dunneza – 'The real (prototypical) people'), Ktunaxa, Flathead, and later Gros Ventre (called atsíína – \"Gut People\" or \"like a Cree\"), in their local groups.", "With the expansion of the Nehiyaw-Pwat to the north, west and southwest, they integrated larger groups of Iroquois, Chipewyan, Danezaa (Dunneza – 'The real (prototypical) people'), Ktunaxa, Flathead, and later Gros Ventre (called atsíína – \"Gut People\" or \"like a Cree\"), in their local groups. Loosely allied with the Nehiyaw-Pwat, but politically independent, were neighboring tribes like the Ktunaxa, Secwepemc and in particular the arch enemy of the Blackfoot, the Crow, or Indian trading partners like the Nez Perce and Flathead.", "Loosely allied with the Nehiyaw-Pwat, but politically independent, were neighboring tribes like the Ktunaxa, Secwepemc and in particular the arch enemy of the Blackfoot, the Crow, or Indian trading partners like the Nez Perce and Flathead. The Shoshone acquired horses much sooner than the Blackfoot and soon occupied much of present-day Alberta, most of Montana, and parts of Wyoming, and raided the Blackfoot frequently.", "The Shoshone acquired horses much sooner than the Blackfoot and soon occupied much of present-day Alberta, most of Montana, and parts of Wyoming, and raided the Blackfoot frequently. Once the Piegan gained access to horses of their own and guns, obtained from the HBC via the Cree and Assiniboine, the situation changed.", "Once the Piegan gained access to horses of their own and guns, obtained from the HBC via the Cree and Assiniboine, the situation changed. By 1787 David Thompson reports that the Blackfoot had completely conquered most of Shoshone territory, and frequently captured Shoshone women and children and forcibly assimilated them into Blackfoot society, further increasing their advantages over the Shoshone.", "By 1787 David Thompson reports that the Blackfoot had completely conquered most of Shoshone territory, and frequently captured Shoshone women and children and forcibly assimilated them into Blackfoot society, further increasing their advantages over the Shoshone. Thompson reports that Blackfoot territory in 1787 was from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the South, and from Rocky Mountains in the west out to a distance of to the east.", "Thompson reports that Blackfoot territory in 1787 was from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the South, and from Rocky Mountains in the west out to a distance of to the east. Between 1790 and 1850, the Nehiyaw-Pwat were at the height of their power; they could successfully defend their territories against the Sioux (Lakota, Nakota and Dakota) and the Niitsitapi Confederacy.", "Between 1790 and 1850, the Nehiyaw-Pwat were at the height of their power; they could successfully defend their territories against the Sioux (Lakota, Nakota and Dakota) and the Niitsitapi Confederacy. During the so-called Buffalo Wars (about 1850 – 1870), they penetrated further and further into the territory from the Niitsitapi Confederacy in search for the buffalo, so that the Piegan were forced to give way in the region of the Missouri River (in Cree: Pikano Sipi – \"Muddy River\", \"Muddy, turbid River\"), the Kainai withdrew to the Bow River and Belly River; only the Siksika could hold their tribal lands along the Red Deer River.", "During the so-called Buffalo Wars (about 1850 – 1870), they penetrated further and further into the territory from the Niitsitapi Confederacy in search for the buffalo, so that the Piegan were forced to give way in the region of the Missouri River (in Cree: Pikano Sipi – \"Muddy River\", \"Muddy, turbid River\"), the Kainai withdrew to the Bow River and Belly River; only the Siksika could hold their tribal lands along the Red Deer River. Around 1870, the alliance between the Blackfoot and the Gros Ventre broke, and the latter began to look to their former enemies, the Southern Assiniboine (or Plains Assiniboine), for protection.", "Around 1870, the alliance between the Blackfoot and the Gros Ventre broke, and the latter began to look to their former enemies, the Southern Assiniboine (or Plains Assiniboine), for protection. First contact with Europeans and the fur trade Anthony Henday of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) met a large Blackfoot group in 1754 in what is now Alberta.", "First contact with Europeans and the fur trade Anthony Henday of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) met a large Blackfoot group in 1754 in what is now Alberta. The Blackfoot had established dealings with traders connected to the Canadian and English fur trade before meeting the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1806.", "The Blackfoot had established dealings with traders connected to the Canadian and English fur trade before meeting the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1806. Lewis and Clark and their men had embarked on mapping the Louisiana Territory and upper Missouri River for the United States government.", "Lewis and Clark and their men had embarked on mapping the Louisiana Territory and upper Missouri River for the United States government. On their return trip from the Pacific Coast, Lewis and three of his men encountered a group of young Blackfoot warriors with a large herd of horses, and it was clear to Meriwether Lewis that they were not far from much larger groups of warriors.", "On their return trip from the Pacific Coast, Lewis and three of his men encountered a group of young Blackfoot warriors with a large herd of horses, and it was clear to Meriwether Lewis that they were not far from much larger groups of warriors. Lewis explained to them that the United States government wanted peace with all Indian nations, and that the US leaders had successfully formed alliances with other Indian nations.", "Lewis explained to them that the United States government wanted peace with all Indian nations, and that the US leaders had successfully formed alliances with other Indian nations. The group camped together that night, and at dawn there was a scuffle as it was discovered that the Blackfoot were trying to steal guns and run off with their horses while the Americans slept.", "The group camped together that night, and at dawn there was a scuffle as it was discovered that the Blackfoot were trying to steal guns and run off with their horses while the Americans slept. In the ensuing struggle, one warrior was fatally stabbed and another shot by Lewis and presumed killed.", "In the ensuing struggle, one warrior was fatally stabbed and another shot by Lewis and presumed killed. In subsequent years, American mountain men trapping in Blackfoot country generally encountered hostility. When John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, returned to Blackfoot country soon after, he barely escaped with his life.", "When John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, returned to Blackfoot country soon after, he barely escaped with his life. In 1809, Colter and his companion were trapping on the Jefferson River by canoe when they were surrounded by hundreds of Blackfoot warriors on horseback on both sides of the river bank.", "In 1809, Colter and his companion were trapping on the Jefferson River by canoe when they were surrounded by hundreds of Blackfoot warriors on horseback on both sides of the river bank. Colter's companion, John Potts, did not surrender and was killed.", "Colter's companion, John Potts, did not surrender and was killed. Colter was stripped of his clothes and forced to run for his life, after being given a head start (famously known in the annals of the West as \"Colter's Run.\")", "Colter was stripped of his clothes and forced to run for his life, after being given a head start (famously known in the annals of the West as \"Colter's Run.\") He eventually escaped by reaching a river five miles away and diving under either an island of driftwood or a beaver dam, where he remained concealed until after nightfall.", "He eventually escaped by reaching a river five miles away and diving under either an island of driftwood or a beaver dam, where he remained concealed until after nightfall. He trekked another 300 miles to a fort.", "He trekked another 300 miles to a fort. In the context of shifting tribal politics due to the spread of horses and guns, the Niitsitapi initially tried to increase their trade with the HBC traders in Rupert's Land whilst blocking access to the HBC by neighboring peoples to the West.", "In the context of shifting tribal politics due to the spread of horses and guns, the Niitsitapi initially tried to increase their trade with the HBC traders in Rupert's Land whilst blocking access to the HBC by neighboring peoples to the West. But the HBC trade eventually reached into what is now inland British Columbia.", "But the HBC trade eventually reached into what is now inland British Columbia. By the late 1820s, [this prompted] the Niitsitapiksi, and in particular the Piikani, whose territory was rich in beaver, [to] temporarily put aside cultural prohibitions and environmental constraints to trap enormous numbers of these animals and, in turn, receive greater quantities of trade items.", "By the late 1820s, [this prompted] the Niitsitapiksi, and in particular the Piikani, whose territory was rich in beaver, [to] temporarily put aside cultural prohibitions and environmental constraints to trap enormous numbers of these animals and, in turn, receive greater quantities of trade items. The HBC encouraged Niitsitapiksi to trade by setting up posts on the North Saskatchewan River, on the northern boundary of their territory.", "The HBC encouraged Niitsitapiksi to trade by setting up posts on the North Saskatchewan River, on the northern boundary of their territory. In the 1830s the Rocky Mountain region and the wider Saskatchewan District were the HBC's most profitable, and Rocky Mountain House was the HBC's busiest post. It was primarily used by the Piikani.", "It was primarily used by the Piikani. Other Niitsitapiksi nations traded more in pemmican and buffalo skins than beaver, and visited other posts such as Fort Edmonton. Meanwhile, in 1822 the American Fur Company entered the Upper Missouri region from the south for the first time, without Niitsitapiksi permission.", "Meanwhile, in 1822 the American Fur Company entered the Upper Missouri region from the south for the first time, without Niitsitapiksi permission. This led to tensions and conflict until 1830, when peaceful trade was established.", "This led to tensions and conflict until 1830, when peaceful trade was established. This was followed by the opening of Fort Piegan as the first American trading post in Niitsitapi territory in 1831, joined by Fort MacKenzie in 1833.", "This was followed by the opening of Fort Piegan as the first American trading post in Niitsitapi territory in 1831, joined by Fort MacKenzie in 1833. The Americans offered better terms of trade and were more interested in buffalo skins than the HBC, which brought them more trade from the Niitsitapi.", "The Americans offered better terms of trade and were more interested in buffalo skins than the HBC, which brought them more trade from the Niitsitapi. The HBC responded by building Bow Fort (Peigan Post) on the Bow River in 1832, but it was not a success.", "The HBC responded by building Bow Fort (Peigan Post) on the Bow River in 1832, but it was not a success. In 1833, German explorer Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied and Swiss painter Karl Bodmer spent months with the Niitsitapi to get a sense of their culture. Bodmer portrayed their society in paintings and drawings.", "Bodmer portrayed their society in paintings and drawings. Contact with the Europeans caused a spread of infectious diseases to the Niitsitapi, mostly cholera and smallpox. In one instance in 1837, an American Fur Company steamboat, the St. Peter's, was headed to Fort Union and several passengers contracted smallpox on the way.", "In one instance in 1837, an American Fur Company steamboat, the St. Peter's, was headed to Fort Union and several passengers contracted smallpox on the way. They continued to send a smaller vessel with supplies farther up the river to posts among the Niitsitapi.", "They continued to send a smaller vessel with supplies farther up the river to posts among the Niitsitapi. The Niitsitapi contracted the disease and eventually 6,000 died, marking an end to their dominance among tribes over the Plains.", "The Niitsitapi contracted the disease and eventually 6,000 died, marking an end to their dominance among tribes over the Plains. The Hudson's Bay Company did not require or help their employees get vaccinated; the English doctor Edward Jenner had developed a technique 41 years before but its use was not yet widespread.", "The Hudson's Bay Company did not require or help their employees get vaccinated; the English doctor Edward Jenner had developed a technique 41 years before but its use was not yet widespread. Indian Wars Like many other Great Plains Indian nations, the Niitsitapi often had hostile relationships with white settlers.", "Indian Wars Like many other Great Plains Indian nations, the Niitsitapi often had hostile relationships with white settlers. Despite the hostilities, the Blackfoot stayed largely out of the Great Plains Indian Wars, neither fighting against nor scouting for the United States army.", "Despite the hostilities, the Blackfoot stayed largely out of the Great Plains Indian Wars, neither fighting against nor scouting for the United States army. One of their friendly bands, however, was attacked by mistake and nearly destroyed by the US Army in the Marias Massacre on 23 January 1870, undertaken as an action to suppress violence against settlers.", "One of their friendly bands, however, was attacked by mistake and nearly destroyed by the US Army in the Marias Massacre on 23 January 1870, undertaken as an action to suppress violence against settlers. A friendly relationship with the North-West Mounted Police and learning of the brutality of the Marias Massacre discouraged the Blackfoot from engaging in wars against Canada and the United States.", "A friendly relationship with the North-West Mounted Police and learning of the brutality of the Marias Massacre discouraged the Blackfoot from engaging in wars against Canada and the United States. When the Lakota, together with their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies, were fighting the United States Army, they sent runners into Blackfoot territory, urging them to join the fight.", "When the Lakota, together with their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies, were fighting the United States Army, they sent runners into Blackfoot territory, urging them to join the fight. Crowfoot, one of the most influential Blackfoot chiefs, dismissed the Lakota messengers.", "Crowfoot, one of the most influential Blackfoot chiefs, dismissed the Lakota messengers. He threatened to ally with the NWMP to fight them if they came north into Blackfoot country again. News of Crowfoot's loyalty reached Ottawa and from there London; Queen Victoria praised Crowfoot and the Blackfoot for their loyalty.", "News of Crowfoot's loyalty reached Ottawa and from there London; Queen Victoria praised Crowfoot and the Blackfoot for their loyalty. Despite his threats, Crowfoot later met those Lakota who had fled with Sitting Bull into Canada after defeating George Armstrong Custer and his battalion at the Battle of Little Big Horn.", "Despite his threats, Crowfoot later met those Lakota who had fled with Sitting Bull into Canada after defeating George Armstrong Custer and his battalion at the Battle of Little Big Horn. Crowfoot considered the Lakota then to be refugees and was sympathetic to their strife, but retained his anti-war stance.", "Crowfoot considered the Lakota then to be refugees and was sympathetic to their strife, but retained his anti-war stance. Sitting Bull and Crowfoot fostered peace between the two nations by a ceremonial offering of tobacco, ending hostilities between them. Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him.", "Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him. The Blackfoot also chose to stay out of the North- West Rebellion, led by the famous Métis leader Louis Riel. Louis Riel and his men added to the already unsettled conditions facing the Blackfoot by camping near them.", "Louis Riel and his men added to the already unsettled conditions facing the Blackfoot by camping near them. They tried to spread discontent with the government and gain a powerful ally. The North-West Rebellion was made up mostly of Métis, Assiniboine (Nakota) and Plains Cree, who all fought against European encroachment and destruction of Bison herds.", "The North-West Rebellion was made up mostly of Métis, Assiniboine (Nakota) and Plains Cree, who all fought against European encroachment and destruction of Bison herds. The Plains Cree were one of the Blackfoot's most hated enemies; however, the two nations made peace when Crowfoot adopted Poundmaker, an influential Cree chief and great peacemaker, as his son.", "The Plains Cree were one of the Blackfoot's most hated enemies; however, the two nations made peace when Crowfoot adopted Poundmaker, an influential Cree chief and great peacemaker, as his son. Although he refused to fight, Crowfoot had sympathy for those with the rebellion, especially the Cree led by such notable chiefs as Poundmaker, Big Bear, Wandering Spirit and Fine-Day.", "Although he refused to fight, Crowfoot had sympathy for those with the rebellion, especially the Cree led by such notable chiefs as Poundmaker, Big Bear, Wandering Spirit and Fine-Day. When news of continued Blackfoot neutrality reached Ottawa, Lord Lansdowne, the governor general, expressed his thanks to Crowfoot again on behalf of the Queen back in London.", "When news of continued Blackfoot neutrality reached Ottawa, Lord Lansdowne, the governor general, expressed his thanks to Crowfoot again on behalf of the Queen back in London. The cabinet of John A. Macdonald (the current Prime Minister of Canada at the time) gave Crowfoot a round of applause.", "The cabinet of John A. Macdonald (the current Prime Minister of Canada at the time) gave Crowfoot a round of applause. Hardships of the Niitsitapi During the mid-1800s, the Niitsitapi faced a dwindling food supply, as European-American hunters were hired by the U.S government to kill bison so the Blackfeet would remain in their reservation.", "Hardships of the Niitsitapi During the mid-1800s, the Niitsitapi faced a dwindling food supply, as European-American hunters were hired by the U.S government to kill bison so the Blackfeet would remain in their reservation. Settlers were also encroaching on their territory. Without the buffalo, the Niitsitapi were forced to depend on the United States government for food supplies.", "Without the buffalo, the Niitsitapi were forced to depend on the United States government for food supplies. In 1855, the Niitsitapi chief Lame Bull made a peace treaty with the United States government. The Lame Bull Treaty promised the Niitsitapi $20,000 annually in goods and services in exchange for their moving onto a reservation.", "The Lame Bull Treaty promised the Niitsitapi $20,000 annually in goods and services in exchange for their moving onto a reservation. In 1860, very few buffalo were left, and the Niitsitapi became completely dependent on government supplies. Often the food was spoiled by the time they received it, or supplies failed to arrive at all.", "Often the food was spoiled by the time they received it, or supplies failed to arrive at all. Hungry and desperate, Blackfoot raided white settlements for food and supplies, and outlaws on both sides stirred up trouble.", "Hungry and desperate, Blackfoot raided white settlements for food and supplies, and outlaws on both sides stirred up trouble. Events were catalyzed by Owl Child, a young Piegan warrior who stole a herd of horses in 1867 from an American trader named Malcolm Clarke.", "Events were catalyzed by Owl Child, a young Piegan warrior who stole a herd of horses in 1867 from an American trader named Malcolm Clarke. Clarke retaliated by tracking Owl Child down and severely beating him in full view of Owl Child's camp, and humiliating him.", "Clarke retaliated by tracking Owl Child down and severely beating him in full view of Owl Child's camp, and humiliating him. According to Piegan oral history, Clarke had also raped Owl Child's wife. But, Clarke was long married to Coth-co-co-na, a Piegan woman who was Owl Child's cousin.", "But, Clarke was long married to Coth-co-co-na, a Piegan woman who was Owl Child's cousin. The raped woman gave birth to a child as a result of the rape, which oral history said was stillborn or killed by band elders.", "The raped woman gave birth to a child as a result of the rape, which oral history said was stillborn or killed by band elders. Two years after the beating, in 1869 Owl Child and some associates killed Clarke at his ranch after dinner, and severely wounded his son Horace.", "Two years after the beating, in 1869 Owl Child and some associates killed Clarke at his ranch after dinner, and severely wounded his son Horace. Public outcry from news of the event led to General Philip Sheridan to dispatch a band of cavalry, led by Major Eugene Baker, to find Owl Child and his camp and punish them.", "Public outcry from news of the event led to General Philip Sheridan to dispatch a band of cavalry, led by Major Eugene Baker, to find Owl Child and his camp and punish them. On 23 January 1870, a camp of Piegan Indians were spotted by army scouts and reported to the dispatched cavalry, but it was mistakenly identified as a hostile band.", "On 23 January 1870, a camp of Piegan Indians were spotted by army scouts and reported to the dispatched cavalry, but it was mistakenly identified as a hostile band. Around 200 soldiers surrounded the camp the following morning and prepared for an ambush.", "Around 200 soldiers surrounded the camp the following morning and prepared for an ambush. Before the command to fire, the chief Heavy Runner was alerted to soldiers on the snowy bluffs above the encampment. He walked toward them, carrying his safe-conduct paper.", "He walked toward them, carrying his safe-conduct paper. Heavy Runner and his band of Piegans shared peace between American settlers and troops at the time of the event.", "Heavy Runner and his band of Piegans shared peace between American settlers and troops at the time of the event. Heavy Runner was shot and killed by army scout Joe Cobell, whose wife was part of the camp of the hostile Mountain Chief, further along the river, from whom he wanted to divert attention.", "Heavy Runner was shot and killed by army scout Joe Cobell, whose wife was part of the camp of the hostile Mountain Chief, further along the river, from whom he wanted to divert attention. Fellow scout Joe Kipp had realized the error and tried to signal the troops.", "Fellow scout Joe Kipp had realized the error and tried to signal the troops. He was threatened by the cavalry for reporting that the people they attacked were friendly. Following the death of Heavy Runner, the soldiers attacked the camp.", "Following the death of Heavy Runner, the soldiers attacked the camp. According to their count, they killed 173 Piegan and suffered just one U.S Army soldier casualty, who fell off his horse and broke his leg, dying of complications.", "According to their count, they killed 173 Piegan and suffered just one U.S Army soldier casualty, who fell off his horse and broke his leg, dying of complications. Most of the victims were women, children and the elderly, as most of the younger men were out hunting.", "Most of the victims were women, children and the elderly, as most of the younger men were out hunting. The Army took 140 Piegan prisoner and then released them. With their camp and belongings destroyed, they suffered terribly from exposure, making their way as refugees to Fort Benton.", "With their camp and belongings destroyed, they suffered terribly from exposure, making their way as refugees to Fort Benton. As reports of the massacre gradually were learned in the east, members of the United States congress and press were outraged. General William Sherman reported that most of the killed were warriors under Mountain Chief.", "General William Sherman reported that most of the killed were warriors under Mountain Chief. An official investigation never occurred, and no official monument marks the spot of the massacre. Compared to events such as the massacres at Wounded Knee and Sand Creek, the Marias Massacre remains largely unknown.", "Compared to events such as the massacres at Wounded Knee and Sand Creek, the Marias Massacre remains largely unknown. But, it confirmed President Ulysses S. Grant in his decision not to allow the Army to take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as it had been suggesting to combat corruption among Indian agents.", "But, it confirmed President Ulysses S. Grant in his decision not to allow the Army to take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as it had been suggesting to combat corruption among Indian agents. Grant chose to appoint numerous Quakers to those positions as he pursued a peace policy with Native Americans.", "Grant chose to appoint numerous Quakers to those positions as he pursued a peace policy with Native Americans. The Cree and Assiniboine also suffered from the dwindling herds of the buffalo. By 1850 herds were found almost exclusively on the territory of the Blackfoot.", "By 1850 herds were found almost exclusively on the territory of the Blackfoot. Therefore, in 1870 various Nehiyaw-Pwat bands began a final effort to get hold of their prey, by beginning a war. They hoped to defeat the Blackfoot weakened by smallpox and attacked a camp near Fort Whoop-Up (called Akaisakoyi – \"Many Dead\").", "They hoped to defeat the Blackfoot weakened by smallpox and attacked a camp near Fort Whoop-Up (called Akaisakoyi – \"Many Dead\"). But they were defeated in the so-called Battle of the Belly River (near Lethbridge, called Assini-etomochi – \"where we slaughtered the Cree\") and lost over 300 warriors.", "But they were defeated in the so-called Battle of the Belly River (near Lethbridge, called Assini-etomochi – \"where we slaughtered the Cree\") and lost over 300 warriors. The next winter the hunger compelled them to negotiate with the Niitsitapi, with whom they made a final lasting peace.", "The next winter the hunger compelled them to negotiate with the Niitsitapi, with whom they made a final lasting peace. The United States passed laws that adversely affected the Niitsitapi. In 1874, the US Congress voted to change the Niitsitapi reservation borders without discussing it with the Niitsitapi.", "In 1874, the US Congress voted to change the Niitsitapi reservation borders without discussing it with the Niitsitapi. They received no other land or compensation for the land lost, and in response, the Kainai, Siksika, and Piegan moved to Canada; only the Pikuni remained in Montana.", "They received no other land or compensation for the land lost, and in response, the Kainai, Siksika, and Piegan moved to Canada; only the Pikuni remained in Montana. The winter of 1883–1884 became known as \"Starvation Winter\" because no government supplies came in, and the buffalo were gone.", "The winter of 1883–1884 became known as \"Starvation Winter\" because no government supplies came in, and the buffalo were gone. That winter, 600 Niitsitapi died of hunger. In efforts to assimilate the Native Americans to European-American ways, in 1898, the government dismantled tribal governments and outlawed the practice of traditional Indian religions.", "In efforts to assimilate the Native Americans to European-American ways, in 1898, the government dismantled tribal governments and outlawed the practice of traditional Indian religions. They required Blackfoot children to go to boarding schools, where they were forbidden to speak their native language, practise customs, or wear traditional clothing.", "They required Blackfoot children to go to boarding schools, where they were forbidden to speak their native language, practise customs, or wear traditional clothing. In 1907, the United States government adopted a policy of allotment of reservation land to individual heads of families to encourage family farming and break up the communal tribal lands.", "In 1907, the United States government adopted a policy of allotment of reservation land to individual heads of families to encourage family farming and break up the communal tribal lands. Each household received a farm, and the government declared the remainder \"surplus\" to the tribe's needs. It put it up for sale for development.", "It put it up for sale for development. The allotments were too small to support farming on the arid plains. A 1919 drought destroyed crops and increased the cost of beef. Many Indians were forced to sell their allotted land and pay taxes which the government said they owed.", "Many Indians were forced to sell their allotted land and pay taxes which the government said they owed. In 1934 the Indian Reorganization Act, passed by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, ended allotments and allowed the tribes to choose their own government. They were also allowed to practise their cultures.", "They were also allowed to practise their cultures. In 1935, the Blackfeet Nation of Montana began a Tribal Business Council. After that, they wrote and passed their own Constitution, with an elected representative government. Culture Electing a leader Family was highly valued by the Blackfoot Indians.", "Culture Electing a leader Family was highly valued by the Blackfoot Indians. For traveling, they also split into bands of 20-30 people, but would come together for times of celebration. They valued leadership skills and chose the chiefs who would run their settlements wisely.", "They valued leadership skills and chose the chiefs who would run their settlements wisely. During times of peace, the people would elect a peace chief, meaning someone who could lead the people and improve relations with other tribes.", "During times of peace, the people would elect a peace chief, meaning someone who could lead the people and improve relations with other tribes. The title of war chief could not be gained through election and needed to be earned by successfully performing various acts of bravery including touching a living enemy.", "The title of war chief could not be gained through election and needed to be earned by successfully performing various acts of bravery including touching a living enemy. Blackfoot bands often had minor chiefs in addition to an appointed head chief.", "Blackfoot bands often had minor chiefs in addition to an appointed head chief. Societies Within the Blackfoot nation, there were different societies to which people belonged, each of which had functions for the tribe. Young people were invited into societies after proving themselves by recognized passages and rituals.", "Young people were invited into societies after proving themselves by recognized passages and rituals. For instance, young men had to perform a vision quest, begun by a spiritual cleansing in a sweat lodge. They went out from the camp alone for four days of fasting and praying.", "They went out from the camp alone for four days of fasting and praying. Their main goal was to see a vision that would explain their future. After having the vision, a youth returned to the village ready to join society. In a warrior society, the men had to be prepared for battle.", "In a warrior society, the men had to be prepared for battle. Again, the warriors would prepare by spiritual cleansing, then paint themselves symbolically; they often painted their horses for war as well.", "Again, the warriors would prepare by spiritual cleansing, then paint themselves symbolically; they often painted their horses for war as well. Leaders of the warrior society carried spears or lances called a coup stick, which was decorated with feathers, skin, and other tokens.", "Leaders of the warrior society carried spears or lances called a coup stick, which was decorated with feathers, skin, and other tokens. They won prestige by \"counting coup\", tapping the enemy with the stick and getting away. Members of the religious society protected sacred Blackfoot items and conducted religious ceremonies.", "Members of the religious society protected sacred Blackfoot items and conducted religious ceremonies. They blessed the warriors before battle. Their major ceremony was the Sun Dance, or Medicine Lodge Ceremony. By engaging in the Sun Dance, their prayers would be carried up to the Creator, who would bless them with well-being and abundance of buffalo.", "By engaging in the Sun Dance, their prayers would be carried up to the Creator, who would bless them with well-being and abundance of buffalo. Women's societies also had important responsibilities for the communal tribe.", "Women's societies also had important responsibilities for the communal tribe. They designed refined quillwork on clothing and ceremonial shields, helped prepare for battle, prepared skins and cloth to make clothing, cared for the children and taught them tribal ways, skinned and tanned the leathers used for clothing and other purposes, prepared fresh and dried foods, and performed ceremonies to help hunters in their journeys.", "They designed refined quillwork on clothing and ceremonial shields, helped prepare for battle, prepared skins and cloth to make clothing, cared for the children and taught them tribal ways, skinned and tanned the leathers used for clothing and other purposes, prepared fresh and dried foods, and performed ceremonies to help hunters in their journeys. Ethnobotany Sage and sweet grass are both used by Blackfoot and other Plains tribes for ceremonial purposes and are considered sacred plants.", "Ethnobotany Sage and sweet grass are both used by Blackfoot and other Plains tribes for ceremonial purposes and are considered sacred plants. Sage and sweet grass are burned with the user inhaling and covering themselves in the smoke in a process known widely as smudging. Sage is said to rid the body of negative emotions such as anger.", "Sage is said to rid the body of negative emotions such as anger. Sweet grass is said to draw in positive energy. Both are used for purification purposes. The pleasant and natural odor of the burning grass is said to attract spirits. Sweet grass is prepared for ceremony by braiding the stems together then drying them before burning.", "Sweet grass is prepared for ceremony by braiding the stems together then drying them before burning. Sweet grass is also often present and burned in pipe-smoking mixtures alongside bearberry and red willow plants. The smoke from the pipe is said to carry the users prayers up to the creator with the rising smoke.", "The smoke from the pipe is said to carry the users prayers up to the creator with the rising smoke. Large medicine bags often decorated with ornate beaded designs were used by medicine men to carry sage, sweet grass, and other important plants.", "Large medicine bags often decorated with ornate beaded designs were used by medicine men to carry sage, sweet grass, and other important plants. Blackfoot also used sweet grass smoke, or sachets of sweet grass in their clothing, as an effective insect repellent.", "Blackfoot also used sweet grass smoke, or sachets of sweet grass in their clothing, as an effective insect repellent. They apply a poultice of chewed roots Asclepias viridiflora to swellings, to \"diarrhea rash\", to rashes, to the sore gums of nursing infants and to sore eyes.", "They apply a poultice of chewed roots Asclepias viridiflora to swellings, to \"diarrhea rash\", to rashes, to the sore gums of nursing infants and to sore eyes. They also chew the root of Asclepias viridiflora for sore throats, and use the plant to spice soups, and use the fresh roots for food.", "They also chew the root of Asclepias viridiflora for sore throats, and use the plant to spice soups, and use the fresh roots for food. They make use of Viola adunca, applying an infusion of the roots and leaves to sore and swollen joints, giving an infusion of the leaves and roots to asthmatic children, and using the plant to dye their arrows blue.", "They make use of Viola adunca, applying an infusion of the roots and leaves to sore and swollen joints, giving an infusion of the leaves and roots to asthmatic children, and using the plant to dye their arrows blue. They put Carex in moccasins to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions.", "They put Carex in moccasins to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions. Marriage In the Blackfoot culture, men were responsible for choosing their marriage partners, but women had the choice to accept them or not. The male had to show the woman's father his skills as a hunter or warrior.", "The male had to show the woman's father his skills as a hunter or warrior. If the father was impressed and approved of the marriage, the man and woman would exchange gifts of horses and clothing and were considered married. The married couple would reside in their own tipi or with the husband's family.", "The married couple would reside in their own tipi or with the husband's family. Although the man was permitted more than one wife, typically he only chose one. In cases of more than one wife, quite often the male would choose a sister of the wife, believing that sisters would not argue as much as total strangers.", "In cases of more than one wife, quite often the male would choose a sister of the wife, believing that sisters would not argue as much as total strangers. Responsibilities and clothing In a typical Blackfoot family, the father would go out and hunt and bring back supplies that the family might need.", "Responsibilities and clothing In a typical Blackfoot family, the father would go out and hunt and bring back supplies that the family might need. The mother would stay close to home and watch over the children while the father was out. The children were taught basic survival skills and culture as they grew up.", "The children were taught basic survival skills and culture as they grew up. It was generally said that both boys and girls learned to ride horses early. Boys would usually play with toy bows and arrows until they were old enough to learn how to hunt.", "Boys would usually play with toy bows and arrows until they were old enough to learn how to hunt. They would also play a popular game called shinny, which later became known as ice hockey. They used a long curved wooden stick to knock a ball, made of baked clay covered with buckskin, over a goal line.", "They used a long curved wooden stick to knock a ball, made of baked clay covered with buckskin, over a goal line. Girls were given a doll to play with, which also doubled as a learning tool because it was fashioned with typical tribal clothing and designs and also taught the young women how to care for a child.", "Girls were given a doll to play with, which also doubled as a learning tool because it was fashioned with typical tribal clothing and designs and also taught the young women how to care for a child. As they grew older, more responsibilities were placed upon their shoulders.", "As they grew older, more responsibilities were placed upon their shoulders. The girls were then taught to cook, prepare hides for leather, and gather wild plants and berries. The boys were held accountable for going out with their father to prepare food by means of hunting.", "The boys were held accountable for going out with their father to prepare food by means of hunting. Typically clothing was made primarily of softened and tanned antelope and deer hides. The women would make and decorate the clothes for everyone in the tribe.", "The women would make and decorate the clothes for everyone in the tribe. Men wore moccasins, long leggings that went up to their hips, a loincloth, and a belt. Occasionally they would wear shirts but generally they would wrap buffalo robes around their shoulders.", "Occasionally they would wear shirts but generally they would wrap buffalo robes around their shoulders. The distinguished men of bravery would wear a necklace made of grizzly bear claws. Boys dressed much like the older males, wearing leggings, loincloths, moccasins, and occasionally an undecorated shirt.", "Boys dressed much like the older males, wearing leggings, loincloths, moccasins, and occasionally an undecorated shirt. They kept warm by wearing a buffalo robe over their shoulders or over their heads if it became cold. Women and girls wore dresses made from two or three deerskins.", "Women and girls wore dresses made from two or three deerskins. The women wore decorative earrings and bracelets made from sea shells, obtained through trade with distant tribes, or different types of metal.", "The women wore decorative earrings and bracelets made from sea shells, obtained through trade with distant tribes, or different types of metal. They would sometimes wear beads in their hair or paint the part in their hair red, which signified that they were old enough to bear children.", "They would sometimes wear beads in their hair or paint the part in their hair red, which signified that they were old enough to bear children. Headdresses Similar to other Indigenous Peoples of the Great Plains, the Blackfoot developed a variety of different headdresses that incorporated elements of creatures important to them; these served different purposes and symbolized different associations.", "Headdresses Similar to other Indigenous Peoples of the Great Plains, the Blackfoot developed a variety of different headdresses that incorporated elements of creatures important to them; these served different purposes and symbolized different associations. The typical war bonnet was made from eagle feathers, because the bird was considered powerful.", "The typical war bonnet was made from eagle feathers, because the bird was considered powerful. It was worn by prestigious warriors and chiefs (including war-chiefs) of the Blackfoot. The straight-up headdress is a uniquely Blackfoot headdress that, like the war bonnet, is made with eagle feathers.", "The straight-up headdress is a uniquely Blackfoot headdress that, like the war bonnet, is made with eagle feathers. The feathers on the straight-up headdress point directly straight upwards from the rim (hence the name). Often a red plume is attached to the front of the headdress; it also points straight upward.", "Often a red plume is attached to the front of the headdress; it also points straight upward. The split-horn headdress was very popular among Northern Plains Indians, particularly those nations of the Blackfoot Confederacy. Many warrior societies, including the Horn Society of the Blackfoot, wore the split-horn headdress.", "Many warrior societies, including the Horn Society of the Blackfoot, wore the split-horn headdress. The split-horn headdress was made from a single bison horn, split in two and reshaped as slimmer versions of a full-sized bison horn, and polished. The horns were attached to a beaded, rimmed felt hat.", "The horns were attached to a beaded, rimmed felt hat. Furs from weasels (taken when carrying heavy winter coats) were attached to the top of the headdress, and dangled from the sides. The side furs were often finished with bead work where attached to the headdress.", "The side furs were often finished with bead work where attached to the headdress. A similar headdress, called the antelope horn headdress, was made in a similar fashion using the horn or horns from a pronghorn antelope. Blackfoot men, particularly warriors, sometimes wore a roach made from porcupine hair.", "Blackfoot men, particularly warriors, sometimes wore a roach made from porcupine hair. The hairs of the porcupine are most often dyed red. Eagle and other bird feathers were occasionally attached to the roach. Buffalo scalps, often with horns still attached and often with a beaded rim, were also worn.", "Buffalo scalps, often with horns still attached and often with a beaded rim, were also worn. Fur \"turbans\" made from soft animal fur (most often otter) were also popular. Buffalo scalps and fur turbans were worn in the winter to protect the head from the cold.", "Buffalo scalps and fur turbans were worn in the winter to protect the head from the cold. The Blackfoot have continued to wear traditional headdresses at special ceremonies. They are worn mostly by elected chiefs, members of various traditional societies (including the Horn, Crazy Dog and Motokik societies), powwow dancers and spiritual leaders.", "They are worn mostly by elected chiefs, members of various traditional societies (including the Horn, Crazy Dog and Motokik societies), powwow dancers and spiritual leaders. Sun and the Moon One of the most famous traditions held by the Blackfoot is their story of sun and the moon.", "Sun and the Moon One of the most famous traditions held by the Blackfoot is their story of sun and the moon. It starts with a family of a man, wife, and two sons, who live off berries and other food they can gather, as they have no bows and arrows, or other tools.", "It starts with a family of a man, wife, and two sons, who live off berries and other food they can gather, as they have no bows and arrows, or other tools. The man had a dream: he was told by the Creator Napi, Napiu, or Napioa (depending on the band) to get a large spider web and put it on the trail where the animals roamed, and they would get caught up and could be easily killed with the stone axe he had.", "The man had a dream: he was told by the Creator Napi, Napiu, or Napioa (depending on the band) to get a large spider web and put it on the trail where the animals roamed, and they would get caught up and could be easily killed with the stone axe he had. The man had done so and saw that it was true.", "The man had done so and saw that it was true. One day, he came home from bringing in some fresh meat from the trail and discovered his wife to be applying perfume on herself. He thought that she must have another lover since she never did this before.", "He thought that she must have another lover since she never did this before. He then told his wife that he was going to move a web and asked if she could bring in the meat and wood he had left outside from a previous hunt. She had reluctantly gone out and passed over a hill.", "She had reluctantly gone out and passed over a hill. The wife looked back three times and saw her husband in the same place she had left him, so she continued on to retrieve the meat. The father then asked his children if they went with their mother to find wood, but they never had.", "The father then asked his children if they went with their mother to find wood, but they never had. However they knew the location in which she retrieved it from. The man set out and found the timber along with a den of rattlesnakes, one of which was his wife's lover.", "The man set out and found the timber along with a den of rattlesnakes, one of which was his wife's lover. He set the timber on fire and killed the snakes. He knew by doing this that his wife would become enraged, so the man returned home.", "He knew by doing this that his wife would become enraged, so the man returned home. He told the children to flee and gave them a stick, stone, and moss to use if their mother chased after them. He remained at the house and put a web over his front door.", "He remained at the house and put a web over his front door. The wife tried to get in but became stuck and had her leg cut off. She then put her head through and he cut that off also. While the body followed the husband to the creek, the head followed the children.", "While the body followed the husband to the creek, the head followed the children. The oldest boy saw the head behind them and threw the stick. The stick turned into a great forest. The head made it through, so the younger brother instructed the elder to throw the stone.", "The head made it through, so the younger brother instructed the elder to throw the stone. He did so, and where the stone landed a huge mountain popped up. It spanned from big water (ocean) to big water and the head was forced to go through it, not around.", "It spanned from big water (ocean) to big water and the head was forced to go through it, not around. The head met a group of rams and said to them she would marry their chief if they butted their way through the mountain.", "The head met a group of rams and said to them she would marry their chief if they butted their way through the mountain. The chief agreed and they butted until their horns were worn down, but this still was not through.", "The chief agreed and they butted until their horns were worn down, but this still was not through. She then asked the ants if they could burrow through the mountain with the same stipulations, it was agreed and they get her the rest of the way through.", "She then asked the ants if they could burrow through the mountain with the same stipulations, it was agreed and they get her the rest of the way through. The children were far ahead, but eventually saw the head rolling behind them. The boys wet the moss and wrung it out behind themselves.", "The boys wet the moss and wrung it out behind themselves. They were then in a different land. The country they had just left was now surrounded by water. The head rolled into the water and drowned. They decided to build a raft and head back.", "They decided to build a raft and head back. Once they returned to their land, they discovered that it was occupied by the crows and the snakes so they decided to split up. One brother was simple and went north to discover what he could and make people.", "One brother was simple and went north to discover what he could and make people. The other was smart and went south to make white people and taught them valuable skills. The simple brother created the Blackfeet. He became known as Left Hand, and later by the Blackfeet as Old Man.", "He became known as Left Hand, and later by the Blackfeet as Old Man. The woman still chases the man: she is the moon and he is the sun, and if she ever catches him, it will always be night. Blackfoot creation story The creation myth is part of the oral history of the Blackfoot nation.", "Blackfoot creation story The creation myth is part of the oral history of the Blackfoot nation. It was said that in the beginning, Napio floated on a log with four animals. The animals were: Mameo (fish), Matcekups (frog), Maniskeo (lizard), and Sopeo (turtle).", "The animals were: Mameo (fish), Matcekups (frog), Maniskeo (lizard), and Sopeo (turtle). Napio sent all of them into the deep water, one after another. The first three had gone down and returned with nothing.", "The first three had gone down and returned with nothing. The turtle went down and retrieved mud from the bottom and gave it to Napio. He took the mud and rolled it in his hand and created the earth. He let it roll out of his hand and over time, it has grown to what it is today.", "He let it roll out of his hand and over time, it has grown to what it is today. After he created the earth, he created women first, followed by men. He had them living separately from one another.", "He had them living separately from one another. The men were shy and afraid, but Napio said to them to not fear and take one as their wife. They had done as he asked, and Napio continued to create the buffalo and bows and arrows for the people so that they could hunt them.", "They had done as he asked, and Napio continued to create the buffalo and bows and arrows for the people so that they could hunt them. People Ethnic divisions The largest ethnic group in the Confederacy is the Piegan, also spelled Peigan or Pikuni. Their name derives from the Blackfoot term Piikáni.", "Their name derives from the Blackfoot term Piikáni. They are divided into the Piikani Nation (Aapátohsipikáni (\"the companion up there\") or simply Piikáni) in present-day Alberta, and the South Peigan or Piegan Blackfeet (Aamsskáápipikani) in Montana, United States.", "They are divided into the Piikani Nation (Aapátohsipikáni (\"the companion up there\") or simply Piikáni) in present-day Alberta, and the South Peigan or Piegan Blackfeet (Aamsskáápipikani) in Montana, United States. A once large and mighty division of the Piegan were the Inuk'sik (\"the humans\") of southwestern Montana.", "A once large and mighty division of the Piegan were the Inuk'sik (\"the humans\") of southwestern Montana. Today they survive only as a clan or band of the South Peigan. The modern Kainai Nation is named for the Blackfoot-language term Káínaa, meaning \"Many Chief people\".", "The modern Kainai Nation is named for the Blackfoot-language term Káínaa, meaning \"Many Chief people\". These were historically also called the \"Blood,\" from a Plains Cree name for the Kainai: Miko-Ew, meaning \"stained with blood\" (i.e. \"the bloodthirsty, cruel\").", "\"the bloodthirsty, cruel\"). The common English name for the tribe is Blood or the Blood tribe. The Siksika Nation's name derives from Siksikáwa, meaning \"Those of like\". The Siksika also call themselves Sao-kitapiiksi, meaning \"Plains People\".", "The Siksika also call themselves Sao-kitapiiksi, meaning \"Plains People\". The Sarcee call themselves the Tsu T'ina, meaning \"a great number of people.\" During early years of conflict, the Blackfoot called them Saahsi or Sarsi, \"the stubborn ones\", in their language.", "During early years of conflict, the Blackfoot called them Saahsi or Sarsi, \"the stubborn ones\", in their language. The Sarcee are from an entirely different language family; they are part of the Athabascan or Dené language family, most of whose members are located in the Subarctic of Northern Canada.", "The Sarcee are from an entirely different language family; they are part of the Athabascan or Dené language family, most of whose members are located in the Subarctic of Northern Canada. Specifically, the Sarcee are an offshoot of the Beaver (Danezaa) people, who migrated south onto the plains sometime in the early eighteenth century.", "Specifically, the Sarcee are an offshoot of the Beaver (Danezaa) people, who migrated south onto the plains sometime in the early eighteenth century. They later joined the Confederacy and essentially merged with the Pikuni (\"Once had\").", "They later joined the Confederacy and essentially merged with the Pikuni (\"Once had\"). The Gros Ventre people call themselves the Haaninin (\"white clay people\"), also spelled A'aninin.", "The Gros Ventre people call themselves the Haaninin (\"white clay people\"), also spelled A'aninin. The French called them Gros Ventres (\"fat bellies\"), misinterpreting a physical sign for waterfall; and the English called them the Fall Indians, related to waterfalls in the mountains.", "The French called them Gros Ventres (\"fat bellies\"), misinterpreting a physical sign for waterfall; and the English called them the Fall Indians, related to waterfalls in the mountains. The Blackfoot referred to them as the Piik-siik-sii-naa (\"snakes\") or Atsina (\"like a Cree\"), because of years of enmity.", "The Blackfoot referred to them as the Piik-siik-sii-naa (\"snakes\") or Atsina (\"like a Cree\"), because of years of enmity. Early scholars thought the A'aninin were related to the Arapaho Nation, who inhabited the Missouri Plains and moved west to Colorado and Wyoming.", "Early scholars thought the A'aninin were related to the Arapaho Nation, who inhabited the Missouri Plains and moved west to Colorado and Wyoming. They were allied with the Confederacy from circa 1793 to 1861, but came to disagreement and were enemies of it thereafter.", "They were allied with the Confederacy from circa 1793 to 1861, but came to disagreement and were enemies of it thereafter. Modern communities Economy and services Today, many of the Blackfoot live on reserves in Canada. About 8,500 live on the Montana reservation of .", "About 8,500 live on the Montana reservation of . In 1896, the Blackfoot sold a large portion of their land to the United States government, which hoped to find gold or copper deposits. No such mineral deposits were found. In 1910, the land was set aside as Glacier National Park.", "In 1910, the land was set aside as Glacier National Park. Some Blackfoot work there and occasional Native American ceremonies are held there. Unemployment is a challenging problem on the Blackfeet Reservation and on Canadian Blackfoot reserves, because of their isolation from major urban areas.", "Unemployment is a challenging problem on the Blackfeet Reservation and on Canadian Blackfoot reserves, because of their isolation from major urban areas. Many people work as farmers, but there are not enough other jobs nearby. To find work, many Blackfoot have relocated from the reservation to towns and cities.", "To find work, many Blackfoot have relocated from the reservation to towns and cities. Some companies pay the Blackfoot governments to lease use of lands for extracting oil, natural gas, and other resources.", "Some companies pay the Blackfoot governments to lease use of lands for extracting oil, natural gas, and other resources. The nations have operated such businesses such as the Blackfoot Writing Company, a pen and pencil factory, which opened in 1972, but it closed in the late 1990s.", "The nations have operated such businesses such as the Blackfoot Writing Company, a pen and pencil factory, which opened in 1972, but it closed in the late 1990s. In Canada, the Northern Piegan make traditional craft clothing and moccasins, and the Kainai operate a shopping center and factory.", "In Canada, the Northern Piegan make traditional craft clothing and moccasins, and the Kainai operate a shopping center and factory. In 1974, the Blackfoot Community College, a tribal college, opened in Browning, Montana. The school is also the location of the tribal headquarters.", "The school is also the location of the tribal headquarters. As of 1979, the Montana state government requires all public school teachers on or near the reservation to have a background in American Indian studies. In 1986, the Kainai Nation opened the Red Crow Community College in Stand Off, Alberta.", "In 1986, the Kainai Nation opened the Red Crow Community College in Stand Off, Alberta. In 1989, the Siksika tribe in Canada completed the construction of a high school to go along with its elementary school. Traditional culture The Blackfoot continue many cultural traditions of the past and hope to extend their ancestors' traditions to their children.", "Traditional culture The Blackfoot continue many cultural traditions of the past and hope to extend their ancestors' traditions to their children. They want to teach their children the Pikuni language as well as other traditional knowledge. In the early 20th century, a white woman named Frances Densmore helped the Blackfoot record their language.", "In the early 20th century, a white woman named Frances Densmore helped the Blackfoot record their language. During the 1950s and 1960s, few Blackfoot spoke the Pikuni language. In order to save their language, the Blackfoot Council asked elders who still knew the language to teach it.", "In order to save their language, the Blackfoot Council asked elders who still knew the language to teach it. The elders had agreed and succeeded in reviving the language, so today the children can learn Pikuni at school or at home. In 1994, the Blackfoot Council accepted Pikuni as the official language.", "In 1994, the Blackfoot Council accepted Pikuni as the official language. The people have revived the Black Lodge Society, responsible for protecting songs and dances of the Blackfoot. They continue to announce the coming of spring by opening five medicine bundles, one at every sound of thunder during the spring.", "They continue to announce the coming of spring by opening five medicine bundles, one at every sound of thunder during the spring. One of the biggest celebrations is called the North American Indian Days. Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in Browning.", "Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in Browning. Lastly, the Sun Dance, which was illegal from the 1890s-1934, has been practiced again for years. While it was illegal, the Blackfoot held it in secret. Since 1934, they have practised it every summer.", "Since 1934, they have practised it every summer. The event lasts eight days – time filled with prayers, dancing, singing, and offerings to honor the Creator. It provides an opportunity for the Blackfoot to get together and share views and ideas with each other, while celebrating their culture's most sacred ceremonies.", "It provides an opportunity for the Blackfoot to get together and share views and ideas with each other, while celebrating their culture's most sacred ceremonies. The Blackfeet Nation in Montana have a blue tribal flag. The flag shows a ceremonial lance or coup stick with 29 feathers.", "The flag shows a ceremonial lance or coup stick with 29 feathers. The center of the flag contains a ring of 32 white and black eagle feathers. Within the ring is an outline map of the Blackfoot Reservation.", "Within the ring is an outline map of the Blackfoot Reservation. Within the map is depicted a warrior's headdress and the words \"Blackfeet Nation\" and \"Pikuni\" (the name of the tribe in the Algonquian native tongue of the Blackfoot).", "Within the map is depicted a warrior's headdress and the words \"Blackfeet Nation\" and \"Pikuni\" (the name of the tribe in the Algonquian native tongue of the Blackfoot). Notable Blackfoot people Elouise Cobell, banker and activist who led the 20th-century lawsuit that forced the US Government to reform individual Indian trusts Byron Chief-Moon, performer and choreographer Crowfoot (ISAPO-MUXIKA – \"Crow Indian's Big Foot\", also known in French as Pied de Corbeau), Chief of the Big Pipes band (later renamed Moccasin band, a splinter band of the Biters band), Head Chief of the South Siksika, by 1870 one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika or the Blackfoot proper Aatsista-Mahkan (\"Running Rabbit\", * about 1833 – d. January 1911), since 1871 Chief of the Biters band (Ai-sik'-stuk-iks) of the Siksika, signed Treaty No.7 in 1877, along with Crowfoot, Old Sun, Red Crow, and other leaders A-ca-oo-mah-ca-ye (Ac ko mok ki, Ak ko mock ki, A'kow-muk-ai – \"Feathers\", since he took the name Old Swan), since about 1820 Chief of the Old Feathers' band, his personal following was known as the Bad Guns band, consisted of about 400 persons, along with Old Sun and Three Suns (No-okskatos) one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika Stu-mick-o-súcks (\"Buffalo Bull's Back Fat\"), Head Chief of the Kainai, had his portrait painted at Fort Union in 1832 Faye HeavyShield, Kainai sculptor and installation artist Joe Hipp, Heavyweight boxer, the first Native American to compete for the WBA World Heavyweight Title.", "Notable Blackfoot people Elouise Cobell, banker and activist who led the 20th-century lawsuit that forced the US Government to reform individual Indian trusts Byron Chief-Moon, performer and choreographer Crowfoot (ISAPO-MUXIKA – \"Crow Indian's Big Foot\", also known in French as Pied de Corbeau), Chief of the Big Pipes band (later renamed Moccasin band, a splinter band of the Biters band), Head Chief of the South Siksika, by 1870 one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika or the Blackfoot proper Aatsista-Mahkan (\"Running Rabbit\", * about 1833 – d. January 1911), since 1871 Chief of the Biters band (Ai-sik'-stuk-iks) of the Siksika, signed Treaty No.7 in 1877, along with Crowfoot, Old Sun, Red Crow, and other leaders A-ca-oo-mah-ca-ye (Ac ko mok ki, Ak ko mock ki, A'kow-muk-ai – \"Feathers\", since he took the name Old Swan), since about 1820 Chief of the Old Feathers' band, his personal following was known as the Bad Guns band, consisted of about 400 persons, along with Old Sun and Three Suns (No-okskatos) one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika Stu-mick-o-súcks (\"Buffalo Bull's Back Fat\"), Head Chief of the Kainai, had his portrait painted at Fort Union in 1832 Faye HeavyShield, Kainai sculptor and installation artist Joe Hipp, Heavyweight boxer, the first Native American to compete for the WBA World Heavyweight Title. Beverly Hungry Wolf, author Stephen Graham Jones, author Earl Old Person (Cold Wind or Changing Home), Blackfoot tribal chairman from 1964-2008 and honorary lifetime chief of the Blackfoot Jerry Potts (1840–1896), (also known as Ky-yo-kosi – \"Bear Child\"), was a Canadian-American plainsman, buffalo hunter, horse trader, interpreter, and scout of Kainai-Scottish descent.", "Beverly Hungry Wolf, author Stephen Graham Jones, author Earl Old Person (Cold Wind or Changing Home), Blackfoot tribal chairman from 1964-2008 and honorary lifetime chief of the Blackfoot Jerry Potts (1840–1896), (also known as Ky-yo-kosi – \"Bear Child\"), was a Canadian-American plainsman, buffalo hunter, horse trader, interpreter, and scout of Kainai-Scottish descent. He identified as Piegan and became a minor Kainai chief.", "He identified as Piegan and became a minor Kainai chief. Steve Reevis, actor who appeared in Fargo, Dances with Wolves, Last of the Dogmen, Comanche Moon and many other films and TV.", "Steve Reevis, actor who appeared in Fargo, Dances with Wolves, Last of the Dogmen, Comanche Moon and many other films and TV. Misty Upham (1982-2014), actress James Welch (1940–2003), Blackfoot-Gros Ventre author The Honourable Eugene Creighton, judge of the Provincial Court of Alberta.", "Misty Upham (1982-2014), actress James Welch (1940–2003), Blackfoot-Gros Ventre author The Honourable Eugene Creighton, judge of the Provincial Court of Alberta. Gyasi Ross, author, attorney, musician and political activist. Representation in other media Hergé's Tintin in America (1932) featured Blackfoot people.", "Representation in other media Hergé's Tintin in America (1932) featured Blackfoot people. Jimmy P (2013) is a Franco-American film exploring the psychoanalysis of a Blackfoot, Jimmy Picard, in the post-World War II period at a veterans' hospital by a Hungarian-French ethnologist and psychoanalyst, George Devereux.", "Jimmy P (2013) is a Franco-American film exploring the psychoanalysis of a Blackfoot, Jimmy Picard, in the post-World War II period at a veterans' hospital by a Hungarian-French ethnologist and psychoanalyst, George Devereux. The screenplay was adapted from his book about this process, published in 1951.", "The screenplay was adapted from his book about this process, published in 1951. See also Blackfeet music Blackfoot language List of Native American peoples in the United States Palliser Region Notes References Citations Sources External links Blackfoot homepage Blackfoot Confederacy Blackfoot Language and the Blackfoot Indian Tribe Map of Blackfeet tribal lands Walter McClintock Glass Lantern Slides Photographs of the Blackfoot, their homelands, material culture, and ceremonies from the collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University Blackfoot Digital Library, project of Red Crow Community College and the University of Lethbridge Blackfoot Anthropological Notes at Dartmouth College Library Algonquian peoples Plains tribes First Nations history Native American history of Montana First Nations in Alberta Native American tribes in Montana Native American tribes in Wyoming" ]

[ "Blackfoot Confederacy", "Early history", "When is the Blackfoot confederacy started ?", "Only one of the Niitsitapi tribes are called Blackfoot or Siksika.", "Does any record exist of the Blackfoots' early history ?", "The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples' moccasins, made of leather. They had typically dyed or painted the soles of their moccasins black.", "How did the Blackfoot early society worked ?", "Due to language and cultural patterns, anthropologists believe the Niitsitapi did not originate in the Great Plains of the Midwest North America," ]

[ "Where Do You Think You're Going may refer to:\n\n\"Where Do You Think You're Going\", a song by Johnny Mathis from the 1959 album Faithfully\n\"Where Do You Think You're Going?\", song by Dire Straits from 1979 album Communiqué\n\"Where Do You Think You're Going\", song by Shania Twain from the deluxe edition of the 2017 album Now", "The succedaneous teeth are the permanent teeth that replace the deciduous teeth. Permanent molars are not succedaneous teeth because they do not replace any primary teeth. Succedaneous teeth originate from successional laminae whereas permanent molars originate from the general dental lamina. \n\nBegin to form as early as 24 weeks.\n\nSee also\nDental anatomy.\n\nReferences\n^ Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson. Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion. 8th edition. 2003. p. 3. .\n\nTypes of teeth" ]

[ "The Blackfoot Confederacy, Niitsitapi or Siksikaitsitapi (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᒣᑯ, meaning \"the people\" or \"Blackfoot-speaking real people\"), is a historic collective name for linguistically related groups that make up the Blackfoot or Blackfeet people: the Siksika (\"Blackfoot\"), the Kainai or Blood (\"Many Chiefs\"), and two sections of the Peigan or Piikani (\"Splotchy Robe\") – the Northern Piikani (Aapátohsipikáni) and the Southern Piikani (Amskapi Piikani or Pikuni). Broader definitions include groups such as the Tsúùtínà (Sarcee) and A'aninin (Gros Ventre) who spoke quite different languages but allied with or joined the Blackfoot Confederacy.", "Broader definitions include groups such as the Tsúùtínà (Sarcee) and A'aninin (Gros Ventre) who spoke quite different languages but allied with or joined the Blackfoot Confederacy. Historically, the member peoples of the Confederacy were nomadic bison hunters and trout fishermen, who ranged across large areas of the northern Great Plains of western North America, specifically the semi-arid shortgrass prairie ecological region.", "Historically, the member peoples of the Confederacy were nomadic bison hunters and trout fishermen, who ranged across large areas of the northern Great Plains of western North America, specifically the semi-arid shortgrass prairie ecological region. They followed the bison herds as they migrated between what are now the United States and Canada, as far north as the Bow River.", "They followed the bison herds as they migrated between what are now the United States and Canada, as far north as the Bow River. In the first half of the 18th century, they acquired horses and firearms from white traders and their Cree and Assiniboine go-betweens.", "In the first half of the 18th century, they acquired horses and firearms from white traders and their Cree and Assiniboine go-betweens. The Blackfoot used these to expand their territory at the expense of neighboring tribes.", "The Blackfoot used these to expand their territory at the expense of neighboring tribes. Today, three Blackfoot First Nation band governments (the Siksika, Kainai, and Piikani Nations) reside in the Canadian province of Alberta, while the Blackfeet Nation is a federally recognized Native American tribe of Southern Piikani in Montana, United States.", "Today, three Blackfoot First Nation band governments (the Siksika, Kainai, and Piikani Nations) reside in the Canadian province of Alberta, while the Blackfeet Nation is a federally recognized Native American tribe of Southern Piikani in Montana, United States. Additionally, the Gros Ventre are members of the federally recognized Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana in the United States and the Tsuutʼina Nation is a First Nation band government in Alberta, Canada.", "Additionally, the Gros Ventre are members of the federally recognized Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana in the United States and the Tsuutʼina Nation is a First Nation band government in Alberta, Canada. Government The four Blackfoot nations come together to make up what is known as the Blackfoot Confederacy, meaning that they have banded together to help one another.", "Government The four Blackfoot nations come together to make up what is known as the Blackfoot Confederacy, meaning that they have banded together to help one another. The nations have their own separate governments ruled by a head chief, but regularly come together for religious and social celebrations.", "The nations have their own separate governments ruled by a head chief, but regularly come together for religious and social celebrations. Originally the Blackfoot/Plains Confederacy consisted of three peoples (\"nation\", \"tribes\", \"tribal nations\") based on kinship and dialect, but all speaking the common language of Blackfoot, one of the Algonquian languages family.", "Originally the Blackfoot/Plains Confederacy consisted of three peoples (\"nation\", \"tribes\", \"tribal nations\") based on kinship and dialect, but all speaking the common language of Blackfoot, one of the Algonquian languages family. The three were the Piikáni (historically called \"Piegan Blackfeet\" in English-language sources), the Káínaa (called \"Bloods\"), and the Siksikáwa (\"Blackfoot\").", "The three were the Piikáni (historically called \"Piegan Blackfeet\" in English-language sources), the Káínaa (called \"Bloods\"), and the Siksikáwa (\"Blackfoot\"). They later allied with the unrelated Tsuu T'ina (\"Sarcee\"), who became merged into the Confederacy and, (for a time) with the Atsina, or A'aninin (Gros Ventre).", "They later allied with the unrelated Tsuu T'ina (\"Sarcee\"), who became merged into the Confederacy and, (for a time) with the Atsina, or A'aninin (Gros Ventre). Each of these highly decentralized peoples were divided into many bands, which ranged in size from 10 to 30 lodges, or about 80 to 240 persons.", "Each of these highly decentralized peoples were divided into many bands, which ranged in size from 10 to 30 lodges, or about 80 to 240 persons. The band was the basic unit of organization for hunting and defence.", "The band was the basic unit of organization for hunting and defence. The Confederacy occupied a large territory where they hunted and foraged; in the 19th century it was divided by the current Canada–US international border.", "The Confederacy occupied a large territory where they hunted and foraged; in the 19th century it was divided by the current Canada–US international border. But during the late nineteenth century, both governments forced the peoples to end their nomadic traditions and settle on \"Indian reserves\" (Canadian terminology) or \"Indian reservations\" (US terminology).", "But during the late nineteenth century, both governments forced the peoples to end their nomadic traditions and settle on \"Indian reserves\" (Canadian terminology) or \"Indian reservations\" (US terminology). The South Peigan are the only group who chose to settle in Montana.", "The South Peigan are the only group who chose to settle in Montana. The other three Blackfoot-speaking peoples and the Sarcee are located in Alberta. Together, the Blackfoot-speakers call themselves the Niitsítapi (the \"Original People\"). After leaving the Confederacy, the Gros Ventres also settled on a reservation in Montana.", "After leaving the Confederacy, the Gros Ventres also settled on a reservation in Montana. When these peoples were forced to end their nomadic traditions, their social structures changed.", "When these peoples were forced to end their nomadic traditions, their social structures changed. Tribal nations, which had formerly been mostly ethnic associations, were institutionalized as governments (referred to as \"tribes\" in the United States and \"bands\" or \"First Nations\" in Canada).", "Tribal nations, which had formerly been mostly ethnic associations, were institutionalized as governments (referred to as \"tribes\" in the United States and \"bands\" or \"First Nations\" in Canada). The Piegan were divided into the North Peigan in Alberta, and the South Peigan in Montana.", "The Piegan were divided into the North Peigan in Alberta, and the South Peigan in Montana. History The Confederacy had a territory that stretched from the North Saskatchewan River (called Ponoká'sisaahta) along what is now Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada, to the Yellowstone River (called Otahkoiitahtayi) of Montana in the United States, and from the Rocky Mountains (called Miistakistsi) and along the South Saskatchewan River to the present Alberta-Saskatchewan border (called Kaayihkimikoyi), east past the Cypress Hills.", "History The Confederacy had a territory that stretched from the North Saskatchewan River (called Ponoká'sisaahta) along what is now Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada, to the Yellowstone River (called Otahkoiitahtayi) of Montana in the United States, and from the Rocky Mountains (called Miistakistsi) and along the South Saskatchewan River to the present Alberta-Saskatchewan border (called Kaayihkimikoyi), east past the Cypress Hills. They called their tribal territory Niitsitpiis-stahkoii (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᐨᑯᐧ ᓴᐦᖾᐟ)- \"Original People s Land.\"", "They called their tribal territory Niitsitpiis-stahkoii (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᐨᑯᐧ ᓴᐦᖾᐟ)- \"Original People s Land.\" To the east, the Innu and Naskapi called their territory Nitassinan – \"Our Land.\"", "To the east, the Innu and Naskapi called their territory Nitassinan – \"Our Land.\" They had adopted the use of the horse from other Plains tribes, probably by the early eighteenth century, which gave them expanded range and mobility, as well as advantages in hunting.", "They had adopted the use of the horse from other Plains tribes, probably by the early eighteenth century, which gave them expanded range and mobility, as well as advantages in hunting. The basic social unit of the Niitsitapi above the family was the band, varying from about 10 to 30 lodges, about 80 to 241 people.", "The basic social unit of the Niitsitapi above the family was the band, varying from about 10 to 30 lodges, about 80 to 241 people. This size group was large enough to defend against attack and to undertake communal hunts, but was also small enough for flexibility.", "This size group was large enough to defend against attack and to undertake communal hunts, but was also small enough for flexibility. Each band consisted of a respected leader , possibly his brothers and parents, and others who were not related.", "Each band consisted of a respected leader , possibly his brothers and parents, and others who were not related. Since the band was defined by place of residence, rather than by kinship, a person was free to leave one band and join another, which tended to ameliorate leadership disputes.", "Since the band was defined by place of residence, rather than by kinship, a person was free to leave one band and join another, which tended to ameliorate leadership disputes. As well, should a band fall upon hard times, its members could split up and join other bands.", "As well, should a band fall upon hard times, its members could split up and join other bands. In practice, bands were constantly forming and breaking up. The system maximized flexibility and was an ideal organization for a hunting people on the northwestern Great Plains. During the summer, the people assembled for nation gatherings.", "During the summer, the people assembled for nation gatherings. In these large assemblies, warrior societies played an important role for the men. Membership into these societies was based on brave acts and deeds. For almost half the year in the long northern winter, the Niitsitapi lived in their winter camps along a wooded river valley.", "For almost half the year in the long northern winter, the Niitsitapi lived in their winter camps along a wooded river valley. They were located perhaps a day's march apart, not moving camp unless food for the people and horses, or firewood became depleted.", "They were located perhaps a day's march apart, not moving camp unless food for the people and horses, or firewood became depleted. Where there was adequate wood and game resources, some bands would camp together.", "Where there was adequate wood and game resources, some bands would camp together. During this part of the year, buffalo also wintered in wooded areas, where they were partially sheltered from storms and snow. They were easier prey as their movements were hampered.", "They were easier prey as their movements were hampered. In spring the buffalo moved out onto the grasslands to forage on new spring growth. The Blackfoot did not follow immediately, for fear of late blizzards. As dried food or game became depleted, the bands would split up and begin to hunt the buffalo.", "As dried food or game became depleted, the bands would split up and begin to hunt the buffalo. In midsummer, when the chokecherries ripened, the people regrouped for their major ceremony, the Okan (Sun Dance). This was the only time of year when the four nations would assemble.", "This was the only time of year when the four nations would assemble. The gathering reinforced the bonds among the various groups and linked individuals with the nations. Communal buffalo hunts provided food for the people, as well as offerings of the bulls' tongues (a delicacy) for the ceremonies. These ceremonies are sacred to the people.", "These ceremonies are sacred to the people. After the Okan, the people again separated to follow the buffalo. They used the buffalo hides to make their dwellings and temporary tipis. In the fall, the people would gradually shift to their wintering areas.", "In the fall, the people would gradually shift to their wintering areas. The men would prepare the buffalo jumps and pounds for capturing or driving the bison for hunting. Several groups of people might join together at particularly good sites, such as Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump.", "Several groups of people might join together at particularly good sites, such as Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump. As the buffalo were naturally driven into the area by the gradual late summer drying off of the open grasslands, the Blackfoot would carry out great communal buffalo kills.", "As the buffalo were naturally driven into the area by the gradual late summer drying off of the open grasslands, the Blackfoot would carry out great communal buffalo kills. The women processed the buffalo, preparing dried meat, and combining it for nutrition and flavor with dried fruits into pemmican, to last them through winter and other times when hunting was poor.", "The women processed the buffalo, preparing dried meat, and combining it for nutrition and flavor with dried fruits into pemmican, to last them through winter and other times when hunting was poor. At the end of the fall, the Blackfoot would move to their winter camps.", "At the end of the fall, the Blackfoot would move to their winter camps. The women worked the buffalo and other game skins for clothing, as well as to reinforce their dwellings; other elements were used to make warm fur robes, leggings, cords and other needed items.", "The women worked the buffalo and other game skins for clothing, as well as to reinforce their dwellings; other elements were used to make warm fur robes, leggings, cords and other needed items. Animal sinews were used to tie arrow points and lances to throwing sticks, or for bridles for horses.", "Animal sinews were used to tie arrow points and lances to throwing sticks, or for bridles for horses. The Niitsitapi maintained this traditional way of life based on hunting bison, until the near extirpation of the bison by 1881 forced them to adapt their ways of life in response to the encroachment of the European settlers and their descendants.", "The Niitsitapi maintained this traditional way of life based on hunting bison, until the near extirpation of the bison by 1881 forced them to adapt their ways of life in response to the encroachment of the European settlers and their descendants. In the United States, they were restricted to land assigned in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851.", "In the United States, they were restricted to land assigned in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. Nearly three decades later, they were given a distinct reservation in the Sweetgrass Hills Treaty of 1887. In 1877, the Canadian Niitsitapi signed Treaty 7 and settled on reserves in southern Alberta.", "In 1877, the Canadian Niitsitapi signed Treaty 7 and settled on reserves in southern Alberta. This began a period of great struggle and economic hardship; the Niitsitapi had to try to adapt to a completely new way of life. They suffered a high rate of fatalities when exposed to Eurasian diseases, for which they had no natural immunity.", "They suffered a high rate of fatalities when exposed to Eurasian diseases, for which they had no natural immunity. Eventually, they established a viable economy based on farming, ranching, and light industry. Their population has increased to about 16,000 in Canada and 15,000 in the U.S. today.", "Their population has increased to about 16,000 in Canada and 15,000 in the U.S. today. With their new economic stability, the Niitsitapi have been free to adapt their culture and traditions to their new circumstances, renewing their connection to their ancient roots.", "With their new economic stability, the Niitsitapi have been free to adapt their culture and traditions to their new circumstances, renewing their connection to their ancient roots. Early history The Niitsitapi, also known as the Blackfoot or Blackfeet Indians, reside in the Great Plains of Montana and the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.", "Early history The Niitsitapi, also known as the Blackfoot or Blackfeet Indians, reside in the Great Plains of Montana and the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Originally, only one of the Niitsitapi tribes was called Blackfoot or Siksika. The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples' moccasins, made of leather.", "The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples' moccasins, made of leather. They had typically dyed or painted the soles of their moccasins black. One legendary story claimed that the Siksika walked through ashes of prairie fires, which in turn colored the bottoms of their moccasins black.", "One legendary story claimed that the Siksika walked through ashes of prairie fires, which in turn colored the bottoms of their moccasins black. Due to language and cultural patterns, anthropologists believe the Niitsitapi did not originate in the Great Plains of the Midwest North America, but migrated from the upper Northeastern part of the country.", "Due to language and cultural patterns, anthropologists believe the Niitsitapi did not originate in the Great Plains of the Midwest North America, but migrated from the upper Northeastern part of the country. They coalesced as a group while living in the forests of what is now the Northeastern United States.", "They coalesced as a group while living in the forests of what is now the Northeastern United States. They were mostly located around the modern-day border between Canada and the state of Maine. By 1200, the Niitsitapi were moving in search of more land.", "By 1200, the Niitsitapi were moving in search of more land. They moved west and settled for a while north of the Great Lakes in present-day Canada, but had to compete for resources with existing tribes. They left the Great Lakes area and kept moving west.", "They left the Great Lakes area and kept moving west. When they moved, they usually packed their belongings on an A-shaped sled called a travois. The travois was designed for transport over dry land. The Blackfoot had relied on dogs to pull the travois; they did not acquire horses until the 18th century.", "The Blackfoot had relied on dogs to pull the travois; they did not acquire horses until the 18th century. From the Great Lakes area, they continued to move west and eventually settled in the Great Plains.", "From the Great Lakes area, they continued to move west and eventually settled in the Great Plains. The Plains had covered approximately with the Saskatchewan River to the north, the Rio Grande to the south, the Mississippi River to the east, and the Rocky Mountains to the west.", "The Plains had covered approximately with the Saskatchewan River to the north, the Rio Grande to the south, the Mississippi River to the east, and the Rocky Mountains to the west. Adopting the use of the horse, the Niitsitapi established themselves as one of the most powerful Indian tribes on the Plains in the late 18th century, earning themselves the name \"The Lords of the Plains.\"", "Adopting the use of the horse, the Niitsitapi established themselves as one of the most powerful Indian tribes on the Plains in the late 18th century, earning themselves the name \"The Lords of the Plains.\" Niitsitapi stories trace their residence and possession of their plains territory to \"time immemorial.\"", "Niitsitapi stories trace their residence and possession of their plains territory to \"time immemorial.\" Importance and uses of bison The Niitsitapi main source of food on the plains was the American bison (buffalo), the largest mammal in North America, standing about tall and weighing up to .", "Importance and uses of bison The Niitsitapi main source of food on the plains was the American bison (buffalo), the largest mammal in North America, standing about tall and weighing up to . Before the introduction of horses, the Niitsitapi needed other ways to get in range. The buffalo jump was one of the most common ways.", "The buffalo jump was one of the most common ways. The hunters would round up the buffalo into V-shaped pens, and drive them over a cliff (they hunted pronghorn antelopes in the same way). Afterwards the hunters would go to the bottom and take as much meat as they could carry back to camp.", "Afterwards the hunters would go to the bottom and take as much meat as they could carry back to camp. They also used camouflage for hunting. The hunters would take buffalo skins from previous hunting trips and drape them over their bodies to blend in and mask their scent.", "The hunters would take buffalo skins from previous hunting trips and drape them over their bodies to blend in and mask their scent. By subtle moves, the hunters could get close to the herd. When close enough, the hunters would attack with arrows or spears to kill wounded animals.", "When close enough, the hunters would attack with arrows or spears to kill wounded animals. The people used virtually all parts of the body and skin. The women prepared the meat for food: by boiling, roasting or drying for jerky.", "The women prepared the meat for food: by boiling, roasting or drying for jerky. This processed it to last a long time without spoiling, and they depended on bison meat to get through the winters.", "This processed it to last a long time without spoiling, and they depended on bison meat to get through the winters. The winters were long, harsh, and cold due to the lack of trees in the Plains, so people stockpiled meat in summer. As a ritual, hunters often ate the bison heart minutes after the kill.", "As a ritual, hunters often ate the bison heart minutes after the kill. The women tanned and prepared the skins to cover the tepees. These were made of log poles, with the skins draped over it. The tepee remained warm in the winter and cool in the summer, and was a great shield against the wind.", "The tepee remained warm in the winter and cool in the summer, and was a great shield against the wind. The women also made clothing from the skins, such as robes and moccasins, and made soap from the fat.", "The women also made clothing from the skins, such as robes and moccasins, and made soap from the fat. Both men and women made utensils, sewing needles and tools from the bones, using tendon for fastening and binding. The stomach and bladder were cleaned and prepared for use for storing liquids.", "The stomach and bladder were cleaned and prepared for use for storing liquids. Dried bison dung was fuel for the fires. The Niitsitapi considered the animal sacred and integral to their lives. Discovery and uses of horses Up until around 1730, the Blackfoot traveled by foot and used dogs to carry and pull some of their goods.", "Discovery and uses of horses Up until around 1730, the Blackfoot traveled by foot and used dogs to carry and pull some of their goods. They had not seen horses in their previous lands, but were introduced to them on the Plains, as other tribes, such as the Shoshone, had already adopted their use.", "They had not seen horses in their previous lands, but were introduced to them on the Plains, as other tribes, such as the Shoshone, had already adopted their use. They saw the advantages of horses and wanted some. The Blackfoot called the horses ponokamita (elk dogs).", "The Blackfoot called the horses ponokamita (elk dogs). The horses could carry much more weight than dogs and moved at a greater speed. They could be ridden for hunting and travel. Horses revolutionised life on the Great Plains and soon came to be regarded as a measure of wealth.", "Horses revolutionised life on the Great Plains and soon came to be regarded as a measure of wealth. Warriors regularly raided other tribes for their best horses. Horses were generally used as universal standards of barter. Medicine men were paid for cures and healing with horses. Those who designed shields or war bonnets were also paid in horses.", "Those who designed shields or war bonnets were also paid in horses. The men gave horses to those who were owed gifts as well as to the needy. An individual's wealth rose with the number of horses accumulated, but a man did not keep an abundance of them.", "An individual's wealth rose with the number of horses accumulated, but a man did not keep an abundance of them. The individual's prestige and status was judged by the number of horses that he could give away. For the Indians who lived on the Plains, the principal value of property was to share it with others.", "For the Indians who lived on the Plains, the principal value of property was to share it with others. After having driven the hostile Shoshone and Arapaho from the Northwestern Plains, the Niitsitapi began in 1800 a long phase of keen competition in the fur trade with their former Cree allies, which often escalated militarily.", "After having driven the hostile Shoshone and Arapaho from the Northwestern Plains, the Niitsitapi began in 1800 a long phase of keen competition in the fur trade with their former Cree allies, which often escalated militarily. In addition both groups had adapted to using horses about 1730, so by mid-century an adequate supply of horses became a question of survival.", "In addition both groups had adapted to using horses about 1730, so by mid-century an adequate supply of horses became a question of survival. Horse theft was at this stage not only a proof of courage, but often a desperate contribution to survival, for many ethnic groups competed for hunting in the grasslands.", "Horse theft was at this stage not only a proof of courage, but often a desperate contribution to survival, for many ethnic groups competed for hunting in the grasslands. The Cree and Assiniboine continued horse raiding against the Gros Ventre (in Cree: Pawistiko Iyiniwak – \"Rapids People\" – \"People of the Rapids\"), allies of the Niitsitapi.", "The Cree and Assiniboine continued horse raiding against the Gros Ventre (in Cree: Pawistiko Iyiniwak – \"Rapids People\" – \"People of the Rapids\"), allies of the Niitsitapi. The Gros Ventres were also known as Niya Wati Inew, Naywattamee (\"They Live in Holes People\"), because their tribal lands were along the Saskatchewan River Forks (the confluence of North and South Saskatchewan River).", "The Gros Ventres were also known as Niya Wati Inew, Naywattamee (\"They Live in Holes People\"), because their tribal lands were along the Saskatchewan River Forks (the confluence of North and South Saskatchewan River). They had to withstand attacks of enemies with guns.", "They had to withstand attacks of enemies with guns. In retaliation for Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) supplying their enemies with weapons, the Gros Ventre attacked and burned in 1793 South Branch House of the HBC on the South Saskatchewan River near the present village of St. Louis, Saskatchewan.", "In retaliation for Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) supplying their enemies with weapons, the Gros Ventre attacked and burned in 1793 South Branch House of the HBC on the South Saskatchewan River near the present village of St. Louis, Saskatchewan. Then, the tribe moved southward to the Milk River in Montana and allied themselves with the Blackfoot.", "Then, the tribe moved southward to the Milk River in Montana and allied themselves with the Blackfoot. The area between the North Saskatchewan River and Battle River (the name derives from the war fought between these two tribal groups) was the limit of the now warring tribal alliances.", "The area between the North Saskatchewan River and Battle River (the name derives from the war fought between these two tribal groups) was the limit of the now warring tribal alliances. Enemies and warrior culture Blackfoot war parties would ride hundreds of miles on raids. A boy on his first war party was given a silly or derogatory name.", "A boy on his first war party was given a silly or derogatory name. But after he had stolen his first horse or killed an enemy, he was given a name to honor him. Warriors would strive to perform various acts of bravery called counting coup, in order to move up in social rank.", "Warriors would strive to perform various acts of bravery called counting coup, in order to move up in social rank. The coups in order of importance were: taking a gun from a living enemy and or touching him directly; capturing lances, and bows; scalping an enemy; killing an enemy; freeing a tied horse from in front of an enemy lodge; leading a war party; scouting for a war party; stealing headdresses, shields, pipes (sacred ceremonial pipes); and driving a herd of stolen horses back to camp.", "The coups in order of importance were: taking a gun from a living enemy and or touching him directly; capturing lances, and bows; scalping an enemy; killing an enemy; freeing a tied horse from in front of an enemy lodge; leading a war party; scouting for a war party; stealing headdresses, shields, pipes (sacred ceremonial pipes); and driving a herd of stolen horses back to camp. The Niitsitapi were enemies of the Crow, Cheyenne (kiihtsipimiitapi – ″Pinto People″), and Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota) (called pinaapisinaa – \"East Cree\") on the Great Plains; and the Shoshone, Flathead, Kalispel, Kootenai (called kotonáá'wa) and Nez Perce (called komonóítapiikoan) in the mountain country to their west and southwest.", "The Niitsitapi were enemies of the Crow, Cheyenne (kiihtsipimiitapi – ″Pinto People″), and Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota) (called pinaapisinaa – \"East Cree\") on the Great Plains; and the Shoshone, Flathead, Kalispel, Kootenai (called kotonáá'wa) and Nez Perce (called komonóítapiikoan) in the mountain country to their west and southwest. Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were the political/military/trading alliance of the Iron Confederacy or Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Plains Cree: Nehiyaw – 'Cree' and Pwat or Pwat-sak – 'Sioux, i.e.", "Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were the political/military/trading alliance of the Iron Confederacy or Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Plains Cree: Nehiyaw – 'Cree' and Pwat or Pwat-sak – 'Sioux, i.e. Assiniboine') – named after the dominating Plains Cree (called Asinaa) and Assiniboine (called Niitsísinaa – \"Original Cree\").", "Assiniboine') – named after the dominating Plains Cree (called Asinaa) and Assiniboine (called Niitsísinaa – \"Original Cree\"). These included the Stoney (called Saahsáísso'kitaki or Sahsi-sokitaki – ″Sarcee trying to cut″), Saulteaux (or Plains Ojibwe), and Métis to the north, east and southeast.", "These included the Stoney (called Saahsáísso'kitaki or Sahsi-sokitaki – ″Sarcee trying to cut″), Saulteaux (or Plains Ojibwe), and Métis to the north, east and southeast. With the expansion of the Nehiyaw-Pwat to the north, west and southwest, they integrated larger groups of Iroquois, Chipewyan, Danezaa (Dunneza – 'The real (prototypical) people'), Ktunaxa, Flathead, and later Gros Ventre (called atsíína – \"Gut People\" or \"like a Cree\"), in their local groups.", "With the expansion of the Nehiyaw-Pwat to the north, west and southwest, they integrated larger groups of Iroquois, Chipewyan, Danezaa (Dunneza – 'The real (prototypical) people'), Ktunaxa, Flathead, and later Gros Ventre (called atsíína – \"Gut People\" or \"like a Cree\"), in their local groups. Loosely allied with the Nehiyaw-Pwat, but politically independent, were neighboring tribes like the Ktunaxa, Secwepemc and in particular the arch enemy of the Blackfoot, the Crow, or Indian trading partners like the Nez Perce and Flathead.", "Loosely allied with the Nehiyaw-Pwat, but politically independent, were neighboring tribes like the Ktunaxa, Secwepemc and in particular the arch enemy of the Blackfoot, the Crow, or Indian trading partners like the Nez Perce and Flathead. The Shoshone acquired horses much sooner than the Blackfoot and soon occupied much of present-day Alberta, most of Montana, and parts of Wyoming, and raided the Blackfoot frequently.", "The Shoshone acquired horses much sooner than the Blackfoot and soon occupied much of present-day Alberta, most of Montana, and parts of Wyoming, and raided the Blackfoot frequently. Once the Piegan gained access to horses of their own and guns, obtained from the HBC via the Cree and Assiniboine, the situation changed.", "Once the Piegan gained access to horses of their own and guns, obtained from the HBC via the Cree and Assiniboine, the situation changed. By 1787 David Thompson reports that the Blackfoot had completely conquered most of Shoshone territory, and frequently captured Shoshone women and children and forcibly assimilated them into Blackfoot society, further increasing their advantages over the Shoshone.", "By 1787 David Thompson reports that the Blackfoot had completely conquered most of Shoshone territory, and frequently captured Shoshone women and children and forcibly assimilated them into Blackfoot society, further increasing their advantages over the Shoshone. Thompson reports that Blackfoot territory in 1787 was from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the South, and from Rocky Mountains in the west out to a distance of to the east.", "Thompson reports that Blackfoot territory in 1787 was from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the South, and from Rocky Mountains in the west out to a distance of to the east. Between 1790 and 1850, the Nehiyaw-Pwat were at the height of their power; they could successfully defend their territories against the Sioux (Lakota, Nakota and Dakota) and the Niitsitapi Confederacy.", "Between 1790 and 1850, the Nehiyaw-Pwat were at the height of their power; they could successfully defend their territories against the Sioux (Lakota, Nakota and Dakota) and the Niitsitapi Confederacy. During the so-called Buffalo Wars (about 1850 – 1870), they penetrated further and further into the territory from the Niitsitapi Confederacy in search for the buffalo, so that the Piegan were forced to give way in the region of the Missouri River (in Cree: Pikano Sipi – \"Muddy River\", \"Muddy, turbid River\"), the Kainai withdrew to the Bow River and Belly River; only the Siksika could hold their tribal lands along the Red Deer River.", "During the so-called Buffalo Wars (about 1850 – 1870), they penetrated further and further into the territory from the Niitsitapi Confederacy in search for the buffalo, so that the Piegan were forced to give way in the region of the Missouri River (in Cree: Pikano Sipi – \"Muddy River\", \"Muddy, turbid River\"), the Kainai withdrew to the Bow River and Belly River; only the Siksika could hold their tribal lands along the Red Deer River. Around 1870, the alliance between the Blackfoot and the Gros Ventre broke, and the latter began to look to their former enemies, the Southern Assiniboine (or Plains Assiniboine), for protection.", "Around 1870, the alliance between the Blackfoot and the Gros Ventre broke, and the latter began to look to their former enemies, the Southern Assiniboine (or Plains Assiniboine), for protection. First contact with Europeans and the fur trade Anthony Henday of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) met a large Blackfoot group in 1754 in what is now Alberta.", "First contact with Europeans and the fur trade Anthony Henday of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) met a large Blackfoot group in 1754 in what is now Alberta. The Blackfoot had established dealings with traders connected to the Canadian and English fur trade before meeting the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1806.", "The Blackfoot had established dealings with traders connected to the Canadian and English fur trade before meeting the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1806. Lewis and Clark and their men had embarked on mapping the Louisiana Territory and upper Missouri River for the United States government.", "Lewis and Clark and their men had embarked on mapping the Louisiana Territory and upper Missouri River for the United States government. On their return trip from the Pacific Coast, Lewis and three of his men encountered a group of young Blackfoot warriors with a large herd of horses, and it was clear to Meriwether Lewis that they were not far from much larger groups of warriors.", "On their return trip from the Pacific Coast, Lewis and three of his men encountered a group of young Blackfoot warriors with a large herd of horses, and it was clear to Meriwether Lewis that they were not far from much larger groups of warriors. Lewis explained to them that the United States government wanted peace with all Indian nations, and that the US leaders had successfully formed alliances with other Indian nations.", "Lewis explained to them that the United States government wanted peace with all Indian nations, and that the US leaders had successfully formed alliances with other Indian nations. The group camped together that night, and at dawn there was a scuffle as it was discovered that the Blackfoot were trying to steal guns and run off with their horses while the Americans slept.", "The group camped together that night, and at dawn there was a scuffle as it was discovered that the Blackfoot were trying to steal guns and run off with their horses while the Americans slept. In the ensuing struggle, one warrior was fatally stabbed and another shot by Lewis and presumed killed.", "In the ensuing struggle, one warrior was fatally stabbed and another shot by Lewis and presumed killed. In subsequent years, American mountain men trapping in Blackfoot country generally encountered hostility. When John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, returned to Blackfoot country soon after, he barely escaped with his life.", "When John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, returned to Blackfoot country soon after, he barely escaped with his life. In 1809, Colter and his companion were trapping on the Jefferson River by canoe when they were surrounded by hundreds of Blackfoot warriors on horseback on both sides of the river bank.", "In 1809, Colter and his companion were trapping on the Jefferson River by canoe when they were surrounded by hundreds of Blackfoot warriors on horseback on both sides of the river bank. Colter's companion, John Potts, did not surrender and was killed.", "Colter's companion, John Potts, did not surrender and was killed. Colter was stripped of his clothes and forced to run for his life, after being given a head start (famously known in the annals of the West as \"Colter's Run.\")", "Colter was stripped of his clothes and forced to run for his life, after being given a head start (famously known in the annals of the West as \"Colter's Run.\") He eventually escaped by reaching a river five miles away and diving under either an island of driftwood or a beaver dam, where he remained concealed until after nightfall.", "He eventually escaped by reaching a river five miles away and diving under either an island of driftwood or a beaver dam, where he remained concealed until after nightfall. He trekked another 300 miles to a fort.", "He trekked another 300 miles to a fort. In the context of shifting tribal politics due to the spread of horses and guns, the Niitsitapi initially tried to increase their trade with the HBC traders in Rupert's Land whilst blocking access to the HBC by neighboring peoples to the West.", "In the context of shifting tribal politics due to the spread of horses and guns, the Niitsitapi initially tried to increase their trade with the HBC traders in Rupert's Land whilst blocking access to the HBC by neighboring peoples to the West. But the HBC trade eventually reached into what is now inland British Columbia.", "But the HBC trade eventually reached into what is now inland British Columbia. By the late 1820s, [this prompted] the Niitsitapiksi, and in particular the Piikani, whose territory was rich in beaver, [to] temporarily put aside cultural prohibitions and environmental constraints to trap enormous numbers of these animals and, in turn, receive greater quantities of trade items.", "By the late 1820s, [this prompted] the Niitsitapiksi, and in particular the Piikani, whose territory was rich in beaver, [to] temporarily put aside cultural prohibitions and environmental constraints to trap enormous numbers of these animals and, in turn, receive greater quantities of trade items. The HBC encouraged Niitsitapiksi to trade by setting up posts on the North Saskatchewan River, on the northern boundary of their territory.", "The HBC encouraged Niitsitapiksi to trade by setting up posts on the North Saskatchewan River, on the northern boundary of their territory. In the 1830s the Rocky Mountain region and the wider Saskatchewan District were the HBC's most profitable, and Rocky Mountain House was the HBC's busiest post. It was primarily used by the Piikani.", "It was primarily used by the Piikani. Other Niitsitapiksi nations traded more in pemmican and buffalo skins than beaver, and visited other posts such as Fort Edmonton. Meanwhile, in 1822 the American Fur Company entered the Upper Missouri region from the south for the first time, without Niitsitapiksi permission.", "Meanwhile, in 1822 the American Fur Company entered the Upper Missouri region from the south for the first time, without Niitsitapiksi permission. This led to tensions and conflict until 1830, when peaceful trade was established.", "This led to tensions and conflict until 1830, when peaceful trade was established. This was followed by the opening of Fort Piegan as the first American trading post in Niitsitapi territory in 1831, joined by Fort MacKenzie in 1833.", "This was followed by the opening of Fort Piegan as the first American trading post in Niitsitapi territory in 1831, joined by Fort MacKenzie in 1833. The Americans offered better terms of trade and were more interested in buffalo skins than the HBC, which brought them more trade from the Niitsitapi.", "The Americans offered better terms of trade and were more interested in buffalo skins than the HBC, which brought them more trade from the Niitsitapi. The HBC responded by building Bow Fort (Peigan Post) on the Bow River in 1832, but it was not a success.", "The HBC responded by building Bow Fort (Peigan Post) on the Bow River in 1832, but it was not a success. In 1833, German explorer Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied and Swiss painter Karl Bodmer spent months with the Niitsitapi to get a sense of their culture. Bodmer portrayed their society in paintings and drawings.", "Bodmer portrayed their society in paintings and drawings. Contact with the Europeans caused a spread of infectious diseases to the Niitsitapi, mostly cholera and smallpox. In one instance in 1837, an American Fur Company steamboat, the St. Peter's, was headed to Fort Union and several passengers contracted smallpox on the way.", "In one instance in 1837, an American Fur Company steamboat, the St. Peter's, was headed to Fort Union and several passengers contracted smallpox on the way. They continued to send a smaller vessel with supplies farther up the river to posts among the Niitsitapi.", "They continued to send a smaller vessel with supplies farther up the river to posts among the Niitsitapi. The Niitsitapi contracted the disease and eventually 6,000 died, marking an end to their dominance among tribes over the Plains.", "The Niitsitapi contracted the disease and eventually 6,000 died, marking an end to their dominance among tribes over the Plains. The Hudson's Bay Company did not require or help their employees get vaccinated; the English doctor Edward Jenner had developed a technique 41 years before but its use was not yet widespread.", "The Hudson's Bay Company did not require or help their employees get vaccinated; the English doctor Edward Jenner had developed a technique 41 years before but its use was not yet widespread. Indian Wars Like many other Great Plains Indian nations, the Niitsitapi often had hostile relationships with white settlers.", "Indian Wars Like many other Great Plains Indian nations, the Niitsitapi often had hostile relationships with white settlers. Despite the hostilities, the Blackfoot stayed largely out of the Great Plains Indian Wars, neither fighting against nor scouting for the United States army.", "Despite the hostilities, the Blackfoot stayed largely out of the Great Plains Indian Wars, neither fighting against nor scouting for the United States army. One of their friendly bands, however, was attacked by mistake and nearly destroyed by the US Army in the Marias Massacre on 23 January 1870, undertaken as an action to suppress violence against settlers.", "One of their friendly bands, however, was attacked by mistake and nearly destroyed by the US Army in the Marias Massacre on 23 January 1870, undertaken as an action to suppress violence against settlers. A friendly relationship with the North-West Mounted Police and learning of the brutality of the Marias Massacre discouraged the Blackfoot from engaging in wars against Canada and the United States.", "A friendly relationship with the North-West Mounted Police and learning of the brutality of the Marias Massacre discouraged the Blackfoot from engaging in wars against Canada and the United States. When the Lakota, together with their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies, were fighting the United States Army, they sent runners into Blackfoot territory, urging them to join the fight.", "When the Lakota, together with their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies, were fighting the United States Army, they sent runners into Blackfoot territory, urging them to join the fight. Crowfoot, one of the most influential Blackfoot chiefs, dismissed the Lakota messengers.", "Crowfoot, one of the most influential Blackfoot chiefs, dismissed the Lakota messengers. He threatened to ally with the NWMP to fight them if they came north into Blackfoot country again. News of Crowfoot's loyalty reached Ottawa and from there London; Queen Victoria praised Crowfoot and the Blackfoot for their loyalty.", "News of Crowfoot's loyalty reached Ottawa and from there London; Queen Victoria praised Crowfoot and the Blackfoot for their loyalty. Despite his threats, Crowfoot later met those Lakota who had fled with Sitting Bull into Canada after defeating George Armstrong Custer and his battalion at the Battle of Little Big Horn.", "Despite his threats, Crowfoot later met those Lakota who had fled with Sitting Bull into Canada after defeating George Armstrong Custer and his battalion at the Battle of Little Big Horn. Crowfoot considered the Lakota then to be refugees and was sympathetic to their strife, but retained his anti-war stance.", "Crowfoot considered the Lakota then to be refugees and was sympathetic to their strife, but retained his anti-war stance. Sitting Bull and Crowfoot fostered peace between the two nations by a ceremonial offering of tobacco, ending hostilities between them. Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him.", "Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him. The Blackfoot also chose to stay out of the North- West Rebellion, led by the famous Métis leader Louis Riel. Louis Riel and his men added to the already unsettled conditions facing the Blackfoot by camping near them.", "Louis Riel and his men added to the already unsettled conditions facing the Blackfoot by camping near them. They tried to spread discontent with the government and gain a powerful ally. The North-West Rebellion was made up mostly of Métis, Assiniboine (Nakota) and Plains Cree, who all fought against European encroachment and destruction of Bison herds.", "The North-West Rebellion was made up mostly of Métis, Assiniboine (Nakota) and Plains Cree, who all fought against European encroachment and destruction of Bison herds. The Plains Cree were one of the Blackfoot's most hated enemies; however, the two nations made peace when Crowfoot adopted Poundmaker, an influential Cree chief and great peacemaker, as his son.", "The Plains Cree were one of the Blackfoot's most hated enemies; however, the two nations made peace when Crowfoot adopted Poundmaker, an influential Cree chief and great peacemaker, as his son. Although he refused to fight, Crowfoot had sympathy for those with the rebellion, especially the Cree led by such notable chiefs as Poundmaker, Big Bear, Wandering Spirit and Fine-Day.", "Although he refused to fight, Crowfoot had sympathy for those with the rebellion, especially the Cree led by such notable chiefs as Poundmaker, Big Bear, Wandering Spirit and Fine-Day. When news of continued Blackfoot neutrality reached Ottawa, Lord Lansdowne, the governor general, expressed his thanks to Crowfoot again on behalf of the Queen back in London.", "When news of continued Blackfoot neutrality reached Ottawa, Lord Lansdowne, the governor general, expressed his thanks to Crowfoot again on behalf of the Queen back in London. The cabinet of John A. Macdonald (the current Prime Minister of Canada at the time) gave Crowfoot a round of applause.", "The cabinet of John A. Macdonald (the current Prime Minister of Canada at the time) gave Crowfoot a round of applause. Hardships of the Niitsitapi During the mid-1800s, the Niitsitapi faced a dwindling food supply, as European-American hunters were hired by the U.S government to kill bison so the Blackfeet would remain in their reservation.", "Hardships of the Niitsitapi During the mid-1800s, the Niitsitapi faced a dwindling food supply, as European-American hunters were hired by the U.S government to kill bison so the Blackfeet would remain in their reservation. Settlers were also encroaching on their territory. Without the buffalo, the Niitsitapi were forced to depend on the United States government for food supplies.", "Without the buffalo, the Niitsitapi were forced to depend on the United States government for food supplies. In 1855, the Niitsitapi chief Lame Bull made a peace treaty with the United States government. The Lame Bull Treaty promised the Niitsitapi $20,000 annually in goods and services in exchange for their moving onto a reservation.", "The Lame Bull Treaty promised the Niitsitapi $20,000 annually in goods and services in exchange for their moving onto a reservation. In 1860, very few buffalo were left, and the Niitsitapi became completely dependent on government supplies. Often the food was spoiled by the time they received it, or supplies failed to arrive at all.", "Often the food was spoiled by the time they received it, or supplies failed to arrive at all. Hungry and desperate, Blackfoot raided white settlements for food and supplies, and outlaws on both sides stirred up trouble.", "Hungry and desperate, Blackfoot raided white settlements for food and supplies, and outlaws on both sides stirred up trouble. Events were catalyzed by Owl Child, a young Piegan warrior who stole a herd of horses in 1867 from an American trader named Malcolm Clarke.", "Events were catalyzed by Owl Child, a young Piegan warrior who stole a herd of horses in 1867 from an American trader named Malcolm Clarke. Clarke retaliated by tracking Owl Child down and severely beating him in full view of Owl Child's camp, and humiliating him.", "Clarke retaliated by tracking Owl Child down and severely beating him in full view of Owl Child's camp, and humiliating him. According to Piegan oral history, Clarke had also raped Owl Child's wife. But, Clarke was long married to Coth-co-co-na, a Piegan woman who was Owl Child's cousin.", "But, Clarke was long married to Coth-co-co-na, a Piegan woman who was Owl Child's cousin. The raped woman gave birth to a child as a result of the rape, which oral history said was stillborn or killed by band elders.", "The raped woman gave birth to a child as a result of the rape, which oral history said was stillborn or killed by band elders. Two years after the beating, in 1869 Owl Child and some associates killed Clarke at his ranch after dinner, and severely wounded his son Horace.", "Two years after the beating, in 1869 Owl Child and some associates killed Clarke at his ranch after dinner, and severely wounded his son Horace. Public outcry from news of the event led to General Philip Sheridan to dispatch a band of cavalry, led by Major Eugene Baker, to find Owl Child and his camp and punish them.", "Public outcry from news of the event led to General Philip Sheridan to dispatch a band of cavalry, led by Major Eugene Baker, to find Owl Child and his camp and punish them. On 23 January 1870, a camp of Piegan Indians were spotted by army scouts and reported to the dispatched cavalry, but it was mistakenly identified as a hostile band.", "On 23 January 1870, a camp of Piegan Indians were spotted by army scouts and reported to the dispatched cavalry, but it was mistakenly identified as a hostile band. Around 200 soldiers surrounded the camp the following morning and prepared for an ambush.", "Around 200 soldiers surrounded the camp the following morning and prepared for an ambush. Before the command to fire, the chief Heavy Runner was alerted to soldiers on the snowy bluffs above the encampment. He walked toward them, carrying his safe-conduct paper.", "He walked toward them, carrying his safe-conduct paper. Heavy Runner and his band of Piegans shared peace between American settlers and troops at the time of the event.", "Heavy Runner and his band of Piegans shared peace between American settlers and troops at the time of the event. Heavy Runner was shot and killed by army scout Joe Cobell, whose wife was part of the camp of the hostile Mountain Chief, further along the river, from whom he wanted to divert attention.", "Heavy Runner was shot and killed by army scout Joe Cobell, whose wife was part of the camp of the hostile Mountain Chief, further along the river, from whom he wanted to divert attention. Fellow scout Joe Kipp had realized the error and tried to signal the troops.", "Fellow scout Joe Kipp had realized the error and tried to signal the troops. He was threatened by the cavalry for reporting that the people they attacked were friendly. Following the death of Heavy Runner, the soldiers attacked the camp.", "Following the death of Heavy Runner, the soldiers attacked the camp. According to their count, they killed 173 Piegan and suffered just one U.S Army soldier casualty, who fell off his horse and broke his leg, dying of complications.", "According to their count, they killed 173 Piegan and suffered just one U.S Army soldier casualty, who fell off his horse and broke his leg, dying of complications. Most of the victims were women, children and the elderly, as most of the younger men were out hunting.", "Most of the victims were women, children and the elderly, as most of the younger men were out hunting. The Army took 140 Piegan prisoner and then released them. With their camp and belongings destroyed, they suffered terribly from exposure, making their way as refugees to Fort Benton.", "With their camp and belongings destroyed, they suffered terribly from exposure, making their way as refugees to Fort Benton. As reports of the massacre gradually were learned in the east, members of the United States congress and press were outraged. General William Sherman reported that most of the killed were warriors under Mountain Chief.", "General William Sherman reported that most of the killed were warriors under Mountain Chief. An official investigation never occurred, and no official monument marks the spot of the massacre. Compared to events such as the massacres at Wounded Knee and Sand Creek, the Marias Massacre remains largely unknown.", "Compared to events such as the massacres at Wounded Knee and Sand Creek, the Marias Massacre remains largely unknown. But, it confirmed President Ulysses S. Grant in his decision not to allow the Army to take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as it had been suggesting to combat corruption among Indian agents.", "But, it confirmed President Ulysses S. Grant in his decision not to allow the Army to take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as it had been suggesting to combat corruption among Indian agents. Grant chose to appoint numerous Quakers to those positions as he pursued a peace policy with Native Americans.", "Grant chose to appoint numerous Quakers to those positions as he pursued a peace policy with Native Americans. The Cree and Assiniboine also suffered from the dwindling herds of the buffalo. By 1850 herds were found almost exclusively on the territory of the Blackfoot.", "By 1850 herds were found almost exclusively on the territory of the Blackfoot. Therefore, in 1870 various Nehiyaw-Pwat bands began a final effort to get hold of their prey, by beginning a war. They hoped to defeat the Blackfoot weakened by smallpox and attacked a camp near Fort Whoop-Up (called Akaisakoyi – \"Many Dead\").", "They hoped to defeat the Blackfoot weakened by smallpox and attacked a camp near Fort Whoop-Up (called Akaisakoyi – \"Many Dead\"). But they were defeated in the so-called Battle of the Belly River (near Lethbridge, called Assini-etomochi – \"where we slaughtered the Cree\") and lost over 300 warriors.", "But they were defeated in the so-called Battle of the Belly River (near Lethbridge, called Assini-etomochi – \"where we slaughtered the Cree\") and lost over 300 warriors. The next winter the hunger compelled them to negotiate with the Niitsitapi, with whom they made a final lasting peace.", "The next winter the hunger compelled them to negotiate with the Niitsitapi, with whom they made a final lasting peace. The United States passed laws that adversely affected the Niitsitapi. In 1874, the US Congress voted to change the Niitsitapi reservation borders without discussing it with the Niitsitapi.", "In 1874, the US Congress voted to change the Niitsitapi reservation borders without discussing it with the Niitsitapi. They received no other land or compensation for the land lost, and in response, the Kainai, Siksika, and Piegan moved to Canada; only the Pikuni remained in Montana.", "They received no other land or compensation for the land lost, and in response, the Kainai, Siksika, and Piegan moved to Canada; only the Pikuni remained in Montana. The winter of 1883–1884 became known as \"Starvation Winter\" because no government supplies came in, and the buffalo were gone.", "The winter of 1883–1884 became known as \"Starvation Winter\" because no government supplies came in, and the buffalo were gone. That winter, 600 Niitsitapi died of hunger. In efforts to assimilate the Native Americans to European-American ways, in 1898, the government dismantled tribal governments and outlawed the practice of traditional Indian religions.", "In efforts to assimilate the Native Americans to European-American ways, in 1898, the government dismantled tribal governments and outlawed the practice of traditional Indian religions. They required Blackfoot children to go to boarding schools, where they were forbidden to speak their native language, practise customs, or wear traditional clothing.", "They required Blackfoot children to go to boarding schools, where they were forbidden to speak their native language, practise customs, or wear traditional clothing. In 1907, the United States government adopted a policy of allotment of reservation land to individual heads of families to encourage family farming and break up the communal tribal lands.", "In 1907, the United States government adopted a policy of allotment of reservation land to individual heads of families to encourage family farming and break up the communal tribal lands. Each household received a farm, and the government declared the remainder \"surplus\" to the tribe's needs. It put it up for sale for development.", "It put it up for sale for development. The allotments were too small to support farming on the arid plains. A 1919 drought destroyed crops and increased the cost of beef. Many Indians were forced to sell their allotted land and pay taxes which the government said they owed.", "Many Indians were forced to sell their allotted land and pay taxes which the government said they owed. In 1934 the Indian Reorganization Act, passed by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, ended allotments and allowed the tribes to choose their own government. They were also allowed to practise their cultures.", "They were also allowed to practise their cultures. In 1935, the Blackfeet Nation of Montana began a Tribal Business Council. After that, they wrote and passed their own Constitution, with an elected representative government. Culture Electing a leader Family was highly valued by the Blackfoot Indians.", "Culture Electing a leader Family was highly valued by the Blackfoot Indians. For traveling, they also split into bands of 20-30 people, but would come together for times of celebration. They valued leadership skills and chose the chiefs who would run their settlements wisely.", "They valued leadership skills and chose the chiefs who would run their settlements wisely. During times of peace, the people would elect a peace chief, meaning someone who could lead the people and improve relations with other tribes.", "During times of peace, the people would elect a peace chief, meaning someone who could lead the people and improve relations with other tribes. The title of war chief could not be gained through election and needed to be earned by successfully performing various acts of bravery including touching a living enemy.", "The title of war chief could not be gained through election and needed to be earned by successfully performing various acts of bravery including touching a living enemy. Blackfoot bands often had minor chiefs in addition to an appointed head chief.", "Blackfoot bands often had minor chiefs in addition to an appointed head chief. Societies Within the Blackfoot nation, there were different societies to which people belonged, each of which had functions for the tribe. Young people were invited into societies after proving themselves by recognized passages and rituals.", "Young people were invited into societies after proving themselves by recognized passages and rituals. For instance, young men had to perform a vision quest, begun by a spiritual cleansing in a sweat lodge. They went out from the camp alone for four days of fasting and praying.", "They went out from the camp alone for four days of fasting and praying. Their main goal was to see a vision that would explain their future. After having the vision, a youth returned to the village ready to join society. In a warrior society, the men had to be prepared for battle.", "In a warrior society, the men had to be prepared for battle. Again, the warriors would prepare by spiritual cleansing, then paint themselves symbolically; they often painted their horses for war as well.", "Again, the warriors would prepare by spiritual cleansing, then paint themselves symbolically; they often painted their horses for war as well. Leaders of the warrior society carried spears or lances called a coup stick, which was decorated with feathers, skin, and other tokens.", "Leaders of the warrior society carried spears or lances called a coup stick, which was decorated with feathers, skin, and other tokens. They won prestige by \"counting coup\", tapping the enemy with the stick and getting away. Members of the religious society protected sacred Blackfoot items and conducted religious ceremonies.", "Members of the religious society protected sacred Blackfoot items and conducted religious ceremonies. They blessed the warriors before battle. Their major ceremony was the Sun Dance, or Medicine Lodge Ceremony. By engaging in the Sun Dance, their prayers would be carried up to the Creator, who would bless them with well-being and abundance of buffalo.", "By engaging in the Sun Dance, their prayers would be carried up to the Creator, who would bless them with well-being and abundance of buffalo. Women's societies also had important responsibilities for the communal tribe.", "Women's societies also had important responsibilities for the communal tribe. They designed refined quillwork on clothing and ceremonial shields, helped prepare for battle, prepared skins and cloth to make clothing, cared for the children and taught them tribal ways, skinned and tanned the leathers used for clothing and other purposes, prepared fresh and dried foods, and performed ceremonies to help hunters in their journeys.", "They designed refined quillwork on clothing and ceremonial shields, helped prepare for battle, prepared skins and cloth to make clothing, cared for the children and taught them tribal ways, skinned and tanned the leathers used for clothing and other purposes, prepared fresh and dried foods, and performed ceremonies to help hunters in their journeys. Ethnobotany Sage and sweet grass are both used by Blackfoot and other Plains tribes for ceremonial purposes and are considered sacred plants.", "Ethnobotany Sage and sweet grass are both used by Blackfoot and other Plains tribes for ceremonial purposes and are considered sacred plants. Sage and sweet grass are burned with the user inhaling and covering themselves in the smoke in a process known widely as smudging. Sage is said to rid the body of negative emotions such as anger.", "Sage is said to rid the body of negative emotions such as anger. Sweet grass is said to draw in positive energy. Both are used for purification purposes. The pleasant and natural odor of the burning grass is said to attract spirits. Sweet grass is prepared for ceremony by braiding the stems together then drying them before burning.", "Sweet grass is prepared for ceremony by braiding the stems together then drying them before burning. Sweet grass is also often present and burned in pipe-smoking mixtures alongside bearberry and red willow plants. The smoke from the pipe is said to carry the users prayers up to the creator with the rising smoke.", "The smoke from the pipe is said to carry the users prayers up to the creator with the rising smoke. Large medicine bags often decorated with ornate beaded designs were used by medicine men to carry sage, sweet grass, and other important plants.", "Large medicine bags often decorated with ornate beaded designs were used by medicine men to carry sage, sweet grass, and other important plants. Blackfoot also used sweet grass smoke, or sachets of sweet grass in their clothing, as an effective insect repellent.", "Blackfoot also used sweet grass smoke, or sachets of sweet grass in their clothing, as an effective insect repellent. They apply a poultice of chewed roots Asclepias viridiflora to swellings, to \"diarrhea rash\", to rashes, to the sore gums of nursing infants and to sore eyes.", "They apply a poultice of chewed roots Asclepias viridiflora to swellings, to \"diarrhea rash\", to rashes, to the sore gums of nursing infants and to sore eyes. They also chew the root of Asclepias viridiflora for sore throats, and use the plant to spice soups, and use the fresh roots for food.", "They also chew the root of Asclepias viridiflora for sore throats, and use the plant to spice soups, and use the fresh roots for food. They make use of Viola adunca, applying an infusion of the roots and leaves to sore and swollen joints, giving an infusion of the leaves and roots to asthmatic children, and using the plant to dye their arrows blue.", "They make use of Viola adunca, applying an infusion of the roots and leaves to sore and swollen joints, giving an infusion of the leaves and roots to asthmatic children, and using the plant to dye their arrows blue. They put Carex in moccasins to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions.", "They put Carex in moccasins to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions. Marriage In the Blackfoot culture, men were responsible for choosing their marriage partners, but women had the choice to accept them or not. The male had to show the woman's father his skills as a hunter or warrior.", "The male had to show the woman's father his skills as a hunter or warrior. If the father was impressed and approved of the marriage, the man and woman would exchange gifts of horses and clothing and were considered married. The married couple would reside in their own tipi or with the husband's family.", "The married couple would reside in their own tipi or with the husband's family. Although the man was permitted more than one wife, typically he only chose one. In cases of more than one wife, quite often the male would choose a sister of the wife, believing that sisters would not argue as much as total strangers.", "In cases of more than one wife, quite often the male would choose a sister of the wife, believing that sisters would not argue as much as total strangers. Responsibilities and clothing In a typical Blackfoot family, the father would go out and hunt and bring back supplies that the family might need.", "Responsibilities and clothing In a typical Blackfoot family, the father would go out and hunt and bring back supplies that the family might need. The mother would stay close to home and watch over the children while the father was out. The children were taught basic survival skills and culture as they grew up.", "The children were taught basic survival skills and culture as they grew up. It was generally said that both boys and girls learned to ride horses early. Boys would usually play with toy bows and arrows until they were old enough to learn how to hunt.", "Boys would usually play with toy bows and arrows until they were old enough to learn how to hunt. They would also play a popular game called shinny, which later became known as ice hockey. They used a long curved wooden stick to knock a ball, made of baked clay covered with buckskin, over a goal line.", "They used a long curved wooden stick to knock a ball, made of baked clay covered with buckskin, over a goal line. Girls were given a doll to play with, which also doubled as a learning tool because it was fashioned with typical tribal clothing and designs and also taught the young women how to care for a child.", "Girls were given a doll to play with, which also doubled as a learning tool because it was fashioned with typical tribal clothing and designs and also taught the young women how to care for a child. As they grew older, more responsibilities were placed upon their shoulders.", "As they grew older, more responsibilities were placed upon their shoulders. The girls were then taught to cook, prepare hides for leather, and gather wild plants and berries. The boys were held accountable for going out with their father to prepare food by means of hunting.", "The boys were held accountable for going out with their father to prepare food by means of hunting. Typically clothing was made primarily of softened and tanned antelope and deer hides. The women would make and decorate the clothes for everyone in the tribe.", "The women would make and decorate the clothes for everyone in the tribe. Men wore moccasins, long leggings that went up to their hips, a loincloth, and a belt. Occasionally they would wear shirts but generally they would wrap buffalo robes around their shoulders.", "Occasionally they would wear shirts but generally they would wrap buffalo robes around their shoulders. The distinguished men of bravery would wear a necklace made of grizzly bear claws. Boys dressed much like the older males, wearing leggings, loincloths, moccasins, and occasionally an undecorated shirt.", "Boys dressed much like the older males, wearing leggings, loincloths, moccasins, and occasionally an undecorated shirt. They kept warm by wearing a buffalo robe over their shoulders or over their heads if it became cold. Women and girls wore dresses made from two or three deerskins.", "Women and girls wore dresses made from two or three deerskins. The women wore decorative earrings and bracelets made from sea shells, obtained through trade with distant tribes, or different types of metal.", "The women wore decorative earrings and bracelets made from sea shells, obtained through trade with distant tribes, or different types of metal. They would sometimes wear beads in their hair or paint the part in their hair red, which signified that they were old enough to bear children.", "They would sometimes wear beads in their hair or paint the part in their hair red, which signified that they were old enough to bear children. Headdresses Similar to other Indigenous Peoples of the Great Plains, the Blackfoot developed a variety of different headdresses that incorporated elements of creatures important to them; these served different purposes and symbolized different associations.", "Headdresses Similar to other Indigenous Peoples of the Great Plains, the Blackfoot developed a variety of different headdresses that incorporated elements of creatures important to them; these served different purposes and symbolized different associations. The typical war bonnet was made from eagle feathers, because the bird was considered powerful.", "The typical war bonnet was made from eagle feathers, because the bird was considered powerful. It was worn by prestigious warriors and chiefs (including war-chiefs) of the Blackfoot. The straight-up headdress is a uniquely Blackfoot headdress that, like the war bonnet, is made with eagle feathers.", "The straight-up headdress is a uniquely Blackfoot headdress that, like the war bonnet, is made with eagle feathers. The feathers on the straight-up headdress point directly straight upwards from the rim (hence the name). Often a red plume is attached to the front of the headdress; it also points straight upward.", "Often a red plume is attached to the front of the headdress; it also points straight upward. The split-horn headdress was very popular among Northern Plains Indians, particularly those nations of the Blackfoot Confederacy. Many warrior societies, including the Horn Society of the Blackfoot, wore the split-horn headdress.", "Many warrior societies, including the Horn Society of the Blackfoot, wore the split-horn headdress. The split-horn headdress was made from a single bison horn, split in two and reshaped as slimmer versions of a full-sized bison horn, and polished. The horns were attached to a beaded, rimmed felt hat.", "The horns were attached to a beaded, rimmed felt hat. Furs from weasels (taken when carrying heavy winter coats) were attached to the top of the headdress, and dangled from the sides. The side furs were often finished with bead work where attached to the headdress.", "The side furs were often finished with bead work where attached to the headdress. A similar headdress, called the antelope horn headdress, was made in a similar fashion using the horn or horns from a pronghorn antelope. Blackfoot men, particularly warriors, sometimes wore a roach made from porcupine hair.", "Blackfoot men, particularly warriors, sometimes wore a roach made from porcupine hair. The hairs of the porcupine are most often dyed red. Eagle and other bird feathers were occasionally attached to the roach. Buffalo scalps, often with horns still attached and often with a beaded rim, were also worn.", "Buffalo scalps, often with horns still attached and often with a beaded rim, were also worn. Fur \"turbans\" made from soft animal fur (most often otter) were also popular. Buffalo scalps and fur turbans were worn in the winter to protect the head from the cold.", "Buffalo scalps and fur turbans were worn in the winter to protect the head from the cold. The Blackfoot have continued to wear traditional headdresses at special ceremonies. They are worn mostly by elected chiefs, members of various traditional societies (including the Horn, Crazy Dog and Motokik societies), powwow dancers and spiritual leaders.", "They are worn mostly by elected chiefs, members of various traditional societies (including the Horn, Crazy Dog and Motokik societies), powwow dancers and spiritual leaders. Sun and the Moon One of the most famous traditions held by the Blackfoot is their story of sun and the moon.", "Sun and the Moon One of the most famous traditions held by the Blackfoot is their story of sun and the moon. It starts with a family of a man, wife, and two sons, who live off berries and other food they can gather, as they have no bows and arrows, or other tools.", "It starts with a family of a man, wife, and two sons, who live off berries and other food they can gather, as they have no bows and arrows, or other tools. The man had a dream: he was told by the Creator Napi, Napiu, or Napioa (depending on the band) to get a large spider web and put it on the trail where the animals roamed, and they would get caught up and could be easily killed with the stone axe he had.", "The man had a dream: he was told by the Creator Napi, Napiu, or Napioa (depending on the band) to get a large spider web and put it on the trail where the animals roamed, and they would get caught up and could be easily killed with the stone axe he had. The man had done so and saw that it was true.", "The man had done so and saw that it was true. One day, he came home from bringing in some fresh meat from the trail and discovered his wife to be applying perfume on herself. He thought that she must have another lover since she never did this before.", "He thought that she must have another lover since she never did this before. He then told his wife that he was going to move a web and asked if she could bring in the meat and wood he had left outside from a previous hunt. She had reluctantly gone out and passed over a hill.", "She had reluctantly gone out and passed over a hill. The wife looked back three times and saw her husband in the same place she had left him, so she continued on to retrieve the meat. The father then asked his children if they went with their mother to find wood, but they never had.", "The father then asked his children if they went with their mother to find wood, but they never had. However they knew the location in which she retrieved it from. The man set out and found the timber along with a den of rattlesnakes, one of which was his wife's lover.", "The man set out and found the timber along with a den of rattlesnakes, one of which was his wife's lover. He set the timber on fire and killed the snakes. He knew by doing this that his wife would become enraged, so the man returned home.", "He knew by doing this that his wife would become enraged, so the man returned home. He told the children to flee and gave them a stick, stone, and moss to use if their mother chased after them. He remained at the house and put a web over his front door.", "He remained at the house and put a web over his front door. The wife tried to get in but became stuck and had her leg cut off. She then put her head through and he cut that off also. While the body followed the husband to the creek, the head followed the children.", "While the body followed the husband to the creek, the head followed the children. The oldest boy saw the head behind them and threw the stick. The stick turned into a great forest. The head made it through, so the younger brother instructed the elder to throw the stone.", "The head made it through, so the younger brother instructed the elder to throw the stone. He did so, and where the stone landed a huge mountain popped up. It spanned from big water (ocean) to big water and the head was forced to go through it, not around.", "It spanned from big water (ocean) to big water and the head was forced to go through it, not around. The head met a group of rams and said to them she would marry their chief if they butted their way through the mountain.", "The head met a group of rams and said to them she would marry their chief if they butted their way through the mountain. The chief agreed and they butted until their horns were worn down, but this still was not through.", "The chief agreed and they butted until their horns were worn down, but this still was not through. She then asked the ants if they could burrow through the mountain with the same stipulations, it was agreed and they get her the rest of the way through.", "She then asked the ants if they could burrow through the mountain with the same stipulations, it was agreed and they get her the rest of the way through. The children were far ahead, but eventually saw the head rolling behind them. The boys wet the moss and wrung it out behind themselves.", "The boys wet the moss and wrung it out behind themselves. They were then in a different land. The country they had just left was now surrounded by water. The head rolled into the water and drowned. They decided to build a raft and head back.", "They decided to build a raft and head back. Once they returned to their land, they discovered that it was occupied by the crows and the snakes so they decided to split up. One brother was simple and went north to discover what he could and make people.", "One brother was simple and went north to discover what he could and make people. The other was smart and went south to make white people and taught them valuable skills. The simple brother created the Blackfeet. He became known as Left Hand, and later by the Blackfeet as Old Man.", "He became known as Left Hand, and later by the Blackfeet as Old Man. The woman still chases the man: she is the moon and he is the sun, and if she ever catches him, it will always be night. Blackfoot creation story The creation myth is part of the oral history of the Blackfoot nation.", "Blackfoot creation story The creation myth is part of the oral history of the Blackfoot nation. It was said that in the beginning, Napio floated on a log with four animals. The animals were: Mameo (fish), Matcekups (frog), Maniskeo (lizard), and Sopeo (turtle).", "The animals were: Mameo (fish), Matcekups (frog), Maniskeo (lizard), and Sopeo (turtle). Napio sent all of them into the deep water, one after another. The first three had gone down and returned with nothing.", "The first three had gone down and returned with nothing. The turtle went down and retrieved mud from the bottom and gave it to Napio. He took the mud and rolled it in his hand and created the earth. He let it roll out of his hand and over time, it has grown to what it is today.", "He let it roll out of his hand and over time, it has grown to what it is today. After he created the earth, he created women first, followed by men. He had them living separately from one another.", "He had them living separately from one another. The men were shy and afraid, but Napio said to them to not fear and take one as their wife. They had done as he asked, and Napio continued to create the buffalo and bows and arrows for the people so that they could hunt them.", "They had done as he asked, and Napio continued to create the buffalo and bows and arrows for the people so that they could hunt them. People Ethnic divisions The largest ethnic group in the Confederacy is the Piegan, also spelled Peigan or Pikuni. Their name derives from the Blackfoot term Piikáni.", "Their name derives from the Blackfoot term Piikáni. They are divided into the Piikani Nation (Aapátohsipikáni (\"the companion up there\") or simply Piikáni) in present-day Alberta, and the South Peigan or Piegan Blackfeet (Aamsskáápipikani) in Montana, United States.", "They are divided into the Piikani Nation (Aapátohsipikáni (\"the companion up there\") or simply Piikáni) in present-day Alberta, and the South Peigan or Piegan Blackfeet (Aamsskáápipikani) in Montana, United States. A once large and mighty division of the Piegan were the Inuk'sik (\"the humans\") of southwestern Montana.", "A once large and mighty division of the Piegan were the Inuk'sik (\"the humans\") of southwestern Montana. Today they survive only as a clan or band of the South Peigan. The modern Kainai Nation is named for the Blackfoot-language term Káínaa, meaning \"Many Chief people\".", "The modern Kainai Nation is named for the Blackfoot-language term Káínaa, meaning \"Many Chief people\". These were historically also called the \"Blood,\" from a Plains Cree name for the Kainai: Miko-Ew, meaning \"stained with blood\" (i.e. \"the bloodthirsty, cruel\").", "\"the bloodthirsty, cruel\"). The common English name for the tribe is Blood or the Blood tribe. The Siksika Nation's name derives from Siksikáwa, meaning \"Those of like\". The Siksika also call themselves Sao-kitapiiksi, meaning \"Plains People\".", "The Siksika also call themselves Sao-kitapiiksi, meaning \"Plains People\". The Sarcee call themselves the Tsu T'ina, meaning \"a great number of people.\" During early years of conflict, the Blackfoot called them Saahsi or Sarsi, \"the stubborn ones\", in their language.", "During early years of conflict, the Blackfoot called them Saahsi or Sarsi, \"the stubborn ones\", in their language. The Sarcee are from an entirely different language family; they are part of the Athabascan or Dené language family, most of whose members are located in the Subarctic of Northern Canada.", "The Sarcee are from an entirely different language family; they are part of the Athabascan or Dené language family, most of whose members are located in the Subarctic of Northern Canada. Specifically, the Sarcee are an offshoot of the Beaver (Danezaa) people, who migrated south onto the plains sometime in the early eighteenth century.", "Specifically, the Sarcee are an offshoot of the Beaver (Danezaa) people, who migrated south onto the plains sometime in the early eighteenth century. They later joined the Confederacy and essentially merged with the Pikuni (\"Once had\").", "They later joined the Confederacy and essentially merged with the Pikuni (\"Once had\"). The Gros Ventre people call themselves the Haaninin (\"white clay people\"), also spelled A'aninin.", "The Gros Ventre people call themselves the Haaninin (\"white clay people\"), also spelled A'aninin. The French called them Gros Ventres (\"fat bellies\"), misinterpreting a physical sign for waterfall; and the English called them the Fall Indians, related to waterfalls in the mountains.", "The French called them Gros Ventres (\"fat bellies\"), misinterpreting a physical sign for waterfall; and the English called them the Fall Indians, related to waterfalls in the mountains. The Blackfoot referred to them as the Piik-siik-sii-naa (\"snakes\") or Atsina (\"like a Cree\"), because of years of enmity.", "The Blackfoot referred to them as the Piik-siik-sii-naa (\"snakes\") or Atsina (\"like a Cree\"), because of years of enmity. Early scholars thought the A'aninin were related to the Arapaho Nation, who inhabited the Missouri Plains and moved west to Colorado and Wyoming.", "Early scholars thought the A'aninin were related to the Arapaho Nation, who inhabited the Missouri Plains and moved west to Colorado and Wyoming. They were allied with the Confederacy from circa 1793 to 1861, but came to disagreement and were enemies of it thereafter.", "They were allied with the Confederacy from circa 1793 to 1861, but came to disagreement and were enemies of it thereafter. Modern communities Economy and services Today, many of the Blackfoot live on reserves in Canada. About 8,500 live on the Montana reservation of .", "About 8,500 live on the Montana reservation of . In 1896, the Blackfoot sold a large portion of their land to the United States government, which hoped to find gold or copper deposits. No such mineral deposits were found. In 1910, the land was set aside as Glacier National Park.", "In 1910, the land was set aside as Glacier National Park. Some Blackfoot work there and occasional Native American ceremonies are held there. Unemployment is a challenging problem on the Blackfeet Reservation and on Canadian Blackfoot reserves, because of their isolation from major urban areas.", "Unemployment is a challenging problem on the Blackfeet Reservation and on Canadian Blackfoot reserves, because of their isolation from major urban areas. Many people work as farmers, but there are not enough other jobs nearby. To find work, many Blackfoot have relocated from the reservation to towns and cities.", "To find work, many Blackfoot have relocated from the reservation to towns and cities. Some companies pay the Blackfoot governments to lease use of lands for extracting oil, natural gas, and other resources.", "Some companies pay the Blackfoot governments to lease use of lands for extracting oil, natural gas, and other resources. The nations have operated such businesses such as the Blackfoot Writing Company, a pen and pencil factory, which opened in 1972, but it closed in the late 1990s.", "The nations have operated such businesses such as the Blackfoot Writing Company, a pen and pencil factory, which opened in 1972, but it closed in the late 1990s. In Canada, the Northern Piegan make traditional craft clothing and moccasins, and the Kainai operate a shopping center and factory.", "In Canada, the Northern Piegan make traditional craft clothing and moccasins, and the Kainai operate a shopping center and factory. In 1974, the Blackfoot Community College, a tribal college, opened in Browning, Montana. The school is also the location of the tribal headquarters.", "The school is also the location of the tribal headquarters. As of 1979, the Montana state government requires all public school teachers on or near the reservation to have a background in American Indian studies. In 1986, the Kainai Nation opened the Red Crow Community College in Stand Off, Alberta.", "In 1986, the Kainai Nation opened the Red Crow Community College in Stand Off, Alberta. In 1989, the Siksika tribe in Canada completed the construction of a high school to go along with its elementary school. Traditional culture The Blackfoot continue many cultural traditions of the past and hope to extend their ancestors' traditions to their children.", "Traditional culture The Blackfoot continue many cultural traditions of the past and hope to extend their ancestors' traditions to their children. They want to teach their children the Pikuni language as well as other traditional knowledge. In the early 20th century, a white woman named Frances Densmore helped the Blackfoot record their language.", "In the early 20th century, a white woman named Frances Densmore helped the Blackfoot record their language. During the 1950s and 1960s, few Blackfoot spoke the Pikuni language. In order to save their language, the Blackfoot Council asked elders who still knew the language to teach it.", "In order to save their language, the Blackfoot Council asked elders who still knew the language to teach it. The elders had agreed and succeeded in reviving the language, so today the children can learn Pikuni at school or at home. In 1994, the Blackfoot Council accepted Pikuni as the official language.", "In 1994, the Blackfoot Council accepted Pikuni as the official language. The people have revived the Black Lodge Society, responsible for protecting songs and dances of the Blackfoot. They continue to announce the coming of spring by opening five medicine bundles, one at every sound of thunder during the spring.", "They continue to announce the coming of spring by opening five medicine bundles, one at every sound of thunder during the spring. One of the biggest celebrations is called the North American Indian Days. Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in Browning.", "Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in Browning. Lastly, the Sun Dance, which was illegal from the 1890s-1934, has been practiced again for years. While it was illegal, the Blackfoot held it in secret. Since 1934, they have practised it every summer.", "Since 1934, they have practised it every summer. The event lasts eight days – time filled with prayers, dancing, singing, and offerings to honor the Creator. It provides an opportunity for the Blackfoot to get together and share views and ideas with each other, while celebrating their culture's most sacred ceremonies.", "It provides an opportunity for the Blackfoot to get together and share views and ideas with each other, while celebrating their culture's most sacred ceremonies. The Blackfeet Nation in Montana have a blue tribal flag. The flag shows a ceremonial lance or coup stick with 29 feathers.", "The flag shows a ceremonial lance or coup stick with 29 feathers. The center of the flag contains a ring of 32 white and black eagle feathers. Within the ring is an outline map of the Blackfoot Reservation.", "Within the ring is an outline map of the Blackfoot Reservation. Within the map is depicted a warrior's headdress and the words \"Blackfeet Nation\" and \"Pikuni\" (the name of the tribe in the Algonquian native tongue of the Blackfoot).", "Within the map is depicted a warrior's headdress and the words \"Blackfeet Nation\" and \"Pikuni\" (the name of the tribe in the Algonquian native tongue of the Blackfoot). Notable Blackfoot people Elouise Cobell, banker and activist who led the 20th-century lawsuit that forced the US Government to reform individual Indian trusts Byron Chief-Moon, performer and choreographer Crowfoot (ISAPO-MUXIKA – \"Crow Indian's Big Foot\", also known in French as Pied de Corbeau), Chief of the Big Pipes band (later renamed Moccasin band, a splinter band of the Biters band), Head Chief of the South Siksika, by 1870 one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika or the Blackfoot proper Aatsista-Mahkan (\"Running Rabbit\", * about 1833 – d. January 1911), since 1871 Chief of the Biters band (Ai-sik'-stuk-iks) of the Siksika, signed Treaty No.7 in 1877, along with Crowfoot, Old Sun, Red Crow, and other leaders A-ca-oo-mah-ca-ye (Ac ko mok ki, Ak ko mock ki, A'kow-muk-ai – \"Feathers\", since he took the name Old Swan), since about 1820 Chief of the Old Feathers' band, his personal following was known as the Bad Guns band, consisted of about 400 persons, along with Old Sun and Three Suns (No-okskatos) one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika Stu-mick-o-súcks (\"Buffalo Bull's Back Fat\"), Head Chief of the Kainai, had his portrait painted at Fort Union in 1832 Faye HeavyShield, Kainai sculptor and installation artist Joe Hipp, Heavyweight boxer, the first Native American to compete for the WBA World Heavyweight Title.", "Notable Blackfoot people Elouise Cobell, banker and activist who led the 20th-century lawsuit that forced the US Government to reform individual Indian trusts Byron Chief-Moon, performer and choreographer Crowfoot (ISAPO-MUXIKA – \"Crow Indian's Big Foot\", also known in French as Pied de Corbeau), Chief of the Big Pipes band (later renamed Moccasin band, a splinter band of the Biters band), Head Chief of the South Siksika, by 1870 one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika or the Blackfoot proper Aatsista-Mahkan (\"Running Rabbit\", * about 1833 – d. January 1911), since 1871 Chief of the Biters band (Ai-sik'-stuk-iks) of the Siksika, signed Treaty No.7 in 1877, along with Crowfoot, Old Sun, Red Crow, and other leaders A-ca-oo-mah-ca-ye (Ac ko mok ki, Ak ko mock ki, A'kow-muk-ai – \"Feathers\", since he took the name Old Swan), since about 1820 Chief of the Old Feathers' band, his personal following was known as the Bad Guns band, consisted of about 400 persons, along with Old Sun and Three Suns (No-okskatos) one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika Stu-mick-o-súcks (\"Buffalo Bull's Back Fat\"), Head Chief of the Kainai, had his portrait painted at Fort Union in 1832 Faye HeavyShield, Kainai sculptor and installation artist Joe Hipp, Heavyweight boxer, the first Native American to compete for the WBA World Heavyweight Title. Beverly Hungry Wolf, author Stephen Graham Jones, author Earl Old Person (Cold Wind or Changing Home), Blackfoot tribal chairman from 1964-2008 and honorary lifetime chief of the Blackfoot Jerry Potts (1840–1896), (also known as Ky-yo-kosi – \"Bear Child\"), was a Canadian-American plainsman, buffalo hunter, horse trader, interpreter, and scout of Kainai-Scottish descent.", "Beverly Hungry Wolf, author Stephen Graham Jones, author Earl Old Person (Cold Wind or Changing Home), Blackfoot tribal chairman from 1964-2008 and honorary lifetime chief of the Blackfoot Jerry Potts (1840–1896), (also known as Ky-yo-kosi – \"Bear Child\"), was a Canadian-American plainsman, buffalo hunter, horse trader, interpreter, and scout of Kainai-Scottish descent. He identified as Piegan and became a minor Kainai chief.", "He identified as Piegan and became a minor Kainai chief. Steve Reevis, actor who appeared in Fargo, Dances with Wolves, Last of the Dogmen, Comanche Moon and many other films and TV.", "Steve Reevis, actor who appeared in Fargo, Dances with Wolves, Last of the Dogmen, Comanche Moon and many other films and TV. Misty Upham (1982-2014), actress James Welch (1940–2003), Blackfoot-Gros Ventre author The Honourable Eugene Creighton, judge of the Provincial Court of Alberta.", "Misty Upham (1982-2014), actress James Welch (1940–2003), Blackfoot-Gros Ventre author The Honourable Eugene Creighton, judge of the Provincial Court of Alberta. Gyasi Ross, author, attorney, musician and political activist. Representation in other media Hergé's Tintin in America (1932) featured Blackfoot people.", "Representation in other media Hergé's Tintin in America (1932) featured Blackfoot people. Jimmy P (2013) is a Franco-American film exploring the psychoanalysis of a Blackfoot, Jimmy Picard, in the post-World War II period at a veterans' hospital by a Hungarian-French ethnologist and psychoanalyst, George Devereux.", "Jimmy P (2013) is a Franco-American film exploring the psychoanalysis of a Blackfoot, Jimmy Picard, in the post-World War II period at a veterans' hospital by a Hungarian-French ethnologist and psychoanalyst, George Devereux. The screenplay was adapted from his book about this process, published in 1951.", "The screenplay was adapted from his book about this process, published in 1951. See also Blackfeet music Blackfoot language List of Native American peoples in the United States Palliser Region Notes References Citations Sources External links Blackfoot homepage Blackfoot Confederacy Blackfoot Language and the Blackfoot Indian Tribe Map of Blackfeet tribal lands Walter McClintock Glass Lantern Slides Photographs of the Blackfoot, their homelands, material culture, and ceremonies from the collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University Blackfoot Digital Library, project of Red Crow Community College and the University of Lethbridge Blackfoot Anthropological Notes at Dartmouth College Library Algonquian peoples Plains tribes First Nations history Native American history of Montana First Nations in Alberta Native American tribes in Montana Native American tribes in Wyoming" ]

[ "Blackfoot Confederacy", "Early history", "When is the Blackfoot confederacy started ?", "Only one of the Niitsitapi tribes are called Blackfoot or Siksika.", "Does any record exist of the Blackfoots' early history ?", "The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples' moccasins, made of leather. They had typically dyed or painted the soles of their moccasins black.", "How did the Blackfoot early society worked ?", "Due to language and cultural patterns, anthropologists believe the Niitsitapi did not originate in the Great Plains of the Midwest North America,", "Where do they think they originate ?", "One legendary story claimed that the Siksika walked through ashes of prairie fires, which in turn colored the bottoms of their moccasins black.", "What kind of god they prayed to ?", "I don't know.", "Were they hunter ?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Quite Interesting Limited is a British research company, most notable for providing the research for the British television panel game QI (itself an abbreviation of Quite Interesting) and the Swedish version Intresseklubben, as well as other QI–related programmes and products. The company founder and chairman is John Lloyd, the creator and producer of QI, and host of the radio panel game The Museum of Curiosity, which also uses Quite Interesting Limited for its research. John Mitchinson is the company's director and also works as head of research for QI.\n\nAbout\nLloyd founded Quite Interesting Limited in 1999. It is claimed that the idea of founding the company came on Christmas Eve 1993. According to his profile on QI.com, \"he came to the sudden and alarming realisation that he didn't really know anything. Changing gear again, he started reading books for the first time since he was 17. To his horror, he discovered that he hadn't been paying attention and, with painful slowness, unearthed the closely guarded secret that the universe is astoundingly quite interesting.\"\n\nThe philosophy of the company is that it claims that there are four primal drives: food, sex, shelter and curiosity. Out of these, curiosity is supposedly the most important because, \"unlike the other three drives, it is what makes us uniquely human.\" The company claims that, \"Whatever is interesting we are interested in. Whatever is not interesting, we are even more interested in. Everything is interesting if looked at in the right way.\"\n\nThose who carry out research are known as the \"QI Elves\". Notable elves include Justin Pollard and Vitali Vitaliev. They are also responsible for helping to write the questions used on QI. People wishing to become elves are recommended to start by commenting on the forums of the QI website.\n\nProducts\n\nDVDs\n\nBooks\n\nReferences\n\nQI\nCompanies based in Oxford\nBritish companies established in 1999\nPrivately held companies of the United Kingdom", "Asymphorodes fractura is a moth of the family Agonoxenidae. An interesting fact about the 'Asymphorodes fractura' is that has a described, \"wonderfully glorious rear end\". It was described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1986. It is found in French Polynesia.\n\nReferences\n\nMoths described in 1986\nAgonoxeninae\nMoths of Oceania\nEndemic fauna of French Polynesia" ]

[ "The Blackfoot Confederacy, Niitsitapi or Siksikaitsitapi (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᒣᑯ, meaning \"the people\" or \"Blackfoot-speaking real people\"), is a historic collective name for linguistically related groups that make up the Blackfoot or Blackfeet people: the Siksika (\"Blackfoot\"), the Kainai or Blood (\"Many Chiefs\"), and two sections of the Peigan or Piikani (\"Splotchy Robe\") – the Northern Piikani (Aapátohsipikáni) and the Southern Piikani (Amskapi Piikani or Pikuni). Broader definitions include groups such as the Tsúùtínà (Sarcee) and A'aninin (Gros Ventre) who spoke quite different languages but allied with or joined the Blackfoot Confederacy.", "Broader definitions include groups such as the Tsúùtínà (Sarcee) and A'aninin (Gros Ventre) who spoke quite different languages but allied with or joined the Blackfoot Confederacy. Historically, the member peoples of the Confederacy were nomadic bison hunters and trout fishermen, who ranged across large areas of the northern Great Plains of western North America, specifically the semi-arid shortgrass prairie ecological region.", "Historically, the member peoples of the Confederacy were nomadic bison hunters and trout fishermen, who ranged across large areas of the northern Great Plains of western North America, specifically the semi-arid shortgrass prairie ecological region. They followed the bison herds as they migrated between what are now the United States and Canada, as far north as the Bow River.", "They followed the bison herds as they migrated between what are now the United States and Canada, as far north as the Bow River. In the first half of the 18th century, they acquired horses and firearms from white traders and their Cree and Assiniboine go-betweens.", "In the first half of the 18th century, they acquired horses and firearms from white traders and their Cree and Assiniboine go-betweens. The Blackfoot used these to expand their territory at the expense of neighboring tribes.", "The Blackfoot used these to expand their territory at the expense of neighboring tribes. Today, three Blackfoot First Nation band governments (the Siksika, Kainai, and Piikani Nations) reside in the Canadian province of Alberta, while the Blackfeet Nation is a federally recognized Native American tribe of Southern Piikani in Montana, United States.", "Today, three Blackfoot First Nation band governments (the Siksika, Kainai, and Piikani Nations) reside in the Canadian province of Alberta, while the Blackfeet Nation is a federally recognized Native American tribe of Southern Piikani in Montana, United States. Additionally, the Gros Ventre are members of the federally recognized Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana in the United States and the Tsuutʼina Nation is a First Nation band government in Alberta, Canada.", "Additionally, the Gros Ventre are members of the federally recognized Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana in the United States and the Tsuutʼina Nation is a First Nation band government in Alberta, Canada. Government The four Blackfoot nations come together to make up what is known as the Blackfoot Confederacy, meaning that they have banded together to help one another.", "Government The four Blackfoot nations come together to make up what is known as the Blackfoot Confederacy, meaning that they have banded together to help one another. The nations have their own separate governments ruled by a head chief, but regularly come together for religious and social celebrations.", "The nations have their own separate governments ruled by a head chief, but regularly come together for religious and social celebrations. Originally the Blackfoot/Plains Confederacy consisted of three peoples (\"nation\", \"tribes\", \"tribal nations\") based on kinship and dialect, but all speaking the common language of Blackfoot, one of the Algonquian languages family.", "Originally the Blackfoot/Plains Confederacy consisted of three peoples (\"nation\", \"tribes\", \"tribal nations\") based on kinship and dialect, but all speaking the common language of Blackfoot, one of the Algonquian languages family. The three were the Piikáni (historically called \"Piegan Blackfeet\" in English-language sources), the Káínaa (called \"Bloods\"), and the Siksikáwa (\"Blackfoot\").", "The three were the Piikáni (historically called \"Piegan Blackfeet\" in English-language sources), the Káínaa (called \"Bloods\"), and the Siksikáwa (\"Blackfoot\"). They later allied with the unrelated Tsuu T'ina (\"Sarcee\"), who became merged into the Confederacy and, (for a time) with the Atsina, or A'aninin (Gros Ventre).", "They later allied with the unrelated Tsuu T'ina (\"Sarcee\"), who became merged into the Confederacy and, (for a time) with the Atsina, or A'aninin (Gros Ventre). Each of these highly decentralized peoples were divided into many bands, which ranged in size from 10 to 30 lodges, or about 80 to 240 persons.", "Each of these highly decentralized peoples were divided into many bands, which ranged in size from 10 to 30 lodges, or about 80 to 240 persons. The band was the basic unit of organization for hunting and defence.", "The band was the basic unit of organization for hunting and defence. The Confederacy occupied a large territory where they hunted and foraged; in the 19th century it was divided by the current Canada–US international border.", "The Confederacy occupied a large territory where they hunted and foraged; in the 19th century it was divided by the current Canada–US international border. But during the late nineteenth century, both governments forced the peoples to end their nomadic traditions and settle on \"Indian reserves\" (Canadian terminology) or \"Indian reservations\" (US terminology).", "But during the late nineteenth century, both governments forced the peoples to end their nomadic traditions and settle on \"Indian reserves\" (Canadian terminology) or \"Indian reservations\" (US terminology). The South Peigan are the only group who chose to settle in Montana.", "The South Peigan are the only group who chose to settle in Montana. The other three Blackfoot-speaking peoples and the Sarcee are located in Alberta. Together, the Blackfoot-speakers call themselves the Niitsítapi (the \"Original People\"). After leaving the Confederacy, the Gros Ventres also settled on a reservation in Montana.", "After leaving the Confederacy, the Gros Ventres also settled on a reservation in Montana. When these peoples were forced to end their nomadic traditions, their social structures changed.", "When these peoples were forced to end their nomadic traditions, their social structures changed. Tribal nations, which had formerly been mostly ethnic associations, were institutionalized as governments (referred to as \"tribes\" in the United States and \"bands\" or \"First Nations\" in Canada).", "Tribal nations, which had formerly been mostly ethnic associations, were institutionalized as governments (referred to as \"tribes\" in the United States and \"bands\" or \"First Nations\" in Canada). The Piegan were divided into the North Peigan in Alberta, and the South Peigan in Montana.", "The Piegan were divided into the North Peigan in Alberta, and the South Peigan in Montana. History The Confederacy had a territory that stretched from the North Saskatchewan River (called Ponoká'sisaahta) along what is now Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada, to the Yellowstone River (called Otahkoiitahtayi) of Montana in the United States, and from the Rocky Mountains (called Miistakistsi) and along the South Saskatchewan River to the present Alberta-Saskatchewan border (called Kaayihkimikoyi), east past the Cypress Hills.", "History The Confederacy had a territory that stretched from the North Saskatchewan River (called Ponoká'sisaahta) along what is now Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada, to the Yellowstone River (called Otahkoiitahtayi) of Montana in the United States, and from the Rocky Mountains (called Miistakistsi) and along the South Saskatchewan River to the present Alberta-Saskatchewan border (called Kaayihkimikoyi), east past the Cypress Hills. They called their tribal territory Niitsitpiis-stahkoii (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᐨᑯᐧ ᓴᐦᖾᐟ)- \"Original People s Land.\"", "They called their tribal territory Niitsitpiis-stahkoii (ᖹᐟᒧᐧᐨᑯᐧ ᓴᐦᖾᐟ)- \"Original People s Land.\" To the east, the Innu and Naskapi called their territory Nitassinan – \"Our Land.\"", "To the east, the Innu and Naskapi called their territory Nitassinan – \"Our Land.\" They had adopted the use of the horse from other Plains tribes, probably by the early eighteenth century, which gave them expanded range and mobility, as well as advantages in hunting.", "They had adopted the use of the horse from other Plains tribes, probably by the early eighteenth century, which gave them expanded range and mobility, as well as advantages in hunting. The basic social unit of the Niitsitapi above the family was the band, varying from about 10 to 30 lodges, about 80 to 241 people.", "The basic social unit of the Niitsitapi above the family was the band, varying from about 10 to 30 lodges, about 80 to 241 people. This size group was large enough to defend against attack and to undertake communal hunts, but was also small enough for flexibility.", "This size group was large enough to defend against attack and to undertake communal hunts, but was also small enough for flexibility. Each band consisted of a respected leader , possibly his brothers and parents, and others who were not related.", "Each band consisted of a respected leader , possibly his brothers and parents, and others who were not related. Since the band was defined by place of residence, rather than by kinship, a person was free to leave one band and join another, which tended to ameliorate leadership disputes.", "Since the band was defined by place of residence, rather than by kinship, a person was free to leave one band and join another, which tended to ameliorate leadership disputes. As well, should a band fall upon hard times, its members could split up and join other bands.", "As well, should a band fall upon hard times, its members could split up and join other bands. In practice, bands were constantly forming and breaking up. The system maximized flexibility and was an ideal organization for a hunting people on the northwestern Great Plains. During the summer, the people assembled for nation gatherings.", "During the summer, the people assembled for nation gatherings. In these large assemblies, warrior societies played an important role for the men. Membership into these societies was based on brave acts and deeds. For almost half the year in the long northern winter, the Niitsitapi lived in their winter camps along a wooded river valley.", "For almost half the year in the long northern winter, the Niitsitapi lived in their winter camps along a wooded river valley. They were located perhaps a day's march apart, not moving camp unless food for the people and horses, or firewood became depleted.", "They were located perhaps a day's march apart, not moving camp unless food for the people and horses, or firewood became depleted. Where there was adequate wood and game resources, some bands would camp together.", "Where there was adequate wood and game resources, some bands would camp together. During this part of the year, buffalo also wintered in wooded areas, where they were partially sheltered from storms and snow. They were easier prey as their movements were hampered.", "They were easier prey as their movements were hampered. In spring the buffalo moved out onto the grasslands to forage on new spring growth. The Blackfoot did not follow immediately, for fear of late blizzards. As dried food or game became depleted, the bands would split up and begin to hunt the buffalo.", "As dried food or game became depleted, the bands would split up and begin to hunt the buffalo. In midsummer, when the chokecherries ripened, the people regrouped for their major ceremony, the Okan (Sun Dance). This was the only time of year when the four nations would assemble.", "This was the only time of year when the four nations would assemble. The gathering reinforced the bonds among the various groups and linked individuals with the nations. Communal buffalo hunts provided food for the people, as well as offerings of the bulls' tongues (a delicacy) for the ceremonies. These ceremonies are sacred to the people.", "These ceremonies are sacred to the people. After the Okan, the people again separated to follow the buffalo. They used the buffalo hides to make their dwellings and temporary tipis. In the fall, the people would gradually shift to their wintering areas.", "In the fall, the people would gradually shift to their wintering areas. The men would prepare the buffalo jumps and pounds for capturing or driving the bison for hunting. Several groups of people might join together at particularly good sites, such as Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump.", "Several groups of people might join together at particularly good sites, such as Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump. As the buffalo were naturally driven into the area by the gradual late summer drying off of the open grasslands, the Blackfoot would carry out great communal buffalo kills.", "As the buffalo were naturally driven into the area by the gradual late summer drying off of the open grasslands, the Blackfoot would carry out great communal buffalo kills. The women processed the buffalo, preparing dried meat, and combining it for nutrition and flavor with dried fruits into pemmican, to last them through winter and other times when hunting was poor.", "The women processed the buffalo, preparing dried meat, and combining it for nutrition and flavor with dried fruits into pemmican, to last them through winter and other times when hunting was poor. At the end of the fall, the Blackfoot would move to their winter camps.", "At the end of the fall, the Blackfoot would move to their winter camps. The women worked the buffalo and other game skins for clothing, as well as to reinforce their dwellings; other elements were used to make warm fur robes, leggings, cords and other needed items.", "The women worked the buffalo and other game skins for clothing, as well as to reinforce their dwellings; other elements were used to make warm fur robes, leggings, cords and other needed items. Animal sinews were used to tie arrow points and lances to throwing sticks, or for bridles for horses.", "Animal sinews were used to tie arrow points and lances to throwing sticks, or for bridles for horses. The Niitsitapi maintained this traditional way of life based on hunting bison, until the near extirpation of the bison by 1881 forced them to adapt their ways of life in response to the encroachment of the European settlers and their descendants.", "The Niitsitapi maintained this traditional way of life based on hunting bison, until the near extirpation of the bison by 1881 forced them to adapt their ways of life in response to the encroachment of the European settlers and their descendants. In the United States, they were restricted to land assigned in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851.", "In the United States, they were restricted to land assigned in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. Nearly three decades later, they were given a distinct reservation in the Sweetgrass Hills Treaty of 1887. In 1877, the Canadian Niitsitapi signed Treaty 7 and settled on reserves in southern Alberta.", "In 1877, the Canadian Niitsitapi signed Treaty 7 and settled on reserves in southern Alberta. This began a period of great struggle and economic hardship; the Niitsitapi had to try to adapt to a completely new way of life. They suffered a high rate of fatalities when exposed to Eurasian diseases, for which they had no natural immunity.", "They suffered a high rate of fatalities when exposed to Eurasian diseases, for which they had no natural immunity. Eventually, they established a viable economy based on farming, ranching, and light industry. Their population has increased to about 16,000 in Canada and 15,000 in the U.S. today.", "Their population has increased to about 16,000 in Canada and 15,000 in the U.S. today. With their new economic stability, the Niitsitapi have been free to adapt their culture and traditions to their new circumstances, renewing their connection to their ancient roots.", "With their new economic stability, the Niitsitapi have been free to adapt their culture and traditions to their new circumstances, renewing their connection to their ancient roots. Early history The Niitsitapi, also known as the Blackfoot or Blackfeet Indians, reside in the Great Plains of Montana and the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.", "Early history The Niitsitapi, also known as the Blackfoot or Blackfeet Indians, reside in the Great Plains of Montana and the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Originally, only one of the Niitsitapi tribes was called Blackfoot or Siksika. The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples' moccasins, made of leather.", "The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples' moccasins, made of leather. They had typically dyed or painted the soles of their moccasins black. One legendary story claimed that the Siksika walked through ashes of prairie fires, which in turn colored the bottoms of their moccasins black.", "One legendary story claimed that the Siksika walked through ashes of prairie fires, which in turn colored the bottoms of their moccasins black. Due to language and cultural patterns, anthropologists believe the Niitsitapi did not originate in the Great Plains of the Midwest North America, but migrated from the upper Northeastern part of the country.", "Due to language and cultural patterns, anthropologists believe the Niitsitapi did not originate in the Great Plains of the Midwest North America, but migrated from the upper Northeastern part of the country. They coalesced as a group while living in the forests of what is now the Northeastern United States.", "They coalesced as a group while living in the forests of what is now the Northeastern United States. They were mostly located around the modern-day border between Canada and the state of Maine. By 1200, the Niitsitapi were moving in search of more land.", "By 1200, the Niitsitapi were moving in search of more land. They moved west and settled for a while north of the Great Lakes in present-day Canada, but had to compete for resources with existing tribes. They left the Great Lakes area and kept moving west.", "They left the Great Lakes area and kept moving west. When they moved, they usually packed their belongings on an A-shaped sled called a travois. The travois was designed for transport over dry land. The Blackfoot had relied on dogs to pull the travois; they did not acquire horses until the 18th century.", "The Blackfoot had relied on dogs to pull the travois; they did not acquire horses until the 18th century. From the Great Lakes area, they continued to move west and eventually settled in the Great Plains.", "From the Great Lakes area, they continued to move west and eventually settled in the Great Plains. The Plains had covered approximately with the Saskatchewan River to the north, the Rio Grande to the south, the Mississippi River to the east, and the Rocky Mountains to the west.", "The Plains had covered approximately with the Saskatchewan River to the north, the Rio Grande to the south, the Mississippi River to the east, and the Rocky Mountains to the west. Adopting the use of the horse, the Niitsitapi established themselves as one of the most powerful Indian tribes on the Plains in the late 18th century, earning themselves the name \"The Lords of the Plains.\"", "Adopting the use of the horse, the Niitsitapi established themselves as one of the most powerful Indian tribes on the Plains in the late 18th century, earning themselves the name \"The Lords of the Plains.\" Niitsitapi stories trace their residence and possession of their plains territory to \"time immemorial.\"", "Niitsitapi stories trace their residence and possession of their plains territory to \"time immemorial.\" Importance and uses of bison The Niitsitapi main source of food on the plains was the American bison (buffalo), the largest mammal in North America, standing about tall and weighing up to .", "Importance and uses of bison The Niitsitapi main source of food on the plains was the American bison (buffalo), the largest mammal in North America, standing about tall and weighing up to . Before the introduction of horses, the Niitsitapi needed other ways to get in range. The buffalo jump was one of the most common ways.", "The buffalo jump was one of the most common ways. The hunters would round up the buffalo into V-shaped pens, and drive them over a cliff (they hunted pronghorn antelopes in the same way). Afterwards the hunters would go to the bottom and take as much meat as they could carry back to camp.", "Afterwards the hunters would go to the bottom and take as much meat as they could carry back to camp. They also used camouflage for hunting. The hunters would take buffalo skins from previous hunting trips and drape them over their bodies to blend in and mask their scent.", "The hunters would take buffalo skins from previous hunting trips and drape them over their bodies to blend in and mask their scent. By subtle moves, the hunters could get close to the herd. When close enough, the hunters would attack with arrows or spears to kill wounded animals.", "When close enough, the hunters would attack with arrows or spears to kill wounded animals. The people used virtually all parts of the body and skin. The women prepared the meat for food: by boiling, roasting or drying for jerky.", "The women prepared the meat for food: by boiling, roasting or drying for jerky. This processed it to last a long time without spoiling, and they depended on bison meat to get through the winters.", "This processed it to last a long time without spoiling, and they depended on bison meat to get through the winters. The winters were long, harsh, and cold due to the lack of trees in the Plains, so people stockpiled meat in summer. As a ritual, hunters often ate the bison heart minutes after the kill.", "As a ritual, hunters often ate the bison heart minutes after the kill. The women tanned and prepared the skins to cover the tepees. These were made of log poles, with the skins draped over it. The tepee remained warm in the winter and cool in the summer, and was a great shield against the wind.", "The tepee remained warm in the winter and cool in the summer, and was a great shield against the wind. The women also made clothing from the skins, such as robes and moccasins, and made soap from the fat.", "The women also made clothing from the skins, such as robes and moccasins, and made soap from the fat. Both men and women made utensils, sewing needles and tools from the bones, using tendon for fastening and binding. The stomach and bladder were cleaned and prepared for use for storing liquids.", "The stomach and bladder were cleaned and prepared for use for storing liquids. Dried bison dung was fuel for the fires. The Niitsitapi considered the animal sacred and integral to their lives. Discovery and uses of horses Up until around 1730, the Blackfoot traveled by foot and used dogs to carry and pull some of their goods.", "Discovery and uses of horses Up until around 1730, the Blackfoot traveled by foot and used dogs to carry and pull some of their goods. They had not seen horses in their previous lands, but were introduced to them on the Plains, as other tribes, such as the Shoshone, had already adopted their use.", "They had not seen horses in their previous lands, but were introduced to them on the Plains, as other tribes, such as the Shoshone, had already adopted their use. They saw the advantages of horses and wanted some. The Blackfoot called the horses ponokamita (elk dogs).", "The Blackfoot called the horses ponokamita (elk dogs). The horses could carry much more weight than dogs and moved at a greater speed. They could be ridden for hunting and travel. Horses revolutionised life on the Great Plains and soon came to be regarded as a measure of wealth.", "Horses revolutionised life on the Great Plains and soon came to be regarded as a measure of wealth. Warriors regularly raided other tribes for their best horses. Horses were generally used as universal standards of barter. Medicine men were paid for cures and healing with horses. Those who designed shields or war bonnets were also paid in horses.", "Those who designed shields or war bonnets were also paid in horses. The men gave horses to those who were owed gifts as well as to the needy. An individual's wealth rose with the number of horses accumulated, but a man did not keep an abundance of them.", "An individual's wealth rose with the number of horses accumulated, but a man did not keep an abundance of them. The individual's prestige and status was judged by the number of horses that he could give away. For the Indians who lived on the Plains, the principal value of property was to share it with others.", "For the Indians who lived on the Plains, the principal value of property was to share it with others. After having driven the hostile Shoshone and Arapaho from the Northwestern Plains, the Niitsitapi began in 1800 a long phase of keen competition in the fur trade with their former Cree allies, which often escalated militarily.", "After having driven the hostile Shoshone and Arapaho from the Northwestern Plains, the Niitsitapi began in 1800 a long phase of keen competition in the fur trade with their former Cree allies, which often escalated militarily. In addition both groups had adapted to using horses about 1730, so by mid-century an adequate supply of horses became a question of survival.", "In addition both groups had adapted to using horses about 1730, so by mid-century an adequate supply of horses became a question of survival. Horse theft was at this stage not only a proof of courage, but often a desperate contribution to survival, for many ethnic groups competed for hunting in the grasslands.", "Horse theft was at this stage not only a proof of courage, but often a desperate contribution to survival, for many ethnic groups competed for hunting in the grasslands. The Cree and Assiniboine continued horse raiding against the Gros Ventre (in Cree: Pawistiko Iyiniwak – \"Rapids People\" – \"People of the Rapids\"), allies of the Niitsitapi.", "The Cree and Assiniboine continued horse raiding against the Gros Ventre (in Cree: Pawistiko Iyiniwak – \"Rapids People\" – \"People of the Rapids\"), allies of the Niitsitapi. The Gros Ventres were also known as Niya Wati Inew, Naywattamee (\"They Live in Holes People\"), because their tribal lands were along the Saskatchewan River Forks (the confluence of North and South Saskatchewan River).", "The Gros Ventres were also known as Niya Wati Inew, Naywattamee (\"They Live in Holes People\"), because their tribal lands were along the Saskatchewan River Forks (the confluence of North and South Saskatchewan River). They had to withstand attacks of enemies with guns.", "They had to withstand attacks of enemies with guns. In retaliation for Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) supplying their enemies with weapons, the Gros Ventre attacked and burned in 1793 South Branch House of the HBC on the South Saskatchewan River near the present village of St. Louis, Saskatchewan.", "In retaliation for Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) supplying their enemies with weapons, the Gros Ventre attacked and burned in 1793 South Branch House of the HBC on the South Saskatchewan River near the present village of St. Louis, Saskatchewan. Then, the tribe moved southward to the Milk River in Montana and allied themselves with the Blackfoot.", "Then, the tribe moved southward to the Milk River in Montana and allied themselves with the Blackfoot. The area between the North Saskatchewan River and Battle River (the name derives from the war fought between these two tribal groups) was the limit of the now warring tribal alliances.", "The area between the North Saskatchewan River and Battle River (the name derives from the war fought between these two tribal groups) was the limit of the now warring tribal alliances. Enemies and warrior culture Blackfoot war parties would ride hundreds of miles on raids. A boy on his first war party was given a silly or derogatory name.", "A boy on his first war party was given a silly or derogatory name. But after he had stolen his first horse or killed an enemy, he was given a name to honor him. Warriors would strive to perform various acts of bravery called counting coup, in order to move up in social rank.", "Warriors would strive to perform various acts of bravery called counting coup, in order to move up in social rank. The coups in order of importance were: taking a gun from a living enemy and or touching him directly; capturing lances, and bows; scalping an enemy; killing an enemy; freeing a tied horse from in front of an enemy lodge; leading a war party; scouting for a war party; stealing headdresses, shields, pipes (sacred ceremonial pipes); and driving a herd of stolen horses back to camp.", "The coups in order of importance were: taking a gun from a living enemy and or touching him directly; capturing lances, and bows; scalping an enemy; killing an enemy; freeing a tied horse from in front of an enemy lodge; leading a war party; scouting for a war party; stealing headdresses, shields, pipes (sacred ceremonial pipes); and driving a herd of stolen horses back to camp. The Niitsitapi were enemies of the Crow, Cheyenne (kiihtsipimiitapi – ″Pinto People″), and Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota) (called pinaapisinaa – \"East Cree\") on the Great Plains; and the Shoshone, Flathead, Kalispel, Kootenai (called kotonáá'wa) and Nez Perce (called komonóítapiikoan) in the mountain country to their west and southwest.", "The Niitsitapi were enemies of the Crow, Cheyenne (kiihtsipimiitapi – ″Pinto People″), and Sioux (Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota) (called pinaapisinaa – \"East Cree\") on the Great Plains; and the Shoshone, Flathead, Kalispel, Kootenai (called kotonáá'wa) and Nez Perce (called komonóítapiikoan) in the mountain country to their west and southwest. Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were the political/military/trading alliance of the Iron Confederacy or Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Plains Cree: Nehiyaw – 'Cree' and Pwat or Pwat-sak – 'Sioux, i.e.", "Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were the political/military/trading alliance of the Iron Confederacy or Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Plains Cree: Nehiyaw – 'Cree' and Pwat or Pwat-sak – 'Sioux, i.e. Assiniboine') – named after the dominating Plains Cree (called Asinaa) and Assiniboine (called Niitsísinaa – \"Original Cree\").", "Assiniboine') – named after the dominating Plains Cree (called Asinaa) and Assiniboine (called Niitsísinaa – \"Original Cree\"). These included the Stoney (called Saahsáísso'kitaki or Sahsi-sokitaki – ″Sarcee trying to cut″), Saulteaux (or Plains Ojibwe), and Métis to the north, east and southeast.", "These included the Stoney (called Saahsáísso'kitaki or Sahsi-sokitaki – ″Sarcee trying to cut″), Saulteaux (or Plains Ojibwe), and Métis to the north, east and southeast. With the expansion of the Nehiyaw-Pwat to the north, west and southwest, they integrated larger groups of Iroquois, Chipewyan, Danezaa (Dunneza – 'The real (prototypical) people'), Ktunaxa, Flathead, and later Gros Ventre (called atsíína – \"Gut People\" or \"like a Cree\"), in their local groups.", "With the expansion of the Nehiyaw-Pwat to the north, west and southwest, they integrated larger groups of Iroquois, Chipewyan, Danezaa (Dunneza – 'The real (prototypical) people'), Ktunaxa, Flathead, and later Gros Ventre (called atsíína – \"Gut People\" or \"like a Cree\"), in their local groups. Loosely allied with the Nehiyaw-Pwat, but politically independent, were neighboring tribes like the Ktunaxa, Secwepemc and in particular the arch enemy of the Blackfoot, the Crow, or Indian trading partners like the Nez Perce and Flathead.", "Loosely allied with the Nehiyaw-Pwat, but politically independent, were neighboring tribes like the Ktunaxa, Secwepemc and in particular the arch enemy of the Blackfoot, the Crow, or Indian trading partners like the Nez Perce and Flathead. The Shoshone acquired horses much sooner than the Blackfoot and soon occupied much of present-day Alberta, most of Montana, and parts of Wyoming, and raided the Blackfoot frequently.", "The Shoshone acquired horses much sooner than the Blackfoot and soon occupied much of present-day Alberta, most of Montana, and parts of Wyoming, and raided the Blackfoot frequently. Once the Piegan gained access to horses of their own and guns, obtained from the HBC via the Cree and Assiniboine, the situation changed.", "Once the Piegan gained access to horses of their own and guns, obtained from the HBC via the Cree and Assiniboine, the situation changed. By 1787 David Thompson reports that the Blackfoot had completely conquered most of Shoshone territory, and frequently captured Shoshone women and children and forcibly assimilated them into Blackfoot society, further increasing their advantages over the Shoshone.", "By 1787 David Thompson reports that the Blackfoot had completely conquered most of Shoshone territory, and frequently captured Shoshone women and children and forcibly assimilated them into Blackfoot society, further increasing their advantages over the Shoshone. Thompson reports that Blackfoot territory in 1787 was from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the South, and from Rocky Mountains in the west out to a distance of to the east.", "Thompson reports that Blackfoot territory in 1787 was from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the South, and from Rocky Mountains in the west out to a distance of to the east. Between 1790 and 1850, the Nehiyaw-Pwat were at the height of their power; they could successfully defend their territories against the Sioux (Lakota, Nakota and Dakota) and the Niitsitapi Confederacy.", "Between 1790 and 1850, the Nehiyaw-Pwat were at the height of their power; they could successfully defend their territories against the Sioux (Lakota, Nakota and Dakota) and the Niitsitapi Confederacy. During the so-called Buffalo Wars (about 1850 – 1870), they penetrated further and further into the territory from the Niitsitapi Confederacy in search for the buffalo, so that the Piegan were forced to give way in the region of the Missouri River (in Cree: Pikano Sipi – \"Muddy River\", \"Muddy, turbid River\"), the Kainai withdrew to the Bow River and Belly River; only the Siksika could hold their tribal lands along the Red Deer River.", "During the so-called Buffalo Wars (about 1850 – 1870), they penetrated further and further into the territory from the Niitsitapi Confederacy in search for the buffalo, so that the Piegan were forced to give way in the region of the Missouri River (in Cree: Pikano Sipi – \"Muddy River\", \"Muddy, turbid River\"), the Kainai withdrew to the Bow River and Belly River; only the Siksika could hold their tribal lands along the Red Deer River. Around 1870, the alliance between the Blackfoot and the Gros Ventre broke, and the latter began to look to their former enemies, the Southern Assiniboine (or Plains Assiniboine), for protection.", "Around 1870, the alliance between the Blackfoot and the Gros Ventre broke, and the latter began to look to their former enemies, the Southern Assiniboine (or Plains Assiniboine), for protection. First contact with Europeans and the fur trade Anthony Henday of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) met a large Blackfoot group in 1754 in what is now Alberta.", "First contact with Europeans and the fur trade Anthony Henday of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) met a large Blackfoot group in 1754 in what is now Alberta. The Blackfoot had established dealings with traders connected to the Canadian and English fur trade before meeting the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1806.", "The Blackfoot had established dealings with traders connected to the Canadian and English fur trade before meeting the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1806. Lewis and Clark and their men had embarked on mapping the Louisiana Territory and upper Missouri River for the United States government.", "Lewis and Clark and their men had embarked on mapping the Louisiana Territory and upper Missouri River for the United States government. On their return trip from the Pacific Coast, Lewis and three of his men encountered a group of young Blackfoot warriors with a large herd of horses, and it was clear to Meriwether Lewis that they were not far from much larger groups of warriors.", "On their return trip from the Pacific Coast, Lewis and three of his men encountered a group of young Blackfoot warriors with a large herd of horses, and it was clear to Meriwether Lewis that they were not far from much larger groups of warriors. Lewis explained to them that the United States government wanted peace with all Indian nations, and that the US leaders had successfully formed alliances with other Indian nations.", "Lewis explained to them that the United States government wanted peace with all Indian nations, and that the US leaders had successfully formed alliances with other Indian nations. The group camped together that night, and at dawn there was a scuffle as it was discovered that the Blackfoot were trying to steal guns and run off with their horses while the Americans slept.", "The group camped together that night, and at dawn there was a scuffle as it was discovered that the Blackfoot were trying to steal guns and run off with their horses while the Americans slept. In the ensuing struggle, one warrior was fatally stabbed and another shot by Lewis and presumed killed.", "In the ensuing struggle, one warrior was fatally stabbed and another shot by Lewis and presumed killed. In subsequent years, American mountain men trapping in Blackfoot country generally encountered hostility. When John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, returned to Blackfoot country soon after, he barely escaped with his life.", "When John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, returned to Blackfoot country soon after, he barely escaped with his life. In 1809, Colter and his companion were trapping on the Jefferson River by canoe when they were surrounded by hundreds of Blackfoot warriors on horseback on both sides of the river bank.", "In 1809, Colter and his companion were trapping on the Jefferson River by canoe when they were surrounded by hundreds of Blackfoot warriors on horseback on both sides of the river bank. Colter's companion, John Potts, did not surrender and was killed.", "Colter's companion, John Potts, did not surrender and was killed. Colter was stripped of his clothes and forced to run for his life, after being given a head start (famously known in the annals of the West as \"Colter's Run.\")", "Colter was stripped of his clothes and forced to run for his life, after being given a head start (famously known in the annals of the West as \"Colter's Run.\") He eventually escaped by reaching a river five miles away and diving under either an island of driftwood or a beaver dam, where he remained concealed until after nightfall.", "He eventually escaped by reaching a river five miles away and diving under either an island of driftwood or a beaver dam, where he remained concealed until after nightfall. He trekked another 300 miles to a fort.", "He trekked another 300 miles to a fort. In the context of shifting tribal politics due to the spread of horses and guns, the Niitsitapi initially tried to increase their trade with the HBC traders in Rupert's Land whilst blocking access to the HBC by neighboring peoples to the West.", "In the context of shifting tribal politics due to the spread of horses and guns, the Niitsitapi initially tried to increase their trade with the HBC traders in Rupert's Land whilst blocking access to the HBC by neighboring peoples to the West. But the HBC trade eventually reached into what is now inland British Columbia.", "But the HBC trade eventually reached into what is now inland British Columbia. By the late 1820s, [this prompted] the Niitsitapiksi, and in particular the Piikani, whose territory was rich in beaver, [to] temporarily put aside cultural prohibitions and environmental constraints to trap enormous numbers of these animals and, in turn, receive greater quantities of trade items.", "By the late 1820s, [this prompted] the Niitsitapiksi, and in particular the Piikani, whose territory was rich in beaver, [to] temporarily put aside cultural prohibitions and environmental constraints to trap enormous numbers of these animals and, in turn, receive greater quantities of trade items. The HBC encouraged Niitsitapiksi to trade by setting up posts on the North Saskatchewan River, on the northern boundary of their territory.", "The HBC encouraged Niitsitapiksi to trade by setting up posts on the North Saskatchewan River, on the northern boundary of their territory. In the 1830s the Rocky Mountain region and the wider Saskatchewan District were the HBC's most profitable, and Rocky Mountain House was the HBC's busiest post. It was primarily used by the Piikani.", "It was primarily used by the Piikani. Other Niitsitapiksi nations traded more in pemmican and buffalo skins than beaver, and visited other posts such as Fort Edmonton. Meanwhile, in 1822 the American Fur Company entered the Upper Missouri region from the south for the first time, without Niitsitapiksi permission.", "Meanwhile, in 1822 the American Fur Company entered the Upper Missouri region from the south for the first time, without Niitsitapiksi permission. This led to tensions and conflict until 1830, when peaceful trade was established.", "This led to tensions and conflict until 1830, when peaceful trade was established. This was followed by the opening of Fort Piegan as the first American trading post in Niitsitapi territory in 1831, joined by Fort MacKenzie in 1833.", "This was followed by the opening of Fort Piegan as the first American trading post in Niitsitapi territory in 1831, joined by Fort MacKenzie in 1833. The Americans offered better terms of trade and were more interested in buffalo skins than the HBC, which brought them more trade from the Niitsitapi.", "The Americans offered better terms of trade and were more interested in buffalo skins than the HBC, which brought them more trade from the Niitsitapi. The HBC responded by building Bow Fort (Peigan Post) on the Bow River in 1832, but it was not a success.", "The HBC responded by building Bow Fort (Peigan Post) on the Bow River in 1832, but it was not a success. In 1833, German explorer Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied and Swiss painter Karl Bodmer spent months with the Niitsitapi to get a sense of their culture. Bodmer portrayed their society in paintings and drawings.", "Bodmer portrayed their society in paintings and drawings. Contact with the Europeans caused a spread of infectious diseases to the Niitsitapi, mostly cholera and smallpox. In one instance in 1837, an American Fur Company steamboat, the St. Peter's, was headed to Fort Union and several passengers contracted smallpox on the way.", "In one instance in 1837, an American Fur Company steamboat, the St. Peter's, was headed to Fort Union and several passengers contracted smallpox on the way. They continued to send a smaller vessel with supplies farther up the river to posts among the Niitsitapi.", "They continued to send a smaller vessel with supplies farther up the river to posts among the Niitsitapi. The Niitsitapi contracted the disease and eventually 6,000 died, marking an end to their dominance among tribes over the Plains.", "The Niitsitapi contracted the disease and eventually 6,000 died, marking an end to their dominance among tribes over the Plains. The Hudson's Bay Company did not require or help their employees get vaccinated; the English doctor Edward Jenner had developed a technique 41 years before but its use was not yet widespread.", "The Hudson's Bay Company did not require or help their employees get vaccinated; the English doctor Edward Jenner had developed a technique 41 years before but its use was not yet widespread. Indian Wars Like many other Great Plains Indian nations, the Niitsitapi often had hostile relationships with white settlers.", "Indian Wars Like many other Great Plains Indian nations, the Niitsitapi often had hostile relationships with white settlers. Despite the hostilities, the Blackfoot stayed largely out of the Great Plains Indian Wars, neither fighting against nor scouting for the United States army.", "Despite the hostilities, the Blackfoot stayed largely out of the Great Plains Indian Wars, neither fighting against nor scouting for the United States army. One of their friendly bands, however, was attacked by mistake and nearly destroyed by the US Army in the Marias Massacre on 23 January 1870, undertaken as an action to suppress violence against settlers.", "One of their friendly bands, however, was attacked by mistake and nearly destroyed by the US Army in the Marias Massacre on 23 January 1870, undertaken as an action to suppress violence against settlers. A friendly relationship with the North-West Mounted Police and learning of the brutality of the Marias Massacre discouraged the Blackfoot from engaging in wars against Canada and the United States.", "A friendly relationship with the North-West Mounted Police and learning of the brutality of the Marias Massacre discouraged the Blackfoot from engaging in wars against Canada and the United States. When the Lakota, together with their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies, were fighting the United States Army, they sent runners into Blackfoot territory, urging them to join the fight.", "When the Lakota, together with their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies, were fighting the United States Army, they sent runners into Blackfoot territory, urging them to join the fight. Crowfoot, one of the most influential Blackfoot chiefs, dismissed the Lakota messengers.", "Crowfoot, one of the most influential Blackfoot chiefs, dismissed the Lakota messengers. He threatened to ally with the NWMP to fight them if they came north into Blackfoot country again. News of Crowfoot's loyalty reached Ottawa and from there London; Queen Victoria praised Crowfoot and the Blackfoot for their loyalty.", "News of Crowfoot's loyalty reached Ottawa and from there London; Queen Victoria praised Crowfoot and the Blackfoot for their loyalty. Despite his threats, Crowfoot later met those Lakota who had fled with Sitting Bull into Canada after defeating George Armstrong Custer and his battalion at the Battle of Little Big Horn.", "Despite his threats, Crowfoot later met those Lakota who had fled with Sitting Bull into Canada after defeating George Armstrong Custer and his battalion at the Battle of Little Big Horn. Crowfoot considered the Lakota then to be refugees and was sympathetic to their strife, but retained his anti-war stance.", "Crowfoot considered the Lakota then to be refugees and was sympathetic to their strife, but retained his anti-war stance. Sitting Bull and Crowfoot fostered peace between the two nations by a ceremonial offering of tobacco, ending hostilities between them. Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him.", "Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him. The Blackfoot also chose to stay out of the North- West Rebellion, led by the famous Métis leader Louis Riel. Louis Riel and his men added to the already unsettled conditions facing the Blackfoot by camping near them.", "Louis Riel and his men added to the already unsettled conditions facing the Blackfoot by camping near them. They tried to spread discontent with the government and gain a powerful ally. The North-West Rebellion was made up mostly of Métis, Assiniboine (Nakota) and Plains Cree, who all fought against European encroachment and destruction of Bison herds.", "The North-West Rebellion was made up mostly of Métis, Assiniboine (Nakota) and Plains Cree, who all fought against European encroachment and destruction of Bison herds. The Plains Cree were one of the Blackfoot's most hated enemies; however, the two nations made peace when Crowfoot adopted Poundmaker, an influential Cree chief and great peacemaker, as his son.", "The Plains Cree were one of the Blackfoot's most hated enemies; however, the two nations made peace when Crowfoot adopted Poundmaker, an influential Cree chief and great peacemaker, as his son. Although he refused to fight, Crowfoot had sympathy for those with the rebellion, especially the Cree led by such notable chiefs as Poundmaker, Big Bear, Wandering Spirit and Fine-Day.", "Although he refused to fight, Crowfoot had sympathy for those with the rebellion, especially the Cree led by such notable chiefs as Poundmaker, Big Bear, Wandering Spirit and Fine-Day. When news of continued Blackfoot neutrality reached Ottawa, Lord Lansdowne, the governor general, expressed his thanks to Crowfoot again on behalf of the Queen back in London.", "When news of continued Blackfoot neutrality reached Ottawa, Lord Lansdowne, the governor general, expressed his thanks to Crowfoot again on behalf of the Queen back in London. The cabinet of John A. Macdonald (the current Prime Minister of Canada at the time) gave Crowfoot a round of applause.", "The cabinet of John A. Macdonald (the current Prime Minister of Canada at the time) gave Crowfoot a round of applause. Hardships of the Niitsitapi During the mid-1800s, the Niitsitapi faced a dwindling food supply, as European-American hunters were hired by the U.S government to kill bison so the Blackfeet would remain in their reservation.", "Hardships of the Niitsitapi During the mid-1800s, the Niitsitapi faced a dwindling food supply, as European-American hunters were hired by the U.S government to kill bison so the Blackfeet would remain in their reservation. Settlers were also encroaching on their territory. Without the buffalo, the Niitsitapi were forced to depend on the United States government for food supplies.", "Without the buffalo, the Niitsitapi were forced to depend on the United States government for food supplies. In 1855, the Niitsitapi chief Lame Bull made a peace treaty with the United States government. The Lame Bull Treaty promised the Niitsitapi $20,000 annually in goods and services in exchange for their moving onto a reservation.", "The Lame Bull Treaty promised the Niitsitapi $20,000 annually in goods and services in exchange for their moving onto a reservation. In 1860, very few buffalo were left, and the Niitsitapi became completely dependent on government supplies. Often the food was spoiled by the time they received it, or supplies failed to arrive at all.", "Often the food was spoiled by the time they received it, or supplies failed to arrive at all. Hungry and desperate, Blackfoot raided white settlements for food and supplies, and outlaws on both sides stirred up trouble.", "Hungry and desperate, Blackfoot raided white settlements for food and supplies, and outlaws on both sides stirred up trouble. Events were catalyzed by Owl Child, a young Piegan warrior who stole a herd of horses in 1867 from an American trader named Malcolm Clarke.", "Events were catalyzed by Owl Child, a young Piegan warrior who stole a herd of horses in 1867 from an American trader named Malcolm Clarke. Clarke retaliated by tracking Owl Child down and severely beating him in full view of Owl Child's camp, and humiliating him.", "Clarke retaliated by tracking Owl Child down and severely beating him in full view of Owl Child's camp, and humiliating him. According to Piegan oral history, Clarke had also raped Owl Child's wife. But, Clarke was long married to Coth-co-co-na, a Piegan woman who was Owl Child's cousin.", "But, Clarke was long married to Coth-co-co-na, a Piegan woman who was Owl Child's cousin. The raped woman gave birth to a child as a result of the rape, which oral history said was stillborn or killed by band elders.", "The raped woman gave birth to a child as a result of the rape, which oral history said was stillborn or killed by band elders. Two years after the beating, in 1869 Owl Child and some associates killed Clarke at his ranch after dinner, and severely wounded his son Horace.", "Two years after the beating, in 1869 Owl Child and some associates killed Clarke at his ranch after dinner, and severely wounded his son Horace. Public outcry from news of the event led to General Philip Sheridan to dispatch a band of cavalry, led by Major Eugene Baker, to find Owl Child and his camp and punish them.", "Public outcry from news of the event led to General Philip Sheridan to dispatch a band of cavalry, led by Major Eugene Baker, to find Owl Child and his camp and punish them. On 23 January 1870, a camp of Piegan Indians were spotted by army scouts and reported to the dispatched cavalry, but it was mistakenly identified as a hostile band.", "On 23 January 1870, a camp of Piegan Indians were spotted by army scouts and reported to the dispatched cavalry, but it was mistakenly identified as a hostile band. Around 200 soldiers surrounded the camp the following morning and prepared for an ambush.", "Around 200 soldiers surrounded the camp the following morning and prepared for an ambush. Before the command to fire, the chief Heavy Runner was alerted to soldiers on the snowy bluffs above the encampment. He walked toward them, carrying his safe-conduct paper.", "He walked toward them, carrying his safe-conduct paper. Heavy Runner and his band of Piegans shared peace between American settlers and troops at the time of the event.", "Heavy Runner and his band of Piegans shared peace between American settlers and troops at the time of the event. Heavy Runner was shot and killed by army scout Joe Cobell, whose wife was part of the camp of the hostile Mountain Chief, further along the river, from whom he wanted to divert attention.", "Heavy Runner was shot and killed by army scout Joe Cobell, whose wife was part of the camp of the hostile Mountain Chief, further along the river, from whom he wanted to divert attention. Fellow scout Joe Kipp had realized the error and tried to signal the troops.", "Fellow scout Joe Kipp had realized the error and tried to signal the troops. He was threatened by the cavalry for reporting that the people they attacked were friendly. Following the death of Heavy Runner, the soldiers attacked the camp.", "Following the death of Heavy Runner, the soldiers attacked the camp. According to their count, they killed 173 Piegan and suffered just one U.S Army soldier casualty, who fell off his horse and broke his leg, dying of complications.", "According to their count, they killed 173 Piegan and suffered just one U.S Army soldier casualty, who fell off his horse and broke his leg, dying of complications. Most of the victims were women, children and the elderly, as most of the younger men were out hunting.", "Most of the victims were women, children and the elderly, as most of the younger men were out hunting. The Army took 140 Piegan prisoner and then released them. With their camp and belongings destroyed, they suffered terribly from exposure, making their way as refugees to Fort Benton.", "With their camp and belongings destroyed, they suffered terribly from exposure, making their way as refugees to Fort Benton. As reports of the massacre gradually were learned in the east, members of the United States congress and press were outraged. General William Sherman reported that most of the killed were warriors under Mountain Chief.", "General William Sherman reported that most of the killed were warriors under Mountain Chief. An official investigation never occurred, and no official monument marks the spot of the massacre. Compared to events such as the massacres at Wounded Knee and Sand Creek, the Marias Massacre remains largely unknown.", "Compared to events such as the massacres at Wounded Knee and Sand Creek, the Marias Massacre remains largely unknown. But, it confirmed President Ulysses S. Grant in his decision not to allow the Army to take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as it had been suggesting to combat corruption among Indian agents.", "But, it confirmed President Ulysses S. Grant in his decision not to allow the Army to take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as it had been suggesting to combat corruption among Indian agents. Grant chose to appoint numerous Quakers to those positions as he pursued a peace policy with Native Americans.", "Grant chose to appoint numerous Quakers to those positions as he pursued a peace policy with Native Americans. The Cree and Assiniboine also suffered from the dwindling herds of the buffalo. By 1850 herds were found almost exclusively on the territory of the Blackfoot.", "By 1850 herds were found almost exclusively on the territory of the Blackfoot. Therefore, in 1870 various Nehiyaw-Pwat bands began a final effort to get hold of their prey, by beginning a war. They hoped to defeat the Blackfoot weakened by smallpox and attacked a camp near Fort Whoop-Up (called Akaisakoyi – \"Many Dead\").", "They hoped to defeat the Blackfoot weakened by smallpox and attacked a camp near Fort Whoop-Up (called Akaisakoyi – \"Many Dead\"). But they were defeated in the so-called Battle of the Belly River (near Lethbridge, called Assini-etomochi – \"where we slaughtered the Cree\") and lost over 300 warriors.", "But they were defeated in the so-called Battle of the Belly River (near Lethbridge, called Assini-etomochi – \"where we slaughtered the Cree\") and lost over 300 warriors. The next winter the hunger compelled them to negotiate with the Niitsitapi, with whom they made a final lasting peace.", "The next winter the hunger compelled them to negotiate with the Niitsitapi, with whom they made a final lasting peace. The United States passed laws that adversely affected the Niitsitapi. In 1874, the US Congress voted to change the Niitsitapi reservation borders without discussing it with the Niitsitapi.", "In 1874, the US Congress voted to change the Niitsitapi reservation borders without discussing it with the Niitsitapi. They received no other land or compensation for the land lost, and in response, the Kainai, Siksika, and Piegan moved to Canada; only the Pikuni remained in Montana.", "They received no other land or compensation for the land lost, and in response, the Kainai, Siksika, and Piegan moved to Canada; only the Pikuni remained in Montana. The winter of 1883–1884 became known as \"Starvation Winter\" because no government supplies came in, and the buffalo were gone.", "The winter of 1883–1884 became known as \"Starvation Winter\" because no government supplies came in, and the buffalo were gone. That winter, 600 Niitsitapi died of hunger. In efforts to assimilate the Native Americans to European-American ways, in 1898, the government dismantled tribal governments and outlawed the practice of traditional Indian religions.", "In efforts to assimilate the Native Americans to European-American ways, in 1898, the government dismantled tribal governments and outlawed the practice of traditional Indian religions. They required Blackfoot children to go to boarding schools, where they were forbidden to speak their native language, practise customs, or wear traditional clothing.", "They required Blackfoot children to go to boarding schools, where they were forbidden to speak their native language, practise customs, or wear traditional clothing. In 1907, the United States government adopted a policy of allotment of reservation land to individual heads of families to encourage family farming and break up the communal tribal lands.", "In 1907, the United States government adopted a policy of allotment of reservation land to individual heads of families to encourage family farming and break up the communal tribal lands. Each household received a farm, and the government declared the remainder \"surplus\" to the tribe's needs. It put it up for sale for development.", "It put it up for sale for development. The allotments were too small to support farming on the arid plains. A 1919 drought destroyed crops and increased the cost of beef. Many Indians were forced to sell their allotted land and pay taxes which the government said they owed.", "Many Indians were forced to sell their allotted land and pay taxes which the government said they owed. In 1934 the Indian Reorganization Act, passed by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, ended allotments and allowed the tribes to choose their own government. They were also allowed to practise their cultures.", "They were also allowed to practise their cultures. In 1935, the Blackfeet Nation of Montana began a Tribal Business Council. After that, they wrote and passed their own Constitution, with an elected representative government. Culture Electing a leader Family was highly valued by the Blackfoot Indians.", "Culture Electing a leader Family was highly valued by the Blackfoot Indians. For traveling, they also split into bands of 20-30 people, but would come together for times of celebration. They valued leadership skills and chose the chiefs who would run their settlements wisely.", "They valued leadership skills and chose the chiefs who would run their settlements wisely. During times of peace, the people would elect a peace chief, meaning someone who could lead the people and improve relations with other tribes.", "During times of peace, the people would elect a peace chief, meaning someone who could lead the people and improve relations with other tribes. The title of war chief could not be gained through election and needed to be earned by successfully performing various acts of bravery including touching a living enemy.", "The title of war chief could not be gained through election and needed to be earned by successfully performing various acts of bravery including touching a living enemy. Blackfoot bands often had minor chiefs in addition to an appointed head chief.", "Blackfoot bands often had minor chiefs in addition to an appointed head chief. Societies Within the Blackfoot nation, there were different societies to which people belonged, each of which had functions for the tribe. Young people were invited into societies after proving themselves by recognized passages and rituals.", "Young people were invited into societies after proving themselves by recognized passages and rituals. For instance, young men had to perform a vision quest, begun by a spiritual cleansing in a sweat lodge. They went out from the camp alone for four days of fasting and praying.", "They went out from the camp alone for four days of fasting and praying. Their main goal was to see a vision that would explain their future. After having the vision, a youth returned to the village ready to join society. In a warrior society, the men had to be prepared for battle.", "In a warrior society, the men had to be prepared for battle. Again, the warriors would prepare by spiritual cleansing, then paint themselves symbolically; they often painted their horses for war as well.", "Again, the warriors would prepare by spiritual cleansing, then paint themselves symbolically; they often painted their horses for war as well. Leaders of the warrior society carried spears or lances called a coup stick, which was decorated with feathers, skin, and other tokens.", "Leaders of the warrior society carried spears or lances called a coup stick, which was decorated with feathers, skin, and other tokens. They won prestige by \"counting coup\", tapping the enemy with the stick and getting away. Members of the religious society protected sacred Blackfoot items and conducted religious ceremonies.", "Members of the religious society protected sacred Blackfoot items and conducted religious ceremonies. They blessed the warriors before battle. Their major ceremony was the Sun Dance, or Medicine Lodge Ceremony. By engaging in the Sun Dance, their prayers would be carried up to the Creator, who would bless them with well-being and abundance of buffalo.", "By engaging in the Sun Dance, their prayers would be carried up to the Creator, who would bless them with well-being and abundance of buffalo. Women's societies also had important responsibilities for the communal tribe.", "Women's societies also had important responsibilities for the communal tribe. They designed refined quillwork on clothing and ceremonial shields, helped prepare for battle, prepared skins and cloth to make clothing, cared for the children and taught them tribal ways, skinned and tanned the leathers used for clothing and other purposes, prepared fresh and dried foods, and performed ceremonies to help hunters in their journeys.", "They designed refined quillwork on clothing and ceremonial shields, helped prepare for battle, prepared skins and cloth to make clothing, cared for the children and taught them tribal ways, skinned and tanned the leathers used for clothing and other purposes, prepared fresh and dried foods, and performed ceremonies to help hunters in their journeys. Ethnobotany Sage and sweet grass are both used by Blackfoot and other Plains tribes for ceremonial purposes and are considered sacred plants.", "Ethnobotany Sage and sweet grass are both used by Blackfoot and other Plains tribes for ceremonial purposes and are considered sacred plants. Sage and sweet grass are burned with the user inhaling and covering themselves in the smoke in a process known widely as smudging. Sage is said to rid the body of negative emotions such as anger.", "Sage is said to rid the body of negative emotions such as anger. Sweet grass is said to draw in positive energy. Both are used for purification purposes. The pleasant and natural odor of the burning grass is said to attract spirits. Sweet grass is prepared for ceremony by braiding the stems together then drying them before burning.", "Sweet grass is prepared for ceremony by braiding the stems together then drying them before burning. Sweet grass is also often present and burned in pipe-smoking mixtures alongside bearberry and red willow plants. The smoke from the pipe is said to carry the users prayers up to the creator with the rising smoke.", "The smoke from the pipe is said to carry the users prayers up to the creator with the rising smoke. Large medicine bags often decorated with ornate beaded designs were used by medicine men to carry sage, sweet grass, and other important plants.", "Large medicine bags often decorated with ornate beaded designs were used by medicine men to carry sage, sweet grass, and other important plants. Blackfoot also used sweet grass smoke, or sachets of sweet grass in their clothing, as an effective insect repellent.", "Blackfoot also used sweet grass smoke, or sachets of sweet grass in their clothing, as an effective insect repellent. They apply a poultice of chewed roots Asclepias viridiflora to swellings, to \"diarrhea rash\", to rashes, to the sore gums of nursing infants and to sore eyes.", "They apply a poultice of chewed roots Asclepias viridiflora to swellings, to \"diarrhea rash\", to rashes, to the sore gums of nursing infants and to sore eyes. They also chew the root of Asclepias viridiflora for sore throats, and use the plant to spice soups, and use the fresh roots for food.", "They also chew the root of Asclepias viridiflora for sore throats, and use the plant to spice soups, and use the fresh roots for food. They make use of Viola adunca, applying an infusion of the roots and leaves to sore and swollen joints, giving an infusion of the leaves and roots to asthmatic children, and using the plant to dye their arrows blue.", "They make use of Viola adunca, applying an infusion of the roots and leaves to sore and swollen joints, giving an infusion of the leaves and roots to asthmatic children, and using the plant to dye their arrows blue. They put Carex in moccasins to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions.", "They put Carex in moccasins to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions. Marriage In the Blackfoot culture, men were responsible for choosing their marriage partners, but women had the choice to accept them or not. The male had to show the woman's father his skills as a hunter or warrior.", "The male had to show the woman's father his skills as a hunter or warrior. If the father was impressed and approved of the marriage, the man and woman would exchange gifts of horses and clothing and were considered married. The married couple would reside in their own tipi or with the husband's family.", "The married couple would reside in their own tipi or with the husband's family. Although the man was permitted more than one wife, typically he only chose one. In cases of more than one wife, quite often the male would choose a sister of the wife, believing that sisters would not argue as much as total strangers.", "In cases of more than one wife, quite often the male would choose a sister of the wife, believing that sisters would not argue as much as total strangers. Responsibilities and clothing In a typical Blackfoot family, the father would go out and hunt and bring back supplies that the family might need.", "Responsibilities and clothing In a typical Blackfoot family, the father would go out and hunt and bring back supplies that the family might need. The mother would stay close to home and watch over the children while the father was out. The children were taught basic survival skills and culture as they grew up.", "The children were taught basic survival skills and culture as they grew up. It was generally said that both boys and girls learned to ride horses early. Boys would usually play with toy bows and arrows until they were old enough to learn how to hunt.", "Boys would usually play with toy bows and arrows until they were old enough to learn how to hunt. They would also play a popular game called shinny, which later became known as ice hockey. They used a long curved wooden stick to knock a ball, made of baked clay covered with buckskin, over a goal line.", "They used a long curved wooden stick to knock a ball, made of baked clay covered with buckskin, over a goal line. Girls were given a doll to play with, which also doubled as a learning tool because it was fashioned with typical tribal clothing and designs and also taught the young women how to care for a child.", "Girls were given a doll to play with, which also doubled as a learning tool because it was fashioned with typical tribal clothing and designs and also taught the young women how to care for a child. As they grew older, more responsibilities were placed upon their shoulders.", "As they grew older, more responsibilities were placed upon their shoulders. The girls were then taught to cook, prepare hides for leather, and gather wild plants and berries. The boys were held accountable for going out with their father to prepare food by means of hunting.", "The boys were held accountable for going out with their father to prepare food by means of hunting. Typically clothing was made primarily of softened and tanned antelope and deer hides. The women would make and decorate the clothes for everyone in the tribe.", "The women would make and decorate the clothes for everyone in the tribe. Men wore moccasins, long leggings that went up to their hips, a loincloth, and a belt. Occasionally they would wear shirts but generally they would wrap buffalo robes around their shoulders.", "Occasionally they would wear shirts but generally they would wrap buffalo robes around their shoulders. The distinguished men of bravery would wear a necklace made of grizzly bear claws. Boys dressed much like the older males, wearing leggings, loincloths, moccasins, and occasionally an undecorated shirt.", "Boys dressed much like the older males, wearing leggings, loincloths, moccasins, and occasionally an undecorated shirt. They kept warm by wearing a buffalo robe over their shoulders or over their heads if it became cold. Women and girls wore dresses made from two or three deerskins.", "Women and girls wore dresses made from two or three deerskins. The women wore decorative earrings and bracelets made from sea shells, obtained through trade with distant tribes, or different types of metal.", "The women wore decorative earrings and bracelets made from sea shells, obtained through trade with distant tribes, or different types of metal. They would sometimes wear beads in their hair or paint the part in their hair red, which signified that they were old enough to bear children.", "They would sometimes wear beads in their hair or paint the part in their hair red, which signified that they were old enough to bear children. Headdresses Similar to other Indigenous Peoples of the Great Plains, the Blackfoot developed a variety of different headdresses that incorporated elements of creatures important to them; these served different purposes and symbolized different associations.", "Headdresses Similar to other Indigenous Peoples of the Great Plains, the Blackfoot developed a variety of different headdresses that incorporated elements of creatures important to them; these served different purposes and symbolized different associations. The typical war bonnet was made from eagle feathers, because the bird was considered powerful.", "The typical war bonnet was made from eagle feathers, because the bird was considered powerful. It was worn by prestigious warriors and chiefs (including war-chiefs) of the Blackfoot. The straight-up headdress is a uniquely Blackfoot headdress that, like the war bonnet, is made with eagle feathers.", "The straight-up headdress is a uniquely Blackfoot headdress that, like the war bonnet, is made with eagle feathers. The feathers on the straight-up headdress point directly straight upwards from the rim (hence the name). Often a red plume is attached to the front of the headdress; it also points straight upward.", "Often a red plume is attached to the front of the headdress; it also points straight upward. The split-horn headdress was very popular among Northern Plains Indians, particularly those nations of the Blackfoot Confederacy. Many warrior societies, including the Horn Society of the Blackfoot, wore the split-horn headdress.", "Many warrior societies, including the Horn Society of the Blackfoot, wore the split-horn headdress. The split-horn headdress was made from a single bison horn, split in two and reshaped as slimmer versions of a full-sized bison horn, and polished. The horns were attached to a beaded, rimmed felt hat.", "The horns were attached to a beaded, rimmed felt hat. Furs from weasels (taken when carrying heavy winter coats) were attached to the top of the headdress, and dangled from the sides. The side furs were often finished with bead work where attached to the headdress.", "The side furs were often finished with bead work where attached to the headdress. A similar headdress, called the antelope horn headdress, was made in a similar fashion using the horn or horns from a pronghorn antelope. Blackfoot men, particularly warriors, sometimes wore a roach made from porcupine hair.", "Blackfoot men, particularly warriors, sometimes wore a roach made from porcupine hair. The hairs of the porcupine are most often dyed red. Eagle and other bird feathers were occasionally attached to the roach. Buffalo scalps, often with horns still attached and often with a beaded rim, were also worn.", "Buffalo scalps, often with horns still attached and often with a beaded rim, were also worn. Fur \"turbans\" made from soft animal fur (most often otter) were also popular. Buffalo scalps and fur turbans were worn in the winter to protect the head from the cold.", "Buffalo scalps and fur turbans were worn in the winter to protect the head from the cold. The Blackfoot have continued to wear traditional headdresses at special ceremonies. They are worn mostly by elected chiefs, members of various traditional societies (including the Horn, Crazy Dog and Motokik societies), powwow dancers and spiritual leaders.", "They are worn mostly by elected chiefs, members of various traditional societies (including the Horn, Crazy Dog and Motokik societies), powwow dancers and spiritual leaders. Sun and the Moon One of the most famous traditions held by the Blackfoot is their story of sun and the moon.", "Sun and the Moon One of the most famous traditions held by the Blackfoot is their story of sun and the moon. It starts with a family of a man, wife, and two sons, who live off berries and other food they can gather, as they have no bows and arrows, or other tools.", "It starts with a family of a man, wife, and two sons, who live off berries and other food they can gather, as they have no bows and arrows, or other tools. The man had a dream: he was told by the Creator Napi, Napiu, or Napioa (depending on the band) to get a large spider web and put it on the trail where the animals roamed, and they would get caught up and could be easily killed with the stone axe he had.", "The man had a dream: he was told by the Creator Napi, Napiu, or Napioa (depending on the band) to get a large spider web and put it on the trail where the animals roamed, and they would get caught up and could be easily killed with the stone axe he had. The man had done so and saw that it was true.", "The man had done so and saw that it was true. One day, he came home from bringing in some fresh meat from the trail and discovered his wife to be applying perfume on herself. He thought that she must have another lover since she never did this before.", "He thought that she must have another lover since she never did this before. He then told his wife that he was going to move a web and asked if she could bring in the meat and wood he had left outside from a previous hunt. She had reluctantly gone out and passed over a hill.", "She had reluctantly gone out and passed over a hill. The wife looked back three times and saw her husband in the same place she had left him, so she continued on to retrieve the meat. The father then asked his children if they went with their mother to find wood, but they never had.", "The father then asked his children if they went with their mother to find wood, but they never had. However they knew the location in which she retrieved it from. The man set out and found the timber along with a den of rattlesnakes, one of which was his wife's lover.", "The man set out and found the timber along with a den of rattlesnakes, one of which was his wife's lover. He set the timber on fire and killed the snakes. He knew by doing this that his wife would become enraged, so the man returned home.", "He knew by doing this that his wife would become enraged, so the man returned home. He told the children to flee and gave them a stick, stone, and moss to use if their mother chased after them. He remained at the house and put a web over his front door.", "He remained at the house and put a web over his front door. The wife tried to get in but became stuck and had her leg cut off. She then put her head through and he cut that off also. While the body followed the husband to the creek, the head followed the children.", "While the body followed the husband to the creek, the head followed the children. The oldest boy saw the head behind them and threw the stick. The stick turned into a great forest. The head made it through, so the younger brother instructed the elder to throw the stone.", "The head made it through, so the younger brother instructed the elder to throw the stone. He did so, and where the stone landed a huge mountain popped up. It spanned from big water (ocean) to big water and the head was forced to go through it, not around.", "It spanned from big water (ocean) to big water and the head was forced to go through it, not around. The head met a group of rams and said to them she would marry their chief if they butted their way through the mountain.", "The head met a group of rams and said to them she would marry their chief if they butted their way through the mountain. The chief agreed and they butted until their horns were worn down, but this still was not through.", "The chief agreed and they butted until their horns were worn down, but this still was not through. She then asked the ants if they could burrow through the mountain with the same stipulations, it was agreed and they get her the rest of the way through.", "She then asked the ants if they could burrow through the mountain with the same stipulations, it was agreed and they get her the rest of the way through. The children were far ahead, but eventually saw the head rolling behind them. The boys wet the moss and wrung it out behind themselves.", "The boys wet the moss and wrung it out behind themselves. They were then in a different land. The country they had just left was now surrounded by water. The head rolled into the water and drowned. They decided to build a raft and head back.", "They decided to build a raft and head back. Once they returned to their land, they discovered that it was occupied by the crows and the snakes so they decided to split up. One brother was simple and went north to discover what he could and make people.", "One brother was simple and went north to discover what he could and make people. The other was smart and went south to make white people and taught them valuable skills. The simple brother created the Blackfeet. He became known as Left Hand, and later by the Blackfeet as Old Man.", "He became known as Left Hand, and later by the Blackfeet as Old Man. The woman still chases the man: she is the moon and he is the sun, and if she ever catches him, it will always be night. Blackfoot creation story The creation myth is part of the oral history of the Blackfoot nation.", "Blackfoot creation story The creation myth is part of the oral history of the Blackfoot nation. It was said that in the beginning, Napio floated on a log with four animals. The animals were: Mameo (fish), Matcekups (frog), Maniskeo (lizard), and Sopeo (turtle).", "The animals were: Mameo (fish), Matcekups (frog), Maniskeo (lizard), and Sopeo (turtle). Napio sent all of them into the deep water, one after another. The first three had gone down and returned with nothing.", "The first three had gone down and returned with nothing. The turtle went down and retrieved mud from the bottom and gave it to Napio. He took the mud and rolled it in his hand and created the earth. He let it roll out of his hand and over time, it has grown to what it is today.", "He let it roll out of his hand and over time, it has grown to what it is today. After he created the earth, he created women first, followed by men. He had them living separately from one another.", "He had them living separately from one another. The men were shy and afraid, but Napio said to them to not fear and take one as their wife. They had done as he asked, and Napio continued to create the buffalo and bows and arrows for the people so that they could hunt them.", "They had done as he asked, and Napio continued to create the buffalo and bows and arrows for the people so that they could hunt them. People Ethnic divisions The largest ethnic group in the Confederacy is the Piegan, also spelled Peigan or Pikuni. Their name derives from the Blackfoot term Piikáni.", "Their name derives from the Blackfoot term Piikáni. They are divided into the Piikani Nation (Aapátohsipikáni (\"the companion up there\") or simply Piikáni) in present-day Alberta, and the South Peigan or Piegan Blackfeet (Aamsskáápipikani) in Montana, United States.", "They are divided into the Piikani Nation (Aapátohsipikáni (\"the companion up there\") or simply Piikáni) in present-day Alberta, and the South Peigan or Piegan Blackfeet (Aamsskáápipikani) in Montana, United States. A once large and mighty division of the Piegan were the Inuk'sik (\"the humans\") of southwestern Montana.", "A once large and mighty division of the Piegan were the Inuk'sik (\"the humans\") of southwestern Montana. Today they survive only as a clan or band of the South Peigan. The modern Kainai Nation is named for the Blackfoot-language term Káínaa, meaning \"Many Chief people\".", "The modern Kainai Nation is named for the Blackfoot-language term Káínaa, meaning \"Many Chief people\". These were historically also called the \"Blood,\" from a Plains Cree name for the Kainai: Miko-Ew, meaning \"stained with blood\" (i.e. \"the bloodthirsty, cruel\").", "\"the bloodthirsty, cruel\"). The common English name for the tribe is Blood or the Blood tribe. The Siksika Nation's name derives from Siksikáwa, meaning \"Those of like\". The Siksika also call themselves Sao-kitapiiksi, meaning \"Plains People\".", "The Siksika also call themselves Sao-kitapiiksi, meaning \"Plains People\". The Sarcee call themselves the Tsu T'ina, meaning \"a great number of people.\" During early years of conflict, the Blackfoot called them Saahsi or Sarsi, \"the stubborn ones\", in their language.", "During early years of conflict, the Blackfoot called them Saahsi or Sarsi, \"the stubborn ones\", in their language. The Sarcee are from an entirely different language family; they are part of the Athabascan or Dené language family, most of whose members are located in the Subarctic of Northern Canada.", "The Sarcee are from an entirely different language family; they are part of the Athabascan or Dené language family, most of whose members are located in the Subarctic of Northern Canada. Specifically, the Sarcee are an offshoot of the Beaver (Danezaa) people, who migrated south onto the plains sometime in the early eighteenth century.", "Specifically, the Sarcee are an offshoot of the Beaver (Danezaa) people, who migrated south onto the plains sometime in the early eighteenth century. They later joined the Confederacy and essentially merged with the Pikuni (\"Once had\").", "They later joined the Confederacy and essentially merged with the Pikuni (\"Once had\"). The Gros Ventre people call themselves the Haaninin (\"white clay people\"), also spelled A'aninin.", "The Gros Ventre people call themselves the Haaninin (\"white clay people\"), also spelled A'aninin. The French called them Gros Ventres (\"fat bellies\"), misinterpreting a physical sign for waterfall; and the English called them the Fall Indians, related to waterfalls in the mountains.", "The French called them Gros Ventres (\"fat bellies\"), misinterpreting a physical sign for waterfall; and the English called them the Fall Indians, related to waterfalls in the mountains. The Blackfoot referred to them as the Piik-siik-sii-naa (\"snakes\") or Atsina (\"like a Cree\"), because of years of enmity.", "The Blackfoot referred to them as the Piik-siik-sii-naa (\"snakes\") or Atsina (\"like a Cree\"), because of years of enmity. Early scholars thought the A'aninin were related to the Arapaho Nation, who inhabited the Missouri Plains and moved west to Colorado and Wyoming.", "Early scholars thought the A'aninin were related to the Arapaho Nation, who inhabited the Missouri Plains and moved west to Colorado and Wyoming. They were allied with the Confederacy from circa 1793 to 1861, but came to disagreement and were enemies of it thereafter.", "They were allied with the Confederacy from circa 1793 to 1861, but came to disagreement and were enemies of it thereafter. Modern communities Economy and services Today, many of the Blackfoot live on reserves in Canada. About 8,500 live on the Montana reservation of .", "About 8,500 live on the Montana reservation of . In 1896, the Blackfoot sold a large portion of their land to the United States government, which hoped to find gold or copper deposits. No such mineral deposits were found. In 1910, the land was set aside as Glacier National Park.", "In 1910, the land was set aside as Glacier National Park. Some Blackfoot work there and occasional Native American ceremonies are held there. Unemployment is a challenging problem on the Blackfeet Reservation and on Canadian Blackfoot reserves, because of their isolation from major urban areas.", "Unemployment is a challenging problem on the Blackfeet Reservation and on Canadian Blackfoot reserves, because of their isolation from major urban areas. Many people work as farmers, but there are not enough other jobs nearby. To find work, many Blackfoot have relocated from the reservation to towns and cities.", "To find work, many Blackfoot have relocated from the reservation to towns and cities. Some companies pay the Blackfoot governments to lease use of lands for extracting oil, natural gas, and other resources.", "Some companies pay the Blackfoot governments to lease use of lands for extracting oil, natural gas, and other resources. The nations have operated such businesses such as the Blackfoot Writing Company, a pen and pencil factory, which opened in 1972, but it closed in the late 1990s.", "The nations have operated such businesses such as the Blackfoot Writing Company, a pen and pencil factory, which opened in 1972, but it closed in the late 1990s. In Canada, the Northern Piegan make traditional craft clothing and moccasins, and the Kainai operate a shopping center and factory.", "In Canada, the Northern Piegan make traditional craft clothing and moccasins, and the Kainai operate a shopping center and factory. In 1974, the Blackfoot Community College, a tribal college, opened in Browning, Montana. The school is also the location of the tribal headquarters.", "The school is also the location of the tribal headquarters. As of 1979, the Montana state government requires all public school teachers on or near the reservation to have a background in American Indian studies. In 1986, the Kainai Nation opened the Red Crow Community College in Stand Off, Alberta.", "In 1986, the Kainai Nation opened the Red Crow Community College in Stand Off, Alberta. In 1989, the Siksika tribe in Canada completed the construction of a high school to go along with its elementary school. Traditional culture The Blackfoot continue many cultural traditions of the past and hope to extend their ancestors' traditions to their children.", "Traditional culture The Blackfoot continue many cultural traditions of the past and hope to extend their ancestors' traditions to their children. They want to teach their children the Pikuni language as well as other traditional knowledge. In the early 20th century, a white woman named Frances Densmore helped the Blackfoot record their language.", "In the early 20th century, a white woman named Frances Densmore helped the Blackfoot record their language. During the 1950s and 1960s, few Blackfoot spoke the Pikuni language. In order to save their language, the Blackfoot Council asked elders who still knew the language to teach it.", "In order to save their language, the Blackfoot Council asked elders who still knew the language to teach it. The elders had agreed and succeeded in reviving the language, so today the children can learn Pikuni at school or at home. In 1994, the Blackfoot Council accepted Pikuni as the official language.", "In 1994, the Blackfoot Council accepted Pikuni as the official language. The people have revived the Black Lodge Society, responsible for protecting songs and dances of the Blackfoot. They continue to announce the coming of spring by opening five medicine bundles, one at every sound of thunder during the spring.", "They continue to announce the coming of spring by opening five medicine bundles, one at every sound of thunder during the spring. One of the biggest celebrations is called the North American Indian Days. Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in Browning.", "Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in Browning. Lastly, the Sun Dance, which was illegal from the 1890s-1934, has been practiced again for years. While it was illegal, the Blackfoot held it in secret. Since 1934, they have practised it every summer.", "Since 1934, they have practised it every summer. The event lasts eight days – time filled with prayers, dancing, singing, and offerings to honor the Creator. It provides an opportunity for the Blackfoot to get together and share views and ideas with each other, while celebrating their culture's most sacred ceremonies.", "It provides an opportunity for the Blackfoot to get together and share views and ideas with each other, while celebrating their culture's most sacred ceremonies. The Blackfeet Nation in Montana have a blue tribal flag. The flag shows a ceremonial lance or coup stick with 29 feathers.", "The flag shows a ceremonial lance or coup stick with 29 feathers. The center of the flag contains a ring of 32 white and black eagle feathers. Within the ring is an outline map of the Blackfoot Reservation.", "Within the ring is an outline map of the Blackfoot Reservation. Within the map is depicted a warrior's headdress and the words \"Blackfeet Nation\" and \"Pikuni\" (the name of the tribe in the Algonquian native tongue of the Blackfoot).", "Within the map is depicted a warrior's headdress and the words \"Blackfeet Nation\" and \"Pikuni\" (the name of the tribe in the Algonquian native tongue of the Blackfoot). Notable Blackfoot people Elouise Cobell, banker and activist who led the 20th-century lawsuit that forced the US Government to reform individual Indian trusts Byron Chief-Moon, performer and choreographer Crowfoot (ISAPO-MUXIKA – \"Crow Indian's Big Foot\", also known in French as Pied de Corbeau), Chief of the Big Pipes band (later renamed Moccasin band, a splinter band of the Biters band), Head Chief of the South Siksika, by 1870 one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika or the Blackfoot proper Aatsista-Mahkan (\"Running Rabbit\", * about 1833 – d. January 1911), since 1871 Chief of the Biters band (Ai-sik'-stuk-iks) of the Siksika, signed Treaty No.7 in 1877, along with Crowfoot, Old Sun, Red Crow, and other leaders A-ca-oo-mah-ca-ye (Ac ko mok ki, Ak ko mock ki, A'kow-muk-ai – \"Feathers\", since he took the name Old Swan), since about 1820 Chief of the Old Feathers' band, his personal following was known as the Bad Guns band, consisted of about 400 persons, along with Old Sun and Three Suns (No-okskatos) one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika Stu-mick-o-súcks (\"Buffalo Bull's Back Fat\"), Head Chief of the Kainai, had his portrait painted at Fort Union in 1832 Faye HeavyShield, Kainai sculptor and installation artist Joe Hipp, Heavyweight boxer, the first Native American to compete for the WBA World Heavyweight Title.", "Notable Blackfoot people Elouise Cobell, banker and activist who led the 20th-century lawsuit that forced the US Government to reform individual Indian trusts Byron Chief-Moon, performer and choreographer Crowfoot (ISAPO-MUXIKA – \"Crow Indian's Big Foot\", also known in French as Pied de Corbeau), Chief of the Big Pipes band (later renamed Moccasin band, a splinter band of the Biters band), Head Chief of the South Siksika, by 1870 one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika or the Blackfoot proper Aatsista-Mahkan (\"Running Rabbit\", * about 1833 – d. January 1911), since 1871 Chief of the Biters band (Ai-sik'-stuk-iks) of the Siksika, signed Treaty No.7 in 1877, along with Crowfoot, Old Sun, Red Crow, and other leaders A-ca-oo-mah-ca-ye (Ac ko mok ki, Ak ko mock ki, A'kow-muk-ai – \"Feathers\", since he took the name Old Swan), since about 1820 Chief of the Old Feathers' band, his personal following was known as the Bad Guns band, consisted of about 400 persons, along with Old Sun and Three Suns (No-okskatos) one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika Stu-mick-o-súcks (\"Buffalo Bull's Back Fat\"), Head Chief of the Kainai, had his portrait painted at Fort Union in 1832 Faye HeavyShield, Kainai sculptor and installation artist Joe Hipp, Heavyweight boxer, the first Native American to compete for the WBA World Heavyweight Title. Beverly Hungry Wolf, author Stephen Graham Jones, author Earl Old Person (Cold Wind or Changing Home), Blackfoot tribal chairman from 1964-2008 and honorary lifetime chief of the Blackfoot Jerry Potts (1840–1896), (also known as Ky-yo-kosi – \"Bear Child\"), was a Canadian-American plainsman, buffalo hunter, horse trader, interpreter, and scout of Kainai-Scottish descent.", "Beverly Hungry Wolf, author Stephen Graham Jones, author Earl Old Person (Cold Wind or Changing Home), Blackfoot tribal chairman from 1964-2008 and honorary lifetime chief of the Blackfoot Jerry Potts (1840–1896), (also known as Ky-yo-kosi – \"Bear Child\"), was a Canadian-American plainsman, buffalo hunter, horse trader, interpreter, and scout of Kainai-Scottish descent. He identified as Piegan and became a minor Kainai chief.", "He identified as Piegan and became a minor Kainai chief. Steve Reevis, actor who appeared in Fargo, Dances with Wolves, Last of the Dogmen, Comanche Moon and many other films and TV.", "Steve Reevis, actor who appeared in Fargo, Dances with Wolves, Last of the Dogmen, Comanche Moon and many other films and TV. Misty Upham (1982-2014), actress James Welch (1940–2003), Blackfoot-Gros Ventre author The Honourable Eugene Creighton, judge of the Provincial Court of Alberta.", "Misty Upham (1982-2014), actress James Welch (1940–2003), Blackfoot-Gros Ventre author The Honourable Eugene Creighton, judge of the Provincial Court of Alberta. Gyasi Ross, author, attorney, musician and political activist. Representation in other media Hergé's Tintin in America (1932) featured Blackfoot people.", "Representation in other media Hergé's Tintin in America (1932) featured Blackfoot people. Jimmy P (2013) is a Franco-American film exploring the psychoanalysis of a Blackfoot, Jimmy Picard, in the post-World War II period at a veterans' hospital by a Hungarian-French ethnologist and psychoanalyst, George Devereux.", "Jimmy P (2013) is a Franco-American film exploring the psychoanalysis of a Blackfoot, Jimmy Picard, in the post-World War II period at a veterans' hospital by a Hungarian-French ethnologist and psychoanalyst, George Devereux. The screenplay was adapted from his book about this process, published in 1951.", "The screenplay was adapted from his book about this process, published in 1951. See also Blackfeet music Blackfoot language List of Native American peoples in the United States Palliser Region Notes References Citations Sources External links Blackfoot homepage Blackfoot Confederacy Blackfoot Language and the Blackfoot Indian Tribe Map of Blackfeet tribal lands Walter McClintock Glass Lantern Slides Photographs of the Blackfoot, their homelands, material culture, and ceremonies from the collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University Blackfoot Digital Library, project of Red Crow Community College and the University of Lethbridge Blackfoot Anthropological Notes at Dartmouth College Library Algonquian peoples Plains tribes First Nations history Native American history of Montana First Nations in Alberta Native American tribes in Montana Native American tribes in Wyoming" ]

[ "Melanie C", "2002-2003: Reason" ]

[ "\"Heart Over Mind\" is the second single from Kim Wilde's 1992 album Love Is, and was released exclusively in the UK.\n\nIt was the final track to be recorded for the album - in fact the album had been completed and this song was sent over by Rick Nowels (who had written other tracks on the album) and Wilde decided to record it. The original album version was edited for the 7\" single release, and extended for the CD-single. The B-side was an exclusive non-album track called \"I've Found a Reason\", and the CD-single also featured an extended version of \"Touched by Your Magic\" from the Love Is album.\n\n\"Heart Over Mind\" became Wilde's 19th Top 40 entry since her career began in 1981.\n\nTrack listing\n\n7\": MCA / KIM 16 (UK) \n\n \"Heart Over Mind\" - 3:45\n \"I've Found A Reason\" - 4:05\n\nCD: MCA / KIMTD 16 (UK) \n\n \"Heart Over Mind\" - 3:45\n \"I've Found A Reason\" - 4:05\n \"Heart Over Mind\" (Extended Version) - 6:35\n \"Touched By Your Magic\" (Extended Version) - 6:43\n\nCD: MCA / KIMXD 16 (UK) \n\n \"Heart Over Mind\" (7\" version) - 3:45\n \"Love Is Holy\" (7\" version) - 4:01\n \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" (7\" version) - 4:12\n \"Heart Over Mind\" (Extended Version) - 6:35\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\n1992 singles\nKim Wilde songs\n1992 songs\nMusic videos directed by Howard Greenhalgh", "Reason is the analytic faculty of the human mind that maintains objectivity unto inspecting and organizing perceptions.\n\nReason may also refer to:\n Rationality, the quality or state of being reasonable, based on facts or reason\n Reason (argument), a factor which justifies or explains\n The cause of some thing\n\nComputing\n Reason (programming language), an alternative OCaml syntax and toolchain created at Facebook\n Reason (software), a digital music workstation program\n\nLiterature\n Reason (magazine), a monthly libertarian magazine published by the Reason Foundation\n \"Reason\" (short story), a 1941 science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov\n Reason: Why Liberals Will Win the Battle for America, a 2010 book by Robert Reich\n Reason, a fictional weapon system from Neal Stephenson's novel Snow Crash\n\nMusic \n Reason (South African rapper) (born 1987), is a South African rapper\n Reason (rapper) (born 1990), American hip hop artist\n Reason (Nami Tamaki song), a 2004 song by Nami Tamaki\n Reason (Shaman album), a 2005 album by Brazilian power metal band Shamaan\n Reason (Officium Triste album), a 2004 album by doom metal band Officium Triste\n Reason (Yuzu song) a 2012 song by Yuzu\n Reason (Melanie C album), a 2003 album by singer Melanie C\n Reason (Violent Apathy album), 1995\n Reason (Selah Sue album), 2015\n Reason (No Angels song), a 2003 song by German pop band No Angels\n \"Reason\", a 2004 song by German dance trio Cascada\n \"Reason\", a bonus track on the Cranberries's album Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?\n Reason (EP), a 2003 EP by The Fray\n\nOther\n The Reason Foundation, a public policy think tank based in Los Angeles, California, U.S.\n Order of the Reason, a medieval military order native to Spain\nReason (surname)\n\nSee also \n No Reason (disambiguation)\n Reasons (disambiguation)\n The Reason (disambiguation)" ]

[ "Melanie Jayne Chisholm (born 12 January 1974), better known as Melanie C or Mel C, is an English singer, songwriter, DJ, TV personality and actress. She is best known as one of the five members of the Spice Girls, during which time she was nicknamed Sporty Spice.", "She is best known as one of the five members of the Spice Girls, during which time she was nicknamed Sporty Spice. She rose to fame in 1996, releasing, in two years with the Spice Girls, two consecutive number-one albums, eight number-one singles from nine worldwide hits, the biggest-selling debut single of all time and the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group, respectively with \"Wannabe\" atop in 37 countries with over seven million records, and Spice, which peaked at number one in more than 17 countries across the world, with over 31 million copies, as well as the second album Spiceworld with more than 20 million copies sold.", "She rose to fame in 1996, releasing, in two years with the Spice Girls, two consecutive number-one albums, eight number-one singles from nine worldwide hits, the biggest-selling debut single of all time and the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group, respectively with \"Wannabe\" atop in 37 countries with over seven million records, and Spice, which peaked at number one in more than 17 countries across the world, with over 31 million copies, as well as the second album Spiceworld with more than 20 million copies sold. Melanie C is known for her unique vocal prowess that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom.", "Melanie C is known for her unique vocal prowess that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom. Chisholm began her solo career in late 1998 by singing with Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams, and her solo debut album Northern Star was released in 1999, reaching number one in Sweden and number 4 on the UK Albums Chart.", "Chisholm began her solo career in late 1998 by singing with Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams, and her solo debut album Northern Star was released in 1999, reaching number one in Sweden and number 4 on the UK Albums Chart. It was certified internationally with seven platinum and three gold certifications, including the triple-Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, selling over 4 million copies worldwide, and becoming the best selling solo album of any Spice Girls member.", "It was certified internationally with seven platinum and three gold certifications, including the triple-Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, selling over 4 million copies worldwide, and becoming the best selling solo album of any Spice Girls member. After her second album, gold certified in UK, Reason, with more than 500,000 copies, Chisholm, in 2004, parted from Virgin and founded her own record company, Red Girl Records.", "After her second album, gold certified in UK, Reason, with more than 500,000 copies, Chisholm, in 2004, parted from Virgin and founded her own record company, Red Girl Records. Beautiful Intentions, her third album, in 2005, spent 9 weeks at number one in Portugal and spawned international hit singles, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide with several international certifications.", "Beautiful Intentions, her third album, in 2005, spent 9 weeks at number one in Portugal and spawned international hit singles, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide with several international certifications. The fourth studio album, This Time, was released in 2007, became her first top 10 album in Switzerland where was certified gold.", "The fourth studio album, This Time, was released in 2007, became her first top 10 album in Switzerland where was certified gold. Of the five singles released from the album, the first three went to number one in Portugal.", "Of the five singles released from the album, the first three went to number one in Portugal. In December, Chisholm reunited with the Spice Girls to release a greatest hits album supported by a world tour.", "In December, Chisholm reunited with the Spice Girls to release a greatest hits album supported by a world tour. She released her fifth solo album, The Sea, in 2011, her first EP The Night in 2012, the sixth studio album Stages, in 2012, and seventh album, Version of Me (2016).", "She released her fifth solo album, The Sea, in 2011, her first EP The Night in 2012, the sixth studio album Stages, in 2012, and seventh album, Version of Me (2016). Her eponymous eighth studio album was released in 2020.", "Her eponymous eighth studio album was released in 2020. Having co-written 11 UK number-ones, more than any other female artist in chart history, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet.", "Having co-written 11 UK number-ones, more than any other female artist in chart history, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet. With twelve UK number-one singles, including the charity single as part of The Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with most singles at number one in the United Kingdom, and with a total of fourteen songs that have received the number one in Britain (including the double A-sides), Chisholm is the female artist with most songs at number one in the UK ranking history.", "With twelve UK number-one singles, including the charity single as part of The Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with most singles at number one in the United Kingdom, and with a total of fourteen songs that have received the number one in Britain (including the double A-sides), Chisholm is the female artist with most songs at number one in the UK ranking history. Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including a Guinness Book mention, three World Music Awards, five Brit Awards from 10 nominations, three American Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards from six nomination, eight Billboard special awards, three MTV Europe Music Awards from seven nominations, one MTV Video Music Awards from two nomination, ten ASCAP awards, one Juno Award from two nominations, and four nominations at the Echo Awards.", "Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including a Guinness Book mention, three World Music Awards, five Brit Awards from 10 nominations, three American Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards from six nomination, eight Billboard special awards, three MTV Europe Music Awards from seven nominations, one MTV Video Music Awards from two nomination, ten ASCAP awards, one Juno Award from two nominations, and four nominations at the Echo Awards. Since 1996, Chisholm has sold more than 123 million records, including 100 million copies with the group, and 23 million solo albums, singles and collaborations, and has earned over 326 worldwide certifications (with numerous diamonds), including 41 silver, gold and platinum certifications as a solo artist.", "Since 1996, Chisholm has sold more than 123 million records, including 100 million copies with the group, and 23 million solo albums, singles and collaborations, and has earned over 326 worldwide certifications (with numerous diamonds), including 41 silver, gold and platinum certifications as a solo artist. Early life Melanie Jayne Chisholm was born on 12 January 1974 in Whiston, Lancashire, the only daughter of Joan O'Neill, who worked as a secretary and personal assistant and has been singing in music bands since she was 14, and Alan Chisholm, a fitter at the Otis Elevator Company.", "Early life Melanie Jayne Chisholm was born on 12 January 1974 in Whiston, Lancashire, the only daughter of Joan O'Neill, who worked as a secretary and personal assistant and has been singing in music bands since she was 14, and Alan Chisholm, a fitter at the Otis Elevator Company. Her parents married in 1971 and separated in 1978, when Chisholm was four years old.", "Her parents married in 1971 and separated in 1978, when Chisholm was four years old. Her mother remarried and had more children, one of whom is racing driver Paul O'Neill, who was born when Chisholm was six years old.", "Her mother remarried and had more children, one of whom is racing driver Paul O'Neill, who was born when Chisholm was six years old. She grew up in Widnes, Cheshire, attending Brookvale Junior School in nearby Runcorn and Fairfield High School in Widnes.", "She grew up in Widnes, Cheshire, attending Brookvale Junior School in nearby Runcorn and Fairfield High School in Widnes. Following school, she studied for a diploma course in dance, singing, drama, and musical theatre at the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts in London.", "Following school, she studied for a diploma course in dance, singing, drama, and musical theatre at the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts in London. During college, she replied to an advert in The Stage placed by Chris and Bob Herbert, who were looking to form a new girl group, later to become the Spice Girls.", "During college, she replied to an advert in The Stage placed by Chris and Bob Herbert, who were looking to form a new girl group, later to become the Spice Girls. She left college just short of completing her three-year course, and gained teaching qualifications in tap and modern theatre dance with the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing.", "She left college just short of completing her three-year course, and gained teaching qualifications in tap and modern theatre dance with the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing. Career 1994–2000: Spice Girls In 1994, Chisholm, along with Mel B, Geri Halliwell, and Victoria Beckham (née Adams) responded to an advertisement in The Stage magazine.", "Career 1994–2000: Spice Girls In 1994, Chisholm, along with Mel B, Geri Halliwell, and Victoria Beckham (née Adams) responded to an advertisement in The Stage magazine. Around 400 women who answered the ad went to Dance Works studios.", "Around 400 women who answered the ad went to Dance Works studios. Halliwell, Chisholm, Beckham and Brown were originally chosen as the members of the group, and then formed a quintet with Emma Bunton. The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction of Heart Management and broke with them.", "The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction of Heart Management and broke with them. In 1995, they toured record labels in London and Los Angeles and finally signed a deal with Virgin.", "In 1995, they toured record labels in London and Los Angeles and finally signed a deal with Virgin. Their debut album, Spice, was a huge worldwide commercial success, peaked at number 1 in more than 17 countries across the world, and was certified multi-platinum in 27 countries.", "Their debut album, Spice, was a huge worldwide commercial success, peaked at number 1 in more than 17 countries across the world, and was certified multi-platinum in 27 countries. Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of Girl Power, and during that time was compared to Beatlemania.", "Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of Girl Power, and during that time was compared to Beatlemania. In total the album sold 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time.", "In total the album sold 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time. The first single, \"Wannabe\" reached number 1 in 37 countries, and their subsequent singles – \"Say You'll Be There\", \"2 Become 1\", \"Who Do You Think You Are\" and \"Mama\" – all peaked at number 1 in the UK.", "The first single, \"Wannabe\" reached number 1 in 37 countries, and their subsequent singles – \"Say You'll Be There\", \"2 Become 1\", \"Who Do You Think You Are\" and \"Mama\" – all peaked at number 1 in the UK. In 1997, they released their second album, Spiceworld, with the two first singles \"Spice Up Your Life\" and \"Too Much\", that entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1, making it the group's all consecutive number 1 hit single, a record of musical groups all time.", "In 1997, they released their second album, Spiceworld, with the two first singles \"Spice Up Your Life\" and \"Too Much\", that entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1, making it the group's all consecutive number 1 hit single, a record of musical groups all time. The album was a global best seller, selling 20 million copies worldwide.", "The album was a global best seller, selling 20 million copies worldwide. The group also starred in their own film, Spiceworld: The Movie, which grossed $100 million at the box office worldwide and became the second most watched movie of the year.", "The group also starred in their own film, Spiceworld: The Movie, which grossed $100 million at the box office worldwide and became the second most watched movie of the year. The next single, \"Stop\", peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number 1s, their only single to not reach the top of the charts.", "The next single, \"Stop\", peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number 1s, their only single to not reach the top of the charts. \"Viva Forever\", another number 1, was the last single before Geri Halliwell's departure from the group in May 1998.", "\"Viva Forever\", another number 1, was the last single before Geri Halliwell's departure from the group in May 1998. With four members, the group released \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998 and when it topped the UK Singles Chart it became their third consecutive Christmas number-one – equalling the record previously set by the Beatles.", "With four members, the group released \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998 and when it topped the UK Singles Chart it became their third consecutive Christmas number-one – equalling the record previously set by the Beatles. On 30 November, Canadian artist Bryan Adams, released \"When You're Gone\" with featured vocals of Chisholm, her debut solo project.", "On 30 November, Canadian artist Bryan Adams, released \"When You're Gone\" with featured vocals of Chisholm, her debut solo project. The song peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, spent 15 weeks in the top 40 and received the platinum certified.", "The song peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, spent 15 weeks in the top 40 and received the platinum certified. 1999–2001: Northern Star In 1999, Chisholm signed with Virgin and, during the summer, recorded the album Northern Star. She recorded \"Ga Ga\" from the soundtrack of the film Big Daddy.", "She recorded \"Ga Ga\" from the soundtrack of the film Big Daddy. The song was released as promotional single on 25 June, only in the UK.", "The song was released as promotional single on 25 June, only in the UK. She also wrote and recorded the backing vocals for \"(Hey You) Free Up Your Mind\", sung by Emma Bunton from the film soundtrack Pokémon: The First Movie.", "She also wrote and recorded the backing vocals for \"(Hey You) Free Up Your Mind\", sung by Emma Bunton from the film soundtrack Pokémon: The First Movie. On 27 September, Chisholm released her debut single, \"Goin' Down\" and peaked at number 4 in the UK and 25 in Australia.", "On 27 September, Chisholm released her debut single, \"Goin' Down\" and peaked at number 4 in the UK and 25 in Australia. The music video was shot in Los Angeles and directed by Giuseppi Capotondi.", "The music video was shot in Los Angeles and directed by Giuseppi Capotondi. Her debut album, Northern Star, was released on 18 October 1999, peaked at number 4 and sold 4 million copies worldwide, received triple platinum in the UK, and another seven certifications, including platinum in Germany and Sweden.", "Her debut album, Northern Star, was released on 18 October 1999, peaked at number 4 and sold 4 million copies worldwide, received triple platinum in the UK, and another seven certifications, including platinum in Germany and Sweden. \"Northern Star\" was released as a second single and also peaked at number 4.", "\"Northern Star\" was released as a second single and also peaked at number 4. To promote the album, Chisholm embarked on a tour called From Liverpool to Leicester Square, traveling to Australia, the US, Canada, Japan, the UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands and Denmark, between 27 September and 1 November.", "To promote the album, Chisholm embarked on a tour called From Liverpool to Leicester Square, traveling to Australia, the US, Canada, Japan, the UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands and Denmark, between 27 September and 1 November. In 2000, Chisholm had two songs in film soundtracks, \"Suddenly Monday\" in Maybe Baby and \"Go!\"", "In 2000, Chisholm had two songs in film soundtracks, \"Suddenly Monday\" in Maybe Baby and \"Go!\" in Whatever It Takes.", "in Whatever It Takes. in Whatever It Takes. After the two singles did not reach the top of the charts, Virgin thought to end the promotion of the album, but decided to release one more single, \"Never Be the Same Again\", which broke the pop rock sound of the other songs and focused on R&B.", "After the two singles did not reach the top of the charts, Virgin thought to end the promotion of the album, but decided to release one more single, \"Never Be the Same Again\", which broke the pop rock sound of the other songs and focused on R&B. The song, featuring TLC member Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes, was released on 20 March 2000 and became her first number 1 single.", "The song, featuring TLC member Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes, was released on 20 March 2000 and became her first number 1 single. It was received gold certification in the UK and also peaked at number 1 in Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland and Sweden.", "It was received gold certification in the UK and also peaked at number 1 in Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland and Sweden. The song was the 18th best-selling song of 2000 and sold more than a million copies across Europe.", "The song was the 18th best-selling song of 2000 and sold more than a million copies across Europe. After the success of \"Never Be the Same Again\", the label decided to release two more singles.", "After the success of \"Never Be the Same Again\", the label decided to release two more singles. On 7 August 2000, Virgin released a remix version of \"I Turn to You\" as the fourth single; the song reached her second number 1 in the UK, Netherlands and Sweden.", "On 7 August 2000, Virgin released a remix version of \"I Turn to You\" as the fourth single; the song reached her second number 1 in the UK, Netherlands and Sweden. \"I Turn to You\" also peaked at number 1 in Austria, Denmark and Dance Club Songs of United States.", "\"I Turn to You\" also peaked at number 1 in Austria, Denmark and Dance Club Songs of United States. \"If That Were Me\" was released as fifth and final single and peaked at number 18. The proceeds from its sale went to the Kandu Arts charity.", "The proceeds from its sale went to the Kandu Arts charity. The North American version of Northern Star was released on 21 August 2000 and included the single versions of \"Never Be The Same Again\" and \"I Turn To You\".", "The North American version of Northern Star was released on 21 August 2000 and included the single versions of \"Never Be The Same Again\" and \"I Turn To You\". In late 2000, after the first solo work of members, the Spice Girls released their third and final album, Forever, sporting a new edgier R&B sound.", "In late 2000, after the first solo work of members, the Spice Girls released their third and final album, Forever, sporting a new edgier R&B sound. \"Holler\" and \"Let Love Lead the Way\" were released as singles on 23 October 2000 and the songs reached number 1 in the UK.", "\"Holler\" and \"Let Love Lead the Way\" were released as singles on 23 October 2000 and the songs reached number 1 in the UK. The album sold 5 million copies. The group announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus.", "The group announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus. In the same year, the Chinese singer FanFan recorded a Chinese version of \"Suddenly Monday\" from her debut album FanFan's World. Chisholm embarked in her first world tour, the Northern Star Tour, between late 2000 and 26 August 2001, to promote her debut album.", "Chisholm embarked in her first world tour, the Northern Star Tour, between late 2000 and 26 August 2001, to promote her debut album. The tour traveled in 76 dates, 30 countries and 4 continents, just not going to Oceania and South America.", "The tour traveled in 76 dates, 30 countries and 4 continents, just not going to Oceania and South America. The Shepherd's Bush Empire concert was webcast on Chisholm's original website with a special appearance of Bryan Adams. On 4 April 2001, The audio of the Anaheim concert also was webcast on House of Blues' website.", "On 4 April 2001, The audio of the Anaheim concert also was webcast on House of Blues' website. A remixed album, entitled Remix Collection, was released only in Japan.", "A remixed album, entitled Remix Collection, was released only in Japan. In 2001, Chisholm collaborated in the live album of Russell Watson, The Voice – Live, as featured vocals in the songs \"Barcelona\" and \"Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did?\".", "In 2001, Chisholm collaborated in the live album of Russell Watson, The Voice – Live, as featured vocals in the songs \"Barcelona\" and \"Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did?\". 2002–2003: Reason Chisholm began recording her second album in November 2001. She traveled to the United States to record some songs.", "She traveled to the United States to record some songs. During this time, she also recorded \"Independence Day\" from the film soundtrack Bend It Like Beckham and wrote \"Help Me Help You\" for Holly Valance, included in her album Footprints.", "During this time, she also recorded \"Independence Day\" from the film soundtrack Bend It Like Beckham and wrote \"Help Me Help You\" for Holly Valance, included in her album Footprints. Chisholm, along with American singer Anastacia made an appearance at the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards to present the award for \"Best Song\", which was given to P!nk.", "Chisholm, along with American singer Anastacia made an appearance at the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards to present the award for \"Best Song\", which was given to P!nk. Chisholm's second album was postponed to 10 March 2003. Chisholm also took time out due to struggles with clinical depression.", "Chisholm also took time out due to struggles with clinical depression. On 24 February 2003 the first single from her new album was released, \"Here It Comes Again\", which reached number 7 in the UK and peaked in the top 20 in Spain and Ireland.", "On 24 February 2003 the first single from her new album was released, \"Here It Comes Again\", which reached number 7 in the UK and peaked in the top 20 in Spain and Ireland. She released her second studio album, Reason, on 10 March 2003 and it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK.", "She released her second studio album, Reason, on 10 March 2003 and it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK. The label sent Chisholm to promote the album, including several pocket shows. On 24 April 2003, she embarked in the Reason Tour, traveling only in Europe.", "On 24 April 2003, she embarked in the Reason Tour, traveling only in Europe. The second single, \"On the Horizon\", was released on 2 June 2003.", "The second single, \"On the Horizon\", was released on 2 June 2003. After the previous single, music critics were predicting that this single would redeem Chisholm's chart success, but the song peaked at number 14 and did not help sales.", "After the previous single, music critics were predicting that this single would redeem Chisholm's chart success, but the song peaked at number 14 and did not help sales. \"Let's Love\", was released as a single exclusively in Japan and used for a Toyota Motor Corporation commercial.", "\"Let's Love\", was released as a single exclusively in Japan and used for a Toyota Motor Corporation commercial. Alongside promoting the album, Chisholm competed on the reality sports game show The Games.", "Alongside promoting the album, Chisholm competed on the reality sports game show The Games. On 11 September 2003, during a taping of The Games, Chisholm competed in a judo match with Turkish-Dutch actress Azra Akin, which resulted in Chisholm injuring her knee.", "On 11 September 2003, during a taping of The Games, Chisholm competed in a judo match with Turkish-Dutch actress Azra Akin, which resulted in Chisholm injuring her knee. Because of this, the song \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\", which was planned to be released as the third and final single on 22 September 2003, had to be pushed back because she could not fully promote an upbeat song with an injury.", "Because of this, the song \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\", which was planned to be released as the third and final single on 22 September 2003, had to be pushed back because she could not fully promote an upbeat song with an injury. \"Melt\" was then chosen to be launched along with \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a double A-side, because she could do a small number of performances.", "\"Melt\" was then chosen to be launched along with \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a double A-side, because she could do a small number of performances. The double single was released on 10 November 2003. The song peaked at number 27.", "The song peaked at number 27. In other countries of Europe, \"Melt\" wasn't released, only \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a solo release. After the release of \"Melt/Yeh Yeh Yeh\", Chisholm added some extra dates to the Reason Tour, and the Avo Session Basel concert was broadcast on 3sat.", "After the release of \"Melt/Yeh Yeh Yeh\", Chisholm added some extra dates to the Reason Tour, and the Avo Session Basel concert was broadcast on 3sat. 2004–2006: Red Girl Records and Beautiful Intentions On 1 January 2004, Virgin Records dismissed Chisholm after the conflict in previous years about the direction in her solo career.", "2004–2006: Red Girl Records and Beautiful Intentions On 1 January 2004, Virgin Records dismissed Chisholm after the conflict in previous years about the direction in her solo career. In April 2004, she founded her own label, Red Girl Records, to record and release her own projects.", "In April 2004, she founded her own label, Red Girl Records, to record and release her own projects. All of Chisolm's activities are decided upon and funded by herself. The label name was inspired by the colours of the football Liverpool F.C., of which Chisholm is a supporter.", "The label name was inspired by the colours of the football Liverpool F.C., of which Chisholm is a supporter. Nancy Phillips, who had been Chisholm's manager and business partner since the label's inception, retired in 2017.", "Nancy Phillips, who had been Chisholm's manager and business partner since the label's inception, retired in 2017. In June 2004, she embarked in a five-date concert tour, The Barfly Mini-Tour, performed in The Barfly music halls, a series of venues dedicated to independent music.", "In June 2004, she embarked in a five-date concert tour, The Barfly Mini-Tour, performed in The Barfly music halls, a series of venues dedicated to independent music. In October 2004, Chisholm finished recording her third album. In an interview, Chisholm said she wanted to create deeper songs using piano, violin and personal themes.", "In an interview, Chisholm said she wanted to create deeper songs using piano, violin and personal themes. On 4 April 2005, Chisholm released \"Next Best Superstar\" as the lead single of her third album.", "On 4 April 2005, Chisholm released \"Next Best Superstar\" as the lead single of her third album. It was released in three formats: two singles with B-sides – the acoustic version or the B-side \"Everything Must Change\" – and a remixes EP. The song peaked at number 10 in the UK.", "The song peaked at number 10 in the UK. On 11 April, she released Beautiful Intentions, her third album and first by Red Girl. It was produced by Greg Haver, Guy Chambers, Paul Boddy and eleven of the twelve songs were written by Chisholm.", "It was produced by Greg Haver, Guy Chambers, Paul Boddy and eleven of the twelve songs were written by Chisholm. The album peaked at number 24 in the UK, top 15 other Europeans countries, and was certified gold in Germany and Switzerland.", "The album peaked at number 24 in the UK, top 15 other Europeans countries, and was certified gold in Germany and Switzerland. In support of the album, she embarked at Beautiful Intentions Tour, starting on 16 April in O2 Academy Birmingham, in London, and travelling for twenty-five dates across Europe and Asia.", "In support of the album, she embarked at Beautiful Intentions Tour, starting on 16 April in O2 Academy Birmingham, in London, and travelling for twenty-five dates across Europe and Asia. On 1 August, \"Better Alone\" was released only in the UK as the second single, but did not enter the charts due to the single being available online.", "On 1 August, \"Better Alone\" was released only in the UK as the second single, but did not enter the charts due to the single being available online. \"First Day of My Life\" was released as single on 30 September in Australia and Europe – except in the UK.", "\"First Day of My Life\" was released as single on 30 September in Australia and Europe – except in the UK. The song was not included in the original version of the album, only in the 2006 re-released version, becoming the second international single from Beautiful Intentions.", "The song was not included in the original version of the album, only in the 2006 re-released version, becoming the second international single from Beautiful Intentions. Originally been recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" for his 2004 eponymous album Andrea.", "Originally been recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" for his 2004 eponymous album Andrea. The song peaked at number 1 in Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal, number 2 in Austria, and in the top 30 in Norway, France and Denmark.", "The song peaked at number 1 in Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal, number 2 in Austria, and in the top 30 in Norway, France and Denmark. On 24 February 2006, \"Better Alone\" was released in Australia and Europe as the third official single, after a limited release in the UK the previous year.", "On 24 February 2006, \"Better Alone\" was released in Australia and Europe as the third official single, after a limited release in the UK the previous year. The song entered the charts in some countries, peaked at thirty-six in Italy and thirty-three in Switzerland.", "The song entered the charts in some countries, peaked at thirty-six in Italy and thirty-three in Switzerland. On 3 April, the album was re-released, including \"First Day of My Life\" and the music video.", "On 3 April, the album was re-released, including \"First Day of My Life\" and the music video. In 2006, Chisholm released her first live DVD, Live Hits, recorded on 31 August 2006 at the Bridge in South East, London. The DVD peaked at number 10.", "The DVD peaked at number 10. 2007–2008: This Time and Spice Girls reunion In early 2007, Chisholm finished recording her next album and, in March, she released two singles simultaneously.", "2007–2008: This Time and Spice Girls reunion In early 2007, Chisholm finished recording her next album and, in March, she released two singles simultaneously. \"The Moment You Believe\" was released in Europe, except in the UK, and peaked at number 1 in Spain and Portugal, and in the top 20 in Switzerland, Sweden and Germany.", "\"The Moment You Believe\" was released in Europe, except in the UK, and peaked at number 1 in Spain and Portugal, and in the top 20 in Switzerland, Sweden and Germany. Produced and co-written by Peter Vettese, it has been soundbed for the spring advertising campaign for German television show Nur die Liebe Zählt.", "Produced and co-written by Peter Vettese, it has been soundbed for the spring advertising campaign for German television show Nur die Liebe Zählt. \"I Want Candy\" was released only in the UK and Italy, peaking at number 24 and number 9, respectively, and featured on the soundtrack to the film of the same name.", "\"I Want Candy\" was released only in the UK and Italy, peaking at number 24 and number 9, respectively, and featured on the soundtrack to the film of the same name. The song was a cover version of the Strangeloves song.", "The song was a cover version of the Strangeloves song. On 30 March, she released her fourth album, This Time, with thirteen tracks – six written by Chisholm – and other two cover versions: \"What If I Stay\" and \"Don't Let Me Go\", by Jill Jackson, from her debut album.", "On 30 March, she released her fourth album, This Time, with thirteen tracks – six written by Chisholm – and other two cover versions: \"What If I Stay\" and \"Don't Let Me Go\", by Jill Jackson, from her debut album. The album peaked at number 57 in the UK and number 8 in Switzerland, which was certified gold.", "The album peaked at number 57 in the UK and number 8 in Switzerland, which was certified gold. \"Carolyna\" was released as the third single on 8 June.", "\"Carolyna\" was released as the third single on 8 June. During an interview at Loose Women, Chisholm revealed that she wrote this song after watching a documentary about young adults and teenagers homeless, living in the streets in Seattle. The song peaked at 49 in the UK, and in the top 50 in other countries.", "The song peaked at 49 in the UK, and in the top 50 in other countries. On 28 June 2007, the Spice Girls held a surprise press conference at The O2 Arena announcing that they were reuniting to embark on a worldwide concert tour, The Return of the Spice Girls, starting in Vancouver on 2 December.", "On 28 June 2007, the Spice Girls held a surprise press conference at The O2 Arena announcing that they were reuniting to embark on a worldwide concert tour, The Return of the Spice Girls, starting in Vancouver on 2 December. They received £10 million (approximately $20 million) each for the tour.", "They received £10 million (approximately $20 million) each for the tour. Filmmaker Bob Smeaton directed an official documentary on the reunion. It was entitled Giving You Everything.", "It was entitled Giving You Everything. At the same time, Chisholm released the fourth single of her album, \"This Time\", features the B-side \"We Love to Entertain You\", which was used for 2007's Pro7 Starforce campaign in Germany. The song peaked at number 94 in the UK and 69 in Germany.", "The song peaked at number 94 in the UK and 69 in Germany. On 5 November, the Spice Girls released their return single, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\", also announced as the official Children in Need charity single and performed at Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.", "On 5 November, the Spice Girls released their return single, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\", also announced as the official Children in Need charity single and performed at Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. The song peaked at number 11, becoming the first song to not reach the top 10.", "The song peaked at number 11, becoming the first song to not reach the top 10. The music video was directed by Anthony Mandler and the girls used exclusive clothes designed by Roberto Cavalli.", "The music video was directed by Anthony Mandler and the girls used exclusive clothes designed by Roberto Cavalli. They released a compilation album, the Greatest Hits in November, including the singles, the 1997 Pepsi's theme \"Move Over\" and two new songs, \"Voodoo\" and \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\".", "They released a compilation album, the Greatest Hits in November, including the singles, the 1997 Pepsi's theme \"Move Over\" and two new songs, \"Voodoo\" and \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\". The compilation sold 6 million copies.", "The compilation sold 6 million copies. They embarked on the tour on 2 December, traveling for 47 dates until 26 February 2008. The tour is estimated to have grossed over US$70 million and produced $107.2 million in ticket sales and merchandising. The tour won the 2008 Billboard Touring Award.", "The tour won the 2008 Billboard Touring Award. As well as their sell-out tour, the Spice Girls were contracted to appear in Tesco advertisements, for which they were paid £1 million each.", "As well as their sell-out tour, the Spice Girls were contracted to appear in Tesco advertisements, for which they were paid £1 million each. After the end of the reunion with the Spice Girls, Chisholm embarked on her fifth tour, the This Time Canadian Tour, in May 2008, performing in nine Canadian cities.", "After the end of the reunion with the Spice Girls, Chisholm embarked on her fifth tour, the This Time Canadian Tour, in May 2008, performing in nine Canadian cities. On 25 July, \"Understand\" was released as fifth and final single from This Time only in Canada.", "On 25 July, \"Understand\" was released as fifth and final single from This Time only in Canada. 2009–2014: Acting, The Sea and Stages In 2009, it was planned she would star in a sequel to the 1996 horror film The Craft, but the production was canceled.", "2009–2014: Acting, The Sea and Stages In 2009, it was planned she would star in a sequel to the 1996 horror film The Craft, but the production was canceled. On 29 June, Chisholm released her second DVD concert, Live at the Hard Rock Cafe, including two previously unreleased songs, \"Blue Skies All the Way\" and \"Paris Burning\".", "On 29 June, Chisholm released her second DVD concert, Live at the Hard Rock Cafe, including two previously unreleased songs, \"Blue Skies All the Way\" and \"Paris Burning\". The DVD peaked at number 22 in the UK.", "The DVD peaked at number 22 in the UK. In October 2009, she had her acting debut on stage as Mrs Johnstone in the musical Blood Brothers, a new version of the 1983 original production. In an interview, Chisholm revealed that while she had been invited to star in movies and plays .", "In an interview, Chisholm revealed that while she had been invited to star in movies and plays . She starred on Blood Brothers until the end of 2010. Chisholm was nominated for the 2010 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical but she did not win. In the same year she started working on her next album.", "In the same year she started working on her next album. On 24 June 2011, \"Rock Me\" was released as single only in Germany and peaked at number 33 in the country. The song was served as the official theme from 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "The song was served as the official theme from 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. \"Think About It\" was chosen as worldwide single and marked the Chisholm return to dance-pop. The song peaked at number 95 in the UK, 15 in the UK Indie Chart and top 40 in other European countries.", "The song peaked at number 95 in the UK, 15 in the UK Indie Chart and top 40 in other European countries. The Sea, her fifth studio album, was released on 2 September, and was produced by Andy Chatterley, Cutfather and Peter-John Vettese.", "The Sea, her fifth studio album, was released on 2 September, and was produced by Andy Chatterley, Cutfather and Peter-John Vettese. The album peaked at number 45 in the UK and also 13 in Switzerland and sixteen in Germany.", "The album peaked at number 45 in the UK and also 13 in Switzerland and sixteen in Germany. Chisholm was mentor assistant in the third season of The X Factor Australia and helped the Mel B team, formed by under 25 years-old girls, during the selection process. The girls did not reach the final.", "The girls did not reach the final. \"Weak\" was released only in the UK as the third single, charting in the UK Indie Chart. \"Let There Be Love\" was released as fourth and final single of The Sea in Germany and Switzerland. She also recorded \"Viva Life\" for the documentary Bash Street.", "She also recorded \"Viva Life\" for the documentary Bash Street. In November, she embarked on her sixth concert tour, The Sea – Live, traveling in Europe during 17 dates. The record of the tour was released as DVD on 27 February 2012.", "The record of the tour was released as DVD on 27 February 2012. In her interview for \"Ask Melanie C Episode 8\" on her YouTube channel, Chisholm said that she \"feels very sad as The Sea was a really great album and it wasn't as successful as it deserved to be\" In April, Chisholm was invited by British DJ Jodie Harsh to collaborate on an electronic project.", "In her interview for \"Ask Melanie C Episode 8\" on her YouTube channel, Chisholm said that she \"feels very sad as The Sea was a really great album and it wasn't as successful as it deserved to be\" In April, Chisholm was invited by British DJ Jodie Harsh to collaborate on an electronic project. On 13 May they released the EP The Night, including three songs.", "On 13 May they released the EP The Night, including three songs. \"Set You Free\" was released as a promo single from the EP. In July, she was judge of the ITV talent show Superstar, which searched to find an actor to starring the musical Jesus Christ Superstar. Ben Forster was chosen.", "Ben Forster was chosen. Ben Forster was chosen. Chisholm co-starred in the musical, playing the role of Mary Magdalene. For her performance Chisholm won Best Supporting Actress in a musical at the Whatsonstage.com Awards. She played the character until 2013. Inspired by the stage, Chisholm began recording an album with musical theatre songs.", "Inspired by the stage, Chisholm began recording an album with musical theatre songs. \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" was released on 22 July and peaked at number 20 on UK Indie Chart. The song is a version of Yvonne Elliman from 1970 musical Jesus Christ Superstar.", "The song is a version of Yvonne Elliman from 1970 musical Jesus Christ Superstar. On 7 September, Chisholm released her sixth studio album, Stages, produced by Peter-John Vettese and featuring a collection of show tunes that have been important to Chisholm at various stages of her life.", "On 7 September, Chisholm released her sixth studio album, Stages, produced by Peter-John Vettese and featuring a collection of show tunes that have been important to Chisholm at various stages of her life. The album peaked at number 50 in the UK and 83 in Ireland.", "The album peaked at number 50 in the UK and 83 in Ireland. \"I Know Him So Well\", a version of the Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson song from the 1984 musical Chess, was released as a single on 11 November, featuring vocals by British singer Emma Bunton.", "\"I Know Him So Well\", a version of the Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson song from the 1984 musical Chess, was released as a single on 11 November, featuring vocals by British singer Emma Bunton. The song peaked at number 153 in the UK and 14 in the UK Indie Chart.", "The song peaked at number 153 in the UK and 14 in the UK Indie Chart. She also was part of The Justice Collective, a super-group of musicians, including Robbie Williams and Paul McCartney, who recorded the charity song \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\".", "She also was part of The Justice Collective, a super-group of musicians, including Robbie Williams and Paul McCartney, who recorded the charity song \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\". The song was released as single on 17 December and peaked at number 1.", "The song was released as single on 17 December and peaked at number 1. In 2013, she played Christy in the British comedy film Play Hard. On 18 August, released \"Loving You\", a collaboration with British singer Matt Cardle.", "On 18 August, released \"Loving You\", a collaboration with British singer Matt Cardle. The song peaked at number 14, becoming the first Chisholm's song in the top 15 since 2005. She released her first live album, Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire, on 12 December.", "She released her first live album, Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire, on 12 December. On 12 January 2014, Chisholm celebrated her 40th birthday with a special show for the fans, entitled Sporty's Forty, singing her hits and featured Emma Bunton.", "On 12 January 2014, Chisholm celebrated her 40th birthday with a special show for the fans, entitled Sporty's Forty, singing her hits and featured Emma Bunton. On 31 March, the Slovakian singer Peter Aristone released \"Cool as You\", featured vocals of Chisholm, as lead single from 19 Days in Tetbury.", "On 31 March, the Slovakian singer Peter Aristone released \"Cool as You\", featured vocals of Chisholm, as lead single from 19 Days in Tetbury. Her cover version of \"Ain't Got No, I Got Life\", by Nina Simone, was included in the compilation Beautiful Cover Versions.", "Her cover version of \"Ain't Got No, I Got Life\", by Nina Simone, was included in the compilation Beautiful Cover Versions. She also had a cameo appearance in the music video \"Word Up\", by Little Mix.", "She also had a cameo appearance in the music video \"Word Up\", by Little Mix. 2015–2018: Television and Version of Me In 2015, Chisholm joined the judging panel for Asia's Got Talent, along with David Foster, Anggun Cipta, and Vanness Wu. They started the selection in Singapore.", "They started the selection in Singapore. During production and selections, Chisholm lived in Malaysia, where the program was recorded. The Asia's Got Talent live shows, with the semifinalists, was aired in March 2015, and ran two months until the finals.", "The Asia's Got Talent live shows, with the semifinalists, was aired in March 2015, and ran two months until the finals. On 14 May Chisholm and the judges released a cover version of \"Let's Groove\", originally by Earth, Wind & Fire, and performed the song in the final.", "On 14 May Chisholm and the judges released a cover version of \"Let's Groove\", originally by Earth, Wind & Fire, and performed the song in the final. In October, she was mentor assistant in the game competition Bring the Noise. At the same time, she started working on her seventh studio album.", "At the same time, she started working on her seventh studio album. The second season of Asia's Got Talent was confirmed for summer 2016, but the project has been discontinued.", "The second season of Asia's Got Talent was confirmed for summer 2016, but the project has been discontinued. In 2016, she was featured as a vocalist on \"Numb\" with Sons Of Sonix, which was stated to be a song from her upcoming album.", "In 2016, she was featured as a vocalist on \"Numb\" with Sons Of Sonix, which was stated to be a song from her upcoming album. In September 2016, she made a cameo appearance in KT Tunstall's music video for \"Hard Girls\".", "In September 2016, she made a cameo appearance in KT Tunstall's music video for \"Hard Girls\". Her seventh album, Version of Me, was released on 21 October 2016. Chisholm appeared on the Graham Norton Show in May 2017 to perform a duet with Keith Urban for his song, The Fighter.", "Chisholm appeared on the Graham Norton Show in May 2017 to perform a duet with Keith Urban for his song, The Fighter. She sang in place of Carrie Underwood, who was the original singer on the duet.", "She sang in place of Carrie Underwood, who was the original singer on the duet. On 27 May 2017, Chisholm performed in Mexico City as part of the Classics Fest concert series, which also featured performances by Vanilla Ice and Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base, held at the Auditorio Blackberry.", "On 27 May 2017, Chisholm performed in Mexico City as part of the Classics Fest concert series, which also featured performances by Vanilla Ice and Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base, held at the Auditorio Blackberry. This marked Chisholm's first time performing as a solo artist in Latin America and her first visit in many years since her days with the Spice Girls.", "This marked Chisholm's first time performing as a solo artist in Latin America and her first visit in many years since her days with the Spice Girls. Chisholm stated upon her musical return to Mexico, \"I haven't been back to Mexico in many years and when I was there it was very brief, so I am excited to return and sing.\"", "Chisholm stated upon her musical return to Mexico, \"I haven't been back to Mexico in many years and when I was there it was very brief, so I am excited to return and sing.\" In June, Chisholm also performed for the first time in Brazil, playing live shows in both Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.", "In June, Chisholm also performed for the first time in Brazil, playing live shows in both Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. In late 2017, Chisholm was co-headliner at Night of the Proms, a 25-concert tour in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg.", "In late 2017, Chisholm was co-headliner at Night of the Proms, a 25-concert tour in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg. In 2018, she turned her hand to disc jockeying by performing a \"90s mix\" at various events, and embarked on the Melanie C - Asia Tour 2018.", "In 2018, she turned her hand to disc jockeying by performing a \"90s mix\" at various events, and embarked on the Melanie C - Asia Tour 2018. 2019–present: Spice Girls reunion and Melanie C On 5 November 2018, Chisholm along with the Spice Girls announced a reunion tour.", "2019–present: Spice Girls reunion and Melanie C On 5 November 2018, Chisholm along with the Spice Girls announced a reunion tour. She and ex-bandmates Melanie B, Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited for the Spice World – 2019 Tour, a 13 date tour of eight cities in the UK and Ireland that was their first for a decade.", "She and ex-bandmates Melanie B, Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited for the Spice World – 2019 Tour, a 13 date tour of eight cities in the UK and Ireland that was their first for a decade. The tour opened at Croke Park, Dublin on 24 May 2019 and concluded at Wembley Stadium in London on 15 June 2019.", "The tour opened at Croke Park, Dublin on 24 May 2019 and concluded at Wembley Stadium in London on 15 June 2019. On 6 November 2019, Chisholm released the single \"High Heels\" which was written with Rae Morris and Benjamin \"Fryars\" Garrett and features drag act Sink the Pink.", "On 6 November 2019, Chisholm released the single \"High Heels\" which was written with Rae Morris and Benjamin \"Fryars\" Garrett and features drag act Sink the Pink. During promotion for the single, Chisholm stated during an interview with The Guardian that she had been working on a new album with artists including Shura and Little Boots.", "During promotion for the single, Chisholm stated during an interview with The Guardian that she had been working on a new album with artists including Shura and Little Boots. On 19 March 2020, Chisholm released \"Who I Am\", the lead single from her eighth album, Melanie C. Chisholm first performed \"Who I Am\" live on 21 April 2020 on The Late Late Show with James Corden, where she live streamed her performance from her home due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "On 19 March 2020, Chisholm released \"Who I Am\", the lead single from her eighth album, Melanie C. Chisholm first performed \"Who I Am\" live on 21 April 2020 on The Late Late Show with James Corden, where she live streamed her performance from her home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. When asked how she was coping with the lockdown restrictions, she responded, \"I'm keeping busy.", "When asked how she was coping with the lockdown restrictions, she responded, \"I'm keeping busy. I'm trying to get my album finished, remotely. I've been trying to stay connected with the fans: I've been doing lots of live Q&A's and streaming.\"", "I've been trying to stay connected with the fans: I've been doing lots of live Q&A's and streaming.\" On 13 May 2020, Chisholm sang \"Who I Am\", among other singles from her career, as part of a \"bathroom\" gig in aid of WaterAid.", "On 13 May 2020, Chisholm sang \"Who I Am\", among other singles from her career, as part of a \"bathroom\" gig in aid of WaterAid. On 27 May 2020, Chisholm released \"Blame It on Me\".", "On 27 May 2020, Chisholm released \"Blame It on Me\". \"In and Out of Love\" was released as the album's third single on 29 July 2020.", "\"In and Out of Love\" was released as the album's third single on 29 July 2020. On 3 August 2020, Chisholm told BBC Music: \"Obviously, I'm making a pop-dance record and I'm a mature artist, so I have to accept that some radio stations are not going to be playing me anymore.", "On 3 August 2020, Chisholm told BBC Music: \"Obviously, I'm making a pop-dance record and I'm a mature artist, so I have to accept that some radio stations are not going to be playing me anymore. That's something to overcome.", "That's something to overcome. That's something to overcome. But I want people to enjoy this album, I want people to dance to it, I want people to be empowered by it. And when coronavirus has done one, I want to get out there and perform it live.\"", "And when coronavirus has done one, I want to get out there and perform it live.\" On 16 September 2020, Chisholm premiered the video for \"Fearless\" the fourth single off the album, which is a collaboration with UK rapper Nadia Rose. \"Meeting Nadia was kismet.", "\"Meeting Nadia was kismet. \"Meeting Nadia was kismet. I'd seen her on Kathy Burke's documentary series on women and fallen in love with her attitude. As female artists, we have to be fearless. I love this girl.\" Melanie C was released on 2 October 2020 to critical success.", "Melanie C was released on 2 October 2020 to critical success. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 8, her first top 10 album since Reason in 2003.", "The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 8, her first top 10 album since Reason in 2003. On 13 November 2020, Chisholm was featured on \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" as part of the BBC Radio 2's Allstars' Children in Need charity single.", "On 13 November 2020, Chisholm was featured on \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" as part of the BBC Radio 2's Allstars' Children in Need charity single. Chisholm also made a guest appearance in British singer-songwriter Celeste's music video, \"Love is Back\", which premiered in January 2021.", "Chisholm also made a guest appearance in British singer-songwriter Celeste's music video, \"Love is Back\", which premiered in January 2021. Chisholm was presented with the \"Celebrity Ally\" award at the 2021 British LGBT Awards, held in London in August.", "Chisholm was presented with the \"Celebrity Ally\" award at the 2021 British LGBT Awards, held in London in August. On 3 September 2021, Chisholm released a deluxe version of her Melanie C album across all digital and streaming services. Chisholm premiered a video for her cover of \"Touch Me\" to accompany the new release.", "Chisholm premiered a video for her cover of \"Touch Me\" to accompany the new release. That same month, Chisholm was announced as a contestant for season 30 of the American series Dancing with the Stars.", "That same month, Chisholm was announced as a contestant for season 30 of the American series Dancing with the Stars. Chisholm was eliminated on 18 October 2021, becoming the fifth star in the series to be voted off and therefore finishing in eleventh place.", "Chisholm was eliminated on 18 October 2021, becoming the fifth star in the series to be voted off and therefore finishing in eleventh place. On 26 October 2021, Chisholm performed \"2 Become 1\" as a duet with Chris Martin of Coldplay for the 8th Annual \"We Can Survive\" concert by Audacy, which was held at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles.", "On 26 October 2021, Chisholm performed \"2 Become 1\" as a duet with Chris Martin of Coldplay for the 8th Annual \"We Can Survive\" concert by Audacy, which was held at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles. On 1 September 2021, the Spice Girls had announced the re-release of Spice to mark their anniversary, titling it Spice25.", "On 1 September 2021, the Spice Girls had announced the re-release of Spice to mark their anniversary, titling it Spice25. The deluxe, double album was released on 29 October 2021 and contained remixes, demos and unreleased tracks.", "The deluxe, double album was released on 29 October 2021 and contained remixes, demos and unreleased tracks. The CDs come in an A5 hardback booklet, with a collection of iconic images and a set of six Spice Girls postcards, while the original album is also available on limited edition vinyl and cassette.", "The CDs come in an A5 hardback booklet, with a collection of iconic images and a set of six Spice Girls postcards, while the original album is also available on limited edition vinyl and cassette. In an interview with Apple Music for the Spice25 release, Chisholm divulged, \"We had [a] risqué song called 'C U Next Tuesday', which was vetoed for the 25th anniversary edition, but I do have plans for it.", "In an interview with Apple Music for the Spice25 release, Chisholm divulged, \"We had [a] risqué song called 'C U Next Tuesday', which was vetoed for the 25th anniversary edition, but I do have plans for it. It sounds like a Lily Allen song; it's absolutely brilliant.\"", "It sounds like a Lily Allen song; it's absolutely brilliant.\" The deluxe release saw the album reenter the UK Albums Chart at number five. In November 2021, due to rising concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, Chisholm announced the cancellation of her European tour dates in support of her .", "In November 2021, due to rising concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, Chisholm announced the cancellation of her European tour dates in support of her . The following month, she appeared once again as a judge The Voice Kids. Teen Torrin Cuthill, who was mentored by Chisholm, won the three-episode series.", "Teen Torrin Cuthill, who was mentored by Chisholm, won the three-episode series. On 27 January 2022, Chisholm announced that her memoir would be published in the latter half of 2022, and will be published by Welbeck Publishing Group.", "On 27 January 2022, Chisholm announced that her memoir would be published in the latter half of 2022, and will be published by Welbeck Publishing Group. The following month, Chisholm appeared as a guest judge on the first episode of RuPaul's Drag Race: UK Versus the World. The series was filmed in March 2021.", "The series was filmed in March 2021. Personal life Chisholm has been open about her experiences with clinical depression and an eating disorder. She spoke of her eating disorder to Contact Music, stating, \"I'd hammered the gym for three hours a day. It was a way of running away, not thinking.", "It was a way of running away, not thinking. I felt like a robot. When the papers started calling me 'Sumo Spice', I was only a size 10. But I was so upset by all the criticism, it got worse and I went up to a size 14.\"", "But I was so upset by all the criticism, it got worse and I went up to a size 14.\" In 1997, Chisholm had a month-long relationship with singer Robbie Williams. In 1998, she dated record producer Jake Davies. Later that year, she had a relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers lead singer Anthony Kiedis.", "Later that year, she had a relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers lead singer Anthony Kiedis. Kiedis wrote \"Emit Remmus\", which is \"summer time\" spelled backwards, inspired by his relationship with Chisholm. The song was included on the album Californication.", "The song was included on the album Californication. In 2000, Chisholm and Jason \"J\" Brown had an on-again, off-again relationship. In February 2009, Chisholm gave birth to her first child, a daughter.", "In February 2009, Chisholm gave birth to her first child, a daughter. In an interview with the BBC, Chisholm admitted that the arrival of her child proved to be a turning point in her life: \"Being a mum was so liberating because for the first time in my adult life, it wasn't all about me.", "In an interview with the BBC, Chisholm admitted that the arrival of her child proved to be a turning point in her life: \"Being a mum was so liberating because for the first time in my adult life, it wasn't all about me. It made me not only realise I had a huge responsibility to her but I have a huge responsibility to myself.", "It made me not only realise I had a huge responsibility to her but I have a huge responsibility to myself. In being her teacher, I had to treat myself better.\" Chisholm is a supporter of Liverpool FC and an amateur triathlete, having completed the London Triathlon twice.", "Chisholm is a supporter of Liverpool FC and an amateur triathlete, having completed the London Triathlon twice. Philanthropy In 2000, all proceeds from sales of her \"If That Were Me\" single went towards the Kandu Arts charity. In 2012, Chisholm joined the Sport Relief telethon by appearing in a Never Mind the Buzzcocks special.", "In 2012, Chisholm joined the Sport Relief telethon by appearing in a Never Mind the Buzzcocks special. Chisholm also participated in a three-mile \"Sport Relief Mile\" run.", "Chisholm also participated in a three-mile \"Sport Relief Mile\" run. In 2013, Chisholm joined Jack Dee, Dara Ó Briain, Greg James, Chelsee Healey and Philips Idowu in Through Hell and High Water, a Comic Relief challenge which involved British celebrities canoeing the most difficult rapids of the Zambezi River.", "In 2013, Chisholm joined Jack Dee, Dara Ó Briain, Greg James, Chelsee Healey and Philips Idowu in Through Hell and High Water, a Comic Relief challenge which involved British celebrities canoeing the most difficult rapids of the Zambezi River. They raised over £1 million for the charity.", "They raised over £1 million for the charity. In 2014, Chisholm travelled to Ghana to support a charity campaign by Procter & Gamble that provides African children with clean drinking water. The project involved the use of purification sachets that changes the water from stagnant to drinkable.", "The project involved the use of purification sachets that changes the water from stagnant to drinkable. Chisholm also supported a homeless charity by donating funds raised from her annual calendar. Artistry Influences Chisholm has cited Madonna as her biggest musical influence.", "Artistry Influences Chisholm has cited Madonna as her biggest musical influence. She stated: \"I think she's inspired me a lot musically, and maybe [in] just the way I present myself.", "She stated: \"I think she's inspired me a lot musically, and maybe [in] just the way I present myself. I've always admired how hard she works and what a strong lady she is, so she's always inspired me in that way.\"", "I've always admired how hard she works and what a strong lady she is, so she's always inspired me in that way.\" Chisholm named Madonna, Blur, Oasis, Suede and the Cardigans as inspirations for her first album. Voice Melanie C is a mezzo-soprano, with a vocal range reaching C 6.", "Voice Melanie C is a mezzo-soprano, with a vocal range reaching C 6. Her main characteristics are a distinctive timbre, a unique vocal ability that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom, and a versatile voice for different styles and music genres.", "Her main characteristics are a distinctive timbre, a unique vocal ability that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom, and a versatile voice for different styles and music genres. Her voice is flex and snap, strong and inspirational, with a mixture of lightness and weight, with a slightly nasal, raspy and powerful tone, clear and emotional.", "Her voice is flex and snap, strong and inspirational, with a mixture of lightness and weight, with a slightly nasal, raspy and powerful tone, clear and emotional. Musical style Chisholm's music is generally pop and rock.", "Musical style Chisholm's music is generally pop and rock. Being the first member of the group to go solo, with Adams on When You're Gone in 1998, she has been versatile when it comes to style, incorporating pop-rock, rock, post-grunge, ambient, acoustic, R&B, hip hop, dance, trance, dance-pop, dance-rock, electro, into her sound.", "Being the first member of the group to go solo, with Adams on When You're Gone in 1998, she has been versatile when it comes to style, incorporating pop-rock, rock, post-grunge, ambient, acoustic, R&B, hip hop, dance, trance, dance-pop, dance-rock, electro, into her sound. She also released an album of show tunes.", "She also released an album of show tunes. Cultural impact and legacy As a Spice Girls member Chisholm was called \"Sporty Spice\" because she usually wore a tracksuit paired with athletic shoes, wore her long dark hair in a high ponytail, and sported a tough girl attitude as well as tattoos on both of her arms.", "Cultural impact and legacy As a Spice Girls member Chisholm was called \"Sporty Spice\" because she usually wore a tracksuit paired with athletic shoes, wore her long dark hair in a high ponytail, and sported a tough girl attitude as well as tattoos on both of her arms. She also possessed true athletic abilities, including being able to perform back handsprings.", "She also possessed true athletic abilities, including being able to perform back handsprings. In this period, the phrase \"girl power\" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions.", "In this period, the phrase \"girl power\" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions. The phrase was a label for the particular facet of post classical neo-feminist empowerment embraced by the band: that a sensual, feminine appearance and equality between the sexes need not be mutually exclusive.", "The phrase was a label for the particular facet of post classical neo-feminist empowerment embraced by the band: that a sensual, feminine appearance and equality between the sexes need not be mutually exclusive. The term \"Cool Britannia\" became prominent in the media and represented the new political and social climate that was emerging with the advances made by New Labour and the new UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.", "The term \"Cool Britannia\" became prominent in the media and represented the new political and social climate that was emerging with the advances made by New Labour and the new UK Prime Minister Tony Blair. Although by no means responsible for the onset of \"Cool Britannia\", the arrival of the Spice Girls added to the new image and re-branding of Britain, and underlined the growing world popularity of British, rather than American, pop music.", "Although by no means responsible for the onset of \"Cool Britannia\", the arrival of the Spice Girls added to the new image and re-branding of Britain, and underlined the growing world popularity of British, rather than American, pop music. The Spice Girls broke onto the music scene at a time when alternative rock, hip-hop and R&B dominated global music charts.", "The Spice Girls broke onto the music scene at a time when alternative rock, hip-hop and R&B dominated global music charts. The modern pop phenomenon that the Spice Girls created by targeting early members of Generation Y was credited with changing the global music landscape, bringing about the global wave of late-1990s and early-2000s teen pop acts such as Hanson, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and NSYNC.", "The modern pop phenomenon that the Spice Girls created by targeting early members of Generation Y was credited with changing the global music landscape, bringing about the global wave of late-1990s and early-2000s teen pop acts such as Hanson, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and NSYNC. The Spice Girls have also been credited with paving the way for the girl groups and female pop singers that have come after them.", "The Spice Girls have also been credited with paving the way for the girl groups and female pop singers that have come after them. In the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls' success.", "In the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls' success. The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix, Fifth Harmony, Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Kim Petras, Charli XCX, Rita Ora, Demi Lovato Carly Rae Jepsen, Regine Velasquez, MØ, Billie Eilish and Adele credits the Spice Girls as a major influence, in which Melanie C was the prominent voice.", "The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix, Fifth Harmony, Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Kim Petras, Charli XCX, Rita Ora, Demi Lovato Carly Rae Jepsen, Regine Velasquez, MØ, Billie Eilish and Adele credits the Spice Girls as a major influence, in which Melanie C was the prominent voice. Some songs from Northern Star have appeared in films, such as \"Ga Ga\" which is heard in Charmed and Big Daddy.", "Some songs from Northern Star have appeared in films, such as \"Ga Ga\" which is heard in Charmed and Big Daddy. The song \"Go\" makes an appearance in Whatever It Takes. \"Suddenly Monday\" appears in Maybe Baby and on its soundtrack.", "\"Suddenly Monday\" appears in Maybe Baby and on its soundtrack. After the song gained popularity, \"I Turn to You\" was featured in the film Bend It Like Beckham. It was covered by Darkseed on \"Ultimate Darkness\", by Machinae Supremacy on \"Webography\", and by Wig Wam on 667..", "It was covered by Darkseed on \"Ultimate Darkness\", by Machinae Supremacy on \"Webography\", and by Wig Wam on 667.. The Neighbour of the Beast. The song was also featured in the musical Viva Forever!, a musical show based on the songs of the Spice Girls.", "The song was also featured in the musical Viva Forever!, a musical show based on the songs of the Spice Girls. Some songs have also been covered by international artists such as Christine Fan, who covered and translated \"Suddenly Monday\" in Chinese for her debut album FanFan's World, and Dutch pop singer Do who covered the Japanese bonus-track \"Follow Me\", for her album of the same name.", "Some songs have also been covered by international artists such as Christine Fan, who covered and translated \"Suddenly Monday\" in Chinese for her debut album FanFan's World, and Dutch pop singer Do who covered the Japanese bonus-track \"Follow Me\", for her album of the same name. The single \"First Day of My Life\" was originally recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" (A new day) for his 2004 album Andrea, and he also released it as a single the same year.", "The single \"First Day of My Life\" was originally recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" (A new day) for his 2004 album Andrea, and he also released it as a single the same year. Chisolm's version of the single was a success in German-speaking countries because it was used as the title song of the German soap opera telenovela Wege zum Glück.", "Chisolm's version of the single was a success in German-speaking countries because it was used as the title song of the German soap opera telenovela Wege zum Glück. At the time of The Seas release, the lead single \"Rock Me\" served as the official theme song for German TV channel ZDF's coverage of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "At the time of The Seas release, the lead single \"Rock Me\" served as the official theme song for German TV channel ZDF's coverage of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Chisholm has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Spice Girls and her solo efforts.", "Chisholm has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Spice Girls and her solo efforts. The main concept of the Spice Girl albums centred on the idea of Girl Power, embodying a feminist image, as both Madonna and Bananarama had employed before, and every track deals with different aspects of this notion.", "The main concept of the Spice Girl albums centred on the idea of Girl Power, embodying a feminist image, as both Madonna and Bananarama had employed before, and every track deals with different aspects of this notion. Other central themes in the writing of the group were the union, solidarity, friendship, independence, love, loss of virginity, sex, contraception, the relationship with parents during adolescence, vulnerability and fame.", "Other central themes in the writing of the group were the union, solidarity, friendship, independence, love, loss of virginity, sex, contraception, the relationship with parents during adolescence, vulnerability and fame. Many of these themes were carried out even during her solo career, but with a more mature writing, intense style and in some songs a more raw and direct language.", "Many of these themes were carried out even during her solo career, but with a more mature writing, intense style and in some songs a more raw and direct language. Added to these were social issues such as homelessness, and introspective themes.", "Added to these were social issues such as homelessness, and introspective themes. Having co-written 11 UK number 1s, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet.", "Having co-written 11 UK number 1s, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet. With 12 UK Number 1 singles, including the charity single as part of the Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with the most singles at number 1 in the UK.", "With 12 UK Number 1 singles, including the charity single as part of the Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with the most singles at number 1 in the UK. Discography Studio albums Northern Star (1999) Reason (2003) Beautiful Intentions (2005) This Time (2007) The Sea (2011) Stages (2012) Version of Me (2016) Melanie C (2020) Filmography Stage Concert tours Headlining From Liverpool to Leicester Square (1999) Northern Star Tour (2000–01) Reason Tour (2003) The Barfly Mini-Tour (2004) Beautiful Intentions Tour (2005) This Time Canadian Tour (2008) The Sea – Live (2011–12) Version of Me UK & Ireland Tour (2017) Version of Me Europe Tour (2017) Version of Me Festival Tour (2017–2018) Global Pride Tour (2019) Colors and Light Live Stream (2020) Melanie C Tour (2022) Fixed special guest The Christmas Tour (2014) Awards and nominations Notes References Bibliography External links 1974 births 20th-century English singers 20th-century English women singers 21st-century English singers 21st-century English women singers Alumni of Bird College Bonnier Amigo Music Group artists Dance-pop musicians English female dancers English female models English people of Irish descent English people of Scottish descent English philanthropists English rock singers English television personalities English women guitarists English guitarists English women pop singers English women singer-songwriters Living people Participants in American reality television series Participants in British reality television series People from Whiston, Merseyside Singers from Merseyside Spice Girls members Virgin Records artists Women rock singers" ]

[ "Melanie C", "2002-2003: Reason", "Is Reason an album?", "She released her second studio album, Reason," ]

[ "On Your Every Word is the second studio album released by Amy Holland in 1983. This was her last studio album, before she spent the rest of the 1980s recording songs for film soundtracks such as Scarface, Teen Wolf, Night of the Comet, St. Elmo's Fire, K-9, and much more. In one of the songs on the album, she sings a duet with David Pack on the song \"I Still Run to You\". There is a cover version of The Four Tops' song \"Shake Me, Wake Me (When It's Over)\" sung by Holland. Steve Lukather collaborates on the album and does a guitar solo during an instrumental break on the last song of the album, Rollin' By. In addition to the album's release, 1983 was the year when Holland and Michael McDonald got married. Holland did not release another studio album until 2008, when she released The Journey to Miracle River.\n\nTrack listing\n\n1983 albums\nAmy Holland albums\nCapitol Records albums", "Katie Waissel is the debut studio album by British singer-songwriter Katie Waissel, released on 14 March 2011.\n\nBackground\nThe song \"The Ugly Truth\" premiered four days before the release of Katie Waissel. The day before the release of the album, she performed the song \"The Ugly Truth\" on The Alan Titchmarsh Show. The entire album is composed of songs recorded during her time on Green Eyed World, when she was signed to Chamberlain Records, this release concluding her two-record contract. Several of the songs can be heard as background music or as Katie performing them on Green Eyed World. Waissel spoke on the album:\n\n“I’m so excited that this album is ready for a release. I co-wrote these songs so they mean a lot to me. To have the opportunity to share them with everyone is a dream come true for me.”\n\nOther songs recorded with Chamberlain Records that have not featured on any release by Waissel but are available online are: a cover of \"Love Me Tender\", \"Love, Life and Money\", \"Crystal Lagoon\", \"Ray of Light\", \"Whole Lotta Love\", \"Rock Steady!\", and \"Maybe\". Katie Waissel did not chart on the UK Albums Chart, or see a full physical release. Since the album's release, Waissel has formed a four-member rock band named \"Red Velvet\", who are expected to release their own debut album.\n\nTrack listing\n\nNotes\n a \"Moving Mountains\" was also previously included on The Private Life of David Reed's self-titled debut album, with Waissel under the alias of \"Lola Fontaine\".\n\n b Acoustic version of \"He's In Love\"\n\nReferences\n\n2011 debut albums\nKatie Waissel albums" ]

[ "Melanie Jayne Chisholm (born 12 January 1974), better known as Melanie C or Mel C, is an English singer, songwriter, DJ, TV personality and actress. She is best known as one of the five members of the Spice Girls, during which time she was nicknamed Sporty Spice.", "She is best known as one of the five members of the Spice Girls, during which time she was nicknamed Sporty Spice. She rose to fame in 1996, releasing, in two years with the Spice Girls, two consecutive number-one albums, eight number-one singles from nine worldwide hits, the biggest-selling debut single of all time and the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group, respectively with \"Wannabe\" atop in 37 countries with over seven million records, and Spice, which peaked at number one in more than 17 countries across the world, with over 31 million copies, as well as the second album Spiceworld with more than 20 million copies sold.", "She rose to fame in 1996, releasing, in two years with the Spice Girls, two consecutive number-one albums, eight number-one singles from nine worldwide hits, the biggest-selling debut single of all time and the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group, respectively with \"Wannabe\" atop in 37 countries with over seven million records, and Spice, which peaked at number one in more than 17 countries across the world, with over 31 million copies, as well as the second album Spiceworld with more than 20 million copies sold. Melanie C is known for her unique vocal prowess that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom.", "Melanie C is known for her unique vocal prowess that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom. Chisholm began her solo career in late 1998 by singing with Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams, and her solo debut album Northern Star was released in 1999, reaching number one in Sweden and number 4 on the UK Albums Chart.", "Chisholm began her solo career in late 1998 by singing with Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams, and her solo debut album Northern Star was released in 1999, reaching number one in Sweden and number 4 on the UK Albums Chart. It was certified internationally with seven platinum and three gold certifications, including the triple-Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, selling over 4 million copies worldwide, and becoming the best selling solo album of any Spice Girls member.", "It was certified internationally with seven platinum and three gold certifications, including the triple-Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, selling over 4 million copies worldwide, and becoming the best selling solo album of any Spice Girls member. After her second album, gold certified in UK, Reason, with more than 500,000 copies, Chisholm, in 2004, parted from Virgin and founded her own record company, Red Girl Records.", "After her second album, gold certified in UK, Reason, with more than 500,000 copies, Chisholm, in 2004, parted from Virgin and founded her own record company, Red Girl Records. Beautiful Intentions, her third album, in 2005, spent 9 weeks at number one in Portugal and spawned international hit singles, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide with several international certifications.", "Beautiful Intentions, her third album, in 2005, spent 9 weeks at number one in Portugal and spawned international hit singles, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide with several international certifications. The fourth studio album, This Time, was released in 2007, became her first top 10 album in Switzerland where was certified gold.", "The fourth studio album, This Time, was released in 2007, became her first top 10 album in Switzerland where was certified gold. Of the five singles released from the album, the first three went to number one in Portugal.", "Of the five singles released from the album, the first three went to number one in Portugal. In December, Chisholm reunited with the Spice Girls to release a greatest hits album supported by a world tour.", "In December, Chisholm reunited with the Spice Girls to release a greatest hits album supported by a world tour. She released her fifth solo album, The Sea, in 2011, her first EP The Night in 2012, the sixth studio album Stages, in 2012, and seventh album, Version of Me (2016).", "She released her fifth solo album, The Sea, in 2011, her first EP The Night in 2012, the sixth studio album Stages, in 2012, and seventh album, Version of Me (2016). Her eponymous eighth studio album was released in 2020.", "Her eponymous eighth studio album was released in 2020. Having co-written 11 UK number-ones, more than any other female artist in chart history, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet.", "Having co-written 11 UK number-ones, more than any other female artist in chart history, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet. With twelve UK number-one singles, including the charity single as part of The Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with most singles at number one in the United Kingdom, and with a total of fourteen songs that have received the number one in Britain (including the double A-sides), Chisholm is the female artist with most songs at number one in the UK ranking history.", "With twelve UK number-one singles, including the charity single as part of The Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with most singles at number one in the United Kingdom, and with a total of fourteen songs that have received the number one in Britain (including the double A-sides), Chisholm is the female artist with most songs at number one in the UK ranking history. Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including a Guinness Book mention, three World Music Awards, five Brit Awards from 10 nominations, three American Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards from six nomination, eight Billboard special awards, three MTV Europe Music Awards from seven nominations, one MTV Video Music Awards from two nomination, ten ASCAP awards, one Juno Award from two nominations, and four nominations at the Echo Awards.", "Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including a Guinness Book mention, three World Music Awards, five Brit Awards from 10 nominations, three American Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards from six nomination, eight Billboard special awards, three MTV Europe Music Awards from seven nominations, one MTV Video Music Awards from two nomination, ten ASCAP awards, one Juno Award from two nominations, and four nominations at the Echo Awards. Since 1996, Chisholm has sold more than 123 million records, including 100 million copies with the group, and 23 million solo albums, singles and collaborations, and has earned over 326 worldwide certifications (with numerous diamonds), including 41 silver, gold and platinum certifications as a solo artist.", "Since 1996, Chisholm has sold more than 123 million records, including 100 million copies with the group, and 23 million solo albums, singles and collaborations, and has earned over 326 worldwide certifications (with numerous diamonds), including 41 silver, gold and platinum certifications as a solo artist. Early life Melanie Jayne Chisholm was born on 12 January 1974 in Whiston, Lancashire, the only daughter of Joan O'Neill, who worked as a secretary and personal assistant and has been singing in music bands since she was 14, and Alan Chisholm, a fitter at the Otis Elevator Company.", "Early life Melanie Jayne Chisholm was born on 12 January 1974 in Whiston, Lancashire, the only daughter of Joan O'Neill, who worked as a secretary and personal assistant and has been singing in music bands since she was 14, and Alan Chisholm, a fitter at the Otis Elevator Company. Her parents married in 1971 and separated in 1978, when Chisholm was four years old.", "Her parents married in 1971 and separated in 1978, when Chisholm was four years old. Her mother remarried and had more children, one of whom is racing driver Paul O'Neill, who was born when Chisholm was six years old.", "Her mother remarried and had more children, one of whom is racing driver Paul O'Neill, who was born when Chisholm was six years old. She grew up in Widnes, Cheshire, attending Brookvale Junior School in nearby Runcorn and Fairfield High School in Widnes.", "She grew up in Widnes, Cheshire, attending Brookvale Junior School in nearby Runcorn and Fairfield High School in Widnes. Following school, she studied for a diploma course in dance, singing, drama, and musical theatre at the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts in London.", "Following school, she studied for a diploma course in dance, singing, drama, and musical theatre at the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts in London. During college, she replied to an advert in The Stage placed by Chris and Bob Herbert, who were looking to form a new girl group, later to become the Spice Girls.", "During college, she replied to an advert in The Stage placed by Chris and Bob Herbert, who were looking to form a new girl group, later to become the Spice Girls. She left college just short of completing her three-year course, and gained teaching qualifications in tap and modern theatre dance with the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing.", "She left college just short of completing her three-year course, and gained teaching qualifications in tap and modern theatre dance with the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing. Career 1994–2000: Spice Girls In 1994, Chisholm, along with Mel B, Geri Halliwell, and Victoria Beckham (née Adams) responded to an advertisement in The Stage magazine.", "Career 1994–2000: Spice Girls In 1994, Chisholm, along with Mel B, Geri Halliwell, and Victoria Beckham (née Adams) responded to an advertisement in The Stage magazine. Around 400 women who answered the ad went to Dance Works studios.", "Around 400 women who answered the ad went to Dance Works studios. Halliwell, Chisholm, Beckham and Brown were originally chosen as the members of the group, and then formed a quintet with Emma Bunton. The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction of Heart Management and broke with them.", "The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction of Heart Management and broke with them. In 1995, they toured record labels in London and Los Angeles and finally signed a deal with Virgin.", "In 1995, they toured record labels in London and Los Angeles and finally signed a deal with Virgin. Their debut album, Spice, was a huge worldwide commercial success, peaked at number 1 in more than 17 countries across the world, and was certified multi-platinum in 27 countries.", "Their debut album, Spice, was a huge worldwide commercial success, peaked at number 1 in more than 17 countries across the world, and was certified multi-platinum in 27 countries. Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of Girl Power, and during that time was compared to Beatlemania.", "Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of Girl Power, and during that time was compared to Beatlemania. In total the album sold 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time.", "In total the album sold 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time. The first single, \"Wannabe\" reached number 1 in 37 countries, and their subsequent singles – \"Say You'll Be There\", \"2 Become 1\", \"Who Do You Think You Are\" and \"Mama\" – all peaked at number 1 in the UK.", "The first single, \"Wannabe\" reached number 1 in 37 countries, and their subsequent singles – \"Say You'll Be There\", \"2 Become 1\", \"Who Do You Think You Are\" and \"Mama\" – all peaked at number 1 in the UK. In 1997, they released their second album, Spiceworld, with the two first singles \"Spice Up Your Life\" and \"Too Much\", that entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1, making it the group's all consecutive number 1 hit single, a record of musical groups all time.", "In 1997, they released their second album, Spiceworld, with the two first singles \"Spice Up Your Life\" and \"Too Much\", that entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1, making it the group's all consecutive number 1 hit single, a record of musical groups all time. The album was a global best seller, selling 20 million copies worldwide.", "The album was a global best seller, selling 20 million copies worldwide. The group also starred in their own film, Spiceworld: The Movie, which grossed $100 million at the box office worldwide and became the second most watched movie of the year.", "The group also starred in their own film, Spiceworld: The Movie, which grossed $100 million at the box office worldwide and became the second most watched movie of the year. The next single, \"Stop\", peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number 1s, their only single to not reach the top of the charts.", "The next single, \"Stop\", peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number 1s, their only single to not reach the top of the charts. \"Viva Forever\", another number 1, was the last single before Geri Halliwell's departure from the group in May 1998.", "\"Viva Forever\", another number 1, was the last single before Geri Halliwell's departure from the group in May 1998. With four members, the group released \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998 and when it topped the UK Singles Chart it became their third consecutive Christmas number-one – equalling the record previously set by the Beatles.", "With four members, the group released \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998 and when it topped the UK Singles Chart it became their third consecutive Christmas number-one – equalling the record previously set by the Beatles. On 30 November, Canadian artist Bryan Adams, released \"When You're Gone\" with featured vocals of Chisholm, her debut solo project.", "On 30 November, Canadian artist Bryan Adams, released \"When You're Gone\" with featured vocals of Chisholm, her debut solo project. The song peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, spent 15 weeks in the top 40 and received the platinum certified.", "The song peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, spent 15 weeks in the top 40 and received the platinum certified. 1999–2001: Northern Star In 1999, Chisholm signed with Virgin and, during the summer, recorded the album Northern Star. She recorded \"Ga Ga\" from the soundtrack of the film Big Daddy.", "She recorded \"Ga Ga\" from the soundtrack of the film Big Daddy. The song was released as promotional single on 25 June, only in the UK.", "The song was released as promotional single on 25 June, only in the UK. She also wrote and recorded the backing vocals for \"(Hey You) Free Up Your Mind\", sung by Emma Bunton from the film soundtrack Pokémon: The First Movie.", "She also wrote and recorded the backing vocals for \"(Hey You) Free Up Your Mind\", sung by Emma Bunton from the film soundtrack Pokémon: The First Movie. On 27 September, Chisholm released her debut single, \"Goin' Down\" and peaked at number 4 in the UK and 25 in Australia.", "On 27 September, Chisholm released her debut single, \"Goin' Down\" and peaked at number 4 in the UK and 25 in Australia. The music video was shot in Los Angeles and directed by Giuseppi Capotondi.", "The music video was shot in Los Angeles and directed by Giuseppi Capotondi. Her debut album, Northern Star, was released on 18 October 1999, peaked at number 4 and sold 4 million copies worldwide, received triple platinum in the UK, and another seven certifications, including platinum in Germany and Sweden.", "Her debut album, Northern Star, was released on 18 October 1999, peaked at number 4 and sold 4 million copies worldwide, received triple platinum in the UK, and another seven certifications, including platinum in Germany and Sweden. \"Northern Star\" was released as a second single and also peaked at number 4.", "\"Northern Star\" was released as a second single and also peaked at number 4. To promote the album, Chisholm embarked on a tour called From Liverpool to Leicester Square, traveling to Australia, the US, Canada, Japan, the UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands and Denmark, between 27 September and 1 November.", "To promote the album, Chisholm embarked on a tour called From Liverpool to Leicester Square, traveling to Australia, the US, Canada, Japan, the UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands and Denmark, between 27 September and 1 November. In 2000, Chisholm had two songs in film soundtracks, \"Suddenly Monday\" in Maybe Baby and \"Go!\"", "In 2000, Chisholm had two songs in film soundtracks, \"Suddenly Monday\" in Maybe Baby and \"Go!\" in Whatever It Takes.", "in Whatever It Takes. in Whatever It Takes. After the two singles did not reach the top of the charts, Virgin thought to end the promotion of the album, but decided to release one more single, \"Never Be the Same Again\", which broke the pop rock sound of the other songs and focused on R&B.", "After the two singles did not reach the top of the charts, Virgin thought to end the promotion of the album, but decided to release one more single, \"Never Be the Same Again\", which broke the pop rock sound of the other songs and focused on R&B. The song, featuring TLC member Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes, was released on 20 March 2000 and became her first number 1 single.", "The song, featuring TLC member Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes, was released on 20 March 2000 and became her first number 1 single. It was received gold certification in the UK and also peaked at number 1 in Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland and Sweden.", "It was received gold certification in the UK and also peaked at number 1 in Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland and Sweden. The song was the 18th best-selling song of 2000 and sold more than a million copies across Europe.", "The song was the 18th best-selling song of 2000 and sold more than a million copies across Europe. After the success of \"Never Be the Same Again\", the label decided to release two more singles.", "After the success of \"Never Be the Same Again\", the label decided to release two more singles. On 7 August 2000, Virgin released a remix version of \"I Turn to You\" as the fourth single; the song reached her second number 1 in the UK, Netherlands and Sweden.", "On 7 August 2000, Virgin released a remix version of \"I Turn to You\" as the fourth single; the song reached her second number 1 in the UK, Netherlands and Sweden. \"I Turn to You\" also peaked at number 1 in Austria, Denmark and Dance Club Songs of United States.", "\"I Turn to You\" also peaked at number 1 in Austria, Denmark and Dance Club Songs of United States. \"If That Were Me\" was released as fifth and final single and peaked at number 18. The proceeds from its sale went to the Kandu Arts charity.", "The proceeds from its sale went to the Kandu Arts charity. The North American version of Northern Star was released on 21 August 2000 and included the single versions of \"Never Be The Same Again\" and \"I Turn To You\".", "The North American version of Northern Star was released on 21 August 2000 and included the single versions of \"Never Be The Same Again\" and \"I Turn To You\". In late 2000, after the first solo work of members, the Spice Girls released their third and final album, Forever, sporting a new edgier R&B sound.", "In late 2000, after the first solo work of members, the Spice Girls released their third and final album, Forever, sporting a new edgier R&B sound. \"Holler\" and \"Let Love Lead the Way\" were released as singles on 23 October 2000 and the songs reached number 1 in the UK.", "\"Holler\" and \"Let Love Lead the Way\" were released as singles on 23 October 2000 and the songs reached number 1 in the UK. The album sold 5 million copies. The group announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus.", "The group announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus. In the same year, the Chinese singer FanFan recorded a Chinese version of \"Suddenly Monday\" from her debut album FanFan's World. Chisholm embarked in her first world tour, the Northern Star Tour, between late 2000 and 26 August 2001, to promote her debut album.", "Chisholm embarked in her first world tour, the Northern Star Tour, between late 2000 and 26 August 2001, to promote her debut album. The tour traveled in 76 dates, 30 countries and 4 continents, just not going to Oceania and South America.", "The tour traveled in 76 dates, 30 countries and 4 continents, just not going to Oceania and South America. The Shepherd's Bush Empire concert was webcast on Chisholm's original website with a special appearance of Bryan Adams. On 4 April 2001, The audio of the Anaheim concert also was webcast on House of Blues' website.", "On 4 April 2001, The audio of the Anaheim concert also was webcast on House of Blues' website. A remixed album, entitled Remix Collection, was released only in Japan.", "A remixed album, entitled Remix Collection, was released only in Japan. In 2001, Chisholm collaborated in the live album of Russell Watson, The Voice – Live, as featured vocals in the songs \"Barcelona\" and \"Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did?\".", "In 2001, Chisholm collaborated in the live album of Russell Watson, The Voice – Live, as featured vocals in the songs \"Barcelona\" and \"Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did?\". 2002–2003: Reason Chisholm began recording her second album in November 2001. She traveled to the United States to record some songs.", "She traveled to the United States to record some songs. During this time, she also recorded \"Independence Day\" from the film soundtrack Bend It Like Beckham and wrote \"Help Me Help You\" for Holly Valance, included in her album Footprints.", "During this time, she also recorded \"Independence Day\" from the film soundtrack Bend It Like Beckham and wrote \"Help Me Help You\" for Holly Valance, included in her album Footprints. Chisholm, along with American singer Anastacia made an appearance at the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards to present the award for \"Best Song\", which was given to P!nk.", "Chisholm, along with American singer Anastacia made an appearance at the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards to present the award for \"Best Song\", which was given to P!nk. Chisholm's second album was postponed to 10 March 2003. Chisholm also took time out due to struggles with clinical depression.", "Chisholm also took time out due to struggles with clinical depression. On 24 February 2003 the first single from her new album was released, \"Here It Comes Again\", which reached number 7 in the UK and peaked in the top 20 in Spain and Ireland.", "On 24 February 2003 the first single from her new album was released, \"Here It Comes Again\", which reached number 7 in the UK and peaked in the top 20 in Spain and Ireland. She released her second studio album, Reason, on 10 March 2003 and it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK.", "She released her second studio album, Reason, on 10 March 2003 and it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK. The label sent Chisholm to promote the album, including several pocket shows. On 24 April 2003, she embarked in the Reason Tour, traveling only in Europe.", "On 24 April 2003, she embarked in the Reason Tour, traveling only in Europe. The second single, \"On the Horizon\", was released on 2 June 2003.", "The second single, \"On the Horizon\", was released on 2 June 2003. After the previous single, music critics were predicting that this single would redeem Chisholm's chart success, but the song peaked at number 14 and did not help sales.", "After the previous single, music critics were predicting that this single would redeem Chisholm's chart success, but the song peaked at number 14 and did not help sales. \"Let's Love\", was released as a single exclusively in Japan and used for a Toyota Motor Corporation commercial.", "\"Let's Love\", was released as a single exclusively in Japan and used for a Toyota Motor Corporation commercial. Alongside promoting the album, Chisholm competed on the reality sports game show The Games.", "Alongside promoting the album, Chisholm competed on the reality sports game show The Games. On 11 September 2003, during a taping of The Games, Chisholm competed in a judo match with Turkish-Dutch actress Azra Akin, which resulted in Chisholm injuring her knee.", "On 11 September 2003, during a taping of The Games, Chisholm competed in a judo match with Turkish-Dutch actress Azra Akin, which resulted in Chisholm injuring her knee. Because of this, the song \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\", which was planned to be released as the third and final single on 22 September 2003, had to be pushed back because she could not fully promote an upbeat song with an injury.", "Because of this, the song \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\", which was planned to be released as the third and final single on 22 September 2003, had to be pushed back because she could not fully promote an upbeat song with an injury. \"Melt\" was then chosen to be launched along with \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a double A-side, because she could do a small number of performances.", "\"Melt\" was then chosen to be launched along with \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a double A-side, because she could do a small number of performances. The double single was released on 10 November 2003. The song peaked at number 27.", "The song peaked at number 27. In other countries of Europe, \"Melt\" wasn't released, only \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a solo release. After the release of \"Melt/Yeh Yeh Yeh\", Chisholm added some extra dates to the Reason Tour, and the Avo Session Basel concert was broadcast on 3sat.", "After the release of \"Melt/Yeh Yeh Yeh\", Chisholm added some extra dates to the Reason Tour, and the Avo Session Basel concert was broadcast on 3sat. 2004–2006: Red Girl Records and Beautiful Intentions On 1 January 2004, Virgin Records dismissed Chisholm after the conflict in previous years about the direction in her solo career.", "2004–2006: Red Girl Records and Beautiful Intentions On 1 January 2004, Virgin Records dismissed Chisholm after the conflict in previous years about the direction in her solo career. In April 2004, she founded her own label, Red Girl Records, to record and release her own projects.", "In April 2004, she founded her own label, Red Girl Records, to record and release her own projects. All of Chisolm's activities are decided upon and funded by herself. The label name was inspired by the colours of the football Liverpool F.C., of which Chisholm is a supporter.", "The label name was inspired by the colours of the football Liverpool F.C., of which Chisholm is a supporter. Nancy Phillips, who had been Chisholm's manager and business partner since the label's inception, retired in 2017.", "Nancy Phillips, who had been Chisholm's manager and business partner since the label's inception, retired in 2017. In June 2004, she embarked in a five-date concert tour, The Barfly Mini-Tour, performed in The Barfly music halls, a series of venues dedicated to independent music.", "In June 2004, she embarked in a five-date concert tour, The Barfly Mini-Tour, performed in The Barfly music halls, a series of venues dedicated to independent music. In October 2004, Chisholm finished recording her third album. In an interview, Chisholm said she wanted to create deeper songs using piano, violin and personal themes.", "In an interview, Chisholm said she wanted to create deeper songs using piano, violin and personal themes. On 4 April 2005, Chisholm released \"Next Best Superstar\" as the lead single of her third album.", "On 4 April 2005, Chisholm released \"Next Best Superstar\" as the lead single of her third album. It was released in three formats: two singles with B-sides – the acoustic version or the B-side \"Everything Must Change\" – and a remixes EP. The song peaked at number 10 in the UK.", "The song peaked at number 10 in the UK. On 11 April, she released Beautiful Intentions, her third album and first by Red Girl. It was produced by Greg Haver, Guy Chambers, Paul Boddy and eleven of the twelve songs were written by Chisholm.", "It was produced by Greg Haver, Guy Chambers, Paul Boddy and eleven of the twelve songs were written by Chisholm. The album peaked at number 24 in the UK, top 15 other Europeans countries, and was certified gold in Germany and Switzerland.", "The album peaked at number 24 in the UK, top 15 other Europeans countries, and was certified gold in Germany and Switzerland. In support of the album, she embarked at Beautiful Intentions Tour, starting on 16 April in O2 Academy Birmingham, in London, and travelling for twenty-five dates across Europe and Asia.", "In support of the album, she embarked at Beautiful Intentions Tour, starting on 16 April in O2 Academy Birmingham, in London, and travelling for twenty-five dates across Europe and Asia. On 1 August, \"Better Alone\" was released only in the UK as the second single, but did not enter the charts due to the single being available online.", "On 1 August, \"Better Alone\" was released only in the UK as the second single, but did not enter the charts due to the single being available online. \"First Day of My Life\" was released as single on 30 September in Australia and Europe – except in the UK.", "\"First Day of My Life\" was released as single on 30 September in Australia and Europe – except in the UK. The song was not included in the original version of the album, only in the 2006 re-released version, becoming the second international single from Beautiful Intentions.", "The song was not included in the original version of the album, only in the 2006 re-released version, becoming the second international single from Beautiful Intentions. Originally been recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" for his 2004 eponymous album Andrea.", "Originally been recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" for his 2004 eponymous album Andrea. The song peaked at number 1 in Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal, number 2 in Austria, and in the top 30 in Norway, France and Denmark.", "The song peaked at number 1 in Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal, number 2 in Austria, and in the top 30 in Norway, France and Denmark. On 24 February 2006, \"Better Alone\" was released in Australia and Europe as the third official single, after a limited release in the UK the previous year.", "On 24 February 2006, \"Better Alone\" was released in Australia and Europe as the third official single, after a limited release in the UK the previous year. The song entered the charts in some countries, peaked at thirty-six in Italy and thirty-three in Switzerland.", "The song entered the charts in some countries, peaked at thirty-six in Italy and thirty-three in Switzerland. On 3 April, the album was re-released, including \"First Day of My Life\" and the music video.", "On 3 April, the album was re-released, including \"First Day of My Life\" and the music video. In 2006, Chisholm released her first live DVD, Live Hits, recorded on 31 August 2006 at the Bridge in South East, London. The DVD peaked at number 10.", "The DVD peaked at number 10. 2007–2008: This Time and Spice Girls reunion In early 2007, Chisholm finished recording her next album and, in March, she released two singles simultaneously.", "2007–2008: This Time and Spice Girls reunion In early 2007, Chisholm finished recording her next album and, in March, she released two singles simultaneously. \"The Moment You Believe\" was released in Europe, except in the UK, and peaked at number 1 in Spain and Portugal, and in the top 20 in Switzerland, Sweden and Germany.", "\"The Moment You Believe\" was released in Europe, except in the UK, and peaked at number 1 in Spain and Portugal, and in the top 20 in Switzerland, Sweden and Germany. Produced and co-written by Peter Vettese, it has been soundbed for the spring advertising campaign for German television show Nur die Liebe Zählt.", "Produced and co-written by Peter Vettese, it has been soundbed for the spring advertising campaign for German television show Nur die Liebe Zählt. \"I Want Candy\" was released only in the UK and Italy, peaking at number 24 and number 9, respectively, and featured on the soundtrack to the film of the same name.", "\"I Want Candy\" was released only in the UK and Italy, peaking at number 24 and number 9, respectively, and featured on the soundtrack to the film of the same name. The song was a cover version of the Strangeloves song.", "The song was a cover version of the Strangeloves song. On 30 March, she released her fourth album, This Time, with thirteen tracks – six written by Chisholm – and other two cover versions: \"What If I Stay\" and \"Don't Let Me Go\", by Jill Jackson, from her debut album.", "On 30 March, she released her fourth album, This Time, with thirteen tracks – six written by Chisholm – and other two cover versions: \"What If I Stay\" and \"Don't Let Me Go\", by Jill Jackson, from her debut album. The album peaked at number 57 in the UK and number 8 in Switzerland, which was certified gold.", "The album peaked at number 57 in the UK and number 8 in Switzerland, which was certified gold. \"Carolyna\" was released as the third single on 8 June.", "\"Carolyna\" was released as the third single on 8 June. During an interview at Loose Women, Chisholm revealed that she wrote this song after watching a documentary about young adults and teenagers homeless, living in the streets in Seattle. The song peaked at 49 in the UK, and in the top 50 in other countries.", "The song peaked at 49 in the UK, and in the top 50 in other countries. On 28 June 2007, the Spice Girls held a surprise press conference at The O2 Arena announcing that they were reuniting to embark on a worldwide concert tour, The Return of the Spice Girls, starting in Vancouver on 2 December.", "On 28 June 2007, the Spice Girls held a surprise press conference at The O2 Arena announcing that they were reuniting to embark on a worldwide concert tour, The Return of the Spice Girls, starting in Vancouver on 2 December. They received £10 million (approximately $20 million) each for the tour.", "They received £10 million (approximately $20 million) each for the tour. Filmmaker Bob Smeaton directed an official documentary on the reunion. It was entitled Giving You Everything.", "It was entitled Giving You Everything. At the same time, Chisholm released the fourth single of her album, \"This Time\", features the B-side \"We Love to Entertain You\", which was used for 2007's Pro7 Starforce campaign in Germany. The song peaked at number 94 in the UK and 69 in Germany.", "The song peaked at number 94 in the UK and 69 in Germany. On 5 November, the Spice Girls released their return single, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\", also announced as the official Children in Need charity single and performed at Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.", "On 5 November, the Spice Girls released their return single, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\", also announced as the official Children in Need charity single and performed at Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. The song peaked at number 11, becoming the first song to not reach the top 10.", "The song peaked at number 11, becoming the first song to not reach the top 10. The music video was directed by Anthony Mandler and the girls used exclusive clothes designed by Roberto Cavalli.", "The music video was directed by Anthony Mandler and the girls used exclusive clothes designed by Roberto Cavalli. They released a compilation album, the Greatest Hits in November, including the singles, the 1997 Pepsi's theme \"Move Over\" and two new songs, \"Voodoo\" and \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\".", "They released a compilation album, the Greatest Hits in November, including the singles, the 1997 Pepsi's theme \"Move Over\" and two new songs, \"Voodoo\" and \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\". The compilation sold 6 million copies.", "The compilation sold 6 million copies. They embarked on the tour on 2 December, traveling for 47 dates until 26 February 2008. The tour is estimated to have grossed over US$70 million and produced $107.2 million in ticket sales and merchandising. The tour won the 2008 Billboard Touring Award.", "The tour won the 2008 Billboard Touring Award. As well as their sell-out tour, the Spice Girls were contracted to appear in Tesco advertisements, for which they were paid £1 million each.", "As well as their sell-out tour, the Spice Girls were contracted to appear in Tesco advertisements, for which they were paid £1 million each. After the end of the reunion with the Spice Girls, Chisholm embarked on her fifth tour, the This Time Canadian Tour, in May 2008, performing in nine Canadian cities.", "After the end of the reunion with the Spice Girls, Chisholm embarked on her fifth tour, the This Time Canadian Tour, in May 2008, performing in nine Canadian cities. On 25 July, \"Understand\" was released as fifth and final single from This Time only in Canada.", "On 25 July, \"Understand\" was released as fifth and final single from This Time only in Canada. 2009–2014: Acting, The Sea and Stages In 2009, it was planned she would star in a sequel to the 1996 horror film The Craft, but the production was canceled.", "2009–2014: Acting, The Sea and Stages In 2009, it was planned she would star in a sequel to the 1996 horror film The Craft, but the production was canceled. On 29 June, Chisholm released her second DVD concert, Live at the Hard Rock Cafe, including two previously unreleased songs, \"Blue Skies All the Way\" and \"Paris Burning\".", "On 29 June, Chisholm released her second DVD concert, Live at the Hard Rock Cafe, including two previously unreleased songs, \"Blue Skies All the Way\" and \"Paris Burning\". The DVD peaked at number 22 in the UK.", "The DVD peaked at number 22 in the UK. In October 2009, she had her acting debut on stage as Mrs Johnstone in the musical Blood Brothers, a new version of the 1983 original production. In an interview, Chisholm revealed that while she had been invited to star in movies and plays .", "In an interview, Chisholm revealed that while she had been invited to star in movies and plays . She starred on Blood Brothers until the end of 2010. Chisholm was nominated for the 2010 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical but she did not win. In the same year she started working on her next album.", "In the same year she started working on her next album. On 24 June 2011, \"Rock Me\" was released as single only in Germany and peaked at number 33 in the country. The song was served as the official theme from 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "The song was served as the official theme from 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. \"Think About It\" was chosen as worldwide single and marked the Chisholm return to dance-pop. The song peaked at number 95 in the UK, 15 in the UK Indie Chart and top 40 in other European countries.", "The song peaked at number 95 in the UK, 15 in the UK Indie Chart and top 40 in other European countries. The Sea, her fifth studio album, was released on 2 September, and was produced by Andy Chatterley, Cutfather and Peter-John Vettese.", "The Sea, her fifth studio album, was released on 2 September, and was produced by Andy Chatterley, Cutfather and Peter-John Vettese. The album peaked at number 45 in the UK and also 13 in Switzerland and sixteen in Germany.", "The album peaked at number 45 in the UK and also 13 in Switzerland and sixteen in Germany. Chisholm was mentor assistant in the third season of The X Factor Australia and helped the Mel B team, formed by under 25 years-old girls, during the selection process. The girls did not reach the final.", "The girls did not reach the final. \"Weak\" was released only in the UK as the third single, charting in the UK Indie Chart. \"Let There Be Love\" was released as fourth and final single of The Sea in Germany and Switzerland. She also recorded \"Viva Life\" for the documentary Bash Street.", "She also recorded \"Viva Life\" for the documentary Bash Street. In November, she embarked on her sixth concert tour, The Sea – Live, traveling in Europe during 17 dates. The record of the tour was released as DVD on 27 February 2012.", "The record of the tour was released as DVD on 27 February 2012. In her interview for \"Ask Melanie C Episode 8\" on her YouTube channel, Chisholm said that she \"feels very sad as The Sea was a really great album and it wasn't as successful as it deserved to be\" In April, Chisholm was invited by British DJ Jodie Harsh to collaborate on an electronic project.", "In her interview for \"Ask Melanie C Episode 8\" on her YouTube channel, Chisholm said that she \"feels very sad as The Sea was a really great album and it wasn't as successful as it deserved to be\" In April, Chisholm was invited by British DJ Jodie Harsh to collaborate on an electronic project. On 13 May they released the EP The Night, including three songs.", "On 13 May they released the EP The Night, including three songs. \"Set You Free\" was released as a promo single from the EP. In July, she was judge of the ITV talent show Superstar, which searched to find an actor to starring the musical Jesus Christ Superstar. Ben Forster was chosen.", "Ben Forster was chosen. Ben Forster was chosen. Chisholm co-starred in the musical, playing the role of Mary Magdalene. For her performance Chisholm won Best Supporting Actress in a musical at the Whatsonstage.com Awards. She played the character until 2013. Inspired by the stage, Chisholm began recording an album with musical theatre songs.", "Inspired by the stage, Chisholm began recording an album with musical theatre songs. \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" was released on 22 July and peaked at number 20 on UK Indie Chart. The song is a version of Yvonne Elliman from 1970 musical Jesus Christ Superstar.", "The song is a version of Yvonne Elliman from 1970 musical Jesus Christ Superstar. On 7 September, Chisholm released her sixth studio album, Stages, produced by Peter-John Vettese and featuring a collection of show tunes that have been important to Chisholm at various stages of her life.", "On 7 September, Chisholm released her sixth studio album, Stages, produced by Peter-John Vettese and featuring a collection of show tunes that have been important to Chisholm at various stages of her life. The album peaked at number 50 in the UK and 83 in Ireland.", "The album peaked at number 50 in the UK and 83 in Ireland. \"I Know Him So Well\", a version of the Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson song from the 1984 musical Chess, was released as a single on 11 November, featuring vocals by British singer Emma Bunton.", "\"I Know Him So Well\", a version of the Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson song from the 1984 musical Chess, was released as a single on 11 November, featuring vocals by British singer Emma Bunton. The song peaked at number 153 in the UK and 14 in the UK Indie Chart.", "The song peaked at number 153 in the UK and 14 in the UK Indie Chart. She also was part of The Justice Collective, a super-group of musicians, including Robbie Williams and Paul McCartney, who recorded the charity song \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\".", "She also was part of The Justice Collective, a super-group of musicians, including Robbie Williams and Paul McCartney, who recorded the charity song \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\". The song was released as single on 17 December and peaked at number 1.", "The song was released as single on 17 December and peaked at number 1. In 2013, she played Christy in the British comedy film Play Hard. On 18 August, released \"Loving You\", a collaboration with British singer Matt Cardle.", "On 18 August, released \"Loving You\", a collaboration with British singer Matt Cardle. The song peaked at number 14, becoming the first Chisholm's song in the top 15 since 2005. She released her first live album, Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire, on 12 December.", "She released her first live album, Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire, on 12 December. On 12 January 2014, Chisholm celebrated her 40th birthday with a special show for the fans, entitled Sporty's Forty, singing her hits and featured Emma Bunton.", "On 12 January 2014, Chisholm celebrated her 40th birthday with a special show for the fans, entitled Sporty's Forty, singing her hits and featured Emma Bunton. On 31 March, the Slovakian singer Peter Aristone released \"Cool as You\", featured vocals of Chisholm, as lead single from 19 Days in Tetbury.", "On 31 March, the Slovakian singer Peter Aristone released \"Cool as You\", featured vocals of Chisholm, as lead single from 19 Days in Tetbury. Her cover version of \"Ain't Got No, I Got Life\", by Nina Simone, was included in the compilation Beautiful Cover Versions.", "Her cover version of \"Ain't Got No, I Got Life\", by Nina Simone, was included in the compilation Beautiful Cover Versions. She also had a cameo appearance in the music video \"Word Up\", by Little Mix.", "She also had a cameo appearance in the music video \"Word Up\", by Little Mix. 2015–2018: Television and Version of Me In 2015, Chisholm joined the judging panel for Asia's Got Talent, along with David Foster, Anggun Cipta, and Vanness Wu. They started the selection in Singapore.", "They started the selection in Singapore. During production and selections, Chisholm lived in Malaysia, where the program was recorded. The Asia's Got Talent live shows, with the semifinalists, was aired in March 2015, and ran two months until the finals.", "The Asia's Got Talent live shows, with the semifinalists, was aired in March 2015, and ran two months until the finals. On 14 May Chisholm and the judges released a cover version of \"Let's Groove\", originally by Earth, Wind & Fire, and performed the song in the final.", "On 14 May Chisholm and the judges released a cover version of \"Let's Groove\", originally by Earth, Wind & Fire, and performed the song in the final. In October, she was mentor assistant in the game competition Bring the Noise. At the same time, she started working on her seventh studio album.", "At the same time, she started working on her seventh studio album. The second season of Asia's Got Talent was confirmed for summer 2016, but the project has been discontinued.", "The second season of Asia's Got Talent was confirmed for summer 2016, but the project has been discontinued. In 2016, she was featured as a vocalist on \"Numb\" with Sons Of Sonix, which was stated to be a song from her upcoming album.", "In 2016, she was featured as a vocalist on \"Numb\" with Sons Of Sonix, which was stated to be a song from her upcoming album. In September 2016, she made a cameo appearance in KT Tunstall's music video for \"Hard Girls\".", "In September 2016, she made a cameo appearance in KT Tunstall's music video for \"Hard Girls\". Her seventh album, Version of Me, was released on 21 October 2016. Chisholm appeared on the Graham Norton Show in May 2017 to perform a duet with Keith Urban for his song, The Fighter.", "Chisholm appeared on the Graham Norton Show in May 2017 to perform a duet with Keith Urban for his song, The Fighter. She sang in place of Carrie Underwood, who was the original singer on the duet.", "She sang in place of Carrie Underwood, who was the original singer on the duet. On 27 May 2017, Chisholm performed in Mexico City as part of the Classics Fest concert series, which also featured performances by Vanilla Ice and Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base, held at the Auditorio Blackberry.", "On 27 May 2017, Chisholm performed in Mexico City as part of the Classics Fest concert series, which also featured performances by Vanilla Ice and Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base, held at the Auditorio Blackberry. This marked Chisholm's first time performing as a solo artist in Latin America and her first visit in many years since her days with the Spice Girls.", "This marked Chisholm's first time performing as a solo artist in Latin America and her first visit in many years since her days with the Spice Girls. Chisholm stated upon her musical return to Mexico, \"I haven't been back to Mexico in many years and when I was there it was very brief, so I am excited to return and sing.\"", "Chisholm stated upon her musical return to Mexico, \"I haven't been back to Mexico in many years and when I was there it was very brief, so I am excited to return and sing.\" In June, Chisholm also performed for the first time in Brazil, playing live shows in both Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.", "In June, Chisholm also performed for the first time in Brazil, playing live shows in both Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. In late 2017, Chisholm was co-headliner at Night of the Proms, a 25-concert tour in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg.", "In late 2017, Chisholm was co-headliner at Night of the Proms, a 25-concert tour in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg. In 2018, she turned her hand to disc jockeying by performing a \"90s mix\" at various events, and embarked on the Melanie C - Asia Tour 2018.", "In 2018, she turned her hand to disc jockeying by performing a \"90s mix\" at various events, and embarked on the Melanie C - Asia Tour 2018. 2019–present: Spice Girls reunion and Melanie C On 5 November 2018, Chisholm along with the Spice Girls announced a reunion tour.", "2019–present: Spice Girls reunion and Melanie C On 5 November 2018, Chisholm along with the Spice Girls announced a reunion tour. She and ex-bandmates Melanie B, Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited for the Spice World – 2019 Tour, a 13 date tour of eight cities in the UK and Ireland that was their first for a decade.", "She and ex-bandmates Melanie B, Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited for the Spice World – 2019 Tour, a 13 date tour of eight cities in the UK and Ireland that was their first for a decade. The tour opened at Croke Park, Dublin on 24 May 2019 and concluded at Wembley Stadium in London on 15 June 2019.", "The tour opened at Croke Park, Dublin on 24 May 2019 and concluded at Wembley Stadium in London on 15 June 2019. On 6 November 2019, Chisholm released the single \"High Heels\" which was written with Rae Morris and Benjamin \"Fryars\" Garrett and features drag act Sink the Pink.", "On 6 November 2019, Chisholm released the single \"High Heels\" which was written with Rae Morris and Benjamin \"Fryars\" Garrett and features drag act Sink the Pink. During promotion for the single, Chisholm stated during an interview with The Guardian that she had been working on a new album with artists including Shura and Little Boots.", "During promotion for the single, Chisholm stated during an interview with The Guardian that she had been working on a new album with artists including Shura and Little Boots. On 19 March 2020, Chisholm released \"Who I Am\", the lead single from her eighth album, Melanie C. Chisholm first performed \"Who I Am\" live on 21 April 2020 on The Late Late Show with James Corden, where she live streamed her performance from her home due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "On 19 March 2020, Chisholm released \"Who I Am\", the lead single from her eighth album, Melanie C. Chisholm first performed \"Who I Am\" live on 21 April 2020 on The Late Late Show with James Corden, where she live streamed her performance from her home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. When asked how she was coping with the lockdown restrictions, she responded, \"I'm keeping busy.", "When asked how she was coping with the lockdown restrictions, she responded, \"I'm keeping busy. I'm trying to get my album finished, remotely. I've been trying to stay connected with the fans: I've been doing lots of live Q&A's and streaming.\"", "I've been trying to stay connected with the fans: I've been doing lots of live Q&A's and streaming.\" On 13 May 2020, Chisholm sang \"Who I Am\", among other singles from her career, as part of a \"bathroom\" gig in aid of WaterAid.", "On 13 May 2020, Chisholm sang \"Who I Am\", among other singles from her career, as part of a \"bathroom\" gig in aid of WaterAid. On 27 May 2020, Chisholm released \"Blame It on Me\".", "On 27 May 2020, Chisholm released \"Blame It on Me\". \"In and Out of Love\" was released as the album's third single on 29 July 2020.", "\"In and Out of Love\" was released as the album's third single on 29 July 2020. On 3 August 2020, Chisholm told BBC Music: \"Obviously, I'm making a pop-dance record and I'm a mature artist, so I have to accept that some radio stations are not going to be playing me anymore.", "On 3 August 2020, Chisholm told BBC Music: \"Obviously, I'm making a pop-dance record and I'm a mature artist, so I have to accept that some radio stations are not going to be playing me anymore. That's something to overcome.", "That's something to overcome. That's something to overcome. But I want people to enjoy this album, I want people to dance to it, I want people to be empowered by it. And when coronavirus has done one, I want to get out there and perform it live.\"", "And when coronavirus has done one, I want to get out there and perform it live.\" On 16 September 2020, Chisholm premiered the video for \"Fearless\" the fourth single off the album, which is a collaboration with UK rapper Nadia Rose. \"Meeting Nadia was kismet.", "\"Meeting Nadia was kismet. \"Meeting Nadia was kismet. I'd seen her on Kathy Burke's documentary series on women and fallen in love with her attitude. As female artists, we have to be fearless. I love this girl.\" Melanie C was released on 2 October 2020 to critical success.", "Melanie C was released on 2 October 2020 to critical success. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 8, her first top 10 album since Reason in 2003.", "The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 8, her first top 10 album since Reason in 2003. On 13 November 2020, Chisholm was featured on \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" as part of the BBC Radio 2's Allstars' Children in Need charity single.", "On 13 November 2020, Chisholm was featured on \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" as part of the BBC Radio 2's Allstars' Children in Need charity single. Chisholm also made a guest appearance in British singer-songwriter Celeste's music video, \"Love is Back\", which premiered in January 2021.", "Chisholm also made a guest appearance in British singer-songwriter Celeste's music video, \"Love is Back\", which premiered in January 2021. Chisholm was presented with the \"Celebrity Ally\" award at the 2021 British LGBT Awards, held in London in August.", "Chisholm was presented with the \"Celebrity Ally\" award at the 2021 British LGBT Awards, held in London in August. On 3 September 2021, Chisholm released a deluxe version of her Melanie C album across all digital and streaming services. Chisholm premiered a video for her cover of \"Touch Me\" to accompany the new release.", "Chisholm premiered a video for her cover of \"Touch Me\" to accompany the new release. That same month, Chisholm was announced as a contestant for season 30 of the American series Dancing with the Stars.", "That same month, Chisholm was announced as a contestant for season 30 of the American series Dancing with the Stars. Chisholm was eliminated on 18 October 2021, becoming the fifth star in the series to be voted off and therefore finishing in eleventh place.", "Chisholm was eliminated on 18 October 2021, becoming the fifth star in the series to be voted off and therefore finishing in eleventh place. On 26 October 2021, Chisholm performed \"2 Become 1\" as a duet with Chris Martin of Coldplay for the 8th Annual \"We Can Survive\" concert by Audacy, which was held at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles.", "On 26 October 2021, Chisholm performed \"2 Become 1\" as a duet with Chris Martin of Coldplay for the 8th Annual \"We Can Survive\" concert by Audacy, which was held at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles. On 1 September 2021, the Spice Girls had announced the re-release of Spice to mark their anniversary, titling it Spice25.", "On 1 September 2021, the Spice Girls had announced the re-release of Spice to mark their anniversary, titling it Spice25. The deluxe, double album was released on 29 October 2021 and contained remixes, demos and unreleased tracks.", "The deluxe, double album was released on 29 October 2021 and contained remixes, demos and unreleased tracks. The CDs come in an A5 hardback booklet, with a collection of iconic images and a set of six Spice Girls postcards, while the original album is also available on limited edition vinyl and cassette.", "The CDs come in an A5 hardback booklet, with a collection of iconic images and a set of six Spice Girls postcards, while the original album is also available on limited edition vinyl and cassette. In an interview with Apple Music for the Spice25 release, Chisholm divulged, \"We had [a] risqué song called 'C U Next Tuesday', which was vetoed for the 25th anniversary edition, but I do have plans for it.", "In an interview with Apple Music for the Spice25 release, Chisholm divulged, \"We had [a] risqué song called 'C U Next Tuesday', which was vetoed for the 25th anniversary edition, but I do have plans for it. It sounds like a Lily Allen song; it's absolutely brilliant.\"", "It sounds like a Lily Allen song; it's absolutely brilliant.\" The deluxe release saw the album reenter the UK Albums Chart at number five. In November 2021, due to rising concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, Chisholm announced the cancellation of her European tour dates in support of her .", "In November 2021, due to rising concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, Chisholm announced the cancellation of her European tour dates in support of her . The following month, she appeared once again as a judge The Voice Kids. Teen Torrin Cuthill, who was mentored by Chisholm, won the three-episode series.", "Teen Torrin Cuthill, who was mentored by Chisholm, won the three-episode series. On 27 January 2022, Chisholm announced that her memoir would be published in the latter half of 2022, and will be published by Welbeck Publishing Group.", "On 27 January 2022, Chisholm announced that her memoir would be published in the latter half of 2022, and will be published by Welbeck Publishing Group. The following month, Chisholm appeared as a guest judge on the first episode of RuPaul's Drag Race: UK Versus the World. The series was filmed in March 2021.", "The series was filmed in March 2021. Personal life Chisholm has been open about her experiences with clinical depression and an eating disorder. She spoke of her eating disorder to Contact Music, stating, \"I'd hammered the gym for three hours a day. It was a way of running away, not thinking.", "It was a way of running away, not thinking. I felt like a robot. When the papers started calling me 'Sumo Spice', I was only a size 10. But I was so upset by all the criticism, it got worse and I went up to a size 14.\"", "But I was so upset by all the criticism, it got worse and I went up to a size 14.\" In 1997, Chisholm had a month-long relationship with singer Robbie Williams. In 1998, she dated record producer Jake Davies. Later that year, she had a relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers lead singer Anthony Kiedis.", "Later that year, she had a relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers lead singer Anthony Kiedis. Kiedis wrote \"Emit Remmus\", which is \"summer time\" spelled backwards, inspired by his relationship with Chisholm. The song was included on the album Californication.", "The song was included on the album Californication. In 2000, Chisholm and Jason \"J\" Brown had an on-again, off-again relationship. In February 2009, Chisholm gave birth to her first child, a daughter.", "In February 2009, Chisholm gave birth to her first child, a daughter. In an interview with the BBC, Chisholm admitted that the arrival of her child proved to be a turning point in her life: \"Being a mum was so liberating because for the first time in my adult life, it wasn't all about me.", "In an interview with the BBC, Chisholm admitted that the arrival of her child proved to be a turning point in her life: \"Being a mum was so liberating because for the first time in my adult life, it wasn't all about me. It made me not only realise I had a huge responsibility to her but I have a huge responsibility to myself.", "It made me not only realise I had a huge responsibility to her but I have a huge responsibility to myself. In being her teacher, I had to treat myself better.\" Chisholm is a supporter of Liverpool FC and an amateur triathlete, having completed the London Triathlon twice.", "Chisholm is a supporter of Liverpool FC and an amateur triathlete, having completed the London Triathlon twice. Philanthropy In 2000, all proceeds from sales of her \"If That Were Me\" single went towards the Kandu Arts charity. In 2012, Chisholm joined the Sport Relief telethon by appearing in a Never Mind the Buzzcocks special.", "In 2012, Chisholm joined the Sport Relief telethon by appearing in a Never Mind the Buzzcocks special. Chisholm also participated in a three-mile \"Sport Relief Mile\" run.", "Chisholm also participated in a three-mile \"Sport Relief Mile\" run. In 2013, Chisholm joined Jack Dee, Dara Ó Briain, Greg James, Chelsee Healey and Philips Idowu in Through Hell and High Water, a Comic Relief challenge which involved British celebrities canoeing the most difficult rapids of the Zambezi River.", "In 2013, Chisholm joined Jack Dee, Dara Ó Briain, Greg James, Chelsee Healey and Philips Idowu in Through Hell and High Water, a Comic Relief challenge which involved British celebrities canoeing the most difficult rapids of the Zambezi River. They raised over £1 million for the charity.", "They raised over £1 million for the charity. In 2014, Chisholm travelled to Ghana to support a charity campaign by Procter & Gamble that provides African children with clean drinking water. The project involved the use of purification sachets that changes the water from stagnant to drinkable.", "The project involved the use of purification sachets that changes the water from stagnant to drinkable. Chisholm also supported a homeless charity by donating funds raised from her annual calendar. Artistry Influences Chisholm has cited Madonna as her biggest musical influence.", "Artistry Influences Chisholm has cited Madonna as her biggest musical influence. She stated: \"I think she's inspired me a lot musically, and maybe [in] just the way I present myself.", "She stated: \"I think she's inspired me a lot musically, and maybe [in] just the way I present myself. I've always admired how hard she works and what a strong lady she is, so she's always inspired me in that way.\"", "I've always admired how hard she works and what a strong lady she is, so she's always inspired me in that way.\" Chisholm named Madonna, Blur, Oasis, Suede and the Cardigans as inspirations for her first album. Voice Melanie C is a mezzo-soprano, with a vocal range reaching C 6.", "Voice Melanie C is a mezzo-soprano, with a vocal range reaching C 6. Her main characteristics are a distinctive timbre, a unique vocal ability that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom, and a versatile voice for different styles and music genres.", "Her main characteristics are a distinctive timbre, a unique vocal ability that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom, and a versatile voice for different styles and music genres. Her voice is flex and snap, strong and inspirational, with a mixture of lightness and weight, with a slightly nasal, raspy and powerful tone, clear and emotional.", "Her voice is flex and snap, strong and inspirational, with a mixture of lightness and weight, with a slightly nasal, raspy and powerful tone, clear and emotional. Musical style Chisholm's music is generally pop and rock.", "Musical style Chisholm's music is generally pop and rock. Being the first member of the group to go solo, with Adams on When You're Gone in 1998, she has been versatile when it comes to style, incorporating pop-rock, rock, post-grunge, ambient, acoustic, R&B, hip hop, dance, trance, dance-pop, dance-rock, electro, into her sound.", "Being the first member of the group to go solo, with Adams on When You're Gone in 1998, she has been versatile when it comes to style, incorporating pop-rock, rock, post-grunge, ambient, acoustic, R&B, hip hop, dance, trance, dance-pop, dance-rock, electro, into her sound. She also released an album of show tunes.", "She also released an album of show tunes. Cultural impact and legacy As a Spice Girls member Chisholm was called \"Sporty Spice\" because she usually wore a tracksuit paired with athletic shoes, wore her long dark hair in a high ponytail, and sported a tough girl attitude as well as tattoos on both of her arms.", "Cultural impact and legacy As a Spice Girls member Chisholm was called \"Sporty Spice\" because she usually wore a tracksuit paired with athletic shoes, wore her long dark hair in a high ponytail, and sported a tough girl attitude as well as tattoos on both of her arms. She also possessed true athletic abilities, including being able to perform back handsprings.", "She also possessed true athletic abilities, including being able to perform back handsprings. In this period, the phrase \"girl power\" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions.", "In this period, the phrase \"girl power\" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions. The phrase was a label for the particular facet of post classical neo-feminist empowerment embraced by the band: that a sensual, feminine appearance and equality between the sexes need not be mutually exclusive.", "The phrase was a label for the particular facet of post classical neo-feminist empowerment embraced by the band: that a sensual, feminine appearance and equality between the sexes need not be mutually exclusive. The term \"Cool Britannia\" became prominent in the media and represented the new political and social climate that was emerging with the advances made by New Labour and the new UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.", "The term \"Cool Britannia\" became prominent in the media and represented the new political and social climate that was emerging with the advances made by New Labour and the new UK Prime Minister Tony Blair. Although by no means responsible for the onset of \"Cool Britannia\", the arrival of the Spice Girls added to the new image and re-branding of Britain, and underlined the growing world popularity of British, rather than American, pop music.", "Although by no means responsible for the onset of \"Cool Britannia\", the arrival of the Spice Girls added to the new image and re-branding of Britain, and underlined the growing world popularity of British, rather than American, pop music. The Spice Girls broke onto the music scene at a time when alternative rock, hip-hop and R&B dominated global music charts.", "The Spice Girls broke onto the music scene at a time when alternative rock, hip-hop and R&B dominated global music charts. The modern pop phenomenon that the Spice Girls created by targeting early members of Generation Y was credited with changing the global music landscape, bringing about the global wave of late-1990s and early-2000s teen pop acts such as Hanson, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and NSYNC.", "The modern pop phenomenon that the Spice Girls created by targeting early members of Generation Y was credited with changing the global music landscape, bringing about the global wave of late-1990s and early-2000s teen pop acts such as Hanson, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and NSYNC. The Spice Girls have also been credited with paving the way for the girl groups and female pop singers that have come after them.", "The Spice Girls have also been credited with paving the way for the girl groups and female pop singers that have come after them. In the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls' success.", "In the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls' success. The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix, Fifth Harmony, Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Kim Petras, Charli XCX, Rita Ora, Demi Lovato Carly Rae Jepsen, Regine Velasquez, MØ, Billie Eilish and Adele credits the Spice Girls as a major influence, in which Melanie C was the prominent voice.", "The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix, Fifth Harmony, Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Kim Petras, Charli XCX, Rita Ora, Demi Lovato Carly Rae Jepsen, Regine Velasquez, MØ, Billie Eilish and Adele credits the Spice Girls as a major influence, in which Melanie C was the prominent voice. Some songs from Northern Star have appeared in films, such as \"Ga Ga\" which is heard in Charmed and Big Daddy.", "Some songs from Northern Star have appeared in films, such as \"Ga Ga\" which is heard in Charmed and Big Daddy. The song \"Go\" makes an appearance in Whatever It Takes. \"Suddenly Monday\" appears in Maybe Baby and on its soundtrack.", "\"Suddenly Monday\" appears in Maybe Baby and on its soundtrack. After the song gained popularity, \"I Turn to You\" was featured in the film Bend It Like Beckham. It was covered by Darkseed on \"Ultimate Darkness\", by Machinae Supremacy on \"Webography\", and by Wig Wam on 667..", "It was covered by Darkseed on \"Ultimate Darkness\", by Machinae Supremacy on \"Webography\", and by Wig Wam on 667.. The Neighbour of the Beast. The song was also featured in the musical Viva Forever!, a musical show based on the songs of the Spice Girls.", "The song was also featured in the musical Viva Forever!, a musical show based on the songs of the Spice Girls. Some songs have also been covered by international artists such as Christine Fan, who covered and translated \"Suddenly Monday\" in Chinese for her debut album FanFan's World, and Dutch pop singer Do who covered the Japanese bonus-track \"Follow Me\", for her album of the same name.", "Some songs have also been covered by international artists such as Christine Fan, who covered and translated \"Suddenly Monday\" in Chinese for her debut album FanFan's World, and Dutch pop singer Do who covered the Japanese bonus-track \"Follow Me\", for her album of the same name. The single \"First Day of My Life\" was originally recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" (A new day) for his 2004 album Andrea, and he also released it as a single the same year.", "The single \"First Day of My Life\" was originally recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" (A new day) for his 2004 album Andrea, and he also released it as a single the same year. Chisolm's version of the single was a success in German-speaking countries because it was used as the title song of the German soap opera telenovela Wege zum Glück.", "Chisolm's version of the single was a success in German-speaking countries because it was used as the title song of the German soap opera telenovela Wege zum Glück. At the time of The Seas release, the lead single \"Rock Me\" served as the official theme song for German TV channel ZDF's coverage of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "At the time of The Seas release, the lead single \"Rock Me\" served as the official theme song for German TV channel ZDF's coverage of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Chisholm has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Spice Girls and her solo efforts.", "Chisholm has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Spice Girls and her solo efforts. The main concept of the Spice Girl albums centred on the idea of Girl Power, embodying a feminist image, as both Madonna and Bananarama had employed before, and every track deals with different aspects of this notion.", "The main concept of the Spice Girl albums centred on the idea of Girl Power, embodying a feminist image, as both Madonna and Bananarama had employed before, and every track deals with different aspects of this notion. Other central themes in the writing of the group were the union, solidarity, friendship, independence, love, loss of virginity, sex, contraception, the relationship with parents during adolescence, vulnerability and fame.", "Other central themes in the writing of the group were the union, solidarity, friendship, independence, love, loss of virginity, sex, contraception, the relationship with parents during adolescence, vulnerability and fame. Many of these themes were carried out even during her solo career, but with a more mature writing, intense style and in some songs a more raw and direct language.", "Many of these themes were carried out even during her solo career, but with a more mature writing, intense style and in some songs a more raw and direct language. Added to these were social issues such as homelessness, and introspective themes.", "Added to these were social issues such as homelessness, and introspective themes. Having co-written 11 UK number 1s, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet.", "Having co-written 11 UK number 1s, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet. With 12 UK Number 1 singles, including the charity single as part of the Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with the most singles at number 1 in the UK.", "With 12 UK Number 1 singles, including the charity single as part of the Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with the most singles at number 1 in the UK. Discography Studio albums Northern Star (1999) Reason (2003) Beautiful Intentions (2005) This Time (2007) The Sea (2011) Stages (2012) Version of Me (2016) Melanie C (2020) Filmography Stage Concert tours Headlining From Liverpool to Leicester Square (1999) Northern Star Tour (2000–01) Reason Tour (2003) The Barfly Mini-Tour (2004) Beautiful Intentions Tour (2005) This Time Canadian Tour (2008) The Sea – Live (2011–12) Version of Me UK & Ireland Tour (2017) Version of Me Europe Tour (2017) Version of Me Festival Tour (2017–2018) Global Pride Tour (2019) Colors and Light Live Stream (2020) Melanie C Tour (2022) Fixed special guest The Christmas Tour (2014) Awards and nominations Notes References Bibliography External links 1974 births 20th-century English singers 20th-century English women singers 21st-century English singers 21st-century English women singers Alumni of Bird College Bonnier Amigo Music Group artists Dance-pop musicians English female dancers English female models English people of Irish descent English people of Scottish descent English philanthropists English rock singers English television personalities English women guitarists English guitarists English women pop singers English women singer-songwriters Living people Participants in American reality television series Participants in British reality television series People from Whiston, Merseyside Singers from Merseyside Spice Girls members Virgin Records artists Women rock singers" ]

[ "Melanie C", "2002-2003: Reason", "Is Reason an album?", "She released her second studio album, Reason,", "When did she release this album?", "on 10 March 2003" ]

[ "This article lists the diplomatic missions of Transnistria. Transnistria is a state with limited recognition, that broke away from Moldova after the War of Transnistria in 1992. Transnistria did not receive recognition from any UN member states. It has been recognized as an independent state by Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh and South Ossetia only. At present, Transnistria has three representative offices abroad.\n\nEurope\n \n Sukhumi (Representative office)\n\n Moscow (Official Diplomatic Bureau)\n \n Tskhinvali (Representative office)\n\nSee also \nForeign relations of Transnistria\nList of diplomatic missions in Transnistria\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic\n\nDiplomatic missions of\nTransnistria\nDiplomatic missions of Transnistria", "This article lists the diplomatic missions in Transnistria. Transnistria is a state with limited recognition, that broke away from Moldova after the War of Transnistria in 1992. Transnistria did not receive recognition from any UN member states. It has been recognized as independent state by Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh and South Ossetia only. At present, the capital Tiraspol hosts no embassies, but two representative offices and one consulate.\n\nEmbassies \nTiraspol\n none\n\nRepresentative offices \nTiraspol\n\nConsulates \nTiraspol\n\n (Consular office)\n\nSee also \nForeign relations of Transnistria\nList of diplomatic missions of Transnistria\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic\n\nDiplomatic missions in\nTransnistria\nDiplomatic missions in Transnistria\nDiplomatic missions" ]

[ "Melanie Jayne Chisholm (born 12 January 1974), better known as Melanie C or Mel C, is an English singer, songwriter, DJ, TV personality and actress. She is best known as one of the five members of the Spice Girls, during which time she was nicknamed Sporty Spice.", "She is best known as one of the five members of the Spice Girls, during which time she was nicknamed Sporty Spice. She rose to fame in 1996, releasing, in two years with the Spice Girls, two consecutive number-one albums, eight number-one singles from nine worldwide hits, the biggest-selling debut single of all time and the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group, respectively with \"Wannabe\" atop in 37 countries with over seven million records, and Spice, which peaked at number one in more than 17 countries across the world, with over 31 million copies, as well as the second album Spiceworld with more than 20 million copies sold.", "She rose to fame in 1996, releasing, in two years with the Spice Girls, two consecutive number-one albums, eight number-one singles from nine worldwide hits, the biggest-selling debut single of all time and the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group, respectively with \"Wannabe\" atop in 37 countries with over seven million records, and Spice, which peaked at number one in more than 17 countries across the world, with over 31 million copies, as well as the second album Spiceworld with more than 20 million copies sold. Melanie C is known for her unique vocal prowess that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom.", "Melanie C is known for her unique vocal prowess that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom. Chisholm began her solo career in late 1998 by singing with Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams, and her solo debut album Northern Star was released in 1999, reaching number one in Sweden and number 4 on the UK Albums Chart.", "Chisholm began her solo career in late 1998 by singing with Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams, and her solo debut album Northern Star was released in 1999, reaching number one in Sweden and number 4 on the UK Albums Chart. It was certified internationally with seven platinum and three gold certifications, including the triple-Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, selling over 4 million copies worldwide, and becoming the best selling solo album of any Spice Girls member.", "It was certified internationally with seven platinum and three gold certifications, including the triple-Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, selling over 4 million copies worldwide, and becoming the best selling solo album of any Spice Girls member. After her second album, gold certified in UK, Reason, with more than 500,000 copies, Chisholm, in 2004, parted from Virgin and founded her own record company, Red Girl Records.", "After her second album, gold certified in UK, Reason, with more than 500,000 copies, Chisholm, in 2004, parted from Virgin and founded her own record company, Red Girl Records. Beautiful Intentions, her third album, in 2005, spent 9 weeks at number one in Portugal and spawned international hit singles, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide with several international certifications.", "Beautiful Intentions, her third album, in 2005, spent 9 weeks at number one in Portugal and spawned international hit singles, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide with several international certifications. The fourth studio album, This Time, was released in 2007, became her first top 10 album in Switzerland where was certified gold.", "The fourth studio album, This Time, was released in 2007, became her first top 10 album in Switzerland where was certified gold. Of the five singles released from the album, the first three went to number one in Portugal.", "Of the five singles released from the album, the first three went to number one in Portugal. In December, Chisholm reunited with the Spice Girls to release a greatest hits album supported by a world tour.", "In December, Chisholm reunited with the Spice Girls to release a greatest hits album supported by a world tour. She released her fifth solo album, The Sea, in 2011, her first EP The Night in 2012, the sixth studio album Stages, in 2012, and seventh album, Version of Me (2016).", "She released her fifth solo album, The Sea, in 2011, her first EP The Night in 2012, the sixth studio album Stages, in 2012, and seventh album, Version of Me (2016). Her eponymous eighth studio album was released in 2020.", "Her eponymous eighth studio album was released in 2020. Having co-written 11 UK number-ones, more than any other female artist in chart history, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet.", "Having co-written 11 UK number-ones, more than any other female artist in chart history, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet. With twelve UK number-one singles, including the charity single as part of The Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with most singles at number one in the United Kingdom, and with a total of fourteen songs that have received the number one in Britain (including the double A-sides), Chisholm is the female artist with most songs at number one in the UK ranking history.", "With twelve UK number-one singles, including the charity single as part of The Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with most singles at number one in the United Kingdom, and with a total of fourteen songs that have received the number one in Britain (including the double A-sides), Chisholm is the female artist with most songs at number one in the UK ranking history. Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including a Guinness Book mention, three World Music Awards, five Brit Awards from 10 nominations, three American Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards from six nomination, eight Billboard special awards, three MTV Europe Music Awards from seven nominations, one MTV Video Music Awards from two nomination, ten ASCAP awards, one Juno Award from two nominations, and four nominations at the Echo Awards.", "Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including a Guinness Book mention, three World Music Awards, five Brit Awards from 10 nominations, three American Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards from six nomination, eight Billboard special awards, three MTV Europe Music Awards from seven nominations, one MTV Video Music Awards from two nomination, ten ASCAP awards, one Juno Award from two nominations, and four nominations at the Echo Awards. Since 1996, Chisholm has sold more than 123 million records, including 100 million copies with the group, and 23 million solo albums, singles and collaborations, and has earned over 326 worldwide certifications (with numerous diamonds), including 41 silver, gold and platinum certifications as a solo artist.", "Since 1996, Chisholm has sold more than 123 million records, including 100 million copies with the group, and 23 million solo albums, singles and collaborations, and has earned over 326 worldwide certifications (with numerous diamonds), including 41 silver, gold and platinum certifications as a solo artist. Early life Melanie Jayne Chisholm was born on 12 January 1974 in Whiston, Lancashire, the only daughter of Joan O'Neill, who worked as a secretary and personal assistant and has been singing in music bands since she was 14, and Alan Chisholm, a fitter at the Otis Elevator Company.", "Early life Melanie Jayne Chisholm was born on 12 January 1974 in Whiston, Lancashire, the only daughter of Joan O'Neill, who worked as a secretary and personal assistant and has been singing in music bands since she was 14, and Alan Chisholm, a fitter at the Otis Elevator Company. Her parents married in 1971 and separated in 1978, when Chisholm was four years old.", "Her parents married in 1971 and separated in 1978, when Chisholm was four years old. Her mother remarried and had more children, one of whom is racing driver Paul O'Neill, who was born when Chisholm was six years old.", "Her mother remarried and had more children, one of whom is racing driver Paul O'Neill, who was born when Chisholm was six years old. She grew up in Widnes, Cheshire, attending Brookvale Junior School in nearby Runcorn and Fairfield High School in Widnes.", "She grew up in Widnes, Cheshire, attending Brookvale Junior School in nearby Runcorn and Fairfield High School in Widnes. Following school, she studied for a diploma course in dance, singing, drama, and musical theatre at the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts in London.", "Following school, she studied for a diploma course in dance, singing, drama, and musical theatre at the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts in London. During college, she replied to an advert in The Stage placed by Chris and Bob Herbert, who were looking to form a new girl group, later to become the Spice Girls.", "During college, she replied to an advert in The Stage placed by Chris and Bob Herbert, who were looking to form a new girl group, later to become the Spice Girls. She left college just short of completing her three-year course, and gained teaching qualifications in tap and modern theatre dance with the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing.", "She left college just short of completing her three-year course, and gained teaching qualifications in tap and modern theatre dance with the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing. Career 1994–2000: Spice Girls In 1994, Chisholm, along with Mel B, Geri Halliwell, and Victoria Beckham (née Adams) responded to an advertisement in The Stage magazine.", "Career 1994–2000: Spice Girls In 1994, Chisholm, along with Mel B, Geri Halliwell, and Victoria Beckham (née Adams) responded to an advertisement in The Stage magazine. Around 400 women who answered the ad went to Dance Works studios.", "Around 400 women who answered the ad went to Dance Works studios. Halliwell, Chisholm, Beckham and Brown were originally chosen as the members of the group, and then formed a quintet with Emma Bunton. The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction of Heart Management and broke with them.", "The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction of Heart Management and broke with them. In 1995, they toured record labels in London and Los Angeles and finally signed a deal with Virgin.", "In 1995, they toured record labels in London and Los Angeles and finally signed a deal with Virgin. Their debut album, Spice, was a huge worldwide commercial success, peaked at number 1 in more than 17 countries across the world, and was certified multi-platinum in 27 countries.", "Their debut album, Spice, was a huge worldwide commercial success, peaked at number 1 in more than 17 countries across the world, and was certified multi-platinum in 27 countries. Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of Girl Power, and during that time was compared to Beatlemania.", "Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of Girl Power, and during that time was compared to Beatlemania. In total the album sold 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time.", "In total the album sold 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time. The first single, \"Wannabe\" reached number 1 in 37 countries, and their subsequent singles – \"Say You'll Be There\", \"2 Become 1\", \"Who Do You Think You Are\" and \"Mama\" – all peaked at number 1 in the UK.", "The first single, \"Wannabe\" reached number 1 in 37 countries, and their subsequent singles – \"Say You'll Be There\", \"2 Become 1\", \"Who Do You Think You Are\" and \"Mama\" – all peaked at number 1 in the UK. In 1997, they released their second album, Spiceworld, with the two first singles \"Spice Up Your Life\" and \"Too Much\", that entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1, making it the group's all consecutive number 1 hit single, a record of musical groups all time.", "In 1997, they released their second album, Spiceworld, with the two first singles \"Spice Up Your Life\" and \"Too Much\", that entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1, making it the group's all consecutive number 1 hit single, a record of musical groups all time. The album was a global best seller, selling 20 million copies worldwide.", "The album was a global best seller, selling 20 million copies worldwide. The group also starred in their own film, Spiceworld: The Movie, which grossed $100 million at the box office worldwide and became the second most watched movie of the year.", "The group also starred in their own film, Spiceworld: The Movie, which grossed $100 million at the box office worldwide and became the second most watched movie of the year. The next single, \"Stop\", peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number 1s, their only single to not reach the top of the charts.", "The next single, \"Stop\", peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number 1s, their only single to not reach the top of the charts. \"Viva Forever\", another number 1, was the last single before Geri Halliwell's departure from the group in May 1998.", "\"Viva Forever\", another number 1, was the last single before Geri Halliwell's departure from the group in May 1998. With four members, the group released \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998 and when it topped the UK Singles Chart it became their third consecutive Christmas number-one – equalling the record previously set by the Beatles.", "With four members, the group released \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998 and when it topped the UK Singles Chart it became their third consecutive Christmas number-one – equalling the record previously set by the Beatles. On 30 November, Canadian artist Bryan Adams, released \"When You're Gone\" with featured vocals of Chisholm, her debut solo project.", "On 30 November, Canadian artist Bryan Adams, released \"When You're Gone\" with featured vocals of Chisholm, her debut solo project. The song peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, spent 15 weeks in the top 40 and received the platinum certified.", "The song peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, spent 15 weeks in the top 40 and received the platinum certified. 1999–2001: Northern Star In 1999, Chisholm signed with Virgin and, during the summer, recorded the album Northern Star. She recorded \"Ga Ga\" from the soundtrack of the film Big Daddy.", "She recorded \"Ga Ga\" from the soundtrack of the film Big Daddy. The song was released as promotional single on 25 June, only in the UK.", "The song was released as promotional single on 25 June, only in the UK. She also wrote and recorded the backing vocals for \"(Hey You) Free Up Your Mind\", sung by Emma Bunton from the film soundtrack Pokémon: The First Movie.", "She also wrote and recorded the backing vocals for \"(Hey You) Free Up Your Mind\", sung by Emma Bunton from the film soundtrack Pokémon: The First Movie. On 27 September, Chisholm released her debut single, \"Goin' Down\" and peaked at number 4 in the UK and 25 in Australia.", "On 27 September, Chisholm released her debut single, \"Goin' Down\" and peaked at number 4 in the UK and 25 in Australia. The music video was shot in Los Angeles and directed by Giuseppi Capotondi.", "The music video was shot in Los Angeles and directed by Giuseppi Capotondi. Her debut album, Northern Star, was released on 18 October 1999, peaked at number 4 and sold 4 million copies worldwide, received triple platinum in the UK, and another seven certifications, including platinum in Germany and Sweden.", "Her debut album, Northern Star, was released on 18 October 1999, peaked at number 4 and sold 4 million copies worldwide, received triple platinum in the UK, and another seven certifications, including platinum in Germany and Sweden. \"Northern Star\" was released as a second single and also peaked at number 4.", "\"Northern Star\" was released as a second single and also peaked at number 4. To promote the album, Chisholm embarked on a tour called From Liverpool to Leicester Square, traveling to Australia, the US, Canada, Japan, the UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands and Denmark, between 27 September and 1 November.", "To promote the album, Chisholm embarked on a tour called From Liverpool to Leicester Square, traveling to Australia, the US, Canada, Japan, the UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands and Denmark, between 27 September and 1 November. In 2000, Chisholm had two songs in film soundtracks, \"Suddenly Monday\" in Maybe Baby and \"Go!\"", "In 2000, Chisholm had two songs in film soundtracks, \"Suddenly Monday\" in Maybe Baby and \"Go!\" in Whatever It Takes.", "in Whatever It Takes. in Whatever It Takes. After the two singles did not reach the top of the charts, Virgin thought to end the promotion of the album, but decided to release one more single, \"Never Be the Same Again\", which broke the pop rock sound of the other songs and focused on R&B.", "After the two singles did not reach the top of the charts, Virgin thought to end the promotion of the album, but decided to release one more single, \"Never Be the Same Again\", which broke the pop rock sound of the other songs and focused on R&B. The song, featuring TLC member Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes, was released on 20 March 2000 and became her first number 1 single.", "The song, featuring TLC member Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes, was released on 20 March 2000 and became her first number 1 single. It was received gold certification in the UK and also peaked at number 1 in Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland and Sweden.", "It was received gold certification in the UK and also peaked at number 1 in Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland and Sweden. The song was the 18th best-selling song of 2000 and sold more than a million copies across Europe.", "The song was the 18th best-selling song of 2000 and sold more than a million copies across Europe. After the success of \"Never Be the Same Again\", the label decided to release two more singles.", "After the success of \"Never Be the Same Again\", the label decided to release two more singles. On 7 August 2000, Virgin released a remix version of \"I Turn to You\" as the fourth single; the song reached her second number 1 in the UK, Netherlands and Sweden.", "On 7 August 2000, Virgin released a remix version of \"I Turn to You\" as the fourth single; the song reached her second number 1 in the UK, Netherlands and Sweden. \"I Turn to You\" also peaked at number 1 in Austria, Denmark and Dance Club Songs of United States.", "\"I Turn to You\" also peaked at number 1 in Austria, Denmark and Dance Club Songs of United States. \"If That Were Me\" was released as fifth and final single and peaked at number 18. The proceeds from its sale went to the Kandu Arts charity.", "The proceeds from its sale went to the Kandu Arts charity. The North American version of Northern Star was released on 21 August 2000 and included the single versions of \"Never Be The Same Again\" and \"I Turn To You\".", "The North American version of Northern Star was released on 21 August 2000 and included the single versions of \"Never Be The Same Again\" and \"I Turn To You\". In late 2000, after the first solo work of members, the Spice Girls released their third and final album, Forever, sporting a new edgier R&B sound.", "In late 2000, after the first solo work of members, the Spice Girls released their third and final album, Forever, sporting a new edgier R&B sound. \"Holler\" and \"Let Love Lead the Way\" were released as singles on 23 October 2000 and the songs reached number 1 in the UK.", "\"Holler\" and \"Let Love Lead the Way\" were released as singles on 23 October 2000 and the songs reached number 1 in the UK. The album sold 5 million copies. The group announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus.", "The group announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus. In the same year, the Chinese singer FanFan recorded a Chinese version of \"Suddenly Monday\" from her debut album FanFan's World. Chisholm embarked in her first world tour, the Northern Star Tour, between late 2000 and 26 August 2001, to promote her debut album.", "Chisholm embarked in her first world tour, the Northern Star Tour, between late 2000 and 26 August 2001, to promote her debut album. The tour traveled in 76 dates, 30 countries and 4 continents, just not going to Oceania and South America.", "The tour traveled in 76 dates, 30 countries and 4 continents, just not going to Oceania and South America. The Shepherd's Bush Empire concert was webcast on Chisholm's original website with a special appearance of Bryan Adams. On 4 April 2001, The audio of the Anaheim concert also was webcast on House of Blues' website.", "On 4 April 2001, The audio of the Anaheim concert also was webcast on House of Blues' website. A remixed album, entitled Remix Collection, was released only in Japan.", "A remixed album, entitled Remix Collection, was released only in Japan. In 2001, Chisholm collaborated in the live album of Russell Watson, The Voice – Live, as featured vocals in the songs \"Barcelona\" and \"Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did?\".", "In 2001, Chisholm collaborated in the live album of Russell Watson, The Voice – Live, as featured vocals in the songs \"Barcelona\" and \"Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did?\". 2002–2003: Reason Chisholm began recording her second album in November 2001. She traveled to the United States to record some songs.", "She traveled to the United States to record some songs. During this time, she also recorded \"Independence Day\" from the film soundtrack Bend It Like Beckham and wrote \"Help Me Help You\" for Holly Valance, included in her album Footprints.", "During this time, she also recorded \"Independence Day\" from the film soundtrack Bend It Like Beckham and wrote \"Help Me Help You\" for Holly Valance, included in her album Footprints. Chisholm, along with American singer Anastacia made an appearance at the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards to present the award for \"Best Song\", which was given to P!nk.", "Chisholm, along with American singer Anastacia made an appearance at the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards to present the award for \"Best Song\", which was given to P!nk. Chisholm's second album was postponed to 10 March 2003. Chisholm also took time out due to struggles with clinical depression.", "Chisholm also took time out due to struggles with clinical depression. On 24 February 2003 the first single from her new album was released, \"Here It Comes Again\", which reached number 7 in the UK and peaked in the top 20 in Spain and Ireland.", "On 24 February 2003 the first single from her new album was released, \"Here It Comes Again\", which reached number 7 in the UK and peaked in the top 20 in Spain and Ireland. She released her second studio album, Reason, on 10 March 2003 and it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK.", "She released her second studio album, Reason, on 10 March 2003 and it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK. The label sent Chisholm to promote the album, including several pocket shows. On 24 April 2003, she embarked in the Reason Tour, traveling only in Europe.", "On 24 April 2003, she embarked in the Reason Tour, traveling only in Europe. The second single, \"On the Horizon\", was released on 2 June 2003.", "The second single, \"On the Horizon\", was released on 2 June 2003. After the previous single, music critics were predicting that this single would redeem Chisholm's chart success, but the song peaked at number 14 and did not help sales.", "After the previous single, music critics were predicting that this single would redeem Chisholm's chart success, but the song peaked at number 14 and did not help sales. \"Let's Love\", was released as a single exclusively in Japan and used for a Toyota Motor Corporation commercial.", "\"Let's Love\", was released as a single exclusively in Japan and used for a Toyota Motor Corporation commercial. Alongside promoting the album, Chisholm competed on the reality sports game show The Games.", "Alongside promoting the album, Chisholm competed on the reality sports game show The Games. On 11 September 2003, during a taping of The Games, Chisholm competed in a judo match with Turkish-Dutch actress Azra Akin, which resulted in Chisholm injuring her knee.", "On 11 September 2003, during a taping of The Games, Chisholm competed in a judo match with Turkish-Dutch actress Azra Akin, which resulted in Chisholm injuring her knee. Because of this, the song \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\", which was planned to be released as the third and final single on 22 September 2003, had to be pushed back because she could not fully promote an upbeat song with an injury.", "Because of this, the song \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\", which was planned to be released as the third and final single on 22 September 2003, had to be pushed back because she could not fully promote an upbeat song with an injury. \"Melt\" was then chosen to be launched along with \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a double A-side, because she could do a small number of performances.", "\"Melt\" was then chosen to be launched along with \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a double A-side, because she could do a small number of performances. The double single was released on 10 November 2003. The song peaked at number 27.", "The song peaked at number 27. In other countries of Europe, \"Melt\" wasn't released, only \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a solo release. After the release of \"Melt/Yeh Yeh Yeh\", Chisholm added some extra dates to the Reason Tour, and the Avo Session Basel concert was broadcast on 3sat.", "After the release of \"Melt/Yeh Yeh Yeh\", Chisholm added some extra dates to the Reason Tour, and the Avo Session Basel concert was broadcast on 3sat. 2004–2006: Red Girl Records and Beautiful Intentions On 1 January 2004, Virgin Records dismissed Chisholm after the conflict in previous years about the direction in her solo career.", "2004–2006: Red Girl Records and Beautiful Intentions On 1 January 2004, Virgin Records dismissed Chisholm after the conflict in previous years about the direction in her solo career. In April 2004, she founded her own label, Red Girl Records, to record and release her own projects.", "In April 2004, she founded her own label, Red Girl Records, to record and release her own projects. All of Chisolm's activities are decided upon and funded by herself. The label name was inspired by the colours of the football Liverpool F.C., of which Chisholm is a supporter.", "The label name was inspired by the colours of the football Liverpool F.C., of which Chisholm is a supporter. Nancy Phillips, who had been Chisholm's manager and business partner since the label's inception, retired in 2017.", "Nancy Phillips, who had been Chisholm's manager and business partner since the label's inception, retired in 2017. In June 2004, she embarked in a five-date concert tour, The Barfly Mini-Tour, performed in The Barfly music halls, a series of venues dedicated to independent music.", "In June 2004, she embarked in a five-date concert tour, The Barfly Mini-Tour, performed in The Barfly music halls, a series of venues dedicated to independent music. In October 2004, Chisholm finished recording her third album. In an interview, Chisholm said she wanted to create deeper songs using piano, violin and personal themes.", "In an interview, Chisholm said she wanted to create deeper songs using piano, violin and personal themes. On 4 April 2005, Chisholm released \"Next Best Superstar\" as the lead single of her third album.", "On 4 April 2005, Chisholm released \"Next Best Superstar\" as the lead single of her third album. It was released in three formats: two singles with B-sides – the acoustic version or the B-side \"Everything Must Change\" – and a remixes EP. The song peaked at number 10 in the UK.", "The song peaked at number 10 in the UK. On 11 April, she released Beautiful Intentions, her third album and first by Red Girl. It was produced by Greg Haver, Guy Chambers, Paul Boddy and eleven of the twelve songs were written by Chisholm.", "It was produced by Greg Haver, Guy Chambers, Paul Boddy and eleven of the twelve songs were written by Chisholm. The album peaked at number 24 in the UK, top 15 other Europeans countries, and was certified gold in Germany and Switzerland.", "The album peaked at number 24 in the UK, top 15 other Europeans countries, and was certified gold in Germany and Switzerland. In support of the album, she embarked at Beautiful Intentions Tour, starting on 16 April in O2 Academy Birmingham, in London, and travelling for twenty-five dates across Europe and Asia.", "In support of the album, she embarked at Beautiful Intentions Tour, starting on 16 April in O2 Academy Birmingham, in London, and travelling for twenty-five dates across Europe and Asia. On 1 August, \"Better Alone\" was released only in the UK as the second single, but did not enter the charts due to the single being available online.", "On 1 August, \"Better Alone\" was released only in the UK as the second single, but did not enter the charts due to the single being available online. \"First Day of My Life\" was released as single on 30 September in Australia and Europe – except in the UK.", "\"First Day of My Life\" was released as single on 30 September in Australia and Europe – except in the UK. The song was not included in the original version of the album, only in the 2006 re-released version, becoming the second international single from Beautiful Intentions.", "The song was not included in the original version of the album, only in the 2006 re-released version, becoming the second international single from Beautiful Intentions. Originally been recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" for his 2004 eponymous album Andrea.", "Originally been recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" for his 2004 eponymous album Andrea. The song peaked at number 1 in Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal, number 2 in Austria, and in the top 30 in Norway, France and Denmark.", "The song peaked at number 1 in Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal, number 2 in Austria, and in the top 30 in Norway, France and Denmark. On 24 February 2006, \"Better Alone\" was released in Australia and Europe as the third official single, after a limited release in the UK the previous year.", "On 24 February 2006, \"Better Alone\" was released in Australia and Europe as the third official single, after a limited release in the UK the previous year. The song entered the charts in some countries, peaked at thirty-six in Italy and thirty-three in Switzerland.", "The song entered the charts in some countries, peaked at thirty-six in Italy and thirty-three in Switzerland. On 3 April, the album was re-released, including \"First Day of My Life\" and the music video.", "On 3 April, the album was re-released, including \"First Day of My Life\" and the music video. In 2006, Chisholm released her first live DVD, Live Hits, recorded on 31 August 2006 at the Bridge in South East, London. The DVD peaked at number 10.", "The DVD peaked at number 10. 2007–2008: This Time and Spice Girls reunion In early 2007, Chisholm finished recording her next album and, in March, she released two singles simultaneously.", "2007–2008: This Time and Spice Girls reunion In early 2007, Chisholm finished recording her next album and, in March, she released two singles simultaneously. \"The Moment You Believe\" was released in Europe, except in the UK, and peaked at number 1 in Spain and Portugal, and in the top 20 in Switzerland, Sweden and Germany.", "\"The Moment You Believe\" was released in Europe, except in the UK, and peaked at number 1 in Spain and Portugal, and in the top 20 in Switzerland, Sweden and Germany. Produced and co-written by Peter Vettese, it has been soundbed for the spring advertising campaign for German television show Nur die Liebe Zählt.", "Produced and co-written by Peter Vettese, it has been soundbed for the spring advertising campaign for German television show Nur die Liebe Zählt. \"I Want Candy\" was released only in the UK and Italy, peaking at number 24 and number 9, respectively, and featured on the soundtrack to the film of the same name.", "\"I Want Candy\" was released only in the UK and Italy, peaking at number 24 and number 9, respectively, and featured on the soundtrack to the film of the same name. The song was a cover version of the Strangeloves song.", "The song was a cover version of the Strangeloves song. On 30 March, she released her fourth album, This Time, with thirteen tracks – six written by Chisholm – and other two cover versions: \"What If I Stay\" and \"Don't Let Me Go\", by Jill Jackson, from her debut album.", "On 30 March, she released her fourth album, This Time, with thirteen tracks – six written by Chisholm – and other two cover versions: \"What If I Stay\" and \"Don't Let Me Go\", by Jill Jackson, from her debut album. The album peaked at number 57 in the UK and number 8 in Switzerland, which was certified gold.", "The album peaked at number 57 in the UK and number 8 in Switzerland, which was certified gold. \"Carolyna\" was released as the third single on 8 June.", "\"Carolyna\" was released as the third single on 8 June. During an interview at Loose Women, Chisholm revealed that she wrote this song after watching a documentary about young adults and teenagers homeless, living in the streets in Seattle. The song peaked at 49 in the UK, and in the top 50 in other countries.", "The song peaked at 49 in the UK, and in the top 50 in other countries. On 28 June 2007, the Spice Girls held a surprise press conference at The O2 Arena announcing that they were reuniting to embark on a worldwide concert tour, The Return of the Spice Girls, starting in Vancouver on 2 December.", "On 28 June 2007, the Spice Girls held a surprise press conference at The O2 Arena announcing that they were reuniting to embark on a worldwide concert tour, The Return of the Spice Girls, starting in Vancouver on 2 December. They received £10 million (approximately $20 million) each for the tour.", "They received £10 million (approximately $20 million) each for the tour. Filmmaker Bob Smeaton directed an official documentary on the reunion. It was entitled Giving You Everything.", "It was entitled Giving You Everything. At the same time, Chisholm released the fourth single of her album, \"This Time\", features the B-side \"We Love to Entertain You\", which was used for 2007's Pro7 Starforce campaign in Germany. The song peaked at number 94 in the UK and 69 in Germany.", "The song peaked at number 94 in the UK and 69 in Germany. On 5 November, the Spice Girls released their return single, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\", also announced as the official Children in Need charity single and performed at Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.", "On 5 November, the Spice Girls released their return single, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\", also announced as the official Children in Need charity single and performed at Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. The song peaked at number 11, becoming the first song to not reach the top 10.", "The song peaked at number 11, becoming the first song to not reach the top 10. The music video was directed by Anthony Mandler and the girls used exclusive clothes designed by Roberto Cavalli.", "The music video was directed by Anthony Mandler and the girls used exclusive clothes designed by Roberto Cavalli. They released a compilation album, the Greatest Hits in November, including the singles, the 1997 Pepsi's theme \"Move Over\" and two new songs, \"Voodoo\" and \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\".", "They released a compilation album, the Greatest Hits in November, including the singles, the 1997 Pepsi's theme \"Move Over\" and two new songs, \"Voodoo\" and \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\". The compilation sold 6 million copies.", "The compilation sold 6 million copies. They embarked on the tour on 2 December, traveling for 47 dates until 26 February 2008. The tour is estimated to have grossed over US$70 million and produced $107.2 million in ticket sales and merchandising. The tour won the 2008 Billboard Touring Award.", "The tour won the 2008 Billboard Touring Award. As well as their sell-out tour, the Spice Girls were contracted to appear in Tesco advertisements, for which they were paid £1 million each.", "As well as their sell-out tour, the Spice Girls were contracted to appear in Tesco advertisements, for which they were paid £1 million each. After the end of the reunion with the Spice Girls, Chisholm embarked on her fifth tour, the This Time Canadian Tour, in May 2008, performing in nine Canadian cities.", "After the end of the reunion with the Spice Girls, Chisholm embarked on her fifth tour, the This Time Canadian Tour, in May 2008, performing in nine Canadian cities. On 25 July, \"Understand\" was released as fifth and final single from This Time only in Canada.", "On 25 July, \"Understand\" was released as fifth and final single from This Time only in Canada. 2009–2014: Acting, The Sea and Stages In 2009, it was planned she would star in a sequel to the 1996 horror film The Craft, but the production was canceled.", "2009–2014: Acting, The Sea and Stages In 2009, it was planned she would star in a sequel to the 1996 horror film The Craft, but the production was canceled. On 29 June, Chisholm released her second DVD concert, Live at the Hard Rock Cafe, including two previously unreleased songs, \"Blue Skies All the Way\" and \"Paris Burning\".", "On 29 June, Chisholm released her second DVD concert, Live at the Hard Rock Cafe, including two previously unreleased songs, \"Blue Skies All the Way\" and \"Paris Burning\". The DVD peaked at number 22 in the UK.", "The DVD peaked at number 22 in the UK. In October 2009, she had her acting debut on stage as Mrs Johnstone in the musical Blood Brothers, a new version of the 1983 original production. In an interview, Chisholm revealed that while she had been invited to star in movies and plays .", "In an interview, Chisholm revealed that while she had been invited to star in movies and plays . She starred on Blood Brothers until the end of 2010. Chisholm was nominated for the 2010 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical but she did not win. In the same year she started working on her next album.", "In the same year she started working on her next album. On 24 June 2011, \"Rock Me\" was released as single only in Germany and peaked at number 33 in the country. The song was served as the official theme from 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "The song was served as the official theme from 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. \"Think About It\" was chosen as worldwide single and marked the Chisholm return to dance-pop. The song peaked at number 95 in the UK, 15 in the UK Indie Chart and top 40 in other European countries.", "The song peaked at number 95 in the UK, 15 in the UK Indie Chart and top 40 in other European countries. The Sea, her fifth studio album, was released on 2 September, and was produced by Andy Chatterley, Cutfather and Peter-John Vettese.", "The Sea, her fifth studio album, was released on 2 September, and was produced by Andy Chatterley, Cutfather and Peter-John Vettese. The album peaked at number 45 in the UK and also 13 in Switzerland and sixteen in Germany.", "The album peaked at number 45 in the UK and also 13 in Switzerland and sixteen in Germany. Chisholm was mentor assistant in the third season of The X Factor Australia and helped the Mel B team, formed by under 25 years-old girls, during the selection process. The girls did not reach the final.", "The girls did not reach the final. \"Weak\" was released only in the UK as the third single, charting in the UK Indie Chart. \"Let There Be Love\" was released as fourth and final single of The Sea in Germany and Switzerland. She also recorded \"Viva Life\" for the documentary Bash Street.", "She also recorded \"Viva Life\" for the documentary Bash Street. In November, she embarked on her sixth concert tour, The Sea – Live, traveling in Europe during 17 dates. The record of the tour was released as DVD on 27 February 2012.", "The record of the tour was released as DVD on 27 February 2012. In her interview for \"Ask Melanie C Episode 8\" on her YouTube channel, Chisholm said that she \"feels very sad as The Sea was a really great album and it wasn't as successful as it deserved to be\" In April, Chisholm was invited by British DJ Jodie Harsh to collaborate on an electronic project.", "In her interview for \"Ask Melanie C Episode 8\" on her YouTube channel, Chisholm said that she \"feels very sad as The Sea was a really great album and it wasn't as successful as it deserved to be\" In April, Chisholm was invited by British DJ Jodie Harsh to collaborate on an electronic project. On 13 May they released the EP The Night, including three songs.", "On 13 May they released the EP The Night, including three songs. \"Set You Free\" was released as a promo single from the EP. In July, she was judge of the ITV talent show Superstar, which searched to find an actor to starring the musical Jesus Christ Superstar. Ben Forster was chosen.", "Ben Forster was chosen. Ben Forster was chosen. Chisholm co-starred in the musical, playing the role of Mary Magdalene. For her performance Chisholm won Best Supporting Actress in a musical at the Whatsonstage.com Awards. She played the character until 2013. Inspired by the stage, Chisholm began recording an album with musical theatre songs.", "Inspired by the stage, Chisholm began recording an album with musical theatre songs. \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" was released on 22 July and peaked at number 20 on UK Indie Chart. The song is a version of Yvonne Elliman from 1970 musical Jesus Christ Superstar.", "The song is a version of Yvonne Elliman from 1970 musical Jesus Christ Superstar. On 7 September, Chisholm released her sixth studio album, Stages, produced by Peter-John Vettese and featuring a collection of show tunes that have been important to Chisholm at various stages of her life.", "On 7 September, Chisholm released her sixth studio album, Stages, produced by Peter-John Vettese and featuring a collection of show tunes that have been important to Chisholm at various stages of her life. The album peaked at number 50 in the UK and 83 in Ireland.", "The album peaked at number 50 in the UK and 83 in Ireland. \"I Know Him So Well\", a version of the Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson song from the 1984 musical Chess, was released as a single on 11 November, featuring vocals by British singer Emma Bunton.", "\"I Know Him So Well\", a version of the Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson song from the 1984 musical Chess, was released as a single on 11 November, featuring vocals by British singer Emma Bunton. The song peaked at number 153 in the UK and 14 in the UK Indie Chart.", "The song peaked at number 153 in the UK and 14 in the UK Indie Chart. She also was part of The Justice Collective, a super-group of musicians, including Robbie Williams and Paul McCartney, who recorded the charity song \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\".", "She also was part of The Justice Collective, a super-group of musicians, including Robbie Williams and Paul McCartney, who recorded the charity song \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\". The song was released as single on 17 December and peaked at number 1.", "The song was released as single on 17 December and peaked at number 1. In 2013, she played Christy in the British comedy film Play Hard. On 18 August, released \"Loving You\", a collaboration with British singer Matt Cardle.", "On 18 August, released \"Loving You\", a collaboration with British singer Matt Cardle. The song peaked at number 14, becoming the first Chisholm's song in the top 15 since 2005. She released her first live album, Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire, on 12 December.", "She released her first live album, Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire, on 12 December. On 12 January 2014, Chisholm celebrated her 40th birthday with a special show for the fans, entitled Sporty's Forty, singing her hits and featured Emma Bunton.", "On 12 January 2014, Chisholm celebrated her 40th birthday with a special show for the fans, entitled Sporty's Forty, singing her hits and featured Emma Bunton. On 31 March, the Slovakian singer Peter Aristone released \"Cool as You\", featured vocals of Chisholm, as lead single from 19 Days in Tetbury.", "On 31 March, the Slovakian singer Peter Aristone released \"Cool as You\", featured vocals of Chisholm, as lead single from 19 Days in Tetbury. Her cover version of \"Ain't Got No, I Got Life\", by Nina Simone, was included in the compilation Beautiful Cover Versions.", "Her cover version of \"Ain't Got No, I Got Life\", by Nina Simone, was included in the compilation Beautiful Cover Versions. She also had a cameo appearance in the music video \"Word Up\", by Little Mix.", "She also had a cameo appearance in the music video \"Word Up\", by Little Mix. 2015–2018: Television and Version of Me In 2015, Chisholm joined the judging panel for Asia's Got Talent, along with David Foster, Anggun Cipta, and Vanness Wu. They started the selection in Singapore.", "They started the selection in Singapore. During production and selections, Chisholm lived in Malaysia, where the program was recorded. The Asia's Got Talent live shows, with the semifinalists, was aired in March 2015, and ran two months until the finals.", "The Asia's Got Talent live shows, with the semifinalists, was aired in March 2015, and ran two months until the finals. On 14 May Chisholm and the judges released a cover version of \"Let's Groove\", originally by Earth, Wind & Fire, and performed the song in the final.", "On 14 May Chisholm and the judges released a cover version of \"Let's Groove\", originally by Earth, Wind & Fire, and performed the song in the final. In October, she was mentor assistant in the game competition Bring the Noise. At the same time, she started working on her seventh studio album.", "At the same time, she started working on her seventh studio album. The second season of Asia's Got Talent was confirmed for summer 2016, but the project has been discontinued.", "The second season of Asia's Got Talent was confirmed for summer 2016, but the project has been discontinued. In 2016, she was featured as a vocalist on \"Numb\" with Sons Of Sonix, which was stated to be a song from her upcoming album.", "In 2016, she was featured as a vocalist on \"Numb\" with Sons Of Sonix, which was stated to be a song from her upcoming album. In September 2016, she made a cameo appearance in KT Tunstall's music video for \"Hard Girls\".", "In September 2016, she made a cameo appearance in KT Tunstall's music video for \"Hard Girls\". Her seventh album, Version of Me, was released on 21 October 2016. Chisholm appeared on the Graham Norton Show in May 2017 to perform a duet with Keith Urban for his song, The Fighter.", "Chisholm appeared on the Graham Norton Show in May 2017 to perform a duet with Keith Urban for his song, The Fighter. She sang in place of Carrie Underwood, who was the original singer on the duet.", "She sang in place of Carrie Underwood, who was the original singer on the duet. On 27 May 2017, Chisholm performed in Mexico City as part of the Classics Fest concert series, which also featured performances by Vanilla Ice and Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base, held at the Auditorio Blackberry.", "On 27 May 2017, Chisholm performed in Mexico City as part of the Classics Fest concert series, which also featured performances by Vanilla Ice and Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base, held at the Auditorio Blackberry. This marked Chisholm's first time performing as a solo artist in Latin America and her first visit in many years since her days with the Spice Girls.", "This marked Chisholm's first time performing as a solo artist in Latin America and her first visit in many years since her days with the Spice Girls. Chisholm stated upon her musical return to Mexico, \"I haven't been back to Mexico in many years and when I was there it was very brief, so I am excited to return and sing.\"", "Chisholm stated upon her musical return to Mexico, \"I haven't been back to Mexico in many years and when I was there it was very brief, so I am excited to return and sing.\" In June, Chisholm also performed for the first time in Brazil, playing live shows in both Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.", "In June, Chisholm also performed for the first time in Brazil, playing live shows in both Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. In late 2017, Chisholm was co-headliner at Night of the Proms, a 25-concert tour in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg.", "In late 2017, Chisholm was co-headliner at Night of the Proms, a 25-concert tour in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg. In 2018, she turned her hand to disc jockeying by performing a \"90s mix\" at various events, and embarked on the Melanie C - Asia Tour 2018.", "In 2018, she turned her hand to disc jockeying by performing a \"90s mix\" at various events, and embarked on the Melanie C - Asia Tour 2018. 2019–present: Spice Girls reunion and Melanie C On 5 November 2018, Chisholm along with the Spice Girls announced a reunion tour.", "2019–present: Spice Girls reunion and Melanie C On 5 November 2018, Chisholm along with the Spice Girls announced a reunion tour. She and ex-bandmates Melanie B, Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited for the Spice World – 2019 Tour, a 13 date tour of eight cities in the UK and Ireland that was their first for a decade.", "She and ex-bandmates Melanie B, Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited for the Spice World – 2019 Tour, a 13 date tour of eight cities in the UK and Ireland that was their first for a decade. The tour opened at Croke Park, Dublin on 24 May 2019 and concluded at Wembley Stadium in London on 15 June 2019.", "The tour opened at Croke Park, Dublin on 24 May 2019 and concluded at Wembley Stadium in London on 15 June 2019. On 6 November 2019, Chisholm released the single \"High Heels\" which was written with Rae Morris and Benjamin \"Fryars\" Garrett and features drag act Sink the Pink.", "On 6 November 2019, Chisholm released the single \"High Heels\" which was written with Rae Morris and Benjamin \"Fryars\" Garrett and features drag act Sink the Pink. During promotion for the single, Chisholm stated during an interview with The Guardian that she had been working on a new album with artists including Shura and Little Boots.", "During promotion for the single, Chisholm stated during an interview with The Guardian that she had been working on a new album with artists including Shura and Little Boots. On 19 March 2020, Chisholm released \"Who I Am\", the lead single from her eighth album, Melanie C. Chisholm first performed \"Who I Am\" live on 21 April 2020 on The Late Late Show with James Corden, where she live streamed her performance from her home due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "On 19 March 2020, Chisholm released \"Who I Am\", the lead single from her eighth album, Melanie C. Chisholm first performed \"Who I Am\" live on 21 April 2020 on The Late Late Show with James Corden, where she live streamed her performance from her home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. When asked how she was coping with the lockdown restrictions, she responded, \"I'm keeping busy.", "When asked how she was coping with the lockdown restrictions, she responded, \"I'm keeping busy. I'm trying to get my album finished, remotely. I've been trying to stay connected with the fans: I've been doing lots of live Q&A's and streaming.\"", "I've been trying to stay connected with the fans: I've been doing lots of live Q&A's and streaming.\" On 13 May 2020, Chisholm sang \"Who I Am\", among other singles from her career, as part of a \"bathroom\" gig in aid of WaterAid.", "On 13 May 2020, Chisholm sang \"Who I Am\", among other singles from her career, as part of a \"bathroom\" gig in aid of WaterAid. On 27 May 2020, Chisholm released \"Blame It on Me\".", "On 27 May 2020, Chisholm released \"Blame It on Me\". \"In and Out of Love\" was released as the album's third single on 29 July 2020.", "\"In and Out of Love\" was released as the album's third single on 29 July 2020. On 3 August 2020, Chisholm told BBC Music: \"Obviously, I'm making a pop-dance record and I'm a mature artist, so I have to accept that some radio stations are not going to be playing me anymore.", "On 3 August 2020, Chisholm told BBC Music: \"Obviously, I'm making a pop-dance record and I'm a mature artist, so I have to accept that some radio stations are not going to be playing me anymore. That's something to overcome.", "That's something to overcome. That's something to overcome. But I want people to enjoy this album, I want people to dance to it, I want people to be empowered by it. And when coronavirus has done one, I want to get out there and perform it live.\"", "And when coronavirus has done one, I want to get out there and perform it live.\" On 16 September 2020, Chisholm premiered the video for \"Fearless\" the fourth single off the album, which is a collaboration with UK rapper Nadia Rose. \"Meeting Nadia was kismet.", "\"Meeting Nadia was kismet. \"Meeting Nadia was kismet. I'd seen her on Kathy Burke's documentary series on women and fallen in love with her attitude. As female artists, we have to be fearless. I love this girl.\" Melanie C was released on 2 October 2020 to critical success.", "Melanie C was released on 2 October 2020 to critical success. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 8, her first top 10 album since Reason in 2003.", "The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 8, her first top 10 album since Reason in 2003. On 13 November 2020, Chisholm was featured on \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" as part of the BBC Radio 2's Allstars' Children in Need charity single.", "On 13 November 2020, Chisholm was featured on \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" as part of the BBC Radio 2's Allstars' Children in Need charity single. Chisholm also made a guest appearance in British singer-songwriter Celeste's music video, \"Love is Back\", which premiered in January 2021.", "Chisholm also made a guest appearance in British singer-songwriter Celeste's music video, \"Love is Back\", which premiered in January 2021. Chisholm was presented with the \"Celebrity Ally\" award at the 2021 British LGBT Awards, held in London in August.", "Chisholm was presented with the \"Celebrity Ally\" award at the 2021 British LGBT Awards, held in London in August. On 3 September 2021, Chisholm released a deluxe version of her Melanie C album across all digital and streaming services. Chisholm premiered a video for her cover of \"Touch Me\" to accompany the new release.", "Chisholm premiered a video for her cover of \"Touch Me\" to accompany the new release. That same month, Chisholm was announced as a contestant for season 30 of the American series Dancing with the Stars.", "That same month, Chisholm was announced as a contestant for season 30 of the American series Dancing with the Stars. Chisholm was eliminated on 18 October 2021, becoming the fifth star in the series to be voted off and therefore finishing in eleventh place.", "Chisholm was eliminated on 18 October 2021, becoming the fifth star in the series to be voted off and therefore finishing in eleventh place. On 26 October 2021, Chisholm performed \"2 Become 1\" as a duet with Chris Martin of Coldplay for the 8th Annual \"We Can Survive\" concert by Audacy, which was held at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles.", "On 26 October 2021, Chisholm performed \"2 Become 1\" as a duet with Chris Martin of Coldplay for the 8th Annual \"We Can Survive\" concert by Audacy, which was held at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles. On 1 September 2021, the Spice Girls had announced the re-release of Spice to mark their anniversary, titling it Spice25.", "On 1 September 2021, the Spice Girls had announced the re-release of Spice to mark their anniversary, titling it Spice25. The deluxe, double album was released on 29 October 2021 and contained remixes, demos and unreleased tracks.", "The deluxe, double album was released on 29 October 2021 and contained remixes, demos and unreleased tracks. The CDs come in an A5 hardback booklet, with a collection of iconic images and a set of six Spice Girls postcards, while the original album is also available on limited edition vinyl and cassette.", "The CDs come in an A5 hardback booklet, with a collection of iconic images and a set of six Spice Girls postcards, while the original album is also available on limited edition vinyl and cassette. In an interview with Apple Music for the Spice25 release, Chisholm divulged, \"We had [a] risqué song called 'C U Next Tuesday', which was vetoed for the 25th anniversary edition, but I do have plans for it.", "In an interview with Apple Music for the Spice25 release, Chisholm divulged, \"We had [a] risqué song called 'C U Next Tuesday', which was vetoed for the 25th anniversary edition, but I do have plans for it. It sounds like a Lily Allen song; it's absolutely brilliant.\"", "It sounds like a Lily Allen song; it's absolutely brilliant.\" The deluxe release saw the album reenter the UK Albums Chart at number five. In November 2021, due to rising concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, Chisholm announced the cancellation of her European tour dates in support of her .", "In November 2021, due to rising concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, Chisholm announced the cancellation of her European tour dates in support of her . The following month, she appeared once again as a judge The Voice Kids. Teen Torrin Cuthill, who was mentored by Chisholm, won the three-episode series.", "Teen Torrin Cuthill, who was mentored by Chisholm, won the three-episode series. On 27 January 2022, Chisholm announced that her memoir would be published in the latter half of 2022, and will be published by Welbeck Publishing Group.", "On 27 January 2022, Chisholm announced that her memoir would be published in the latter half of 2022, and will be published by Welbeck Publishing Group. The following month, Chisholm appeared as a guest judge on the first episode of RuPaul's Drag Race: UK Versus the World. The series was filmed in March 2021.", "The series was filmed in March 2021. Personal life Chisholm has been open about her experiences with clinical depression and an eating disorder. She spoke of her eating disorder to Contact Music, stating, \"I'd hammered the gym for three hours a day. It was a way of running away, not thinking.", "It was a way of running away, not thinking. I felt like a robot. When the papers started calling me 'Sumo Spice', I was only a size 10. But I was so upset by all the criticism, it got worse and I went up to a size 14.\"", "But I was so upset by all the criticism, it got worse and I went up to a size 14.\" In 1997, Chisholm had a month-long relationship with singer Robbie Williams. In 1998, she dated record producer Jake Davies. Later that year, she had a relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers lead singer Anthony Kiedis.", "Later that year, she had a relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers lead singer Anthony Kiedis. Kiedis wrote \"Emit Remmus\", which is \"summer time\" spelled backwards, inspired by his relationship with Chisholm. The song was included on the album Californication.", "The song was included on the album Californication. In 2000, Chisholm and Jason \"J\" Brown had an on-again, off-again relationship. In February 2009, Chisholm gave birth to her first child, a daughter.", "In February 2009, Chisholm gave birth to her first child, a daughter. In an interview with the BBC, Chisholm admitted that the arrival of her child proved to be a turning point in her life: \"Being a mum was so liberating because for the first time in my adult life, it wasn't all about me.", "In an interview with the BBC, Chisholm admitted that the arrival of her child proved to be a turning point in her life: \"Being a mum was so liberating because for the first time in my adult life, it wasn't all about me. It made me not only realise I had a huge responsibility to her but I have a huge responsibility to myself.", "It made me not only realise I had a huge responsibility to her but I have a huge responsibility to myself. In being her teacher, I had to treat myself better.\" Chisholm is a supporter of Liverpool FC and an amateur triathlete, having completed the London Triathlon twice.", "Chisholm is a supporter of Liverpool FC and an amateur triathlete, having completed the London Triathlon twice. Philanthropy In 2000, all proceeds from sales of her \"If That Were Me\" single went towards the Kandu Arts charity. In 2012, Chisholm joined the Sport Relief telethon by appearing in a Never Mind the Buzzcocks special.", "In 2012, Chisholm joined the Sport Relief telethon by appearing in a Never Mind the Buzzcocks special. Chisholm also participated in a three-mile \"Sport Relief Mile\" run.", "Chisholm also participated in a three-mile \"Sport Relief Mile\" run. In 2013, Chisholm joined Jack Dee, Dara Ó Briain, Greg James, Chelsee Healey and Philips Idowu in Through Hell and High Water, a Comic Relief challenge which involved British celebrities canoeing the most difficult rapids of the Zambezi River.", "In 2013, Chisholm joined Jack Dee, Dara Ó Briain, Greg James, Chelsee Healey and Philips Idowu in Through Hell and High Water, a Comic Relief challenge which involved British celebrities canoeing the most difficult rapids of the Zambezi River. They raised over £1 million for the charity.", "They raised over £1 million for the charity. In 2014, Chisholm travelled to Ghana to support a charity campaign by Procter & Gamble that provides African children with clean drinking water. The project involved the use of purification sachets that changes the water from stagnant to drinkable.", "The project involved the use of purification sachets that changes the water from stagnant to drinkable. Chisholm also supported a homeless charity by donating funds raised from her annual calendar. Artistry Influences Chisholm has cited Madonna as her biggest musical influence.", "Artistry Influences Chisholm has cited Madonna as her biggest musical influence. She stated: \"I think she's inspired me a lot musically, and maybe [in] just the way I present myself.", "She stated: \"I think she's inspired me a lot musically, and maybe [in] just the way I present myself. I've always admired how hard she works and what a strong lady she is, so she's always inspired me in that way.\"", "I've always admired how hard she works and what a strong lady she is, so she's always inspired me in that way.\" Chisholm named Madonna, Blur, Oasis, Suede and the Cardigans as inspirations for her first album. Voice Melanie C is a mezzo-soprano, with a vocal range reaching C 6.", "Voice Melanie C is a mezzo-soprano, with a vocal range reaching C 6. Her main characteristics are a distinctive timbre, a unique vocal ability that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom, and a versatile voice for different styles and music genres.", "Her main characteristics are a distinctive timbre, a unique vocal ability that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom, and a versatile voice for different styles and music genres. Her voice is flex and snap, strong and inspirational, with a mixture of lightness and weight, with a slightly nasal, raspy and powerful tone, clear and emotional.", "Her voice is flex and snap, strong and inspirational, with a mixture of lightness and weight, with a slightly nasal, raspy and powerful tone, clear and emotional. Musical style Chisholm's music is generally pop and rock.", "Musical style Chisholm's music is generally pop and rock. Being the first member of the group to go solo, with Adams on When You're Gone in 1998, she has been versatile when it comes to style, incorporating pop-rock, rock, post-grunge, ambient, acoustic, R&B, hip hop, dance, trance, dance-pop, dance-rock, electro, into her sound.", "Being the first member of the group to go solo, with Adams on When You're Gone in 1998, she has been versatile when it comes to style, incorporating pop-rock, rock, post-grunge, ambient, acoustic, R&B, hip hop, dance, trance, dance-pop, dance-rock, electro, into her sound. She also released an album of show tunes.", "She also released an album of show tunes. Cultural impact and legacy As a Spice Girls member Chisholm was called \"Sporty Spice\" because she usually wore a tracksuit paired with athletic shoes, wore her long dark hair in a high ponytail, and sported a tough girl attitude as well as tattoos on both of her arms.", "Cultural impact and legacy As a Spice Girls member Chisholm was called \"Sporty Spice\" because she usually wore a tracksuit paired with athletic shoes, wore her long dark hair in a high ponytail, and sported a tough girl attitude as well as tattoos on both of her arms. She also possessed true athletic abilities, including being able to perform back handsprings.", "She also possessed true athletic abilities, including being able to perform back handsprings. In this period, the phrase \"girl power\" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions.", "In this period, the phrase \"girl power\" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions. The phrase was a label for the particular facet of post classical neo-feminist empowerment embraced by the band: that a sensual, feminine appearance and equality between the sexes need not be mutually exclusive.", "The phrase was a label for the particular facet of post classical neo-feminist empowerment embraced by the band: that a sensual, feminine appearance and equality between the sexes need not be mutually exclusive. The term \"Cool Britannia\" became prominent in the media and represented the new political and social climate that was emerging with the advances made by New Labour and the new UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.", "The term \"Cool Britannia\" became prominent in the media and represented the new political and social climate that was emerging with the advances made by New Labour and the new UK Prime Minister Tony Blair. Although by no means responsible for the onset of \"Cool Britannia\", the arrival of the Spice Girls added to the new image and re-branding of Britain, and underlined the growing world popularity of British, rather than American, pop music.", "Although by no means responsible for the onset of \"Cool Britannia\", the arrival of the Spice Girls added to the new image and re-branding of Britain, and underlined the growing world popularity of British, rather than American, pop music. The Spice Girls broke onto the music scene at a time when alternative rock, hip-hop and R&B dominated global music charts.", "The Spice Girls broke onto the music scene at a time when alternative rock, hip-hop and R&B dominated global music charts. The modern pop phenomenon that the Spice Girls created by targeting early members of Generation Y was credited with changing the global music landscape, bringing about the global wave of late-1990s and early-2000s teen pop acts such as Hanson, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and NSYNC.", "The modern pop phenomenon that the Spice Girls created by targeting early members of Generation Y was credited with changing the global music landscape, bringing about the global wave of late-1990s and early-2000s teen pop acts such as Hanson, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and NSYNC. The Spice Girls have also been credited with paving the way for the girl groups and female pop singers that have come after them.", "The Spice Girls have also been credited with paving the way for the girl groups and female pop singers that have come after them. In the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls' success.", "In the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls' success. The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix, Fifth Harmony, Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Kim Petras, Charli XCX, Rita Ora, Demi Lovato Carly Rae Jepsen, Regine Velasquez, MØ, Billie Eilish and Adele credits the Spice Girls as a major influence, in which Melanie C was the prominent voice.", "The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix, Fifth Harmony, Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Kim Petras, Charli XCX, Rita Ora, Demi Lovato Carly Rae Jepsen, Regine Velasquez, MØ, Billie Eilish and Adele credits the Spice Girls as a major influence, in which Melanie C was the prominent voice. Some songs from Northern Star have appeared in films, such as \"Ga Ga\" which is heard in Charmed and Big Daddy.", "Some songs from Northern Star have appeared in films, such as \"Ga Ga\" which is heard in Charmed and Big Daddy. The song \"Go\" makes an appearance in Whatever It Takes. \"Suddenly Monday\" appears in Maybe Baby and on its soundtrack.", "\"Suddenly Monday\" appears in Maybe Baby and on its soundtrack. After the song gained popularity, \"I Turn to You\" was featured in the film Bend It Like Beckham. It was covered by Darkseed on \"Ultimate Darkness\", by Machinae Supremacy on \"Webography\", and by Wig Wam on 667..", "It was covered by Darkseed on \"Ultimate Darkness\", by Machinae Supremacy on \"Webography\", and by Wig Wam on 667.. The Neighbour of the Beast. The song was also featured in the musical Viva Forever!, a musical show based on the songs of the Spice Girls.", "The song was also featured in the musical Viva Forever!, a musical show based on the songs of the Spice Girls. Some songs have also been covered by international artists such as Christine Fan, who covered and translated \"Suddenly Monday\" in Chinese for her debut album FanFan's World, and Dutch pop singer Do who covered the Japanese bonus-track \"Follow Me\", for her album of the same name.", "Some songs have also been covered by international artists such as Christine Fan, who covered and translated \"Suddenly Monday\" in Chinese for her debut album FanFan's World, and Dutch pop singer Do who covered the Japanese bonus-track \"Follow Me\", for her album of the same name. The single \"First Day of My Life\" was originally recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" (A new day) for his 2004 album Andrea, and he also released it as a single the same year.", "The single \"First Day of My Life\" was originally recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" (A new day) for his 2004 album Andrea, and he also released it as a single the same year. Chisolm's version of the single was a success in German-speaking countries because it was used as the title song of the German soap opera telenovela Wege zum Glück.", "Chisolm's version of the single was a success in German-speaking countries because it was used as the title song of the German soap opera telenovela Wege zum Glück. At the time of The Seas release, the lead single \"Rock Me\" served as the official theme song for German TV channel ZDF's coverage of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "At the time of The Seas release, the lead single \"Rock Me\" served as the official theme song for German TV channel ZDF's coverage of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Chisholm has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Spice Girls and her solo efforts.", "Chisholm has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Spice Girls and her solo efforts. The main concept of the Spice Girl albums centred on the idea of Girl Power, embodying a feminist image, as both Madonna and Bananarama had employed before, and every track deals with different aspects of this notion.", "The main concept of the Spice Girl albums centred on the idea of Girl Power, embodying a feminist image, as both Madonna and Bananarama had employed before, and every track deals with different aspects of this notion. Other central themes in the writing of the group were the union, solidarity, friendship, independence, love, loss of virginity, sex, contraception, the relationship with parents during adolescence, vulnerability and fame.", "Other central themes in the writing of the group were the union, solidarity, friendship, independence, love, loss of virginity, sex, contraception, the relationship with parents during adolescence, vulnerability and fame. Many of these themes were carried out even during her solo career, but with a more mature writing, intense style and in some songs a more raw and direct language.", "Many of these themes were carried out even during her solo career, but with a more mature writing, intense style and in some songs a more raw and direct language. Added to these were social issues such as homelessness, and introspective themes.", "Added to these were social issues such as homelessness, and introspective themes. Having co-written 11 UK number 1s, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet.", "Having co-written 11 UK number 1s, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet. With 12 UK Number 1 singles, including the charity single as part of the Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with the most singles at number 1 in the UK.", "With 12 UK Number 1 singles, including the charity single as part of the Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with the most singles at number 1 in the UK. Discography Studio albums Northern Star (1999) Reason (2003) Beautiful Intentions (2005) This Time (2007) The Sea (2011) Stages (2012) Version of Me (2016) Melanie C (2020) Filmography Stage Concert tours Headlining From Liverpool to Leicester Square (1999) Northern Star Tour (2000–01) Reason Tour (2003) The Barfly Mini-Tour (2004) Beautiful Intentions Tour (2005) This Time Canadian Tour (2008) The Sea – Live (2011–12) Version of Me UK & Ireland Tour (2017) Version of Me Europe Tour (2017) Version of Me Festival Tour (2017–2018) Global Pride Tour (2019) Colors and Light Live Stream (2020) Melanie C Tour (2022) Fixed special guest The Christmas Tour (2014) Awards and nominations Notes References Bibliography External links 1974 births 20th-century English singers 20th-century English women singers 21st-century English singers 21st-century English women singers Alumni of Bird College Bonnier Amigo Music Group artists Dance-pop musicians English female dancers English female models English people of Irish descent English people of Scottish descent English philanthropists English rock singers English television personalities English women guitarists English guitarists English women pop singers English women singer-songwriters Living people Participants in American reality television series Participants in British reality television series People from Whiston, Merseyside Singers from Merseyside Spice Girls members Virgin Records artists Women rock singers" ]

[ "Melanie C", "2002-2003: Reason", "Is Reason an album?", "She released her second studio album, Reason,", "When did she release this album?", "on 10 March 2003", "Did this album receive any recognition?", "it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK.", "Did she collaborate with anyone on this album?", "I don't know." ]

[ "The Halos & Horns Tour in 2002 was Dolly Parton's first major concert tour in 10 years and was to promote the release of her album Halos & Horns (2002). The tour started in the United States, moved to Ireland and England, before returning to the U.S. to finish.\n\nBackground\nIn the early 1990s Parton had stopped the grueling tour schedule that she had worked for most of her career; she was tired of it and did not see fit to keep a band on payroll. She continued to do casino shows in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Las Vegas, and she also performed (usually annually) themed concerts at her Dollywood theme park.\n\nWith the resurgence of sorts of her career with the release of the album The Grass Is Blue (1999), Parton toyed with the idea of mounting a tour to promote the album. Scheduling conflicts with the many talented, and booked, musicians who played on the album prohibited the tour and the subsequent one which would have promoted the album Little Sparrow (2001). Parton did do some promotional concerts for the albums. She also appeared at the MerleFest at Wilkes Community College in Wilkesboro, North Carolina, on April 28, 2001, and performed a set list that comprised songs from the two albums as well as her greatest hits.\n\nDuring Dollywood's opening weekend in April 2002, it was announced that Parton would release a new album, Halos & Horns, and would launch her first tour in a decade. The tour was promoted and produced by House of Blues. The venues were mainly club settings and seated somewhere between 1,000 and 2,500. Subsequently, every date on the tour sold out. Most reviews praised Parton and her recent bluegrass/folk releases.\n\nParton stated in interviews to promote the album and tour that the shows she would be performing would be very simple. There was no glitz or lights or video monitors that she had employed with her earlier tours in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Most of the songs that made up the set list were in the country/bluegrass/folk vein, although Parton did include her biggest pop hits in an a cappella medley. \"9 to 5\" was treated to a very stripped down, bluegrass treatment.\n\nSet list\nThe following set list is representative of the December 12 and 13 shows at the Celebrity Theatre at Dollywood. It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour.\n\n\"Orange Blossom Special\"\n\"Train Train\"\n\"The Grass Is Blue\"\n\"Mountain Angel\"\n\"Shine\"\n\"Little Sparrow\"\n\"Rocky Top\"\n\"My Tennessee Mountain Home\"\n\"Coat of Many Colors\"\n\"Smoky Mountain Memories\"\n\"Applejack\"\n\"Marry Me\"\n\"Halos and Horns\"\n\"I'm Gone\"\n\"Dagger Through the Heart\"\n\"If\"\n\"After the Gold Rush\"\n\"9 to 5\"\n\"Jolene\"\nAcapella Medley: \"Islands in the Stream\" / \"Here You Come Again\" / \"Why'd You Come in Here Lookin' Like That\" / \"Two Doors Down\"\n\"We Irish\"\nStairway to Heaven\"\n\"I Will Always Love You\"\n\nNotes\n\"Color Me America\", \"Calm on the Water\", \"Try\", \"Down from Dover\", \"I Don't Wanna Throw Rice\", \"He's a Go Getter\", and \"I'll Oilwells Love You\" were performed on select dates.\n\nTour dates\n\nExternal links\nParton's Official Website\n\nReferences\n\n Dollymania page on tour press release\n Village Voice review\n\nDolly Parton concert tours\n2002 concert tours", "This is a list of concert tours by Gloria Estefan, an American pop music singer.\n\nTour information\nSince 1985, Estefan has embarked on six worldwide concert tours performing in several locations worldwide including the five continents. Estefan's first tour was with the Miami Sound Machine and was the tour for support of the album Primitive Love named \"Primitive Love Tour\" in 1985. Her last tour in 2008, the \"90 Millas World Tour,\" was made to promote the album 90 Millas.\n\nAmong all the tours made and listed here the first two are with the Miami Sound Machine, in which Estefan was the lead vocalist, since their separation in 1989, Estefan credited alone and embarked in four tours, two of them, the \"Into The Light\" and \"Evolution\" are cataloged as world tours, and are the most successful on Estefan's career\n\nGloria Estefan first tour with the Miami Sound Machine \"Primitive Love Tour\" was a tour only to the United States with a low budget and just performances of their album, since that tour all the other tours by Estefan had been praised and critically acclaimed, especially her 1996/1997 \"Evolution World Tour\" which was created with a very different concept and making it more a show than just a concert, it eventually became one of the fans favorites and was one of the most successful tour ever for Estefan.\n\nWith the release of the 2007 Spanish-language album 90 Millas, Gloria Estefan did a tour of the European continent to promote the album. Gloria started the tour in August 2008 in Valencia, Spain, and then went to London and also her first concert to a British audience since a decade. She also visited Belfast, Rotterdam and Tenerife. Estefan also performed at the Aruba Music Festival on October 11\n\nIn April 2009, Gloria Estefan she started her first tour of Latin America. She performed in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and others Latin-American countries. This was the second leg to her last tour promoting 90 Millas. Due to the success of the last performances of Estefan to Europe, she will return to a series of music festivals included as part of this tour in the summer season in 2009, including three more cities: Milan, Locarno and Liverpool. She also added another three dates to the US, as part of a special concert with Carole King for a performance at the Foxwoods Resort Casino, the show being part of this tour is called \"She Got's A Friend\".\n\nTours\n\nNotable concerts\nVh1 Divas Live\nThe Millennium Concert (December 31, 1999, American Airlines Arena, Miami, Florida)\nThe Atlantis Concert (April 19, 2000, Atlantis Paradise Island Hotel Resort, Nassau, Bahamas)\nOne Night Only (November 4, 2001, Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA)\nOne Night Only (November 11, 2001, Mohegan Sun, Uncasville, Connecticut, USA)\nLive & Unwrapped (October 2003, The Colosseum at Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA)\nShe's Got A Friend (With Carole King)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Gloria Estefan official site\nSony Music official site\n Gloria Estefan Mexico Fan's Official Site\n\nE" ]

[ "Melanie Jayne Chisholm (born 12 January 1974), better known as Melanie C or Mel C, is an English singer, songwriter, DJ, TV personality and actress. She is best known as one of the five members of the Spice Girls, during which time she was nicknamed Sporty Spice.", "She is best known as one of the five members of the Spice Girls, during which time she was nicknamed Sporty Spice. She rose to fame in 1996, releasing, in two years with the Spice Girls, two consecutive number-one albums, eight number-one singles from nine worldwide hits, the biggest-selling debut single of all time and the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group, respectively with \"Wannabe\" atop in 37 countries with over seven million records, and Spice, which peaked at number one in more than 17 countries across the world, with over 31 million copies, as well as the second album Spiceworld with more than 20 million copies sold.", "She rose to fame in 1996, releasing, in two years with the Spice Girls, two consecutive number-one albums, eight number-one singles from nine worldwide hits, the biggest-selling debut single of all time and the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group, respectively with \"Wannabe\" atop in 37 countries with over seven million records, and Spice, which peaked at number one in more than 17 countries across the world, with over 31 million copies, as well as the second album Spiceworld with more than 20 million copies sold. Melanie C is known for her unique vocal prowess that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom.", "Melanie C is known for her unique vocal prowess that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom. Chisholm began her solo career in late 1998 by singing with Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams, and her solo debut album Northern Star was released in 1999, reaching number one in Sweden and number 4 on the UK Albums Chart.", "Chisholm began her solo career in late 1998 by singing with Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams, and her solo debut album Northern Star was released in 1999, reaching number one in Sweden and number 4 on the UK Albums Chart. It was certified internationally with seven platinum and three gold certifications, including the triple-Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, selling over 4 million copies worldwide, and becoming the best selling solo album of any Spice Girls member.", "It was certified internationally with seven platinum and three gold certifications, including the triple-Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, selling over 4 million copies worldwide, and becoming the best selling solo album of any Spice Girls member. After her second album, gold certified in UK, Reason, with more than 500,000 copies, Chisholm, in 2004, parted from Virgin and founded her own record company, Red Girl Records.", "After her second album, gold certified in UK, Reason, with more than 500,000 copies, Chisholm, in 2004, parted from Virgin and founded her own record company, Red Girl Records. Beautiful Intentions, her third album, in 2005, spent 9 weeks at number one in Portugal and spawned international hit singles, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide with several international certifications.", "Beautiful Intentions, her third album, in 2005, spent 9 weeks at number one in Portugal and spawned international hit singles, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide with several international certifications. The fourth studio album, This Time, was released in 2007, became her first top 10 album in Switzerland where was certified gold.", "The fourth studio album, This Time, was released in 2007, became her first top 10 album in Switzerland where was certified gold. Of the five singles released from the album, the first three went to number one in Portugal.", "Of the five singles released from the album, the first three went to number one in Portugal. In December, Chisholm reunited with the Spice Girls to release a greatest hits album supported by a world tour.", "In December, Chisholm reunited with the Spice Girls to release a greatest hits album supported by a world tour. She released her fifth solo album, The Sea, in 2011, her first EP The Night in 2012, the sixth studio album Stages, in 2012, and seventh album, Version of Me (2016).", "She released her fifth solo album, The Sea, in 2011, her first EP The Night in 2012, the sixth studio album Stages, in 2012, and seventh album, Version of Me (2016). Her eponymous eighth studio album was released in 2020.", "Her eponymous eighth studio album was released in 2020. Having co-written 11 UK number-ones, more than any other female artist in chart history, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet.", "Having co-written 11 UK number-ones, more than any other female artist in chart history, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet. With twelve UK number-one singles, including the charity single as part of The Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with most singles at number one in the United Kingdom, and with a total of fourteen songs that have received the number one in Britain (including the double A-sides), Chisholm is the female artist with most songs at number one in the UK ranking history.", "With twelve UK number-one singles, including the charity single as part of The Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with most singles at number one in the United Kingdom, and with a total of fourteen songs that have received the number one in Britain (including the double A-sides), Chisholm is the female artist with most songs at number one in the UK ranking history. Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including a Guinness Book mention, three World Music Awards, five Brit Awards from 10 nominations, three American Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards from six nomination, eight Billboard special awards, three MTV Europe Music Awards from seven nominations, one MTV Video Music Awards from two nomination, ten ASCAP awards, one Juno Award from two nominations, and four nominations at the Echo Awards.", "Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including a Guinness Book mention, three World Music Awards, five Brit Awards from 10 nominations, three American Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards from six nomination, eight Billboard special awards, three MTV Europe Music Awards from seven nominations, one MTV Video Music Awards from two nomination, ten ASCAP awards, one Juno Award from two nominations, and four nominations at the Echo Awards. Since 1996, Chisholm has sold more than 123 million records, including 100 million copies with the group, and 23 million solo albums, singles and collaborations, and has earned over 326 worldwide certifications (with numerous diamonds), including 41 silver, gold and platinum certifications as a solo artist.", "Since 1996, Chisholm has sold more than 123 million records, including 100 million copies with the group, and 23 million solo albums, singles and collaborations, and has earned over 326 worldwide certifications (with numerous diamonds), including 41 silver, gold and platinum certifications as a solo artist. Early life Melanie Jayne Chisholm was born on 12 January 1974 in Whiston, Lancashire, the only daughter of Joan O'Neill, who worked as a secretary and personal assistant and has been singing in music bands since she was 14, and Alan Chisholm, a fitter at the Otis Elevator Company.", "Early life Melanie Jayne Chisholm was born on 12 January 1974 in Whiston, Lancashire, the only daughter of Joan O'Neill, who worked as a secretary and personal assistant and has been singing in music bands since she was 14, and Alan Chisholm, a fitter at the Otis Elevator Company. Her parents married in 1971 and separated in 1978, when Chisholm was four years old.", "Her parents married in 1971 and separated in 1978, when Chisholm was four years old. Her mother remarried and had more children, one of whom is racing driver Paul O'Neill, who was born when Chisholm was six years old.", "Her mother remarried and had more children, one of whom is racing driver Paul O'Neill, who was born when Chisholm was six years old. She grew up in Widnes, Cheshire, attending Brookvale Junior School in nearby Runcorn and Fairfield High School in Widnes.", "She grew up in Widnes, Cheshire, attending Brookvale Junior School in nearby Runcorn and Fairfield High School in Widnes. Following school, she studied for a diploma course in dance, singing, drama, and musical theatre at the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts in London.", "Following school, she studied for a diploma course in dance, singing, drama, and musical theatre at the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts in London. During college, she replied to an advert in The Stage placed by Chris and Bob Herbert, who were looking to form a new girl group, later to become the Spice Girls.", "During college, she replied to an advert in The Stage placed by Chris and Bob Herbert, who were looking to form a new girl group, later to become the Spice Girls. She left college just short of completing her three-year course, and gained teaching qualifications in tap and modern theatre dance with the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing.", "She left college just short of completing her three-year course, and gained teaching qualifications in tap and modern theatre dance with the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing. Career 1994–2000: Spice Girls In 1994, Chisholm, along with Mel B, Geri Halliwell, and Victoria Beckham (née Adams) responded to an advertisement in The Stage magazine.", "Career 1994–2000: Spice Girls In 1994, Chisholm, along with Mel B, Geri Halliwell, and Victoria Beckham (née Adams) responded to an advertisement in The Stage magazine. Around 400 women who answered the ad went to Dance Works studios.", "Around 400 women who answered the ad went to Dance Works studios. Halliwell, Chisholm, Beckham and Brown were originally chosen as the members of the group, and then formed a quintet with Emma Bunton. The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction of Heart Management and broke with them.", "The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction of Heart Management and broke with them. In 1995, they toured record labels in London and Los Angeles and finally signed a deal with Virgin.", "In 1995, they toured record labels in London and Los Angeles and finally signed a deal with Virgin. Their debut album, Spice, was a huge worldwide commercial success, peaked at number 1 in more than 17 countries across the world, and was certified multi-platinum in 27 countries.", "Their debut album, Spice, was a huge worldwide commercial success, peaked at number 1 in more than 17 countries across the world, and was certified multi-platinum in 27 countries. Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of Girl Power, and during that time was compared to Beatlemania.", "Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of Girl Power, and during that time was compared to Beatlemania. In total the album sold 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time.", "In total the album sold 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time. The first single, \"Wannabe\" reached number 1 in 37 countries, and their subsequent singles – \"Say You'll Be There\", \"2 Become 1\", \"Who Do You Think You Are\" and \"Mama\" – all peaked at number 1 in the UK.", "The first single, \"Wannabe\" reached number 1 in 37 countries, and their subsequent singles – \"Say You'll Be There\", \"2 Become 1\", \"Who Do You Think You Are\" and \"Mama\" – all peaked at number 1 in the UK. In 1997, they released their second album, Spiceworld, with the two first singles \"Spice Up Your Life\" and \"Too Much\", that entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1, making it the group's all consecutive number 1 hit single, a record of musical groups all time.", "In 1997, they released their second album, Spiceworld, with the two first singles \"Spice Up Your Life\" and \"Too Much\", that entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1, making it the group's all consecutive number 1 hit single, a record of musical groups all time. The album was a global best seller, selling 20 million copies worldwide.", "The album was a global best seller, selling 20 million copies worldwide. The group also starred in their own film, Spiceworld: The Movie, which grossed $100 million at the box office worldwide and became the second most watched movie of the year.", "The group also starred in their own film, Spiceworld: The Movie, which grossed $100 million at the box office worldwide and became the second most watched movie of the year. The next single, \"Stop\", peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number 1s, their only single to not reach the top of the charts.", "The next single, \"Stop\", peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number 1s, their only single to not reach the top of the charts. \"Viva Forever\", another number 1, was the last single before Geri Halliwell's departure from the group in May 1998.", "\"Viva Forever\", another number 1, was the last single before Geri Halliwell's departure from the group in May 1998. With four members, the group released \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998 and when it topped the UK Singles Chart it became their third consecutive Christmas number-one – equalling the record previously set by the Beatles.", "With four members, the group released \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998 and when it topped the UK Singles Chart it became their third consecutive Christmas number-one – equalling the record previously set by the Beatles. On 30 November, Canadian artist Bryan Adams, released \"When You're Gone\" with featured vocals of Chisholm, her debut solo project.", "On 30 November, Canadian artist Bryan Adams, released \"When You're Gone\" with featured vocals of Chisholm, her debut solo project. The song peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, spent 15 weeks in the top 40 and received the platinum certified.", "The song peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, spent 15 weeks in the top 40 and received the platinum certified. 1999–2001: Northern Star In 1999, Chisholm signed with Virgin and, during the summer, recorded the album Northern Star. She recorded \"Ga Ga\" from the soundtrack of the film Big Daddy.", "She recorded \"Ga Ga\" from the soundtrack of the film Big Daddy. The song was released as promotional single on 25 June, only in the UK.", "The song was released as promotional single on 25 June, only in the UK. She also wrote and recorded the backing vocals for \"(Hey You) Free Up Your Mind\", sung by Emma Bunton from the film soundtrack Pokémon: The First Movie.", "She also wrote and recorded the backing vocals for \"(Hey You) Free Up Your Mind\", sung by Emma Bunton from the film soundtrack Pokémon: The First Movie. On 27 September, Chisholm released her debut single, \"Goin' Down\" and peaked at number 4 in the UK and 25 in Australia.", "On 27 September, Chisholm released her debut single, \"Goin' Down\" and peaked at number 4 in the UK and 25 in Australia. The music video was shot in Los Angeles and directed by Giuseppi Capotondi.", "The music video was shot in Los Angeles and directed by Giuseppi Capotondi. Her debut album, Northern Star, was released on 18 October 1999, peaked at number 4 and sold 4 million copies worldwide, received triple platinum in the UK, and another seven certifications, including platinum in Germany and Sweden.", "Her debut album, Northern Star, was released on 18 October 1999, peaked at number 4 and sold 4 million copies worldwide, received triple platinum in the UK, and another seven certifications, including platinum in Germany and Sweden. \"Northern Star\" was released as a second single and also peaked at number 4.", "\"Northern Star\" was released as a second single and also peaked at number 4. To promote the album, Chisholm embarked on a tour called From Liverpool to Leicester Square, traveling to Australia, the US, Canada, Japan, the UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands and Denmark, between 27 September and 1 November.", "To promote the album, Chisholm embarked on a tour called From Liverpool to Leicester Square, traveling to Australia, the US, Canada, Japan, the UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands and Denmark, between 27 September and 1 November. In 2000, Chisholm had two songs in film soundtracks, \"Suddenly Monday\" in Maybe Baby and \"Go!\"", "In 2000, Chisholm had two songs in film soundtracks, \"Suddenly Monday\" in Maybe Baby and \"Go!\" in Whatever It Takes.", "in Whatever It Takes. in Whatever It Takes. After the two singles did not reach the top of the charts, Virgin thought to end the promotion of the album, but decided to release one more single, \"Never Be the Same Again\", which broke the pop rock sound of the other songs and focused on R&B.", "After the two singles did not reach the top of the charts, Virgin thought to end the promotion of the album, but decided to release one more single, \"Never Be the Same Again\", which broke the pop rock sound of the other songs and focused on R&B. The song, featuring TLC member Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes, was released on 20 March 2000 and became her first number 1 single.", "The song, featuring TLC member Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes, was released on 20 March 2000 and became her first number 1 single. It was received gold certification in the UK and also peaked at number 1 in Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland and Sweden.", "It was received gold certification in the UK and also peaked at number 1 in Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland and Sweden. The song was the 18th best-selling song of 2000 and sold more than a million copies across Europe.", "The song was the 18th best-selling song of 2000 and sold more than a million copies across Europe. After the success of \"Never Be the Same Again\", the label decided to release two more singles.", "After the success of \"Never Be the Same Again\", the label decided to release two more singles. On 7 August 2000, Virgin released a remix version of \"I Turn to You\" as the fourth single; the song reached her second number 1 in the UK, Netherlands and Sweden.", "On 7 August 2000, Virgin released a remix version of \"I Turn to You\" as the fourth single; the song reached her second number 1 in the UK, Netherlands and Sweden. \"I Turn to You\" also peaked at number 1 in Austria, Denmark and Dance Club Songs of United States.", "\"I Turn to You\" also peaked at number 1 in Austria, Denmark and Dance Club Songs of United States. \"If That Were Me\" was released as fifth and final single and peaked at number 18. The proceeds from its sale went to the Kandu Arts charity.", "The proceeds from its sale went to the Kandu Arts charity. The North American version of Northern Star was released on 21 August 2000 and included the single versions of \"Never Be The Same Again\" and \"I Turn To You\".", "The North American version of Northern Star was released on 21 August 2000 and included the single versions of \"Never Be The Same Again\" and \"I Turn To You\". In late 2000, after the first solo work of members, the Spice Girls released their third and final album, Forever, sporting a new edgier R&B sound.", "In late 2000, after the first solo work of members, the Spice Girls released their third and final album, Forever, sporting a new edgier R&B sound. \"Holler\" and \"Let Love Lead the Way\" were released as singles on 23 October 2000 and the songs reached number 1 in the UK.", "\"Holler\" and \"Let Love Lead the Way\" were released as singles on 23 October 2000 and the songs reached number 1 in the UK. The album sold 5 million copies. The group announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus.", "The group announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus. In the same year, the Chinese singer FanFan recorded a Chinese version of \"Suddenly Monday\" from her debut album FanFan's World. Chisholm embarked in her first world tour, the Northern Star Tour, between late 2000 and 26 August 2001, to promote her debut album.", "Chisholm embarked in her first world tour, the Northern Star Tour, between late 2000 and 26 August 2001, to promote her debut album. The tour traveled in 76 dates, 30 countries and 4 continents, just not going to Oceania and South America.", "The tour traveled in 76 dates, 30 countries and 4 continents, just not going to Oceania and South America. The Shepherd's Bush Empire concert was webcast on Chisholm's original website with a special appearance of Bryan Adams. On 4 April 2001, The audio of the Anaheim concert also was webcast on House of Blues' website.", "On 4 April 2001, The audio of the Anaheim concert also was webcast on House of Blues' website. A remixed album, entitled Remix Collection, was released only in Japan.", "A remixed album, entitled Remix Collection, was released only in Japan. In 2001, Chisholm collaborated in the live album of Russell Watson, The Voice – Live, as featured vocals in the songs \"Barcelona\" and \"Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did?\".", "In 2001, Chisholm collaborated in the live album of Russell Watson, The Voice – Live, as featured vocals in the songs \"Barcelona\" and \"Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did?\". 2002–2003: Reason Chisholm began recording her second album in November 2001. She traveled to the United States to record some songs.", "She traveled to the United States to record some songs. During this time, she also recorded \"Independence Day\" from the film soundtrack Bend It Like Beckham and wrote \"Help Me Help You\" for Holly Valance, included in her album Footprints.", "During this time, she also recorded \"Independence Day\" from the film soundtrack Bend It Like Beckham and wrote \"Help Me Help You\" for Holly Valance, included in her album Footprints. Chisholm, along with American singer Anastacia made an appearance at the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards to present the award for \"Best Song\", which was given to P!nk.", "Chisholm, along with American singer Anastacia made an appearance at the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards to present the award for \"Best Song\", which was given to P!nk. Chisholm's second album was postponed to 10 March 2003. Chisholm also took time out due to struggles with clinical depression.", "Chisholm also took time out due to struggles with clinical depression. On 24 February 2003 the first single from her new album was released, \"Here It Comes Again\", which reached number 7 in the UK and peaked in the top 20 in Spain and Ireland.", "On 24 February 2003 the first single from her new album was released, \"Here It Comes Again\", which reached number 7 in the UK and peaked in the top 20 in Spain and Ireland. She released her second studio album, Reason, on 10 March 2003 and it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK.", "She released her second studio album, Reason, on 10 March 2003 and it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK. The label sent Chisholm to promote the album, including several pocket shows. On 24 April 2003, she embarked in the Reason Tour, traveling only in Europe.", "On 24 April 2003, she embarked in the Reason Tour, traveling only in Europe. The second single, \"On the Horizon\", was released on 2 June 2003.", "The second single, \"On the Horizon\", was released on 2 June 2003. After the previous single, music critics were predicting that this single would redeem Chisholm's chart success, but the song peaked at number 14 and did not help sales.", "After the previous single, music critics were predicting that this single would redeem Chisholm's chart success, but the song peaked at number 14 and did not help sales. \"Let's Love\", was released as a single exclusively in Japan and used for a Toyota Motor Corporation commercial.", "\"Let's Love\", was released as a single exclusively in Japan and used for a Toyota Motor Corporation commercial. Alongside promoting the album, Chisholm competed on the reality sports game show The Games.", "Alongside promoting the album, Chisholm competed on the reality sports game show The Games. On 11 September 2003, during a taping of The Games, Chisholm competed in a judo match with Turkish-Dutch actress Azra Akin, which resulted in Chisholm injuring her knee.", "On 11 September 2003, during a taping of The Games, Chisholm competed in a judo match with Turkish-Dutch actress Azra Akin, which resulted in Chisholm injuring her knee. Because of this, the song \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\", which was planned to be released as the third and final single on 22 September 2003, had to be pushed back because she could not fully promote an upbeat song with an injury.", "Because of this, the song \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\", which was planned to be released as the third and final single on 22 September 2003, had to be pushed back because she could not fully promote an upbeat song with an injury. \"Melt\" was then chosen to be launched along with \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a double A-side, because she could do a small number of performances.", "\"Melt\" was then chosen to be launched along with \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a double A-side, because she could do a small number of performances. The double single was released on 10 November 2003. The song peaked at number 27.", "The song peaked at number 27. In other countries of Europe, \"Melt\" wasn't released, only \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a solo release. After the release of \"Melt/Yeh Yeh Yeh\", Chisholm added some extra dates to the Reason Tour, and the Avo Session Basel concert was broadcast on 3sat.", "After the release of \"Melt/Yeh Yeh Yeh\", Chisholm added some extra dates to the Reason Tour, and the Avo Session Basel concert was broadcast on 3sat. 2004–2006: Red Girl Records and Beautiful Intentions On 1 January 2004, Virgin Records dismissed Chisholm after the conflict in previous years about the direction in her solo career.", "2004–2006: Red Girl Records and Beautiful Intentions On 1 January 2004, Virgin Records dismissed Chisholm after the conflict in previous years about the direction in her solo career. In April 2004, she founded her own label, Red Girl Records, to record and release her own projects.", "In April 2004, she founded her own label, Red Girl Records, to record and release her own projects. All of Chisolm's activities are decided upon and funded by herself. The label name was inspired by the colours of the football Liverpool F.C., of which Chisholm is a supporter.", "The label name was inspired by the colours of the football Liverpool F.C., of which Chisholm is a supporter. Nancy Phillips, who had been Chisholm's manager and business partner since the label's inception, retired in 2017.", "Nancy Phillips, who had been Chisholm's manager and business partner since the label's inception, retired in 2017. In June 2004, she embarked in a five-date concert tour, The Barfly Mini-Tour, performed in The Barfly music halls, a series of venues dedicated to independent music.", "In June 2004, she embarked in a five-date concert tour, The Barfly Mini-Tour, performed in The Barfly music halls, a series of venues dedicated to independent music. In October 2004, Chisholm finished recording her third album. In an interview, Chisholm said she wanted to create deeper songs using piano, violin and personal themes.", "In an interview, Chisholm said she wanted to create deeper songs using piano, violin and personal themes. On 4 April 2005, Chisholm released \"Next Best Superstar\" as the lead single of her third album.", "On 4 April 2005, Chisholm released \"Next Best Superstar\" as the lead single of her third album. It was released in three formats: two singles with B-sides – the acoustic version or the B-side \"Everything Must Change\" – and a remixes EP. The song peaked at number 10 in the UK.", "The song peaked at number 10 in the UK. On 11 April, she released Beautiful Intentions, her third album and first by Red Girl. It was produced by Greg Haver, Guy Chambers, Paul Boddy and eleven of the twelve songs were written by Chisholm.", "It was produced by Greg Haver, Guy Chambers, Paul Boddy and eleven of the twelve songs were written by Chisholm. The album peaked at number 24 in the UK, top 15 other Europeans countries, and was certified gold in Germany and Switzerland.", "The album peaked at number 24 in the UK, top 15 other Europeans countries, and was certified gold in Germany and Switzerland. In support of the album, she embarked at Beautiful Intentions Tour, starting on 16 April in O2 Academy Birmingham, in London, and travelling for twenty-five dates across Europe and Asia.", "In support of the album, she embarked at Beautiful Intentions Tour, starting on 16 April in O2 Academy Birmingham, in London, and travelling for twenty-five dates across Europe and Asia. On 1 August, \"Better Alone\" was released only in the UK as the second single, but did not enter the charts due to the single being available online.", "On 1 August, \"Better Alone\" was released only in the UK as the second single, but did not enter the charts due to the single being available online. \"First Day of My Life\" was released as single on 30 September in Australia and Europe – except in the UK.", "\"First Day of My Life\" was released as single on 30 September in Australia and Europe – except in the UK. The song was not included in the original version of the album, only in the 2006 re-released version, becoming the second international single from Beautiful Intentions.", "The song was not included in the original version of the album, only in the 2006 re-released version, becoming the second international single from Beautiful Intentions. Originally been recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" for his 2004 eponymous album Andrea.", "Originally been recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" for his 2004 eponymous album Andrea. The song peaked at number 1 in Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal, number 2 in Austria, and in the top 30 in Norway, France and Denmark.", "The song peaked at number 1 in Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal, number 2 in Austria, and in the top 30 in Norway, France and Denmark. On 24 February 2006, \"Better Alone\" was released in Australia and Europe as the third official single, after a limited release in the UK the previous year.", "On 24 February 2006, \"Better Alone\" was released in Australia and Europe as the third official single, after a limited release in the UK the previous year. The song entered the charts in some countries, peaked at thirty-six in Italy and thirty-three in Switzerland.", "The song entered the charts in some countries, peaked at thirty-six in Italy and thirty-three in Switzerland. On 3 April, the album was re-released, including \"First Day of My Life\" and the music video.", "On 3 April, the album was re-released, including \"First Day of My Life\" and the music video. In 2006, Chisholm released her first live DVD, Live Hits, recorded on 31 August 2006 at the Bridge in South East, London. The DVD peaked at number 10.", "The DVD peaked at number 10. 2007–2008: This Time and Spice Girls reunion In early 2007, Chisholm finished recording her next album and, in March, she released two singles simultaneously.", "2007–2008: This Time and Spice Girls reunion In early 2007, Chisholm finished recording her next album and, in March, she released two singles simultaneously. \"The Moment You Believe\" was released in Europe, except in the UK, and peaked at number 1 in Spain and Portugal, and in the top 20 in Switzerland, Sweden and Germany.", "\"The Moment You Believe\" was released in Europe, except in the UK, and peaked at number 1 in Spain and Portugal, and in the top 20 in Switzerland, Sweden and Germany. Produced and co-written by Peter Vettese, it has been soundbed for the spring advertising campaign for German television show Nur die Liebe Zählt.", "Produced and co-written by Peter Vettese, it has been soundbed for the spring advertising campaign for German television show Nur die Liebe Zählt. \"I Want Candy\" was released only in the UK and Italy, peaking at number 24 and number 9, respectively, and featured on the soundtrack to the film of the same name.", "\"I Want Candy\" was released only in the UK and Italy, peaking at number 24 and number 9, respectively, and featured on the soundtrack to the film of the same name. The song was a cover version of the Strangeloves song.", "The song was a cover version of the Strangeloves song. On 30 March, she released her fourth album, This Time, with thirteen tracks – six written by Chisholm – and other two cover versions: \"What If I Stay\" and \"Don't Let Me Go\", by Jill Jackson, from her debut album.", "On 30 March, she released her fourth album, This Time, with thirteen tracks – six written by Chisholm – and other two cover versions: \"What If I Stay\" and \"Don't Let Me Go\", by Jill Jackson, from her debut album. The album peaked at number 57 in the UK and number 8 in Switzerland, which was certified gold.", "The album peaked at number 57 in the UK and number 8 in Switzerland, which was certified gold. \"Carolyna\" was released as the third single on 8 June.", "\"Carolyna\" was released as the third single on 8 June. During an interview at Loose Women, Chisholm revealed that she wrote this song after watching a documentary about young adults and teenagers homeless, living in the streets in Seattle. The song peaked at 49 in the UK, and in the top 50 in other countries.", "The song peaked at 49 in the UK, and in the top 50 in other countries. On 28 June 2007, the Spice Girls held a surprise press conference at The O2 Arena announcing that they were reuniting to embark on a worldwide concert tour, The Return of the Spice Girls, starting in Vancouver on 2 December.", "On 28 June 2007, the Spice Girls held a surprise press conference at The O2 Arena announcing that they were reuniting to embark on a worldwide concert tour, The Return of the Spice Girls, starting in Vancouver on 2 December. They received £10 million (approximately $20 million) each for the tour.", "They received £10 million (approximately $20 million) each for the tour. Filmmaker Bob Smeaton directed an official documentary on the reunion. It was entitled Giving You Everything.", "It was entitled Giving You Everything. At the same time, Chisholm released the fourth single of her album, \"This Time\", features the B-side \"We Love to Entertain You\", which was used for 2007's Pro7 Starforce campaign in Germany. The song peaked at number 94 in the UK and 69 in Germany.", "The song peaked at number 94 in the UK and 69 in Germany. On 5 November, the Spice Girls released their return single, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\", also announced as the official Children in Need charity single and performed at Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.", "On 5 November, the Spice Girls released their return single, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\", also announced as the official Children in Need charity single and performed at Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. The song peaked at number 11, becoming the first song to not reach the top 10.", "The song peaked at number 11, becoming the first song to not reach the top 10. The music video was directed by Anthony Mandler and the girls used exclusive clothes designed by Roberto Cavalli.", "The music video was directed by Anthony Mandler and the girls used exclusive clothes designed by Roberto Cavalli. They released a compilation album, the Greatest Hits in November, including the singles, the 1997 Pepsi's theme \"Move Over\" and two new songs, \"Voodoo\" and \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\".", "They released a compilation album, the Greatest Hits in November, including the singles, the 1997 Pepsi's theme \"Move Over\" and two new songs, \"Voodoo\" and \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\". The compilation sold 6 million copies.", "The compilation sold 6 million copies. They embarked on the tour on 2 December, traveling for 47 dates until 26 February 2008. The tour is estimated to have grossed over US$70 million and produced $107.2 million in ticket sales and merchandising. The tour won the 2008 Billboard Touring Award.", "The tour won the 2008 Billboard Touring Award. As well as their sell-out tour, the Spice Girls were contracted to appear in Tesco advertisements, for which they were paid £1 million each.", "As well as their sell-out tour, the Spice Girls were contracted to appear in Tesco advertisements, for which they were paid £1 million each. After the end of the reunion with the Spice Girls, Chisholm embarked on her fifth tour, the This Time Canadian Tour, in May 2008, performing in nine Canadian cities.", "After the end of the reunion with the Spice Girls, Chisholm embarked on her fifth tour, the This Time Canadian Tour, in May 2008, performing in nine Canadian cities. On 25 July, \"Understand\" was released as fifth and final single from This Time only in Canada.", "On 25 July, \"Understand\" was released as fifth and final single from This Time only in Canada. 2009–2014: Acting, The Sea and Stages In 2009, it was planned she would star in a sequel to the 1996 horror film The Craft, but the production was canceled.", "2009–2014: Acting, The Sea and Stages In 2009, it was planned she would star in a sequel to the 1996 horror film The Craft, but the production was canceled. On 29 June, Chisholm released her second DVD concert, Live at the Hard Rock Cafe, including two previously unreleased songs, \"Blue Skies All the Way\" and \"Paris Burning\".", "On 29 June, Chisholm released her second DVD concert, Live at the Hard Rock Cafe, including two previously unreleased songs, \"Blue Skies All the Way\" and \"Paris Burning\". The DVD peaked at number 22 in the UK.", "The DVD peaked at number 22 in the UK. In October 2009, she had her acting debut on stage as Mrs Johnstone in the musical Blood Brothers, a new version of the 1983 original production. In an interview, Chisholm revealed that while she had been invited to star in movies and plays .", "In an interview, Chisholm revealed that while she had been invited to star in movies and plays . She starred on Blood Brothers until the end of 2010. Chisholm was nominated for the 2010 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical but she did not win. In the same year she started working on her next album.", "In the same year she started working on her next album. On 24 June 2011, \"Rock Me\" was released as single only in Germany and peaked at number 33 in the country. The song was served as the official theme from 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "The song was served as the official theme from 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. \"Think About It\" was chosen as worldwide single and marked the Chisholm return to dance-pop. The song peaked at number 95 in the UK, 15 in the UK Indie Chart and top 40 in other European countries.", "The song peaked at number 95 in the UK, 15 in the UK Indie Chart and top 40 in other European countries. The Sea, her fifth studio album, was released on 2 September, and was produced by Andy Chatterley, Cutfather and Peter-John Vettese.", "The Sea, her fifth studio album, was released on 2 September, and was produced by Andy Chatterley, Cutfather and Peter-John Vettese. The album peaked at number 45 in the UK and also 13 in Switzerland and sixteen in Germany.", "The album peaked at number 45 in the UK and also 13 in Switzerland and sixteen in Germany. Chisholm was mentor assistant in the third season of The X Factor Australia and helped the Mel B team, formed by under 25 years-old girls, during the selection process. The girls did not reach the final.", "The girls did not reach the final. \"Weak\" was released only in the UK as the third single, charting in the UK Indie Chart. \"Let There Be Love\" was released as fourth and final single of The Sea in Germany and Switzerland. She also recorded \"Viva Life\" for the documentary Bash Street.", "She also recorded \"Viva Life\" for the documentary Bash Street. In November, she embarked on her sixth concert tour, The Sea – Live, traveling in Europe during 17 dates. The record of the tour was released as DVD on 27 February 2012.", "The record of the tour was released as DVD on 27 February 2012. In her interview for \"Ask Melanie C Episode 8\" on her YouTube channel, Chisholm said that she \"feels very sad as The Sea was a really great album and it wasn't as successful as it deserved to be\" In April, Chisholm was invited by British DJ Jodie Harsh to collaborate on an electronic project.", "In her interview for \"Ask Melanie C Episode 8\" on her YouTube channel, Chisholm said that she \"feels very sad as The Sea was a really great album and it wasn't as successful as it deserved to be\" In April, Chisholm was invited by British DJ Jodie Harsh to collaborate on an electronic project. On 13 May they released the EP The Night, including three songs.", "On 13 May they released the EP The Night, including three songs. \"Set You Free\" was released as a promo single from the EP. In July, she was judge of the ITV talent show Superstar, which searched to find an actor to starring the musical Jesus Christ Superstar. Ben Forster was chosen.", "Ben Forster was chosen. Ben Forster was chosen. Chisholm co-starred in the musical, playing the role of Mary Magdalene. For her performance Chisholm won Best Supporting Actress in a musical at the Whatsonstage.com Awards. She played the character until 2013. Inspired by the stage, Chisholm began recording an album with musical theatre songs.", "Inspired by the stage, Chisholm began recording an album with musical theatre songs. \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" was released on 22 July and peaked at number 20 on UK Indie Chart. The song is a version of Yvonne Elliman from 1970 musical Jesus Christ Superstar.", "The song is a version of Yvonne Elliman from 1970 musical Jesus Christ Superstar. On 7 September, Chisholm released her sixth studio album, Stages, produced by Peter-John Vettese and featuring a collection of show tunes that have been important to Chisholm at various stages of her life.", "On 7 September, Chisholm released her sixth studio album, Stages, produced by Peter-John Vettese and featuring a collection of show tunes that have been important to Chisholm at various stages of her life. The album peaked at number 50 in the UK and 83 in Ireland.", "The album peaked at number 50 in the UK and 83 in Ireland. \"I Know Him So Well\", a version of the Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson song from the 1984 musical Chess, was released as a single on 11 November, featuring vocals by British singer Emma Bunton.", "\"I Know Him So Well\", a version of the Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson song from the 1984 musical Chess, was released as a single on 11 November, featuring vocals by British singer Emma Bunton. The song peaked at number 153 in the UK and 14 in the UK Indie Chart.", "The song peaked at number 153 in the UK and 14 in the UK Indie Chart. She also was part of The Justice Collective, a super-group of musicians, including Robbie Williams and Paul McCartney, who recorded the charity song \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\".", "She also was part of The Justice Collective, a super-group of musicians, including Robbie Williams and Paul McCartney, who recorded the charity song \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\". The song was released as single on 17 December and peaked at number 1.", "The song was released as single on 17 December and peaked at number 1. In 2013, she played Christy in the British comedy film Play Hard. On 18 August, released \"Loving You\", a collaboration with British singer Matt Cardle.", "On 18 August, released \"Loving You\", a collaboration with British singer Matt Cardle. The song peaked at number 14, becoming the first Chisholm's song in the top 15 since 2005. She released her first live album, Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire, on 12 December.", "She released her first live album, Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire, on 12 December. On 12 January 2014, Chisholm celebrated her 40th birthday with a special show for the fans, entitled Sporty's Forty, singing her hits and featured Emma Bunton.", "On 12 January 2014, Chisholm celebrated her 40th birthday with a special show for the fans, entitled Sporty's Forty, singing her hits and featured Emma Bunton. On 31 March, the Slovakian singer Peter Aristone released \"Cool as You\", featured vocals of Chisholm, as lead single from 19 Days in Tetbury.", "On 31 March, the Slovakian singer Peter Aristone released \"Cool as You\", featured vocals of Chisholm, as lead single from 19 Days in Tetbury. Her cover version of \"Ain't Got No, I Got Life\", by Nina Simone, was included in the compilation Beautiful Cover Versions.", "Her cover version of \"Ain't Got No, I Got Life\", by Nina Simone, was included in the compilation Beautiful Cover Versions. She also had a cameo appearance in the music video \"Word Up\", by Little Mix.", "She also had a cameo appearance in the music video \"Word Up\", by Little Mix. 2015–2018: Television and Version of Me In 2015, Chisholm joined the judging panel for Asia's Got Talent, along with David Foster, Anggun Cipta, and Vanness Wu. They started the selection in Singapore.", "They started the selection in Singapore. During production and selections, Chisholm lived in Malaysia, where the program was recorded. The Asia's Got Talent live shows, with the semifinalists, was aired in March 2015, and ran two months until the finals.", "The Asia's Got Talent live shows, with the semifinalists, was aired in March 2015, and ran two months until the finals. On 14 May Chisholm and the judges released a cover version of \"Let's Groove\", originally by Earth, Wind & Fire, and performed the song in the final.", "On 14 May Chisholm and the judges released a cover version of \"Let's Groove\", originally by Earth, Wind & Fire, and performed the song in the final. In October, she was mentor assistant in the game competition Bring the Noise. At the same time, she started working on her seventh studio album.", "At the same time, she started working on her seventh studio album. The second season of Asia's Got Talent was confirmed for summer 2016, but the project has been discontinued.", "The second season of Asia's Got Talent was confirmed for summer 2016, but the project has been discontinued. In 2016, she was featured as a vocalist on \"Numb\" with Sons Of Sonix, which was stated to be a song from her upcoming album.", "In 2016, she was featured as a vocalist on \"Numb\" with Sons Of Sonix, which was stated to be a song from her upcoming album. In September 2016, she made a cameo appearance in KT Tunstall's music video for \"Hard Girls\".", "In September 2016, she made a cameo appearance in KT Tunstall's music video for \"Hard Girls\". Her seventh album, Version of Me, was released on 21 October 2016. Chisholm appeared on the Graham Norton Show in May 2017 to perform a duet with Keith Urban for his song, The Fighter.", "Chisholm appeared on the Graham Norton Show in May 2017 to perform a duet with Keith Urban for his song, The Fighter. She sang in place of Carrie Underwood, who was the original singer on the duet.", "She sang in place of Carrie Underwood, who was the original singer on the duet. On 27 May 2017, Chisholm performed in Mexico City as part of the Classics Fest concert series, which also featured performances by Vanilla Ice and Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base, held at the Auditorio Blackberry.", "On 27 May 2017, Chisholm performed in Mexico City as part of the Classics Fest concert series, which also featured performances by Vanilla Ice and Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base, held at the Auditorio Blackberry. This marked Chisholm's first time performing as a solo artist in Latin America and her first visit in many years since her days with the Spice Girls.", "This marked Chisholm's first time performing as a solo artist in Latin America and her first visit in many years since her days with the Spice Girls. Chisholm stated upon her musical return to Mexico, \"I haven't been back to Mexico in many years and when I was there it was very brief, so I am excited to return and sing.\"", "Chisholm stated upon her musical return to Mexico, \"I haven't been back to Mexico in many years and when I was there it was very brief, so I am excited to return and sing.\" In June, Chisholm also performed for the first time in Brazil, playing live shows in both Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.", "In June, Chisholm also performed for the first time in Brazil, playing live shows in both Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. In late 2017, Chisholm was co-headliner at Night of the Proms, a 25-concert tour in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg.", "In late 2017, Chisholm was co-headliner at Night of the Proms, a 25-concert tour in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg. In 2018, she turned her hand to disc jockeying by performing a \"90s mix\" at various events, and embarked on the Melanie C - Asia Tour 2018.", "In 2018, she turned her hand to disc jockeying by performing a \"90s mix\" at various events, and embarked on the Melanie C - Asia Tour 2018. 2019–present: Spice Girls reunion and Melanie C On 5 November 2018, Chisholm along with the Spice Girls announced a reunion tour.", "2019–present: Spice Girls reunion and Melanie C On 5 November 2018, Chisholm along with the Spice Girls announced a reunion tour. She and ex-bandmates Melanie B, Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited for the Spice World – 2019 Tour, a 13 date tour of eight cities in the UK and Ireland that was their first for a decade.", "She and ex-bandmates Melanie B, Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited for the Spice World – 2019 Tour, a 13 date tour of eight cities in the UK and Ireland that was their first for a decade. The tour opened at Croke Park, Dublin on 24 May 2019 and concluded at Wembley Stadium in London on 15 June 2019.", "The tour opened at Croke Park, Dublin on 24 May 2019 and concluded at Wembley Stadium in London on 15 June 2019. On 6 November 2019, Chisholm released the single \"High Heels\" which was written with Rae Morris and Benjamin \"Fryars\" Garrett and features drag act Sink the Pink.", "On 6 November 2019, Chisholm released the single \"High Heels\" which was written with Rae Morris and Benjamin \"Fryars\" Garrett and features drag act Sink the Pink. During promotion for the single, Chisholm stated during an interview with The Guardian that she had been working on a new album with artists including Shura and Little Boots.", "During promotion for the single, Chisholm stated during an interview with The Guardian that she had been working on a new album with artists including Shura and Little Boots. On 19 March 2020, Chisholm released \"Who I Am\", the lead single from her eighth album, Melanie C. Chisholm first performed \"Who I Am\" live on 21 April 2020 on The Late Late Show with James Corden, where she live streamed her performance from her home due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "On 19 March 2020, Chisholm released \"Who I Am\", the lead single from her eighth album, Melanie C. Chisholm first performed \"Who I Am\" live on 21 April 2020 on The Late Late Show with James Corden, where she live streamed her performance from her home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. When asked how she was coping with the lockdown restrictions, she responded, \"I'm keeping busy.", "When asked how she was coping with the lockdown restrictions, she responded, \"I'm keeping busy. I'm trying to get my album finished, remotely. I've been trying to stay connected with the fans: I've been doing lots of live Q&A's and streaming.\"", "I've been trying to stay connected with the fans: I've been doing lots of live Q&A's and streaming.\" On 13 May 2020, Chisholm sang \"Who I Am\", among other singles from her career, as part of a \"bathroom\" gig in aid of WaterAid.", "On 13 May 2020, Chisholm sang \"Who I Am\", among other singles from her career, as part of a \"bathroom\" gig in aid of WaterAid. On 27 May 2020, Chisholm released \"Blame It on Me\".", "On 27 May 2020, Chisholm released \"Blame It on Me\". \"In and Out of Love\" was released as the album's third single on 29 July 2020.", "\"In and Out of Love\" was released as the album's third single on 29 July 2020. On 3 August 2020, Chisholm told BBC Music: \"Obviously, I'm making a pop-dance record and I'm a mature artist, so I have to accept that some radio stations are not going to be playing me anymore.", "On 3 August 2020, Chisholm told BBC Music: \"Obviously, I'm making a pop-dance record and I'm a mature artist, so I have to accept that some radio stations are not going to be playing me anymore. That's something to overcome.", "That's something to overcome. That's something to overcome. But I want people to enjoy this album, I want people to dance to it, I want people to be empowered by it. And when coronavirus has done one, I want to get out there and perform it live.\"", "And when coronavirus has done one, I want to get out there and perform it live.\" On 16 September 2020, Chisholm premiered the video for \"Fearless\" the fourth single off the album, which is a collaboration with UK rapper Nadia Rose. \"Meeting Nadia was kismet.", "\"Meeting Nadia was kismet. \"Meeting Nadia was kismet. I'd seen her on Kathy Burke's documentary series on women and fallen in love with her attitude. As female artists, we have to be fearless. I love this girl.\" Melanie C was released on 2 October 2020 to critical success.", "Melanie C was released on 2 October 2020 to critical success. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 8, her first top 10 album since Reason in 2003.", "The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 8, her first top 10 album since Reason in 2003. On 13 November 2020, Chisholm was featured on \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" as part of the BBC Radio 2's Allstars' Children in Need charity single.", "On 13 November 2020, Chisholm was featured on \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" as part of the BBC Radio 2's Allstars' Children in Need charity single. Chisholm also made a guest appearance in British singer-songwriter Celeste's music video, \"Love is Back\", which premiered in January 2021.", "Chisholm also made a guest appearance in British singer-songwriter Celeste's music video, \"Love is Back\", which premiered in January 2021. Chisholm was presented with the \"Celebrity Ally\" award at the 2021 British LGBT Awards, held in London in August.", "Chisholm was presented with the \"Celebrity Ally\" award at the 2021 British LGBT Awards, held in London in August. On 3 September 2021, Chisholm released a deluxe version of her Melanie C album across all digital and streaming services. Chisholm premiered a video for her cover of \"Touch Me\" to accompany the new release.", "Chisholm premiered a video for her cover of \"Touch Me\" to accompany the new release. That same month, Chisholm was announced as a contestant for season 30 of the American series Dancing with the Stars.", "That same month, Chisholm was announced as a contestant for season 30 of the American series Dancing with the Stars. Chisholm was eliminated on 18 October 2021, becoming the fifth star in the series to be voted off and therefore finishing in eleventh place.", "Chisholm was eliminated on 18 October 2021, becoming the fifth star in the series to be voted off and therefore finishing in eleventh place. On 26 October 2021, Chisholm performed \"2 Become 1\" as a duet with Chris Martin of Coldplay for the 8th Annual \"We Can Survive\" concert by Audacy, which was held at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles.", "On 26 October 2021, Chisholm performed \"2 Become 1\" as a duet with Chris Martin of Coldplay for the 8th Annual \"We Can Survive\" concert by Audacy, which was held at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles. On 1 September 2021, the Spice Girls had announced the re-release of Spice to mark their anniversary, titling it Spice25.", "On 1 September 2021, the Spice Girls had announced the re-release of Spice to mark their anniversary, titling it Spice25. The deluxe, double album was released on 29 October 2021 and contained remixes, demos and unreleased tracks.", "The deluxe, double album was released on 29 October 2021 and contained remixes, demos and unreleased tracks. The CDs come in an A5 hardback booklet, with a collection of iconic images and a set of six Spice Girls postcards, while the original album is also available on limited edition vinyl and cassette.", "The CDs come in an A5 hardback booklet, with a collection of iconic images and a set of six Spice Girls postcards, while the original album is also available on limited edition vinyl and cassette. In an interview with Apple Music for the Spice25 release, Chisholm divulged, \"We had [a] risqué song called 'C U Next Tuesday', which was vetoed for the 25th anniversary edition, but I do have plans for it.", "In an interview with Apple Music for the Spice25 release, Chisholm divulged, \"We had [a] risqué song called 'C U Next Tuesday', which was vetoed for the 25th anniversary edition, but I do have plans for it. It sounds like a Lily Allen song; it's absolutely brilliant.\"", "It sounds like a Lily Allen song; it's absolutely brilliant.\" The deluxe release saw the album reenter the UK Albums Chart at number five. In November 2021, due to rising concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, Chisholm announced the cancellation of her European tour dates in support of her .", "In November 2021, due to rising concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, Chisholm announced the cancellation of her European tour dates in support of her . The following month, she appeared once again as a judge The Voice Kids. Teen Torrin Cuthill, who was mentored by Chisholm, won the three-episode series.", "Teen Torrin Cuthill, who was mentored by Chisholm, won the three-episode series. On 27 January 2022, Chisholm announced that her memoir would be published in the latter half of 2022, and will be published by Welbeck Publishing Group.", "On 27 January 2022, Chisholm announced that her memoir would be published in the latter half of 2022, and will be published by Welbeck Publishing Group. The following month, Chisholm appeared as a guest judge on the first episode of RuPaul's Drag Race: UK Versus the World. The series was filmed in March 2021.", "The series was filmed in March 2021. Personal life Chisholm has been open about her experiences with clinical depression and an eating disorder. She spoke of her eating disorder to Contact Music, stating, \"I'd hammered the gym for three hours a day. It was a way of running away, not thinking.", "It was a way of running away, not thinking. I felt like a robot. When the papers started calling me 'Sumo Spice', I was only a size 10. But I was so upset by all the criticism, it got worse and I went up to a size 14.\"", "But I was so upset by all the criticism, it got worse and I went up to a size 14.\" In 1997, Chisholm had a month-long relationship with singer Robbie Williams. In 1998, she dated record producer Jake Davies. Later that year, she had a relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers lead singer Anthony Kiedis.", "Later that year, she had a relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers lead singer Anthony Kiedis. Kiedis wrote \"Emit Remmus\", which is \"summer time\" spelled backwards, inspired by his relationship with Chisholm. The song was included on the album Californication.", "The song was included on the album Californication. In 2000, Chisholm and Jason \"J\" Brown had an on-again, off-again relationship. In February 2009, Chisholm gave birth to her first child, a daughter.", "In February 2009, Chisholm gave birth to her first child, a daughter. In an interview with the BBC, Chisholm admitted that the arrival of her child proved to be a turning point in her life: \"Being a mum was so liberating because for the first time in my adult life, it wasn't all about me.", "In an interview with the BBC, Chisholm admitted that the arrival of her child proved to be a turning point in her life: \"Being a mum was so liberating because for the first time in my adult life, it wasn't all about me. It made me not only realise I had a huge responsibility to her but I have a huge responsibility to myself.", "It made me not only realise I had a huge responsibility to her but I have a huge responsibility to myself. In being her teacher, I had to treat myself better.\" Chisholm is a supporter of Liverpool FC and an amateur triathlete, having completed the London Triathlon twice.", "Chisholm is a supporter of Liverpool FC and an amateur triathlete, having completed the London Triathlon twice. Philanthropy In 2000, all proceeds from sales of her \"If That Were Me\" single went towards the Kandu Arts charity. In 2012, Chisholm joined the Sport Relief telethon by appearing in a Never Mind the Buzzcocks special.", "In 2012, Chisholm joined the Sport Relief telethon by appearing in a Never Mind the Buzzcocks special. Chisholm also participated in a three-mile \"Sport Relief Mile\" run.", "Chisholm also participated in a three-mile \"Sport Relief Mile\" run. In 2013, Chisholm joined Jack Dee, Dara Ó Briain, Greg James, Chelsee Healey and Philips Idowu in Through Hell and High Water, a Comic Relief challenge which involved British celebrities canoeing the most difficult rapids of the Zambezi River.", "In 2013, Chisholm joined Jack Dee, Dara Ó Briain, Greg James, Chelsee Healey and Philips Idowu in Through Hell and High Water, a Comic Relief challenge which involved British celebrities canoeing the most difficult rapids of the Zambezi River. They raised over £1 million for the charity.", "They raised over £1 million for the charity. In 2014, Chisholm travelled to Ghana to support a charity campaign by Procter & Gamble that provides African children with clean drinking water. The project involved the use of purification sachets that changes the water from stagnant to drinkable.", "The project involved the use of purification sachets that changes the water from stagnant to drinkable. Chisholm also supported a homeless charity by donating funds raised from her annual calendar. Artistry Influences Chisholm has cited Madonna as her biggest musical influence.", "Artistry Influences Chisholm has cited Madonna as her biggest musical influence. She stated: \"I think she's inspired me a lot musically, and maybe [in] just the way I present myself.", "She stated: \"I think she's inspired me a lot musically, and maybe [in] just the way I present myself. I've always admired how hard she works and what a strong lady she is, so she's always inspired me in that way.\"", "I've always admired how hard she works and what a strong lady she is, so she's always inspired me in that way.\" Chisholm named Madonna, Blur, Oasis, Suede and the Cardigans as inspirations for her first album. Voice Melanie C is a mezzo-soprano, with a vocal range reaching C 6.", "Voice Melanie C is a mezzo-soprano, with a vocal range reaching C 6. Her main characteristics are a distinctive timbre, a unique vocal ability that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom, and a versatile voice for different styles and music genres.", "Her main characteristics are a distinctive timbre, a unique vocal ability that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom, and a versatile voice for different styles and music genres. Her voice is flex and snap, strong and inspirational, with a mixture of lightness and weight, with a slightly nasal, raspy and powerful tone, clear and emotional.", "Her voice is flex and snap, strong and inspirational, with a mixture of lightness and weight, with a slightly nasal, raspy and powerful tone, clear and emotional. Musical style Chisholm's music is generally pop and rock.", "Musical style Chisholm's music is generally pop and rock. Being the first member of the group to go solo, with Adams on When You're Gone in 1998, she has been versatile when it comes to style, incorporating pop-rock, rock, post-grunge, ambient, acoustic, R&B, hip hop, dance, trance, dance-pop, dance-rock, electro, into her sound.", "Being the first member of the group to go solo, with Adams on When You're Gone in 1998, she has been versatile when it comes to style, incorporating pop-rock, rock, post-grunge, ambient, acoustic, R&B, hip hop, dance, trance, dance-pop, dance-rock, electro, into her sound. She also released an album of show tunes.", "She also released an album of show tunes. Cultural impact and legacy As a Spice Girls member Chisholm was called \"Sporty Spice\" because she usually wore a tracksuit paired with athletic shoes, wore her long dark hair in a high ponytail, and sported a tough girl attitude as well as tattoos on both of her arms.", "Cultural impact and legacy As a Spice Girls member Chisholm was called \"Sporty Spice\" because she usually wore a tracksuit paired with athletic shoes, wore her long dark hair in a high ponytail, and sported a tough girl attitude as well as tattoos on both of her arms. She also possessed true athletic abilities, including being able to perform back handsprings.", "She also possessed true athletic abilities, including being able to perform back handsprings. In this period, the phrase \"girl power\" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions.", "In this period, the phrase \"girl power\" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions. The phrase was a label for the particular facet of post classical neo-feminist empowerment embraced by the band: that a sensual, feminine appearance and equality between the sexes need not be mutually exclusive.", "The phrase was a label for the particular facet of post classical neo-feminist empowerment embraced by the band: that a sensual, feminine appearance and equality between the sexes need not be mutually exclusive. The term \"Cool Britannia\" became prominent in the media and represented the new political and social climate that was emerging with the advances made by New Labour and the new UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.", "The term \"Cool Britannia\" became prominent in the media and represented the new political and social climate that was emerging with the advances made by New Labour and the new UK Prime Minister Tony Blair. Although by no means responsible for the onset of \"Cool Britannia\", the arrival of the Spice Girls added to the new image and re-branding of Britain, and underlined the growing world popularity of British, rather than American, pop music.", "Although by no means responsible for the onset of \"Cool Britannia\", the arrival of the Spice Girls added to the new image and re-branding of Britain, and underlined the growing world popularity of British, rather than American, pop music. The Spice Girls broke onto the music scene at a time when alternative rock, hip-hop and R&B dominated global music charts.", "The Spice Girls broke onto the music scene at a time when alternative rock, hip-hop and R&B dominated global music charts. The modern pop phenomenon that the Spice Girls created by targeting early members of Generation Y was credited with changing the global music landscape, bringing about the global wave of late-1990s and early-2000s teen pop acts such as Hanson, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and NSYNC.", "The modern pop phenomenon that the Spice Girls created by targeting early members of Generation Y was credited with changing the global music landscape, bringing about the global wave of late-1990s and early-2000s teen pop acts such as Hanson, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and NSYNC. The Spice Girls have also been credited with paving the way for the girl groups and female pop singers that have come after them.", "The Spice Girls have also been credited with paving the way for the girl groups and female pop singers that have come after them. In the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls' success.", "In the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls' success. The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix, Fifth Harmony, Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Kim Petras, Charli XCX, Rita Ora, Demi Lovato Carly Rae Jepsen, Regine Velasquez, MØ, Billie Eilish and Adele credits the Spice Girls as a major influence, in which Melanie C was the prominent voice.", "The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix, Fifth Harmony, Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Kim Petras, Charli XCX, Rita Ora, Demi Lovato Carly Rae Jepsen, Regine Velasquez, MØ, Billie Eilish and Adele credits the Spice Girls as a major influence, in which Melanie C was the prominent voice. Some songs from Northern Star have appeared in films, such as \"Ga Ga\" which is heard in Charmed and Big Daddy.", "Some songs from Northern Star have appeared in films, such as \"Ga Ga\" which is heard in Charmed and Big Daddy. The song \"Go\" makes an appearance in Whatever It Takes. \"Suddenly Monday\" appears in Maybe Baby and on its soundtrack.", "\"Suddenly Monday\" appears in Maybe Baby and on its soundtrack. After the song gained popularity, \"I Turn to You\" was featured in the film Bend It Like Beckham. It was covered by Darkseed on \"Ultimate Darkness\", by Machinae Supremacy on \"Webography\", and by Wig Wam on 667..", "It was covered by Darkseed on \"Ultimate Darkness\", by Machinae Supremacy on \"Webography\", and by Wig Wam on 667.. The Neighbour of the Beast. The song was also featured in the musical Viva Forever!, a musical show based on the songs of the Spice Girls.", "The song was also featured in the musical Viva Forever!, a musical show based on the songs of the Spice Girls. Some songs have also been covered by international artists such as Christine Fan, who covered and translated \"Suddenly Monday\" in Chinese for her debut album FanFan's World, and Dutch pop singer Do who covered the Japanese bonus-track \"Follow Me\", for her album of the same name.", "Some songs have also been covered by international artists such as Christine Fan, who covered and translated \"Suddenly Monday\" in Chinese for her debut album FanFan's World, and Dutch pop singer Do who covered the Japanese bonus-track \"Follow Me\", for her album of the same name. The single \"First Day of My Life\" was originally recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" (A new day) for his 2004 album Andrea, and he also released it as a single the same year.", "The single \"First Day of My Life\" was originally recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" (A new day) for his 2004 album Andrea, and he also released it as a single the same year. Chisolm's version of the single was a success in German-speaking countries because it was used as the title song of the German soap opera telenovela Wege zum Glück.", "Chisolm's version of the single was a success in German-speaking countries because it was used as the title song of the German soap opera telenovela Wege zum Glück. At the time of The Seas release, the lead single \"Rock Me\" served as the official theme song for German TV channel ZDF's coverage of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "At the time of The Seas release, the lead single \"Rock Me\" served as the official theme song for German TV channel ZDF's coverage of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Chisholm has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Spice Girls and her solo efforts.", "Chisholm has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Spice Girls and her solo efforts. The main concept of the Spice Girl albums centred on the idea of Girl Power, embodying a feminist image, as both Madonna and Bananarama had employed before, and every track deals with different aspects of this notion.", "The main concept of the Spice Girl albums centred on the idea of Girl Power, embodying a feminist image, as both Madonna and Bananarama had employed before, and every track deals with different aspects of this notion. Other central themes in the writing of the group were the union, solidarity, friendship, independence, love, loss of virginity, sex, contraception, the relationship with parents during adolescence, vulnerability and fame.", "Other central themes in the writing of the group were the union, solidarity, friendship, independence, love, loss of virginity, sex, contraception, the relationship with parents during adolescence, vulnerability and fame. Many of these themes were carried out even during her solo career, but with a more mature writing, intense style and in some songs a more raw and direct language.", "Many of these themes were carried out even during her solo career, but with a more mature writing, intense style and in some songs a more raw and direct language. Added to these were social issues such as homelessness, and introspective themes.", "Added to these were social issues such as homelessness, and introspective themes. Having co-written 11 UK number 1s, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet.", "Having co-written 11 UK number 1s, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet. With 12 UK Number 1 singles, including the charity single as part of the Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with the most singles at number 1 in the UK.", "With 12 UK Number 1 singles, including the charity single as part of the Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with the most singles at number 1 in the UK. Discography Studio albums Northern Star (1999) Reason (2003) Beautiful Intentions (2005) This Time (2007) The Sea (2011) Stages (2012) Version of Me (2016) Melanie C (2020) Filmography Stage Concert tours Headlining From Liverpool to Leicester Square (1999) Northern Star Tour (2000–01) Reason Tour (2003) The Barfly Mini-Tour (2004) Beautiful Intentions Tour (2005) This Time Canadian Tour (2008) The Sea – Live (2011–12) Version of Me UK & Ireland Tour (2017) Version of Me Europe Tour (2017) Version of Me Festival Tour (2017–2018) Global Pride Tour (2019) Colors and Light Live Stream (2020) Melanie C Tour (2022) Fixed special guest The Christmas Tour (2014) Awards and nominations Notes References Bibliography External links 1974 births 20th-century English singers 20th-century English women singers 21st-century English singers 21st-century English women singers Alumni of Bird College Bonnier Amigo Music Group artists Dance-pop musicians English female dancers English female models English people of Irish descent English people of Scottish descent English philanthropists English rock singers English television personalities English women guitarists English guitarists English women pop singers English women singer-songwriters Living people Participants in American reality television series Participants in British reality television series People from Whiston, Merseyside Singers from Merseyside Spice Girls members Virgin Records artists Women rock singers" ]

[ "Melanie C", "2002-2003: Reason", "Is Reason an album?", "She released her second studio album, Reason,", "When did she release this album?", "on 10 March 2003", "Did this album receive any recognition?", "it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK.", "Did she collaborate with anyone on this album?", "I don't know.", "Did she tour to promote this album?", "On 24 April 2003, she embarked in the Reason Tour, traveling only in Europe." ]

[ "Spectacular is the second Korean studio album of South Korean boy band, ZE:A. It was released on July 4, 2012 by Star Empire Entertainment.\n\nBackground\n\nBeginning on June 15, 2012 in Busan, ZE:A launched their 'Fighting Project' promotions to promote Spectacular. In these promotions, they held streetcar performances in various cities and met with locals to advertise their second Korean studio album.\n\nConcept picture teasers of group members were released on June 22, 2012. Later, the music video teaser for Aftereffect, the title track of Spectacular, was released on June 29, 2012.\n\nZE:A held a press conference and showcase to preview Spectacular for 1,000 fans. The album's release on July 4, 2012 was preceded by their televised music show promotions, starting with Mnet's M Countdown on July 5, 2012.\n\nDue to injuries sustained on an outdoor variety show on May 28, 2012, ZE:A's leader Moon Junyoung was unable to participate in promotions for Spectaculars lead title track, Aftereffect.\n\nTrack list\n\nSee also\nZE:A discography\n\nExternal links\nMusic Daum Page\n\nReferences\n\nZE:A albums\n2012 albums", "Lovability is the first Korean studio album released by Korean pop boy band, ZE:A. It was released on March 17, 2011.\n\nBackground\n\nZE:A held a showcase to promote the release of the album. Televised music promotions followed shortly after that and lasted for roughly a month.\n\nZE:A's leader, Moon Junyoung, was absent from some of the promotional activities due to an orbital fracture that he sustained.\n\nPromotions for their song Be My Girl were halted as the song was banned for presumably being \"unfit for minors and will no longer be sold to those under the age of 19\" as stated by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. The lyric line that induced the ban was the line \"Be my girl tonight.\" within the song was ruled to suggest sexual content.\n\nTrack list\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMusic Daum Page\n\nZE:A albums\n2011 albums" ]

[ "Melanie Jayne Chisholm (born 12 January 1974), better known as Melanie C or Mel C, is an English singer, songwriter, DJ, TV personality and actress. She is best known as one of the five members of the Spice Girls, during which time she was nicknamed Sporty Spice.", "She is best known as one of the five members of the Spice Girls, during which time she was nicknamed Sporty Spice. She rose to fame in 1996, releasing, in two years with the Spice Girls, two consecutive number-one albums, eight number-one singles from nine worldwide hits, the biggest-selling debut single of all time and the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group, respectively with \"Wannabe\" atop in 37 countries with over seven million records, and Spice, which peaked at number one in more than 17 countries across the world, with over 31 million copies, as well as the second album Spiceworld with more than 20 million copies sold.", "She rose to fame in 1996, releasing, in two years with the Spice Girls, two consecutive number-one albums, eight number-one singles from nine worldwide hits, the biggest-selling debut single of all time and the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group, respectively with \"Wannabe\" atop in 37 countries with over seven million records, and Spice, which peaked at number one in more than 17 countries across the world, with over 31 million copies, as well as the second album Spiceworld with more than 20 million copies sold. Melanie C is known for her unique vocal prowess that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom.", "Melanie C is known for her unique vocal prowess that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom. Chisholm began her solo career in late 1998 by singing with Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams, and her solo debut album Northern Star was released in 1999, reaching number one in Sweden and number 4 on the UK Albums Chart.", "Chisholm began her solo career in late 1998 by singing with Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams, and her solo debut album Northern Star was released in 1999, reaching number one in Sweden and number 4 on the UK Albums Chart. It was certified internationally with seven platinum and three gold certifications, including the triple-Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, selling over 4 million copies worldwide, and becoming the best selling solo album of any Spice Girls member.", "It was certified internationally with seven platinum and three gold certifications, including the triple-Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, selling over 4 million copies worldwide, and becoming the best selling solo album of any Spice Girls member. After her second album, gold certified in UK, Reason, with more than 500,000 copies, Chisholm, in 2004, parted from Virgin and founded her own record company, Red Girl Records.", "After her second album, gold certified in UK, Reason, with more than 500,000 copies, Chisholm, in 2004, parted from Virgin and founded her own record company, Red Girl Records. Beautiful Intentions, her third album, in 2005, spent 9 weeks at number one in Portugal and spawned international hit singles, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide with several international certifications.", "Beautiful Intentions, her third album, in 2005, spent 9 weeks at number one in Portugal and spawned international hit singles, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide with several international certifications. The fourth studio album, This Time, was released in 2007, became her first top 10 album in Switzerland where was certified gold.", "The fourth studio album, This Time, was released in 2007, became her first top 10 album in Switzerland where was certified gold. Of the five singles released from the album, the first three went to number one in Portugal.", "Of the five singles released from the album, the first three went to number one in Portugal. In December, Chisholm reunited with the Spice Girls to release a greatest hits album supported by a world tour.", "In December, Chisholm reunited with the Spice Girls to release a greatest hits album supported by a world tour. She released her fifth solo album, The Sea, in 2011, her first EP The Night in 2012, the sixth studio album Stages, in 2012, and seventh album, Version of Me (2016).", "She released her fifth solo album, The Sea, in 2011, her first EP The Night in 2012, the sixth studio album Stages, in 2012, and seventh album, Version of Me (2016). Her eponymous eighth studio album was released in 2020.", "Her eponymous eighth studio album was released in 2020. Having co-written 11 UK number-ones, more than any other female artist in chart history, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet.", "Having co-written 11 UK number-ones, more than any other female artist in chart history, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet. With twelve UK number-one singles, including the charity single as part of The Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with most singles at number one in the United Kingdom, and with a total of fourteen songs that have received the number one in Britain (including the double A-sides), Chisholm is the female artist with most songs at number one in the UK ranking history.", "With twelve UK number-one singles, including the charity single as part of The Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with most singles at number one in the United Kingdom, and with a total of fourteen songs that have received the number one in Britain (including the double A-sides), Chisholm is the female artist with most songs at number one in the UK ranking history. Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including a Guinness Book mention, three World Music Awards, five Brit Awards from 10 nominations, three American Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards from six nomination, eight Billboard special awards, three MTV Europe Music Awards from seven nominations, one MTV Video Music Awards from two nomination, ten ASCAP awards, one Juno Award from two nominations, and four nominations at the Echo Awards.", "Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including a Guinness Book mention, three World Music Awards, five Brit Awards from 10 nominations, three American Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards from six nomination, eight Billboard special awards, three MTV Europe Music Awards from seven nominations, one MTV Video Music Awards from two nomination, ten ASCAP awards, one Juno Award from two nominations, and four nominations at the Echo Awards. Since 1996, Chisholm has sold more than 123 million records, including 100 million copies with the group, and 23 million solo albums, singles and collaborations, and has earned over 326 worldwide certifications (with numerous diamonds), including 41 silver, gold and platinum certifications as a solo artist.", "Since 1996, Chisholm has sold more than 123 million records, including 100 million copies with the group, and 23 million solo albums, singles and collaborations, and has earned over 326 worldwide certifications (with numerous diamonds), including 41 silver, gold and platinum certifications as a solo artist. Early life Melanie Jayne Chisholm was born on 12 January 1974 in Whiston, Lancashire, the only daughter of Joan O'Neill, who worked as a secretary and personal assistant and has been singing in music bands since she was 14, and Alan Chisholm, a fitter at the Otis Elevator Company.", "Early life Melanie Jayne Chisholm was born on 12 January 1974 in Whiston, Lancashire, the only daughter of Joan O'Neill, who worked as a secretary and personal assistant and has been singing in music bands since she was 14, and Alan Chisholm, a fitter at the Otis Elevator Company. Her parents married in 1971 and separated in 1978, when Chisholm was four years old.", "Her parents married in 1971 and separated in 1978, when Chisholm was four years old. Her mother remarried and had more children, one of whom is racing driver Paul O'Neill, who was born when Chisholm was six years old.", "Her mother remarried and had more children, one of whom is racing driver Paul O'Neill, who was born when Chisholm was six years old. She grew up in Widnes, Cheshire, attending Brookvale Junior School in nearby Runcorn and Fairfield High School in Widnes.", "She grew up in Widnes, Cheshire, attending Brookvale Junior School in nearby Runcorn and Fairfield High School in Widnes. Following school, she studied for a diploma course in dance, singing, drama, and musical theatre at the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts in London.", "Following school, she studied for a diploma course in dance, singing, drama, and musical theatre at the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts in London. During college, she replied to an advert in The Stage placed by Chris and Bob Herbert, who were looking to form a new girl group, later to become the Spice Girls.", "During college, she replied to an advert in The Stage placed by Chris and Bob Herbert, who were looking to form a new girl group, later to become the Spice Girls. She left college just short of completing her three-year course, and gained teaching qualifications in tap and modern theatre dance with the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing.", "She left college just short of completing her three-year course, and gained teaching qualifications in tap and modern theatre dance with the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing. Career 1994–2000: Spice Girls In 1994, Chisholm, along with Mel B, Geri Halliwell, and Victoria Beckham (née Adams) responded to an advertisement in The Stage magazine.", "Career 1994–2000: Spice Girls In 1994, Chisholm, along with Mel B, Geri Halliwell, and Victoria Beckham (née Adams) responded to an advertisement in The Stage magazine. Around 400 women who answered the ad went to Dance Works studios.", "Around 400 women who answered the ad went to Dance Works studios. Halliwell, Chisholm, Beckham and Brown were originally chosen as the members of the group, and then formed a quintet with Emma Bunton. The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction of Heart Management and broke with them.", "The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction of Heart Management and broke with them. In 1995, they toured record labels in London and Los Angeles and finally signed a deal with Virgin.", "In 1995, they toured record labels in London and Los Angeles and finally signed a deal with Virgin. Their debut album, Spice, was a huge worldwide commercial success, peaked at number 1 in more than 17 countries across the world, and was certified multi-platinum in 27 countries.", "Their debut album, Spice, was a huge worldwide commercial success, peaked at number 1 in more than 17 countries across the world, and was certified multi-platinum in 27 countries. Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of Girl Power, and during that time was compared to Beatlemania.", "Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of Girl Power, and during that time was compared to Beatlemania. In total the album sold 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time.", "In total the album sold 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time. The first single, \"Wannabe\" reached number 1 in 37 countries, and their subsequent singles – \"Say You'll Be There\", \"2 Become 1\", \"Who Do You Think You Are\" and \"Mama\" – all peaked at number 1 in the UK.", "The first single, \"Wannabe\" reached number 1 in 37 countries, and their subsequent singles – \"Say You'll Be There\", \"2 Become 1\", \"Who Do You Think You Are\" and \"Mama\" – all peaked at number 1 in the UK. In 1997, they released their second album, Spiceworld, with the two first singles \"Spice Up Your Life\" and \"Too Much\", that entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1, making it the group's all consecutive number 1 hit single, a record of musical groups all time.", "In 1997, they released their second album, Spiceworld, with the two first singles \"Spice Up Your Life\" and \"Too Much\", that entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1, making it the group's all consecutive number 1 hit single, a record of musical groups all time. The album was a global best seller, selling 20 million copies worldwide.", "The album was a global best seller, selling 20 million copies worldwide. The group also starred in their own film, Spiceworld: The Movie, which grossed $100 million at the box office worldwide and became the second most watched movie of the year.", "The group also starred in their own film, Spiceworld: The Movie, which grossed $100 million at the box office worldwide and became the second most watched movie of the year. The next single, \"Stop\", peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number 1s, their only single to not reach the top of the charts.", "The next single, \"Stop\", peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number 1s, their only single to not reach the top of the charts. \"Viva Forever\", another number 1, was the last single before Geri Halliwell's departure from the group in May 1998.", "\"Viva Forever\", another number 1, was the last single before Geri Halliwell's departure from the group in May 1998. With four members, the group released \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998 and when it topped the UK Singles Chart it became their third consecutive Christmas number-one – equalling the record previously set by the Beatles.", "With four members, the group released \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998 and when it topped the UK Singles Chart it became their third consecutive Christmas number-one – equalling the record previously set by the Beatles. On 30 November, Canadian artist Bryan Adams, released \"When You're Gone\" with featured vocals of Chisholm, her debut solo project.", "On 30 November, Canadian artist Bryan Adams, released \"When You're Gone\" with featured vocals of Chisholm, her debut solo project. The song peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, spent 15 weeks in the top 40 and received the platinum certified.", "The song peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, spent 15 weeks in the top 40 and received the platinum certified. 1999–2001: Northern Star In 1999, Chisholm signed with Virgin and, during the summer, recorded the album Northern Star. She recorded \"Ga Ga\" from the soundtrack of the film Big Daddy.", "She recorded \"Ga Ga\" from the soundtrack of the film Big Daddy. The song was released as promotional single on 25 June, only in the UK.", "The song was released as promotional single on 25 June, only in the UK. She also wrote and recorded the backing vocals for \"(Hey You) Free Up Your Mind\", sung by Emma Bunton from the film soundtrack Pokémon: The First Movie.", "She also wrote and recorded the backing vocals for \"(Hey You) Free Up Your Mind\", sung by Emma Bunton from the film soundtrack Pokémon: The First Movie. On 27 September, Chisholm released her debut single, \"Goin' Down\" and peaked at number 4 in the UK and 25 in Australia.", "On 27 September, Chisholm released her debut single, \"Goin' Down\" and peaked at number 4 in the UK and 25 in Australia. The music video was shot in Los Angeles and directed by Giuseppi Capotondi.", "The music video was shot in Los Angeles and directed by Giuseppi Capotondi. Her debut album, Northern Star, was released on 18 October 1999, peaked at number 4 and sold 4 million copies worldwide, received triple platinum in the UK, and another seven certifications, including platinum in Germany and Sweden.", "Her debut album, Northern Star, was released on 18 October 1999, peaked at number 4 and sold 4 million copies worldwide, received triple platinum in the UK, and another seven certifications, including platinum in Germany and Sweden. \"Northern Star\" was released as a second single and also peaked at number 4.", "\"Northern Star\" was released as a second single and also peaked at number 4. To promote the album, Chisholm embarked on a tour called From Liverpool to Leicester Square, traveling to Australia, the US, Canada, Japan, the UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands and Denmark, between 27 September and 1 November.", "To promote the album, Chisholm embarked on a tour called From Liverpool to Leicester Square, traveling to Australia, the US, Canada, Japan, the UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands and Denmark, between 27 September and 1 November. In 2000, Chisholm had two songs in film soundtracks, \"Suddenly Monday\" in Maybe Baby and \"Go!\"", "In 2000, Chisholm had two songs in film soundtracks, \"Suddenly Monday\" in Maybe Baby and \"Go!\" in Whatever It Takes.", "in Whatever It Takes. in Whatever It Takes. After the two singles did not reach the top of the charts, Virgin thought to end the promotion of the album, but decided to release one more single, \"Never Be the Same Again\", which broke the pop rock sound of the other songs and focused on R&B.", "After the two singles did not reach the top of the charts, Virgin thought to end the promotion of the album, but decided to release one more single, \"Never Be the Same Again\", which broke the pop rock sound of the other songs and focused on R&B. The song, featuring TLC member Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes, was released on 20 March 2000 and became her first number 1 single.", "The song, featuring TLC member Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes, was released on 20 March 2000 and became her first number 1 single. It was received gold certification in the UK and also peaked at number 1 in Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland and Sweden.", "It was received gold certification in the UK and also peaked at number 1 in Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland and Sweden. The song was the 18th best-selling song of 2000 and sold more than a million copies across Europe.", "The song was the 18th best-selling song of 2000 and sold more than a million copies across Europe. After the success of \"Never Be the Same Again\", the label decided to release two more singles.", "After the success of \"Never Be the Same Again\", the label decided to release two more singles. On 7 August 2000, Virgin released a remix version of \"I Turn to You\" as the fourth single; the song reached her second number 1 in the UK, Netherlands and Sweden.", "On 7 August 2000, Virgin released a remix version of \"I Turn to You\" as the fourth single; the song reached her second number 1 in the UK, Netherlands and Sweden. \"I Turn to You\" also peaked at number 1 in Austria, Denmark and Dance Club Songs of United States.", "\"I Turn to You\" also peaked at number 1 in Austria, Denmark and Dance Club Songs of United States. \"If That Were Me\" was released as fifth and final single and peaked at number 18. The proceeds from its sale went to the Kandu Arts charity.", "The proceeds from its sale went to the Kandu Arts charity. The North American version of Northern Star was released on 21 August 2000 and included the single versions of \"Never Be The Same Again\" and \"I Turn To You\".", "The North American version of Northern Star was released on 21 August 2000 and included the single versions of \"Never Be The Same Again\" and \"I Turn To You\". In late 2000, after the first solo work of members, the Spice Girls released their third and final album, Forever, sporting a new edgier R&B sound.", "In late 2000, after the first solo work of members, the Spice Girls released their third and final album, Forever, sporting a new edgier R&B sound. \"Holler\" and \"Let Love Lead the Way\" were released as singles on 23 October 2000 and the songs reached number 1 in the UK.", "\"Holler\" and \"Let Love Lead the Way\" were released as singles on 23 October 2000 and the songs reached number 1 in the UK. The album sold 5 million copies. The group announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus.", "The group announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus. In the same year, the Chinese singer FanFan recorded a Chinese version of \"Suddenly Monday\" from her debut album FanFan's World. Chisholm embarked in her first world tour, the Northern Star Tour, between late 2000 and 26 August 2001, to promote her debut album.", "Chisholm embarked in her first world tour, the Northern Star Tour, between late 2000 and 26 August 2001, to promote her debut album. The tour traveled in 76 dates, 30 countries and 4 continents, just not going to Oceania and South America.", "The tour traveled in 76 dates, 30 countries and 4 continents, just not going to Oceania and South America. The Shepherd's Bush Empire concert was webcast on Chisholm's original website with a special appearance of Bryan Adams. On 4 April 2001, The audio of the Anaheim concert also was webcast on House of Blues' website.", "On 4 April 2001, The audio of the Anaheim concert also was webcast on House of Blues' website. A remixed album, entitled Remix Collection, was released only in Japan.", "A remixed album, entitled Remix Collection, was released only in Japan. In 2001, Chisholm collaborated in the live album of Russell Watson, The Voice – Live, as featured vocals in the songs \"Barcelona\" and \"Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did?\".", "In 2001, Chisholm collaborated in the live album of Russell Watson, The Voice – Live, as featured vocals in the songs \"Barcelona\" and \"Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did?\". 2002–2003: Reason Chisholm began recording her second album in November 2001. She traveled to the United States to record some songs.", "She traveled to the United States to record some songs. During this time, she also recorded \"Independence Day\" from the film soundtrack Bend It Like Beckham and wrote \"Help Me Help You\" for Holly Valance, included in her album Footprints.", "During this time, she also recorded \"Independence Day\" from the film soundtrack Bend It Like Beckham and wrote \"Help Me Help You\" for Holly Valance, included in her album Footprints. Chisholm, along with American singer Anastacia made an appearance at the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards to present the award for \"Best Song\", which was given to P!nk.", "Chisholm, along with American singer Anastacia made an appearance at the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards to present the award for \"Best Song\", which was given to P!nk. Chisholm's second album was postponed to 10 March 2003. Chisholm also took time out due to struggles with clinical depression.", "Chisholm also took time out due to struggles with clinical depression. On 24 February 2003 the first single from her new album was released, \"Here It Comes Again\", which reached number 7 in the UK and peaked in the top 20 in Spain and Ireland.", "On 24 February 2003 the first single from her new album was released, \"Here It Comes Again\", which reached number 7 in the UK and peaked in the top 20 in Spain and Ireland. She released her second studio album, Reason, on 10 March 2003 and it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK.", "She released her second studio album, Reason, on 10 March 2003 and it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK. The label sent Chisholm to promote the album, including several pocket shows. On 24 April 2003, she embarked in the Reason Tour, traveling only in Europe.", "On 24 April 2003, she embarked in the Reason Tour, traveling only in Europe. The second single, \"On the Horizon\", was released on 2 June 2003.", "The second single, \"On the Horizon\", was released on 2 June 2003. After the previous single, music critics were predicting that this single would redeem Chisholm's chart success, but the song peaked at number 14 and did not help sales.", "After the previous single, music critics were predicting that this single would redeem Chisholm's chart success, but the song peaked at number 14 and did not help sales. \"Let's Love\", was released as a single exclusively in Japan and used for a Toyota Motor Corporation commercial.", "\"Let's Love\", was released as a single exclusively in Japan and used for a Toyota Motor Corporation commercial. Alongside promoting the album, Chisholm competed on the reality sports game show The Games.", "Alongside promoting the album, Chisholm competed on the reality sports game show The Games. On 11 September 2003, during a taping of The Games, Chisholm competed in a judo match with Turkish-Dutch actress Azra Akin, which resulted in Chisholm injuring her knee.", "On 11 September 2003, during a taping of The Games, Chisholm competed in a judo match with Turkish-Dutch actress Azra Akin, which resulted in Chisholm injuring her knee. Because of this, the song \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\", which was planned to be released as the third and final single on 22 September 2003, had to be pushed back because she could not fully promote an upbeat song with an injury.", "Because of this, the song \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\", which was planned to be released as the third and final single on 22 September 2003, had to be pushed back because she could not fully promote an upbeat song with an injury. \"Melt\" was then chosen to be launched along with \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a double A-side, because she could do a small number of performances.", "\"Melt\" was then chosen to be launched along with \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a double A-side, because she could do a small number of performances. The double single was released on 10 November 2003. The song peaked at number 27.", "The song peaked at number 27. In other countries of Europe, \"Melt\" wasn't released, only \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a solo release. After the release of \"Melt/Yeh Yeh Yeh\", Chisholm added some extra dates to the Reason Tour, and the Avo Session Basel concert was broadcast on 3sat.", "After the release of \"Melt/Yeh Yeh Yeh\", Chisholm added some extra dates to the Reason Tour, and the Avo Session Basel concert was broadcast on 3sat. 2004–2006: Red Girl Records and Beautiful Intentions On 1 January 2004, Virgin Records dismissed Chisholm after the conflict in previous years about the direction in her solo career.", "2004–2006: Red Girl Records and Beautiful Intentions On 1 January 2004, Virgin Records dismissed Chisholm after the conflict in previous years about the direction in her solo career. In April 2004, she founded her own label, Red Girl Records, to record and release her own projects.", "In April 2004, she founded her own label, Red Girl Records, to record and release her own projects. All of Chisolm's activities are decided upon and funded by herself. The label name was inspired by the colours of the football Liverpool F.C., of which Chisholm is a supporter.", "The label name was inspired by the colours of the football Liverpool F.C., of which Chisholm is a supporter. Nancy Phillips, who had been Chisholm's manager and business partner since the label's inception, retired in 2017.", "Nancy Phillips, who had been Chisholm's manager and business partner since the label's inception, retired in 2017. In June 2004, she embarked in a five-date concert tour, The Barfly Mini-Tour, performed in The Barfly music halls, a series of venues dedicated to independent music.", "In June 2004, she embarked in a five-date concert tour, The Barfly Mini-Tour, performed in The Barfly music halls, a series of venues dedicated to independent music. In October 2004, Chisholm finished recording her third album. In an interview, Chisholm said she wanted to create deeper songs using piano, violin and personal themes.", "In an interview, Chisholm said she wanted to create deeper songs using piano, violin and personal themes. On 4 April 2005, Chisholm released \"Next Best Superstar\" as the lead single of her third album.", "On 4 April 2005, Chisholm released \"Next Best Superstar\" as the lead single of her third album. It was released in three formats: two singles with B-sides – the acoustic version or the B-side \"Everything Must Change\" – and a remixes EP. The song peaked at number 10 in the UK.", "The song peaked at number 10 in the UK. On 11 April, she released Beautiful Intentions, her third album and first by Red Girl. It was produced by Greg Haver, Guy Chambers, Paul Boddy and eleven of the twelve songs were written by Chisholm.", "It was produced by Greg Haver, Guy Chambers, Paul Boddy and eleven of the twelve songs were written by Chisholm. The album peaked at number 24 in the UK, top 15 other Europeans countries, and was certified gold in Germany and Switzerland.", "The album peaked at number 24 in the UK, top 15 other Europeans countries, and was certified gold in Germany and Switzerland. In support of the album, she embarked at Beautiful Intentions Tour, starting on 16 April in O2 Academy Birmingham, in London, and travelling for twenty-five dates across Europe and Asia.", "In support of the album, she embarked at Beautiful Intentions Tour, starting on 16 April in O2 Academy Birmingham, in London, and travelling for twenty-five dates across Europe and Asia. On 1 August, \"Better Alone\" was released only in the UK as the second single, but did not enter the charts due to the single being available online.", "On 1 August, \"Better Alone\" was released only in the UK as the second single, but did not enter the charts due to the single being available online. \"First Day of My Life\" was released as single on 30 September in Australia and Europe – except in the UK.", "\"First Day of My Life\" was released as single on 30 September in Australia and Europe – except in the UK. The song was not included in the original version of the album, only in the 2006 re-released version, becoming the second international single from Beautiful Intentions.", "The song was not included in the original version of the album, only in the 2006 re-released version, becoming the second international single from Beautiful Intentions. Originally been recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" for his 2004 eponymous album Andrea.", "Originally been recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" for his 2004 eponymous album Andrea. The song peaked at number 1 in Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal, number 2 in Austria, and in the top 30 in Norway, France and Denmark.", "The song peaked at number 1 in Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal, number 2 in Austria, and in the top 30 in Norway, France and Denmark. On 24 February 2006, \"Better Alone\" was released in Australia and Europe as the third official single, after a limited release in the UK the previous year.", "On 24 February 2006, \"Better Alone\" was released in Australia and Europe as the third official single, after a limited release in the UK the previous year. The song entered the charts in some countries, peaked at thirty-six in Italy and thirty-three in Switzerland.", "The song entered the charts in some countries, peaked at thirty-six in Italy and thirty-three in Switzerland. On 3 April, the album was re-released, including \"First Day of My Life\" and the music video.", "On 3 April, the album was re-released, including \"First Day of My Life\" and the music video. In 2006, Chisholm released her first live DVD, Live Hits, recorded on 31 August 2006 at the Bridge in South East, London. The DVD peaked at number 10.", "The DVD peaked at number 10. 2007–2008: This Time and Spice Girls reunion In early 2007, Chisholm finished recording her next album and, in March, she released two singles simultaneously.", "2007–2008: This Time and Spice Girls reunion In early 2007, Chisholm finished recording her next album and, in March, she released two singles simultaneously. \"The Moment You Believe\" was released in Europe, except in the UK, and peaked at number 1 in Spain and Portugal, and in the top 20 in Switzerland, Sweden and Germany.", "\"The Moment You Believe\" was released in Europe, except in the UK, and peaked at number 1 in Spain and Portugal, and in the top 20 in Switzerland, Sweden and Germany. Produced and co-written by Peter Vettese, it has been soundbed for the spring advertising campaign for German television show Nur die Liebe Zählt.", "Produced and co-written by Peter Vettese, it has been soundbed for the spring advertising campaign for German television show Nur die Liebe Zählt. \"I Want Candy\" was released only in the UK and Italy, peaking at number 24 and number 9, respectively, and featured on the soundtrack to the film of the same name.", "\"I Want Candy\" was released only in the UK and Italy, peaking at number 24 and number 9, respectively, and featured on the soundtrack to the film of the same name. The song was a cover version of the Strangeloves song.", "The song was a cover version of the Strangeloves song. On 30 March, she released her fourth album, This Time, with thirteen tracks – six written by Chisholm – and other two cover versions: \"What If I Stay\" and \"Don't Let Me Go\", by Jill Jackson, from her debut album.", "On 30 March, she released her fourth album, This Time, with thirteen tracks – six written by Chisholm – and other two cover versions: \"What If I Stay\" and \"Don't Let Me Go\", by Jill Jackson, from her debut album. The album peaked at number 57 in the UK and number 8 in Switzerland, which was certified gold.", "The album peaked at number 57 in the UK and number 8 in Switzerland, which was certified gold. \"Carolyna\" was released as the third single on 8 June.", "\"Carolyna\" was released as the third single on 8 June. During an interview at Loose Women, Chisholm revealed that she wrote this song after watching a documentary about young adults and teenagers homeless, living in the streets in Seattle. The song peaked at 49 in the UK, and in the top 50 in other countries.", "The song peaked at 49 in the UK, and in the top 50 in other countries. On 28 June 2007, the Spice Girls held a surprise press conference at The O2 Arena announcing that they were reuniting to embark on a worldwide concert tour, The Return of the Spice Girls, starting in Vancouver on 2 December.", "On 28 June 2007, the Spice Girls held a surprise press conference at The O2 Arena announcing that they were reuniting to embark on a worldwide concert tour, The Return of the Spice Girls, starting in Vancouver on 2 December. They received £10 million (approximately $20 million) each for the tour.", "They received £10 million (approximately $20 million) each for the tour. Filmmaker Bob Smeaton directed an official documentary on the reunion. It was entitled Giving You Everything.", "It was entitled Giving You Everything. At the same time, Chisholm released the fourth single of her album, \"This Time\", features the B-side \"We Love to Entertain You\", which was used for 2007's Pro7 Starforce campaign in Germany. The song peaked at number 94 in the UK and 69 in Germany.", "The song peaked at number 94 in the UK and 69 in Germany. On 5 November, the Spice Girls released their return single, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\", also announced as the official Children in Need charity single and performed at Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.", "On 5 November, the Spice Girls released their return single, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\", also announced as the official Children in Need charity single and performed at Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. The song peaked at number 11, becoming the first song to not reach the top 10.", "The song peaked at number 11, becoming the first song to not reach the top 10. The music video was directed by Anthony Mandler and the girls used exclusive clothes designed by Roberto Cavalli.", "The music video was directed by Anthony Mandler and the girls used exclusive clothes designed by Roberto Cavalli. They released a compilation album, the Greatest Hits in November, including the singles, the 1997 Pepsi's theme \"Move Over\" and two new songs, \"Voodoo\" and \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\".", "They released a compilation album, the Greatest Hits in November, including the singles, the 1997 Pepsi's theme \"Move Over\" and two new songs, \"Voodoo\" and \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\". The compilation sold 6 million copies.", "The compilation sold 6 million copies. They embarked on the tour on 2 December, traveling for 47 dates until 26 February 2008. The tour is estimated to have grossed over US$70 million and produced $107.2 million in ticket sales and merchandising. The tour won the 2008 Billboard Touring Award.", "The tour won the 2008 Billboard Touring Award. As well as their sell-out tour, the Spice Girls were contracted to appear in Tesco advertisements, for which they were paid £1 million each.", "As well as their sell-out tour, the Spice Girls were contracted to appear in Tesco advertisements, for which they were paid £1 million each. After the end of the reunion with the Spice Girls, Chisholm embarked on her fifth tour, the This Time Canadian Tour, in May 2008, performing in nine Canadian cities.", "After the end of the reunion with the Spice Girls, Chisholm embarked on her fifth tour, the This Time Canadian Tour, in May 2008, performing in nine Canadian cities. On 25 July, \"Understand\" was released as fifth and final single from This Time only in Canada.", "On 25 July, \"Understand\" was released as fifth and final single from This Time only in Canada. 2009–2014: Acting, The Sea and Stages In 2009, it was planned she would star in a sequel to the 1996 horror film The Craft, but the production was canceled.", "2009–2014: Acting, The Sea and Stages In 2009, it was planned she would star in a sequel to the 1996 horror film The Craft, but the production was canceled. On 29 June, Chisholm released her second DVD concert, Live at the Hard Rock Cafe, including two previously unreleased songs, \"Blue Skies All the Way\" and \"Paris Burning\".", "On 29 June, Chisholm released her second DVD concert, Live at the Hard Rock Cafe, including two previously unreleased songs, \"Blue Skies All the Way\" and \"Paris Burning\". The DVD peaked at number 22 in the UK.", "The DVD peaked at number 22 in the UK. In October 2009, she had her acting debut on stage as Mrs Johnstone in the musical Blood Brothers, a new version of the 1983 original production. In an interview, Chisholm revealed that while she had been invited to star in movies and plays .", "In an interview, Chisholm revealed that while she had been invited to star in movies and plays . She starred on Blood Brothers until the end of 2010. Chisholm was nominated for the 2010 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical but she did not win. In the same year she started working on her next album.", "In the same year she started working on her next album. On 24 June 2011, \"Rock Me\" was released as single only in Germany and peaked at number 33 in the country. The song was served as the official theme from 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "The song was served as the official theme from 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. \"Think About It\" was chosen as worldwide single and marked the Chisholm return to dance-pop. The song peaked at number 95 in the UK, 15 in the UK Indie Chart and top 40 in other European countries.", "The song peaked at number 95 in the UK, 15 in the UK Indie Chart and top 40 in other European countries. The Sea, her fifth studio album, was released on 2 September, and was produced by Andy Chatterley, Cutfather and Peter-John Vettese.", "The Sea, her fifth studio album, was released on 2 September, and was produced by Andy Chatterley, Cutfather and Peter-John Vettese. The album peaked at number 45 in the UK and also 13 in Switzerland and sixteen in Germany.", "The album peaked at number 45 in the UK and also 13 in Switzerland and sixteen in Germany. Chisholm was mentor assistant in the third season of The X Factor Australia and helped the Mel B team, formed by under 25 years-old girls, during the selection process. The girls did not reach the final.", "The girls did not reach the final. \"Weak\" was released only in the UK as the third single, charting in the UK Indie Chart. \"Let There Be Love\" was released as fourth and final single of The Sea in Germany and Switzerland. She also recorded \"Viva Life\" for the documentary Bash Street.", "She also recorded \"Viva Life\" for the documentary Bash Street. In November, she embarked on her sixth concert tour, The Sea – Live, traveling in Europe during 17 dates. The record of the tour was released as DVD on 27 February 2012.", "The record of the tour was released as DVD on 27 February 2012. In her interview for \"Ask Melanie C Episode 8\" on her YouTube channel, Chisholm said that she \"feels very sad as The Sea was a really great album and it wasn't as successful as it deserved to be\" In April, Chisholm was invited by British DJ Jodie Harsh to collaborate on an electronic project.", "In her interview for \"Ask Melanie C Episode 8\" on her YouTube channel, Chisholm said that she \"feels very sad as The Sea was a really great album and it wasn't as successful as it deserved to be\" In April, Chisholm was invited by British DJ Jodie Harsh to collaborate on an electronic project. On 13 May they released the EP The Night, including three songs.", "On 13 May they released the EP The Night, including three songs. \"Set You Free\" was released as a promo single from the EP. In July, she was judge of the ITV talent show Superstar, which searched to find an actor to starring the musical Jesus Christ Superstar. Ben Forster was chosen.", "Ben Forster was chosen. Ben Forster was chosen. Chisholm co-starred in the musical, playing the role of Mary Magdalene. For her performance Chisholm won Best Supporting Actress in a musical at the Whatsonstage.com Awards. She played the character until 2013. Inspired by the stage, Chisholm began recording an album with musical theatre songs.", "Inspired by the stage, Chisholm began recording an album with musical theatre songs. \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" was released on 22 July and peaked at number 20 on UK Indie Chart. The song is a version of Yvonne Elliman from 1970 musical Jesus Christ Superstar.", "The song is a version of Yvonne Elliman from 1970 musical Jesus Christ Superstar. On 7 September, Chisholm released her sixth studio album, Stages, produced by Peter-John Vettese and featuring a collection of show tunes that have been important to Chisholm at various stages of her life.", "On 7 September, Chisholm released her sixth studio album, Stages, produced by Peter-John Vettese and featuring a collection of show tunes that have been important to Chisholm at various stages of her life. The album peaked at number 50 in the UK and 83 in Ireland.", "The album peaked at number 50 in the UK and 83 in Ireland. \"I Know Him So Well\", a version of the Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson song from the 1984 musical Chess, was released as a single on 11 November, featuring vocals by British singer Emma Bunton.", "\"I Know Him So Well\", a version of the Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson song from the 1984 musical Chess, was released as a single on 11 November, featuring vocals by British singer Emma Bunton. The song peaked at number 153 in the UK and 14 in the UK Indie Chart.", "The song peaked at number 153 in the UK and 14 in the UK Indie Chart. She also was part of The Justice Collective, a super-group of musicians, including Robbie Williams and Paul McCartney, who recorded the charity song \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\".", "She also was part of The Justice Collective, a super-group of musicians, including Robbie Williams and Paul McCartney, who recorded the charity song \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\". The song was released as single on 17 December and peaked at number 1.", "The song was released as single on 17 December and peaked at number 1. In 2013, she played Christy in the British comedy film Play Hard. On 18 August, released \"Loving You\", a collaboration with British singer Matt Cardle.", "On 18 August, released \"Loving You\", a collaboration with British singer Matt Cardle. The song peaked at number 14, becoming the first Chisholm's song in the top 15 since 2005. She released her first live album, Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire, on 12 December.", "She released her first live album, Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire, on 12 December. On 12 January 2014, Chisholm celebrated her 40th birthday with a special show for the fans, entitled Sporty's Forty, singing her hits and featured Emma Bunton.", "On 12 January 2014, Chisholm celebrated her 40th birthday with a special show for the fans, entitled Sporty's Forty, singing her hits and featured Emma Bunton. On 31 March, the Slovakian singer Peter Aristone released \"Cool as You\", featured vocals of Chisholm, as lead single from 19 Days in Tetbury.", "On 31 March, the Slovakian singer Peter Aristone released \"Cool as You\", featured vocals of Chisholm, as lead single from 19 Days in Tetbury. Her cover version of \"Ain't Got No, I Got Life\", by Nina Simone, was included in the compilation Beautiful Cover Versions.", "Her cover version of \"Ain't Got No, I Got Life\", by Nina Simone, was included in the compilation Beautiful Cover Versions. She also had a cameo appearance in the music video \"Word Up\", by Little Mix.", "She also had a cameo appearance in the music video \"Word Up\", by Little Mix. 2015–2018: Television and Version of Me In 2015, Chisholm joined the judging panel for Asia's Got Talent, along with David Foster, Anggun Cipta, and Vanness Wu. They started the selection in Singapore.", "They started the selection in Singapore. During production and selections, Chisholm lived in Malaysia, where the program was recorded. The Asia's Got Talent live shows, with the semifinalists, was aired in March 2015, and ran two months until the finals.", "The Asia's Got Talent live shows, with the semifinalists, was aired in March 2015, and ran two months until the finals. On 14 May Chisholm and the judges released a cover version of \"Let's Groove\", originally by Earth, Wind & Fire, and performed the song in the final.", "On 14 May Chisholm and the judges released a cover version of \"Let's Groove\", originally by Earth, Wind & Fire, and performed the song in the final. In October, she was mentor assistant in the game competition Bring the Noise. At the same time, she started working on her seventh studio album.", "At the same time, she started working on her seventh studio album. The second season of Asia's Got Talent was confirmed for summer 2016, but the project has been discontinued.", "The second season of Asia's Got Talent was confirmed for summer 2016, but the project has been discontinued. In 2016, she was featured as a vocalist on \"Numb\" with Sons Of Sonix, which was stated to be a song from her upcoming album.", "In 2016, she was featured as a vocalist on \"Numb\" with Sons Of Sonix, which was stated to be a song from her upcoming album. In September 2016, she made a cameo appearance in KT Tunstall's music video for \"Hard Girls\".", "In September 2016, she made a cameo appearance in KT Tunstall's music video for \"Hard Girls\". Her seventh album, Version of Me, was released on 21 October 2016. Chisholm appeared on the Graham Norton Show in May 2017 to perform a duet with Keith Urban for his song, The Fighter.", "Chisholm appeared on the Graham Norton Show in May 2017 to perform a duet with Keith Urban for his song, The Fighter. She sang in place of Carrie Underwood, who was the original singer on the duet.", "She sang in place of Carrie Underwood, who was the original singer on the duet. On 27 May 2017, Chisholm performed in Mexico City as part of the Classics Fest concert series, which also featured performances by Vanilla Ice and Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base, held at the Auditorio Blackberry.", "On 27 May 2017, Chisholm performed in Mexico City as part of the Classics Fest concert series, which also featured performances by Vanilla Ice and Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base, held at the Auditorio Blackberry. This marked Chisholm's first time performing as a solo artist in Latin America and her first visit in many years since her days with the Spice Girls.", "This marked Chisholm's first time performing as a solo artist in Latin America and her first visit in many years since her days with the Spice Girls. Chisholm stated upon her musical return to Mexico, \"I haven't been back to Mexico in many years and when I was there it was very brief, so I am excited to return and sing.\"", "Chisholm stated upon her musical return to Mexico, \"I haven't been back to Mexico in many years and when I was there it was very brief, so I am excited to return and sing.\" In June, Chisholm also performed for the first time in Brazil, playing live shows in both Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.", "In June, Chisholm also performed for the first time in Brazil, playing live shows in both Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. In late 2017, Chisholm was co-headliner at Night of the Proms, a 25-concert tour in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg.", "In late 2017, Chisholm was co-headliner at Night of the Proms, a 25-concert tour in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg. In 2018, she turned her hand to disc jockeying by performing a \"90s mix\" at various events, and embarked on the Melanie C - Asia Tour 2018.", "In 2018, she turned her hand to disc jockeying by performing a \"90s mix\" at various events, and embarked on the Melanie C - Asia Tour 2018. 2019–present: Spice Girls reunion and Melanie C On 5 November 2018, Chisholm along with the Spice Girls announced a reunion tour.", "2019–present: Spice Girls reunion and Melanie C On 5 November 2018, Chisholm along with the Spice Girls announced a reunion tour. She and ex-bandmates Melanie B, Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited for the Spice World – 2019 Tour, a 13 date tour of eight cities in the UK and Ireland that was their first for a decade.", "She and ex-bandmates Melanie B, Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited for the Spice World – 2019 Tour, a 13 date tour of eight cities in the UK and Ireland that was their first for a decade. The tour opened at Croke Park, Dublin on 24 May 2019 and concluded at Wembley Stadium in London on 15 June 2019.", "The tour opened at Croke Park, Dublin on 24 May 2019 and concluded at Wembley Stadium in London on 15 June 2019. On 6 November 2019, Chisholm released the single \"High Heels\" which was written with Rae Morris and Benjamin \"Fryars\" Garrett and features drag act Sink the Pink.", "On 6 November 2019, Chisholm released the single \"High Heels\" which was written with Rae Morris and Benjamin \"Fryars\" Garrett and features drag act Sink the Pink. During promotion for the single, Chisholm stated during an interview with The Guardian that she had been working on a new album with artists including Shura and Little Boots.", "During promotion for the single, Chisholm stated during an interview with The Guardian that she had been working on a new album with artists including Shura and Little Boots. On 19 March 2020, Chisholm released \"Who I Am\", the lead single from her eighth album, Melanie C. Chisholm first performed \"Who I Am\" live on 21 April 2020 on The Late Late Show with James Corden, where she live streamed her performance from her home due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "On 19 March 2020, Chisholm released \"Who I Am\", the lead single from her eighth album, Melanie C. Chisholm first performed \"Who I Am\" live on 21 April 2020 on The Late Late Show with James Corden, where she live streamed her performance from her home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. When asked how she was coping with the lockdown restrictions, she responded, \"I'm keeping busy.", "When asked how she was coping with the lockdown restrictions, she responded, \"I'm keeping busy. I'm trying to get my album finished, remotely. I've been trying to stay connected with the fans: I've been doing lots of live Q&A's and streaming.\"", "I've been trying to stay connected with the fans: I've been doing lots of live Q&A's and streaming.\" On 13 May 2020, Chisholm sang \"Who I Am\", among other singles from her career, as part of a \"bathroom\" gig in aid of WaterAid.", "On 13 May 2020, Chisholm sang \"Who I Am\", among other singles from her career, as part of a \"bathroom\" gig in aid of WaterAid. On 27 May 2020, Chisholm released \"Blame It on Me\".", "On 27 May 2020, Chisholm released \"Blame It on Me\". \"In and Out of Love\" was released as the album's third single on 29 July 2020.", "\"In and Out of Love\" was released as the album's third single on 29 July 2020. On 3 August 2020, Chisholm told BBC Music: \"Obviously, I'm making a pop-dance record and I'm a mature artist, so I have to accept that some radio stations are not going to be playing me anymore.", "On 3 August 2020, Chisholm told BBC Music: \"Obviously, I'm making a pop-dance record and I'm a mature artist, so I have to accept that some radio stations are not going to be playing me anymore. That's something to overcome.", "That's something to overcome. That's something to overcome. But I want people to enjoy this album, I want people to dance to it, I want people to be empowered by it. And when coronavirus has done one, I want to get out there and perform it live.\"", "And when coronavirus has done one, I want to get out there and perform it live.\" On 16 September 2020, Chisholm premiered the video for \"Fearless\" the fourth single off the album, which is a collaboration with UK rapper Nadia Rose. \"Meeting Nadia was kismet.", "\"Meeting Nadia was kismet. \"Meeting Nadia was kismet. I'd seen her on Kathy Burke's documentary series on women and fallen in love with her attitude. As female artists, we have to be fearless. I love this girl.\" Melanie C was released on 2 October 2020 to critical success.", "Melanie C was released on 2 October 2020 to critical success. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 8, her first top 10 album since Reason in 2003.", "The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 8, her first top 10 album since Reason in 2003. On 13 November 2020, Chisholm was featured on \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" as part of the BBC Radio 2's Allstars' Children in Need charity single.", "On 13 November 2020, Chisholm was featured on \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" as part of the BBC Radio 2's Allstars' Children in Need charity single. Chisholm also made a guest appearance in British singer-songwriter Celeste's music video, \"Love is Back\", which premiered in January 2021.", "Chisholm also made a guest appearance in British singer-songwriter Celeste's music video, \"Love is Back\", which premiered in January 2021. Chisholm was presented with the \"Celebrity Ally\" award at the 2021 British LGBT Awards, held in London in August.", "Chisholm was presented with the \"Celebrity Ally\" award at the 2021 British LGBT Awards, held in London in August. On 3 September 2021, Chisholm released a deluxe version of her Melanie C album across all digital and streaming services. Chisholm premiered a video for her cover of \"Touch Me\" to accompany the new release.", "Chisholm premiered a video for her cover of \"Touch Me\" to accompany the new release. That same month, Chisholm was announced as a contestant for season 30 of the American series Dancing with the Stars.", "That same month, Chisholm was announced as a contestant for season 30 of the American series Dancing with the Stars. Chisholm was eliminated on 18 October 2021, becoming the fifth star in the series to be voted off and therefore finishing in eleventh place.", "Chisholm was eliminated on 18 October 2021, becoming the fifth star in the series to be voted off and therefore finishing in eleventh place. On 26 October 2021, Chisholm performed \"2 Become 1\" as a duet with Chris Martin of Coldplay for the 8th Annual \"We Can Survive\" concert by Audacy, which was held at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles.", "On 26 October 2021, Chisholm performed \"2 Become 1\" as a duet with Chris Martin of Coldplay for the 8th Annual \"We Can Survive\" concert by Audacy, which was held at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles. On 1 September 2021, the Spice Girls had announced the re-release of Spice to mark their anniversary, titling it Spice25.", "On 1 September 2021, the Spice Girls had announced the re-release of Spice to mark their anniversary, titling it Spice25. The deluxe, double album was released on 29 October 2021 and contained remixes, demos and unreleased tracks.", "The deluxe, double album was released on 29 October 2021 and contained remixes, demos and unreleased tracks. The CDs come in an A5 hardback booklet, with a collection of iconic images and a set of six Spice Girls postcards, while the original album is also available on limited edition vinyl and cassette.", "The CDs come in an A5 hardback booklet, with a collection of iconic images and a set of six Spice Girls postcards, while the original album is also available on limited edition vinyl and cassette. In an interview with Apple Music for the Spice25 release, Chisholm divulged, \"We had [a] risqué song called 'C U Next Tuesday', which was vetoed for the 25th anniversary edition, but I do have plans for it.", "In an interview with Apple Music for the Spice25 release, Chisholm divulged, \"We had [a] risqué song called 'C U Next Tuesday', which was vetoed for the 25th anniversary edition, but I do have plans for it. It sounds like a Lily Allen song; it's absolutely brilliant.\"", "It sounds like a Lily Allen song; it's absolutely brilliant.\" The deluxe release saw the album reenter the UK Albums Chart at number five. In November 2021, due to rising concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, Chisholm announced the cancellation of her European tour dates in support of her .", "In November 2021, due to rising concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, Chisholm announced the cancellation of her European tour dates in support of her . The following month, she appeared once again as a judge The Voice Kids. Teen Torrin Cuthill, who was mentored by Chisholm, won the three-episode series.", "Teen Torrin Cuthill, who was mentored by Chisholm, won the three-episode series. On 27 January 2022, Chisholm announced that her memoir would be published in the latter half of 2022, and will be published by Welbeck Publishing Group.", "On 27 January 2022, Chisholm announced that her memoir would be published in the latter half of 2022, and will be published by Welbeck Publishing Group. The following month, Chisholm appeared as a guest judge on the first episode of RuPaul's Drag Race: UK Versus the World. The series was filmed in March 2021.", "The series was filmed in March 2021. Personal life Chisholm has been open about her experiences with clinical depression and an eating disorder. She spoke of her eating disorder to Contact Music, stating, \"I'd hammered the gym for three hours a day. It was a way of running away, not thinking.", "It was a way of running away, not thinking. I felt like a robot. When the papers started calling me 'Sumo Spice', I was only a size 10. But I was so upset by all the criticism, it got worse and I went up to a size 14.\"", "But I was so upset by all the criticism, it got worse and I went up to a size 14.\" In 1997, Chisholm had a month-long relationship with singer Robbie Williams. In 1998, she dated record producer Jake Davies. Later that year, she had a relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers lead singer Anthony Kiedis.", "Later that year, she had a relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers lead singer Anthony Kiedis. Kiedis wrote \"Emit Remmus\", which is \"summer time\" spelled backwards, inspired by his relationship with Chisholm. The song was included on the album Californication.", "The song was included on the album Californication. In 2000, Chisholm and Jason \"J\" Brown had an on-again, off-again relationship. In February 2009, Chisholm gave birth to her first child, a daughter.", "In February 2009, Chisholm gave birth to her first child, a daughter. In an interview with the BBC, Chisholm admitted that the arrival of her child proved to be a turning point in her life: \"Being a mum was so liberating because for the first time in my adult life, it wasn't all about me.", "In an interview with the BBC, Chisholm admitted that the arrival of her child proved to be a turning point in her life: \"Being a mum was so liberating because for the first time in my adult life, it wasn't all about me. It made me not only realise I had a huge responsibility to her but I have a huge responsibility to myself.", "It made me not only realise I had a huge responsibility to her but I have a huge responsibility to myself. In being her teacher, I had to treat myself better.\" Chisholm is a supporter of Liverpool FC and an amateur triathlete, having completed the London Triathlon twice.", "Chisholm is a supporter of Liverpool FC and an amateur triathlete, having completed the London Triathlon twice. Philanthropy In 2000, all proceeds from sales of her \"If That Were Me\" single went towards the Kandu Arts charity. In 2012, Chisholm joined the Sport Relief telethon by appearing in a Never Mind the Buzzcocks special.", "In 2012, Chisholm joined the Sport Relief telethon by appearing in a Never Mind the Buzzcocks special. Chisholm also participated in a three-mile \"Sport Relief Mile\" run.", "Chisholm also participated in a three-mile \"Sport Relief Mile\" run. In 2013, Chisholm joined Jack Dee, Dara Ó Briain, Greg James, Chelsee Healey and Philips Idowu in Through Hell and High Water, a Comic Relief challenge which involved British celebrities canoeing the most difficult rapids of the Zambezi River.", "In 2013, Chisholm joined Jack Dee, Dara Ó Briain, Greg James, Chelsee Healey and Philips Idowu in Through Hell and High Water, a Comic Relief challenge which involved British celebrities canoeing the most difficult rapids of the Zambezi River. They raised over £1 million for the charity.", "They raised over £1 million for the charity. In 2014, Chisholm travelled to Ghana to support a charity campaign by Procter & Gamble that provides African children with clean drinking water. The project involved the use of purification sachets that changes the water from stagnant to drinkable.", "The project involved the use of purification sachets that changes the water from stagnant to drinkable. Chisholm also supported a homeless charity by donating funds raised from her annual calendar. Artistry Influences Chisholm has cited Madonna as her biggest musical influence.", "Artistry Influences Chisholm has cited Madonna as her biggest musical influence. She stated: \"I think she's inspired me a lot musically, and maybe [in] just the way I present myself.", "She stated: \"I think she's inspired me a lot musically, and maybe [in] just the way I present myself. I've always admired how hard she works and what a strong lady she is, so she's always inspired me in that way.\"", "I've always admired how hard she works and what a strong lady she is, so she's always inspired me in that way.\" Chisholm named Madonna, Blur, Oasis, Suede and the Cardigans as inspirations for her first album. Voice Melanie C is a mezzo-soprano, with a vocal range reaching C 6.", "Voice Melanie C is a mezzo-soprano, with a vocal range reaching C 6. Her main characteristics are a distinctive timbre, a unique vocal ability that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom, and a versatile voice for different styles and music genres.", "Her main characteristics are a distinctive timbre, a unique vocal ability that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom, and a versatile voice for different styles and music genres. Her voice is flex and snap, strong and inspirational, with a mixture of lightness and weight, with a slightly nasal, raspy and powerful tone, clear and emotional.", "Her voice is flex and snap, strong and inspirational, with a mixture of lightness and weight, with a slightly nasal, raspy and powerful tone, clear and emotional. Musical style Chisholm's music is generally pop and rock.", "Musical style Chisholm's music is generally pop and rock. Being the first member of the group to go solo, with Adams on When You're Gone in 1998, she has been versatile when it comes to style, incorporating pop-rock, rock, post-grunge, ambient, acoustic, R&B, hip hop, dance, trance, dance-pop, dance-rock, electro, into her sound.", "Being the first member of the group to go solo, with Adams on When You're Gone in 1998, she has been versatile when it comes to style, incorporating pop-rock, rock, post-grunge, ambient, acoustic, R&B, hip hop, dance, trance, dance-pop, dance-rock, electro, into her sound. She also released an album of show tunes.", "She also released an album of show tunes. Cultural impact and legacy As a Spice Girls member Chisholm was called \"Sporty Spice\" because she usually wore a tracksuit paired with athletic shoes, wore her long dark hair in a high ponytail, and sported a tough girl attitude as well as tattoos on both of her arms.", "Cultural impact and legacy As a Spice Girls member Chisholm was called \"Sporty Spice\" because she usually wore a tracksuit paired with athletic shoes, wore her long dark hair in a high ponytail, and sported a tough girl attitude as well as tattoos on both of her arms. She also possessed true athletic abilities, including being able to perform back handsprings.", "She also possessed true athletic abilities, including being able to perform back handsprings. In this period, the phrase \"girl power\" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions.", "In this period, the phrase \"girl power\" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions. The phrase was a label for the particular facet of post classical neo-feminist empowerment embraced by the band: that a sensual, feminine appearance and equality between the sexes need not be mutually exclusive.", "The phrase was a label for the particular facet of post classical neo-feminist empowerment embraced by the band: that a sensual, feminine appearance and equality between the sexes need not be mutually exclusive. The term \"Cool Britannia\" became prominent in the media and represented the new political and social climate that was emerging with the advances made by New Labour and the new UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.", "The term \"Cool Britannia\" became prominent in the media and represented the new political and social climate that was emerging with the advances made by New Labour and the new UK Prime Minister Tony Blair. Although by no means responsible for the onset of \"Cool Britannia\", the arrival of the Spice Girls added to the new image and re-branding of Britain, and underlined the growing world popularity of British, rather than American, pop music.", "Although by no means responsible for the onset of \"Cool Britannia\", the arrival of the Spice Girls added to the new image and re-branding of Britain, and underlined the growing world popularity of British, rather than American, pop music. The Spice Girls broke onto the music scene at a time when alternative rock, hip-hop and R&B dominated global music charts.", "The Spice Girls broke onto the music scene at a time when alternative rock, hip-hop and R&B dominated global music charts. The modern pop phenomenon that the Spice Girls created by targeting early members of Generation Y was credited with changing the global music landscape, bringing about the global wave of late-1990s and early-2000s teen pop acts such as Hanson, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and NSYNC.", "The modern pop phenomenon that the Spice Girls created by targeting early members of Generation Y was credited with changing the global music landscape, bringing about the global wave of late-1990s and early-2000s teen pop acts such as Hanson, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and NSYNC. The Spice Girls have also been credited with paving the way for the girl groups and female pop singers that have come after them.", "The Spice Girls have also been credited with paving the way for the girl groups and female pop singers that have come after them. In the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls' success.", "In the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls' success. The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix, Fifth Harmony, Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Kim Petras, Charli XCX, Rita Ora, Demi Lovato Carly Rae Jepsen, Regine Velasquez, MØ, Billie Eilish and Adele credits the Spice Girls as a major influence, in which Melanie C was the prominent voice.", "The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix, Fifth Harmony, Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Kim Petras, Charli XCX, Rita Ora, Demi Lovato Carly Rae Jepsen, Regine Velasquez, MØ, Billie Eilish and Adele credits the Spice Girls as a major influence, in which Melanie C was the prominent voice. Some songs from Northern Star have appeared in films, such as \"Ga Ga\" which is heard in Charmed and Big Daddy.", "Some songs from Northern Star have appeared in films, such as \"Ga Ga\" which is heard in Charmed and Big Daddy. The song \"Go\" makes an appearance in Whatever It Takes. \"Suddenly Monday\" appears in Maybe Baby and on its soundtrack.", "\"Suddenly Monday\" appears in Maybe Baby and on its soundtrack. After the song gained popularity, \"I Turn to You\" was featured in the film Bend It Like Beckham. It was covered by Darkseed on \"Ultimate Darkness\", by Machinae Supremacy on \"Webography\", and by Wig Wam on 667..", "It was covered by Darkseed on \"Ultimate Darkness\", by Machinae Supremacy on \"Webography\", and by Wig Wam on 667.. The Neighbour of the Beast. The song was also featured in the musical Viva Forever!, a musical show based on the songs of the Spice Girls.", "The song was also featured in the musical Viva Forever!, a musical show based on the songs of the Spice Girls. Some songs have also been covered by international artists such as Christine Fan, who covered and translated \"Suddenly Monday\" in Chinese for her debut album FanFan's World, and Dutch pop singer Do who covered the Japanese bonus-track \"Follow Me\", for her album of the same name.", "Some songs have also been covered by international artists such as Christine Fan, who covered and translated \"Suddenly Monday\" in Chinese for her debut album FanFan's World, and Dutch pop singer Do who covered the Japanese bonus-track \"Follow Me\", for her album of the same name. The single \"First Day of My Life\" was originally recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" (A new day) for his 2004 album Andrea, and he also released it as a single the same year.", "The single \"First Day of My Life\" was originally recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" (A new day) for his 2004 album Andrea, and he also released it as a single the same year. Chisolm's version of the single was a success in German-speaking countries because it was used as the title song of the German soap opera telenovela Wege zum Glück.", "Chisolm's version of the single was a success in German-speaking countries because it was used as the title song of the German soap opera telenovela Wege zum Glück. At the time of The Seas release, the lead single \"Rock Me\" served as the official theme song for German TV channel ZDF's coverage of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "At the time of The Seas release, the lead single \"Rock Me\" served as the official theme song for German TV channel ZDF's coverage of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Chisholm has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Spice Girls and her solo efforts.", "Chisholm has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Spice Girls and her solo efforts. The main concept of the Spice Girl albums centred on the idea of Girl Power, embodying a feminist image, as both Madonna and Bananarama had employed before, and every track deals with different aspects of this notion.", "The main concept of the Spice Girl albums centred on the idea of Girl Power, embodying a feminist image, as both Madonna and Bananarama had employed before, and every track deals with different aspects of this notion. Other central themes in the writing of the group were the union, solidarity, friendship, independence, love, loss of virginity, sex, contraception, the relationship with parents during adolescence, vulnerability and fame.", "Other central themes in the writing of the group were the union, solidarity, friendship, independence, love, loss of virginity, sex, contraception, the relationship with parents during adolescence, vulnerability and fame. Many of these themes were carried out even during her solo career, but with a more mature writing, intense style and in some songs a more raw and direct language.", "Many of these themes were carried out even during her solo career, but with a more mature writing, intense style and in some songs a more raw and direct language. Added to these were social issues such as homelessness, and introspective themes.", "Added to these were social issues such as homelessness, and introspective themes. Having co-written 11 UK number 1s, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet.", "Having co-written 11 UK number 1s, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet. With 12 UK Number 1 singles, including the charity single as part of the Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with the most singles at number 1 in the UK.", "With 12 UK Number 1 singles, including the charity single as part of the Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with the most singles at number 1 in the UK. Discography Studio albums Northern Star (1999) Reason (2003) Beautiful Intentions (2005) This Time (2007) The Sea (2011) Stages (2012) Version of Me (2016) Melanie C (2020) Filmography Stage Concert tours Headlining From Liverpool to Leicester Square (1999) Northern Star Tour (2000–01) Reason Tour (2003) The Barfly Mini-Tour (2004) Beautiful Intentions Tour (2005) This Time Canadian Tour (2008) The Sea – Live (2011–12) Version of Me UK & Ireland Tour (2017) Version of Me Europe Tour (2017) Version of Me Festival Tour (2017–2018) Global Pride Tour (2019) Colors and Light Live Stream (2020) Melanie C Tour (2022) Fixed special guest The Christmas Tour (2014) Awards and nominations Notes References Bibliography External links 1974 births 20th-century English singers 20th-century English women singers 21st-century English singers 21st-century English women singers Alumni of Bird College Bonnier Amigo Music Group artists Dance-pop musicians English female dancers English female models English people of Irish descent English people of Scottish descent English philanthropists English rock singers English television personalities English women guitarists English guitarists English women pop singers English women singer-songwriters Living people Participants in American reality television series Participants in British reality television series People from Whiston, Merseyside Singers from Merseyside Spice Girls members Virgin Records artists Women rock singers" ]

[ "Melanie C", "2002-2003: Reason", "Is Reason an album?", "She released her second studio album, Reason,", "When did she release this album?", "on 10 March 2003", "Did this album receive any recognition?", "it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK.", "Did she collaborate with anyone on this album?", "I don't know.", "Did she tour to promote this album?", "On 24 April 2003, she embarked in the Reason Tour, traveling only in Europe.", "Did she do any televised promotions for this album?", " \"Let's Love\", was released as a single exclusively in Japan and used for a Toyota Motor Corporation commercial.", "Was the single well received?", "I don't know." ]

[ "The following is a list of awards and nominations received by Sasha, a Welsh DJ and record producer.\n\nDJ Awards\nThe DJ Awards organises the annual electronic music DJ awards event it is the only international ceremony for DJs and also the oldest, the awards are held once a year at Pacha club in Ibiza Spain it is one of the most important accolades an artist can win or be honoured by.\n\nSasha has won the Best Progressive House DJ Award 3 times, Best Tech House/Progressive DJ Award1 time and received 11 nominations overall.\n\nDJ Magazine Awards\nArtists are nominated to the DJ Magazine Top 100 DJ's list each year the public votes to decide who they rank as the World's No 1 DJ at the end of the poll.\n\nSasha achieved the World's No 1 ranking DJ in 2000 and he stayed in the top 5 for 8 consecutive years, the top 10 for 11 consecutive years.\n\nElectronic Music Awards\nSasha has won one award at the Electronic Music Awards.\n\nGrammy Awards\nIn 2005, the Grammy committee debated whether Sasha's mix compilation album, Involver, was eligible for nomination as Best Electronic/Dance Album. The Recording Academy decided that the album was eligible, but Involver did not receive a nomination. Sasha did receive a Grammy nomination for his remix of Felix da Housecat's \"Watching Cars Go By\", which was featured on Involver.\n\nInternational Dance Music Awards\nAt the annual Winter Music Conference, Sasha has won the \"Best Techno/Trance 12\" award (1999) for the Xpander EP, and \"Best CD Compilation\" awards for Global Underground: Ibiza (1999, 2000) and Involver (2004). He was also nominated in the categories \"Best European DJ\" (2004) and \"Best Remixer\".\n\nSasha has achieved 4 wins from 10 nominations overall.\n\nMuzik Awards\nAt the 1999 Ericsson Muzik Awards, he received an award for \"Outstanding Contributions to Dance Music\".\n\nReferences\n\nBritish music-related lists\nSasha", "Cowgirl is a studio album by American country artist Lynn Anderson. It was released on September 20, 2006 via Showboat Records. The record was co-produced by Casey Anderson and Mark Moseley. Consisting of 12 tracks, Cowgirl was a collection of songs recorded with a western theme. The songs had been composed by Anderson's mother and was her first studio effort to feature songs entirely written by her.\n\nBackground and content\nCowgirl was Anderson's first album of western music. According to an interview with American Cowboy, Anderson wanted to record the project so listeners would appreciate the genre more. \"These days I’m trying to present Western music in what you might call a sophisticated way—reminding people who might not be familiar with the Western genre of classic Western heroes and the Western way of life,\" she recalled. Cowgirl was recorded at Sound Control Studios, located in Nashville, Tennessee. The project was produced by Casey Anderson (her father) and Mark Moseley.\n\nCowgirl was recorded as a tribute to Anderson's mother. In the album's liner notes, she credits her mother for her success as well as an inspiration. \"It is a tribute to my mom, Liz Anderson, and her music. I've always thought of my Mom and Dad as Roy and Dale or Ron and Nancy,\" she wrote. Her mother had previously had a recording career and composed material for several country artists. Her own writing success led to her daughter's first recording contracts in the 1960s. Twelve tracks were on the collection, all of which had been composed by her mother, Liz Anderson.\n\nRelease and reception\nCowgirl was released on September 20, 2006 on Showboat Records, her mother's recording company. It was Anderson's 35th studio recording in her career. The album was issued as a compact disc originally. However, it was later issued in digital formats. The album did not reach any chart positions on Billboard upon its release. The album did spawn one single, \"Full Moon in Baghdad.\" The track was first released in 2006. Although the album did not receive any known reviews, it did receive major awards from the Academy of Western Artists. In 2007, Cowgirl won awards for Best Western Song, Best Western Album, Best Western Swing Album and Best Female Vocalist.\n\nTrack listing\nAll songs composed by Liz Anderson, except where noted.\n\nPersonnel\nAll credits are adapted from the liner notes of Cowgirl.\n\nMusical and technical personnel\n Casey Anderson – producer\n Lynn Anderson – lead vocals, background vocals\n Margie Cates – background vocals\n Mark Moseley – producer\n Lisa Sutton – graphic design\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n2006 albums\nLynn Anderson albums\nWestern music (North America) albums" ]

[ "Melanie Jayne Chisholm (born 12 January 1974), better known as Melanie C or Mel C, is an English singer, songwriter, DJ, TV personality and actress. She is best known as one of the five members of the Spice Girls, during which time she was nicknamed Sporty Spice.", "She is best known as one of the five members of the Spice Girls, during which time she was nicknamed Sporty Spice. She rose to fame in 1996, releasing, in two years with the Spice Girls, two consecutive number-one albums, eight number-one singles from nine worldwide hits, the biggest-selling debut single of all time and the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group, respectively with \"Wannabe\" atop in 37 countries with over seven million records, and Spice, which peaked at number one in more than 17 countries across the world, with over 31 million copies, as well as the second album Spiceworld with more than 20 million copies sold.", "She rose to fame in 1996, releasing, in two years with the Spice Girls, two consecutive number-one albums, eight number-one singles from nine worldwide hits, the biggest-selling debut single of all time and the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group, respectively with \"Wannabe\" atop in 37 countries with over seven million records, and Spice, which peaked at number one in more than 17 countries across the world, with over 31 million copies, as well as the second album Spiceworld with more than 20 million copies sold. Melanie C is known for her unique vocal prowess that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom.", "Melanie C is known for her unique vocal prowess that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom. Chisholm began her solo career in late 1998 by singing with Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams, and her solo debut album Northern Star was released in 1999, reaching number one in Sweden and number 4 on the UK Albums Chart.", "Chisholm began her solo career in late 1998 by singing with Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams, and her solo debut album Northern Star was released in 1999, reaching number one in Sweden and number 4 on the UK Albums Chart. It was certified internationally with seven platinum and three gold certifications, including the triple-Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, selling over 4 million copies worldwide, and becoming the best selling solo album of any Spice Girls member.", "It was certified internationally with seven platinum and three gold certifications, including the triple-Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry, selling over 4 million copies worldwide, and becoming the best selling solo album of any Spice Girls member. After her second album, gold certified in UK, Reason, with more than 500,000 copies, Chisholm, in 2004, parted from Virgin and founded her own record company, Red Girl Records.", "After her second album, gold certified in UK, Reason, with more than 500,000 copies, Chisholm, in 2004, parted from Virgin and founded her own record company, Red Girl Records. Beautiful Intentions, her third album, in 2005, spent 9 weeks at number one in Portugal and spawned international hit singles, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide with several international certifications.", "Beautiful Intentions, her third album, in 2005, spent 9 weeks at number one in Portugal and spawned international hit singles, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide with several international certifications. The fourth studio album, This Time, was released in 2007, became her first top 10 album in Switzerland where was certified gold.", "The fourth studio album, This Time, was released in 2007, became her first top 10 album in Switzerland where was certified gold. Of the five singles released from the album, the first three went to number one in Portugal.", "Of the five singles released from the album, the first three went to number one in Portugal. In December, Chisholm reunited with the Spice Girls to release a greatest hits album supported by a world tour.", "In December, Chisholm reunited with the Spice Girls to release a greatest hits album supported by a world tour. She released her fifth solo album, The Sea, in 2011, her first EP The Night in 2012, the sixth studio album Stages, in 2012, and seventh album, Version of Me (2016).", "She released her fifth solo album, The Sea, in 2011, her first EP The Night in 2012, the sixth studio album Stages, in 2012, and seventh album, Version of Me (2016). Her eponymous eighth studio album was released in 2020.", "Her eponymous eighth studio album was released in 2020. Having co-written 11 UK number-ones, more than any other female artist in chart history, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet.", "Having co-written 11 UK number-ones, more than any other female artist in chart history, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet. With twelve UK number-one singles, including the charity single as part of The Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with most singles at number one in the United Kingdom, and with a total of fourteen songs that have received the number one in Britain (including the double A-sides), Chisholm is the female artist with most songs at number one in the UK ranking history.", "With twelve UK number-one singles, including the charity single as part of The Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with most singles at number one in the United Kingdom, and with a total of fourteen songs that have received the number one in Britain (including the double A-sides), Chisholm is the female artist with most songs at number one in the UK ranking history. Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including a Guinness Book mention, three World Music Awards, five Brit Awards from 10 nominations, three American Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards from six nomination, eight Billboard special awards, three MTV Europe Music Awards from seven nominations, one MTV Video Music Awards from two nomination, ten ASCAP awards, one Juno Award from two nominations, and four nominations at the Echo Awards.", "Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including a Guinness Book mention, three World Music Awards, five Brit Awards from 10 nominations, three American Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards from six nomination, eight Billboard special awards, three MTV Europe Music Awards from seven nominations, one MTV Video Music Awards from two nomination, ten ASCAP awards, one Juno Award from two nominations, and four nominations at the Echo Awards. Since 1996, Chisholm has sold more than 123 million records, including 100 million copies with the group, and 23 million solo albums, singles and collaborations, and has earned over 326 worldwide certifications (with numerous diamonds), including 41 silver, gold and platinum certifications as a solo artist.", "Since 1996, Chisholm has sold more than 123 million records, including 100 million copies with the group, and 23 million solo albums, singles and collaborations, and has earned over 326 worldwide certifications (with numerous diamonds), including 41 silver, gold and platinum certifications as a solo artist. Early life Melanie Jayne Chisholm was born on 12 January 1974 in Whiston, Lancashire, the only daughter of Joan O'Neill, who worked as a secretary and personal assistant and has been singing in music bands since she was 14, and Alan Chisholm, a fitter at the Otis Elevator Company.", "Early life Melanie Jayne Chisholm was born on 12 January 1974 in Whiston, Lancashire, the only daughter of Joan O'Neill, who worked as a secretary and personal assistant and has been singing in music bands since she was 14, and Alan Chisholm, a fitter at the Otis Elevator Company. Her parents married in 1971 and separated in 1978, when Chisholm was four years old.", "Her parents married in 1971 and separated in 1978, when Chisholm was four years old. Her mother remarried and had more children, one of whom is racing driver Paul O'Neill, who was born when Chisholm was six years old.", "Her mother remarried and had more children, one of whom is racing driver Paul O'Neill, who was born when Chisholm was six years old. She grew up in Widnes, Cheshire, attending Brookvale Junior School in nearby Runcorn and Fairfield High School in Widnes.", "She grew up in Widnes, Cheshire, attending Brookvale Junior School in nearby Runcorn and Fairfield High School in Widnes. Following school, she studied for a diploma course in dance, singing, drama, and musical theatre at the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts in London.", "Following school, she studied for a diploma course in dance, singing, drama, and musical theatre at the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts in London. During college, she replied to an advert in The Stage placed by Chris and Bob Herbert, who were looking to form a new girl group, later to become the Spice Girls.", "During college, she replied to an advert in The Stage placed by Chris and Bob Herbert, who were looking to form a new girl group, later to become the Spice Girls. She left college just short of completing her three-year course, and gained teaching qualifications in tap and modern theatre dance with the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing.", "She left college just short of completing her three-year course, and gained teaching qualifications in tap and modern theatre dance with the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing. Career 1994–2000: Spice Girls In 1994, Chisholm, along with Mel B, Geri Halliwell, and Victoria Beckham (née Adams) responded to an advertisement in The Stage magazine.", "Career 1994–2000: Spice Girls In 1994, Chisholm, along with Mel B, Geri Halliwell, and Victoria Beckham (née Adams) responded to an advertisement in The Stage magazine. Around 400 women who answered the ad went to Dance Works studios.", "Around 400 women who answered the ad went to Dance Works studios. Halliwell, Chisholm, Beckham and Brown were originally chosen as the members of the group, and then formed a quintet with Emma Bunton. The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction of Heart Management and broke with them.", "The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction of Heart Management and broke with them. In 1995, they toured record labels in London and Los Angeles and finally signed a deal with Virgin.", "In 1995, they toured record labels in London and Los Angeles and finally signed a deal with Virgin. Their debut album, Spice, was a huge worldwide commercial success, peaked at number 1 in more than 17 countries across the world, and was certified multi-platinum in 27 countries.", "Their debut album, Spice, was a huge worldwide commercial success, peaked at number 1 in more than 17 countries across the world, and was certified multi-platinum in 27 countries. Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of Girl Power, and during that time was compared to Beatlemania.", "Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of Girl Power, and during that time was compared to Beatlemania. In total the album sold 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time.", "In total the album sold 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time. The first single, \"Wannabe\" reached number 1 in 37 countries, and their subsequent singles – \"Say You'll Be There\", \"2 Become 1\", \"Who Do You Think You Are\" and \"Mama\" – all peaked at number 1 in the UK.", "The first single, \"Wannabe\" reached number 1 in 37 countries, and their subsequent singles – \"Say You'll Be There\", \"2 Become 1\", \"Who Do You Think You Are\" and \"Mama\" – all peaked at number 1 in the UK. In 1997, they released their second album, Spiceworld, with the two first singles \"Spice Up Your Life\" and \"Too Much\", that entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1, making it the group's all consecutive number 1 hit single, a record of musical groups all time.", "In 1997, they released their second album, Spiceworld, with the two first singles \"Spice Up Your Life\" and \"Too Much\", that entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1, making it the group's all consecutive number 1 hit single, a record of musical groups all time. The album was a global best seller, selling 20 million copies worldwide.", "The album was a global best seller, selling 20 million copies worldwide. The group also starred in their own film, Spiceworld: The Movie, which grossed $100 million at the box office worldwide and became the second most watched movie of the year.", "The group also starred in their own film, Spiceworld: The Movie, which grossed $100 million at the box office worldwide and became the second most watched movie of the year. The next single, \"Stop\", peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number 1s, their only single to not reach the top of the charts.", "The next single, \"Stop\", peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number 1s, their only single to not reach the top of the charts. \"Viva Forever\", another number 1, was the last single before Geri Halliwell's departure from the group in May 1998.", "\"Viva Forever\", another number 1, was the last single before Geri Halliwell's departure from the group in May 1998. With four members, the group released \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998 and when it topped the UK Singles Chart it became their third consecutive Christmas number-one – equalling the record previously set by the Beatles.", "With four members, the group released \"Goodbye\", before Christmas in 1998 and when it topped the UK Singles Chart it became their third consecutive Christmas number-one – equalling the record previously set by the Beatles. On 30 November, Canadian artist Bryan Adams, released \"When You're Gone\" with featured vocals of Chisholm, her debut solo project.", "On 30 November, Canadian artist Bryan Adams, released \"When You're Gone\" with featured vocals of Chisholm, her debut solo project. The song peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, spent 15 weeks in the top 40 and received the platinum certified.", "The song peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, spent 15 weeks in the top 40 and received the platinum certified. 1999–2001: Northern Star In 1999, Chisholm signed with Virgin and, during the summer, recorded the album Northern Star. She recorded \"Ga Ga\" from the soundtrack of the film Big Daddy.", "She recorded \"Ga Ga\" from the soundtrack of the film Big Daddy. The song was released as promotional single on 25 June, only in the UK.", "The song was released as promotional single on 25 June, only in the UK. She also wrote and recorded the backing vocals for \"(Hey You) Free Up Your Mind\", sung by Emma Bunton from the film soundtrack Pokémon: The First Movie.", "She also wrote and recorded the backing vocals for \"(Hey You) Free Up Your Mind\", sung by Emma Bunton from the film soundtrack Pokémon: The First Movie. On 27 September, Chisholm released her debut single, \"Goin' Down\" and peaked at number 4 in the UK and 25 in Australia.", "On 27 September, Chisholm released her debut single, \"Goin' Down\" and peaked at number 4 in the UK and 25 in Australia. The music video was shot in Los Angeles and directed by Giuseppi Capotondi.", "The music video was shot in Los Angeles and directed by Giuseppi Capotondi. Her debut album, Northern Star, was released on 18 October 1999, peaked at number 4 and sold 4 million copies worldwide, received triple platinum in the UK, and another seven certifications, including platinum in Germany and Sweden.", "Her debut album, Northern Star, was released on 18 October 1999, peaked at number 4 and sold 4 million copies worldwide, received triple platinum in the UK, and another seven certifications, including platinum in Germany and Sweden. \"Northern Star\" was released as a second single and also peaked at number 4.", "\"Northern Star\" was released as a second single and also peaked at number 4. To promote the album, Chisholm embarked on a tour called From Liverpool to Leicester Square, traveling to Australia, the US, Canada, Japan, the UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands and Denmark, between 27 September and 1 November.", "To promote the album, Chisholm embarked on a tour called From Liverpool to Leicester Square, traveling to Australia, the US, Canada, Japan, the UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands and Denmark, between 27 September and 1 November. In 2000, Chisholm had two songs in film soundtracks, \"Suddenly Monday\" in Maybe Baby and \"Go!\"", "In 2000, Chisholm had two songs in film soundtracks, \"Suddenly Monday\" in Maybe Baby and \"Go!\" in Whatever It Takes.", "in Whatever It Takes. in Whatever It Takes. After the two singles did not reach the top of the charts, Virgin thought to end the promotion of the album, but decided to release one more single, \"Never Be the Same Again\", which broke the pop rock sound of the other songs and focused on R&B.", "After the two singles did not reach the top of the charts, Virgin thought to end the promotion of the album, but decided to release one more single, \"Never Be the Same Again\", which broke the pop rock sound of the other songs and focused on R&B. The song, featuring TLC member Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes, was released on 20 March 2000 and became her first number 1 single.", "The song, featuring TLC member Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes, was released on 20 March 2000 and became her first number 1 single. It was received gold certification in the UK and also peaked at number 1 in Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland and Sweden.", "It was received gold certification in the UK and also peaked at number 1 in Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland and Sweden. The song was the 18th best-selling song of 2000 and sold more than a million copies across Europe.", "The song was the 18th best-selling song of 2000 and sold more than a million copies across Europe. After the success of \"Never Be the Same Again\", the label decided to release two more singles.", "After the success of \"Never Be the Same Again\", the label decided to release two more singles. On 7 August 2000, Virgin released a remix version of \"I Turn to You\" as the fourth single; the song reached her second number 1 in the UK, Netherlands and Sweden.", "On 7 August 2000, Virgin released a remix version of \"I Turn to You\" as the fourth single; the song reached her second number 1 in the UK, Netherlands and Sweden. \"I Turn to You\" also peaked at number 1 in Austria, Denmark and Dance Club Songs of United States.", "\"I Turn to You\" also peaked at number 1 in Austria, Denmark and Dance Club Songs of United States. \"If That Were Me\" was released as fifth and final single and peaked at number 18. The proceeds from its sale went to the Kandu Arts charity.", "The proceeds from its sale went to the Kandu Arts charity. The North American version of Northern Star was released on 21 August 2000 and included the single versions of \"Never Be The Same Again\" and \"I Turn To You\".", "The North American version of Northern Star was released on 21 August 2000 and included the single versions of \"Never Be The Same Again\" and \"I Turn To You\". In late 2000, after the first solo work of members, the Spice Girls released their third and final album, Forever, sporting a new edgier R&B sound.", "In late 2000, after the first solo work of members, the Spice Girls released their third and final album, Forever, sporting a new edgier R&B sound. \"Holler\" and \"Let Love Lead the Way\" were released as singles on 23 October 2000 and the songs reached number 1 in the UK.", "\"Holler\" and \"Let Love Lead the Way\" were released as singles on 23 October 2000 and the songs reached number 1 in the UK. The album sold 5 million copies. The group announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus.", "The group announced that they were beginning an indefinite hiatus. In the same year, the Chinese singer FanFan recorded a Chinese version of \"Suddenly Monday\" from her debut album FanFan's World. Chisholm embarked in her first world tour, the Northern Star Tour, between late 2000 and 26 August 2001, to promote her debut album.", "Chisholm embarked in her first world tour, the Northern Star Tour, between late 2000 and 26 August 2001, to promote her debut album. The tour traveled in 76 dates, 30 countries and 4 continents, just not going to Oceania and South America.", "The tour traveled in 76 dates, 30 countries and 4 continents, just not going to Oceania and South America. The Shepherd's Bush Empire concert was webcast on Chisholm's original website with a special appearance of Bryan Adams. On 4 April 2001, The audio of the Anaheim concert also was webcast on House of Blues' website.", "On 4 April 2001, The audio of the Anaheim concert also was webcast on House of Blues' website. A remixed album, entitled Remix Collection, was released only in Japan.", "A remixed album, entitled Remix Collection, was released only in Japan. In 2001, Chisholm collaborated in the live album of Russell Watson, The Voice – Live, as featured vocals in the songs \"Barcelona\" and \"Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did?\".", "In 2001, Chisholm collaborated in the live album of Russell Watson, The Voice – Live, as featured vocals in the songs \"Barcelona\" and \"Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did?\". 2002–2003: Reason Chisholm began recording her second album in November 2001. She traveled to the United States to record some songs.", "She traveled to the United States to record some songs. During this time, she also recorded \"Independence Day\" from the film soundtrack Bend It Like Beckham and wrote \"Help Me Help You\" for Holly Valance, included in her album Footprints.", "During this time, she also recorded \"Independence Day\" from the film soundtrack Bend It Like Beckham and wrote \"Help Me Help You\" for Holly Valance, included in her album Footprints. Chisholm, along with American singer Anastacia made an appearance at the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards to present the award for \"Best Song\", which was given to P!nk.", "Chisholm, along with American singer Anastacia made an appearance at the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards to present the award for \"Best Song\", which was given to P!nk. Chisholm's second album was postponed to 10 March 2003. Chisholm also took time out due to struggles with clinical depression.", "Chisholm also took time out due to struggles with clinical depression. On 24 February 2003 the first single from her new album was released, \"Here It Comes Again\", which reached number 7 in the UK and peaked in the top 20 in Spain and Ireland.", "On 24 February 2003 the first single from her new album was released, \"Here It Comes Again\", which reached number 7 in the UK and peaked in the top 20 in Spain and Ireland. She released her second studio album, Reason, on 10 March 2003 and it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK.", "She released her second studio album, Reason, on 10 March 2003 and it peaked at number 5, received gold certification in the UK. The label sent Chisholm to promote the album, including several pocket shows. On 24 April 2003, she embarked in the Reason Tour, traveling only in Europe.", "On 24 April 2003, she embarked in the Reason Tour, traveling only in Europe. The second single, \"On the Horizon\", was released on 2 June 2003.", "The second single, \"On the Horizon\", was released on 2 June 2003. After the previous single, music critics were predicting that this single would redeem Chisholm's chart success, but the song peaked at number 14 and did not help sales.", "After the previous single, music critics were predicting that this single would redeem Chisholm's chart success, but the song peaked at number 14 and did not help sales. \"Let's Love\", was released as a single exclusively in Japan and used for a Toyota Motor Corporation commercial.", "\"Let's Love\", was released as a single exclusively in Japan and used for a Toyota Motor Corporation commercial. Alongside promoting the album, Chisholm competed on the reality sports game show The Games.", "Alongside promoting the album, Chisholm competed on the reality sports game show The Games. On 11 September 2003, during a taping of The Games, Chisholm competed in a judo match with Turkish-Dutch actress Azra Akin, which resulted in Chisholm injuring her knee.", "On 11 September 2003, during a taping of The Games, Chisholm competed in a judo match with Turkish-Dutch actress Azra Akin, which resulted in Chisholm injuring her knee. Because of this, the song \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\", which was planned to be released as the third and final single on 22 September 2003, had to be pushed back because she could not fully promote an upbeat song with an injury.", "Because of this, the song \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\", which was planned to be released as the third and final single on 22 September 2003, had to be pushed back because she could not fully promote an upbeat song with an injury. \"Melt\" was then chosen to be launched along with \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a double A-side, because she could do a small number of performances.", "\"Melt\" was then chosen to be launched along with \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a double A-side, because she could do a small number of performances. The double single was released on 10 November 2003. The song peaked at number 27.", "The song peaked at number 27. In other countries of Europe, \"Melt\" wasn't released, only \"Yeh Yeh Yeh\" as a solo release. After the release of \"Melt/Yeh Yeh Yeh\", Chisholm added some extra dates to the Reason Tour, and the Avo Session Basel concert was broadcast on 3sat.", "After the release of \"Melt/Yeh Yeh Yeh\", Chisholm added some extra dates to the Reason Tour, and the Avo Session Basel concert was broadcast on 3sat. 2004–2006: Red Girl Records and Beautiful Intentions On 1 January 2004, Virgin Records dismissed Chisholm after the conflict in previous years about the direction in her solo career.", "2004–2006: Red Girl Records and Beautiful Intentions On 1 January 2004, Virgin Records dismissed Chisholm after the conflict in previous years about the direction in her solo career. In April 2004, she founded her own label, Red Girl Records, to record and release her own projects.", "In April 2004, she founded her own label, Red Girl Records, to record and release her own projects. All of Chisolm's activities are decided upon and funded by herself. The label name was inspired by the colours of the football Liverpool F.C., of which Chisholm is a supporter.", "The label name was inspired by the colours of the football Liverpool F.C., of which Chisholm is a supporter. Nancy Phillips, who had been Chisholm's manager and business partner since the label's inception, retired in 2017.", "Nancy Phillips, who had been Chisholm's manager and business partner since the label's inception, retired in 2017. In June 2004, she embarked in a five-date concert tour, The Barfly Mini-Tour, performed in The Barfly music halls, a series of venues dedicated to independent music.", "In June 2004, she embarked in a five-date concert tour, The Barfly Mini-Tour, performed in The Barfly music halls, a series of venues dedicated to independent music. In October 2004, Chisholm finished recording her third album. In an interview, Chisholm said she wanted to create deeper songs using piano, violin and personal themes.", "In an interview, Chisholm said she wanted to create deeper songs using piano, violin and personal themes. On 4 April 2005, Chisholm released \"Next Best Superstar\" as the lead single of her third album.", "On 4 April 2005, Chisholm released \"Next Best Superstar\" as the lead single of her third album. It was released in three formats: two singles with B-sides – the acoustic version or the B-side \"Everything Must Change\" – and a remixes EP. The song peaked at number 10 in the UK.", "The song peaked at number 10 in the UK. On 11 April, she released Beautiful Intentions, her third album and first by Red Girl. It was produced by Greg Haver, Guy Chambers, Paul Boddy and eleven of the twelve songs were written by Chisholm.", "It was produced by Greg Haver, Guy Chambers, Paul Boddy and eleven of the twelve songs were written by Chisholm. The album peaked at number 24 in the UK, top 15 other Europeans countries, and was certified gold in Germany and Switzerland.", "The album peaked at number 24 in the UK, top 15 other Europeans countries, and was certified gold in Germany and Switzerland. In support of the album, she embarked at Beautiful Intentions Tour, starting on 16 April in O2 Academy Birmingham, in London, and travelling for twenty-five dates across Europe and Asia.", "In support of the album, she embarked at Beautiful Intentions Tour, starting on 16 April in O2 Academy Birmingham, in London, and travelling for twenty-five dates across Europe and Asia. On 1 August, \"Better Alone\" was released only in the UK as the second single, but did not enter the charts due to the single being available online.", "On 1 August, \"Better Alone\" was released only in the UK as the second single, but did not enter the charts due to the single being available online. \"First Day of My Life\" was released as single on 30 September in Australia and Europe – except in the UK.", "\"First Day of My Life\" was released as single on 30 September in Australia and Europe – except in the UK. The song was not included in the original version of the album, only in the 2006 re-released version, becoming the second international single from Beautiful Intentions.", "The song was not included in the original version of the album, only in the 2006 re-released version, becoming the second international single from Beautiful Intentions. Originally been recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" for his 2004 eponymous album Andrea.", "Originally been recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" for his 2004 eponymous album Andrea. The song peaked at number 1 in Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal, number 2 in Austria, and in the top 30 in Norway, France and Denmark.", "The song peaked at number 1 in Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal, number 2 in Austria, and in the top 30 in Norway, France and Denmark. On 24 February 2006, \"Better Alone\" was released in Australia and Europe as the third official single, after a limited release in the UK the previous year.", "On 24 February 2006, \"Better Alone\" was released in Australia and Europe as the third official single, after a limited release in the UK the previous year. The song entered the charts in some countries, peaked at thirty-six in Italy and thirty-three in Switzerland.", "The song entered the charts in some countries, peaked at thirty-six in Italy and thirty-three in Switzerland. On 3 April, the album was re-released, including \"First Day of My Life\" and the music video.", "On 3 April, the album was re-released, including \"First Day of My Life\" and the music video. In 2006, Chisholm released her first live DVD, Live Hits, recorded on 31 August 2006 at the Bridge in South East, London. The DVD peaked at number 10.", "The DVD peaked at number 10. 2007–2008: This Time and Spice Girls reunion In early 2007, Chisholm finished recording her next album and, in March, she released two singles simultaneously.", "2007–2008: This Time and Spice Girls reunion In early 2007, Chisholm finished recording her next album and, in March, she released two singles simultaneously. \"The Moment You Believe\" was released in Europe, except in the UK, and peaked at number 1 in Spain and Portugal, and in the top 20 in Switzerland, Sweden and Germany.", "\"The Moment You Believe\" was released in Europe, except in the UK, and peaked at number 1 in Spain and Portugal, and in the top 20 in Switzerland, Sweden and Germany. Produced and co-written by Peter Vettese, it has been soundbed for the spring advertising campaign for German television show Nur die Liebe Zählt.", "Produced and co-written by Peter Vettese, it has been soundbed for the spring advertising campaign for German television show Nur die Liebe Zählt. \"I Want Candy\" was released only in the UK and Italy, peaking at number 24 and number 9, respectively, and featured on the soundtrack to the film of the same name.", "\"I Want Candy\" was released only in the UK and Italy, peaking at number 24 and number 9, respectively, and featured on the soundtrack to the film of the same name. The song was a cover version of the Strangeloves song.", "The song was a cover version of the Strangeloves song. On 30 March, she released her fourth album, This Time, with thirteen tracks – six written by Chisholm – and other two cover versions: \"What If I Stay\" and \"Don't Let Me Go\", by Jill Jackson, from her debut album.", "On 30 March, she released her fourth album, This Time, with thirteen tracks – six written by Chisholm – and other two cover versions: \"What If I Stay\" and \"Don't Let Me Go\", by Jill Jackson, from her debut album. The album peaked at number 57 in the UK and number 8 in Switzerland, which was certified gold.", "The album peaked at number 57 in the UK and number 8 in Switzerland, which was certified gold. \"Carolyna\" was released as the third single on 8 June.", "\"Carolyna\" was released as the third single on 8 June. During an interview at Loose Women, Chisholm revealed that she wrote this song after watching a documentary about young adults and teenagers homeless, living in the streets in Seattle. The song peaked at 49 in the UK, and in the top 50 in other countries.", "The song peaked at 49 in the UK, and in the top 50 in other countries. On 28 June 2007, the Spice Girls held a surprise press conference at The O2 Arena announcing that they were reuniting to embark on a worldwide concert tour, The Return of the Spice Girls, starting in Vancouver on 2 December.", "On 28 June 2007, the Spice Girls held a surprise press conference at The O2 Arena announcing that they were reuniting to embark on a worldwide concert tour, The Return of the Spice Girls, starting in Vancouver on 2 December. They received £10 million (approximately $20 million) each for the tour.", "They received £10 million (approximately $20 million) each for the tour. Filmmaker Bob Smeaton directed an official documentary on the reunion. It was entitled Giving You Everything.", "It was entitled Giving You Everything. At the same time, Chisholm released the fourth single of her album, \"This Time\", features the B-side \"We Love to Entertain You\", which was used for 2007's Pro7 Starforce campaign in Germany. The song peaked at number 94 in the UK and 69 in Germany.", "The song peaked at number 94 in the UK and 69 in Germany. On 5 November, the Spice Girls released their return single, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\", also announced as the official Children in Need charity single and performed at Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.", "On 5 November, the Spice Girls released their return single, \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\", also announced as the official Children in Need charity single and performed at Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. The song peaked at number 11, becoming the first song to not reach the top 10.", "The song peaked at number 11, becoming the first song to not reach the top 10. The music video was directed by Anthony Mandler and the girls used exclusive clothes designed by Roberto Cavalli.", "The music video was directed by Anthony Mandler and the girls used exclusive clothes designed by Roberto Cavalli. They released a compilation album, the Greatest Hits in November, including the singles, the 1997 Pepsi's theme \"Move Over\" and two new songs, \"Voodoo\" and \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\".", "They released a compilation album, the Greatest Hits in November, including the singles, the 1997 Pepsi's theme \"Move Over\" and two new songs, \"Voodoo\" and \"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)\". The compilation sold 6 million copies.", "The compilation sold 6 million copies. They embarked on the tour on 2 December, traveling for 47 dates until 26 February 2008. The tour is estimated to have grossed over US$70 million and produced $107.2 million in ticket sales and merchandising. The tour won the 2008 Billboard Touring Award.", "The tour won the 2008 Billboard Touring Award. As well as their sell-out tour, the Spice Girls were contracted to appear in Tesco advertisements, for which they were paid £1 million each.", "As well as their sell-out tour, the Spice Girls were contracted to appear in Tesco advertisements, for which they were paid £1 million each. After the end of the reunion with the Spice Girls, Chisholm embarked on her fifth tour, the This Time Canadian Tour, in May 2008, performing in nine Canadian cities.", "After the end of the reunion with the Spice Girls, Chisholm embarked on her fifth tour, the This Time Canadian Tour, in May 2008, performing in nine Canadian cities. On 25 July, \"Understand\" was released as fifth and final single from This Time only in Canada.", "On 25 July, \"Understand\" was released as fifth and final single from This Time only in Canada. 2009–2014: Acting, The Sea and Stages In 2009, it was planned she would star in a sequel to the 1996 horror film The Craft, but the production was canceled.", "2009–2014: Acting, The Sea and Stages In 2009, it was planned she would star in a sequel to the 1996 horror film The Craft, but the production was canceled. On 29 June, Chisholm released her second DVD concert, Live at the Hard Rock Cafe, including two previously unreleased songs, \"Blue Skies All the Way\" and \"Paris Burning\".", "On 29 June, Chisholm released her second DVD concert, Live at the Hard Rock Cafe, including two previously unreleased songs, \"Blue Skies All the Way\" and \"Paris Burning\". The DVD peaked at number 22 in the UK.", "The DVD peaked at number 22 in the UK. In October 2009, she had her acting debut on stage as Mrs Johnstone in the musical Blood Brothers, a new version of the 1983 original production. In an interview, Chisholm revealed that while she had been invited to star in movies and plays .", "In an interview, Chisholm revealed that while she had been invited to star in movies and plays . She starred on Blood Brothers until the end of 2010. Chisholm was nominated for the 2010 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical but she did not win. In the same year she started working on her next album.", "In the same year she started working on her next album. On 24 June 2011, \"Rock Me\" was released as single only in Germany and peaked at number 33 in the country. The song was served as the official theme from 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "The song was served as the official theme from 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. \"Think About It\" was chosen as worldwide single and marked the Chisholm return to dance-pop. The song peaked at number 95 in the UK, 15 in the UK Indie Chart and top 40 in other European countries.", "The song peaked at number 95 in the UK, 15 in the UK Indie Chart and top 40 in other European countries. The Sea, her fifth studio album, was released on 2 September, and was produced by Andy Chatterley, Cutfather and Peter-John Vettese.", "The Sea, her fifth studio album, was released on 2 September, and was produced by Andy Chatterley, Cutfather and Peter-John Vettese. The album peaked at number 45 in the UK and also 13 in Switzerland and sixteen in Germany.", "The album peaked at number 45 in the UK and also 13 in Switzerland and sixteen in Germany. Chisholm was mentor assistant in the third season of The X Factor Australia and helped the Mel B team, formed by under 25 years-old girls, during the selection process. The girls did not reach the final.", "The girls did not reach the final. \"Weak\" was released only in the UK as the third single, charting in the UK Indie Chart. \"Let There Be Love\" was released as fourth and final single of The Sea in Germany and Switzerland. She also recorded \"Viva Life\" for the documentary Bash Street.", "She also recorded \"Viva Life\" for the documentary Bash Street. In November, she embarked on her sixth concert tour, The Sea – Live, traveling in Europe during 17 dates. The record of the tour was released as DVD on 27 February 2012.", "The record of the tour was released as DVD on 27 February 2012. In her interview for \"Ask Melanie C Episode 8\" on her YouTube channel, Chisholm said that she \"feels very sad as The Sea was a really great album and it wasn't as successful as it deserved to be\" In April, Chisholm was invited by British DJ Jodie Harsh to collaborate on an electronic project.", "In her interview for \"Ask Melanie C Episode 8\" on her YouTube channel, Chisholm said that she \"feels very sad as The Sea was a really great album and it wasn't as successful as it deserved to be\" In April, Chisholm was invited by British DJ Jodie Harsh to collaborate on an electronic project. On 13 May they released the EP The Night, including three songs.", "On 13 May they released the EP The Night, including three songs. \"Set You Free\" was released as a promo single from the EP. In July, she was judge of the ITV talent show Superstar, which searched to find an actor to starring the musical Jesus Christ Superstar. Ben Forster was chosen.", "Ben Forster was chosen. Ben Forster was chosen. Chisholm co-starred in the musical, playing the role of Mary Magdalene. For her performance Chisholm won Best Supporting Actress in a musical at the Whatsonstage.com Awards. She played the character until 2013. Inspired by the stage, Chisholm began recording an album with musical theatre songs.", "Inspired by the stage, Chisholm began recording an album with musical theatre songs. \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" was released on 22 July and peaked at number 20 on UK Indie Chart. The song is a version of Yvonne Elliman from 1970 musical Jesus Christ Superstar.", "The song is a version of Yvonne Elliman from 1970 musical Jesus Christ Superstar. On 7 September, Chisholm released her sixth studio album, Stages, produced by Peter-John Vettese and featuring a collection of show tunes that have been important to Chisholm at various stages of her life.", "On 7 September, Chisholm released her sixth studio album, Stages, produced by Peter-John Vettese and featuring a collection of show tunes that have been important to Chisholm at various stages of her life. The album peaked at number 50 in the UK and 83 in Ireland.", "The album peaked at number 50 in the UK and 83 in Ireland. \"I Know Him So Well\", a version of the Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson song from the 1984 musical Chess, was released as a single on 11 November, featuring vocals by British singer Emma Bunton.", "\"I Know Him So Well\", a version of the Elaine Paige and Barbara Dickson song from the 1984 musical Chess, was released as a single on 11 November, featuring vocals by British singer Emma Bunton. The song peaked at number 153 in the UK and 14 in the UK Indie Chart.", "The song peaked at number 153 in the UK and 14 in the UK Indie Chart. She also was part of The Justice Collective, a super-group of musicians, including Robbie Williams and Paul McCartney, who recorded the charity song \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\".", "She also was part of The Justice Collective, a super-group of musicians, including Robbie Williams and Paul McCartney, who recorded the charity song \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\". The song was released as single on 17 December and peaked at number 1.", "The song was released as single on 17 December and peaked at number 1. In 2013, she played Christy in the British comedy film Play Hard. On 18 August, released \"Loving You\", a collaboration with British singer Matt Cardle.", "On 18 August, released \"Loving You\", a collaboration with British singer Matt Cardle. The song peaked at number 14, becoming the first Chisholm's song in the top 15 since 2005. She released her first live album, Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire, on 12 December.", "She released her first live album, Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire, on 12 December. On 12 January 2014, Chisholm celebrated her 40th birthday with a special show for the fans, entitled Sporty's Forty, singing her hits and featured Emma Bunton.", "On 12 January 2014, Chisholm celebrated her 40th birthday with a special show for the fans, entitled Sporty's Forty, singing her hits and featured Emma Bunton. On 31 March, the Slovakian singer Peter Aristone released \"Cool as You\", featured vocals of Chisholm, as lead single from 19 Days in Tetbury.", "On 31 March, the Slovakian singer Peter Aristone released \"Cool as You\", featured vocals of Chisholm, as lead single from 19 Days in Tetbury. Her cover version of \"Ain't Got No, I Got Life\", by Nina Simone, was included in the compilation Beautiful Cover Versions.", "Her cover version of \"Ain't Got No, I Got Life\", by Nina Simone, was included in the compilation Beautiful Cover Versions. She also had a cameo appearance in the music video \"Word Up\", by Little Mix.", "She also had a cameo appearance in the music video \"Word Up\", by Little Mix. 2015–2018: Television and Version of Me In 2015, Chisholm joined the judging panel for Asia's Got Talent, along with David Foster, Anggun Cipta, and Vanness Wu. They started the selection in Singapore.", "They started the selection in Singapore. During production and selections, Chisholm lived in Malaysia, where the program was recorded. The Asia's Got Talent live shows, with the semifinalists, was aired in March 2015, and ran two months until the finals.", "The Asia's Got Talent live shows, with the semifinalists, was aired in March 2015, and ran two months until the finals. On 14 May Chisholm and the judges released a cover version of \"Let's Groove\", originally by Earth, Wind & Fire, and performed the song in the final.", "On 14 May Chisholm and the judges released a cover version of \"Let's Groove\", originally by Earth, Wind & Fire, and performed the song in the final. In October, she was mentor assistant in the game competition Bring the Noise. At the same time, she started working on her seventh studio album.", "At the same time, she started working on her seventh studio album. The second season of Asia's Got Talent was confirmed for summer 2016, but the project has been discontinued.", "The second season of Asia's Got Talent was confirmed for summer 2016, but the project has been discontinued. In 2016, she was featured as a vocalist on \"Numb\" with Sons Of Sonix, which was stated to be a song from her upcoming album.", "In 2016, she was featured as a vocalist on \"Numb\" with Sons Of Sonix, which was stated to be a song from her upcoming album. In September 2016, she made a cameo appearance in KT Tunstall's music video for \"Hard Girls\".", "In September 2016, she made a cameo appearance in KT Tunstall's music video for \"Hard Girls\". Her seventh album, Version of Me, was released on 21 October 2016. Chisholm appeared on the Graham Norton Show in May 2017 to perform a duet with Keith Urban for his song, The Fighter.", "Chisholm appeared on the Graham Norton Show in May 2017 to perform a duet with Keith Urban for his song, The Fighter. She sang in place of Carrie Underwood, who was the original singer on the duet.", "She sang in place of Carrie Underwood, who was the original singer on the duet. On 27 May 2017, Chisholm performed in Mexico City as part of the Classics Fest concert series, which also featured performances by Vanilla Ice and Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base, held at the Auditorio Blackberry.", "On 27 May 2017, Chisholm performed in Mexico City as part of the Classics Fest concert series, which also featured performances by Vanilla Ice and Jenny Berggren of Ace of Base, held at the Auditorio Blackberry. This marked Chisholm's first time performing as a solo artist in Latin America and her first visit in many years since her days with the Spice Girls.", "This marked Chisholm's first time performing as a solo artist in Latin America and her first visit in many years since her days with the Spice Girls. Chisholm stated upon her musical return to Mexico, \"I haven't been back to Mexico in many years and when I was there it was very brief, so I am excited to return and sing.\"", "Chisholm stated upon her musical return to Mexico, \"I haven't been back to Mexico in many years and when I was there it was very brief, so I am excited to return and sing.\" In June, Chisholm also performed for the first time in Brazil, playing live shows in both Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.", "In June, Chisholm also performed for the first time in Brazil, playing live shows in both Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. In late 2017, Chisholm was co-headliner at Night of the Proms, a 25-concert tour in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg.", "In late 2017, Chisholm was co-headliner at Night of the Proms, a 25-concert tour in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg. In 2018, she turned her hand to disc jockeying by performing a \"90s mix\" at various events, and embarked on the Melanie C - Asia Tour 2018.", "In 2018, she turned her hand to disc jockeying by performing a \"90s mix\" at various events, and embarked on the Melanie C - Asia Tour 2018. 2019–present: Spice Girls reunion and Melanie C On 5 November 2018, Chisholm along with the Spice Girls announced a reunion tour.", "2019–present: Spice Girls reunion and Melanie C On 5 November 2018, Chisholm along with the Spice Girls announced a reunion tour. She and ex-bandmates Melanie B, Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited for the Spice World – 2019 Tour, a 13 date tour of eight cities in the UK and Ireland that was their first for a decade.", "She and ex-bandmates Melanie B, Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited for the Spice World – 2019 Tour, a 13 date tour of eight cities in the UK and Ireland that was their first for a decade. The tour opened at Croke Park, Dublin on 24 May 2019 and concluded at Wembley Stadium in London on 15 June 2019.", "The tour opened at Croke Park, Dublin on 24 May 2019 and concluded at Wembley Stadium in London on 15 June 2019. On 6 November 2019, Chisholm released the single \"High Heels\" which was written with Rae Morris and Benjamin \"Fryars\" Garrett and features drag act Sink the Pink.", "On 6 November 2019, Chisholm released the single \"High Heels\" which was written with Rae Morris and Benjamin \"Fryars\" Garrett and features drag act Sink the Pink. During promotion for the single, Chisholm stated during an interview with The Guardian that she had been working on a new album with artists including Shura and Little Boots.", "During promotion for the single, Chisholm stated during an interview with The Guardian that she had been working on a new album with artists including Shura and Little Boots. On 19 March 2020, Chisholm released \"Who I Am\", the lead single from her eighth album, Melanie C. Chisholm first performed \"Who I Am\" live on 21 April 2020 on The Late Late Show with James Corden, where she live streamed her performance from her home due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "On 19 March 2020, Chisholm released \"Who I Am\", the lead single from her eighth album, Melanie C. Chisholm first performed \"Who I Am\" live on 21 April 2020 on The Late Late Show with James Corden, where she live streamed her performance from her home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. When asked how she was coping with the lockdown restrictions, she responded, \"I'm keeping busy.", "When asked how she was coping with the lockdown restrictions, she responded, \"I'm keeping busy. I'm trying to get my album finished, remotely. I've been trying to stay connected with the fans: I've been doing lots of live Q&A's and streaming.\"", "I've been trying to stay connected with the fans: I've been doing lots of live Q&A's and streaming.\" On 13 May 2020, Chisholm sang \"Who I Am\", among other singles from her career, as part of a \"bathroom\" gig in aid of WaterAid.", "On 13 May 2020, Chisholm sang \"Who I Am\", among other singles from her career, as part of a \"bathroom\" gig in aid of WaterAid. On 27 May 2020, Chisholm released \"Blame It on Me\".", "On 27 May 2020, Chisholm released \"Blame It on Me\". \"In and Out of Love\" was released as the album's third single on 29 July 2020.", "\"In and Out of Love\" was released as the album's third single on 29 July 2020. On 3 August 2020, Chisholm told BBC Music: \"Obviously, I'm making a pop-dance record and I'm a mature artist, so I have to accept that some radio stations are not going to be playing me anymore.", "On 3 August 2020, Chisholm told BBC Music: \"Obviously, I'm making a pop-dance record and I'm a mature artist, so I have to accept that some radio stations are not going to be playing me anymore. That's something to overcome.", "That's something to overcome. That's something to overcome. But I want people to enjoy this album, I want people to dance to it, I want people to be empowered by it. And when coronavirus has done one, I want to get out there and perform it live.\"", "And when coronavirus has done one, I want to get out there and perform it live.\" On 16 September 2020, Chisholm premiered the video for \"Fearless\" the fourth single off the album, which is a collaboration with UK rapper Nadia Rose. \"Meeting Nadia was kismet.", "\"Meeting Nadia was kismet. \"Meeting Nadia was kismet. I'd seen her on Kathy Burke's documentary series on women and fallen in love with her attitude. As female artists, we have to be fearless. I love this girl.\" Melanie C was released on 2 October 2020 to critical success.", "Melanie C was released on 2 October 2020 to critical success. The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 8, her first top 10 album since Reason in 2003.", "The album entered the UK Albums Chart at number 8, her first top 10 album since Reason in 2003. On 13 November 2020, Chisholm was featured on \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" as part of the BBC Radio 2's Allstars' Children in Need charity single.", "On 13 November 2020, Chisholm was featured on \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" as part of the BBC Radio 2's Allstars' Children in Need charity single. Chisholm also made a guest appearance in British singer-songwriter Celeste's music video, \"Love is Back\", which premiered in January 2021.", "Chisholm also made a guest appearance in British singer-songwriter Celeste's music video, \"Love is Back\", which premiered in January 2021. Chisholm was presented with the \"Celebrity Ally\" award at the 2021 British LGBT Awards, held in London in August.", "Chisholm was presented with the \"Celebrity Ally\" award at the 2021 British LGBT Awards, held in London in August. On 3 September 2021, Chisholm released a deluxe version of her Melanie C album across all digital and streaming services. Chisholm premiered a video for her cover of \"Touch Me\" to accompany the new release.", "Chisholm premiered a video for her cover of \"Touch Me\" to accompany the new release. That same month, Chisholm was announced as a contestant for season 30 of the American series Dancing with the Stars.", "That same month, Chisholm was announced as a contestant for season 30 of the American series Dancing with the Stars. Chisholm was eliminated on 18 October 2021, becoming the fifth star in the series to be voted off and therefore finishing in eleventh place.", "Chisholm was eliminated on 18 October 2021, becoming the fifth star in the series to be voted off and therefore finishing in eleventh place. On 26 October 2021, Chisholm performed \"2 Become 1\" as a duet with Chris Martin of Coldplay for the 8th Annual \"We Can Survive\" concert by Audacy, which was held at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles.", "On 26 October 2021, Chisholm performed \"2 Become 1\" as a duet with Chris Martin of Coldplay for the 8th Annual \"We Can Survive\" concert by Audacy, which was held at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles. On 1 September 2021, the Spice Girls had announced the re-release of Spice to mark their anniversary, titling it Spice25.", "On 1 September 2021, the Spice Girls had announced the re-release of Spice to mark their anniversary, titling it Spice25. The deluxe, double album was released on 29 October 2021 and contained remixes, demos and unreleased tracks.", "The deluxe, double album was released on 29 October 2021 and contained remixes, demos and unreleased tracks. The CDs come in an A5 hardback booklet, with a collection of iconic images and a set of six Spice Girls postcards, while the original album is also available on limited edition vinyl and cassette.", "The CDs come in an A5 hardback booklet, with a collection of iconic images and a set of six Spice Girls postcards, while the original album is also available on limited edition vinyl and cassette. In an interview with Apple Music for the Spice25 release, Chisholm divulged, \"We had [a] risqué song called 'C U Next Tuesday', which was vetoed for the 25th anniversary edition, but I do have plans for it.", "In an interview with Apple Music for the Spice25 release, Chisholm divulged, \"We had [a] risqué song called 'C U Next Tuesday', which was vetoed for the 25th anniversary edition, but I do have plans for it. It sounds like a Lily Allen song; it's absolutely brilliant.\"", "It sounds like a Lily Allen song; it's absolutely brilliant.\" The deluxe release saw the album reenter the UK Albums Chart at number five. In November 2021, due to rising concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, Chisholm announced the cancellation of her European tour dates in support of her .", "In November 2021, due to rising concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, Chisholm announced the cancellation of her European tour dates in support of her . The following month, she appeared once again as a judge The Voice Kids. Teen Torrin Cuthill, who was mentored by Chisholm, won the three-episode series.", "Teen Torrin Cuthill, who was mentored by Chisholm, won the three-episode series. On 27 January 2022, Chisholm announced that her memoir would be published in the latter half of 2022, and will be published by Welbeck Publishing Group.", "On 27 January 2022, Chisholm announced that her memoir would be published in the latter half of 2022, and will be published by Welbeck Publishing Group. The following month, Chisholm appeared as a guest judge on the first episode of RuPaul's Drag Race: UK Versus the World. The series was filmed in March 2021.", "The series was filmed in March 2021. Personal life Chisholm has been open about her experiences with clinical depression and an eating disorder. She spoke of her eating disorder to Contact Music, stating, \"I'd hammered the gym for three hours a day. It was a way of running away, not thinking.", "It was a way of running away, not thinking. I felt like a robot. When the papers started calling me 'Sumo Spice', I was only a size 10. But I was so upset by all the criticism, it got worse and I went up to a size 14.\"", "But I was so upset by all the criticism, it got worse and I went up to a size 14.\" In 1997, Chisholm had a month-long relationship with singer Robbie Williams. In 1998, she dated record producer Jake Davies. Later that year, she had a relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers lead singer Anthony Kiedis.", "Later that year, she had a relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers lead singer Anthony Kiedis. Kiedis wrote \"Emit Remmus\", which is \"summer time\" spelled backwards, inspired by his relationship with Chisholm. The song was included on the album Californication.", "The song was included on the album Californication. In 2000, Chisholm and Jason \"J\" Brown had an on-again, off-again relationship. In February 2009, Chisholm gave birth to her first child, a daughter.", "In February 2009, Chisholm gave birth to her first child, a daughter. In an interview with the BBC, Chisholm admitted that the arrival of her child proved to be a turning point in her life: \"Being a mum was so liberating because for the first time in my adult life, it wasn't all about me.", "In an interview with the BBC, Chisholm admitted that the arrival of her child proved to be a turning point in her life: \"Being a mum was so liberating because for the first time in my adult life, it wasn't all about me. It made me not only realise I had a huge responsibility to her but I have a huge responsibility to myself.", "It made me not only realise I had a huge responsibility to her but I have a huge responsibility to myself. In being her teacher, I had to treat myself better.\" Chisholm is a supporter of Liverpool FC and an amateur triathlete, having completed the London Triathlon twice.", "Chisholm is a supporter of Liverpool FC and an amateur triathlete, having completed the London Triathlon twice. Philanthropy In 2000, all proceeds from sales of her \"If That Were Me\" single went towards the Kandu Arts charity. In 2012, Chisholm joined the Sport Relief telethon by appearing in a Never Mind the Buzzcocks special.", "In 2012, Chisholm joined the Sport Relief telethon by appearing in a Never Mind the Buzzcocks special. Chisholm also participated in a three-mile \"Sport Relief Mile\" run.", "Chisholm also participated in a three-mile \"Sport Relief Mile\" run. In 2013, Chisholm joined Jack Dee, Dara Ó Briain, Greg James, Chelsee Healey and Philips Idowu in Through Hell and High Water, a Comic Relief challenge which involved British celebrities canoeing the most difficult rapids of the Zambezi River.", "In 2013, Chisholm joined Jack Dee, Dara Ó Briain, Greg James, Chelsee Healey and Philips Idowu in Through Hell and High Water, a Comic Relief challenge which involved British celebrities canoeing the most difficult rapids of the Zambezi River. They raised over £1 million for the charity.", "They raised over £1 million for the charity. In 2014, Chisholm travelled to Ghana to support a charity campaign by Procter & Gamble that provides African children with clean drinking water. The project involved the use of purification sachets that changes the water from stagnant to drinkable.", "The project involved the use of purification sachets that changes the water from stagnant to drinkable. Chisholm also supported a homeless charity by donating funds raised from her annual calendar. Artistry Influences Chisholm has cited Madonna as her biggest musical influence.", "Artistry Influences Chisholm has cited Madonna as her biggest musical influence. She stated: \"I think she's inspired me a lot musically, and maybe [in] just the way I present myself.", "She stated: \"I think she's inspired me a lot musically, and maybe [in] just the way I present myself. I've always admired how hard she works and what a strong lady she is, so she's always inspired me in that way.\"", "I've always admired how hard she works and what a strong lady she is, so she's always inspired me in that way.\" Chisholm named Madonna, Blur, Oasis, Suede and the Cardigans as inspirations for her first album. Voice Melanie C is a mezzo-soprano, with a vocal range reaching C 6.", "Voice Melanie C is a mezzo-soprano, with a vocal range reaching C 6. Her main characteristics are a distinctive timbre, a unique vocal ability that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom, and a versatile voice for different styles and music genres.", "Her main characteristics are a distinctive timbre, a unique vocal ability that helped shoot the Spice Girls to international stardom, and a versatile voice for different styles and music genres. Her voice is flex and snap, strong and inspirational, with a mixture of lightness and weight, with a slightly nasal, raspy and powerful tone, clear and emotional.", "Her voice is flex and snap, strong and inspirational, with a mixture of lightness and weight, with a slightly nasal, raspy and powerful tone, clear and emotional. Musical style Chisholm's music is generally pop and rock.", "Musical style Chisholm's music is generally pop and rock. Being the first member of the group to go solo, with Adams on When You're Gone in 1998, she has been versatile when it comes to style, incorporating pop-rock, rock, post-grunge, ambient, acoustic, R&B, hip hop, dance, trance, dance-pop, dance-rock, electro, into her sound.", "Being the first member of the group to go solo, with Adams on When You're Gone in 1998, she has been versatile when it comes to style, incorporating pop-rock, rock, post-grunge, ambient, acoustic, R&B, hip hop, dance, trance, dance-pop, dance-rock, electro, into her sound. She also released an album of show tunes.", "She also released an album of show tunes. Cultural impact and legacy As a Spice Girls member Chisholm was called \"Sporty Spice\" because she usually wore a tracksuit paired with athletic shoes, wore her long dark hair in a high ponytail, and sported a tough girl attitude as well as tattoos on both of her arms.", "Cultural impact and legacy As a Spice Girls member Chisholm was called \"Sporty Spice\" because she usually wore a tracksuit paired with athletic shoes, wore her long dark hair in a high ponytail, and sported a tough girl attitude as well as tattoos on both of her arms. She also possessed true athletic abilities, including being able to perform back handsprings.", "She also possessed true athletic abilities, including being able to perform back handsprings. In this period, the phrase \"girl power\" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions.", "In this period, the phrase \"girl power\" put a name to a social phenomenon, but the slogan was met with mixed reactions. The phrase was a label for the particular facet of post classical neo-feminist empowerment embraced by the band: that a sensual, feminine appearance and equality between the sexes need not be mutually exclusive.", "The phrase was a label for the particular facet of post classical neo-feminist empowerment embraced by the band: that a sensual, feminine appearance and equality between the sexes need not be mutually exclusive. The term \"Cool Britannia\" became prominent in the media and represented the new political and social climate that was emerging with the advances made by New Labour and the new UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.", "The term \"Cool Britannia\" became prominent in the media and represented the new political and social climate that was emerging with the advances made by New Labour and the new UK Prime Minister Tony Blair. Although by no means responsible for the onset of \"Cool Britannia\", the arrival of the Spice Girls added to the new image and re-branding of Britain, and underlined the growing world popularity of British, rather than American, pop music.", "Although by no means responsible for the onset of \"Cool Britannia\", the arrival of the Spice Girls added to the new image and re-branding of Britain, and underlined the growing world popularity of British, rather than American, pop music. The Spice Girls broke onto the music scene at a time when alternative rock, hip-hop and R&B dominated global music charts.", "The Spice Girls broke onto the music scene at a time when alternative rock, hip-hop and R&B dominated global music charts. The modern pop phenomenon that the Spice Girls created by targeting early members of Generation Y was credited with changing the global music landscape, bringing about the global wave of late-1990s and early-2000s teen pop acts such as Hanson, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and NSYNC.", "The modern pop phenomenon that the Spice Girls created by targeting early members of Generation Y was credited with changing the global music landscape, bringing about the global wave of late-1990s and early-2000s teen pop acts such as Hanson, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and NSYNC. The Spice Girls have also been credited with paving the way for the girl groups and female pop singers that have come after them.", "The Spice Girls have also been credited with paving the way for the girl groups and female pop singers that have come after them. In the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls' success.", "In the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls' success. The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix, Fifth Harmony, Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Kim Petras, Charli XCX, Rita Ora, Demi Lovato Carly Rae Jepsen, Regine Velasquez, MØ, Billie Eilish and Adele credits the Spice Girls as a major influence, in which Melanie C was the prominent voice.", "The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix, Fifth Harmony, Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Kim Petras, Charli XCX, Rita Ora, Demi Lovato Carly Rae Jepsen, Regine Velasquez, MØ, Billie Eilish and Adele credits the Spice Girls as a major influence, in which Melanie C was the prominent voice. Some songs from Northern Star have appeared in films, such as \"Ga Ga\" which is heard in Charmed and Big Daddy.", "Some songs from Northern Star have appeared in films, such as \"Ga Ga\" which is heard in Charmed and Big Daddy. The song \"Go\" makes an appearance in Whatever It Takes. \"Suddenly Monday\" appears in Maybe Baby and on its soundtrack.", "\"Suddenly Monday\" appears in Maybe Baby and on its soundtrack. After the song gained popularity, \"I Turn to You\" was featured in the film Bend It Like Beckham. It was covered by Darkseed on \"Ultimate Darkness\", by Machinae Supremacy on \"Webography\", and by Wig Wam on 667..", "It was covered by Darkseed on \"Ultimate Darkness\", by Machinae Supremacy on \"Webography\", and by Wig Wam on 667.. The Neighbour of the Beast. The song was also featured in the musical Viva Forever!, a musical show based on the songs of the Spice Girls.", "The song was also featured in the musical Viva Forever!, a musical show based on the songs of the Spice Girls. Some songs have also been covered by international artists such as Christine Fan, who covered and translated \"Suddenly Monday\" in Chinese for her debut album FanFan's World, and Dutch pop singer Do who covered the Japanese bonus-track \"Follow Me\", for her album of the same name.", "Some songs have also been covered by international artists such as Christine Fan, who covered and translated \"Suddenly Monday\" in Chinese for her debut album FanFan's World, and Dutch pop singer Do who covered the Japanese bonus-track \"Follow Me\", for her album of the same name. The single \"First Day of My Life\" was originally recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" (A new day) for his 2004 album Andrea, and he also released it as a single the same year.", "The single \"First Day of My Life\" was originally recorded by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, with lyrics in Italian as \"Un Nuovo Giorno\" (A new day) for his 2004 album Andrea, and he also released it as a single the same year. Chisolm's version of the single was a success in German-speaking countries because it was used as the title song of the German soap opera telenovela Wege zum Glück.", "Chisolm's version of the single was a success in German-speaking countries because it was used as the title song of the German soap opera telenovela Wege zum Glück. At the time of The Seas release, the lead single \"Rock Me\" served as the official theme song for German TV channel ZDF's coverage of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "At the time of The Seas release, the lead single \"Rock Me\" served as the official theme song for German TV channel ZDF's coverage of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Chisholm has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Spice Girls and her solo efforts.", "Chisholm has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Spice Girls and her solo efforts. The main concept of the Spice Girl albums centred on the idea of Girl Power, embodying a feminist image, as both Madonna and Bananarama had employed before, and every track deals with different aspects of this notion.", "The main concept of the Spice Girl albums centred on the idea of Girl Power, embodying a feminist image, as both Madonna and Bananarama had employed before, and every track deals with different aspects of this notion. Other central themes in the writing of the group were the union, solidarity, friendship, independence, love, loss of virginity, sex, contraception, the relationship with parents during adolescence, vulnerability and fame.", "Other central themes in the writing of the group were the union, solidarity, friendship, independence, love, loss of virginity, sex, contraception, the relationship with parents during adolescence, vulnerability and fame. Many of these themes were carried out even during her solo career, but with a more mature writing, intense style and in some songs a more raw and direct language.", "Many of these themes were carried out even during her solo career, but with a more mature writing, intense style and in some songs a more raw and direct language. Added to these were social issues such as homelessness, and introspective themes.", "Added to these were social issues such as homelessness, and introspective themes. Having co-written 11 UK number 1s, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet.", "Having co-written 11 UK number 1s, she remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist, as part of a duo, quartet and quintet. With 12 UK Number 1 singles, including the charity single as part of the Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with the most singles at number 1 in the UK.", "With 12 UK Number 1 singles, including the charity single as part of the Justice Collective, she is the second female artist – and the first British female artist – with the most singles at number 1 in the UK. Discography Studio albums Northern Star (1999) Reason (2003) Beautiful Intentions (2005) This Time (2007) The Sea (2011) Stages (2012) Version of Me (2016) Melanie C (2020) Filmography Stage Concert tours Headlining From Liverpool to Leicester Square (1999) Northern Star Tour (2000–01) Reason Tour (2003) The Barfly Mini-Tour (2004) Beautiful Intentions Tour (2005) This Time Canadian Tour (2008) The Sea – Live (2011–12) Version of Me UK & Ireland Tour (2017) Version of Me Europe Tour (2017) Version of Me Festival Tour (2017–2018) Global Pride Tour (2019) Colors and Light Live Stream (2020) Melanie C Tour (2022) Fixed special guest The Christmas Tour (2014) Awards and nominations Notes References Bibliography External links 1974 births 20th-century English singers 20th-century English women singers 21st-century English singers 21st-century English women singers Alumni of Bird College Bonnier Amigo Music Group artists Dance-pop musicians English female dancers English female models English people of Irish descent English people of Scottish descent English philanthropists English rock singers English television personalities English women guitarists English guitarists English women pop singers English women singer-songwriters Living people Participants in American reality television series Participants in British reality television series People from Whiston, Merseyside Singers from Merseyside Spice Girls members Virgin Records artists Women rock singers" ]

[ "Sam Cooke", "Aftermath" ]

[ "\"Wonderful World\" (occasionally referred to as \"(What A) Wonderful World\") is a song by American singer-songwriter Sam Cooke. Released on April 14, 1960, by Keen Records, it had been recorded during an impromptu session the previous year in March 1959, at Sam Cooke's last recording session at Keen. He signed with RCA Victor in 1960 and \"Wonderful World,\" then unreleased, was issued as a single in competition. The song was mainly composed by songwriting team Lou Adler and Herb Alpert, but Cooke revised the lyrics to mention the subject of education more.\n\n\"Wonderful World\" ended up doing substantially better on the charts than several of his early RCA singles, becoming his biggest hit single since \"You Send Me\" (1957). The song peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and hit number two on Billboard Hot R&B Sides chart.\n\nHerman's Hermits charted with their recording of the song in 1965, reaching number four in the United States and number seven in the United Kingdom, respectively. A remake by Art Garfunkel with James Taylor and Paul Simon charted at number 17 in 1978. The Sam Cooke version was featured in the 1978 film Animal House and gained greater recognition in the UK upon a 1986 re-release when it peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, going silver (it had peaked at number 27 on the UK singles chart on first release in 1960). Its 1986 success was attributed to sound-alike versions featured in the film Witness (1985) and a Levi's 501 television commercial.\n\nBackground\nLou Adler and Herb Alpert composed the song with the theme that neither knowledge nor education can dictate feelings, but that love \"could make the world a wonderful place.\" Adler did not take the song very seriously but Cooke appeared to be taken with it. \"He’d say, ‘What about that song, you know?’ And then he'd start on it again,\" recalled Adler. Cooke wanted to steer the song toward the subject of schooling, revised the song and decided to cut it at a recording session on March 2, 1959, five days after completing his Billie Holiday tribute album, Tribute to the Lady. The threesome's writing credit for the song was given to the pseudonymous \"Barbara Campbell.\" Campbell was also listed on the record labels for two other Cooke hits: \"Only Sixteen\" and \"Everybody Loves to Cha Cha Cha.\"\n\nThe session's main goal was to record three songs Cooke had composed. There was no arranger or orchestra and the personnel consisted of Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, bassist Adolphus Alsbrook, teenage drummer Ronnie Selico and a quartet of singers that Cooke biographer Peter Guralnick believes may have been the Pilgrim Travelers – J.W. Alexander, Lou Rawls, and George McCurn (nicknamed Oopie).\n\nThere is no known footage of Cooke performing the song, even though, in 1986, ABKCO president Allen Klein offered a $10,000 reward for anyone obtaining such footage.\n\nRelease and reception\nCooke signed to RCA Victor in 1960 but his first two singles on the major label – \"Teenage Sonata\" and \"You Understand Me\" – failed to register on the charts. Meanwhile, John Siamas, co-founder of Keen Records, discovered the \"demo\" recording of \"Wonderful World\" among unreleased Cooke recordings. Keen released \"Wonderful World\" in competition with RCA's issue of \"You Understand Me\" in the same week. \"Wonderful World\" quickly became Cooke's best-performing single since his first hit \"You Send Me,\" reaching number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the magazine's Hot R&B Sides chart. Billboard reviewed the single upon its release, giving it four stars and writing, \"Moderate rocker gets a smooth belt from Sam Cooke in his usual, salable style.\"\n\nIn 2004, the song was placed 373rd in Rolling Stone magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.\n\nLater versions\n\nHerman's Hermits had a major hit in the mid-1960s with an uptempo version of the song (omitting one verse) which reached number four in the US and number seven in the UK. The Hermits' version was, according to singer Peter Noone and guitarist Keith Hopwood, done as a tribute to Cooke upon his death. In an interview with Hugh Brown prior to a 2020 concert in Edinburgh, Noone recalled that Jimmy Page, later founder of Led Zeppelin, played guitar on the track and was paid £12. Cash Box described it as having \"an infectious, rhythmic blues-tinged warm-hearted style.\"\nOtis Redding recorded a version of the song on his 1965 album Otis Blue.\nJohnny Nash recorded a version for his eponymous 1977 album What a Wonderful World.\nIn 1978, Art Garfunkel recorded the song at a slow tempo, with Paul Simon and James Taylor alternating as lead and backing vocalists. This reached number 17 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 15 on the Cash Box Top 100. The Garfunkel version also became a number-one US Adult Contemporary hit for five weeks. Despite Paul Simon's presence on the recording, the song was not credited as a Simon and Garfunkel single. Instead, labels for US copies of the Columbia Records single read, \"Art Garfunkel with James Taylor & Paul Simon\".\n\nThe song (as credited under the alternate title, \"(What A) Wonderful World\") was included on later versions of Garfunkel's solo album, Watermark. It was added in place of another song (\"Fingerpaint\") to capitalize on the single's success.\n\nThe Garfunkel version includes a final verse not present in the original Sam Cooke recording; however, it is still credited to Adler, Alpert and Cooke. The lyrics to this new verse are as follows:\n\nDon't know much about the middle ages, looked at the pictures then I turned the pages\nDon't know nothin' 'bout no rise and fall, don't know nothin' 'bout nothin' at all\nGirl it's you that I've been thinkin' of, and if I could only win your love, oh, girl\nWhat a wonderful, wonderful world this would be\nWhat a wonderful, wonderful, wonderful world this would be...\n \nThe last line repeats, and the song fades out at this point.\n\nDon McLean recorded a version of the song for his 1986 album For the Memories.\nHong Kong singer Sandy Lam released a cover of the song in 1997.\nIn 1993, Japanese group Ulfuls released a cover of the song, which was later used in 1997 as ending song for the drama \"Sore ga kotae da!\"\nMichael Bolton recorded a cover in 1999 for his second album of covers, Timeless: The Classics Vol. 2.\n\nIn popular culture\nThe song is used in the 1978 film Animal House in the well-known lunchroom scene where Bluto (John Belushi) gathers food in preparation for a food fight. The song was also included in the 1983 film Breathless. The original Sam Cooke version of the song comprised the title soundtrack of the 2005 film Hitch.\n\nAfter a Greg Chapman cover of the song was featured prominently in the 1985 film Witness in a scene where Harrison Ford dances with Kelly McGillis, \"Wonderful World\" gained further exposure. Particularly in the United Kingdom, where a copy of the song, produced by Karl Jenkins and Mike Ratledge and with vocals sung by Barbadian Tony Jackson, a backing singer for Paul Young, appeared in \"Bath\", a well-remembered, Roger Lyons-directed 1985 advertisement for Levi's 501 jeans. As a result, the Sam Cooke version of the song became a hit in the UK, reaching No.2 and selling a certified 250,000 copies. In a 2005 poll by the UK's Channel Four the song was voted the 19th-greatest song ever to feature in a commercial.\n\nThe song is featured in the Mafia III's Official Soundtrack, published on October 7, 2016.\n\nCharts and certifications\n\nWeekly charts\n\nSam Cooke version\n\nHerman's Hermits version\n\nJohnny Nash version\n\nSimon and Garfunkel with James Taylor version\n\nCertifications\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n \n \n\n1959 songs\n1960 singles\nSam Cooke songs\nOtis Redding songs\nSong recordings produced by Mickie Most\nHerman's Hermits songs\nGlen Campbell songs\nSimon & Garfunkel songs\nJames Taylor songs\nRichard Marx songs\nDutch Top 40 number-one singles\nRPM Top Singles number-one singles\nSongs written by Sam Cooke\nThe Flying Pickets songs\nSongs written by Lou Adler\nMGM Records singles\nSongs about school\nKeen Records singles", "The Best of Sam Cooke is the second greatest hits album by American singer-songwriter Sam Cooke. Produced by Hugo & Luigi, the album was released in 1962 in the United States by RCA Victor. The compilation contains most of Sam Cooke's most well-known hits from 1957 to 1962.\n\nCritical reception \nAllMusic critic Ron Wynn gave The Best of Sam Cooke three-and-a-half out of five stars and called it \"an above-average greatest hits collection, although no sampler could fully convey Sam Cooke's genius.\" In Blender, Robert Christgau was more critical, giving it one star and recommending listeners overlook the album in favor of the 30-song compilation Portrait of a Legend: 1951–1964.\n\nTrack listing\n\nSide one\n\"You Send Me\" – 2:45\n\"Only Sixteen\" – 2:02\n\"Everybody Loves to Cha Cha Cha\" – 2:42\n\"(I Love You) For Sentimental Reasons\" – 2:38\n\"Wonderful World\" – 2:06\n\"Summertime\" – 2:21\n\nSide two\n\"Chain Gang\" – 2:35\n\"Cupid\" – 2:37\n\"Twistin' the Night Away\" – 2:43\n\"Sad Mood\" – 2:38\n\"Having a Party\" – 2:36\n\"Bring It On Home to Me\" – 2:44\n\nPersonnel\nSam Cooke – vocals\nLou Rawls – back-up vocals\n\nVinyl Re-Issue\nIn 2018, Sony Music reissued the album in its original vinyl format as part of the RCA Legacy Recordings series.\n\nNotes \n\nSam Cooke compilation albums\nAlbums produced by Hugo & Luigi\n1962 greatest hits albums\nRCA Records compilation albums\nRCA Victor compilation albums" ]

[ "Samuel Cook (January 22, 1931 – December 11, 1964), known professionally as Sam Cooke, was an American singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur. Considered to be a pioneer and one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the \"King of Soul\" for his distinctive vocals, notable contributions to the genre and high significance in popular music.", "Considered to be a pioneer and one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the \"King of Soul\" for his distinctive vocals, notable contributions to the genre and high significance in popular music. Cooke was born in Mississippi and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s.", "Cooke was born in Mississippi and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s. Going solo in 1957, Cooke released a string of hit songs, including \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\", and \"Good Times\".", "Going solo in 1957, Cooke released a string of hit songs, including \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\", and \"Good Times\". During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard Black Singles chart.", "During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard Black Singles chart. In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles.", "In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles. After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide; his family has since questioned the circumstances of his death.", "After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide; his family has since questioned the circumstances of his death. Cooke's pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown.", "Cooke's pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown. AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was \"the inventor of soul music\", and possessed \"an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed\".", "AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was \"the inventor of soul music\", and possessed \"an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed\". Cooke was also a central part of the Civil Rights Movement, using his influence and popularity with the white and black population to fight for the cause.", "Cooke was also a central part of the Civil Rights Movement, using his influence and popularity with the white and black population to fight for the cause. He was good friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality.", "He was good friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality. Early life Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the \"e\" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life).", "Early life Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the \"e\" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life). He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev.", "He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev. Charles Cook, a minister in the Church of Christ (Holiness), and his wife, Annie Mae. One of his younger brothers, L.C. (1932–2017), later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents.", "(1932–2017), later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents. The family moved to Chicago in 1933. Cook attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat \"King\" Cole had attended a few years earlier.", "Cook attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat \"King\" Cole had attended a few years earlier. Cooke began his career with his siblings in a group called the Singing Children when he was six years old. He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C.", "He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C. 's when he was a teenager, having joined the group at the age of 14. During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group.", "During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group. Career The Soul Stirrers In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group.", "Career The Soul Stirrers In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group. Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song \"Jesus Gave Me Water\" in 1951.", "Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song \"Jesus Gave Me Water\" in 1951. They also recorded the gospel songs \"Peace in the Valley\", \"How Far Am I from Canaan?", "They also recorded the gospel songs \"Peace in the Valley\", \"How Far Am I from Canaan? \", \"Jesus Paid the Debt\" and \"One More River\", among many others, some of which he wrote.", "\", \"Jesus Paid the Debt\" and \"One More River\", among many others, some of which he wrote. Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke.", "Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke. Billboards 2015 list of \"the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time\" includes Cooke, \"who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit \"You Send Me\" ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'\".", "Billboards 2015 list of \"the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time\" includes Cooke, \"who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit \"You Send Me\" ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'\". Crossover pop success Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously.", "Crossover pop success Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously. Major hits like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\" are some of his most popular songs.", "Major hits like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\" are some of his most popular songs. Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums.", "Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums. Cooke was also among the first modern Black performers and composers to attend to the business side of his musical career. He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer.", "He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer. He also took an active part in the Civil Rights Movement. His first pop/soul single was \"Lovable\" (1956), a remake of the gospel song \"Wonderful\".", "His first pop/soul single was \"Lovable\" (1956), a remake of the gospel song \"Wonderful\". It was released under the alias \"Dale Cook\" in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music.", "It was released under the alias \"Dale Cook\" in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music. However, it fooled no one—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized.", "However, it fooled no one—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized. Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making.", "Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making. Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard.", "Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard. When Rupe walked in on a recording session and heard Cooke covering Gershwin, he was quite upset. After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label.", "After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label. \"Lovable\" was never a hit, but neither did it flop, and indicated Cooke's future potential. While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out.", "While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out. Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father.", "Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father. \"My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy.\"", "\"My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy.\" Taking the name \"Sam Cooke\", he sought a fresh start in pop.", "Taking the name \"Sam Cooke\", he sought a fresh start in pop. In 1957, Cooke appeared on ABC's The Guy Mitchell Show. That same year, he signed with Keen Records. His first hit, \"You Send Me\", released as the B-side of \"Summertime\", spent six weeks at No.", "His first hit, \"You Send Me\", released as the B-side of \"Summertime\", spent six weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard R&B chart. The song also had mainstream success, spending three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard pop chart.", "1 on the Billboard pop chart. It elevated him from earning $200 a week to over $5,000 a week. In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3.", "In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3. The other headliners were Little Willie John, Ray Charles, Ernie Freeman, and Bo Rhambo. Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest.", "Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest. The event featured the top four prominent disc jockeys of Los Angeles. Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 () by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi.", "Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 () by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi. One of his first RCA Victor singles was \"Chain Gang\", which reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart.", "2 on the Billboard pop chart. It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\".", "It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\". In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain.", "In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain. The label soon included the Simms Twins, the Valentinos (who were Bobby Womack and his brothers), Mel Carter and Johnnie Taylor. Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags.", "Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags. Like most R&B artists of his time, Cooke focused on singles; in all, he had 29 top 40 hits on the pop charts and more on the R&B charts. He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded.", "He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded. He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements.", "He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements. In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964.", "In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964. In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager.", "In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager. Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings.", "Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings. RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions.", "RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions. For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000.", "For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000. Cooke would receive cash advances of $100,000 for the next two years, followed by an additional $75,000 for each of the two option years if the deal went to term. Personal life Cooke was married twice.", "Personal life Cooke was married twice. His first marriage was to singer-dancer Dolores Elizabeth Milligan Cook, who took the stage name \"Dee Dee Mohawk\" in 1953; they divorced in 1958. She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959.", "She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959. Although he and Dolores were divorced, Cooke paid for his ex-wife's funeral expenses. She was survived by her son Joey. In 1958, Cooke married his second wife, Barbara Campbell (1935–2021), in Chicago. His father performed the ceremony.", "His father performed the ceremony. His father performed the ceremony. They had three children, Linda (b. 1953), Tracy (b. 1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool.", "1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool. Less than three months after Cooke's death, his widow, Barbara, married his friend Bobby Womack. Womack sexually abused Cooke's daughter, Linda. Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack.", "Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack. Cooke also fathered at least three other children out of wedlock. In 1958, a woman in Philadelphia, Connie Bolling, claimed Cooke was the father of her son. Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court.", "Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court. In November 1958, Cooke was involved in a car accident en route from St. Louis to Greenville. His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized.", "His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized. Death Cooke was killed at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in South Central Los Angeles, California, located at 91st and Figueroa Ave. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body.", "Death Cooke was killed at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in South Central Los Angeles, California, located at 91st and Figueroa Ave. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body. He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart.", "He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart. The motel's manager, Bertha Franklin, claimed to have shot him in self-defense. Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances.", "Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances. The motel's owner, Evelyn Carr, said that she had been on the telephone with Franklin at the time of the incident. Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police.", "Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police. The police record states that Franklin fatally shot Cooke, who had checked in earlier that evening. Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting \"Where's the girl?!", "Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting \"Where's the girl?! \", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had.", "\", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had. Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket.", "Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket. He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts.", "He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts. According to Franklin, she grappled with Cooke, the two of them fell to the floor, and she then got up and ran to retrieve a gun. She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life.", "She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life. Cooke was struck once in the torso. According to Franklin, he exclaimed, \"Lady, you shot me\", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again.", "According to Franklin, he exclaimed, \"Lady, you shot me\", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again. She said she hit him in the head with a broomstick before he finally fell to the floor and died. A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident.", "A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident. Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company.", "Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company. She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel.", "She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel. She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties; she said she was sure he was going to rape her.", "She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties; she said she was sure he was going to rape her. Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut.", "Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut. According to Boyer, she returned to the main room, where Cooke continued to molest her. When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room.", "When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room. She said that in her haste, she had also scooped up most of Cooke's clothing by mistake. She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help.", "She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help. However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door.", "However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door. She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police.", "She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police. Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and her story has long been called into question.", "Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and her story has long been called into question. Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape.", "Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape. Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends.", "Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends. However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins.", "However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins. However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting.", "However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting. Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of undress.", "Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of undress. In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests, the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide.", "In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests, the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide. With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death.", "With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death. Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr.", "Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr. They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts.", "They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts. On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke’s close friend Muhammad Ali said “If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating.” Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events.", "On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke’s close friend Muhammad Ali said “If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating.” Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events. She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone.", "She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone. James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled.", "James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled. Some have speculated that Cooke's manager, Allen Klein, had a role in his death. Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings.", "Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings. No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented.", "No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented. Aftermath The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body.", "Aftermath The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body. Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19, which included a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin.", "Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19, which included a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin. Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.", "Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death. One of the singles, \"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts.", "One of the singles, \"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement.", "The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement. It was a Top 40 pop hit and a top 10 R&B hit. The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums.", "The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums. Bertha Franklin said she received numerous death threats after shooting Cooke. She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved.", "She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved. After being cleared by the coroner's jury, she sued Cooke's estate, citing physical injuries and mental anguish suffered as a result of Cooke's attack. Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages.", "Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages. Barbara Womack countersued Franklin on behalf of the estate, seeking $7,000 in damages to cover Cooke's funeral expenses. Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case.", "Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case. In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages.", "In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages. Legacy Cultural depictions Portrayals Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly.", "Legacy Cultural depictions Portrayals Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly. In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinzé Kene.", "In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinzé Kene. In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal.", "In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal. Posthumous honors In 1986, Cooke was inducted as a charter member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.", "In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted.", "In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted. On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard.", "On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard. Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999, presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo.", "Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999, presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\".", "In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\". In 2008, Cooke was named the fourth \"Greatest Singer of All Time\" by Rolling Stone. In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater.", "In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater. In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale.", "In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale. In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary \"Sam Cooke Way\" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager.", "In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary \"Sam Cooke Way\" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager. In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University.", "In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University. The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing.", "The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing. The words \"A change is gonna come\" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016.", "The words \"A change is gonna come\" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016. Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame.", "Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame. In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called \"Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)\" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends.", "In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called \"Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)\" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends. American Songwriter magazine honored \"Song for Sam Cooke\" as the \"Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs\".", "American Songwriter magazine honored \"Song for Sam Cooke\" as the \"Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs\". Discography Sam Cooke (1958) Encore (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Cooke's Tour (1960) Hits of the 50's (1960) The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960, compilation) Swing Low (1961) My Kind of Blues (1961) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Mr.", "Discography Sam Cooke (1958) Encore (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Cooke's Tour (1960) Hits of the 50's (1960) The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960, compilation) Swing Low (1961) My Kind of Blues (1961) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Mr. Soul (1963) Night Beat (1963) Ain't That Good News (1964) Sam Cooke at the Copa (1964, live) Live at the Harlem Square Club, 1963 (1985, live) Notes References Further reading Our Uncle Sam: The Sam Cooke Story from His Family's Perspective by Erik Greene (2005) You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke by Daniel Wolff, S. R. Crain, Clifton White, and G. David Tenenbaum (1995) One More River to Cross: The Redemption of Sam Cooke by B. G. Rhule (2012) External links Sam Cooke (ABKCO Homepage) \"Black Elvis\" by The Village Voice 1931 births 1964 deaths African-American male singer-songwriters Activists for African-American civil rights African-American rock musicians African-American rock singers American gospel singers American male pop singers American rhythm and blues musicians American rhythm and blues singers American rock musicians American rock singers American soul musicians American soul singers Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Keen Records artists RCA Victor artists Specialty Records artists Death conspiracy theories Deaths by firearm in California Musicians from Clarksdale, Mississippi Singers from Chicago Singer-songwriters from Mississippi Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 20th-century African-American activists Mississippi Blues Trail 20th-century African-American male singers Singer-songwriters from Illinois" ]

[ "Sam Cooke", "Aftermath", "what happened to sam cooke in the aftermath?", "Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death.", "what was the title of the album released after his death?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"Smile\" is the lead single released from Scarface's fourth album, The Untouchable. The song features 2Pac and R&B singer, Johnny P. \"Smile\" is a remix of the 2Pac song \"Smile For Me Now\", which was produced by 2Pac and Damon Thomas and was released prior on the Death Row Records compilation album, Death Row Greatest Hits. \"Smile\" was produced by Scarface, Mike Dean and Tone Capone. The song became Scarface's most successful single to date, making it to number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100.\n\nMusic executive J Prince, in a 2018 interview with Rap Radar, stated that he asked Puff Daddy if the Notorious B.I.G. would also like to feature on the song, but after discovering that 2Pac would feature, he declined. The chorus contains an interpolation of \"Tell Me If You Still Care\" by The S.O.S. Band.\n\nSingle track listing\n\nB-Side\n\"Untouchable\" (Radio Edit)- 3:38\n\"Untouchable\" (Instrumental)- 3:59\n\nMusic video\nThe music video was released for the week ending on April 27, 1997.\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\n1997 singles\nScarface (rapper) songs\nTupac Shakur songs\nSong recordings produced by Dr. Dre\n1997 songs\nSongs written by Mike Dean (record producer)\nSongs written by Tupac Shakur\nAmerican contemporary R&B songs\nMusic videos directed by Paul Hunter (director)", "\"Letter 2 My Unborn\" is a song by Tupac Shakur, released as a posthumous single from his album Until the End of Time in 2001.\n\nThe accompanying music video received moderate airplay though it was less successful than the lead single from the album, the title track. The single peaked at number 64 in the airplay chart.\n\nLyrical content\nIn the song, Tupac speaks to his then-unborn child as a precaution for fear that he would not be able to meet or speak with them in the event of his death prior to their birth. Shakur relays stories of his own life and advises the child to avoid the troubles that he faced.\n\nComposition\nThe song samples Michael Jackson's 1987 hit \"Liberian Girl\" (from Bad, 1987), but is set at a higher tempo and features a female vocal backing track by Tena Jones (formerly of 4th Avenue Jones).\n\nTrack listing\n12\"\n \"Letter 2 My Unborn\" - 3:55\n \"Letter 2 My Unborn\" (instrumental) - 3:55\n \"Hell 4 a Hustler\" - 4:56\nPromo\nSide A\n \"Letter 2 My Unborn\" - 3:57\n \"Letter 2 My Unborn\" (instrumental) -\t3:57\n \"Letter 2 My Unborn\" (a cappella) - 3:56\nSide B\n \"Niggaz Nature\" (remix) (radio edit) - 3:45\n \"Niggaz Nature\" (remix) - 5:04\n \"Niggaz Nature\" (remix) (instrumental) - 5:08\n \"Niggaz Nature\" (remix) (a cappella) - 4:57\n\nChart positions\n\nReferences\n\nSongs about children\nSongs about fathers\nSongs about letters (message)\nSongs released posthumously\nTupac Shakur songs\n2001 singles\nSongs written by Michael Jackson\n2001 songs\nInterscope Records singles\nDeath Row Records singles\nSongs written by Tupac Shakur" ]

[ "Samuel Cook (January 22, 1931 – December 11, 1964), known professionally as Sam Cooke, was an American singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur. Considered to be a pioneer and one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the \"King of Soul\" for his distinctive vocals, notable contributions to the genre and high significance in popular music.", "Considered to be a pioneer and one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the \"King of Soul\" for his distinctive vocals, notable contributions to the genre and high significance in popular music. Cooke was born in Mississippi and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s.", "Cooke was born in Mississippi and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s. Going solo in 1957, Cooke released a string of hit songs, including \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\", and \"Good Times\".", "Going solo in 1957, Cooke released a string of hit songs, including \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\", and \"Good Times\". During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard Black Singles chart.", "During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard Black Singles chart. In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles.", "In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles. After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide; his family has since questioned the circumstances of his death.", "After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide; his family has since questioned the circumstances of his death. Cooke's pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown.", "Cooke's pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown. AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was \"the inventor of soul music\", and possessed \"an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed\".", "AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was \"the inventor of soul music\", and possessed \"an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed\". Cooke was also a central part of the Civil Rights Movement, using his influence and popularity with the white and black population to fight for the cause.", "Cooke was also a central part of the Civil Rights Movement, using his influence and popularity with the white and black population to fight for the cause. He was good friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality.", "He was good friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality. Early life Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the \"e\" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life).", "Early life Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the \"e\" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life). He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev.", "He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev. Charles Cook, a minister in the Church of Christ (Holiness), and his wife, Annie Mae. One of his younger brothers, L.C. (1932–2017), later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents.", "(1932–2017), later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents. The family moved to Chicago in 1933. Cook attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat \"King\" Cole had attended a few years earlier.", "Cook attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat \"King\" Cole had attended a few years earlier. Cooke began his career with his siblings in a group called the Singing Children when he was six years old. He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C.", "He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C. 's when he was a teenager, having joined the group at the age of 14. During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group.", "During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group. Career The Soul Stirrers In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group.", "Career The Soul Stirrers In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group. Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song \"Jesus Gave Me Water\" in 1951.", "Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song \"Jesus Gave Me Water\" in 1951. They also recorded the gospel songs \"Peace in the Valley\", \"How Far Am I from Canaan?", "They also recorded the gospel songs \"Peace in the Valley\", \"How Far Am I from Canaan? \", \"Jesus Paid the Debt\" and \"One More River\", among many others, some of which he wrote.", "\", \"Jesus Paid the Debt\" and \"One More River\", among many others, some of which he wrote. Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke.", "Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke. Billboards 2015 list of \"the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time\" includes Cooke, \"who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit \"You Send Me\" ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'\".", "Billboards 2015 list of \"the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time\" includes Cooke, \"who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit \"You Send Me\" ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'\". Crossover pop success Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously.", "Crossover pop success Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously. Major hits like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\" are some of his most popular songs.", "Major hits like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\" are some of his most popular songs. Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums.", "Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums. Cooke was also among the first modern Black performers and composers to attend to the business side of his musical career. He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer.", "He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer. He also took an active part in the Civil Rights Movement. His first pop/soul single was \"Lovable\" (1956), a remake of the gospel song \"Wonderful\".", "His first pop/soul single was \"Lovable\" (1956), a remake of the gospel song \"Wonderful\". It was released under the alias \"Dale Cook\" in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music.", "It was released under the alias \"Dale Cook\" in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music. However, it fooled no one—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized.", "However, it fooled no one—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized. Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making.", "Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making. Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard.", "Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard. When Rupe walked in on a recording session and heard Cooke covering Gershwin, he was quite upset. After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label.", "After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label. \"Lovable\" was never a hit, but neither did it flop, and indicated Cooke's future potential. While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out.", "While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out. Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father.", "Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father. \"My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy.\"", "\"My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy.\" Taking the name \"Sam Cooke\", he sought a fresh start in pop.", "Taking the name \"Sam Cooke\", he sought a fresh start in pop. In 1957, Cooke appeared on ABC's The Guy Mitchell Show. That same year, he signed with Keen Records. His first hit, \"You Send Me\", released as the B-side of \"Summertime\", spent six weeks at No.", "His first hit, \"You Send Me\", released as the B-side of \"Summertime\", spent six weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard R&B chart. The song also had mainstream success, spending three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard pop chart.", "1 on the Billboard pop chart. It elevated him from earning $200 a week to over $5,000 a week. In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3.", "In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3. The other headliners were Little Willie John, Ray Charles, Ernie Freeman, and Bo Rhambo. Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest.", "Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest. The event featured the top four prominent disc jockeys of Los Angeles. Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 () by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi.", "Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 () by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi. One of his first RCA Victor singles was \"Chain Gang\", which reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart.", "2 on the Billboard pop chart. It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\".", "It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\". In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain.", "In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain. The label soon included the Simms Twins, the Valentinos (who were Bobby Womack and his brothers), Mel Carter and Johnnie Taylor. Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags.", "Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags. Like most R&B artists of his time, Cooke focused on singles; in all, he had 29 top 40 hits on the pop charts and more on the R&B charts. He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded.", "He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded. He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements.", "He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements. In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964.", "In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964. In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager.", "In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager. Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings.", "Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings. RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions.", "RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions. For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000.", "For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000. Cooke would receive cash advances of $100,000 for the next two years, followed by an additional $75,000 for each of the two option years if the deal went to term. Personal life Cooke was married twice.", "Personal life Cooke was married twice. His first marriage was to singer-dancer Dolores Elizabeth Milligan Cook, who took the stage name \"Dee Dee Mohawk\" in 1953; they divorced in 1958. She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959.", "She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959. Although he and Dolores were divorced, Cooke paid for his ex-wife's funeral expenses. She was survived by her son Joey. In 1958, Cooke married his second wife, Barbara Campbell (1935–2021), in Chicago. His father performed the ceremony.", "His father performed the ceremony. His father performed the ceremony. They had three children, Linda (b. 1953), Tracy (b. 1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool.", "1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool. Less than three months after Cooke's death, his widow, Barbara, married his friend Bobby Womack. Womack sexually abused Cooke's daughter, Linda. Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack.", "Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack. Cooke also fathered at least three other children out of wedlock. In 1958, a woman in Philadelphia, Connie Bolling, claimed Cooke was the father of her son. Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court.", "Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court. In November 1958, Cooke was involved in a car accident en route from St. Louis to Greenville. His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized.", "His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized. Death Cooke was killed at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in South Central Los Angeles, California, located at 91st and Figueroa Ave. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body.", "Death Cooke was killed at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in South Central Los Angeles, California, located at 91st and Figueroa Ave. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body. He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart.", "He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart. The motel's manager, Bertha Franklin, claimed to have shot him in self-defense. Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances.", "Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances. The motel's owner, Evelyn Carr, said that she had been on the telephone with Franklin at the time of the incident. Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police.", "Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police. The police record states that Franklin fatally shot Cooke, who had checked in earlier that evening. Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting \"Where's the girl?!", "Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting \"Where's the girl?! \", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had.", "\", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had. Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket.", "Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket. He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts.", "He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts. According to Franklin, she grappled with Cooke, the two of them fell to the floor, and she then got up and ran to retrieve a gun. She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life.", "She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life. Cooke was struck once in the torso. According to Franklin, he exclaimed, \"Lady, you shot me\", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again.", "According to Franklin, he exclaimed, \"Lady, you shot me\", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again. She said she hit him in the head with a broomstick before he finally fell to the floor and died. A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident.", "A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident. Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company.", "Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company. She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel.", "She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel. She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties; she said she was sure he was going to rape her.", "She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties; she said she was sure he was going to rape her. Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut.", "Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut. According to Boyer, she returned to the main room, where Cooke continued to molest her. When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room.", "When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room. She said that in her haste, she had also scooped up most of Cooke's clothing by mistake. She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help.", "She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help. However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door.", "However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door. She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police.", "She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police. Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and her story has long been called into question.", "Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and her story has long been called into question. Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape.", "Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape. Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends.", "Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends. However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins.", "However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins. However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting.", "However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting. Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of undress.", "Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of undress. In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests, the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide.", "In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests, the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide. With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death.", "With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death. Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr.", "Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr. They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts.", "They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts. On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke’s close friend Muhammad Ali said “If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating.” Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events.", "On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke’s close friend Muhammad Ali said “If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating.” Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events. She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone.", "She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone. James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled.", "James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled. Some have speculated that Cooke's manager, Allen Klein, had a role in his death. Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings.", "Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings. No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented.", "No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented. Aftermath The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body.", "Aftermath The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body. Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19, which included a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin.", "Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19, which included a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin. Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.", "Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death. One of the singles, \"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts.", "One of the singles, \"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement.", "The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement. It was a Top 40 pop hit and a top 10 R&B hit. The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums.", "The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums. Bertha Franklin said she received numerous death threats after shooting Cooke. She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved.", "She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved. After being cleared by the coroner's jury, she sued Cooke's estate, citing physical injuries and mental anguish suffered as a result of Cooke's attack. Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages.", "Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages. Barbara Womack countersued Franklin on behalf of the estate, seeking $7,000 in damages to cover Cooke's funeral expenses. Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case.", "Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case. In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages.", "In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages. Legacy Cultural depictions Portrayals Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly.", "Legacy Cultural depictions Portrayals Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly. In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinzé Kene.", "In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinzé Kene. In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal.", "In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal. Posthumous honors In 1986, Cooke was inducted as a charter member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.", "In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted.", "In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted. On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard.", "On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard. Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999, presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo.", "Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999, presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\".", "In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\". In 2008, Cooke was named the fourth \"Greatest Singer of All Time\" by Rolling Stone. In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater.", "In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater. In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale.", "In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale. In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary \"Sam Cooke Way\" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager.", "In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary \"Sam Cooke Way\" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager. In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University.", "In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University. The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing.", "The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing. The words \"A change is gonna come\" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016.", "The words \"A change is gonna come\" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016. Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame.", "Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame. In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called \"Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)\" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends.", "In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called \"Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)\" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends. American Songwriter magazine honored \"Song for Sam Cooke\" as the \"Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs\".", "American Songwriter magazine honored \"Song for Sam Cooke\" as the \"Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs\". Discography Sam Cooke (1958) Encore (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Cooke's Tour (1960) Hits of the 50's (1960) The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960, compilation) Swing Low (1961) My Kind of Blues (1961) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Mr.", "Discography Sam Cooke (1958) Encore (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Cooke's Tour (1960) Hits of the 50's (1960) The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960, compilation) Swing Low (1961) My Kind of Blues (1961) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Mr. Soul (1963) Night Beat (1963) Ain't That Good News (1964) Sam Cooke at the Copa (1964, live) Live at the Harlem Square Club, 1963 (1985, live) Notes References Further reading Our Uncle Sam: The Sam Cooke Story from His Family's Perspective by Erik Greene (2005) You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke by Daniel Wolff, S. R. Crain, Clifton White, and G. David Tenenbaum (1995) One More River to Cross: The Redemption of Sam Cooke by B. G. Rhule (2012) External links Sam Cooke (ABKCO Homepage) \"Black Elvis\" by The Village Voice 1931 births 1964 deaths African-American male singer-songwriters Activists for African-American civil rights African-American rock musicians African-American rock singers American gospel singers American male pop singers American rhythm and blues musicians American rhythm and blues singers American rock musicians American rock singers American soul musicians American soul singers Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Keen Records artists RCA Victor artists Specialty Records artists Death conspiracy theories Deaths by firearm in California Musicians from Clarksdale, Mississippi Singers from Chicago Singer-songwriters from Mississippi Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 20th-century African-American activists Mississippi Blues Trail 20th-century African-American male singers Singer-songwriters from Illinois" ]

[ "Sam Cooke", "Aftermath", "what happened to sam cooke in the aftermath?", "Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death.", "what was the title of the album released after his death?", "I don't know.", "were the songs released after his death successful?", "\"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song" ]

[ "Elections to Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council in June 2004 heralded a shock result as Labour council leader Sir Bill Taylor lost his seat to Liberal Democrat Zamir Khan. \"This morning as I was shaving I thought I could get beat and that is what happened\", commented Taylor after the result. \"I canvassed more for this election than for any other. I spoke to more than a thousand people on their doorsteps and was not given any suggestion there were any difficulties.\" Liberal Democrat leader Paul Browne blamed the defeat on dissatisfaction with British foreign policy, particularly in areas with high numbers of Muslim voters: \"Sir Bill has gone because of what has happened in Iraq. Simple.\" Only 63 of the 64 seats on the council were filled as the Earcroft ward by-election took place a month after due to the death of Mayor Mike Barratt. Yusuf Sidat was elected as an independent in Queen's Park Ward.\n\nElection result\n\n|-\n!colspan=2|Parties\n!Seats\n!Previous\n!NetGain/Loss\n|-\n| \n|33||35||-2\n|-\n| \n|17||15||+2\n|-\n| \n|12||8||+4\n|-\n|\n|align=left|Independent\n|1||2||-1\n|-\n!colspan=2|Total!!63!!60\n|}\n\nSource:\n\nWards\n\nCorporation Park\nElected\nArshid Mahmood (Lab) 790\nPaul James McGurty (Con) 734\nAbdul Rehman (LD) 884\n\nElectorate 4617\nBallot Papers 2781\n% Poll 60.23\n\nReferences\n\n2004 English local elections\n2004\n2000s in Lancashire", "Horror-of-personality is a specific sub-category of horror and thriller genres; as opposed to excessive violence or the presence of malevolent supernatural beings, such stories evoke horror and/or suspense through villains who are perfectly human, but possess horrific personalities. They usually focus on Freudian psychology, as well as the cause and effect of profound insanity. Each narrative will either document an unbalanced person's descent into madness, or else follow somebody on the trail of a murderous psychopath. The settings are often deceptively ordinary, such as cheerful suburban homes or shabby hotels. \n\nExamples include the stories of Patricia Highsmith and Edgar Allan Poe, as well as classic films like Psycho and What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?\n\nSee also\nPsychological horror\nPsychological thriller\n\nFurther reading\n\nReferences\n\nHorror genres" ]

[ "Samuel Cook (January 22, 1931 – December 11, 1964), known professionally as Sam Cooke, was an American singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur. Considered to be a pioneer and one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the \"King of Soul\" for his distinctive vocals, notable contributions to the genre and high significance in popular music.", "Considered to be a pioneer and one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the \"King of Soul\" for his distinctive vocals, notable contributions to the genre and high significance in popular music. Cooke was born in Mississippi and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s.", "Cooke was born in Mississippi and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s. Going solo in 1957, Cooke released a string of hit songs, including \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\", and \"Good Times\".", "Going solo in 1957, Cooke released a string of hit songs, including \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\", and \"Good Times\". During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard Black Singles chart.", "During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard Black Singles chart. In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles.", "In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles. After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide; his family has since questioned the circumstances of his death.", "After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide; his family has since questioned the circumstances of his death. Cooke's pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown.", "Cooke's pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown. AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was \"the inventor of soul music\", and possessed \"an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed\".", "AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was \"the inventor of soul music\", and possessed \"an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed\". Cooke was also a central part of the Civil Rights Movement, using his influence and popularity with the white and black population to fight for the cause.", "Cooke was also a central part of the Civil Rights Movement, using his influence and popularity with the white and black population to fight for the cause. He was good friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality.", "He was good friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality. Early life Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the \"e\" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life).", "Early life Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the \"e\" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life). He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev.", "He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev. Charles Cook, a minister in the Church of Christ (Holiness), and his wife, Annie Mae. One of his younger brothers, L.C. (1932–2017), later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents.", "(1932–2017), later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents. The family moved to Chicago in 1933. Cook attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat \"King\" Cole had attended a few years earlier.", "Cook attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat \"King\" Cole had attended a few years earlier. Cooke began his career with his siblings in a group called the Singing Children when he was six years old. He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C.", "He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C. 's when he was a teenager, having joined the group at the age of 14. During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group.", "During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group. Career The Soul Stirrers In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group.", "Career The Soul Stirrers In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group. Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song \"Jesus Gave Me Water\" in 1951.", "Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song \"Jesus Gave Me Water\" in 1951. They also recorded the gospel songs \"Peace in the Valley\", \"How Far Am I from Canaan?", "They also recorded the gospel songs \"Peace in the Valley\", \"How Far Am I from Canaan? \", \"Jesus Paid the Debt\" and \"One More River\", among many others, some of which he wrote.", "\", \"Jesus Paid the Debt\" and \"One More River\", among many others, some of which he wrote. Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke.", "Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke. Billboards 2015 list of \"the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time\" includes Cooke, \"who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit \"You Send Me\" ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'\".", "Billboards 2015 list of \"the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time\" includes Cooke, \"who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit \"You Send Me\" ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'\". Crossover pop success Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously.", "Crossover pop success Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously. Major hits like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\" are some of his most popular songs.", "Major hits like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\" are some of his most popular songs. Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums.", "Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums. Cooke was also among the first modern Black performers and composers to attend to the business side of his musical career. He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer.", "He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer. He also took an active part in the Civil Rights Movement. His first pop/soul single was \"Lovable\" (1956), a remake of the gospel song \"Wonderful\".", "His first pop/soul single was \"Lovable\" (1956), a remake of the gospel song \"Wonderful\". It was released under the alias \"Dale Cook\" in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music.", "It was released under the alias \"Dale Cook\" in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music. However, it fooled no one—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized.", "However, it fooled no one—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized. Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making.", "Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making. Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard.", "Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard. When Rupe walked in on a recording session and heard Cooke covering Gershwin, he was quite upset. After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label.", "After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label. \"Lovable\" was never a hit, but neither did it flop, and indicated Cooke's future potential. While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out.", "While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out. Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father.", "Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father. \"My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy.\"", "\"My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy.\" Taking the name \"Sam Cooke\", he sought a fresh start in pop.", "Taking the name \"Sam Cooke\", he sought a fresh start in pop. In 1957, Cooke appeared on ABC's The Guy Mitchell Show. That same year, he signed with Keen Records. His first hit, \"You Send Me\", released as the B-side of \"Summertime\", spent six weeks at No.", "His first hit, \"You Send Me\", released as the B-side of \"Summertime\", spent six weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard R&B chart. The song also had mainstream success, spending three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard pop chart.", "1 on the Billboard pop chart. It elevated him from earning $200 a week to over $5,000 a week. In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3.", "In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3. The other headliners were Little Willie John, Ray Charles, Ernie Freeman, and Bo Rhambo. Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest.", "Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest. The event featured the top four prominent disc jockeys of Los Angeles. Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 () by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi.", "Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 () by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi. One of his first RCA Victor singles was \"Chain Gang\", which reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart.", "2 on the Billboard pop chart. It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\".", "It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\". In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain.", "In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain. The label soon included the Simms Twins, the Valentinos (who were Bobby Womack and his brothers), Mel Carter and Johnnie Taylor. Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags.", "Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags. Like most R&B artists of his time, Cooke focused on singles; in all, he had 29 top 40 hits on the pop charts and more on the R&B charts. He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded.", "He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded. He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements.", "He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements. In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964.", "In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964. In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager.", "In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager. Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings.", "Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings. RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions.", "RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions. For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000.", "For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000. Cooke would receive cash advances of $100,000 for the next two years, followed by an additional $75,000 for each of the two option years if the deal went to term. Personal life Cooke was married twice.", "Personal life Cooke was married twice. His first marriage was to singer-dancer Dolores Elizabeth Milligan Cook, who took the stage name \"Dee Dee Mohawk\" in 1953; they divorced in 1958. She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959.", "She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959. Although he and Dolores were divorced, Cooke paid for his ex-wife's funeral expenses. She was survived by her son Joey. In 1958, Cooke married his second wife, Barbara Campbell (1935–2021), in Chicago. His father performed the ceremony.", "His father performed the ceremony. His father performed the ceremony. They had three children, Linda (b. 1953), Tracy (b. 1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool.", "1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool. Less than three months after Cooke's death, his widow, Barbara, married his friend Bobby Womack. Womack sexually abused Cooke's daughter, Linda. Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack.", "Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack. Cooke also fathered at least three other children out of wedlock. In 1958, a woman in Philadelphia, Connie Bolling, claimed Cooke was the father of her son. Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court.", "Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court. In November 1958, Cooke was involved in a car accident en route from St. Louis to Greenville. His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized.", "His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized. Death Cooke was killed at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in South Central Los Angeles, California, located at 91st and Figueroa Ave. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body.", "Death Cooke was killed at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in South Central Los Angeles, California, located at 91st and Figueroa Ave. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body. He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart.", "He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart. The motel's manager, Bertha Franklin, claimed to have shot him in self-defense. Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances.", "Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances. The motel's owner, Evelyn Carr, said that she had been on the telephone with Franklin at the time of the incident. Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police.", "Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police. The police record states that Franklin fatally shot Cooke, who had checked in earlier that evening. Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting \"Where's the girl?!", "Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting \"Where's the girl?! \", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had.", "\", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had. Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket.", "Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket. He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts.", "He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts. According to Franklin, she grappled with Cooke, the two of them fell to the floor, and she then got up and ran to retrieve a gun. She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life.", "She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life. Cooke was struck once in the torso. According to Franklin, he exclaimed, \"Lady, you shot me\", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again.", "According to Franklin, he exclaimed, \"Lady, you shot me\", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again. She said she hit him in the head with a broomstick before he finally fell to the floor and died. A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident.", "A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident. Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company.", "Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company. She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel.", "She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel. She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties; she said she was sure he was going to rape her.", "She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties; she said she was sure he was going to rape her. Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut.", "Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut. According to Boyer, she returned to the main room, where Cooke continued to molest her. When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room.", "When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room. She said that in her haste, she had also scooped up most of Cooke's clothing by mistake. She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help.", "She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help. However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door.", "However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door. She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police.", "She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police. Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and her story has long been called into question.", "Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and her story has long been called into question. Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape.", "Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape. Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends.", "Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends. However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins.", "However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins. However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting.", "However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting. Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of undress.", "Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of undress. In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests, the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide.", "In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests, the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide. With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death.", "With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death. Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr.", "Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr. They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts.", "They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts. On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke’s close friend Muhammad Ali said “If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating.” Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events.", "On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke’s close friend Muhammad Ali said “If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating.” Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events. She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone.", "She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone. James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled.", "James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled. Some have speculated that Cooke's manager, Allen Klein, had a role in his death. Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings.", "Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings. No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented.", "No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented. Aftermath The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body.", "Aftermath The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body. Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19, which included a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin.", "Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19, which included a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin. Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.", "Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death. One of the singles, \"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts.", "One of the singles, \"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement.", "The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement. It was a Top 40 pop hit and a top 10 R&B hit. The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums.", "The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums. Bertha Franklin said she received numerous death threats after shooting Cooke. She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved.", "She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved. After being cleared by the coroner's jury, she sued Cooke's estate, citing physical injuries and mental anguish suffered as a result of Cooke's attack. Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages.", "Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages. Barbara Womack countersued Franklin on behalf of the estate, seeking $7,000 in damages to cover Cooke's funeral expenses. Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case.", "Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case. In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages.", "In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages. Legacy Cultural depictions Portrayals Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly.", "Legacy Cultural depictions Portrayals Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly. In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinzé Kene.", "In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinzé Kene. In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal.", "In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal. Posthumous honors In 1986, Cooke was inducted as a charter member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.", "In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted.", "In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted. On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard.", "On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard. Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999, presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo.", "Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999, presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\".", "In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\". In 2008, Cooke was named the fourth \"Greatest Singer of All Time\" by Rolling Stone. In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater.", "In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater. In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale.", "In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale. In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary \"Sam Cooke Way\" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager.", "In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary \"Sam Cooke Way\" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager. In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University.", "In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University. The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing.", "The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing. The words \"A change is gonna come\" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016.", "The words \"A change is gonna come\" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016. Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame.", "Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame. In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called \"Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)\" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends.", "In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called \"Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)\" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends. American Songwriter magazine honored \"Song for Sam Cooke\" as the \"Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs\".", "American Songwriter magazine honored \"Song for Sam Cooke\" as the \"Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs\". Discography Sam Cooke (1958) Encore (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Cooke's Tour (1960) Hits of the 50's (1960) The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960, compilation) Swing Low (1961) My Kind of Blues (1961) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Mr.", "Discography Sam Cooke (1958) Encore (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Cooke's Tour (1960) Hits of the 50's (1960) The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960, compilation) Swing Low (1961) My Kind of Blues (1961) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Mr. Soul (1963) Night Beat (1963) Ain't That Good News (1964) Sam Cooke at the Copa (1964, live) Live at the Harlem Square Club, 1963 (1985, live) Notes References Further reading Our Uncle Sam: The Sam Cooke Story from His Family's Perspective by Erik Greene (2005) You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke by Daniel Wolff, S. R. Crain, Clifton White, and G. David Tenenbaum (1995) One More River to Cross: The Redemption of Sam Cooke by B. G. Rhule (2012) External links Sam Cooke (ABKCO Homepage) \"Black Elvis\" by The Village Voice 1931 births 1964 deaths African-American male singer-songwriters Activists for African-American civil rights African-American rock musicians African-American rock singers American gospel singers American male pop singers American rhythm and blues musicians American rhythm and blues singers American rock musicians American rock singers American soul musicians American soul singers Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Keen Records artists RCA Victor artists Specialty Records artists Death conspiracy theories Deaths by firearm in California Musicians from Clarksdale, Mississippi Singers from Chicago Singer-songwriters from Mississippi Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 20th-century African-American activists Mississippi Blues Trail 20th-century African-American male singers Singer-songwriters from Illinois" ]

[ "Sam Cooke", "Aftermath", "what happened to sam cooke in the aftermath?", "Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death.", "what was the title of the album released after his death?", "I don't know.", "were the songs released after his death successful?", "\"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song", "what else happened as a result of his death?", "fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body." ]

[ "Taking Children Seriously (T.C.S.) is a parenting movement and educational philosophy whose central idea is that it is possible and desirable to raise and educate children without either doing anything to them against their will or making them do anything against their will.\n\nOverview\nIt was founded in 1994 as an on-line mailing-list by libertarian Sarah Fitz-Claridge and David Deutsch, a theoretical physicist at Oxford University.\n\nT.C.S. begins with the observation that most traditional interactions between adults and youth are based on coercion. The T.C.S. model of parenting and education rejects this coercion as infringing on the will of the child, and also rejects parental or educator \"self-sacrifice\" as infringing on the will of the adult. T.C.S. advocates that parents and children work to find a common preference, a solution all parties genuinely prefer to all other candidate solutions they can think of.\n\nThe T.C.S. philosophy was inspired by the epistemology of Karl Popper. Popper was a professional educator himself before he started work in philosophy. In fact, philosophy was only a second option for him at that time, to be able to emigrate to escape the imminent Anschluss. He was active in the Wiener Schulreform (Vienna school reform) movement, and there are connections between the psychology of learning, on which he did his doctoral thesis, and his philosophy. However, as a philosopher, he did not advocate any concrete pedagogy, although he had some general views on the issue. T.C.S. views Popper's epistemology, as did Popper, as a universal theory of how knowledge grows, and tries to work out its profound implications for educational theory.\n\nSee also \n \n Democratic education\n Unschooling\n Voluntaryism\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Taking Children Seriously Website\n Fallible Living TCS Essays\n Reprinted in the Utne Reader\n Taking Children Seriously (TCS) and Anarchy by (I)An-ok in Green Anarchy #10 pp. 20–1. Fall 2002. Internet archive\n \n\nAlternative education\nPhilosophy of education\nPedagogy\nWorks about parenting", "Murray McNeel Caird Urquhart (24 April 1880 – 12 April 1972), commonly known as Murray Urquhart, was a British painter. His son, Brian Urquhart, would play a significant role in the founding of the United Nations, going on to serve as the United Nations' Under-Secretary-General for Special Political Affairs. He was dubbed “the century’s least successful painter\" by his own son.\n\nEarly life\n\nEarly life \nMurray McNeel Caird Urquhart was born on 24 April 1880 in Kirkcudbright, Scotland, to Andrew John Urquhart, a surgeon, and Helen Crokat McNeel Urquhart (née Caird), the daughter of Alexander McNeel Caird, the Procurator fiscal of Wigtownshire. Both his parents died soon after his birth, his mother died two weeks after Murray’s birth, and his father died 3 months later. Following his parents' death, he was initially brought up by his grandparents in Portpatrick, Wigtownshire. He was later taken in by an aunt, Sarah Urquhart, in Edinburgh.\n\nEducation \nMurray initially studied at the Merchiston Castle School, and briefly became a law student, before finally enrolling at the Edinburgh School of Art. In 1903, he subsequently moved on to study at the Slade School of Art, the Westminster School of Art (where he was tutored by artist Walter Sickert), and finally at the Academié Julian in Paris, where he was tutored by J.P. Laurens and stayed for two years.\n\nCareer \nAfter graduating, he subsequently began exhibiting his paintings. He exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts, the Royal Society of British Artists (later being elected a member), the Royal Hibernian Academy, Glasgow Institute of Fine Arts, the Royal Institute of Painters in Watercolours, and the New English Art Club. At the same time as his career as a painter took off, he began working as an illustrator for the children's book publisher T.C. & E.C. Jack in 1907.\n\nIn 2013, Murray's son, Brian, wrote in a New York Review of Books article that “Painting took absolute priority in [Urquhart’s] life, and his wife and children—not to mention national events and international disasters—were all secondary. He painted during daylight hours wherever he happened to be. What he did for money remained a mystery, except that we evidently had very little of it and lived in a primitive farm cottage without electricity or running water.”\n\nBrian also wrote that “The Great War presented a problem for my father, who would do anything to avoid military service. Was he mortally afraid of violent death? Or did he consider that painting was the only thing that he had the right and obligation to do? In any case, his obsession was such that he would hide, take a false name—anything to escape conscription.\"\n\nIn the early-mid 1930s he and his new wife lived in Kent, and later moved briefly to Kensington, from where he exhibited with the London Portrait Society. They then moved to Somerset, where Urquhart became an active member of the Society of Somerset Artists, becoming a vice-president in 1944 and later Chairman of the group in 1949. He remained there for several years, but later left, ending up in a nursing home in Alton, Hampshire, by 1972, he died shortly after.\n\nDeath \nHe died on 12 April 1972 at Graysholt Nursing Home, Alton, Hampshire, he didn't leave a will. His son Brian noted that “he neglected to make any effort to sell his pictures.” Although many have come up for auction since his death and realized respectable sums.\n\nPersonal life \nIn April 1911, in Bridport, Dorset, he married his first wife, Bertha Rendall, a schoolteacher born in Bridport on 14 December 1883, the daughter of Edward Pratt Rendall, a twine manufacturer. Their first child, Andrew, was born in Bridport in April 1914, and their second, Brian, in February 1919. In 1925, Murray (in the words of Brian Urquhart) “carried his easel and paintbox, rode away on his bicycle and never came home again.” Leaving his wife and two children. Two years later, he married Agatha Muriel Anne Snow, his cousin. Though he never officially divorced Bertha.\n\nReferences \n\nBritish painters\n1880 births\n1972 deaths" ]

[ "Samuel Cook (January 22, 1931 – December 11, 1964), known professionally as Sam Cooke, was an American singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur. Considered to be a pioneer and one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the \"King of Soul\" for his distinctive vocals, notable contributions to the genre and high significance in popular music.", "Considered to be a pioneer and one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the \"King of Soul\" for his distinctive vocals, notable contributions to the genre and high significance in popular music. Cooke was born in Mississippi and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s.", "Cooke was born in Mississippi and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s. Going solo in 1957, Cooke released a string of hit songs, including \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\", and \"Good Times\".", "Going solo in 1957, Cooke released a string of hit songs, including \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\", and \"Good Times\". During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard Black Singles chart.", "During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard Black Singles chart. In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles.", "In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles. After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide; his family has since questioned the circumstances of his death.", "After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide; his family has since questioned the circumstances of his death. Cooke's pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown.", "Cooke's pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown. AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was \"the inventor of soul music\", and possessed \"an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed\".", "AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was \"the inventor of soul music\", and possessed \"an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed\". Cooke was also a central part of the Civil Rights Movement, using his influence and popularity with the white and black population to fight for the cause.", "Cooke was also a central part of the Civil Rights Movement, using his influence and popularity with the white and black population to fight for the cause. He was good friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality.", "He was good friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality. Early life Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the \"e\" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life).", "Early life Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the \"e\" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life). He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev.", "He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev. Charles Cook, a minister in the Church of Christ (Holiness), and his wife, Annie Mae. One of his younger brothers, L.C. (1932–2017), later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents.", "(1932–2017), later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents. The family moved to Chicago in 1933. Cook attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat \"King\" Cole had attended a few years earlier.", "Cook attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat \"King\" Cole had attended a few years earlier. Cooke began his career with his siblings in a group called the Singing Children when he was six years old. He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C.", "He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C. 's when he was a teenager, having joined the group at the age of 14. During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group.", "During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group. Career The Soul Stirrers In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group.", "Career The Soul Stirrers In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group. Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song \"Jesus Gave Me Water\" in 1951.", "Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song \"Jesus Gave Me Water\" in 1951. They also recorded the gospel songs \"Peace in the Valley\", \"How Far Am I from Canaan?", "They also recorded the gospel songs \"Peace in the Valley\", \"How Far Am I from Canaan? \", \"Jesus Paid the Debt\" and \"One More River\", among many others, some of which he wrote.", "\", \"Jesus Paid the Debt\" and \"One More River\", among many others, some of which he wrote. Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke.", "Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke. Billboards 2015 list of \"the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time\" includes Cooke, \"who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit \"You Send Me\" ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'\".", "Billboards 2015 list of \"the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time\" includes Cooke, \"who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit \"You Send Me\" ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'\". Crossover pop success Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously.", "Crossover pop success Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously. Major hits like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\" are some of his most popular songs.", "Major hits like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\" are some of his most popular songs. Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums.", "Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums. Cooke was also among the first modern Black performers and composers to attend to the business side of his musical career. He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer.", "He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer. He also took an active part in the Civil Rights Movement. His first pop/soul single was \"Lovable\" (1956), a remake of the gospel song \"Wonderful\".", "His first pop/soul single was \"Lovable\" (1956), a remake of the gospel song \"Wonderful\". It was released under the alias \"Dale Cook\" in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music.", "It was released under the alias \"Dale Cook\" in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music. However, it fooled no one—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized.", "However, it fooled no one—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized. Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making.", "Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making. Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard.", "Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard. When Rupe walked in on a recording session and heard Cooke covering Gershwin, he was quite upset. After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label.", "After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label. \"Lovable\" was never a hit, but neither did it flop, and indicated Cooke's future potential. While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out.", "While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out. Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father.", "Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father. \"My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy.\"", "\"My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy.\" Taking the name \"Sam Cooke\", he sought a fresh start in pop.", "Taking the name \"Sam Cooke\", he sought a fresh start in pop. In 1957, Cooke appeared on ABC's The Guy Mitchell Show. That same year, he signed with Keen Records. His first hit, \"You Send Me\", released as the B-side of \"Summertime\", spent six weeks at No.", "His first hit, \"You Send Me\", released as the B-side of \"Summertime\", spent six weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard R&B chart. The song also had mainstream success, spending three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard pop chart.", "1 on the Billboard pop chart. It elevated him from earning $200 a week to over $5,000 a week. In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3.", "In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3. The other headliners were Little Willie John, Ray Charles, Ernie Freeman, and Bo Rhambo. Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest.", "Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest. The event featured the top four prominent disc jockeys of Los Angeles. Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 () by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi.", "Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 () by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi. One of his first RCA Victor singles was \"Chain Gang\", which reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart.", "2 on the Billboard pop chart. It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\".", "It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\". In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain.", "In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain. The label soon included the Simms Twins, the Valentinos (who were Bobby Womack and his brothers), Mel Carter and Johnnie Taylor. Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags.", "Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags. Like most R&B artists of his time, Cooke focused on singles; in all, he had 29 top 40 hits on the pop charts and more on the R&B charts. He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded.", "He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded. He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements.", "He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements. In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964.", "In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964. In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager.", "In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager. Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings.", "Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings. RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions.", "RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions. For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000.", "For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000. Cooke would receive cash advances of $100,000 for the next two years, followed by an additional $75,000 for each of the two option years if the deal went to term. Personal life Cooke was married twice.", "Personal life Cooke was married twice. His first marriage was to singer-dancer Dolores Elizabeth Milligan Cook, who took the stage name \"Dee Dee Mohawk\" in 1953; they divorced in 1958. She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959.", "She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959. Although he and Dolores were divorced, Cooke paid for his ex-wife's funeral expenses. She was survived by her son Joey. In 1958, Cooke married his second wife, Barbara Campbell (1935–2021), in Chicago. His father performed the ceremony.", "His father performed the ceremony. His father performed the ceremony. They had three children, Linda (b. 1953), Tracy (b. 1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool.", "1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool. Less than three months after Cooke's death, his widow, Barbara, married his friend Bobby Womack. Womack sexually abused Cooke's daughter, Linda. Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack.", "Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack. Cooke also fathered at least three other children out of wedlock. In 1958, a woman in Philadelphia, Connie Bolling, claimed Cooke was the father of her son. Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court.", "Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court. In November 1958, Cooke was involved in a car accident en route from St. Louis to Greenville. His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized.", "His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized. Death Cooke was killed at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in South Central Los Angeles, California, located at 91st and Figueroa Ave. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body.", "Death Cooke was killed at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in South Central Los Angeles, California, located at 91st and Figueroa Ave. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body. He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart.", "He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart. The motel's manager, Bertha Franklin, claimed to have shot him in self-defense. Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances.", "Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances. The motel's owner, Evelyn Carr, said that she had been on the telephone with Franklin at the time of the incident. Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police.", "Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police. The police record states that Franklin fatally shot Cooke, who had checked in earlier that evening. Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting \"Where's the girl?!", "Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting \"Where's the girl?! \", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had.", "\", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had. Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket.", "Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket. He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts.", "He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts. According to Franklin, she grappled with Cooke, the two of them fell to the floor, and she then got up and ran to retrieve a gun. She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life.", "She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life. Cooke was struck once in the torso. According to Franklin, he exclaimed, \"Lady, you shot me\", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again.", "According to Franklin, he exclaimed, \"Lady, you shot me\", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again. She said she hit him in the head with a broomstick before he finally fell to the floor and died. A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident.", "A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident. Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company.", "Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company. She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel.", "She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel. She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties; she said she was sure he was going to rape her.", "She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties; she said she was sure he was going to rape her. Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut.", "Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut. According to Boyer, she returned to the main room, where Cooke continued to molest her. When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room.", "When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room. She said that in her haste, she had also scooped up most of Cooke's clothing by mistake. She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help.", "She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help. However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door.", "However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door. She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police.", "She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police. Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and her story has long been called into question.", "Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and her story has long been called into question. Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape.", "Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape. Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends.", "Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends. However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins.", "However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins. However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting.", "However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting. Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of undress.", "Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of undress. In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests, the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide.", "In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests, the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide. With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death.", "With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death. Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr.", "Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr. They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts.", "They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts. On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke’s close friend Muhammad Ali said “If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating.” Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events.", "On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke’s close friend Muhammad Ali said “If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating.” Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events. She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone.", "She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone. James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled.", "James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled. Some have speculated that Cooke's manager, Allen Klein, had a role in his death. Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings.", "Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings. No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented.", "No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented. Aftermath The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body.", "Aftermath The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body. Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19, which included a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin.", "Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19, which included a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin. Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.", "Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death. One of the singles, \"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts.", "One of the singles, \"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement.", "The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement. It was a Top 40 pop hit and a top 10 R&B hit. The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums.", "The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums. Bertha Franklin said she received numerous death threats after shooting Cooke. She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved.", "She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved. After being cleared by the coroner's jury, she sued Cooke's estate, citing physical injuries and mental anguish suffered as a result of Cooke's attack. Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages.", "Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages. Barbara Womack countersued Franklin on behalf of the estate, seeking $7,000 in damages to cover Cooke's funeral expenses. Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case.", "Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case. In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages.", "In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages. Legacy Cultural depictions Portrayals Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly.", "Legacy Cultural depictions Portrayals Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly. In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinzé Kene.", "In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinzé Kene. In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal.", "In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal. Posthumous honors In 1986, Cooke was inducted as a charter member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.", "In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted.", "In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted. On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard.", "On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard. Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999, presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo.", "Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999, presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\".", "In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\". In 2008, Cooke was named the fourth \"Greatest Singer of All Time\" by Rolling Stone. In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater.", "In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater. In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale.", "In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale. In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary \"Sam Cooke Way\" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager.", "In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary \"Sam Cooke Way\" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager. In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University.", "In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University. The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing.", "The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing. The words \"A change is gonna come\" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016.", "The words \"A change is gonna come\" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016. Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame.", "Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame. In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called \"Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)\" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends.", "In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called \"Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)\" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends. American Songwriter magazine honored \"Song for Sam Cooke\" as the \"Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs\".", "American Songwriter magazine honored \"Song for Sam Cooke\" as the \"Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs\". Discography Sam Cooke (1958) Encore (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Cooke's Tour (1960) Hits of the 50's (1960) The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960, compilation) Swing Low (1961) My Kind of Blues (1961) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Mr.", "Discography Sam Cooke (1958) Encore (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Cooke's Tour (1960) Hits of the 50's (1960) The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960, compilation) Swing Low (1961) My Kind of Blues (1961) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Mr. Soul (1963) Night Beat (1963) Ain't That Good News (1964) Sam Cooke at the Copa (1964, live) Live at the Harlem Square Club, 1963 (1985, live) Notes References Further reading Our Uncle Sam: The Sam Cooke Story from His Family's Perspective by Erik Greene (2005) You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke by Daniel Wolff, S. R. Crain, Clifton White, and G. David Tenenbaum (1995) One More River to Cross: The Redemption of Sam Cooke by B. G. Rhule (2012) External links Sam Cooke (ABKCO Homepage) \"Black Elvis\" by The Village Voice 1931 births 1964 deaths African-American male singer-songwriters Activists for African-American civil rights African-American rock musicians African-American rock singers American gospel singers American male pop singers American rhythm and blues musicians American rhythm and blues singers American rock musicians American rock singers American soul musicians American soul singers Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Keen Records artists RCA Victor artists Specialty Records artists Death conspiracy theories Deaths by firearm in California Musicians from Clarksdale, Mississippi Singers from Chicago Singer-songwriters from Mississippi Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 20th-century African-American activists Mississippi Blues Trail 20th-century African-American male singers Singer-songwriters from Illinois" ]

[ "Sam Cooke", "Aftermath", "what happened to sam cooke in the aftermath?", "Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death.", "what was the title of the album released after his death?", "I don't know.", "were the songs released after his death successful?", "\"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song", "what else happened as a result of his death?", "fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body.", "Did his children or any other singers do anything special following his death?", "a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles," ]

[ "My Kind of Blues may refer to:\n My Kind of Blues (B.B. King album), 1961\n My Kind of Blues (Sam Cooke album), 1961", "The Best of Sam Cooke is the second greatest hits album by American singer-songwriter Sam Cooke. Produced by Hugo & Luigi, the album was released in 1962 in the United States by RCA Victor. The compilation contains most of Sam Cooke's most well-known hits from 1957 to 1962.\n\nCritical reception \nAllMusic critic Ron Wynn gave The Best of Sam Cooke three-and-a-half out of five stars and called it \"an above-average greatest hits collection, although no sampler could fully convey Sam Cooke's genius.\" In Blender, Robert Christgau was more critical, giving it one star and recommending listeners overlook the album in favor of the 30-song compilation Portrait of a Legend: 1951–1964.\n\nTrack listing\n\nSide one\n\"You Send Me\" – 2:45\n\"Only Sixteen\" – 2:02\n\"Everybody Loves to Cha Cha Cha\" – 2:42\n\"(I Love You) For Sentimental Reasons\" – 2:38\n\"Wonderful World\" – 2:06\n\"Summertime\" – 2:21\n\nSide two\n\"Chain Gang\" – 2:35\n\"Cupid\" – 2:37\n\"Twistin' the Night Away\" – 2:43\n\"Sad Mood\" – 2:38\n\"Having a Party\" – 2:36\n\"Bring It On Home to Me\" – 2:44\n\nPersonnel\nSam Cooke – vocals\nLou Rawls – back-up vocals\n\nVinyl Re-Issue\nIn 2018, Sony Music reissued the album in its original vinyl format as part of the RCA Legacy Recordings series.\n\nNotes \n\nSam Cooke compilation albums\nAlbums produced by Hugo & Luigi\n1962 greatest hits albums\nRCA Records compilation albums\nRCA Victor compilation albums" ]

[ "Samuel Cook (January 22, 1931 – December 11, 1964), known professionally as Sam Cooke, was an American singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur. Considered to be a pioneer and one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the \"King of Soul\" for his distinctive vocals, notable contributions to the genre and high significance in popular music.", "Considered to be a pioneer and one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the \"King of Soul\" for his distinctive vocals, notable contributions to the genre and high significance in popular music. Cooke was born in Mississippi and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s.", "Cooke was born in Mississippi and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s. Going solo in 1957, Cooke released a string of hit songs, including \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\", and \"Good Times\".", "Going solo in 1957, Cooke released a string of hit songs, including \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\", and \"Good Times\". During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard Black Singles chart.", "During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard Black Singles chart. In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles.", "In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles. After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide; his family has since questioned the circumstances of his death.", "After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide; his family has since questioned the circumstances of his death. Cooke's pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown.", "Cooke's pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown. AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was \"the inventor of soul music\", and possessed \"an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed\".", "AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was \"the inventor of soul music\", and possessed \"an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed\". Cooke was also a central part of the Civil Rights Movement, using his influence and popularity with the white and black population to fight for the cause.", "Cooke was also a central part of the Civil Rights Movement, using his influence and popularity with the white and black population to fight for the cause. He was good friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality.", "He was good friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality. Early life Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the \"e\" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life).", "Early life Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the \"e\" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life). He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev.", "He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev. Charles Cook, a minister in the Church of Christ (Holiness), and his wife, Annie Mae. One of his younger brothers, L.C. (1932–2017), later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents.", "(1932–2017), later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents. The family moved to Chicago in 1933. Cook attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat \"King\" Cole had attended a few years earlier.", "Cook attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat \"King\" Cole had attended a few years earlier. Cooke began his career with his siblings in a group called the Singing Children when he was six years old. He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C.", "He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C. 's when he was a teenager, having joined the group at the age of 14. During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group.", "During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group. Career The Soul Stirrers In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group.", "Career The Soul Stirrers In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group. Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song \"Jesus Gave Me Water\" in 1951.", "Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song \"Jesus Gave Me Water\" in 1951. They also recorded the gospel songs \"Peace in the Valley\", \"How Far Am I from Canaan?", "They also recorded the gospel songs \"Peace in the Valley\", \"How Far Am I from Canaan? \", \"Jesus Paid the Debt\" and \"One More River\", among many others, some of which he wrote.", "\", \"Jesus Paid the Debt\" and \"One More River\", among many others, some of which he wrote. Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke.", "Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke. Billboards 2015 list of \"the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time\" includes Cooke, \"who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit \"You Send Me\" ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'\".", "Billboards 2015 list of \"the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time\" includes Cooke, \"who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit \"You Send Me\" ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'\". Crossover pop success Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously.", "Crossover pop success Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously. Major hits like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\" are some of his most popular songs.", "Major hits like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\" are some of his most popular songs. Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums.", "Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums. Cooke was also among the first modern Black performers and composers to attend to the business side of his musical career. He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer.", "He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer. He also took an active part in the Civil Rights Movement. His first pop/soul single was \"Lovable\" (1956), a remake of the gospel song \"Wonderful\".", "His first pop/soul single was \"Lovable\" (1956), a remake of the gospel song \"Wonderful\". It was released under the alias \"Dale Cook\" in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music.", "It was released under the alias \"Dale Cook\" in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music. However, it fooled no one—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized.", "However, it fooled no one—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized. Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making.", "Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making. Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard.", "Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard. When Rupe walked in on a recording session and heard Cooke covering Gershwin, he was quite upset. After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label.", "After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label. \"Lovable\" was never a hit, but neither did it flop, and indicated Cooke's future potential. While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out.", "While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out. Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father.", "Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father. \"My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy.\"", "\"My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy.\" Taking the name \"Sam Cooke\", he sought a fresh start in pop.", "Taking the name \"Sam Cooke\", he sought a fresh start in pop. In 1957, Cooke appeared on ABC's The Guy Mitchell Show. That same year, he signed with Keen Records. His first hit, \"You Send Me\", released as the B-side of \"Summertime\", spent six weeks at No.", "His first hit, \"You Send Me\", released as the B-side of \"Summertime\", spent six weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard R&B chart. The song also had mainstream success, spending three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard pop chart.", "1 on the Billboard pop chart. It elevated him from earning $200 a week to over $5,000 a week. In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3.", "In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3. The other headliners were Little Willie John, Ray Charles, Ernie Freeman, and Bo Rhambo. Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest.", "Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest. The event featured the top four prominent disc jockeys of Los Angeles. Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 () by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi.", "Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 () by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi. One of his first RCA Victor singles was \"Chain Gang\", which reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart.", "2 on the Billboard pop chart. It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\".", "It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\". In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain.", "In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain. The label soon included the Simms Twins, the Valentinos (who were Bobby Womack and his brothers), Mel Carter and Johnnie Taylor. Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags.", "Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags. Like most R&B artists of his time, Cooke focused on singles; in all, he had 29 top 40 hits on the pop charts and more on the R&B charts. He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded.", "He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded. He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements.", "He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements. In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964.", "In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964. In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager.", "In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager. Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings.", "Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings. RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions.", "RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions. For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000.", "For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000. Cooke would receive cash advances of $100,000 for the next two years, followed by an additional $75,000 for each of the two option years if the deal went to term. Personal life Cooke was married twice.", "Personal life Cooke was married twice. His first marriage was to singer-dancer Dolores Elizabeth Milligan Cook, who took the stage name \"Dee Dee Mohawk\" in 1953; they divorced in 1958. She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959.", "She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959. Although he and Dolores were divorced, Cooke paid for his ex-wife's funeral expenses. She was survived by her son Joey. In 1958, Cooke married his second wife, Barbara Campbell (1935–2021), in Chicago. His father performed the ceremony.", "His father performed the ceremony. His father performed the ceremony. They had three children, Linda (b. 1953), Tracy (b. 1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool.", "1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool. Less than three months after Cooke's death, his widow, Barbara, married his friend Bobby Womack. Womack sexually abused Cooke's daughter, Linda. Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack.", "Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack. Cooke also fathered at least three other children out of wedlock. In 1958, a woman in Philadelphia, Connie Bolling, claimed Cooke was the father of her son. Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court.", "Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court. In November 1958, Cooke was involved in a car accident en route from St. Louis to Greenville. His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized.", "His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized. Death Cooke was killed at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in South Central Los Angeles, California, located at 91st and Figueroa Ave. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body.", "Death Cooke was killed at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in South Central Los Angeles, California, located at 91st and Figueroa Ave. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body. He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart.", "He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart. The motel's manager, Bertha Franklin, claimed to have shot him in self-defense. Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances.", "Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances. The motel's owner, Evelyn Carr, said that she had been on the telephone with Franklin at the time of the incident. Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police.", "Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police. The police record states that Franklin fatally shot Cooke, who had checked in earlier that evening. Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting \"Where's the girl?!", "Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting \"Where's the girl?! \", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had.", "\", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had. Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket.", "Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket. He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts.", "He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts. According to Franklin, she grappled with Cooke, the two of them fell to the floor, and she then got up and ran to retrieve a gun. She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life.", "She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life. Cooke was struck once in the torso. According to Franklin, he exclaimed, \"Lady, you shot me\", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again.", "According to Franklin, he exclaimed, \"Lady, you shot me\", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again. She said she hit him in the head with a broomstick before he finally fell to the floor and died. A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident.", "A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident. Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company.", "Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company. She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel.", "She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel. She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties; she said she was sure he was going to rape her.", "She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties; she said she was sure he was going to rape her. Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut.", "Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut. According to Boyer, she returned to the main room, where Cooke continued to molest her. When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room.", "When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room. She said that in her haste, she had also scooped up most of Cooke's clothing by mistake. She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help.", "She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help. However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door.", "However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door. She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police.", "She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police. Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and her story has long been called into question.", "Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and her story has long been called into question. Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape.", "Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape. Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends.", "Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends. However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins.", "However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins. However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting.", "However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting. Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of undress.", "Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of undress. In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests, the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide.", "In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests, the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide. With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death.", "With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death. Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr.", "Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr. They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts.", "They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts. On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke’s close friend Muhammad Ali said “If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating.” Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events.", "On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke’s close friend Muhammad Ali said “If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating.” Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events. She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone.", "She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone. James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled.", "James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled. Some have speculated that Cooke's manager, Allen Klein, had a role in his death. Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings.", "Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings. No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented.", "No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented. Aftermath The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body.", "Aftermath The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body. Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19, which included a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin.", "Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19, which included a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin. Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.", "Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death. One of the singles, \"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts.", "One of the singles, \"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement.", "The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement. It was a Top 40 pop hit and a top 10 R&B hit. The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums.", "The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums. Bertha Franklin said she received numerous death threats after shooting Cooke. She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved.", "She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved. After being cleared by the coroner's jury, she sued Cooke's estate, citing physical injuries and mental anguish suffered as a result of Cooke's attack. Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages.", "Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages. Barbara Womack countersued Franklin on behalf of the estate, seeking $7,000 in damages to cover Cooke's funeral expenses. Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case.", "Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case. In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages.", "In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages. Legacy Cultural depictions Portrayals Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly.", "Legacy Cultural depictions Portrayals Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly. In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinzé Kene.", "In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinzé Kene. In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal.", "In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal. Posthumous honors In 1986, Cooke was inducted as a charter member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.", "In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted.", "In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted. On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard.", "On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard. Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999, presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo.", "Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999, presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\".", "In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\". In 2008, Cooke was named the fourth \"Greatest Singer of All Time\" by Rolling Stone. In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater.", "In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater. In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale.", "In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale. In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary \"Sam Cooke Way\" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager.", "In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary \"Sam Cooke Way\" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager. In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University.", "In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University. The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing.", "The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing. The words \"A change is gonna come\" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016.", "The words \"A change is gonna come\" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016. Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame.", "Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame. In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called \"Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)\" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends.", "In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called \"Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)\" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends. American Songwriter magazine honored \"Song for Sam Cooke\" as the \"Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs\".", "American Songwriter magazine honored \"Song for Sam Cooke\" as the \"Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs\". Discography Sam Cooke (1958) Encore (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Cooke's Tour (1960) Hits of the 50's (1960) The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960, compilation) Swing Low (1961) My Kind of Blues (1961) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Mr.", "Discography Sam Cooke (1958) Encore (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Cooke's Tour (1960) Hits of the 50's (1960) The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960, compilation) Swing Low (1961) My Kind of Blues (1961) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Mr. Soul (1963) Night Beat (1963) Ain't That Good News (1964) Sam Cooke at the Copa (1964, live) Live at the Harlem Square Club, 1963 (1985, live) Notes References Further reading Our Uncle Sam: The Sam Cooke Story from His Family's Perspective by Erik Greene (2005) You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke by Daniel Wolff, S. R. Crain, Clifton White, and G. David Tenenbaum (1995) One More River to Cross: The Redemption of Sam Cooke by B. G. Rhule (2012) External links Sam Cooke (ABKCO Homepage) \"Black Elvis\" by The Village Voice 1931 births 1964 deaths African-American male singer-songwriters Activists for African-American civil rights African-American rock musicians African-American rock singers American gospel singers American male pop singers American rhythm and blues musicians American rhythm and blues singers American rock musicians American rock singers American soul musicians American soul singers Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Keen Records artists RCA Victor artists Specialty Records artists Death conspiracy theories Deaths by firearm in California Musicians from Clarksdale, Mississippi Singers from Chicago Singer-songwriters from Mississippi Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 20th-century African-American activists Mississippi Blues Trail 20th-century African-American male singers Singer-songwriters from Illinois" ]

[ "Sam Cooke", "Aftermath", "what happened to sam cooke in the aftermath?", "Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death.", "what was the title of the album released after his death?", "I don't know.", "were the songs released after his death successful?", "\"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song", "what else happened as a result of his death?", "fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body.", "Did his children or any other singers do anything special following his death?", "a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles,", "what kind of legacy did sam cooke leave?", "\"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the Civil Rights Movement" ]

[ "\"What Else Is There?\" is the third single from the Norwegian duo Röyksopp's second album The Understanding. It features the vocals of Karin Dreijer from the Swedish electronica duo The Knife. The album was released in the UK with the help of Astralwerks.\n\nThe single was used in an O2 television advertisement in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia during 2008. It was also used in the 2006 film Cashback and the 2007 film, Meet Bill. Trentemøller's remix of \"What Else is There?\" was featured in an episode of the HBO show Entourage.\n\nThe song was covered by extreme metal band Enslaved as a bonus track for their album E.\n\nThe song was listed as the 375th best song of the 2000s by Pitchfork Media.\n\nOfficial versions\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Album Version) – 5:17\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Radio Edit) – 3:38\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Jacques Lu Cont Radio Mix) – 3:46\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Vocal Version) – 8:03\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Dub Version) – 7:51\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Mix) – 8:25\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Edit) – 4:50\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Remix) (Radio Edit) – 3:06\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Trentemøller Remix) – 7:42\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Vitalic Remix) – 5:14\n\nResponse\nThe single was officially released on 5 December 2005 in the UK. The single had a limited release on 21 November 2005 to promote the upcoming album. On the UK Singles Chart, it peaked at number 32, while on the UK Dance Chart, it reached number one.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video was directed by Martin de Thurah. It features Norwegian model Marianne Schröder who is shown lip-syncing Dreijer's voice. Schröder is depicted as a floating woman traveling across stormy landscapes and within empty houses. Dreijer makes a cameo appearance as a woman wearing an Elizabethan ruff while dining alone at a festive table.\n\nMovie spots\n\nThe song is also featured in the movie Meet Bill as characters played by Jessica Alba and Aaron Eckhart smoke marijuana while listening to it. It is also part of the end credits music of the film Cashback.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2005 singles\nRöyksopp songs\nAstralwerks singles\nSongs written by Svein Berge\nSongs written by Torbjørn Brundtland\n2004 songs\nSongs written by Roger Greenaway\nSongs written by Olof Dreijer\nSongs written by Karin Dreijer", "\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" is a 2010 science fiction/magical realism short story by American writer Harlan Ellison. It was first published in Realms of Fantasy.\n\nPlot summary\nA scientist creates a tiny man. The tiny man is initially very popular, but then draws the hatred of the world, and so the tiny man must flee, together with the scientist (who is now likewise hated, for having created the tiny man).\n\nReception\n\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" won the 2010 Nebula Award for Best Short Story, tied with Kij Johnson's \"Ponies\". It was Ellison's final Nebula nomination and win, of his record-setting eight nominations and three wins.\n\nTor.com calls the story \"deceptively simple\", with \"execution (that) is flawless\" and a \"Geppetto-like\" narrator, while Publishers Weekly describes it as \"memorably depict(ing) humanity's smallness of spirit\". The SF Site, however, felt it was \"contrived and less than profound\".\n\nNick Mamatas compared \"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" negatively to Ellison's other Nebula-winning short stories, and stated that the story's two mutually exclusive endings (in one, the tiny man is killed; in the other, he becomes God) are evocative of the process of writing short stories. Ben Peek considered it to be \"more allegory than (...) anything else\", and interpreted it as being about how the media \"give(s) everyone a voice\", and also about how Ellison was treated by science fiction fandom.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAudio version of ''How Interesting: A Tiny Man, at StarShipSofa\nHow Interesting: A Tiny Man, at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\nNebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works\nShort stories by Harlan Ellison" ]

[ "Samuel Cook (January 22, 1931 – December 11, 1964), known professionally as Sam Cooke, was an American singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur. Considered to be a pioneer and one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the \"King of Soul\" for his distinctive vocals, notable contributions to the genre and high significance in popular music.", "Considered to be a pioneer and one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the \"King of Soul\" for his distinctive vocals, notable contributions to the genre and high significance in popular music. Cooke was born in Mississippi and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s.", "Cooke was born in Mississippi and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s. Going solo in 1957, Cooke released a string of hit songs, including \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\", and \"Good Times\".", "Going solo in 1957, Cooke released a string of hit songs, including \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\", and \"Good Times\". During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard Black Singles chart.", "During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard Black Singles chart. In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles.", "In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles. After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide; his family has since questioned the circumstances of his death.", "After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide; his family has since questioned the circumstances of his death. Cooke's pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown.", "Cooke's pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown. AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was \"the inventor of soul music\", and possessed \"an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed\".", "AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was \"the inventor of soul music\", and possessed \"an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed\". Cooke was also a central part of the Civil Rights Movement, using his influence and popularity with the white and black population to fight for the cause.", "Cooke was also a central part of the Civil Rights Movement, using his influence and popularity with the white and black population to fight for the cause. He was good friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality.", "He was good friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality. Early life Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the \"e\" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life).", "Early life Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the \"e\" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life). He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev.", "He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev. Charles Cook, a minister in the Church of Christ (Holiness), and his wife, Annie Mae. One of his younger brothers, L.C. (1932–2017), later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents.", "(1932–2017), later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents. The family moved to Chicago in 1933. Cook attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat \"King\" Cole had attended a few years earlier.", "Cook attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat \"King\" Cole had attended a few years earlier. Cooke began his career with his siblings in a group called the Singing Children when he was six years old. He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C.", "He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C. 's when he was a teenager, having joined the group at the age of 14. During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group.", "During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group. Career The Soul Stirrers In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group.", "Career The Soul Stirrers In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group. Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song \"Jesus Gave Me Water\" in 1951.", "Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song \"Jesus Gave Me Water\" in 1951. They also recorded the gospel songs \"Peace in the Valley\", \"How Far Am I from Canaan?", "They also recorded the gospel songs \"Peace in the Valley\", \"How Far Am I from Canaan? \", \"Jesus Paid the Debt\" and \"One More River\", among many others, some of which he wrote.", "\", \"Jesus Paid the Debt\" and \"One More River\", among many others, some of which he wrote. Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke.", "Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke. Billboards 2015 list of \"the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time\" includes Cooke, \"who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit \"You Send Me\" ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'\".", "Billboards 2015 list of \"the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time\" includes Cooke, \"who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit \"You Send Me\" ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'\". Crossover pop success Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously.", "Crossover pop success Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously. Major hits like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\" are some of his most popular songs.", "Major hits like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\" are some of his most popular songs. Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums.", "Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums. Cooke was also among the first modern Black performers and composers to attend to the business side of his musical career. He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer.", "He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer. He also took an active part in the Civil Rights Movement. His first pop/soul single was \"Lovable\" (1956), a remake of the gospel song \"Wonderful\".", "His first pop/soul single was \"Lovable\" (1956), a remake of the gospel song \"Wonderful\". It was released under the alias \"Dale Cook\" in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music.", "It was released under the alias \"Dale Cook\" in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music. However, it fooled no one—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized.", "However, it fooled no one—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized. Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making.", "Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making. Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard.", "Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard. When Rupe walked in on a recording session and heard Cooke covering Gershwin, he was quite upset. After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label.", "After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label. \"Lovable\" was never a hit, but neither did it flop, and indicated Cooke's future potential. While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out.", "While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out. Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father.", "Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father. \"My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy.\"", "\"My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy.\" Taking the name \"Sam Cooke\", he sought a fresh start in pop.", "Taking the name \"Sam Cooke\", he sought a fresh start in pop. In 1957, Cooke appeared on ABC's The Guy Mitchell Show. That same year, he signed with Keen Records. His first hit, \"You Send Me\", released as the B-side of \"Summertime\", spent six weeks at No.", "His first hit, \"You Send Me\", released as the B-side of \"Summertime\", spent six weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard R&B chart. The song also had mainstream success, spending three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard pop chart.", "1 on the Billboard pop chart. It elevated him from earning $200 a week to over $5,000 a week. In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3.", "In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3. The other headliners were Little Willie John, Ray Charles, Ernie Freeman, and Bo Rhambo. Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest.", "Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest. The event featured the top four prominent disc jockeys of Los Angeles. Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 () by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi.", "Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 () by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi. One of his first RCA Victor singles was \"Chain Gang\", which reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart.", "2 on the Billboard pop chart. It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\".", "It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\". In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain.", "In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain. The label soon included the Simms Twins, the Valentinos (who were Bobby Womack and his brothers), Mel Carter and Johnnie Taylor. Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags.", "Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags. Like most R&B artists of his time, Cooke focused on singles; in all, he had 29 top 40 hits on the pop charts and more on the R&B charts. He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded.", "He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded. He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements.", "He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements. In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964.", "In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964. In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager.", "In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager. Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings.", "Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings. RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions.", "RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions. For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000.", "For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000. Cooke would receive cash advances of $100,000 for the next two years, followed by an additional $75,000 for each of the two option years if the deal went to term. Personal life Cooke was married twice.", "Personal life Cooke was married twice. His first marriage was to singer-dancer Dolores Elizabeth Milligan Cook, who took the stage name \"Dee Dee Mohawk\" in 1953; they divorced in 1958. She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959.", "She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959. Although he and Dolores were divorced, Cooke paid for his ex-wife's funeral expenses. She was survived by her son Joey. In 1958, Cooke married his second wife, Barbara Campbell (1935–2021), in Chicago. His father performed the ceremony.", "His father performed the ceremony. His father performed the ceremony. They had three children, Linda (b. 1953), Tracy (b. 1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool.", "1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool. Less than three months after Cooke's death, his widow, Barbara, married his friend Bobby Womack. Womack sexually abused Cooke's daughter, Linda. Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack.", "Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack. Cooke also fathered at least three other children out of wedlock. In 1958, a woman in Philadelphia, Connie Bolling, claimed Cooke was the father of her son. Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court.", "Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court. In November 1958, Cooke was involved in a car accident en route from St. Louis to Greenville. His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized.", "His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized. Death Cooke was killed at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in South Central Los Angeles, California, located at 91st and Figueroa Ave. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body.", "Death Cooke was killed at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in South Central Los Angeles, California, located at 91st and Figueroa Ave. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body. He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart.", "He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart. The motel's manager, Bertha Franklin, claimed to have shot him in self-defense. Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances.", "Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances. The motel's owner, Evelyn Carr, said that she had been on the telephone with Franklin at the time of the incident. Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police.", "Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police. The police record states that Franklin fatally shot Cooke, who had checked in earlier that evening. Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting \"Where's the girl?!", "Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting \"Where's the girl?! \", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had.", "\", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had. Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket.", "Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket. He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts.", "He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts. According to Franklin, she grappled with Cooke, the two of them fell to the floor, and she then got up and ran to retrieve a gun. She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life.", "She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life. Cooke was struck once in the torso. According to Franklin, he exclaimed, \"Lady, you shot me\", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again.", "According to Franklin, he exclaimed, \"Lady, you shot me\", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again. She said she hit him in the head with a broomstick before he finally fell to the floor and died. A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident.", "A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident. Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company.", "Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company. She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel.", "She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel. She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties; she said she was sure he was going to rape her.", "She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties; she said she was sure he was going to rape her. Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut.", "Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut. According to Boyer, she returned to the main room, where Cooke continued to molest her. When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room.", "When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room. She said that in her haste, she had also scooped up most of Cooke's clothing by mistake. She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help.", "She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help. However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door.", "However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door. She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police.", "She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police. Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and her story has long been called into question.", "Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and her story has long been called into question. Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape.", "Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape. Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends.", "Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends. However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins.", "However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins. However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting.", "However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting. Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of undress.", "Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of undress. In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests, the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide.", "In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests, the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide. With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death.", "With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death. Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr.", "Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr. They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts.", "They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts. On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke’s close friend Muhammad Ali said “If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating.” Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events.", "On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke’s close friend Muhammad Ali said “If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating.” Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events. She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone.", "She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone. James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled.", "James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled. Some have speculated that Cooke's manager, Allen Klein, had a role in his death. Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings.", "Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings. No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented.", "No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented. Aftermath The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body.", "Aftermath The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body. Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19, which included a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin.", "Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19, which included a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin. Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.", "Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death. One of the singles, \"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts.", "One of the singles, \"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement.", "The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement. It was a Top 40 pop hit and a top 10 R&B hit. The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums.", "The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums. Bertha Franklin said she received numerous death threats after shooting Cooke. She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved.", "She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved. After being cleared by the coroner's jury, she sued Cooke's estate, citing physical injuries and mental anguish suffered as a result of Cooke's attack. Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages.", "Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages. Barbara Womack countersued Franklin on behalf of the estate, seeking $7,000 in damages to cover Cooke's funeral expenses. Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case.", "Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case. In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages.", "In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages. Legacy Cultural depictions Portrayals Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly.", "Legacy Cultural depictions Portrayals Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly. In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinzé Kene.", "In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinzé Kene. In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal.", "In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal. Posthumous honors In 1986, Cooke was inducted as a charter member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.", "In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted.", "In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted. On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard.", "On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard. Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999, presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo.", "Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999, presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\".", "In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\". In 2008, Cooke was named the fourth \"Greatest Singer of All Time\" by Rolling Stone. In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater.", "In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater. In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale.", "In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale. In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary \"Sam Cooke Way\" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager.", "In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary \"Sam Cooke Way\" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager. In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University.", "In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University. The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing.", "The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing. The words \"A change is gonna come\" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016.", "The words \"A change is gonna come\" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016. Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame.", "Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame. In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called \"Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)\" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends.", "In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called \"Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)\" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends. American Songwriter magazine honored \"Song for Sam Cooke\" as the \"Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs\".", "American Songwriter magazine honored \"Song for Sam Cooke\" as the \"Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs\". Discography Sam Cooke (1958) Encore (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Cooke's Tour (1960) Hits of the 50's (1960) The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960, compilation) Swing Low (1961) My Kind of Blues (1961) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Mr.", "Discography Sam Cooke (1958) Encore (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Cooke's Tour (1960) Hits of the 50's (1960) The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960, compilation) Swing Low (1961) My Kind of Blues (1961) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Mr. Soul (1963) Night Beat (1963) Ain't That Good News (1964) Sam Cooke at the Copa (1964, live) Live at the Harlem Square Club, 1963 (1985, live) Notes References Further reading Our Uncle Sam: The Sam Cooke Story from His Family's Perspective by Erik Greene (2005) You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke by Daniel Wolff, S. R. Crain, Clifton White, and G. David Tenenbaum (1995) One More River to Cross: The Redemption of Sam Cooke by B. G. Rhule (2012) External links Sam Cooke (ABKCO Homepage) \"Black Elvis\" by The Village Voice 1931 births 1964 deaths African-American male singer-songwriters Activists for African-American civil rights African-American rock musicians African-American rock singers American gospel singers American male pop singers American rhythm and blues musicians American rhythm and blues singers American rock musicians American rock singers American soul musicians American soul singers Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Keen Records artists RCA Victor artists Specialty Records artists Death conspiracy theories Deaths by firearm in California Musicians from Clarksdale, Mississippi Singers from Chicago Singer-songwriters from Mississippi Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 20th-century African-American activists Mississippi Blues Trail 20th-century African-American male singers Singer-songwriters from Illinois" ]

[ "Sam Cooke", "Aftermath", "what happened to sam cooke in the aftermath?", "Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death.", "what was the title of the album released after his death?", "I don't know.", "were the songs released after his death successful?", "\"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song", "what else happened as a result of his death?", "fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body.", "Did his children or any other singers do anything special following his death?", "a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles,", "what kind of legacy did sam cooke leave?", "\"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the Civil Rights Movement", "What else is interesting about the aftermath?", "Bertha Franklin said she received numerous death threats after shooting Cooke." ]

[ "Bliss is a modernist short story by Katherine Mansfield first published in 1918. It was published in the English Review in August 1918 and later reprinted in Bliss and Other Stories.\n\nPlot summary\nThe story follows a dinner party given by Bertha Young and her husband Harry.\n\nThe story starts with Bertha in a blissful mood as her party approaches, as she considers the specialness and unconventionality of her mood. The maid has prepared a colourful fruit tray for the party, which Bertha will arrange. The nanny is feeding the baby, who reluctantly lets Bertha hold her. The moment of connection with her daughter brings her more bliss.\n\nAfter a phone call from her husband, who is running late, Bertha thinks ahead to who will attend the party that evening. A couple, Mr. and Mrs. Norman Knight (close friends to Bertha and Harry), Eddie Warren, a neurotic and sought-after writer, and Pearl, a strange, mysterious young woman that Bertha has taken a liking to after meeting at a club. As she prepares the drawing room cushions, Bertha recalls how Harry has declared that he finds Pearl dull. She is sure there is much more to her. Her feeling of bliss continues as she hugs the cushions and looks over the balcony to a most perfect blossoming pear tree in the garden, which she imagines \"as a symbol of her own life.\" She lists to herself some of the many aspects of her life she is grateful for, and finds that her outfit is even reminiscent of the tree.\n\nAs the guests start to arrive, with Mr and Mrs Norman Knight calling each other nicknames and Eddie complaining about his taxi, she notes their outfits and appreciates how attractive the company is. As Harry arrives late, she considers the charm of her husband's eccentricities. Pearl is the last to arrive and, as Bertha takes her arm to lead her to the dining room, she feels an intense yet unspoken intimacy with her guest.\n\nWith everyone present, the meal begins. Compliments are paid regarding the food as theatre is discussed, and Bertha is overcome again by a sense of bliss, delighting in the company she has chosen. She thinks of the perfect pear tree in the moonlight in the garden, as she wonders how she can feel so connected to Pearl. She is somehow sure that Pearl must be feeling the same. \n\nAfter dinner, when Pearl asks if Bertha has a garden, she takes it as a sign of their connection and leads her to the garden window. Here, she opens the curtains to reveal the pear tree. The two women stand side-by-side admiring its beauty and in a seemingly perfect moment of mutual understanding and bliss, when the lights are snapped on and the moment ends.\n\nThey rejoin the group for coffee, cigarettes, and more lively conversation. Bertha thinks about how her husband is being quite rude to Pearl, which upsets Bertha. She decides that she will try to find a way to explain to him what she and Pearl have shared, but also realises that soon the party will end. She fears she will be alone with just her husband but then, \"for the first time in her life\", finds that she is also filled with desire for him. She wonders if this ardent feeling is what all her bliss has been leading up to.\n\nAs the guests begin to leave to catch their trains and taxis, Harry goes to help Pearl with her coat in the hallway, which Bertha appreciates considering his earlier brusqueness. In the drawing room still, Bertha fetches a book for Eddie to borrow. As she turns her head to peer down the hallway she sees Pearl and Harry in a romantic embrace, secretly arranging to see each other the next day.\n\nNot knowing they have been spotted, Pearl returns to the drawing room to say goodbye to Bertha and mentions the pear tree. As the final guests leave, Harry nonchalantly locks up behind them. Uncertain about the future, Bertha runs to her garden window and gazes upon her perfect tree, \"as lovely as ever.\"\n\nCharacters in \"Bliss\"\nBertha Young - the main character, age 30 \nHarry - Bertha's husband\nLittle Bertha/Little B - Bertha's baby daughter\nMary - servant\nNanny - Little B's nurse\nMr and Mrs Norman Knight - dinner guests\nEddie Warren - a poet\nPearl Fulton - a young, beguiling blonde woman\n\nFootnotes\n\nExternal links\nFull Text\n\nModernist short stories\n1920 short stories\nShort stories by Katherine Mansfield\nWorks originally published in The English Review", "Look What Happened to Samson (Spanish:Lo que le pasó a Sansón) is a 1955 Mexican comedy film directed by Gilberto Martínez Solares and starring Germán Valdés, Ana Bertha Lepe and Yolanda Varela.\n\nMain cast\n Germán Valdés as Tin Tan / Sansón \n Ana Bertha Lepe as Lila / Dalila \n Yolanda Varela as Soledad / Semadar \n Andrés Soler as Tío de Lila / Gran Sarán \n Marcelo Chávez as Arthur / Príncipe Atur \n Eduardo Alcaraz as Padre de Dalila \nElvira Quintana as Miriam \n Manuel Calvo as Matouk \n María Herrero as Arpagona \n Óscar Ortiz de Pinedo \n Armando Arriola as Don Santiago / Arquitecto Pío Rea \n Elvira Lodi \n Carlos Bravo y Fernández as Guardia\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n Carlos Monsiváis & John Kraniauskas. Mexican Postcards. Verso, 1997.\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1955 films\n1955 comedy films\nMexican comedy films\nMexican films\nSpanish-language films\nFilms directed by Gilberto Martínez Solares" ]

[ "Samuel Cook (January 22, 1931 – December 11, 1964), known professionally as Sam Cooke, was an American singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur. Considered to be a pioneer and one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the \"King of Soul\" for his distinctive vocals, notable contributions to the genre and high significance in popular music.", "Considered to be a pioneer and one of the most influential soul artists of all time, Cooke is commonly referred to as the \"King of Soul\" for his distinctive vocals, notable contributions to the genre and high significance in popular music. Cooke was born in Mississippi and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s.", "Cooke was born in Mississippi and later relocated to Chicago with his family at a young age, where he began singing as a child and joined the Soul Stirrers as lead singer in the 1950s. Going solo in 1957, Cooke released a string of hit songs, including \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\", and \"Good Times\".", "Going solo in 1957, Cooke released a string of hit songs, including \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\", and \"Good Times\". During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard Black Singles chart.", "During his eight-year career, Cooke released 29 singles that charted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Pop Singles chart, as well as 20 singles in the Top Ten of Billboard Black Singles chart. In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles.", "In 1964, Cooke was shot and killed by the manager of a motel in Los Angeles. After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide; his family has since questioned the circumstances of his death.", "After an inquest and investigation, the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide; his family has since questioned the circumstances of his death. Cooke's pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown.", "Cooke's pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the work of Otis Redding and James Brown. AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was \"the inventor of soul music\", and possessed \"an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed\".", "AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was \"the inventor of soul music\", and possessed \"an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed\". Cooke was also a central part of the Civil Rights Movement, using his influence and popularity with the white and black population to fight for the cause.", "Cooke was also a central part of the Civil Rights Movement, using his influence and popularity with the white and black population to fight for the cause. He was good friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality.", "He was good friends with boxer Muhammad Ali, activist Malcolm X and football player Jim Brown, who together campaigned for racial equality. Early life Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the \"e\" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life).", "Early life Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the \"e\" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life). He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev.", "He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev. Charles Cook, a minister in the Church of Christ (Holiness), and his wife, Annie Mae. One of his younger brothers, L.C. (1932–2017), later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents.", "(1932–2017), later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents. The family moved to Chicago in 1933. Cook attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat \"King\" Cole had attended a few years earlier.", "Cook attended Doolittle Elementary and Wendell Phillips Academy High School in Chicago, the same school that Nat \"King\" Cole had attended a few years earlier. Cooke began his career with his siblings in a group called the Singing Children when he was six years old. He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C.", "He first became known as lead singer with the Highway Q.C. 's when he was a teenager, having joined the group at the age of 14. During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group.", "During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group. Career The Soul Stirrers In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group.", "Career The Soul Stirrers In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group. Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song \"Jesus Gave Me Water\" in 1951.", "Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song \"Jesus Gave Me Water\" in 1951. They also recorded the gospel songs \"Peace in the Valley\", \"How Far Am I from Canaan?", "They also recorded the gospel songs \"Peace in the Valley\", \"How Far Am I from Canaan? \", \"Jesus Paid the Debt\" and \"One More River\", among many others, some of which he wrote.", "\", \"Jesus Paid the Debt\" and \"One More River\", among many others, some of which he wrote. Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke.", "Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke. Billboards 2015 list of \"the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time\" includes Cooke, \"who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit \"You Send Me\" ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'\".", "Billboards 2015 list of \"the 35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time\" includes Cooke, \"who broke ground in 1957 with the R&B/pop crossover hit \"You Send Me\" ... And his activism on the civil rights front resulted in the quiet protest song 'A Change Is Gonna Come'\". Crossover pop success Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously.", "Crossover pop success Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously. Major hits like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\" are some of his most popular songs.", "Major hits like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", \"Cupid\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\" are some of his most popular songs. Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums.", "Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums. Cooke was also among the first modern Black performers and composers to attend to the business side of his musical career. He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer.", "He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer. He also took an active part in the Civil Rights Movement. His first pop/soul single was \"Lovable\" (1956), a remake of the gospel song \"Wonderful\".", "His first pop/soul single was \"Lovable\" (1956), a remake of the gospel song \"Wonderful\". It was released under the alias \"Dale Cook\" in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music.", "It was released under the alias \"Dale Cook\" in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music. However, it fooled no one—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized.", "However, it fooled no one—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized. Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making.", "Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making. Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard.", "Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard. When Rupe walked in on a recording session and heard Cooke covering Gershwin, he was quite upset. After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label.", "After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label. \"Lovable\" was never a hit, but neither did it flop, and indicated Cooke's future potential. While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out.", "While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out. Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father.", "Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father. \"My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy.\"", "\"My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy.\" Taking the name \"Sam Cooke\", he sought a fresh start in pop.", "Taking the name \"Sam Cooke\", he sought a fresh start in pop. In 1957, Cooke appeared on ABC's The Guy Mitchell Show. That same year, he signed with Keen Records. His first hit, \"You Send Me\", released as the B-side of \"Summertime\", spent six weeks at No.", "His first hit, \"You Send Me\", released as the B-side of \"Summertime\", spent six weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard R&B chart. The song also had mainstream success, spending three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard pop chart.", "1 on the Billboard pop chart. It elevated him from earning $200 a week to over $5,000 a week. In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3.", "In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3. The other headliners were Little Willie John, Ray Charles, Ernie Freeman, and Bo Rhambo. Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest.", "Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest. The event featured the top four prominent disc jockeys of Los Angeles. Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 () by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi.", "Cooke signed with the RCA Victor record label in January 1960, having been offered a guaranteed $100,000 () by the label's producers Hugo & Luigi. One of his first RCA Victor singles was \"Chain Gang\", which reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart.", "2 on the Billboard pop chart. It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\".", "It was followed by more hits, including \"Sad Mood\", \"Cupid\", \"Bring It On Home to Me\" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), \"Another Saturday Night\", and \"Twistin' the Night Away\". In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain.", "In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain. The label soon included the Simms Twins, the Valentinos (who were Bobby Womack and his brothers), Mel Carter and Johnnie Taylor. Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags.", "Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags. Like most R&B artists of his time, Cooke focused on singles; in all, he had 29 top 40 hits on the pop charts and more on the R&B charts. He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded.", "He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded. He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements.", "He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements. In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964.", "In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964. In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager.", "In 1963, Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager. Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings.", "Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings. RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions.", "RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions. For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000.", "For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000. Cooke would receive cash advances of $100,000 for the next two years, followed by an additional $75,000 for each of the two option years if the deal went to term. Personal life Cooke was married twice.", "Personal life Cooke was married twice. His first marriage was to singer-dancer Dolores Elizabeth Milligan Cook, who took the stage name \"Dee Dee Mohawk\" in 1953; they divorced in 1958. She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959.", "She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959. Although he and Dolores were divorced, Cooke paid for his ex-wife's funeral expenses. She was survived by her son Joey. In 1958, Cooke married his second wife, Barbara Campbell (1935–2021), in Chicago. His father performed the ceremony.", "His father performed the ceremony. His father performed the ceremony. They had three children, Linda (b. 1953), Tracy (b. 1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool.", "1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool. Less than three months after Cooke's death, his widow, Barbara, married his friend Bobby Womack. Womack sexually abused Cooke's daughter, Linda. Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack.", "Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack. Cooke also fathered at least three other children out of wedlock. In 1958, a woman in Philadelphia, Connie Bolling, claimed Cooke was the father of her son. Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court.", "Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court. In November 1958, Cooke was involved in a car accident en route from St. Louis to Greenville. His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized.", "His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized. Death Cooke was killed at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in South Central Los Angeles, California, located at 91st and Figueroa Ave. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body.", "Death Cooke was killed at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in South Central Los Angeles, California, located at 91st and Figueroa Ave. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's body. He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart.", "He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart. The motel's manager, Bertha Franklin, claimed to have shot him in self-defense. Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances.", "Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances. The motel's owner, Evelyn Carr, said that she had been on the telephone with Franklin at the time of the incident. Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police.", "Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot, and called the police. The police record states that Franklin fatally shot Cooke, who had checked in earlier that evening. Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting \"Where's the girl?!", "Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting \"Where's the girl?! \", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had.", "\", in reference to Elisa Boyer, a woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel, and who had called the police that night from a telephone booth near the motel minutes before Carr had. Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket.", "Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but an enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked except for one shoe and a sport jacket. He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts.", "He grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts. According to Franklin, she grappled with Cooke, the two of them fell to the floor, and she then got up and ran to retrieve a gun. She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life.", "She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life. Cooke was struck once in the torso. According to Franklin, he exclaimed, \"Lady, you shot me\", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again.", "According to Franklin, he exclaimed, \"Lady, you shot me\", in a tone that expressed perplexity rather than anger, before advancing on her again. She said she hit him in the head with a broomstick before he finally fell to the floor and died. A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident.", "A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident. Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company.", "Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company. She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel.", "She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel. She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties; she said she was sure he was going to rape her.", "She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties; she said she was sure he was going to rape her. Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut.", "Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, from which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut. According to Boyer, she returned to the main room, where Cooke continued to molest her. When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room.", "When he went to use the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room. She said that in her haste, she had also scooped up most of Cooke's clothing by mistake. She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help.", "She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help. However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door.", "However, she said that the manager took too long to respond, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door. She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police.", "She said she then put her clothes back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police. Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and her story has long been called into question.", "Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night, and her story has long been called into question. Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape.", "Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape. Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends.", "Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends. However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins.", "However, a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins. However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting.", "However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting. Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of undress.", "Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of undress. In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests, the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide.", "In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests, the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide. With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death.", "With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death. Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr.", "Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr. They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts.", "They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts. On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke’s close friend Muhammad Ali said “If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating.” Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events.", "On the perceived lack of an investigation, Cooke’s close friend Muhammad Ali said “If Cooke had been Frank Sinatra, the Beatles or Ricky Nelson, the FBI would be investigating.” Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events. She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone.", "She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone. James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled.", "James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled. Some have speculated that Cooke's manager, Allen Klein, had a role in his death. Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings.", "Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings. No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented.", "No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented. Aftermath The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body.", "Aftermath The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body. Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19, which included a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin.", "Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19, which included a much-heralded performance of \"The Angels Keep Watching Over Me\" by Ray Charles, who stood in for a grief-stricken Bessie Griffin. Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.", "Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death. One of the singles, \"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts.", "One of the singles, \"Shake\", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement.", "The B-side, \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the civil rights movement. It was a Top 40 pop hit and a top 10 R&B hit. The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums.", "The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums. Bertha Franklin said she received numerous death threats after shooting Cooke. She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved.", "She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved. After being cleared by the coroner's jury, she sued Cooke's estate, citing physical injuries and mental anguish suffered as a result of Cooke's attack. Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages.", "Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages. Barbara Womack countersued Franklin on behalf of the estate, seeking $7,000 in damages to cover Cooke's funeral expenses. Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case.", "Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case. In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages.", "In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages. Legacy Cultural depictions Portrayals Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly.", "Legacy Cultural depictions Portrayals Cooke was portrayed by Paul Mooney in The Buddy Holly Story, a 1978 American biographical film which tells the life story of rock musician Buddy Holly. In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinzé Kene.", "In the stage play One Night in Miami, first performed in 2013, Cooke is portrayed by Arinzé Kene. In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal.", "In the 2020 film adaptation, he is played by Leslie Odom Jr., who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal. Posthumous honors In 1986, Cooke was inducted as a charter member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.", "In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted.", "In 1989, Cooke was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted. On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard.", "On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard. Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999, presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo.", "Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999, presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\".", "In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\". In 2008, Cooke was named the fourth \"Greatest Singer of All Time\" by Rolling Stone. In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater.", "In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater. In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale.", "In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale. In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary \"Sam Cooke Way\" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager.", "In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary \"Sam Cooke Way\" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager. In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University.", "In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University. The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing.", "The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing. The words \"A change is gonna come\" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016.", "The words \"A change is gonna come\" from the Sam Cooke song of the same name are on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016. Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame.", "Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame. In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called \"Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)\" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends.", "In 2020, Dion released a song and music video as a tribute to Cooke called \"Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)\" (featuring Paul Simon) from his album Blues with Friends. American Songwriter magazine honored \"Song for Sam Cooke\" as the \"Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs\".", "American Songwriter magazine honored \"Song for Sam Cooke\" as the \"Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs\". Discography Sam Cooke (1958) Encore (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Cooke's Tour (1960) Hits of the 50's (1960) The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960, compilation) Swing Low (1961) My Kind of Blues (1961) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Mr.", "Discography Sam Cooke (1958) Encore (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Cooke's Tour (1960) Hits of the 50's (1960) The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960, compilation) Swing Low (1961) My Kind of Blues (1961) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Mr. Soul (1963) Night Beat (1963) Ain't That Good News (1964) Sam Cooke at the Copa (1964, live) Live at the Harlem Square Club, 1963 (1985, live) Notes References Further reading Our Uncle Sam: The Sam Cooke Story from His Family's Perspective by Erik Greene (2005) You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke by Daniel Wolff, S. R. Crain, Clifton White, and G. David Tenenbaum (1995) One More River to Cross: The Redemption of Sam Cooke by B. G. Rhule (2012) External links Sam Cooke (ABKCO Homepage) \"Black Elvis\" by The Village Voice 1931 births 1964 deaths African-American male singer-songwriters Activists for African-American civil rights African-American rock musicians African-American rock singers American gospel singers American male pop singers American rhythm and blues musicians American rhythm and blues singers American rock musicians American rock singers American soul musicians American soul singers Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Keen Records artists RCA Victor artists Specialty Records artists Death conspiracy theories Deaths by firearm in California Musicians from Clarksdale, Mississippi Singers from Chicago Singer-songwriters from Mississippi Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 20th-century African-American activists Mississippi Blues Trail 20th-century African-American male singers Singer-songwriters from Illinois" ]

[ "Myles Kennedy", "Work with Slash: 2009-present" ]

[ "Slash is an English-American hard rock musician. Best known as the lead guitarist of Guns N' Roses (1985–1996 and 2016–present) and Velvet Revolver (2002–2008), he began his solo career in 2009 with the recording of his eponymous debut album. The album featured a range of musicians and vocalists, with the core rhythm section made up of bassist Chris Chaney and drummer Josh Freese. In promotion of the release, Slash toured throughout 2010 and 2011 with vocalist Myles Kennedy (who had recorded two songs for the album), rhythm guitarist Bobby Schneck, bassist Todd Kerns and drummer Brent Fitz. Former Big Wreck bassist Dave Henning was originally planned to be a member of the touring group, but was replaced by Kerns within weeks of the lineup's initial announcement.\n\nAfter the conclusion of his first solo touring cycle, Slash continued working with Kennedy, Kerns and Fitz on the recording of his second album. Released in 2012, Apocalyptic Love was billed as the first album by \"Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators\", the new name for the guitarist's backing band. Schneck was not retained for the Apocalyptic Love World Tour, with The Cab's Frank Sidoris announced as his replacement in February 2012. During the promotional tour for 2014's World on Fire, Slash and his band recorded their third live release Live at the Roxy 9.25.14, which was the first to feature Sidoris on guitar. The guitarist became a full member of the band in 2018, when he contributed to his first Slash studio recording, Living the Dream, which was released later in the year.\n\nOfficial members\n\nCurrent members\n\nFormer members\n\nOther contributors\n\nSession musicians\n\nTouring substitutes\n\nTimeline\n\nLineups\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSlash official website\n\nBand members\nSlash\nSlash band members", "4 is the fourth studio album by Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators, and Slash's fifth solo album overall. It was released on February 11, 2022, as the first album from the new Gibson Records label. The album was produced by country producer Dave Cobb in Nashville. The album was announced on October 20, 2021, with the release of the first track \"The River Is Rising\" as a single.\n\nBackground\nThough Slash reunited with Guns N' Roses in 2016, he has still continued with his solo work, this being the second studio album release in that time period. Writing for the album started during the 2018-19 Living the Dream Tour. Slash stated of the album, \"There’s two or three songs on the record that were written during the pandemic; everything else was written before\".\n\nLooking to record the album in a different style than previously, the band travelled to Nashville to record at RCA Studio A with Dave Cobb. Cobb shared the band's vision of recording the tracks live together, a tactic they had not employed on the previous albums. Slash noted that \"we did it more or less live, and the mistakes are all in there. It’s the sound of the five of us just jamming together in one room.\"\n\nThe band faced the complications of COVID-19 not only in a delay of getting together to record the album, but also with the recording itself. Myles Kennedy was the first of several band members to contract the virus. He points out that you can hear his congestion on the opening track but states that these anomalies make the album interesting because \"We just let those imperfections lay.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\nSlash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators\nSlash – lead guitar, talkbox\nMyles Kennedy – lead vocals\nTodd Kerns – bass guitar, backing vocals\nBrent Fitz – drums, percussion\nFrank Sidoris – rhythm guitar\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2022 albums\nSlash (musician) albums\nAlbums produced by Dave Cobb" ]

[ "Myles Richard Bass (born November 27, 1969), known professionally as Myles Kennedy, is an American musician, singer, and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist of the rock band Alter Bridge, and as the lead vocalist in guitarist Slash's backing band, known as Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators. A former guitar instructor from Spokane, Washington, he has worked as a session musician and songwriter, making both studio and live appearances with several artists, and has been involved with several projects throughout his career.", "A former guitar instructor from Spokane, Washington, he has worked as a session musician and songwriter, making both studio and live appearances with several artists, and has been involved with several projects throughout his career. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Northern Idaho and Spokane, Kennedy attended Spokane Falls Community College to study music theory.", "Born in Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Northern Idaho and Spokane, Kennedy attended Spokane Falls Community College to study music theory. He began his music career in 1990 as the lead guitarist of the instrumental jazz ensemble Cosmic Dust, with which he released one studio album.", "He began his music career in 1990 as the lead guitarist of the instrumental jazz ensemble Cosmic Dust, with which he released one studio album. His second band, Citizen Swing, released two studio albums before disbanding in 1996.", "His second band, Citizen Swing, released two studio albums before disbanding in 1996. With fellow Citizen Swing member Craig Johnson, Kennedy founded the rock band The Mayfield Four, for which he provided lead vocals and guitar. The band released two studio albums and broke up in 2002.", "The band released two studio albums and broke up in 2002. After declining an offer to audition as the lead vocalist of Velvet Revolver, he was asked to join Alter Bridge by Mark Tremonti in late 2003, formally joining in 2004, and he has been with the band ever since.", "After declining an offer to audition as the lead vocalist of Velvet Revolver, he was asked to join Alter Bridge by Mark Tremonti in late 2003, formally joining in 2004, and he has been with the band ever since. He has released six studio albums with Alter Bridge.", "He has released six studio albums with Alter Bridge. While Alter Bridge was on tour in 2008, Kennedy and former members of Led Zeppelin met and improvised as a group in an informal jam session, but the band never fully materialized.", "While Alter Bridge was on tour in 2008, Kennedy and former members of Led Zeppelin met and improvised as a group in an informal jam session, but the band never fully materialized. He then started working with Slash, featuring on the guitarist's 2010 eponymous solo album on two tracks and later serving as Slash's vocalist on tour.", "He then started working with Slash, featuring on the guitarist's 2010 eponymous solo album on two tracks and later serving as Slash's vocalist on tour. In 2012, Kennedy filled in with short notice for Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose when Rose refused to show up for the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony.", "In 2012, Kennedy filled in with short notice for Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose when Rose refused to show up for the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony. With Slash, Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators have recorded three studio albums.", "With Slash, Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators have recorded three studio albums. Kennedy's debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released in March 2018 and his second solo album The Ides of March was released on May 14, 2021.", "Kennedy's debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released in March 2018 and his second solo album The Ides of March was released on May 14, 2021. Early life Kennedy was born as Myles Richard Bass on November 27, 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, and subsequently lived in Northern Idaho.", "Early life Kennedy was born as Myles Richard Bass on November 27, 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, and subsequently lived in Northern Idaho. As a child, he moved to Spokane, Washington, where he grew up in a Christian Science family on a farm.", "As a child, he moved to Spokane, Washington, where he grew up in a Christian Science family on a farm. His father, Richard Bass, died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently went on to marry a Methodist minister, and the family took the surname Kennedy.", "His father, Richard Bass, died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently went on to marry a Methodist minister, and the family took the surname Kennedy. Before Kennedy attended Mead High School (which he attended with football player Jason Hanson and Everclear bassist Craig Montoya), he found musical inspiration from Led Zeppelin, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and John Sykes' Blue Murder band.", "Before Kennedy attended Mead High School (which he attended with football player Jason Hanson and Everclear bassist Craig Montoya), he found musical inspiration from Led Zeppelin, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and John Sykes' Blue Murder band. Kennedy began playing trumpet at the age of ten and was in a teen air guitar band with then best friends Michael Murphy, Mark Terzenbach and Bruce Kidd at 13.", "Kennedy began playing trumpet at the age of ten and was in a teen air guitar band with then best friends Michael Murphy, Mark Terzenbach and Bruce Kidd at 13. He later traded for a real guitar copying the playing style of Jimmy Page.", "He later traded for a real guitar copying the playing style of Jimmy Page. He found his singing voice by listening to his parents' Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder records, and also states that he was influenced by Robert Plant. He played guitar in the school's jazz band and trumpet in the school's marching band.", "He played guitar in the school's jazz band and trumpet in the school's marching band. He also spent some time playing in a local heavy metal band called Bittersweet with some of his friends Zia Uddin on drums, Jason Stewart as lead vocal, Mark Terzenbach (and later, Chris Steffens) on bass and Myles on lead guitar.", "He also spent some time playing in a local heavy metal band called Bittersweet with some of his friends Zia Uddin on drums, Jason Stewart as lead vocal, Mark Terzenbach (and later, Chris Steffens) on bass and Myles on lead guitar. After graduating in 1988, he enrolled in Spokane Falls Community College to study music.", "After graduating in 1988, he enrolled in Spokane Falls Community College to study music. Career Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing: 1990–1995 Upon graduating from high school in 1988, Kennedy enrolled in a Commercial Music/Jazz Studies program at Spokane Falls Community College.", "Career Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing: 1990–1995 Upon graduating from high school in 1988, Kennedy enrolled in a Commercial Music/Jazz Studies program at Spokane Falls Community College. Using the skills he learned from this course, in 1990 he began playing guitar for a jazz group called the Cosmic Dust Fusion Band, which was formed by keyboardist Jim Templeton in 1990.", "Using the skills he learned from this course, in 1990 he began playing guitar for a jazz group called the Cosmic Dust Fusion Band, which was formed by keyboardist Jim Templeton in 1990. Kennedy's guitar work with Cosmic Dust was advanced; using his knowledge of jazz theory in conjunction with his advanced technical abilities, interweaving difficult techniques such as chord changes on impulse and precise shredding with rock music, he became a well-respected guitarist among local musicians.", "Kennedy's guitar work with Cosmic Dust was advanced; using his knowledge of jazz theory in conjunction with his advanced technical abilities, interweaving difficult techniques such as chord changes on impulse and precise shredding with rock music, he became a well-respected guitarist among local musicians. Cosmic Dust's first album, Journey, was released in 1991.", "Cosmic Dust's first album, Journey, was released in 1991. The album was well received by critics. In 1993, the song \"Spiritus\" was awarded the Washington State Artist Trust Grant for $5,000.", "In 1993, the song \"Spiritus\" was awarded the Washington State Artist Trust Grant for $5,000. After the release of Journey, Kennedy left Cosmic Dust to begin working on a new band that would become Citizen Swing, for which Kennedy provided both lead vocals and lead guitar.", "After the release of Journey, Kennedy left Cosmic Dust to begin working on a new band that would become Citizen Swing, for which Kennedy provided both lead vocals and lead guitar. They were described as \"a band that combined the sounds of funk, soul, R&B, blues and alternative into a unique and cohesive sound\" and as \" meets Stevie Wonder and then some.\"", "They were described as \"a band that combined the sounds of funk, soul, R&B, blues and alternative into a unique and cohesive sound\" and as \" meets Stevie Wonder and then some.\" They released their first album, Cure Me with the Groove, in 1993.", "They released their first album, Cure Me with the Groove, in 1993. This album featured Kennedy (who helped produce the album), rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, bassist Dave Turner (also of Cosmic Dust), drummer/percussionist Mike Tschirgi, and trumpeter Geoff Miller.", "This album featured Kennedy (who helped produce the album), rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, bassist Dave Turner (also of Cosmic Dust), drummer/percussionist Mike Tschirgi, and trumpeter Geoff Miller. Citizen Swing's second and final album was called Deep Down and was released in 1995. The band disbanded the same year.", "The band disbanded the same year. All the music and lyrics on that album were written by Kennedy. Journey, Cure Me with the Groove, and Deep Down are rare albums and are sought after by fans. The Mayfield Four: 1995–2002 In 1995, Kennedy started teaching guitar in a store called Rock City Music.", "The Mayfield Four: 1995–2002 In 1995, Kennedy started teaching guitar in a store called Rock City Music. By August 1996, he became the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of The Mayfield Four, a rock band he formed with his childhood friends Zia Uddin, Marty Meisner, and Craig Johnson (also of Citizen Swing).", "By August 1996, he became the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of The Mayfield Four, a rock band he formed with his childhood friends Zia Uddin, Marty Meisner, and Craig Johnson (also of Citizen Swing). They signed a contract with Epic Records thanks to a critically acclaimed demo called Thirty Two Point Five Hours that the band recorded in 1996, followed by a live extended play called Motion in 1997.", "They signed a contract with Epic Records thanks to a critically acclaimed demo called Thirty Two Point Five Hours that the band recorded in 1996, followed by a live extended play called Motion in 1997. The Mayfield Four's debut album, Fallout, was supported with a fifteen-month tour with bands such as Creed, Big Wreck, and Stabbing Westward.", "The Mayfield Four's debut album, Fallout, was supported with a fifteen-month tour with bands such as Creed, Big Wreck, and Stabbing Westward. The album was praised by critics, but it failed to chart, and ultimately became the only album by the band to feature rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, who was fired from the band due to undisclosed reasons.", "The album was praised by critics, but it failed to chart, and ultimately became the only album by the band to feature rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, who was fired from the band due to undisclosed reasons. Following the Fallout tour, Kennedy made an appearance in the 2001 drama film Rock Star starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston.", "Following the Fallout tour, Kennedy made an appearance in the 2001 drama film Rock Star starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston. He said that he got a call from his manager telling him that the filmmakers needed someone who could sing high and that his name was suggested.", "He said that he got a call from his manager telling him that the filmmakers needed someone who could sing high and that his name was suggested. On the set of the film, he met Wahlberg along with Zakk Wylde and Jason Bonham, who also appeared in the movie alongside several other notable musicians.", "On the set of the film, he met Wahlberg along with Zakk Wylde and Jason Bonham, who also appeared in the movie alongside several other notable musicians. Kennedy was the only actor in the movie whose actual singing voice was used.", "Kennedy was the only actor in the movie whose actual singing voice was used. In the movie, directly paralleling a scene at the beginning of the film, Kennedy's character (Mike, also known as \"Thor\") is noticed by Wahlberg's character, Chris \"Izzy\" Cole, the lead singer of Thor's favorite band, Steel Dragon.", "In the movie, directly paralleling a scene at the beginning of the film, Kennedy's character (Mike, also known as \"Thor\") is noticed by Wahlberg's character, Chris \"Izzy\" Cole, the lead singer of Thor's favorite band, Steel Dragon. Izzy pulls Thor onstage and sings the rest of the song with him, eventually telling him to finish the rest of the band's concert.", "Izzy pulls Thor onstage and sings the rest of the song with him, eventually telling him to finish the rest of the band's concert. The film was met with mostly mixed reviews, garnering a 52% \"Rotten\" score on Rotten Tomatoes.", "The film was met with mostly mixed reviews, garnering a 52% \"Rotten\" score on Rotten Tomatoes. The Mayfield Four's second and final album, Second Skin, was released in June 2001. Kennedy has since said that it is one of the most personal records he has made.", "Kennedy has since said that it is one of the most personal records he has made. The album has been critically acclaimed and Kennedy has commented on how it and Fallout are much more popular now than when they were released. Though popular, The Mayfield Four never garnered enough exposure to break into the mainstream.", "Though popular, The Mayfield Four never garnered enough exposure to break into the mainstream. In 2002, the future of the band began to look unlikely, and Kennedy began recording new music, which he described as \"Daniel Lanois meets Massive Attack.\" The band went on hiatus that year, and would ultimately disband.", "The band went on hiatus that year, and would ultimately disband. In an interview with Pulse Weekly in 2004, Kennedy said that it was because he was \"burned out with the whole rock industry at that point.\"", "In an interview with Pulse Weekly in 2004, Kennedy said that it was because he was \"burned out with the whole rock industry at that point.\" However, three previously unreleased songs appeared on a fan-run Myspace page dedicated to and approved by The Mayfield Four in early 2010, causing rumors of a possible reunion to begin circulating.", "However, three previously unreleased songs appeared on a fan-run Myspace page dedicated to and approved by The Mayfield Four in early 2010, causing rumors of a possible reunion to begin circulating. However, when asked about this during an interview, Kennedy replied that he does not see it happening.", "However, when asked about this during an interview, Kennedy replied that he does not see it happening. Velvet Revolver audition offer: 2002 After The Mayfield Four's unforeseen breakup, and due to a hearing disorder called tinnitus that he developed because of listening to music that he was recording at earsplitting volumes, Kennedy fell into depression in 2002.", "Velvet Revolver audition offer: 2002 After The Mayfield Four's unforeseen breakup, and due to a hearing disorder called tinnitus that he developed because of listening to music that he was recording at earsplitting volumes, Kennedy fell into depression in 2002. He said about music, \"I can't do it any more.", "He said about music, \"I can't do it any more. My ears won't let me.\" He said that he had grown \"disillusioned with music and the music business,\" so he took a hiatus from playing music and went back to teaching guitar.", "He said that he had grown \"disillusioned with music and the music business,\" so he took a hiatus from playing music and went back to teaching guitar. However, in 2002, he was contacted by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, who was looking for a vocalist for a band he was forming, but Kennedy declined the offer.", "However, in 2002, he was contacted by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, who was looking for a vocalist for a band he was forming, but Kennedy declined the offer. Other sources state that Kennedy had sent in a demo tape but still ultimately declined an invitation to audition after being approached by Matt Sorum.", "Other sources state that Kennedy had sent in a demo tape but still ultimately declined an invitation to audition after being approached by Matt Sorum. Kennedy recalls, \"They had reached out to me in 2002 when they were just getting together.", "Kennedy recalls, \"They had reached out to me in 2002 when they were just getting together. They had sent me a demo tape, and I kind of sat on it for a month, and I didn't really follow up on it.\"", "They had sent me a demo tape, and I kind of sat on it for a month, and I didn't really follow up on it.\" Alter Bridge: 2003–present Kennedy is best known as the lead vocalist and one of the two lead guitarists in the band, alongside Mark Tremonti, of the American hard rock band Alter Bridge.", "Alter Bridge: 2003–present Kennedy is best known as the lead vocalist and one of the two lead guitarists in the band, alongside Mark Tremonti, of the American hard rock band Alter Bridge. The band's origins lie in late 2003 when Kennedy was contacted by former Creed guitarist Mark Tremonti, who was interested in having Kennedy lay down vocal tracks for some songs he had recently written.", "The band's origins lie in late 2003 when Kennedy was contacted by former Creed guitarist Mark Tremonti, who was interested in having Kennedy lay down vocal tracks for some songs he had recently written. Tremonti and drummer Scott Phillips had reunited with former bassist Brian Marshall who had left Creed in 2000 to form a new band.", "Tremonti and drummer Scott Phillips had reunited with former bassist Brian Marshall who had left Creed in 2000 to form a new band. Alter Bridge, taking its name from an actual bridge that used to be located near Tremonti's home in Detroit, was officially formed in January 2004.", "Alter Bridge, taking its name from an actual bridge that used to be located near Tremonti's home in Detroit, was officially formed in January 2004. Coinciding with the official announcement of Alter Bridge's formation was an announcement regarding their debut album, One Day Remains, along with the release of that album's lead single, \"Open Your Eyes.\"", "Coinciding with the official announcement of Alter Bridge's formation was an announcement regarding their debut album, One Day Remains, along with the release of that album's lead single, \"Open Your Eyes.\" One Day Remains was released in 2004 on Wind-up Records.", "One Day Remains was released in 2004 on Wind-up Records. It received generally mixed to negative reviews and was certified Gold by the RIAA. Two other singles, \"Find the Real\" and \"Broken Wings\" were released.", "Two other singles, \"Find the Real\" and \"Broken Wings\" were released. One Day Remains was the only album by a band with Kennedy as an official member that does not feature his guitar playing, before his 2014 album \"World On Fire\" as a part of Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators.", "One Day Remains was the only album by a band with Kennedy as an official member that does not feature his guitar playing, before his 2014 album \"World On Fire\" as a part of Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators. Following a successful tour in support of the album, Alter Bridge announced plans for a second release.", "Following a successful tour in support of the album, Alter Bridge announced plans for a second release. The album, Blackbird, was released in 2007 on Universal Republic to mostly positive reviews. Unlike One Day Remains, which was largely written by Tremonti, Blackbird featured Kennedy's guitar playing as well as more of his songwriting contributions.", "Unlike One Day Remains, which was largely written by Tremonti, Blackbird featured Kennedy's guitar playing as well as more of his songwriting contributions. Alter Bridge toured in support of Blackbird throughout 2007 and 2008, recording a concert film titled Live from Amsterdam and releasing it in 2009 via Amazon.com.", "Alter Bridge toured in support of Blackbird throughout 2007 and 2008, recording a concert film titled Live from Amsterdam and releasing it in 2009 via Amazon.com. It would later be released in stores in early 2011 after several delays.", "It would later be released in stores in early 2011 after several delays. Alter Bridge took a temporary break in early 2009 with its members working on other projects, but the band continued writing music throughout the year.", "Alter Bridge took a temporary break in early 2009 with its members working on other projects, but the band continued writing music throughout the year. The band regrouped later that year to begin work on their third album, AB III, which was released in 2010 on Roadrunner Records worldwide, except for North America where the album was self-released on Alter Bridge Recordings via EMI.", "The band regrouped later that year to begin work on their third album, AB III, which was released in 2010 on Roadrunner Records worldwide, except for North America where the album was self-released on Alter Bridge Recordings via EMI. For the album, Kennedy chose to write lyrics based on his own personal experiences with faith and believing.", "For the album, Kennedy chose to write lyrics based on his own personal experiences with faith and believing. As such, it is lyrically the band's darkest album, with Kennedy calling it the most personal album he had made since The Mayfield Four's Second Skin. AB III has received critical acclaim.", "AB III has received critical acclaim. A second concert film, Live at Wembley, was released on March 26, 2012. The band reunited in late 2012 and recorded from April to July 2013 their fourth album titled Fortress, which was released on September 30, 2013.", "The band reunited in late 2012 and recorded from April to July 2013 their fourth album titled Fortress, which was released on September 30, 2013. The band reconvened in January 2016 and, through that July, recorded their fifth album The Last Hero, which was released on October 7, 2016.", "The band reconvened in January 2016 and, through that July, recorded their fifth album The Last Hero, which was released on October 7, 2016. Walk the Sky was released on October 18, 2019.", "Walk the Sky was released on October 18, 2019. Having joined Alter Bridge primarily as lead vocalist, Kennedy began to play rhythm guitar during live performances following the release of One Day Remains.", "Having joined Alter Bridge primarily as lead vocalist, Kennedy began to play rhythm guitar during live performances following the release of One Day Remains. He has since played rhythm guitar on the band's subsequent studio releases, and also played lead tracks on a number of songs and during live performances.", "He has since played rhythm guitar on the band's subsequent studio releases, and also played lead tracks on a number of songs and during live performances. Solo career and collaborations Work with Led Zeppelin members: 2008–2009 Kennedy received a great amount of press coverage in late 2008, owing to a rumour that he was to join Led Zeppelin.", "Solo career and collaborations Work with Led Zeppelin members: 2008–2009 Kennedy received a great amount of press coverage in late 2008, owing to a rumour that he was to join Led Zeppelin. After Zeppelin's one-off reunion in 2007, guitarist Jimmy Page and bassist John Paul Jones reportedly felt the band \"still had something to offer.\"", "After Zeppelin's one-off reunion in 2007, guitarist Jimmy Page and bassist John Paul Jones reportedly felt the band \"still had something to offer.\" As reported by BBC News, Page and Jones were in the studio with Jason Bonham writing and recording material that was reportedly to be used for a new Zeppelin album.", "As reported by BBC News, Page and Jones were in the studio with Jason Bonham writing and recording material that was reportedly to be used for a new Zeppelin album. According to Bonham, singer Robert Plant was not involved.", "According to Bonham, singer Robert Plant was not involved. Page, Jones, and Bonham auditioned singers, fuelling rumours when they were reported to have attended an Alter Bridge concert. Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider said that they were offering Kennedy the job to persuade Plant to reconsider.", "Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider said that they were offering Kennedy the job to persuade Plant to reconsider. Alter Bridge guitarist Mark Tremonti said Kennedy \"deserves\" to play with Zeppelin. Kennedy remained mostly silent about the rumours until January 2009. \"I am not singing in Led Zeppelin or any offshoot of Led Zeppelin,\" he said.", "\"I am not singing in Led Zeppelin or any offshoot of Led Zeppelin,\" he said. \"I did have a great opportunity and it was something that I'm very grateful for. But Alter Bridge will go on, and that's that.\"", "But Alter Bridge will go on, and that's that.\" He later confirmed, however, that he had written and rehearsed with Page, Jones and Bonham. He also said that it was Bonham who \"got the ball rolling\", since the two had met on the set of the 2001 film Rock Star.", "He also said that it was Bonham who \"got the ball rolling\", since the two had met on the set of the 2001 film Rock Star. \"Working with them felt surreal,\" he recalled a decade later.", "\"Working with them felt surreal,\" he recalled a decade later. \"Jimmy played the Les Paul, and just being in the room with that guitar would have been enough for me. But standing next to him as he's playing those iconic riffs, the hairs on the back of my neck are standing up.", "But standing next to him as he's playing those iconic riffs, the hairs on the back of my neck are standing up. We played 'No Quarter', 'Kashmir'… We did 'Carouselambra', which was a really challenging arrangement. A lot of wonderful moments.\"", "A lot of wonderful moments.\" It is unconfirmed if the songs he wrote with Page, Jones, and Bonham will ever be released. Kennedy maintains that the band, had it materialised, would not have been called Led Zeppelin.", "Kennedy maintains that the band, had it materialised, would not have been called Led Zeppelin. Solo career: 2009–2010; 2017–present Kennedy has performed two solo benefit concerts: one hosted by Paul Reed Smith and PRS Guitars to benefit cancer patients, and another to benefit abused children.", "Solo career: 2009–2010; 2017–present Kennedy has performed two solo benefit concerts: one hosted by Paul Reed Smith and PRS Guitars to benefit cancer patients, and another to benefit abused children. The latter was called Bofest 2009 and was headlined by Kennedy on October 17, 2009. In early 2009, Kennedy announced a solo side project.", "In early 2009, Kennedy announced a solo side project. He described the material as \"dreamy\" and \"[not] aggressive\", saving those songs for Alter Bridge. He also said, \"It's more singer/songwriter based. I will say it's going to be interesting.\"", "I will say it's going to be interesting.\" He later posted on his Myspace page that he is working with some \"great people\" and that he has details coming at a future date.", "He later posted on his Myspace page that he is working with some \"great people\" and that he has details coming at a future date. Slash announced via Facebook on February 1, 2010 that he would be appearing on Kennedy's solo record, and Kennedy confirmed this via Myspace.", "Slash announced via Facebook on February 1, 2010 that he would be appearing on Kennedy's solo record, and Kennedy confirmed this via Myspace. Kennedy had originally hoped that his album would be released in early 2010, digitally first and then on CD, but he has since put its release on hold.", "Kennedy had originally hoped that his album would be released in early 2010, digitally first and then on CD, but he has since put its release on hold. However, he recently said that he is still too busy to release the album as he stated that he would like to tour to promote it, but he wanted to release it on December 21, 2012, as a joke, although a firm release date has not yet been announced.", "However, he recently said that he is still too busy to release the album as he stated that he would like to tour to promote it, but he wanted to release it on December 21, 2012, as a joke, although a firm release date has not yet been announced. When asked if the record would be a departure from his previous work, he replied that it is different and again referred to the singer-songwriter approach that would be featured on it and that it would not be a hard rock album.", "When asked if the record would be a departure from his previous work, he replied that it is different and again referred to the singer-songwriter approach that would be featured on it and that it would not be a hard rock album. He also said that \"it was maybe the most difficult thing I've ever done in the sense that I didn't have a band.\"", "He also said that \"it was maybe the most difficult thing I've ever done in the sense that I didn't have a band.\" He also said that the music is very intimate and that it features piano as well.", "He also said that the music is very intimate and that it features piano as well. In an interview with Guitarist UK magazine, he said that some of the songs will feature jazz, blues, and R&B influences, while others still \"get quite atmospheric and ethereal,\" comparing the sound to Daniel Lanois and Massive Attack, while assuring fans that the rock style will still be present.", "In an interview with Guitarist UK magazine, he said that some of the songs will feature jazz, blues, and R&B influences, while others still \"get quite atmospheric and ethereal,\" comparing the sound to Daniel Lanois and Massive Attack, while assuring fans that the rock style will still be present. In the same Guitarist interview, he confirmed the titles of three songs that will appear on his record: \"The Light of Day\", \"Complicated Man\", and \"The Bar Fly\".", "In the same Guitarist interview, he confirmed the titles of three songs that will appear on his record: \"The Light of Day\", \"Complicated Man\", and \"The Bar Fly\". Most recently, he confirmed that another song will be titled \"Love Rain Down\".", "Most recently, he confirmed that another song will be titled \"Love Rain Down\". He said in an interview with CraveOnline that \"Love Rain Down\" differs from anything else he has ever written. In 2017, he said he shelved the songs he had written and started over.", "In 2017, he said he shelved the songs he had written and started over. His debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released on March 9, 2018. Kennedy's second solo album, The Ides of March, was released on May 14, 2021.", "Kennedy's second solo album, The Ides of March, was released on May 14, 2021. Work with Slash: 2009–present Kennedy has become very well known for his collaborations with Guns N' Roses lead guitarist Slash. In late 2009, it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album.", "In late 2009, it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album. Slash later confirmed that Kennedy was chosen to sing and co-write the final song, \"Starlight\", on his album.", "Slash later confirmed that Kennedy was chosen to sing and co-write the final song, \"Starlight\", on his album. Other musicians who appeared on the album include Ozzy Osbourne, Adam Levine of Maroon 5, Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters, Kid Rock, and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden.", "Other musicians who appeared on the album include Ozzy Osbourne, Adam Levine of Maroon 5, Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters, Kid Rock, and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden. Then, according to MusicRadar, Slash asked Kennedy to co-write and sing another song, \"Back from Cali\", which was added to the album at the last minute, making him the only musician to appear on more than one song on the album's standard track listing.", "Then, according to MusicRadar, Slash asked Kennedy to co-write and sing another song, \"Back from Cali\", which was added to the album at the last minute, making him the only musician to appear on more than one song on the album's standard track listing. The album was released in April 2010.", "The album was released in April 2010. On February 3, 2010, Slash announced that Kennedy would be the lead vocalist for his band on tour. On tour, Kennedy performed a number of songs found throughout Slash's catalog. Slash and Kennedy were also the supporting act on Ozzy Osbourne's tour in 2010.", "Slash and Kennedy were also the supporting act on Ozzy Osbourne's tour in 2010. The other members of Slash's band are rhythm guitarist Bobby Schneck (replaced as of the Apocalyptic Love tour with Frank Sidoris), bassist Todd Kerns (formerly of Age of Electric), and drummer Brent Fitz (formerly of Theory of a Deadman).", "The other members of Slash's band are rhythm guitarist Bobby Schneck (replaced as of the Apocalyptic Love tour with Frank Sidoris), bassist Todd Kerns (formerly of Age of Electric), and drummer Brent Fitz (formerly of Theory of a Deadman). In late 2010, Kennedy and Slash appeared on That Metal Show, a talk show on VH1 Classic.", "In late 2010, Kennedy and Slash appeared on That Metal Show, a talk show on VH1 Classic. On November 14, 2011, Slash released a concert film and live album titled Made in Stoke 24/7/11 featuring Kennedy and the rest of his band. Slash's second solo album featured Myles Kennedy, this time as the sole vocalist.", "Slash's second solo album featured Myles Kennedy, this time as the sole vocalist. It was also announced that band mates Bobby Schneck, Todd Kerns, and Brent Fitz, along with Slash, would complete the lineup for the album.", "It was also announced that band mates Bobby Schneck, Todd Kerns, and Brent Fitz, along with Slash, would complete the lineup for the album. In an interview with MusicRadar, Slash confirmed that it would be less of an actual solo album and more of a collaboration album with Kennedy, and that he was not sure if the album will be billed to Slash or a new name entirely.", "In an interview with MusicRadar, Slash confirmed that it would be less of an actual solo album and more of a collaboration album with Kennedy, and that he was not sure if the album will be billed to Slash or a new name entirely. As of December 2011, three songs had been recorded: \"Halo\", \"Standing in the Sun\", and \"Bad Rain\".", "As of December 2011, three songs had been recorded: \"Halo\", \"Standing in the Sun\", and \"Bad Rain\". Slash has described the music as \"very heavy\". The album was released on May 22, 2012. A behind-the-scenes video was also released with this announcement.", "A behind-the-scenes video was also released with this announcement. Titled Apocalyptic Love, the album will be billed to Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators, featuring Kennedy, Kerns, and Fitz as members of Slash's band. The band performed the album in its entirety on April 11, 2012, at the Revolver Golden God Awards.", "The band performed the album in its entirety on April 11, 2012, at the Revolver Golden God Awards. The first single, \"You're a Lie\", was released to rock radio on February 27, 2012; a 30-second preview of the song was released online.", "The first single, \"You're a Lie\", was released to rock radio on February 27, 2012; a 30-second preview of the song was released online. Kennedy has reportedly said that some of the lyrics on the album are about his earlier experiences with drugs.", "Kennedy has reportedly said that some of the lyrics on the album are about his earlier experiences with drugs. On April 14, 2012, Kennedy performed three Guns N' Roses songs with five former members of Guns N' Roses during their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction in Axl Rose's absence.", "On April 14, 2012, Kennedy performed three Guns N' Roses songs with five former members of Guns N' Roses during their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction in Axl Rose's absence. In 2013, he also toured with Kings of Chaos, along with Slash and other ex-Guns N' Roses members.", "In 2013, he also toured with Kings of Chaos, along with Slash and other ex-Guns N' Roses members. The band's second collective album World on Fire, produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 16, 2014.", "The band's second collective album World on Fire, produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 16, 2014. The band's third album Living the Dream, again produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 21, 2018.", "The band's third album Living the Dream, again produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 21, 2018. The fourth record, titled 4 and produced by Dave Cobb, was released on February 11, 2022.", "The fourth record, titled 4 and produced by Dave Cobb, was released on February 11, 2022. Other session work: 2001–present Kennedy is further well known for his work as a session musician and songwriter, having collaborated with several artists.", "Other session work: 2001–present Kennedy is further well known for his work as a session musician and songwriter, having collaborated with several artists. In 2001, he appeared on the album Striped Suit: Lo-Fi by the jazz-rock band Mulligan, playing guitar solos on the songs \"Faron\" and \"Make It Three\".", "In 2001, he appeared on the album Striped Suit: Lo-Fi by the jazz-rock band Mulligan, playing guitar solos on the songs \"Faron\" and \"Make It Three\". In that same year, he provided backing vocals to the song \"Breakthrough\" by Big Wreck from The Pleasure and the Greed.", "In that same year, he provided backing vocals to the song \"Breakthrough\" by Big Wreck from The Pleasure and the Greed. He also worked with the Spokane based nu-metal band Five Foot Thick on their 2003 album Blood Puddle, providing backing vocals to the song \"Ducked Out\".", "He also worked with the Spokane based nu-metal band Five Foot Thick on their 2003 album Blood Puddle, providing backing vocals to the song \"Ducked Out\". In 2005, he sang the chorus of \"Nameless Faceless\" by Fozzy with Fozzy frontman Chris Jericho from their album All That Remains.", "In 2005, he sang the chorus of \"Nameless Faceless\" by Fozzy with Fozzy frontman Chris Jericho from their album All That Remains. In 2008, he sang a duet with Sevendust lead vocalist Lajon Witherspoon on Sevendust's song \"Sorrow\" from Chapter VII: Hope & Sorrow.", "In 2008, he sang a duet with Sevendust lead vocalist Lajon Witherspoon on Sevendust's song \"Sorrow\" from Chapter VII: Hope & Sorrow. Also in 2008, Kennedy made a guest appearance on Mark Tremonti's guitar instructional DVD The Sound & the Story, to which Kennedy provided an in-depth lesson on how to play his guitar solo on the Alter Bridge song \"Blackbird\".", "Also in 2008, Kennedy made a guest appearance on Mark Tremonti's guitar instructional DVD The Sound & the Story, to which Kennedy provided an in-depth lesson on how to play his guitar solo on the Alter Bridge song \"Blackbird\". In 2009, he appeared on Slash's self-titled album, co-writing and singing lead vocals on the songs \"Back from Cali\" and \"Starlight\".", "In 2009, he appeared on Slash's self-titled album, co-writing and singing lead vocals on the songs \"Back from Cali\" and \"Starlight\". In addition, he has made live appearances with Sevendust and Gov't Mule. In 2011 it was announced that he will appear on a planned tribute album to Tommy Bolin.", "In 2011 it was announced that he will appear on a planned tribute album to Tommy Bolin. Further details were announced in January 2012 that the album would be called Great Gypsy Soul. It was released on March 27, 2012, on 429 Records, and Kennedy appeared on a song called \"Dreamer\" with Nels Cline of Wilco.", "It was released on March 27, 2012, on 429 Records, and Kennedy appeared on a song called \"Dreamer\" with Nels Cline of Wilco. Other contributors include Steve Lukather, Joe Bonamassa, Peter Frampton, and Glenn Hughes.", "Other contributors include Steve Lukather, Joe Bonamassa, Peter Frampton, and Glenn Hughes. In 2016, he collaborated with rapper Darryl McDaniels and Disturbed bassist John Moyer on the song \"Flames\". Also in 2016, he sang on \"Black & White\" on the Richards/Crane debut album, World Stands Still.", "Also in 2016, he sang on \"Black & White\" on the Richards/Crane debut album, World Stands Still. Artistry and influences Kennedy is influenced by a wide range of artists of several genres.", "Artistry and influences Kennedy is influenced by a wide range of artists of several genres. His earliest influence was Led Zeppelin, although he drew his singing influences from jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and soul artists when he discovered Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye albums in his parents' record collection.", "His earliest influence was Led Zeppelin, although he drew his singing influences from jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and soul artists when he discovered Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye albums in his parents' record collection. He said that he owned Stevie Wonder's 1982 compilation album Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I, which was one of his earliest inspirations as a singer.", "He said that he owned Stevie Wonder's 1982 compilation album Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I, which was one of his earliest inspirations as a singer. From there, he discovered Songs in the Key of Life, which he has since stated is one of his favorite albums, and today cites Stevie Wonder as a major influence on his singing.", "From there, he discovered Songs in the Key of Life, which he has since stated is one of his favorite albums, and today cites Stevie Wonder as a major influence on his singing. He has also cited other jazz players and soul singers John Coltrane, Al Green, Mike Stern, Miles Davis, Otis Redding, Frank Gambale, Pat Metheny, Lyle Mays, and Curtis Mayfield as early influences.", "He has also cited other jazz players and soul singers John Coltrane, Al Green, Mike Stern, Miles Davis, Otis Redding, Frank Gambale, Pat Metheny, Lyle Mays, and Curtis Mayfield as early influences. He also loves blues music. Additional influences include Guns N' Roses, U2, AC/DC, Mastodon, and Radiohead.", "Additional influences include Guns N' Roses, U2, AC/DC, Mastodon, and Radiohead. Singing style Kennedy's favorite singers include Jeff Buckley, Robert Plant, Bon Scott, Chris Whitley, and k.d. lang. He has stated on several occasions that Jeff Buckley was, and is, a major influence on him as a singer.", "He has stated on several occasions that Jeff Buckley was, and is, a major influence on him as a singer. When asked to describe his vocal style, he said, \"I wanted to fuse together my favorite elements of rock and soul singers into something I could call my own.", "When asked to describe his vocal style, he said, \"I wanted to fuse together my favorite elements of rock and soul singers into something I could call my own. The inflections of Stevie Wonder with the soaring qualities of someone like Buckley.\"", "The inflections of Stevie Wonder with the soaring qualities of someone like Buckley.\" He states that Buckley's \"emotional intensity\" was one of the most inspirational things for him when it came to singing, and that it made him accept and embrace the fact that he is a tenor.", "He states that Buckley's \"emotional intensity\" was one of the most inspirational things for him when it came to singing, and that it made him accept and embrace the fact that he is a tenor. He often performs Buckley's famous cover of \"Hallelujah\" (originally by Leonard Cohen) during acoustic performances.", "He often performs Buckley's famous cover of \"Hallelujah\" (originally by Leonard Cohen) during acoustic performances. At one point, he received lessons from Ron Anderson, a bel canto vocal coach who has worked with a wide range of singers, including Axl Rose, Shania Twain, Enrique Iglesias, Chris Cornell, Ozzy Osbourne, Eddie Vedder, Kelly Clarkson, and several others.", "At one point, he received lessons from Ron Anderson, a bel canto vocal coach who has worked with a wide range of singers, including Axl Rose, Shania Twain, Enrique Iglesias, Chris Cornell, Ozzy Osbourne, Eddie Vedder, Kelly Clarkson, and several others. When asked about his number one secret when it came to singing, Kennedy replied, \"Dig deep into your soul and sing as if your life depends on it.", "When asked about his number one secret when it came to singing, Kennedy replied, \"Dig deep into your soul and sing as if your life depends on it. Leave your mark. People react to emotion more than technique.\" Kennedy, who possesses a four-octave vocal range, has been praised for his ability as a singer.", "Kennedy, who possesses a four-octave vocal range, has been praised for his ability as a singer. Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash, whose touring band consists of Kennedy, has called him \"fucking amazing\", calling his style \"surreal\".", "Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash, whose touring band consists of Kennedy, has called him \"fucking amazing\", calling his style \"surreal\". About Kennedy's ability to recreate Guns N' Roses songs on tour, Slash said, \"Myles is fucking amazing. It's very surreal how he handles the stuff he sings.", "It's very surreal how he handles the stuff he sings. I'm doing GN'R songs I've never done solo before, and Myles manages to own them without changing the style or trajectory of the song. Which is a fantastic fucking ability.\" Kennedy is often compared to Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell.", "Kennedy is often compared to Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell. Guitar playing Kennedy, a former guitar instructor, is also recognized as an accomplished guitarist. He began learning how to play the guitar by listening to Led Zeppelin records and mimicking Jimmy Page's guitar parts.", "He began learning how to play the guitar by listening to Led Zeppelin records and mimicking Jimmy Page's guitar parts. He said in an interview, \"I started off strictly as a lead guitar player.", "He said in an interview, \"I started off strictly as a lead guitar player. When I first started playing 25 years ago, that was all I’d do is sit in my room and learn solos.\"", "When I first started playing 25 years ago, that was all I’d do is sit in my room and learn solos.\" He also recalled being inspired by Eddie Van Halen: \"When I was in my early teens, I heard 'Eruption' one day and was like, 'That is the most incredible thing I’ve ever heard,' and I begged my mother to give me an advance on my allowance for the next month and go buy that record.\"", "He also recalled being inspired by Eddie Van Halen: \"When I was in my early teens, I heard 'Eruption' one day and was like, 'That is the most incredible thing I’ve ever heard,' and I begged my mother to give me an advance on my allowance for the next month and go buy that record.\" Over the next few years, and throughout the 1990s, Kennedy played primarily lead guitar.", "Over the next few years, and throughout the 1990s, Kennedy played primarily lead guitar. His early work with Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing featured a jazz-influenced rock flavor, combining several advanced techniques used in jazz. He would later join Alter Bridge primarily as a lead vocalist, but began playing rhythm guitar on the band's first tour.", "He would later join Alter Bridge primarily as a lead vocalist, but began playing rhythm guitar on the band's first tour. Mark Tremonti said, \"We knew Myles was an amazing singer, that’s why we hired him.", "Mark Tremonti said, \"We knew Myles was an amazing singer, that’s why we hired him. What we found out when we toured the first record was that he’s also an incredibly gifted guitar player and songwriter, as well as a vocalist.\"", "What we found out when we toured the first record was that he’s also an incredibly gifted guitar player and songwriter, as well as a vocalist.\" In an interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive, Tremonti said: Kennedy played rhythm guitar on Blackbird and has since played co-lead on several Alter Bridge tracks.", "In an interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive, Tremonti said: Kennedy played rhythm guitar on Blackbird and has since played co-lead on several Alter Bridge tracks. In an article about Kennedy as a guitarist on Lemon Squeezings, writer Steve Sauer noted his dexterity and steady rhythm playing.", "In an article about Kennedy as a guitarist on Lemon Squeezings, writer Steve Sauer noted his dexterity and steady rhythm playing. Doug Clark, a writer for The Spokesman-Review and one of Kennedy's former guitar students, wrote that \"his six-string skills are pyrotechnically brilliant.\"", "Doug Clark, a writer for The Spokesman-Review and one of Kennedy's former guitar students, wrote that \"his six-string skills are pyrotechnically brilliant.\" Kennedy notes that his job as a guitar player, especially recently with Alter Bridge, is to add texture and colors to the music.", "Kennedy notes that his job as a guitar player, especially recently with Alter Bridge, is to add texture and colors to the music. Lyrics and themes In addition, Kennedy is the primary lyricist of Alter Bridge and his previous band, The Mayfield Four.", "Lyrics and themes In addition, Kennedy is the primary lyricist of Alter Bridge and his previous band, The Mayfield Four. His lyrics, which are usually fairly straightforward stylistically, often touch on dark subjects such as death and addiction.", "His lyrics, which are usually fairly straightforward stylistically, often touch on dark subjects such as death and addiction. On Alter Bridge's first two albums (the lyrics of the former were primarily written by Tremonti, however), the lyrics are about \"hope and perseverance in the face of adversity.\"", "On Alter Bridge's first two albums (the lyrics of the former were primarily written by Tremonti, however), the lyrics are about \"hope and perseverance in the face of adversity.\" However, he has been known to write darker lyrics, as heard most notably on Alter Bridge's third album, AB III, which is a loose concept album based on his own personal struggles with faith and spirituality.", "However, he has been known to write darker lyrics, as heard most notably on Alter Bridge's third album, AB III, which is a loose concept album based on his own personal struggles with faith and spirituality. Similarly, the lyrical themes of The Mayfield Four's second album, Second Skin, touch on struggling with love and substance abuse.", "Similarly, the lyrical themes of The Mayfield Four's second album, Second Skin, touch on struggling with love and substance abuse. Second Skin, Apocalyptic Love, World on Fire and The Ides of March are the only albums to feature lyrics written by Kennedy that contain profanity.", "Second Skin, Apocalyptic Love, World on Fire and The Ides of March are the only albums to feature lyrics written by Kennedy that contain profanity. Personal life Kennedy currently resides in Spokane, Washington with his wife, Selena, whom he married on June 14, 2003.", "Personal life Kennedy currently resides in Spokane, Washington with his wife, Selena, whom he married on June 14, 2003. According to Alter Bridge lead guitarist Mark Tremonti, Kennedy is an atheist, although in an article titled Losing My Religion from a November 2010 issue of Kerrang!", "According to Alter Bridge lead guitarist Mark Tremonti, Kennedy is an atheist, although in an article titled Losing My Religion from a November 2010 issue of Kerrang! magazine, Kennedy said he places himself \"somewhere in the middle\" between being an atheist and a Christian.", "magazine, Kennedy said he places himself \"somewhere in the middle\" between being an atheist and a Christian. In an interview on the Blairing Out with Eric Blair Show at NAMM 2009, Kennedy mentioned that despite being raised in a Christian household, he is not a religious person and he does not believe in any organized religion.", "In an interview on the Blairing Out with Eric Blair Show at NAMM 2009, Kennedy mentioned that despite being raised in a Christian household, he is not a religious person and he does not believe in any organized religion. In an interview with CraveOnline, he said \"I would consider myself a part of the growing segment of people who question authority and scrutinize concepts that no longer seem as logical as they once did.", "In an interview with CraveOnline, he said \"I would consider myself a part of the growing segment of people who question authority and scrutinize concepts that no longer seem as logical as they once did. [...] I don't find peace in the same concepts that many hold as truth. Believe me, I tried.", "Believe me, I tried. Believe me, I tried. It's not like I didn't spend most of my life submersed in the bosom of doctrine or dogma.\" In 2014, he identified himself as an agnostic.", "In 2014, he identified himself as an agnostic. Kennedy has been identified as an avid reader and he says that he especially enjoys the work of John Irving, describing Irving's A Prayer for Owen Meany as one of his favorite novels. He has also cited Effortless Mastery by Kenny Werner as one of his favorites.", "He has also cited Effortless Mastery by Kenny Werner as one of his favorites. When asked about his hobbies, he replied: \"I guess I have been pretty fortunate since I have turned what was a hobby into a living. Music pretty much consumes me.", "Music pretty much consumes me. Music pretty much consumes me. If I’m not writing, performing or listening I am probably trying to learn more about its history.\"", "If I’m not writing, performing or listening I am probably trying to learn more about its history.\" He has five tattoos: a dragon on his left forearm, a koi fish on his right forearm, an octopus on his right upper arm, and two elephant heads on his chest.", "He has five tattoos: a dragon on his left forearm, a koi fish on his right forearm, an octopus on his right upper arm, and two elephant heads on his chest. He describes the dragon and the fish as symbols of strength, while the octopus was originally supposed to be a small squid but became much larger than he had intended.", "He describes the dragon and the fish as symbols of strength, while the octopus was originally supposed to be a small squid but became much larger than he had intended. He got the dragon tattoo first because of a toy he brought back from Japan as a child, and the koi was added a year later after he learned of an ancient Chinese legend of koi swimming up the Yellow River to become dragons.", "He got the dragon tattoo first because of a toy he brought back from Japan as a child, and the koi was added a year later after he learned of an ancient Chinese legend of koi swimming up the Yellow River to become dragons. He has said he wants to get more tattoos in the future.", "He has said he wants to get more tattoos in the future. Charity work Kennedy has served on the board of directors for the Mead Food Bank since 2003.", "Charity work Kennedy has served on the board of directors for the Mead Food Bank since 2003. In addition, he co-founded the Future Song Foundation, a charity organization \"that provides funding to ensure that kids have access to musical instruction and instruments which are fundamental parts of a complete education\", with his wife in 2015.", "In addition, he co-founded the Future Song Foundation, a charity organization \"that provides funding to ensure that kids have access to musical instruction and instruments which are fundamental parts of a complete education\", with his wife in 2015. He serves as a director of the program.", "He serves as a director of the program. A proponent of wildlife conservation efforts, Kennedy is a supporter of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and is outspoken of his criticism of the ivory trade on Twitter.", "A proponent of wildlife conservation efforts, Kennedy is a supporter of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and is outspoken of his criticism of the ivory trade on Twitter. Discography Cosmic Dust Journey (1991) Citizen Swing Cure Me with the Groove (1993) Deep Down (1995) The Mayfield Four Fallout (1998) Second Skin (2001) Alter Bridge One Day Remains (2004) Blackbird (2007) AB III (2010) Fortress (2013) The Last Hero (2016) Walk the Sky (2019) Slash featuring Myles Kennedy & the Conspirators Apocalyptic Love (2012) World on Fire (2014) Living the Dream (2018) 4 (2022) Solo Year of the Tiger (2018) The Ides of March (2021) Filmography References External links 1969 births 20th-century American singers 21st-century American singers Alter Bridge members American heavy metal guitarists American heavy metal singers American male singer-songwriters American rock songwriters Living people Singer-songwriters from Washington (state) Musicians from Spokane, Washington Rhythm guitarists Roadrunner Records artists Singers with a four-octave vocal range American tenors Guitarists from Washington (state) 20th-century American guitarists American male guitarists" ]

[ "Myles Kennedy", "Work with Slash: 2009-present", "When did Kennedy start working with Slash", "In late 2009," ]

[ "Palladium was an Australian band from Brisbane that was active from 1997 to 2003. The band consisted of members Chris Chalk (drums), Andrew Morris (guitar and vocals), Justin Sykes (bass) and Brant Ward (guitar and vocals).\n\nPalladium released their debut EP, Hoarsey, in 2001. Their debut album, the obscurely named Sister Flute and the Sunday Best, was released later in the year. They released another EP, Everybody Loves New Fashion, in early 2003 and the title track reached No. 92 on the ARIA Top 100 Singles chart.\n\nThe band received significant national airplay on Triple J with songs such as \"Hoarsey\" and \"Good Girls\".\n\nThey played their last show in October 2003 after Ward had decided to part ways. Morris, Sykes and Chalk were already working together on a new project. The band were recording a new album at the time. In 2009 the material that the band was working on at the time of their break-up had remained unreleased.\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums/EPs\n\nSingles\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nAustralian indie rock groups", "Mrs. Piss is a collaborative project consisting of American musicians Chelsea Wolfe and Jess Gowrie.\n\nHistory\nMrs. Piss played together in a band called Red Host in the early 2000s. The duo started the project while touring around Wolfe's 2017 album Hiss Spun. Wolfe said \"Working on this project brought Jess and I so much closer as songwriters and production partners, after reuniting as friends and bandmates.\"\n\nMrs. Piss released their debut album Self-Surgery on May 29, 2020.They shared two singles from the album. Downer Surrounded by Uppers and Knelt, on May 14.\n\nMembers\n Chelsea Wolfe – guitar, vocals\n Jess Gowrie – drums, guitar, bass, programming\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\n Self-Surgery (2020)\n\nReferences\n\nMusical groups established in 2017\nAmerican musical duos\n2017 establishments in the United States" ]

[ "Myles Richard Bass (born November 27, 1969), known professionally as Myles Kennedy, is an American musician, singer, and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist of the rock band Alter Bridge, and as the lead vocalist in guitarist Slash's backing band, known as Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators. A former guitar instructor from Spokane, Washington, he has worked as a session musician and songwriter, making both studio and live appearances with several artists, and has been involved with several projects throughout his career.", "A former guitar instructor from Spokane, Washington, he has worked as a session musician and songwriter, making both studio and live appearances with several artists, and has been involved with several projects throughout his career. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Northern Idaho and Spokane, Kennedy attended Spokane Falls Community College to study music theory.", "Born in Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Northern Idaho and Spokane, Kennedy attended Spokane Falls Community College to study music theory. He began his music career in 1990 as the lead guitarist of the instrumental jazz ensemble Cosmic Dust, with which he released one studio album.", "He began his music career in 1990 as the lead guitarist of the instrumental jazz ensemble Cosmic Dust, with which he released one studio album. His second band, Citizen Swing, released two studio albums before disbanding in 1996.", "His second band, Citizen Swing, released two studio albums before disbanding in 1996. With fellow Citizen Swing member Craig Johnson, Kennedy founded the rock band The Mayfield Four, for which he provided lead vocals and guitar. The band released two studio albums and broke up in 2002.", "The band released two studio albums and broke up in 2002. After declining an offer to audition as the lead vocalist of Velvet Revolver, he was asked to join Alter Bridge by Mark Tremonti in late 2003, formally joining in 2004, and he has been with the band ever since.", "After declining an offer to audition as the lead vocalist of Velvet Revolver, he was asked to join Alter Bridge by Mark Tremonti in late 2003, formally joining in 2004, and he has been with the band ever since. He has released six studio albums with Alter Bridge.", "He has released six studio albums with Alter Bridge. While Alter Bridge was on tour in 2008, Kennedy and former members of Led Zeppelin met and improvised as a group in an informal jam session, but the band never fully materialized.", "While Alter Bridge was on tour in 2008, Kennedy and former members of Led Zeppelin met and improvised as a group in an informal jam session, but the band never fully materialized. He then started working with Slash, featuring on the guitarist's 2010 eponymous solo album on two tracks and later serving as Slash's vocalist on tour.", "He then started working with Slash, featuring on the guitarist's 2010 eponymous solo album on two tracks and later serving as Slash's vocalist on tour. In 2012, Kennedy filled in with short notice for Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose when Rose refused to show up for the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony.", "In 2012, Kennedy filled in with short notice for Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose when Rose refused to show up for the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony. With Slash, Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators have recorded three studio albums.", "With Slash, Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators have recorded three studio albums. Kennedy's debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released in March 2018 and his second solo album The Ides of March was released on May 14, 2021.", "Kennedy's debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released in March 2018 and his second solo album The Ides of March was released on May 14, 2021. Early life Kennedy was born as Myles Richard Bass on November 27, 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, and subsequently lived in Northern Idaho.", "Early life Kennedy was born as Myles Richard Bass on November 27, 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, and subsequently lived in Northern Idaho. As a child, he moved to Spokane, Washington, where he grew up in a Christian Science family on a farm.", "As a child, he moved to Spokane, Washington, where he grew up in a Christian Science family on a farm. His father, Richard Bass, died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently went on to marry a Methodist minister, and the family took the surname Kennedy.", "His father, Richard Bass, died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently went on to marry a Methodist minister, and the family took the surname Kennedy. Before Kennedy attended Mead High School (which he attended with football player Jason Hanson and Everclear bassist Craig Montoya), he found musical inspiration from Led Zeppelin, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and John Sykes' Blue Murder band.", "Before Kennedy attended Mead High School (which he attended with football player Jason Hanson and Everclear bassist Craig Montoya), he found musical inspiration from Led Zeppelin, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and John Sykes' Blue Murder band. Kennedy began playing trumpet at the age of ten and was in a teen air guitar band with then best friends Michael Murphy, Mark Terzenbach and Bruce Kidd at 13.", "Kennedy began playing trumpet at the age of ten and was in a teen air guitar band with then best friends Michael Murphy, Mark Terzenbach and Bruce Kidd at 13. He later traded for a real guitar copying the playing style of Jimmy Page.", "He later traded for a real guitar copying the playing style of Jimmy Page. He found his singing voice by listening to his parents' Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder records, and also states that he was influenced by Robert Plant. He played guitar in the school's jazz band and trumpet in the school's marching band.", "He played guitar in the school's jazz band and trumpet in the school's marching band. He also spent some time playing in a local heavy metal band called Bittersweet with some of his friends Zia Uddin on drums, Jason Stewart as lead vocal, Mark Terzenbach (and later, Chris Steffens) on bass and Myles on lead guitar.", "He also spent some time playing in a local heavy metal band called Bittersweet with some of his friends Zia Uddin on drums, Jason Stewart as lead vocal, Mark Terzenbach (and later, Chris Steffens) on bass and Myles on lead guitar. After graduating in 1988, he enrolled in Spokane Falls Community College to study music.", "After graduating in 1988, he enrolled in Spokane Falls Community College to study music. Career Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing: 1990–1995 Upon graduating from high school in 1988, Kennedy enrolled in a Commercial Music/Jazz Studies program at Spokane Falls Community College.", "Career Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing: 1990–1995 Upon graduating from high school in 1988, Kennedy enrolled in a Commercial Music/Jazz Studies program at Spokane Falls Community College. Using the skills he learned from this course, in 1990 he began playing guitar for a jazz group called the Cosmic Dust Fusion Band, which was formed by keyboardist Jim Templeton in 1990.", "Using the skills he learned from this course, in 1990 he began playing guitar for a jazz group called the Cosmic Dust Fusion Band, which was formed by keyboardist Jim Templeton in 1990. Kennedy's guitar work with Cosmic Dust was advanced; using his knowledge of jazz theory in conjunction with his advanced technical abilities, interweaving difficult techniques such as chord changes on impulse and precise shredding with rock music, he became a well-respected guitarist among local musicians.", "Kennedy's guitar work with Cosmic Dust was advanced; using his knowledge of jazz theory in conjunction with his advanced technical abilities, interweaving difficult techniques such as chord changes on impulse and precise shredding with rock music, he became a well-respected guitarist among local musicians. Cosmic Dust's first album, Journey, was released in 1991.", "Cosmic Dust's first album, Journey, was released in 1991. The album was well received by critics. In 1993, the song \"Spiritus\" was awarded the Washington State Artist Trust Grant for $5,000.", "In 1993, the song \"Spiritus\" was awarded the Washington State Artist Trust Grant for $5,000. After the release of Journey, Kennedy left Cosmic Dust to begin working on a new band that would become Citizen Swing, for which Kennedy provided both lead vocals and lead guitar.", "After the release of Journey, Kennedy left Cosmic Dust to begin working on a new band that would become Citizen Swing, for which Kennedy provided both lead vocals and lead guitar. They were described as \"a band that combined the sounds of funk, soul, R&B, blues and alternative into a unique and cohesive sound\" and as \" meets Stevie Wonder and then some.\"", "They were described as \"a band that combined the sounds of funk, soul, R&B, blues and alternative into a unique and cohesive sound\" and as \" meets Stevie Wonder and then some.\" They released their first album, Cure Me with the Groove, in 1993.", "They released their first album, Cure Me with the Groove, in 1993. This album featured Kennedy (who helped produce the album), rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, bassist Dave Turner (also of Cosmic Dust), drummer/percussionist Mike Tschirgi, and trumpeter Geoff Miller.", "This album featured Kennedy (who helped produce the album), rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, bassist Dave Turner (also of Cosmic Dust), drummer/percussionist Mike Tschirgi, and trumpeter Geoff Miller. Citizen Swing's second and final album was called Deep Down and was released in 1995. The band disbanded the same year.", "The band disbanded the same year. All the music and lyrics on that album were written by Kennedy. Journey, Cure Me with the Groove, and Deep Down are rare albums and are sought after by fans. The Mayfield Four: 1995–2002 In 1995, Kennedy started teaching guitar in a store called Rock City Music.", "The Mayfield Four: 1995–2002 In 1995, Kennedy started teaching guitar in a store called Rock City Music. By August 1996, he became the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of The Mayfield Four, a rock band he formed with his childhood friends Zia Uddin, Marty Meisner, and Craig Johnson (also of Citizen Swing).", "By August 1996, he became the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of The Mayfield Four, a rock band he formed with his childhood friends Zia Uddin, Marty Meisner, and Craig Johnson (also of Citizen Swing). They signed a contract with Epic Records thanks to a critically acclaimed demo called Thirty Two Point Five Hours that the band recorded in 1996, followed by a live extended play called Motion in 1997.", "They signed a contract with Epic Records thanks to a critically acclaimed demo called Thirty Two Point Five Hours that the band recorded in 1996, followed by a live extended play called Motion in 1997. The Mayfield Four's debut album, Fallout, was supported with a fifteen-month tour with bands such as Creed, Big Wreck, and Stabbing Westward.", "The Mayfield Four's debut album, Fallout, was supported with a fifteen-month tour with bands such as Creed, Big Wreck, and Stabbing Westward. The album was praised by critics, but it failed to chart, and ultimately became the only album by the band to feature rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, who was fired from the band due to undisclosed reasons.", "The album was praised by critics, but it failed to chart, and ultimately became the only album by the band to feature rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, who was fired from the band due to undisclosed reasons. Following the Fallout tour, Kennedy made an appearance in the 2001 drama film Rock Star starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston.", "Following the Fallout tour, Kennedy made an appearance in the 2001 drama film Rock Star starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston. He said that he got a call from his manager telling him that the filmmakers needed someone who could sing high and that his name was suggested.", "He said that he got a call from his manager telling him that the filmmakers needed someone who could sing high and that his name was suggested. On the set of the film, he met Wahlberg along with Zakk Wylde and Jason Bonham, who also appeared in the movie alongside several other notable musicians.", "On the set of the film, he met Wahlberg along with Zakk Wylde and Jason Bonham, who also appeared in the movie alongside several other notable musicians. Kennedy was the only actor in the movie whose actual singing voice was used.", "Kennedy was the only actor in the movie whose actual singing voice was used. In the movie, directly paralleling a scene at the beginning of the film, Kennedy's character (Mike, also known as \"Thor\") is noticed by Wahlberg's character, Chris \"Izzy\" Cole, the lead singer of Thor's favorite band, Steel Dragon.", "In the movie, directly paralleling a scene at the beginning of the film, Kennedy's character (Mike, also known as \"Thor\") is noticed by Wahlberg's character, Chris \"Izzy\" Cole, the lead singer of Thor's favorite band, Steel Dragon. Izzy pulls Thor onstage and sings the rest of the song with him, eventually telling him to finish the rest of the band's concert.", "Izzy pulls Thor onstage and sings the rest of the song with him, eventually telling him to finish the rest of the band's concert. The film was met with mostly mixed reviews, garnering a 52% \"Rotten\" score on Rotten Tomatoes.", "The film was met with mostly mixed reviews, garnering a 52% \"Rotten\" score on Rotten Tomatoes. The Mayfield Four's second and final album, Second Skin, was released in June 2001. Kennedy has since said that it is one of the most personal records he has made.", "Kennedy has since said that it is one of the most personal records he has made. The album has been critically acclaimed and Kennedy has commented on how it and Fallout are much more popular now than when they were released. Though popular, The Mayfield Four never garnered enough exposure to break into the mainstream.", "Though popular, The Mayfield Four never garnered enough exposure to break into the mainstream. In 2002, the future of the band began to look unlikely, and Kennedy began recording new music, which he described as \"Daniel Lanois meets Massive Attack.\" The band went on hiatus that year, and would ultimately disband.", "The band went on hiatus that year, and would ultimately disband. In an interview with Pulse Weekly in 2004, Kennedy said that it was because he was \"burned out with the whole rock industry at that point.\"", "In an interview with Pulse Weekly in 2004, Kennedy said that it was because he was \"burned out with the whole rock industry at that point.\" However, three previously unreleased songs appeared on a fan-run Myspace page dedicated to and approved by The Mayfield Four in early 2010, causing rumors of a possible reunion to begin circulating.", "However, three previously unreleased songs appeared on a fan-run Myspace page dedicated to and approved by The Mayfield Four in early 2010, causing rumors of a possible reunion to begin circulating. However, when asked about this during an interview, Kennedy replied that he does not see it happening.", "However, when asked about this during an interview, Kennedy replied that he does not see it happening. Velvet Revolver audition offer: 2002 After The Mayfield Four's unforeseen breakup, and due to a hearing disorder called tinnitus that he developed because of listening to music that he was recording at earsplitting volumes, Kennedy fell into depression in 2002.", "Velvet Revolver audition offer: 2002 After The Mayfield Four's unforeseen breakup, and due to a hearing disorder called tinnitus that he developed because of listening to music that he was recording at earsplitting volumes, Kennedy fell into depression in 2002. He said about music, \"I can't do it any more.", "He said about music, \"I can't do it any more. My ears won't let me.\" He said that he had grown \"disillusioned with music and the music business,\" so he took a hiatus from playing music and went back to teaching guitar.", "He said that he had grown \"disillusioned with music and the music business,\" so he took a hiatus from playing music and went back to teaching guitar. However, in 2002, he was contacted by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, who was looking for a vocalist for a band he was forming, but Kennedy declined the offer.", "However, in 2002, he was contacted by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, who was looking for a vocalist for a band he was forming, but Kennedy declined the offer. Other sources state that Kennedy had sent in a demo tape but still ultimately declined an invitation to audition after being approached by Matt Sorum.", "Other sources state that Kennedy had sent in a demo tape but still ultimately declined an invitation to audition after being approached by Matt Sorum. Kennedy recalls, \"They had reached out to me in 2002 when they were just getting together.", "Kennedy recalls, \"They had reached out to me in 2002 when they were just getting together. They had sent me a demo tape, and I kind of sat on it for a month, and I didn't really follow up on it.\"", "They had sent me a demo tape, and I kind of sat on it for a month, and I didn't really follow up on it.\" Alter Bridge: 2003–present Kennedy is best known as the lead vocalist and one of the two lead guitarists in the band, alongside Mark Tremonti, of the American hard rock band Alter Bridge.", "Alter Bridge: 2003–present Kennedy is best known as the lead vocalist and one of the two lead guitarists in the band, alongside Mark Tremonti, of the American hard rock band Alter Bridge. The band's origins lie in late 2003 when Kennedy was contacted by former Creed guitarist Mark Tremonti, who was interested in having Kennedy lay down vocal tracks for some songs he had recently written.", "The band's origins lie in late 2003 when Kennedy was contacted by former Creed guitarist Mark Tremonti, who was interested in having Kennedy lay down vocal tracks for some songs he had recently written. Tremonti and drummer Scott Phillips had reunited with former bassist Brian Marshall who had left Creed in 2000 to form a new band.", "Tremonti and drummer Scott Phillips had reunited with former bassist Brian Marshall who had left Creed in 2000 to form a new band. Alter Bridge, taking its name from an actual bridge that used to be located near Tremonti's home in Detroit, was officially formed in January 2004.", "Alter Bridge, taking its name from an actual bridge that used to be located near Tremonti's home in Detroit, was officially formed in January 2004. Coinciding with the official announcement of Alter Bridge's formation was an announcement regarding their debut album, One Day Remains, along with the release of that album's lead single, \"Open Your Eyes.\"", "Coinciding with the official announcement of Alter Bridge's formation was an announcement regarding their debut album, One Day Remains, along with the release of that album's lead single, \"Open Your Eyes.\" One Day Remains was released in 2004 on Wind-up Records.", "One Day Remains was released in 2004 on Wind-up Records. It received generally mixed to negative reviews and was certified Gold by the RIAA. Two other singles, \"Find the Real\" and \"Broken Wings\" were released.", "Two other singles, \"Find the Real\" and \"Broken Wings\" were released. One Day Remains was the only album by a band with Kennedy as an official member that does not feature his guitar playing, before his 2014 album \"World On Fire\" as a part of Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators.", "One Day Remains was the only album by a band with Kennedy as an official member that does not feature his guitar playing, before his 2014 album \"World On Fire\" as a part of Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators. Following a successful tour in support of the album, Alter Bridge announced plans for a second release.", "Following a successful tour in support of the album, Alter Bridge announced plans for a second release. The album, Blackbird, was released in 2007 on Universal Republic to mostly positive reviews. Unlike One Day Remains, which was largely written by Tremonti, Blackbird featured Kennedy's guitar playing as well as more of his songwriting contributions.", "Unlike One Day Remains, which was largely written by Tremonti, Blackbird featured Kennedy's guitar playing as well as more of his songwriting contributions. Alter Bridge toured in support of Blackbird throughout 2007 and 2008, recording a concert film titled Live from Amsterdam and releasing it in 2009 via Amazon.com.", "Alter Bridge toured in support of Blackbird throughout 2007 and 2008, recording a concert film titled Live from Amsterdam and releasing it in 2009 via Amazon.com. It would later be released in stores in early 2011 after several delays.", "It would later be released in stores in early 2011 after several delays. Alter Bridge took a temporary break in early 2009 with its members working on other projects, but the band continued writing music throughout the year.", "Alter Bridge took a temporary break in early 2009 with its members working on other projects, but the band continued writing music throughout the year. The band regrouped later that year to begin work on their third album, AB III, which was released in 2010 on Roadrunner Records worldwide, except for North America where the album was self-released on Alter Bridge Recordings via EMI.", "The band regrouped later that year to begin work on their third album, AB III, which was released in 2010 on Roadrunner Records worldwide, except for North America where the album was self-released on Alter Bridge Recordings via EMI. For the album, Kennedy chose to write lyrics based on his own personal experiences with faith and believing.", "For the album, Kennedy chose to write lyrics based on his own personal experiences with faith and believing. As such, it is lyrically the band's darkest album, with Kennedy calling it the most personal album he had made since The Mayfield Four's Second Skin. AB III has received critical acclaim.", "AB III has received critical acclaim. A second concert film, Live at Wembley, was released on March 26, 2012. The band reunited in late 2012 and recorded from April to July 2013 their fourth album titled Fortress, which was released on September 30, 2013.", "The band reunited in late 2012 and recorded from April to July 2013 their fourth album titled Fortress, which was released on September 30, 2013. The band reconvened in January 2016 and, through that July, recorded their fifth album The Last Hero, which was released on October 7, 2016.", "The band reconvened in January 2016 and, through that July, recorded their fifth album The Last Hero, which was released on October 7, 2016. Walk the Sky was released on October 18, 2019.", "Walk the Sky was released on October 18, 2019. Having joined Alter Bridge primarily as lead vocalist, Kennedy began to play rhythm guitar during live performances following the release of One Day Remains.", "Having joined Alter Bridge primarily as lead vocalist, Kennedy began to play rhythm guitar during live performances following the release of One Day Remains. He has since played rhythm guitar on the band's subsequent studio releases, and also played lead tracks on a number of songs and during live performances.", "He has since played rhythm guitar on the band's subsequent studio releases, and also played lead tracks on a number of songs and during live performances. Solo career and collaborations Work with Led Zeppelin members: 2008–2009 Kennedy received a great amount of press coverage in late 2008, owing to a rumour that he was to join Led Zeppelin.", "Solo career and collaborations Work with Led Zeppelin members: 2008–2009 Kennedy received a great amount of press coverage in late 2008, owing to a rumour that he was to join Led Zeppelin. After Zeppelin's one-off reunion in 2007, guitarist Jimmy Page and bassist John Paul Jones reportedly felt the band \"still had something to offer.\"", "After Zeppelin's one-off reunion in 2007, guitarist Jimmy Page and bassist John Paul Jones reportedly felt the band \"still had something to offer.\" As reported by BBC News, Page and Jones were in the studio with Jason Bonham writing and recording material that was reportedly to be used for a new Zeppelin album.", "As reported by BBC News, Page and Jones were in the studio with Jason Bonham writing and recording material that was reportedly to be used for a new Zeppelin album. According to Bonham, singer Robert Plant was not involved.", "According to Bonham, singer Robert Plant was not involved. Page, Jones, and Bonham auditioned singers, fuelling rumours when they were reported to have attended an Alter Bridge concert. Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider said that they were offering Kennedy the job to persuade Plant to reconsider.", "Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider said that they were offering Kennedy the job to persuade Plant to reconsider. Alter Bridge guitarist Mark Tremonti said Kennedy \"deserves\" to play with Zeppelin. Kennedy remained mostly silent about the rumours until January 2009. \"I am not singing in Led Zeppelin or any offshoot of Led Zeppelin,\" he said.", "\"I am not singing in Led Zeppelin or any offshoot of Led Zeppelin,\" he said. \"I did have a great opportunity and it was something that I'm very grateful for. But Alter Bridge will go on, and that's that.\"", "But Alter Bridge will go on, and that's that.\" He later confirmed, however, that he had written and rehearsed with Page, Jones and Bonham. He also said that it was Bonham who \"got the ball rolling\", since the two had met on the set of the 2001 film Rock Star.", "He also said that it was Bonham who \"got the ball rolling\", since the two had met on the set of the 2001 film Rock Star. \"Working with them felt surreal,\" he recalled a decade later.", "\"Working with them felt surreal,\" he recalled a decade later. \"Jimmy played the Les Paul, and just being in the room with that guitar would have been enough for me. But standing next to him as he's playing those iconic riffs, the hairs on the back of my neck are standing up.", "But standing next to him as he's playing those iconic riffs, the hairs on the back of my neck are standing up. We played 'No Quarter', 'Kashmir'… We did 'Carouselambra', which was a really challenging arrangement. A lot of wonderful moments.\"", "A lot of wonderful moments.\" It is unconfirmed if the songs he wrote with Page, Jones, and Bonham will ever be released. Kennedy maintains that the band, had it materialised, would not have been called Led Zeppelin.", "Kennedy maintains that the band, had it materialised, would not have been called Led Zeppelin. Solo career: 2009–2010; 2017–present Kennedy has performed two solo benefit concerts: one hosted by Paul Reed Smith and PRS Guitars to benefit cancer patients, and another to benefit abused children.", "Solo career: 2009–2010; 2017–present Kennedy has performed two solo benefit concerts: one hosted by Paul Reed Smith and PRS Guitars to benefit cancer patients, and another to benefit abused children. The latter was called Bofest 2009 and was headlined by Kennedy on October 17, 2009. In early 2009, Kennedy announced a solo side project.", "In early 2009, Kennedy announced a solo side project. He described the material as \"dreamy\" and \"[not] aggressive\", saving those songs for Alter Bridge. He also said, \"It's more singer/songwriter based. I will say it's going to be interesting.\"", "I will say it's going to be interesting.\" He later posted on his Myspace page that he is working with some \"great people\" and that he has details coming at a future date.", "He later posted on his Myspace page that he is working with some \"great people\" and that he has details coming at a future date. Slash announced via Facebook on February 1, 2010 that he would be appearing on Kennedy's solo record, and Kennedy confirmed this via Myspace.", "Slash announced via Facebook on February 1, 2010 that he would be appearing on Kennedy's solo record, and Kennedy confirmed this via Myspace. Kennedy had originally hoped that his album would be released in early 2010, digitally first and then on CD, but he has since put its release on hold.", "Kennedy had originally hoped that his album would be released in early 2010, digitally first and then on CD, but he has since put its release on hold. However, he recently said that he is still too busy to release the album as he stated that he would like to tour to promote it, but he wanted to release it on December 21, 2012, as a joke, although a firm release date has not yet been announced.", "However, he recently said that he is still too busy to release the album as he stated that he would like to tour to promote it, but he wanted to release it on December 21, 2012, as a joke, although a firm release date has not yet been announced. When asked if the record would be a departure from his previous work, he replied that it is different and again referred to the singer-songwriter approach that would be featured on it and that it would not be a hard rock album.", "When asked if the record would be a departure from his previous work, he replied that it is different and again referred to the singer-songwriter approach that would be featured on it and that it would not be a hard rock album. He also said that \"it was maybe the most difficult thing I've ever done in the sense that I didn't have a band.\"", "He also said that \"it was maybe the most difficult thing I've ever done in the sense that I didn't have a band.\" He also said that the music is very intimate and that it features piano as well.", "He also said that the music is very intimate and that it features piano as well. In an interview with Guitarist UK magazine, he said that some of the songs will feature jazz, blues, and R&B influences, while others still \"get quite atmospheric and ethereal,\" comparing the sound to Daniel Lanois and Massive Attack, while assuring fans that the rock style will still be present.", "In an interview with Guitarist UK magazine, he said that some of the songs will feature jazz, blues, and R&B influences, while others still \"get quite atmospheric and ethereal,\" comparing the sound to Daniel Lanois and Massive Attack, while assuring fans that the rock style will still be present. In the same Guitarist interview, he confirmed the titles of three songs that will appear on his record: \"The Light of Day\", \"Complicated Man\", and \"The Bar Fly\".", "In the same Guitarist interview, he confirmed the titles of three songs that will appear on his record: \"The Light of Day\", \"Complicated Man\", and \"The Bar Fly\". Most recently, he confirmed that another song will be titled \"Love Rain Down\".", "Most recently, he confirmed that another song will be titled \"Love Rain Down\". He said in an interview with CraveOnline that \"Love Rain Down\" differs from anything else he has ever written. In 2017, he said he shelved the songs he had written and started over.", "In 2017, he said he shelved the songs he had written and started over. His debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released on March 9, 2018. Kennedy's second solo album, The Ides of March, was released on May 14, 2021.", "Kennedy's second solo album, The Ides of March, was released on May 14, 2021. Work with Slash: 2009–present Kennedy has become very well known for his collaborations with Guns N' Roses lead guitarist Slash. In late 2009, it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album.", "In late 2009, it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album. Slash later confirmed that Kennedy was chosen to sing and co-write the final song, \"Starlight\", on his album.", "Slash later confirmed that Kennedy was chosen to sing and co-write the final song, \"Starlight\", on his album. Other musicians who appeared on the album include Ozzy Osbourne, Adam Levine of Maroon 5, Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters, Kid Rock, and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden.", "Other musicians who appeared on the album include Ozzy Osbourne, Adam Levine of Maroon 5, Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters, Kid Rock, and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden. Then, according to MusicRadar, Slash asked Kennedy to co-write and sing another song, \"Back from Cali\", which was added to the album at the last minute, making him the only musician to appear on more than one song on the album's standard track listing.", "Then, according to MusicRadar, Slash asked Kennedy to co-write and sing another song, \"Back from Cali\", which was added to the album at the last minute, making him the only musician to appear on more than one song on the album's standard track listing. The album was released in April 2010.", "The album was released in April 2010. On February 3, 2010, Slash announced that Kennedy would be the lead vocalist for his band on tour. On tour, Kennedy performed a number of songs found throughout Slash's catalog. Slash and Kennedy were also the supporting act on Ozzy Osbourne's tour in 2010.", "Slash and Kennedy were also the supporting act on Ozzy Osbourne's tour in 2010. The other members of Slash's band are rhythm guitarist Bobby Schneck (replaced as of the Apocalyptic Love tour with Frank Sidoris), bassist Todd Kerns (formerly of Age of Electric), and drummer Brent Fitz (formerly of Theory of a Deadman).", "The other members of Slash's band are rhythm guitarist Bobby Schneck (replaced as of the Apocalyptic Love tour with Frank Sidoris), bassist Todd Kerns (formerly of Age of Electric), and drummer Brent Fitz (formerly of Theory of a Deadman). In late 2010, Kennedy and Slash appeared on That Metal Show, a talk show on VH1 Classic.", "In late 2010, Kennedy and Slash appeared on That Metal Show, a talk show on VH1 Classic. On November 14, 2011, Slash released a concert film and live album titled Made in Stoke 24/7/11 featuring Kennedy and the rest of his band. Slash's second solo album featured Myles Kennedy, this time as the sole vocalist.", "Slash's second solo album featured Myles Kennedy, this time as the sole vocalist. It was also announced that band mates Bobby Schneck, Todd Kerns, and Brent Fitz, along with Slash, would complete the lineup for the album.", "It was also announced that band mates Bobby Schneck, Todd Kerns, and Brent Fitz, along with Slash, would complete the lineup for the album. In an interview with MusicRadar, Slash confirmed that it would be less of an actual solo album and more of a collaboration album with Kennedy, and that he was not sure if the album will be billed to Slash or a new name entirely.", "In an interview with MusicRadar, Slash confirmed that it would be less of an actual solo album and more of a collaboration album with Kennedy, and that he was not sure if the album will be billed to Slash or a new name entirely. As of December 2011, three songs had been recorded: \"Halo\", \"Standing in the Sun\", and \"Bad Rain\".", "As of December 2011, three songs had been recorded: \"Halo\", \"Standing in the Sun\", and \"Bad Rain\". Slash has described the music as \"very heavy\". The album was released on May 22, 2012. A behind-the-scenes video was also released with this announcement.", "A behind-the-scenes video was also released with this announcement. Titled Apocalyptic Love, the album will be billed to Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators, featuring Kennedy, Kerns, and Fitz as members of Slash's band. The band performed the album in its entirety on April 11, 2012, at the Revolver Golden God Awards.", "The band performed the album in its entirety on April 11, 2012, at the Revolver Golden God Awards. The first single, \"You're a Lie\", was released to rock radio on February 27, 2012; a 30-second preview of the song was released online.", "The first single, \"You're a Lie\", was released to rock radio on February 27, 2012; a 30-second preview of the song was released online. Kennedy has reportedly said that some of the lyrics on the album are about his earlier experiences with drugs.", "Kennedy has reportedly said that some of the lyrics on the album are about his earlier experiences with drugs. On April 14, 2012, Kennedy performed three Guns N' Roses songs with five former members of Guns N' Roses during their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction in Axl Rose's absence.", "On April 14, 2012, Kennedy performed three Guns N' Roses songs with five former members of Guns N' Roses during their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction in Axl Rose's absence. In 2013, he also toured with Kings of Chaos, along with Slash and other ex-Guns N' Roses members.", "In 2013, he also toured with Kings of Chaos, along with Slash and other ex-Guns N' Roses members. The band's second collective album World on Fire, produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 16, 2014.", "The band's second collective album World on Fire, produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 16, 2014. The band's third album Living the Dream, again produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 21, 2018.", "The band's third album Living the Dream, again produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 21, 2018. The fourth record, titled 4 and produced by Dave Cobb, was released on February 11, 2022.", "The fourth record, titled 4 and produced by Dave Cobb, was released on February 11, 2022. Other session work: 2001–present Kennedy is further well known for his work as a session musician and songwriter, having collaborated with several artists.", "Other session work: 2001–present Kennedy is further well known for his work as a session musician and songwriter, having collaborated with several artists. In 2001, he appeared on the album Striped Suit: Lo-Fi by the jazz-rock band Mulligan, playing guitar solos on the songs \"Faron\" and \"Make It Three\".", "In 2001, he appeared on the album Striped Suit: Lo-Fi by the jazz-rock band Mulligan, playing guitar solos on the songs \"Faron\" and \"Make It Three\". In that same year, he provided backing vocals to the song \"Breakthrough\" by Big Wreck from The Pleasure and the Greed.", "In that same year, he provided backing vocals to the song \"Breakthrough\" by Big Wreck from The Pleasure and the Greed. He also worked with the Spokane based nu-metal band Five Foot Thick on their 2003 album Blood Puddle, providing backing vocals to the song \"Ducked Out\".", "He also worked with the Spokane based nu-metal band Five Foot Thick on their 2003 album Blood Puddle, providing backing vocals to the song \"Ducked Out\". In 2005, he sang the chorus of \"Nameless Faceless\" by Fozzy with Fozzy frontman Chris Jericho from their album All That Remains.", "In 2005, he sang the chorus of \"Nameless Faceless\" by Fozzy with Fozzy frontman Chris Jericho from their album All That Remains. In 2008, he sang a duet with Sevendust lead vocalist Lajon Witherspoon on Sevendust's song \"Sorrow\" from Chapter VII: Hope & Sorrow.", "In 2008, he sang a duet with Sevendust lead vocalist Lajon Witherspoon on Sevendust's song \"Sorrow\" from Chapter VII: Hope & Sorrow. Also in 2008, Kennedy made a guest appearance on Mark Tremonti's guitar instructional DVD The Sound & the Story, to which Kennedy provided an in-depth lesson on how to play his guitar solo on the Alter Bridge song \"Blackbird\".", "Also in 2008, Kennedy made a guest appearance on Mark Tremonti's guitar instructional DVD The Sound & the Story, to which Kennedy provided an in-depth lesson on how to play his guitar solo on the Alter Bridge song \"Blackbird\". In 2009, he appeared on Slash's self-titled album, co-writing and singing lead vocals on the songs \"Back from Cali\" and \"Starlight\".", "In 2009, he appeared on Slash's self-titled album, co-writing and singing lead vocals on the songs \"Back from Cali\" and \"Starlight\". In addition, he has made live appearances with Sevendust and Gov't Mule. In 2011 it was announced that he will appear on a planned tribute album to Tommy Bolin.", "In 2011 it was announced that he will appear on a planned tribute album to Tommy Bolin. Further details were announced in January 2012 that the album would be called Great Gypsy Soul. It was released on March 27, 2012, on 429 Records, and Kennedy appeared on a song called \"Dreamer\" with Nels Cline of Wilco.", "It was released on March 27, 2012, on 429 Records, and Kennedy appeared on a song called \"Dreamer\" with Nels Cline of Wilco. Other contributors include Steve Lukather, Joe Bonamassa, Peter Frampton, and Glenn Hughes.", "Other contributors include Steve Lukather, Joe Bonamassa, Peter Frampton, and Glenn Hughes. In 2016, he collaborated with rapper Darryl McDaniels and Disturbed bassist John Moyer on the song \"Flames\". Also in 2016, he sang on \"Black & White\" on the Richards/Crane debut album, World Stands Still.", "Also in 2016, he sang on \"Black & White\" on the Richards/Crane debut album, World Stands Still. Artistry and influences Kennedy is influenced by a wide range of artists of several genres.", "Artistry and influences Kennedy is influenced by a wide range of artists of several genres. His earliest influence was Led Zeppelin, although he drew his singing influences from jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and soul artists when he discovered Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye albums in his parents' record collection.", "His earliest influence was Led Zeppelin, although he drew his singing influences from jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and soul artists when he discovered Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye albums in his parents' record collection. He said that he owned Stevie Wonder's 1982 compilation album Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I, which was one of his earliest inspirations as a singer.", "He said that he owned Stevie Wonder's 1982 compilation album Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I, which was one of his earliest inspirations as a singer. From there, he discovered Songs in the Key of Life, which he has since stated is one of his favorite albums, and today cites Stevie Wonder as a major influence on his singing.", "From there, he discovered Songs in the Key of Life, which he has since stated is one of his favorite albums, and today cites Stevie Wonder as a major influence on his singing. He has also cited other jazz players and soul singers John Coltrane, Al Green, Mike Stern, Miles Davis, Otis Redding, Frank Gambale, Pat Metheny, Lyle Mays, and Curtis Mayfield as early influences.", "He has also cited other jazz players and soul singers John Coltrane, Al Green, Mike Stern, Miles Davis, Otis Redding, Frank Gambale, Pat Metheny, Lyle Mays, and Curtis Mayfield as early influences. He also loves blues music. Additional influences include Guns N' Roses, U2, AC/DC, Mastodon, and Radiohead.", "Additional influences include Guns N' Roses, U2, AC/DC, Mastodon, and Radiohead. Singing style Kennedy's favorite singers include Jeff Buckley, Robert Plant, Bon Scott, Chris Whitley, and k.d. lang. He has stated on several occasions that Jeff Buckley was, and is, a major influence on him as a singer.", "He has stated on several occasions that Jeff Buckley was, and is, a major influence on him as a singer. When asked to describe his vocal style, he said, \"I wanted to fuse together my favorite elements of rock and soul singers into something I could call my own.", "When asked to describe his vocal style, he said, \"I wanted to fuse together my favorite elements of rock and soul singers into something I could call my own. The inflections of Stevie Wonder with the soaring qualities of someone like Buckley.\"", "The inflections of Stevie Wonder with the soaring qualities of someone like Buckley.\" He states that Buckley's \"emotional intensity\" was one of the most inspirational things for him when it came to singing, and that it made him accept and embrace the fact that he is a tenor.", "He states that Buckley's \"emotional intensity\" was one of the most inspirational things for him when it came to singing, and that it made him accept and embrace the fact that he is a tenor. He often performs Buckley's famous cover of \"Hallelujah\" (originally by Leonard Cohen) during acoustic performances.", "He often performs Buckley's famous cover of \"Hallelujah\" (originally by Leonard Cohen) during acoustic performances. At one point, he received lessons from Ron Anderson, a bel canto vocal coach who has worked with a wide range of singers, including Axl Rose, Shania Twain, Enrique Iglesias, Chris Cornell, Ozzy Osbourne, Eddie Vedder, Kelly Clarkson, and several others.", "At one point, he received lessons from Ron Anderson, a bel canto vocal coach who has worked with a wide range of singers, including Axl Rose, Shania Twain, Enrique Iglesias, Chris Cornell, Ozzy Osbourne, Eddie Vedder, Kelly Clarkson, and several others. When asked about his number one secret when it came to singing, Kennedy replied, \"Dig deep into your soul and sing as if your life depends on it.", "When asked about his number one secret when it came to singing, Kennedy replied, \"Dig deep into your soul and sing as if your life depends on it. Leave your mark. People react to emotion more than technique.\" Kennedy, who possesses a four-octave vocal range, has been praised for his ability as a singer.", "Kennedy, who possesses a four-octave vocal range, has been praised for his ability as a singer. Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash, whose touring band consists of Kennedy, has called him \"fucking amazing\", calling his style \"surreal\".", "Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash, whose touring band consists of Kennedy, has called him \"fucking amazing\", calling his style \"surreal\". About Kennedy's ability to recreate Guns N' Roses songs on tour, Slash said, \"Myles is fucking amazing. It's very surreal how he handles the stuff he sings.", "It's very surreal how he handles the stuff he sings. I'm doing GN'R songs I've never done solo before, and Myles manages to own them without changing the style or trajectory of the song. Which is a fantastic fucking ability.\" Kennedy is often compared to Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell.", "Kennedy is often compared to Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell. Guitar playing Kennedy, a former guitar instructor, is also recognized as an accomplished guitarist. He began learning how to play the guitar by listening to Led Zeppelin records and mimicking Jimmy Page's guitar parts.", "He began learning how to play the guitar by listening to Led Zeppelin records and mimicking Jimmy Page's guitar parts. He said in an interview, \"I started off strictly as a lead guitar player.", "He said in an interview, \"I started off strictly as a lead guitar player. When I first started playing 25 years ago, that was all I’d do is sit in my room and learn solos.\"", "When I first started playing 25 years ago, that was all I’d do is sit in my room and learn solos.\" He also recalled being inspired by Eddie Van Halen: \"When I was in my early teens, I heard 'Eruption' one day and was like, 'That is the most incredible thing I’ve ever heard,' and I begged my mother to give me an advance on my allowance for the next month and go buy that record.\"", "He also recalled being inspired by Eddie Van Halen: \"When I was in my early teens, I heard 'Eruption' one day and was like, 'That is the most incredible thing I’ve ever heard,' and I begged my mother to give me an advance on my allowance for the next month and go buy that record.\" Over the next few years, and throughout the 1990s, Kennedy played primarily lead guitar.", "Over the next few years, and throughout the 1990s, Kennedy played primarily lead guitar. His early work with Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing featured a jazz-influenced rock flavor, combining several advanced techniques used in jazz. He would later join Alter Bridge primarily as a lead vocalist, but began playing rhythm guitar on the band's first tour.", "He would later join Alter Bridge primarily as a lead vocalist, but began playing rhythm guitar on the band's first tour. Mark Tremonti said, \"We knew Myles was an amazing singer, that’s why we hired him.", "Mark Tremonti said, \"We knew Myles was an amazing singer, that’s why we hired him. What we found out when we toured the first record was that he’s also an incredibly gifted guitar player and songwriter, as well as a vocalist.\"", "What we found out when we toured the first record was that he’s also an incredibly gifted guitar player and songwriter, as well as a vocalist.\" In an interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive, Tremonti said: Kennedy played rhythm guitar on Blackbird and has since played co-lead on several Alter Bridge tracks.", "In an interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive, Tremonti said: Kennedy played rhythm guitar on Blackbird and has since played co-lead on several Alter Bridge tracks. In an article about Kennedy as a guitarist on Lemon Squeezings, writer Steve Sauer noted his dexterity and steady rhythm playing.", "In an article about Kennedy as a guitarist on Lemon Squeezings, writer Steve Sauer noted his dexterity and steady rhythm playing. Doug Clark, a writer for The Spokesman-Review and one of Kennedy's former guitar students, wrote that \"his six-string skills are pyrotechnically brilliant.\"", "Doug Clark, a writer for The Spokesman-Review and one of Kennedy's former guitar students, wrote that \"his six-string skills are pyrotechnically brilliant.\" Kennedy notes that his job as a guitar player, especially recently with Alter Bridge, is to add texture and colors to the music.", "Kennedy notes that his job as a guitar player, especially recently with Alter Bridge, is to add texture and colors to the music. Lyrics and themes In addition, Kennedy is the primary lyricist of Alter Bridge and his previous band, The Mayfield Four.", "Lyrics and themes In addition, Kennedy is the primary lyricist of Alter Bridge and his previous band, The Mayfield Four. His lyrics, which are usually fairly straightforward stylistically, often touch on dark subjects such as death and addiction.", "His lyrics, which are usually fairly straightforward stylistically, often touch on dark subjects such as death and addiction. On Alter Bridge's first two albums (the lyrics of the former were primarily written by Tremonti, however), the lyrics are about \"hope and perseverance in the face of adversity.\"", "On Alter Bridge's first two albums (the lyrics of the former were primarily written by Tremonti, however), the lyrics are about \"hope and perseverance in the face of adversity.\" However, he has been known to write darker lyrics, as heard most notably on Alter Bridge's third album, AB III, which is a loose concept album based on his own personal struggles with faith and spirituality.", "However, he has been known to write darker lyrics, as heard most notably on Alter Bridge's third album, AB III, which is a loose concept album based on his own personal struggles with faith and spirituality. Similarly, the lyrical themes of The Mayfield Four's second album, Second Skin, touch on struggling with love and substance abuse.", "Similarly, the lyrical themes of The Mayfield Four's second album, Second Skin, touch on struggling with love and substance abuse. Second Skin, Apocalyptic Love, World on Fire and The Ides of March are the only albums to feature lyrics written by Kennedy that contain profanity.", "Second Skin, Apocalyptic Love, World on Fire and The Ides of March are the only albums to feature lyrics written by Kennedy that contain profanity. Personal life Kennedy currently resides in Spokane, Washington with his wife, Selena, whom he married on June 14, 2003.", "Personal life Kennedy currently resides in Spokane, Washington with his wife, Selena, whom he married on June 14, 2003. According to Alter Bridge lead guitarist Mark Tremonti, Kennedy is an atheist, although in an article titled Losing My Religion from a November 2010 issue of Kerrang!", "According to Alter Bridge lead guitarist Mark Tremonti, Kennedy is an atheist, although in an article titled Losing My Religion from a November 2010 issue of Kerrang! magazine, Kennedy said he places himself \"somewhere in the middle\" between being an atheist and a Christian.", "magazine, Kennedy said he places himself \"somewhere in the middle\" between being an atheist and a Christian. In an interview on the Blairing Out with Eric Blair Show at NAMM 2009, Kennedy mentioned that despite being raised in a Christian household, he is not a religious person and he does not believe in any organized religion.", "In an interview on the Blairing Out with Eric Blair Show at NAMM 2009, Kennedy mentioned that despite being raised in a Christian household, he is not a religious person and he does not believe in any organized religion. In an interview with CraveOnline, he said \"I would consider myself a part of the growing segment of people who question authority and scrutinize concepts that no longer seem as logical as they once did.", "In an interview with CraveOnline, he said \"I would consider myself a part of the growing segment of people who question authority and scrutinize concepts that no longer seem as logical as they once did. [...] I don't find peace in the same concepts that many hold as truth. Believe me, I tried.", "Believe me, I tried. Believe me, I tried. It's not like I didn't spend most of my life submersed in the bosom of doctrine or dogma.\" In 2014, he identified himself as an agnostic.", "In 2014, he identified himself as an agnostic. Kennedy has been identified as an avid reader and he says that he especially enjoys the work of John Irving, describing Irving's A Prayer for Owen Meany as one of his favorite novels. He has also cited Effortless Mastery by Kenny Werner as one of his favorites.", "He has also cited Effortless Mastery by Kenny Werner as one of his favorites. When asked about his hobbies, he replied: \"I guess I have been pretty fortunate since I have turned what was a hobby into a living. Music pretty much consumes me.", "Music pretty much consumes me. Music pretty much consumes me. If I’m not writing, performing or listening I am probably trying to learn more about its history.\"", "If I’m not writing, performing or listening I am probably trying to learn more about its history.\" He has five tattoos: a dragon on his left forearm, a koi fish on his right forearm, an octopus on his right upper arm, and two elephant heads on his chest.", "He has five tattoos: a dragon on his left forearm, a koi fish on his right forearm, an octopus on his right upper arm, and two elephant heads on his chest. He describes the dragon and the fish as symbols of strength, while the octopus was originally supposed to be a small squid but became much larger than he had intended.", "He describes the dragon and the fish as symbols of strength, while the octopus was originally supposed to be a small squid but became much larger than he had intended. He got the dragon tattoo first because of a toy he brought back from Japan as a child, and the koi was added a year later after he learned of an ancient Chinese legend of koi swimming up the Yellow River to become dragons.", "He got the dragon tattoo first because of a toy he brought back from Japan as a child, and the koi was added a year later after he learned of an ancient Chinese legend of koi swimming up the Yellow River to become dragons. He has said he wants to get more tattoos in the future.", "He has said he wants to get more tattoos in the future. Charity work Kennedy has served on the board of directors for the Mead Food Bank since 2003.", "Charity work Kennedy has served on the board of directors for the Mead Food Bank since 2003. In addition, he co-founded the Future Song Foundation, a charity organization \"that provides funding to ensure that kids have access to musical instruction and instruments which are fundamental parts of a complete education\", with his wife in 2015.", "In addition, he co-founded the Future Song Foundation, a charity organization \"that provides funding to ensure that kids have access to musical instruction and instruments which are fundamental parts of a complete education\", with his wife in 2015. He serves as a director of the program.", "He serves as a director of the program. A proponent of wildlife conservation efforts, Kennedy is a supporter of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and is outspoken of his criticism of the ivory trade on Twitter.", "A proponent of wildlife conservation efforts, Kennedy is a supporter of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and is outspoken of his criticism of the ivory trade on Twitter. Discography Cosmic Dust Journey (1991) Citizen Swing Cure Me with the Groove (1993) Deep Down (1995) The Mayfield Four Fallout (1998) Second Skin (2001) Alter Bridge One Day Remains (2004) Blackbird (2007) AB III (2010) Fortress (2013) The Last Hero (2016) Walk the Sky (2019) Slash featuring Myles Kennedy & the Conspirators Apocalyptic Love (2012) World on Fire (2014) Living the Dream (2018) 4 (2022) Solo Year of the Tiger (2018) The Ides of March (2021) Filmography References External links 1969 births 20th-century American singers 21st-century American singers Alter Bridge members American heavy metal guitarists American heavy metal singers American male singer-songwriters American rock songwriters Living people Singer-songwriters from Washington (state) Musicians from Spokane, Washington Rhythm guitarists Roadrunner Records artists Singers with a four-octave vocal range American tenors Guitarists from Washington (state) 20th-century American guitarists American male guitarists" ]

[ "Myles Kennedy", "Work with Slash: 2009-present", "When did Kennedy start working with Slash", "In late 2009,", "What project were they working on together", "it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album." ]

[ "White Witch is the title of the second studio album by the group Andrea True Connection. It was released in 1977. The album had two singles: and \"N.Y., You Got Me Dancing\" and \"What's Your Name, What's Your Number\". This was the last album released by the group and the vocalist Andrea True would release a new album as a solo release only in 1980.\n\nBackground and production\nAfter the success of her first album and the gold-certified single More, More, More, the band begun to prepeare for their second release. The album production included studio musicians with a new band assembled for the tour, the second line-up, which included future Kiss guitarist Bruce Kulick, it was also produce by the disco pioneers Michael Zager and Jerry Love.\n\nSingles\nThe first single of the album was \"N.Y., You Got Me Dancing\", it was released in 1977 and became True's second biggest hit, reaching No. 27 on Billboard's pop chart, and #4 on the U.S. club chart, it also peaked #89 in the Canadian RPM's chart. \"What's Your Name, What's Your Number\" was released as the second and last single of the album (and also of the group) in 1978 and reached #9 on the U.S. club chart, #34 in the UK and #56 on the Billboard Hot 100\n\nCritical reception\n\nThe album received mixed reviews from music critics. Alex Henderson from the Allmusic website gave the album two and a half stars out of five in a mixed review which he wrote that \"while White Witch isn't a bad album, it falls short of the excellence her first album, More, More, More.\" He also stated that there are a few gems in the album \"including the Michael Zager-produced \"What's Your Name, What's Your Number\" and the exuberant, Gregg Diamond-produced \"N.Y., You Got Me Dancing\"\" according to him they're both \"exercises in unapologetically campy fun.\" He concluded that the album \"LP is strictly for diehard disco collectors.\"\n\nTrack listing\nsource:\n\nReferences\n\n1977 albums\nAndrea True albums\nBuddah Records albums", "Third Eye Open is a 1992 album by American funk/rock supergroup Hardware. Hardware consists of lead guitarist Stevie Salas, P-Funk bassist Bootsy Collins, and drummer Buddy Miles, formerly of the Band of Gypsys. The album was produced by Bill Laswell and Salas, and was the first release to be part of Laswell's Black Arc Series, which includes Lord of the Harvest by Zillatron, Out of the Dark by O.G. Funk, and Under the 6 by Slave Master.\n\nAlbum history\nWhen the album was first released in Japan on the Polystar label, the band was called The Third Eye and the name of the album was \"Hardware\". When the album secured distribution in the U.S., it was found that another band had owned the name \"The Third Eye\". To avoid any further legal hassles, it was opted that the title of the album and the name of band would simply be switched, thus the name of the band would be Hardware and the title of the album became Third Eye Open.\n\nThe song \"Leakin'\" is a version of a track that appeared on Collins' 1988 album What's Bootsy Doin'?, which featured Salas playing guitar. On this album, the song is credited to Salas, whereas the previous version is credited to Collins, George Clinton and Trey Stone.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\nStevie Salas – guitars, vocals\nBootsy Collins – space bass, vocals\nBuddy Miles – drums, fuzz bass, vocals\nGeorge Clinton, Gary \"Mudbone\" Cooper, Bernard Fowler – background vocals\nDavid Friendly, Vince McClean, Matt Stein – digital bollocks\n\nHardware (band) albums\n1992 albums\nAlbums produced by Bill Laswell\nRykodisc albums" ]

[ "Myles Richard Bass (born November 27, 1969), known professionally as Myles Kennedy, is an American musician, singer, and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist of the rock band Alter Bridge, and as the lead vocalist in guitarist Slash's backing band, known as Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators. A former guitar instructor from Spokane, Washington, he has worked as a session musician and songwriter, making both studio and live appearances with several artists, and has been involved with several projects throughout his career.", "A former guitar instructor from Spokane, Washington, he has worked as a session musician and songwriter, making both studio and live appearances with several artists, and has been involved with several projects throughout his career. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Northern Idaho and Spokane, Kennedy attended Spokane Falls Community College to study music theory.", "Born in Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Northern Idaho and Spokane, Kennedy attended Spokane Falls Community College to study music theory. He began his music career in 1990 as the lead guitarist of the instrumental jazz ensemble Cosmic Dust, with which he released one studio album.", "He began his music career in 1990 as the lead guitarist of the instrumental jazz ensemble Cosmic Dust, with which he released one studio album. His second band, Citizen Swing, released two studio albums before disbanding in 1996.", "His second band, Citizen Swing, released two studio albums before disbanding in 1996. With fellow Citizen Swing member Craig Johnson, Kennedy founded the rock band The Mayfield Four, for which he provided lead vocals and guitar. The band released two studio albums and broke up in 2002.", "The band released two studio albums and broke up in 2002. After declining an offer to audition as the lead vocalist of Velvet Revolver, he was asked to join Alter Bridge by Mark Tremonti in late 2003, formally joining in 2004, and he has been with the band ever since.", "After declining an offer to audition as the lead vocalist of Velvet Revolver, he was asked to join Alter Bridge by Mark Tremonti in late 2003, formally joining in 2004, and he has been with the band ever since. He has released six studio albums with Alter Bridge.", "He has released six studio albums with Alter Bridge. While Alter Bridge was on tour in 2008, Kennedy and former members of Led Zeppelin met and improvised as a group in an informal jam session, but the band never fully materialized.", "While Alter Bridge was on tour in 2008, Kennedy and former members of Led Zeppelin met and improvised as a group in an informal jam session, but the band never fully materialized. He then started working with Slash, featuring on the guitarist's 2010 eponymous solo album on two tracks and later serving as Slash's vocalist on tour.", "He then started working with Slash, featuring on the guitarist's 2010 eponymous solo album on two tracks and later serving as Slash's vocalist on tour. In 2012, Kennedy filled in with short notice for Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose when Rose refused to show up for the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony.", "In 2012, Kennedy filled in with short notice for Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose when Rose refused to show up for the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony. With Slash, Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators have recorded three studio albums.", "With Slash, Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators have recorded three studio albums. Kennedy's debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released in March 2018 and his second solo album The Ides of March was released on May 14, 2021.", "Kennedy's debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released in March 2018 and his second solo album The Ides of March was released on May 14, 2021. Early life Kennedy was born as Myles Richard Bass on November 27, 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, and subsequently lived in Northern Idaho.", "Early life Kennedy was born as Myles Richard Bass on November 27, 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, and subsequently lived in Northern Idaho. As a child, he moved to Spokane, Washington, where he grew up in a Christian Science family on a farm.", "As a child, he moved to Spokane, Washington, where he grew up in a Christian Science family on a farm. His father, Richard Bass, died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently went on to marry a Methodist minister, and the family took the surname Kennedy.", "His father, Richard Bass, died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently went on to marry a Methodist minister, and the family took the surname Kennedy. Before Kennedy attended Mead High School (which he attended with football player Jason Hanson and Everclear bassist Craig Montoya), he found musical inspiration from Led Zeppelin, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and John Sykes' Blue Murder band.", "Before Kennedy attended Mead High School (which he attended with football player Jason Hanson and Everclear bassist Craig Montoya), he found musical inspiration from Led Zeppelin, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and John Sykes' Blue Murder band. Kennedy began playing trumpet at the age of ten and was in a teen air guitar band with then best friends Michael Murphy, Mark Terzenbach and Bruce Kidd at 13.", "Kennedy began playing trumpet at the age of ten and was in a teen air guitar band with then best friends Michael Murphy, Mark Terzenbach and Bruce Kidd at 13. He later traded for a real guitar copying the playing style of Jimmy Page.", "He later traded for a real guitar copying the playing style of Jimmy Page. He found his singing voice by listening to his parents' Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder records, and also states that he was influenced by Robert Plant. He played guitar in the school's jazz band and trumpet in the school's marching band.", "He played guitar in the school's jazz band and trumpet in the school's marching band. He also spent some time playing in a local heavy metal band called Bittersweet with some of his friends Zia Uddin on drums, Jason Stewart as lead vocal, Mark Terzenbach (and later, Chris Steffens) on bass and Myles on lead guitar.", "He also spent some time playing in a local heavy metal band called Bittersweet with some of his friends Zia Uddin on drums, Jason Stewart as lead vocal, Mark Terzenbach (and later, Chris Steffens) on bass and Myles on lead guitar. After graduating in 1988, he enrolled in Spokane Falls Community College to study music.", "After graduating in 1988, he enrolled in Spokane Falls Community College to study music. Career Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing: 1990–1995 Upon graduating from high school in 1988, Kennedy enrolled in a Commercial Music/Jazz Studies program at Spokane Falls Community College.", "Career Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing: 1990–1995 Upon graduating from high school in 1988, Kennedy enrolled in a Commercial Music/Jazz Studies program at Spokane Falls Community College. Using the skills he learned from this course, in 1990 he began playing guitar for a jazz group called the Cosmic Dust Fusion Band, which was formed by keyboardist Jim Templeton in 1990.", "Using the skills he learned from this course, in 1990 he began playing guitar for a jazz group called the Cosmic Dust Fusion Band, which was formed by keyboardist Jim Templeton in 1990. Kennedy's guitar work with Cosmic Dust was advanced; using his knowledge of jazz theory in conjunction with his advanced technical abilities, interweaving difficult techniques such as chord changes on impulse and precise shredding with rock music, he became a well-respected guitarist among local musicians.", "Kennedy's guitar work with Cosmic Dust was advanced; using his knowledge of jazz theory in conjunction with his advanced technical abilities, interweaving difficult techniques such as chord changes on impulse and precise shredding with rock music, he became a well-respected guitarist among local musicians. Cosmic Dust's first album, Journey, was released in 1991.", "Cosmic Dust's first album, Journey, was released in 1991. The album was well received by critics. In 1993, the song \"Spiritus\" was awarded the Washington State Artist Trust Grant for $5,000.", "In 1993, the song \"Spiritus\" was awarded the Washington State Artist Trust Grant for $5,000. After the release of Journey, Kennedy left Cosmic Dust to begin working on a new band that would become Citizen Swing, for which Kennedy provided both lead vocals and lead guitar.", "After the release of Journey, Kennedy left Cosmic Dust to begin working on a new band that would become Citizen Swing, for which Kennedy provided both lead vocals and lead guitar. They were described as \"a band that combined the sounds of funk, soul, R&B, blues and alternative into a unique and cohesive sound\" and as \" meets Stevie Wonder and then some.\"", "They were described as \"a band that combined the sounds of funk, soul, R&B, blues and alternative into a unique and cohesive sound\" and as \" meets Stevie Wonder and then some.\" They released their first album, Cure Me with the Groove, in 1993.", "They released their first album, Cure Me with the Groove, in 1993. This album featured Kennedy (who helped produce the album), rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, bassist Dave Turner (also of Cosmic Dust), drummer/percussionist Mike Tschirgi, and trumpeter Geoff Miller.", "This album featured Kennedy (who helped produce the album), rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, bassist Dave Turner (also of Cosmic Dust), drummer/percussionist Mike Tschirgi, and trumpeter Geoff Miller. Citizen Swing's second and final album was called Deep Down and was released in 1995. The band disbanded the same year.", "The band disbanded the same year. All the music and lyrics on that album were written by Kennedy. Journey, Cure Me with the Groove, and Deep Down are rare albums and are sought after by fans. The Mayfield Four: 1995–2002 In 1995, Kennedy started teaching guitar in a store called Rock City Music.", "The Mayfield Four: 1995–2002 In 1995, Kennedy started teaching guitar in a store called Rock City Music. By August 1996, he became the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of The Mayfield Four, a rock band he formed with his childhood friends Zia Uddin, Marty Meisner, and Craig Johnson (also of Citizen Swing).", "By August 1996, he became the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of The Mayfield Four, a rock band he formed with his childhood friends Zia Uddin, Marty Meisner, and Craig Johnson (also of Citizen Swing). They signed a contract with Epic Records thanks to a critically acclaimed demo called Thirty Two Point Five Hours that the band recorded in 1996, followed by a live extended play called Motion in 1997.", "They signed a contract with Epic Records thanks to a critically acclaimed demo called Thirty Two Point Five Hours that the band recorded in 1996, followed by a live extended play called Motion in 1997. The Mayfield Four's debut album, Fallout, was supported with a fifteen-month tour with bands such as Creed, Big Wreck, and Stabbing Westward.", "The Mayfield Four's debut album, Fallout, was supported with a fifteen-month tour with bands such as Creed, Big Wreck, and Stabbing Westward. The album was praised by critics, but it failed to chart, and ultimately became the only album by the band to feature rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, who was fired from the band due to undisclosed reasons.", "The album was praised by critics, but it failed to chart, and ultimately became the only album by the band to feature rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, who was fired from the band due to undisclosed reasons. Following the Fallout tour, Kennedy made an appearance in the 2001 drama film Rock Star starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston.", "Following the Fallout tour, Kennedy made an appearance in the 2001 drama film Rock Star starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston. He said that he got a call from his manager telling him that the filmmakers needed someone who could sing high and that his name was suggested.", "He said that he got a call from his manager telling him that the filmmakers needed someone who could sing high and that his name was suggested. On the set of the film, he met Wahlberg along with Zakk Wylde and Jason Bonham, who also appeared in the movie alongside several other notable musicians.", "On the set of the film, he met Wahlberg along with Zakk Wylde and Jason Bonham, who also appeared in the movie alongside several other notable musicians. Kennedy was the only actor in the movie whose actual singing voice was used.", "Kennedy was the only actor in the movie whose actual singing voice was used. In the movie, directly paralleling a scene at the beginning of the film, Kennedy's character (Mike, also known as \"Thor\") is noticed by Wahlberg's character, Chris \"Izzy\" Cole, the lead singer of Thor's favorite band, Steel Dragon.", "In the movie, directly paralleling a scene at the beginning of the film, Kennedy's character (Mike, also known as \"Thor\") is noticed by Wahlberg's character, Chris \"Izzy\" Cole, the lead singer of Thor's favorite band, Steel Dragon. Izzy pulls Thor onstage and sings the rest of the song with him, eventually telling him to finish the rest of the band's concert.", "Izzy pulls Thor onstage and sings the rest of the song with him, eventually telling him to finish the rest of the band's concert. The film was met with mostly mixed reviews, garnering a 52% \"Rotten\" score on Rotten Tomatoes.", "The film was met with mostly mixed reviews, garnering a 52% \"Rotten\" score on Rotten Tomatoes. The Mayfield Four's second and final album, Second Skin, was released in June 2001. Kennedy has since said that it is one of the most personal records he has made.", "Kennedy has since said that it is one of the most personal records he has made. The album has been critically acclaimed and Kennedy has commented on how it and Fallout are much more popular now than when they were released. Though popular, The Mayfield Four never garnered enough exposure to break into the mainstream.", "Though popular, The Mayfield Four never garnered enough exposure to break into the mainstream. In 2002, the future of the band began to look unlikely, and Kennedy began recording new music, which he described as \"Daniel Lanois meets Massive Attack.\" The band went on hiatus that year, and would ultimately disband.", "The band went on hiatus that year, and would ultimately disband. In an interview with Pulse Weekly in 2004, Kennedy said that it was because he was \"burned out with the whole rock industry at that point.\"", "In an interview with Pulse Weekly in 2004, Kennedy said that it was because he was \"burned out with the whole rock industry at that point.\" However, three previously unreleased songs appeared on a fan-run Myspace page dedicated to and approved by The Mayfield Four in early 2010, causing rumors of a possible reunion to begin circulating.", "However, three previously unreleased songs appeared on a fan-run Myspace page dedicated to and approved by The Mayfield Four in early 2010, causing rumors of a possible reunion to begin circulating. However, when asked about this during an interview, Kennedy replied that he does not see it happening.", "However, when asked about this during an interview, Kennedy replied that he does not see it happening. Velvet Revolver audition offer: 2002 After The Mayfield Four's unforeseen breakup, and due to a hearing disorder called tinnitus that he developed because of listening to music that he was recording at earsplitting volumes, Kennedy fell into depression in 2002.", "Velvet Revolver audition offer: 2002 After The Mayfield Four's unforeseen breakup, and due to a hearing disorder called tinnitus that he developed because of listening to music that he was recording at earsplitting volumes, Kennedy fell into depression in 2002. He said about music, \"I can't do it any more.", "He said about music, \"I can't do it any more. My ears won't let me.\" He said that he had grown \"disillusioned with music and the music business,\" so he took a hiatus from playing music and went back to teaching guitar.", "He said that he had grown \"disillusioned with music and the music business,\" so he took a hiatus from playing music and went back to teaching guitar. However, in 2002, he was contacted by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, who was looking for a vocalist for a band he was forming, but Kennedy declined the offer.", "However, in 2002, he was contacted by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, who was looking for a vocalist for a band he was forming, but Kennedy declined the offer. Other sources state that Kennedy had sent in a demo tape but still ultimately declined an invitation to audition after being approached by Matt Sorum.", "Other sources state that Kennedy had sent in a demo tape but still ultimately declined an invitation to audition after being approached by Matt Sorum. Kennedy recalls, \"They had reached out to me in 2002 when they were just getting together.", "Kennedy recalls, \"They had reached out to me in 2002 when they were just getting together. They had sent me a demo tape, and I kind of sat on it for a month, and I didn't really follow up on it.\"", "They had sent me a demo tape, and I kind of sat on it for a month, and I didn't really follow up on it.\" Alter Bridge: 2003–present Kennedy is best known as the lead vocalist and one of the two lead guitarists in the band, alongside Mark Tremonti, of the American hard rock band Alter Bridge.", "Alter Bridge: 2003–present Kennedy is best known as the lead vocalist and one of the two lead guitarists in the band, alongside Mark Tremonti, of the American hard rock band Alter Bridge. The band's origins lie in late 2003 when Kennedy was contacted by former Creed guitarist Mark Tremonti, who was interested in having Kennedy lay down vocal tracks for some songs he had recently written.", "The band's origins lie in late 2003 when Kennedy was contacted by former Creed guitarist Mark Tremonti, who was interested in having Kennedy lay down vocal tracks for some songs he had recently written. Tremonti and drummer Scott Phillips had reunited with former bassist Brian Marshall who had left Creed in 2000 to form a new band.", "Tremonti and drummer Scott Phillips had reunited with former bassist Brian Marshall who had left Creed in 2000 to form a new band. Alter Bridge, taking its name from an actual bridge that used to be located near Tremonti's home in Detroit, was officially formed in January 2004.", "Alter Bridge, taking its name from an actual bridge that used to be located near Tremonti's home in Detroit, was officially formed in January 2004. Coinciding with the official announcement of Alter Bridge's formation was an announcement regarding their debut album, One Day Remains, along with the release of that album's lead single, \"Open Your Eyes.\"", "Coinciding with the official announcement of Alter Bridge's formation was an announcement regarding their debut album, One Day Remains, along with the release of that album's lead single, \"Open Your Eyes.\" One Day Remains was released in 2004 on Wind-up Records.", "One Day Remains was released in 2004 on Wind-up Records. It received generally mixed to negative reviews and was certified Gold by the RIAA. Two other singles, \"Find the Real\" and \"Broken Wings\" were released.", "Two other singles, \"Find the Real\" and \"Broken Wings\" were released. One Day Remains was the only album by a band with Kennedy as an official member that does not feature his guitar playing, before his 2014 album \"World On Fire\" as a part of Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators.", "One Day Remains was the only album by a band with Kennedy as an official member that does not feature his guitar playing, before his 2014 album \"World On Fire\" as a part of Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators. Following a successful tour in support of the album, Alter Bridge announced plans for a second release.", "Following a successful tour in support of the album, Alter Bridge announced plans for a second release. The album, Blackbird, was released in 2007 on Universal Republic to mostly positive reviews. Unlike One Day Remains, which was largely written by Tremonti, Blackbird featured Kennedy's guitar playing as well as more of his songwriting contributions.", "Unlike One Day Remains, which was largely written by Tremonti, Blackbird featured Kennedy's guitar playing as well as more of his songwriting contributions. Alter Bridge toured in support of Blackbird throughout 2007 and 2008, recording a concert film titled Live from Amsterdam and releasing it in 2009 via Amazon.com.", "Alter Bridge toured in support of Blackbird throughout 2007 and 2008, recording a concert film titled Live from Amsterdam and releasing it in 2009 via Amazon.com. It would later be released in stores in early 2011 after several delays.", "It would later be released in stores in early 2011 after several delays. Alter Bridge took a temporary break in early 2009 with its members working on other projects, but the band continued writing music throughout the year.", "Alter Bridge took a temporary break in early 2009 with its members working on other projects, but the band continued writing music throughout the year. The band regrouped later that year to begin work on their third album, AB III, which was released in 2010 on Roadrunner Records worldwide, except for North America where the album was self-released on Alter Bridge Recordings via EMI.", "The band regrouped later that year to begin work on their third album, AB III, which was released in 2010 on Roadrunner Records worldwide, except for North America where the album was self-released on Alter Bridge Recordings via EMI. For the album, Kennedy chose to write lyrics based on his own personal experiences with faith and believing.", "For the album, Kennedy chose to write lyrics based on his own personal experiences with faith and believing. As such, it is lyrically the band's darkest album, with Kennedy calling it the most personal album he had made since The Mayfield Four's Second Skin. AB III has received critical acclaim.", "AB III has received critical acclaim. A second concert film, Live at Wembley, was released on March 26, 2012. The band reunited in late 2012 and recorded from April to July 2013 their fourth album titled Fortress, which was released on September 30, 2013.", "The band reunited in late 2012 and recorded from April to July 2013 their fourth album titled Fortress, which was released on September 30, 2013. The band reconvened in January 2016 and, through that July, recorded their fifth album The Last Hero, which was released on October 7, 2016.", "The band reconvened in January 2016 and, through that July, recorded their fifth album The Last Hero, which was released on October 7, 2016. Walk the Sky was released on October 18, 2019.", "Walk the Sky was released on October 18, 2019. Having joined Alter Bridge primarily as lead vocalist, Kennedy began to play rhythm guitar during live performances following the release of One Day Remains.", "Having joined Alter Bridge primarily as lead vocalist, Kennedy began to play rhythm guitar during live performances following the release of One Day Remains. He has since played rhythm guitar on the band's subsequent studio releases, and also played lead tracks on a number of songs and during live performances.", "He has since played rhythm guitar on the band's subsequent studio releases, and also played lead tracks on a number of songs and during live performances. Solo career and collaborations Work with Led Zeppelin members: 2008–2009 Kennedy received a great amount of press coverage in late 2008, owing to a rumour that he was to join Led Zeppelin.", "Solo career and collaborations Work with Led Zeppelin members: 2008–2009 Kennedy received a great amount of press coverage in late 2008, owing to a rumour that he was to join Led Zeppelin. After Zeppelin's one-off reunion in 2007, guitarist Jimmy Page and bassist John Paul Jones reportedly felt the band \"still had something to offer.\"", "After Zeppelin's one-off reunion in 2007, guitarist Jimmy Page and bassist John Paul Jones reportedly felt the band \"still had something to offer.\" As reported by BBC News, Page and Jones were in the studio with Jason Bonham writing and recording material that was reportedly to be used for a new Zeppelin album.", "As reported by BBC News, Page and Jones were in the studio with Jason Bonham writing and recording material that was reportedly to be used for a new Zeppelin album. According to Bonham, singer Robert Plant was not involved.", "According to Bonham, singer Robert Plant was not involved. Page, Jones, and Bonham auditioned singers, fuelling rumours when they were reported to have attended an Alter Bridge concert. Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider said that they were offering Kennedy the job to persuade Plant to reconsider.", "Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider said that they were offering Kennedy the job to persuade Plant to reconsider. Alter Bridge guitarist Mark Tremonti said Kennedy \"deserves\" to play with Zeppelin. Kennedy remained mostly silent about the rumours until January 2009. \"I am not singing in Led Zeppelin or any offshoot of Led Zeppelin,\" he said.", "\"I am not singing in Led Zeppelin or any offshoot of Led Zeppelin,\" he said. \"I did have a great opportunity and it was something that I'm very grateful for. But Alter Bridge will go on, and that's that.\"", "But Alter Bridge will go on, and that's that.\" He later confirmed, however, that he had written and rehearsed with Page, Jones and Bonham. He also said that it was Bonham who \"got the ball rolling\", since the two had met on the set of the 2001 film Rock Star.", "He also said that it was Bonham who \"got the ball rolling\", since the two had met on the set of the 2001 film Rock Star. \"Working with them felt surreal,\" he recalled a decade later.", "\"Working with them felt surreal,\" he recalled a decade later. \"Jimmy played the Les Paul, and just being in the room with that guitar would have been enough for me. But standing next to him as he's playing those iconic riffs, the hairs on the back of my neck are standing up.", "But standing next to him as he's playing those iconic riffs, the hairs on the back of my neck are standing up. We played 'No Quarter', 'Kashmir'… We did 'Carouselambra', which was a really challenging arrangement. A lot of wonderful moments.\"", "A lot of wonderful moments.\" It is unconfirmed if the songs he wrote with Page, Jones, and Bonham will ever be released. Kennedy maintains that the band, had it materialised, would not have been called Led Zeppelin.", "Kennedy maintains that the band, had it materialised, would not have been called Led Zeppelin. Solo career: 2009–2010; 2017–present Kennedy has performed two solo benefit concerts: one hosted by Paul Reed Smith and PRS Guitars to benefit cancer patients, and another to benefit abused children.", "Solo career: 2009–2010; 2017–present Kennedy has performed two solo benefit concerts: one hosted by Paul Reed Smith and PRS Guitars to benefit cancer patients, and another to benefit abused children. The latter was called Bofest 2009 and was headlined by Kennedy on October 17, 2009. In early 2009, Kennedy announced a solo side project.", "In early 2009, Kennedy announced a solo side project. He described the material as \"dreamy\" and \"[not] aggressive\", saving those songs for Alter Bridge. He also said, \"It's more singer/songwriter based. I will say it's going to be interesting.\"", "I will say it's going to be interesting.\" He later posted on his Myspace page that he is working with some \"great people\" and that he has details coming at a future date.", "He later posted on his Myspace page that he is working with some \"great people\" and that he has details coming at a future date. Slash announced via Facebook on February 1, 2010 that he would be appearing on Kennedy's solo record, and Kennedy confirmed this via Myspace.", "Slash announced via Facebook on February 1, 2010 that he would be appearing on Kennedy's solo record, and Kennedy confirmed this via Myspace. Kennedy had originally hoped that his album would be released in early 2010, digitally first and then on CD, but he has since put its release on hold.", "Kennedy had originally hoped that his album would be released in early 2010, digitally first and then on CD, but he has since put its release on hold. However, he recently said that he is still too busy to release the album as he stated that he would like to tour to promote it, but he wanted to release it on December 21, 2012, as a joke, although a firm release date has not yet been announced.", "However, he recently said that he is still too busy to release the album as he stated that he would like to tour to promote it, but he wanted to release it on December 21, 2012, as a joke, although a firm release date has not yet been announced. When asked if the record would be a departure from his previous work, he replied that it is different and again referred to the singer-songwriter approach that would be featured on it and that it would not be a hard rock album.", "When asked if the record would be a departure from his previous work, he replied that it is different and again referred to the singer-songwriter approach that would be featured on it and that it would not be a hard rock album. He also said that \"it was maybe the most difficult thing I've ever done in the sense that I didn't have a band.\"", "He also said that \"it was maybe the most difficult thing I've ever done in the sense that I didn't have a band.\" He also said that the music is very intimate and that it features piano as well.", "He also said that the music is very intimate and that it features piano as well. In an interview with Guitarist UK magazine, he said that some of the songs will feature jazz, blues, and R&B influences, while others still \"get quite atmospheric and ethereal,\" comparing the sound to Daniel Lanois and Massive Attack, while assuring fans that the rock style will still be present.", "In an interview with Guitarist UK magazine, he said that some of the songs will feature jazz, blues, and R&B influences, while others still \"get quite atmospheric and ethereal,\" comparing the sound to Daniel Lanois and Massive Attack, while assuring fans that the rock style will still be present. In the same Guitarist interview, he confirmed the titles of three songs that will appear on his record: \"The Light of Day\", \"Complicated Man\", and \"The Bar Fly\".", "In the same Guitarist interview, he confirmed the titles of three songs that will appear on his record: \"The Light of Day\", \"Complicated Man\", and \"The Bar Fly\". Most recently, he confirmed that another song will be titled \"Love Rain Down\".", "Most recently, he confirmed that another song will be titled \"Love Rain Down\". He said in an interview with CraveOnline that \"Love Rain Down\" differs from anything else he has ever written. In 2017, he said he shelved the songs he had written and started over.", "In 2017, he said he shelved the songs he had written and started over. His debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released on March 9, 2018. Kennedy's second solo album, The Ides of March, was released on May 14, 2021.", "Kennedy's second solo album, The Ides of March, was released on May 14, 2021. Work with Slash: 2009–present Kennedy has become very well known for his collaborations with Guns N' Roses lead guitarist Slash. In late 2009, it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album.", "In late 2009, it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album. Slash later confirmed that Kennedy was chosen to sing and co-write the final song, \"Starlight\", on his album.", "Slash later confirmed that Kennedy was chosen to sing and co-write the final song, \"Starlight\", on his album. Other musicians who appeared on the album include Ozzy Osbourne, Adam Levine of Maroon 5, Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters, Kid Rock, and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden.", "Other musicians who appeared on the album include Ozzy Osbourne, Adam Levine of Maroon 5, Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters, Kid Rock, and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden. Then, according to MusicRadar, Slash asked Kennedy to co-write and sing another song, \"Back from Cali\", which was added to the album at the last minute, making him the only musician to appear on more than one song on the album's standard track listing.", "Then, according to MusicRadar, Slash asked Kennedy to co-write and sing another song, \"Back from Cali\", which was added to the album at the last minute, making him the only musician to appear on more than one song on the album's standard track listing. The album was released in April 2010.", "The album was released in April 2010. On February 3, 2010, Slash announced that Kennedy would be the lead vocalist for his band on tour. On tour, Kennedy performed a number of songs found throughout Slash's catalog. Slash and Kennedy were also the supporting act on Ozzy Osbourne's tour in 2010.", "Slash and Kennedy were also the supporting act on Ozzy Osbourne's tour in 2010. The other members of Slash's band are rhythm guitarist Bobby Schneck (replaced as of the Apocalyptic Love tour with Frank Sidoris), bassist Todd Kerns (formerly of Age of Electric), and drummer Brent Fitz (formerly of Theory of a Deadman).", "The other members of Slash's band are rhythm guitarist Bobby Schneck (replaced as of the Apocalyptic Love tour with Frank Sidoris), bassist Todd Kerns (formerly of Age of Electric), and drummer Brent Fitz (formerly of Theory of a Deadman). In late 2010, Kennedy and Slash appeared on That Metal Show, a talk show on VH1 Classic.", "In late 2010, Kennedy and Slash appeared on That Metal Show, a talk show on VH1 Classic. On November 14, 2011, Slash released a concert film and live album titled Made in Stoke 24/7/11 featuring Kennedy and the rest of his band. Slash's second solo album featured Myles Kennedy, this time as the sole vocalist.", "Slash's second solo album featured Myles Kennedy, this time as the sole vocalist. It was also announced that band mates Bobby Schneck, Todd Kerns, and Brent Fitz, along with Slash, would complete the lineup for the album.", "It was also announced that band mates Bobby Schneck, Todd Kerns, and Brent Fitz, along with Slash, would complete the lineup for the album. In an interview with MusicRadar, Slash confirmed that it would be less of an actual solo album and more of a collaboration album with Kennedy, and that he was not sure if the album will be billed to Slash or a new name entirely.", "In an interview with MusicRadar, Slash confirmed that it would be less of an actual solo album and more of a collaboration album with Kennedy, and that he was not sure if the album will be billed to Slash or a new name entirely. As of December 2011, three songs had been recorded: \"Halo\", \"Standing in the Sun\", and \"Bad Rain\".", "As of December 2011, three songs had been recorded: \"Halo\", \"Standing in the Sun\", and \"Bad Rain\". Slash has described the music as \"very heavy\". The album was released on May 22, 2012. A behind-the-scenes video was also released with this announcement.", "A behind-the-scenes video was also released with this announcement. Titled Apocalyptic Love, the album will be billed to Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators, featuring Kennedy, Kerns, and Fitz as members of Slash's band. The band performed the album in its entirety on April 11, 2012, at the Revolver Golden God Awards.", "The band performed the album in its entirety on April 11, 2012, at the Revolver Golden God Awards. The first single, \"You're a Lie\", was released to rock radio on February 27, 2012; a 30-second preview of the song was released online.", "The first single, \"You're a Lie\", was released to rock radio on February 27, 2012; a 30-second preview of the song was released online. Kennedy has reportedly said that some of the lyrics on the album are about his earlier experiences with drugs.", "Kennedy has reportedly said that some of the lyrics on the album are about his earlier experiences with drugs. On April 14, 2012, Kennedy performed three Guns N' Roses songs with five former members of Guns N' Roses during their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction in Axl Rose's absence.", "On April 14, 2012, Kennedy performed three Guns N' Roses songs with five former members of Guns N' Roses during their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction in Axl Rose's absence. In 2013, he also toured with Kings of Chaos, along with Slash and other ex-Guns N' Roses members.", "In 2013, he also toured with Kings of Chaos, along with Slash and other ex-Guns N' Roses members. The band's second collective album World on Fire, produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 16, 2014.", "The band's second collective album World on Fire, produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 16, 2014. The band's third album Living the Dream, again produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 21, 2018.", "The band's third album Living the Dream, again produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 21, 2018. The fourth record, titled 4 and produced by Dave Cobb, was released on February 11, 2022.", "The fourth record, titled 4 and produced by Dave Cobb, was released on February 11, 2022. Other session work: 2001–present Kennedy is further well known for his work as a session musician and songwriter, having collaborated with several artists.", "Other session work: 2001–present Kennedy is further well known for his work as a session musician and songwriter, having collaborated with several artists. In 2001, he appeared on the album Striped Suit: Lo-Fi by the jazz-rock band Mulligan, playing guitar solos on the songs \"Faron\" and \"Make It Three\".", "In 2001, he appeared on the album Striped Suit: Lo-Fi by the jazz-rock band Mulligan, playing guitar solos on the songs \"Faron\" and \"Make It Three\". In that same year, he provided backing vocals to the song \"Breakthrough\" by Big Wreck from The Pleasure and the Greed.", "In that same year, he provided backing vocals to the song \"Breakthrough\" by Big Wreck from The Pleasure and the Greed. He also worked with the Spokane based nu-metal band Five Foot Thick on their 2003 album Blood Puddle, providing backing vocals to the song \"Ducked Out\".", "He also worked with the Spokane based nu-metal band Five Foot Thick on their 2003 album Blood Puddle, providing backing vocals to the song \"Ducked Out\". In 2005, he sang the chorus of \"Nameless Faceless\" by Fozzy with Fozzy frontman Chris Jericho from their album All That Remains.", "In 2005, he sang the chorus of \"Nameless Faceless\" by Fozzy with Fozzy frontman Chris Jericho from their album All That Remains. In 2008, he sang a duet with Sevendust lead vocalist Lajon Witherspoon on Sevendust's song \"Sorrow\" from Chapter VII: Hope & Sorrow.", "In 2008, he sang a duet with Sevendust lead vocalist Lajon Witherspoon on Sevendust's song \"Sorrow\" from Chapter VII: Hope & Sorrow. Also in 2008, Kennedy made a guest appearance on Mark Tremonti's guitar instructional DVD The Sound & the Story, to which Kennedy provided an in-depth lesson on how to play his guitar solo on the Alter Bridge song \"Blackbird\".", "Also in 2008, Kennedy made a guest appearance on Mark Tremonti's guitar instructional DVD The Sound & the Story, to which Kennedy provided an in-depth lesson on how to play his guitar solo on the Alter Bridge song \"Blackbird\". In 2009, he appeared on Slash's self-titled album, co-writing and singing lead vocals on the songs \"Back from Cali\" and \"Starlight\".", "In 2009, he appeared on Slash's self-titled album, co-writing and singing lead vocals on the songs \"Back from Cali\" and \"Starlight\". In addition, he has made live appearances with Sevendust and Gov't Mule. In 2011 it was announced that he will appear on a planned tribute album to Tommy Bolin.", "In 2011 it was announced that he will appear on a planned tribute album to Tommy Bolin. Further details were announced in January 2012 that the album would be called Great Gypsy Soul. It was released on March 27, 2012, on 429 Records, and Kennedy appeared on a song called \"Dreamer\" with Nels Cline of Wilco.", "It was released on March 27, 2012, on 429 Records, and Kennedy appeared on a song called \"Dreamer\" with Nels Cline of Wilco. Other contributors include Steve Lukather, Joe Bonamassa, Peter Frampton, and Glenn Hughes.", "Other contributors include Steve Lukather, Joe Bonamassa, Peter Frampton, and Glenn Hughes. In 2016, he collaborated with rapper Darryl McDaniels and Disturbed bassist John Moyer on the song \"Flames\". Also in 2016, he sang on \"Black & White\" on the Richards/Crane debut album, World Stands Still.", "Also in 2016, he sang on \"Black & White\" on the Richards/Crane debut album, World Stands Still. Artistry and influences Kennedy is influenced by a wide range of artists of several genres.", "Artistry and influences Kennedy is influenced by a wide range of artists of several genres. His earliest influence was Led Zeppelin, although he drew his singing influences from jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and soul artists when he discovered Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye albums in his parents' record collection.", "His earliest influence was Led Zeppelin, although he drew his singing influences from jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and soul artists when he discovered Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye albums in his parents' record collection. He said that he owned Stevie Wonder's 1982 compilation album Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I, which was one of his earliest inspirations as a singer.", "He said that he owned Stevie Wonder's 1982 compilation album Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I, which was one of his earliest inspirations as a singer. From there, he discovered Songs in the Key of Life, which he has since stated is one of his favorite albums, and today cites Stevie Wonder as a major influence on his singing.", "From there, he discovered Songs in the Key of Life, which he has since stated is one of his favorite albums, and today cites Stevie Wonder as a major influence on his singing. He has also cited other jazz players and soul singers John Coltrane, Al Green, Mike Stern, Miles Davis, Otis Redding, Frank Gambale, Pat Metheny, Lyle Mays, and Curtis Mayfield as early influences.", "He has also cited other jazz players and soul singers John Coltrane, Al Green, Mike Stern, Miles Davis, Otis Redding, Frank Gambale, Pat Metheny, Lyle Mays, and Curtis Mayfield as early influences. He also loves blues music. Additional influences include Guns N' Roses, U2, AC/DC, Mastodon, and Radiohead.", "Additional influences include Guns N' Roses, U2, AC/DC, Mastodon, and Radiohead. Singing style Kennedy's favorite singers include Jeff Buckley, Robert Plant, Bon Scott, Chris Whitley, and k.d. lang. He has stated on several occasions that Jeff Buckley was, and is, a major influence on him as a singer.", "He has stated on several occasions that Jeff Buckley was, and is, a major influence on him as a singer. When asked to describe his vocal style, he said, \"I wanted to fuse together my favorite elements of rock and soul singers into something I could call my own.", "When asked to describe his vocal style, he said, \"I wanted to fuse together my favorite elements of rock and soul singers into something I could call my own. The inflections of Stevie Wonder with the soaring qualities of someone like Buckley.\"", "The inflections of Stevie Wonder with the soaring qualities of someone like Buckley.\" He states that Buckley's \"emotional intensity\" was one of the most inspirational things for him when it came to singing, and that it made him accept and embrace the fact that he is a tenor.", "He states that Buckley's \"emotional intensity\" was one of the most inspirational things for him when it came to singing, and that it made him accept and embrace the fact that he is a tenor. He often performs Buckley's famous cover of \"Hallelujah\" (originally by Leonard Cohen) during acoustic performances.", "He often performs Buckley's famous cover of \"Hallelujah\" (originally by Leonard Cohen) during acoustic performances. At one point, he received lessons from Ron Anderson, a bel canto vocal coach who has worked with a wide range of singers, including Axl Rose, Shania Twain, Enrique Iglesias, Chris Cornell, Ozzy Osbourne, Eddie Vedder, Kelly Clarkson, and several others.", "At one point, he received lessons from Ron Anderson, a bel canto vocal coach who has worked with a wide range of singers, including Axl Rose, Shania Twain, Enrique Iglesias, Chris Cornell, Ozzy Osbourne, Eddie Vedder, Kelly Clarkson, and several others. When asked about his number one secret when it came to singing, Kennedy replied, \"Dig deep into your soul and sing as if your life depends on it.", "When asked about his number one secret when it came to singing, Kennedy replied, \"Dig deep into your soul and sing as if your life depends on it. Leave your mark. People react to emotion more than technique.\" Kennedy, who possesses a four-octave vocal range, has been praised for his ability as a singer.", "Kennedy, who possesses a four-octave vocal range, has been praised for his ability as a singer. Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash, whose touring band consists of Kennedy, has called him \"fucking amazing\", calling his style \"surreal\".", "Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash, whose touring band consists of Kennedy, has called him \"fucking amazing\", calling his style \"surreal\". About Kennedy's ability to recreate Guns N' Roses songs on tour, Slash said, \"Myles is fucking amazing. It's very surreal how he handles the stuff he sings.", "It's very surreal how he handles the stuff he sings. I'm doing GN'R songs I've never done solo before, and Myles manages to own them without changing the style or trajectory of the song. Which is a fantastic fucking ability.\" Kennedy is often compared to Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell.", "Kennedy is often compared to Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell. Guitar playing Kennedy, a former guitar instructor, is also recognized as an accomplished guitarist. He began learning how to play the guitar by listening to Led Zeppelin records and mimicking Jimmy Page's guitar parts.", "He began learning how to play the guitar by listening to Led Zeppelin records and mimicking Jimmy Page's guitar parts. He said in an interview, \"I started off strictly as a lead guitar player.", "He said in an interview, \"I started off strictly as a lead guitar player. When I first started playing 25 years ago, that was all I’d do is sit in my room and learn solos.\"", "When I first started playing 25 years ago, that was all I’d do is sit in my room and learn solos.\" He also recalled being inspired by Eddie Van Halen: \"When I was in my early teens, I heard 'Eruption' one day and was like, 'That is the most incredible thing I’ve ever heard,' and I begged my mother to give me an advance on my allowance for the next month and go buy that record.\"", "He also recalled being inspired by Eddie Van Halen: \"When I was in my early teens, I heard 'Eruption' one day and was like, 'That is the most incredible thing I’ve ever heard,' and I begged my mother to give me an advance on my allowance for the next month and go buy that record.\" Over the next few years, and throughout the 1990s, Kennedy played primarily lead guitar.", "Over the next few years, and throughout the 1990s, Kennedy played primarily lead guitar. His early work with Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing featured a jazz-influenced rock flavor, combining several advanced techniques used in jazz. He would later join Alter Bridge primarily as a lead vocalist, but began playing rhythm guitar on the band's first tour.", "He would later join Alter Bridge primarily as a lead vocalist, but began playing rhythm guitar on the band's first tour. Mark Tremonti said, \"We knew Myles was an amazing singer, that’s why we hired him.", "Mark Tremonti said, \"We knew Myles was an amazing singer, that’s why we hired him. What we found out when we toured the first record was that he’s also an incredibly gifted guitar player and songwriter, as well as a vocalist.\"", "What we found out when we toured the first record was that he’s also an incredibly gifted guitar player and songwriter, as well as a vocalist.\" In an interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive, Tremonti said: Kennedy played rhythm guitar on Blackbird and has since played co-lead on several Alter Bridge tracks.", "In an interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive, Tremonti said: Kennedy played rhythm guitar on Blackbird and has since played co-lead on several Alter Bridge tracks. In an article about Kennedy as a guitarist on Lemon Squeezings, writer Steve Sauer noted his dexterity and steady rhythm playing.", "In an article about Kennedy as a guitarist on Lemon Squeezings, writer Steve Sauer noted his dexterity and steady rhythm playing. Doug Clark, a writer for The Spokesman-Review and one of Kennedy's former guitar students, wrote that \"his six-string skills are pyrotechnically brilliant.\"", "Doug Clark, a writer for The Spokesman-Review and one of Kennedy's former guitar students, wrote that \"his six-string skills are pyrotechnically brilliant.\" Kennedy notes that his job as a guitar player, especially recently with Alter Bridge, is to add texture and colors to the music.", "Kennedy notes that his job as a guitar player, especially recently with Alter Bridge, is to add texture and colors to the music. Lyrics and themes In addition, Kennedy is the primary lyricist of Alter Bridge and his previous band, The Mayfield Four.", "Lyrics and themes In addition, Kennedy is the primary lyricist of Alter Bridge and his previous band, The Mayfield Four. His lyrics, which are usually fairly straightforward stylistically, often touch on dark subjects such as death and addiction.", "His lyrics, which are usually fairly straightforward stylistically, often touch on dark subjects such as death and addiction. On Alter Bridge's first two albums (the lyrics of the former were primarily written by Tremonti, however), the lyrics are about \"hope and perseverance in the face of adversity.\"", "On Alter Bridge's first two albums (the lyrics of the former were primarily written by Tremonti, however), the lyrics are about \"hope and perseverance in the face of adversity.\" However, he has been known to write darker lyrics, as heard most notably on Alter Bridge's third album, AB III, which is a loose concept album based on his own personal struggles with faith and spirituality.", "However, he has been known to write darker lyrics, as heard most notably on Alter Bridge's third album, AB III, which is a loose concept album based on his own personal struggles with faith and spirituality. Similarly, the lyrical themes of The Mayfield Four's second album, Second Skin, touch on struggling with love and substance abuse.", "Similarly, the lyrical themes of The Mayfield Four's second album, Second Skin, touch on struggling with love and substance abuse. Second Skin, Apocalyptic Love, World on Fire and The Ides of March are the only albums to feature lyrics written by Kennedy that contain profanity.", "Second Skin, Apocalyptic Love, World on Fire and The Ides of March are the only albums to feature lyrics written by Kennedy that contain profanity. Personal life Kennedy currently resides in Spokane, Washington with his wife, Selena, whom he married on June 14, 2003.", "Personal life Kennedy currently resides in Spokane, Washington with his wife, Selena, whom he married on June 14, 2003. According to Alter Bridge lead guitarist Mark Tremonti, Kennedy is an atheist, although in an article titled Losing My Religion from a November 2010 issue of Kerrang!", "According to Alter Bridge lead guitarist Mark Tremonti, Kennedy is an atheist, although in an article titled Losing My Religion from a November 2010 issue of Kerrang! magazine, Kennedy said he places himself \"somewhere in the middle\" between being an atheist and a Christian.", "magazine, Kennedy said he places himself \"somewhere in the middle\" between being an atheist and a Christian. In an interview on the Blairing Out with Eric Blair Show at NAMM 2009, Kennedy mentioned that despite being raised in a Christian household, he is not a religious person and he does not believe in any organized religion.", "In an interview on the Blairing Out with Eric Blair Show at NAMM 2009, Kennedy mentioned that despite being raised in a Christian household, he is not a religious person and he does not believe in any organized religion. In an interview with CraveOnline, he said \"I would consider myself a part of the growing segment of people who question authority and scrutinize concepts that no longer seem as logical as they once did.", "In an interview with CraveOnline, he said \"I would consider myself a part of the growing segment of people who question authority and scrutinize concepts that no longer seem as logical as they once did. [...] I don't find peace in the same concepts that many hold as truth. Believe me, I tried.", "Believe me, I tried. Believe me, I tried. It's not like I didn't spend most of my life submersed in the bosom of doctrine or dogma.\" In 2014, he identified himself as an agnostic.", "In 2014, he identified himself as an agnostic. Kennedy has been identified as an avid reader and he says that he especially enjoys the work of John Irving, describing Irving's A Prayer for Owen Meany as one of his favorite novels. He has also cited Effortless Mastery by Kenny Werner as one of his favorites.", "He has also cited Effortless Mastery by Kenny Werner as one of his favorites. When asked about his hobbies, he replied: \"I guess I have been pretty fortunate since I have turned what was a hobby into a living. Music pretty much consumes me.", "Music pretty much consumes me. Music pretty much consumes me. If I’m not writing, performing or listening I am probably trying to learn more about its history.\"", "If I’m not writing, performing or listening I am probably trying to learn more about its history.\" He has five tattoos: a dragon on his left forearm, a koi fish on his right forearm, an octopus on his right upper arm, and two elephant heads on his chest.", "He has five tattoos: a dragon on his left forearm, a koi fish on his right forearm, an octopus on his right upper arm, and two elephant heads on his chest. He describes the dragon and the fish as symbols of strength, while the octopus was originally supposed to be a small squid but became much larger than he had intended.", "He describes the dragon and the fish as symbols of strength, while the octopus was originally supposed to be a small squid but became much larger than he had intended. He got the dragon tattoo first because of a toy he brought back from Japan as a child, and the koi was added a year later after he learned of an ancient Chinese legend of koi swimming up the Yellow River to become dragons.", "He got the dragon tattoo first because of a toy he brought back from Japan as a child, and the koi was added a year later after he learned of an ancient Chinese legend of koi swimming up the Yellow River to become dragons. He has said he wants to get more tattoos in the future.", "He has said he wants to get more tattoos in the future. Charity work Kennedy has served on the board of directors for the Mead Food Bank since 2003.", "Charity work Kennedy has served on the board of directors for the Mead Food Bank since 2003. In addition, he co-founded the Future Song Foundation, a charity organization \"that provides funding to ensure that kids have access to musical instruction and instruments which are fundamental parts of a complete education\", with his wife in 2015.", "In addition, he co-founded the Future Song Foundation, a charity organization \"that provides funding to ensure that kids have access to musical instruction and instruments which are fundamental parts of a complete education\", with his wife in 2015. He serves as a director of the program.", "He serves as a director of the program. A proponent of wildlife conservation efforts, Kennedy is a supporter of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and is outspoken of his criticism of the ivory trade on Twitter.", "A proponent of wildlife conservation efforts, Kennedy is a supporter of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and is outspoken of his criticism of the ivory trade on Twitter. Discography Cosmic Dust Journey (1991) Citizen Swing Cure Me with the Groove (1993) Deep Down (1995) The Mayfield Four Fallout (1998) Second Skin (2001) Alter Bridge One Day Remains (2004) Blackbird (2007) AB III (2010) Fortress (2013) The Last Hero (2016) Walk the Sky (2019) Slash featuring Myles Kennedy & the Conspirators Apocalyptic Love (2012) World on Fire (2014) Living the Dream (2018) 4 (2022) Solo Year of the Tiger (2018) The Ides of March (2021) Filmography References External links 1969 births 20th-century American singers 21st-century American singers Alter Bridge members American heavy metal guitarists American heavy metal singers American male singer-songwriters American rock songwriters Living people Singer-songwriters from Washington (state) Musicians from Spokane, Washington Rhythm guitarists Roadrunner Records artists Singers with a four-octave vocal range American tenors Guitarists from Washington (state) 20th-century American guitarists American male guitarists" ]

[ "Myles Kennedy", "Work with Slash: 2009-present", "When did Kennedy start working with Slash", "In late 2009,", "What project were they working on together", "it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album.", "What was the name of the album", "self-titled debut solo album.", "Was the album a hit", "I don't know." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Myles Richard Bass (born November 27, 1969), known professionally as Myles Kennedy, is an American musician, singer, and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist of the rock band Alter Bridge, and as the lead vocalist in guitarist Slash's backing band, known as Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators. A former guitar instructor from Spokane, Washington, he has worked as a session musician and songwriter, making both studio and live appearances with several artists, and has been involved with several projects throughout his career.", "A former guitar instructor from Spokane, Washington, he has worked as a session musician and songwriter, making both studio and live appearances with several artists, and has been involved with several projects throughout his career. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Northern Idaho and Spokane, Kennedy attended Spokane Falls Community College to study music theory.", "Born in Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Northern Idaho and Spokane, Kennedy attended Spokane Falls Community College to study music theory. He began his music career in 1990 as the lead guitarist of the instrumental jazz ensemble Cosmic Dust, with which he released one studio album.", "He began his music career in 1990 as the lead guitarist of the instrumental jazz ensemble Cosmic Dust, with which he released one studio album. His second band, Citizen Swing, released two studio albums before disbanding in 1996.", "His second band, Citizen Swing, released two studio albums before disbanding in 1996. With fellow Citizen Swing member Craig Johnson, Kennedy founded the rock band The Mayfield Four, for which he provided lead vocals and guitar. The band released two studio albums and broke up in 2002.", "The band released two studio albums and broke up in 2002. After declining an offer to audition as the lead vocalist of Velvet Revolver, he was asked to join Alter Bridge by Mark Tremonti in late 2003, formally joining in 2004, and he has been with the band ever since.", "After declining an offer to audition as the lead vocalist of Velvet Revolver, he was asked to join Alter Bridge by Mark Tremonti in late 2003, formally joining in 2004, and he has been with the band ever since. He has released six studio albums with Alter Bridge.", "He has released six studio albums with Alter Bridge. While Alter Bridge was on tour in 2008, Kennedy and former members of Led Zeppelin met and improvised as a group in an informal jam session, but the band never fully materialized.", "While Alter Bridge was on tour in 2008, Kennedy and former members of Led Zeppelin met and improvised as a group in an informal jam session, but the band never fully materialized. He then started working with Slash, featuring on the guitarist's 2010 eponymous solo album on two tracks and later serving as Slash's vocalist on tour.", "He then started working with Slash, featuring on the guitarist's 2010 eponymous solo album on two tracks and later serving as Slash's vocalist on tour. In 2012, Kennedy filled in with short notice for Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose when Rose refused to show up for the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony.", "In 2012, Kennedy filled in with short notice for Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose when Rose refused to show up for the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony. With Slash, Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators have recorded three studio albums.", "With Slash, Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators have recorded three studio albums. Kennedy's debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released in March 2018 and his second solo album The Ides of March was released on May 14, 2021.", "Kennedy's debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released in March 2018 and his second solo album The Ides of March was released on May 14, 2021. Early life Kennedy was born as Myles Richard Bass on November 27, 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, and subsequently lived in Northern Idaho.", "Early life Kennedy was born as Myles Richard Bass on November 27, 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, and subsequently lived in Northern Idaho. As a child, he moved to Spokane, Washington, where he grew up in a Christian Science family on a farm.", "As a child, he moved to Spokane, Washington, where he grew up in a Christian Science family on a farm. His father, Richard Bass, died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently went on to marry a Methodist minister, and the family took the surname Kennedy.", "His father, Richard Bass, died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently went on to marry a Methodist minister, and the family took the surname Kennedy. Before Kennedy attended Mead High School (which he attended with football player Jason Hanson and Everclear bassist Craig Montoya), he found musical inspiration from Led Zeppelin, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and John Sykes' Blue Murder band.", "Before Kennedy attended Mead High School (which he attended with football player Jason Hanson and Everclear bassist Craig Montoya), he found musical inspiration from Led Zeppelin, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and John Sykes' Blue Murder band. Kennedy began playing trumpet at the age of ten and was in a teen air guitar band with then best friends Michael Murphy, Mark Terzenbach and Bruce Kidd at 13.", "Kennedy began playing trumpet at the age of ten and was in a teen air guitar band with then best friends Michael Murphy, Mark Terzenbach and Bruce Kidd at 13. He later traded for a real guitar copying the playing style of Jimmy Page.", "He later traded for a real guitar copying the playing style of Jimmy Page. He found his singing voice by listening to his parents' Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder records, and also states that he was influenced by Robert Plant. He played guitar in the school's jazz band and trumpet in the school's marching band.", "He played guitar in the school's jazz band and trumpet in the school's marching band. He also spent some time playing in a local heavy metal band called Bittersweet with some of his friends Zia Uddin on drums, Jason Stewart as lead vocal, Mark Terzenbach (and later, Chris Steffens) on bass and Myles on lead guitar.", "He also spent some time playing in a local heavy metal band called Bittersweet with some of his friends Zia Uddin on drums, Jason Stewart as lead vocal, Mark Terzenbach (and later, Chris Steffens) on bass and Myles on lead guitar. After graduating in 1988, he enrolled in Spokane Falls Community College to study music.", "After graduating in 1988, he enrolled in Spokane Falls Community College to study music. Career Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing: 1990–1995 Upon graduating from high school in 1988, Kennedy enrolled in a Commercial Music/Jazz Studies program at Spokane Falls Community College.", "Career Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing: 1990–1995 Upon graduating from high school in 1988, Kennedy enrolled in a Commercial Music/Jazz Studies program at Spokane Falls Community College. Using the skills he learned from this course, in 1990 he began playing guitar for a jazz group called the Cosmic Dust Fusion Band, which was formed by keyboardist Jim Templeton in 1990.", "Using the skills he learned from this course, in 1990 he began playing guitar for a jazz group called the Cosmic Dust Fusion Band, which was formed by keyboardist Jim Templeton in 1990. Kennedy's guitar work with Cosmic Dust was advanced; using his knowledge of jazz theory in conjunction with his advanced technical abilities, interweaving difficult techniques such as chord changes on impulse and precise shredding with rock music, he became a well-respected guitarist among local musicians.", "Kennedy's guitar work with Cosmic Dust was advanced; using his knowledge of jazz theory in conjunction with his advanced technical abilities, interweaving difficult techniques such as chord changes on impulse and precise shredding with rock music, he became a well-respected guitarist among local musicians. Cosmic Dust's first album, Journey, was released in 1991.", "Cosmic Dust's first album, Journey, was released in 1991. The album was well received by critics. In 1993, the song \"Spiritus\" was awarded the Washington State Artist Trust Grant for $5,000.", "In 1993, the song \"Spiritus\" was awarded the Washington State Artist Trust Grant for $5,000. After the release of Journey, Kennedy left Cosmic Dust to begin working on a new band that would become Citizen Swing, for which Kennedy provided both lead vocals and lead guitar.", "After the release of Journey, Kennedy left Cosmic Dust to begin working on a new band that would become Citizen Swing, for which Kennedy provided both lead vocals and lead guitar. They were described as \"a band that combined the sounds of funk, soul, R&B, blues and alternative into a unique and cohesive sound\" and as \" meets Stevie Wonder and then some.\"", "They were described as \"a band that combined the sounds of funk, soul, R&B, blues and alternative into a unique and cohesive sound\" and as \" meets Stevie Wonder and then some.\" They released their first album, Cure Me with the Groove, in 1993.", "They released their first album, Cure Me with the Groove, in 1993. This album featured Kennedy (who helped produce the album), rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, bassist Dave Turner (also of Cosmic Dust), drummer/percussionist Mike Tschirgi, and trumpeter Geoff Miller.", "This album featured Kennedy (who helped produce the album), rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, bassist Dave Turner (also of Cosmic Dust), drummer/percussionist Mike Tschirgi, and trumpeter Geoff Miller. Citizen Swing's second and final album was called Deep Down and was released in 1995. The band disbanded the same year.", "The band disbanded the same year. All the music and lyrics on that album were written by Kennedy. Journey, Cure Me with the Groove, and Deep Down are rare albums and are sought after by fans. The Mayfield Four: 1995–2002 In 1995, Kennedy started teaching guitar in a store called Rock City Music.", "The Mayfield Four: 1995–2002 In 1995, Kennedy started teaching guitar in a store called Rock City Music. By August 1996, he became the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of The Mayfield Four, a rock band he formed with his childhood friends Zia Uddin, Marty Meisner, and Craig Johnson (also of Citizen Swing).", "By August 1996, he became the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of The Mayfield Four, a rock band he formed with his childhood friends Zia Uddin, Marty Meisner, and Craig Johnson (also of Citizen Swing). They signed a contract with Epic Records thanks to a critically acclaimed demo called Thirty Two Point Five Hours that the band recorded in 1996, followed by a live extended play called Motion in 1997.", "They signed a contract with Epic Records thanks to a critically acclaimed demo called Thirty Two Point Five Hours that the band recorded in 1996, followed by a live extended play called Motion in 1997. The Mayfield Four's debut album, Fallout, was supported with a fifteen-month tour with bands such as Creed, Big Wreck, and Stabbing Westward.", "The Mayfield Four's debut album, Fallout, was supported with a fifteen-month tour with bands such as Creed, Big Wreck, and Stabbing Westward. The album was praised by critics, but it failed to chart, and ultimately became the only album by the band to feature rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, who was fired from the band due to undisclosed reasons.", "The album was praised by critics, but it failed to chart, and ultimately became the only album by the band to feature rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, who was fired from the band due to undisclosed reasons. Following the Fallout tour, Kennedy made an appearance in the 2001 drama film Rock Star starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston.", "Following the Fallout tour, Kennedy made an appearance in the 2001 drama film Rock Star starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston. He said that he got a call from his manager telling him that the filmmakers needed someone who could sing high and that his name was suggested.", "He said that he got a call from his manager telling him that the filmmakers needed someone who could sing high and that his name was suggested. On the set of the film, he met Wahlberg along with Zakk Wylde and Jason Bonham, who also appeared in the movie alongside several other notable musicians.", "On the set of the film, he met Wahlberg along with Zakk Wylde and Jason Bonham, who also appeared in the movie alongside several other notable musicians. Kennedy was the only actor in the movie whose actual singing voice was used.", "Kennedy was the only actor in the movie whose actual singing voice was used. In the movie, directly paralleling a scene at the beginning of the film, Kennedy's character (Mike, also known as \"Thor\") is noticed by Wahlberg's character, Chris \"Izzy\" Cole, the lead singer of Thor's favorite band, Steel Dragon.", "In the movie, directly paralleling a scene at the beginning of the film, Kennedy's character (Mike, also known as \"Thor\") is noticed by Wahlberg's character, Chris \"Izzy\" Cole, the lead singer of Thor's favorite band, Steel Dragon. Izzy pulls Thor onstage and sings the rest of the song with him, eventually telling him to finish the rest of the band's concert.", "Izzy pulls Thor onstage and sings the rest of the song with him, eventually telling him to finish the rest of the band's concert. The film was met with mostly mixed reviews, garnering a 52% \"Rotten\" score on Rotten Tomatoes.", "The film was met with mostly mixed reviews, garnering a 52% \"Rotten\" score on Rotten Tomatoes. The Mayfield Four's second and final album, Second Skin, was released in June 2001. Kennedy has since said that it is one of the most personal records he has made.", "Kennedy has since said that it is one of the most personal records he has made. The album has been critically acclaimed and Kennedy has commented on how it and Fallout are much more popular now than when they were released. Though popular, The Mayfield Four never garnered enough exposure to break into the mainstream.", "Though popular, The Mayfield Four never garnered enough exposure to break into the mainstream. In 2002, the future of the band began to look unlikely, and Kennedy began recording new music, which he described as \"Daniel Lanois meets Massive Attack.\" The band went on hiatus that year, and would ultimately disband.", "The band went on hiatus that year, and would ultimately disband. In an interview with Pulse Weekly in 2004, Kennedy said that it was because he was \"burned out with the whole rock industry at that point.\"", "In an interview with Pulse Weekly in 2004, Kennedy said that it was because he was \"burned out with the whole rock industry at that point.\" However, three previously unreleased songs appeared on a fan-run Myspace page dedicated to and approved by The Mayfield Four in early 2010, causing rumors of a possible reunion to begin circulating.", "However, three previously unreleased songs appeared on a fan-run Myspace page dedicated to and approved by The Mayfield Four in early 2010, causing rumors of a possible reunion to begin circulating. However, when asked about this during an interview, Kennedy replied that he does not see it happening.", "However, when asked about this during an interview, Kennedy replied that he does not see it happening. Velvet Revolver audition offer: 2002 After The Mayfield Four's unforeseen breakup, and due to a hearing disorder called tinnitus that he developed because of listening to music that he was recording at earsplitting volumes, Kennedy fell into depression in 2002.", "Velvet Revolver audition offer: 2002 After The Mayfield Four's unforeseen breakup, and due to a hearing disorder called tinnitus that he developed because of listening to music that he was recording at earsplitting volumes, Kennedy fell into depression in 2002. He said about music, \"I can't do it any more.", "He said about music, \"I can't do it any more. My ears won't let me.\" He said that he had grown \"disillusioned with music and the music business,\" so he took a hiatus from playing music and went back to teaching guitar.", "He said that he had grown \"disillusioned with music and the music business,\" so he took a hiatus from playing music and went back to teaching guitar. However, in 2002, he was contacted by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, who was looking for a vocalist for a band he was forming, but Kennedy declined the offer.", "However, in 2002, he was contacted by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, who was looking for a vocalist for a band he was forming, but Kennedy declined the offer. Other sources state that Kennedy had sent in a demo tape but still ultimately declined an invitation to audition after being approached by Matt Sorum.", "Other sources state that Kennedy had sent in a demo tape but still ultimately declined an invitation to audition after being approached by Matt Sorum. Kennedy recalls, \"They had reached out to me in 2002 when they were just getting together.", "Kennedy recalls, \"They had reached out to me in 2002 when they were just getting together. They had sent me a demo tape, and I kind of sat on it for a month, and I didn't really follow up on it.\"", "They had sent me a demo tape, and I kind of sat on it for a month, and I didn't really follow up on it.\" Alter Bridge: 2003–present Kennedy is best known as the lead vocalist and one of the two lead guitarists in the band, alongside Mark Tremonti, of the American hard rock band Alter Bridge.", "Alter Bridge: 2003–present Kennedy is best known as the lead vocalist and one of the two lead guitarists in the band, alongside Mark Tremonti, of the American hard rock band Alter Bridge. The band's origins lie in late 2003 when Kennedy was contacted by former Creed guitarist Mark Tremonti, who was interested in having Kennedy lay down vocal tracks for some songs he had recently written.", "The band's origins lie in late 2003 when Kennedy was contacted by former Creed guitarist Mark Tremonti, who was interested in having Kennedy lay down vocal tracks for some songs he had recently written. Tremonti and drummer Scott Phillips had reunited with former bassist Brian Marshall who had left Creed in 2000 to form a new band.", "Tremonti and drummer Scott Phillips had reunited with former bassist Brian Marshall who had left Creed in 2000 to form a new band. Alter Bridge, taking its name from an actual bridge that used to be located near Tremonti's home in Detroit, was officially formed in January 2004.", "Alter Bridge, taking its name from an actual bridge that used to be located near Tremonti's home in Detroit, was officially formed in January 2004. Coinciding with the official announcement of Alter Bridge's formation was an announcement regarding their debut album, One Day Remains, along with the release of that album's lead single, \"Open Your Eyes.\"", "Coinciding with the official announcement of Alter Bridge's formation was an announcement regarding their debut album, One Day Remains, along with the release of that album's lead single, \"Open Your Eyes.\" One Day Remains was released in 2004 on Wind-up Records.", "One Day Remains was released in 2004 on Wind-up Records. It received generally mixed to negative reviews and was certified Gold by the RIAA. Two other singles, \"Find the Real\" and \"Broken Wings\" were released.", "Two other singles, \"Find the Real\" and \"Broken Wings\" were released. One Day Remains was the only album by a band with Kennedy as an official member that does not feature his guitar playing, before his 2014 album \"World On Fire\" as a part of Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators.", "One Day Remains was the only album by a band with Kennedy as an official member that does not feature his guitar playing, before his 2014 album \"World On Fire\" as a part of Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators. Following a successful tour in support of the album, Alter Bridge announced plans for a second release.", "Following a successful tour in support of the album, Alter Bridge announced plans for a second release. The album, Blackbird, was released in 2007 on Universal Republic to mostly positive reviews. Unlike One Day Remains, which was largely written by Tremonti, Blackbird featured Kennedy's guitar playing as well as more of his songwriting contributions.", "Unlike One Day Remains, which was largely written by Tremonti, Blackbird featured Kennedy's guitar playing as well as more of his songwriting contributions. Alter Bridge toured in support of Blackbird throughout 2007 and 2008, recording a concert film titled Live from Amsterdam and releasing it in 2009 via Amazon.com.", "Alter Bridge toured in support of Blackbird throughout 2007 and 2008, recording a concert film titled Live from Amsterdam and releasing it in 2009 via Amazon.com. It would later be released in stores in early 2011 after several delays.", "It would later be released in stores in early 2011 after several delays. Alter Bridge took a temporary break in early 2009 with its members working on other projects, but the band continued writing music throughout the year.", "Alter Bridge took a temporary break in early 2009 with its members working on other projects, but the band continued writing music throughout the year. The band regrouped later that year to begin work on their third album, AB III, which was released in 2010 on Roadrunner Records worldwide, except for North America where the album was self-released on Alter Bridge Recordings via EMI.", "The band regrouped later that year to begin work on their third album, AB III, which was released in 2010 on Roadrunner Records worldwide, except for North America where the album was self-released on Alter Bridge Recordings via EMI. For the album, Kennedy chose to write lyrics based on his own personal experiences with faith and believing.", "For the album, Kennedy chose to write lyrics based on his own personal experiences with faith and believing. As such, it is lyrically the band's darkest album, with Kennedy calling it the most personal album he had made since The Mayfield Four's Second Skin. AB III has received critical acclaim.", "AB III has received critical acclaim. A second concert film, Live at Wembley, was released on March 26, 2012. The band reunited in late 2012 and recorded from April to July 2013 their fourth album titled Fortress, which was released on September 30, 2013.", "The band reunited in late 2012 and recorded from April to July 2013 their fourth album titled Fortress, which was released on September 30, 2013. The band reconvened in January 2016 and, through that July, recorded their fifth album The Last Hero, which was released on October 7, 2016.", "The band reconvened in January 2016 and, through that July, recorded their fifth album The Last Hero, which was released on October 7, 2016. Walk the Sky was released on October 18, 2019.", "Walk the Sky was released on October 18, 2019. Having joined Alter Bridge primarily as lead vocalist, Kennedy began to play rhythm guitar during live performances following the release of One Day Remains.", "Having joined Alter Bridge primarily as lead vocalist, Kennedy began to play rhythm guitar during live performances following the release of One Day Remains. He has since played rhythm guitar on the band's subsequent studio releases, and also played lead tracks on a number of songs and during live performances.", "He has since played rhythm guitar on the band's subsequent studio releases, and also played lead tracks on a number of songs and during live performances. Solo career and collaborations Work with Led Zeppelin members: 2008–2009 Kennedy received a great amount of press coverage in late 2008, owing to a rumour that he was to join Led Zeppelin.", "Solo career and collaborations Work with Led Zeppelin members: 2008–2009 Kennedy received a great amount of press coverage in late 2008, owing to a rumour that he was to join Led Zeppelin. After Zeppelin's one-off reunion in 2007, guitarist Jimmy Page and bassist John Paul Jones reportedly felt the band \"still had something to offer.\"", "After Zeppelin's one-off reunion in 2007, guitarist Jimmy Page and bassist John Paul Jones reportedly felt the band \"still had something to offer.\" As reported by BBC News, Page and Jones were in the studio with Jason Bonham writing and recording material that was reportedly to be used for a new Zeppelin album.", "As reported by BBC News, Page and Jones were in the studio with Jason Bonham writing and recording material that was reportedly to be used for a new Zeppelin album. According to Bonham, singer Robert Plant was not involved.", "According to Bonham, singer Robert Plant was not involved. Page, Jones, and Bonham auditioned singers, fuelling rumours when they were reported to have attended an Alter Bridge concert. Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider said that they were offering Kennedy the job to persuade Plant to reconsider.", "Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider said that they were offering Kennedy the job to persuade Plant to reconsider. Alter Bridge guitarist Mark Tremonti said Kennedy \"deserves\" to play with Zeppelin. Kennedy remained mostly silent about the rumours until January 2009. \"I am not singing in Led Zeppelin or any offshoot of Led Zeppelin,\" he said.", "\"I am not singing in Led Zeppelin or any offshoot of Led Zeppelin,\" he said. \"I did have a great opportunity and it was something that I'm very grateful for. But Alter Bridge will go on, and that's that.\"", "But Alter Bridge will go on, and that's that.\" He later confirmed, however, that he had written and rehearsed with Page, Jones and Bonham. He also said that it was Bonham who \"got the ball rolling\", since the two had met on the set of the 2001 film Rock Star.", "He also said that it was Bonham who \"got the ball rolling\", since the two had met on the set of the 2001 film Rock Star. \"Working with them felt surreal,\" he recalled a decade later.", "\"Working with them felt surreal,\" he recalled a decade later. \"Jimmy played the Les Paul, and just being in the room with that guitar would have been enough for me. But standing next to him as he's playing those iconic riffs, the hairs on the back of my neck are standing up.", "But standing next to him as he's playing those iconic riffs, the hairs on the back of my neck are standing up. We played 'No Quarter', 'Kashmir'… We did 'Carouselambra', which was a really challenging arrangement. A lot of wonderful moments.\"", "A lot of wonderful moments.\" It is unconfirmed if the songs he wrote with Page, Jones, and Bonham will ever be released. Kennedy maintains that the band, had it materialised, would not have been called Led Zeppelin.", "Kennedy maintains that the band, had it materialised, would not have been called Led Zeppelin. Solo career: 2009–2010; 2017–present Kennedy has performed two solo benefit concerts: one hosted by Paul Reed Smith and PRS Guitars to benefit cancer patients, and another to benefit abused children.", "Solo career: 2009–2010; 2017–present Kennedy has performed two solo benefit concerts: one hosted by Paul Reed Smith and PRS Guitars to benefit cancer patients, and another to benefit abused children. The latter was called Bofest 2009 and was headlined by Kennedy on October 17, 2009. In early 2009, Kennedy announced a solo side project.", "In early 2009, Kennedy announced a solo side project. He described the material as \"dreamy\" and \"[not] aggressive\", saving those songs for Alter Bridge. He also said, \"It's more singer/songwriter based. I will say it's going to be interesting.\"", "I will say it's going to be interesting.\" He later posted on his Myspace page that he is working with some \"great people\" and that he has details coming at a future date.", "He later posted on his Myspace page that he is working with some \"great people\" and that he has details coming at a future date. Slash announced via Facebook on February 1, 2010 that he would be appearing on Kennedy's solo record, and Kennedy confirmed this via Myspace.", "Slash announced via Facebook on February 1, 2010 that he would be appearing on Kennedy's solo record, and Kennedy confirmed this via Myspace. Kennedy had originally hoped that his album would be released in early 2010, digitally first and then on CD, but he has since put its release on hold.", "Kennedy had originally hoped that his album would be released in early 2010, digitally first and then on CD, but he has since put its release on hold. However, he recently said that he is still too busy to release the album as he stated that he would like to tour to promote it, but he wanted to release it on December 21, 2012, as a joke, although a firm release date has not yet been announced.", "However, he recently said that he is still too busy to release the album as he stated that he would like to tour to promote it, but he wanted to release it on December 21, 2012, as a joke, although a firm release date has not yet been announced. When asked if the record would be a departure from his previous work, he replied that it is different and again referred to the singer-songwriter approach that would be featured on it and that it would not be a hard rock album.", "When asked if the record would be a departure from his previous work, he replied that it is different and again referred to the singer-songwriter approach that would be featured on it and that it would not be a hard rock album. He also said that \"it was maybe the most difficult thing I've ever done in the sense that I didn't have a band.\"", "He also said that \"it was maybe the most difficult thing I've ever done in the sense that I didn't have a band.\" He also said that the music is very intimate and that it features piano as well.", "He also said that the music is very intimate and that it features piano as well. In an interview with Guitarist UK magazine, he said that some of the songs will feature jazz, blues, and R&B influences, while others still \"get quite atmospheric and ethereal,\" comparing the sound to Daniel Lanois and Massive Attack, while assuring fans that the rock style will still be present.", "In an interview with Guitarist UK magazine, he said that some of the songs will feature jazz, blues, and R&B influences, while others still \"get quite atmospheric and ethereal,\" comparing the sound to Daniel Lanois and Massive Attack, while assuring fans that the rock style will still be present. In the same Guitarist interview, he confirmed the titles of three songs that will appear on his record: \"The Light of Day\", \"Complicated Man\", and \"The Bar Fly\".", "In the same Guitarist interview, he confirmed the titles of three songs that will appear on his record: \"The Light of Day\", \"Complicated Man\", and \"The Bar Fly\". Most recently, he confirmed that another song will be titled \"Love Rain Down\".", "Most recently, he confirmed that another song will be titled \"Love Rain Down\". He said in an interview with CraveOnline that \"Love Rain Down\" differs from anything else he has ever written. In 2017, he said he shelved the songs he had written and started over.", "In 2017, he said he shelved the songs he had written and started over. His debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released on March 9, 2018. Kennedy's second solo album, The Ides of March, was released on May 14, 2021.", "Kennedy's second solo album, The Ides of March, was released on May 14, 2021. Work with Slash: 2009–present Kennedy has become very well known for his collaborations with Guns N' Roses lead guitarist Slash. In late 2009, it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album.", "In late 2009, it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album. Slash later confirmed that Kennedy was chosen to sing and co-write the final song, \"Starlight\", on his album.", "Slash later confirmed that Kennedy was chosen to sing and co-write the final song, \"Starlight\", on his album. Other musicians who appeared on the album include Ozzy Osbourne, Adam Levine of Maroon 5, Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters, Kid Rock, and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden.", "Other musicians who appeared on the album include Ozzy Osbourne, Adam Levine of Maroon 5, Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters, Kid Rock, and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden. Then, according to MusicRadar, Slash asked Kennedy to co-write and sing another song, \"Back from Cali\", which was added to the album at the last minute, making him the only musician to appear on more than one song on the album's standard track listing.", "Then, according to MusicRadar, Slash asked Kennedy to co-write and sing another song, \"Back from Cali\", which was added to the album at the last minute, making him the only musician to appear on more than one song on the album's standard track listing. The album was released in April 2010.", "The album was released in April 2010. On February 3, 2010, Slash announced that Kennedy would be the lead vocalist for his band on tour. On tour, Kennedy performed a number of songs found throughout Slash's catalog. Slash and Kennedy were also the supporting act on Ozzy Osbourne's tour in 2010.", "Slash and Kennedy were also the supporting act on Ozzy Osbourne's tour in 2010. The other members of Slash's band are rhythm guitarist Bobby Schneck (replaced as of the Apocalyptic Love tour with Frank Sidoris), bassist Todd Kerns (formerly of Age of Electric), and drummer Brent Fitz (formerly of Theory of a Deadman).", "The other members of Slash's band are rhythm guitarist Bobby Schneck (replaced as of the Apocalyptic Love tour with Frank Sidoris), bassist Todd Kerns (formerly of Age of Electric), and drummer Brent Fitz (formerly of Theory of a Deadman). In late 2010, Kennedy and Slash appeared on That Metal Show, a talk show on VH1 Classic.", "In late 2010, Kennedy and Slash appeared on That Metal Show, a talk show on VH1 Classic. On November 14, 2011, Slash released a concert film and live album titled Made in Stoke 24/7/11 featuring Kennedy and the rest of his band. Slash's second solo album featured Myles Kennedy, this time as the sole vocalist.", "Slash's second solo album featured Myles Kennedy, this time as the sole vocalist. It was also announced that band mates Bobby Schneck, Todd Kerns, and Brent Fitz, along with Slash, would complete the lineup for the album.", "It was also announced that band mates Bobby Schneck, Todd Kerns, and Brent Fitz, along with Slash, would complete the lineup for the album. In an interview with MusicRadar, Slash confirmed that it would be less of an actual solo album and more of a collaboration album with Kennedy, and that he was not sure if the album will be billed to Slash or a new name entirely.", "In an interview with MusicRadar, Slash confirmed that it would be less of an actual solo album and more of a collaboration album with Kennedy, and that he was not sure if the album will be billed to Slash or a new name entirely. As of December 2011, three songs had been recorded: \"Halo\", \"Standing in the Sun\", and \"Bad Rain\".", "As of December 2011, three songs had been recorded: \"Halo\", \"Standing in the Sun\", and \"Bad Rain\". Slash has described the music as \"very heavy\". The album was released on May 22, 2012. A behind-the-scenes video was also released with this announcement.", "A behind-the-scenes video was also released with this announcement. Titled Apocalyptic Love, the album will be billed to Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators, featuring Kennedy, Kerns, and Fitz as members of Slash's band. The band performed the album in its entirety on April 11, 2012, at the Revolver Golden God Awards.", "The band performed the album in its entirety on April 11, 2012, at the Revolver Golden God Awards. The first single, \"You're a Lie\", was released to rock radio on February 27, 2012; a 30-second preview of the song was released online.", "The first single, \"You're a Lie\", was released to rock radio on February 27, 2012; a 30-second preview of the song was released online. Kennedy has reportedly said that some of the lyrics on the album are about his earlier experiences with drugs.", "Kennedy has reportedly said that some of the lyrics on the album are about his earlier experiences with drugs. On April 14, 2012, Kennedy performed three Guns N' Roses songs with five former members of Guns N' Roses during their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction in Axl Rose's absence.", "On April 14, 2012, Kennedy performed three Guns N' Roses songs with five former members of Guns N' Roses during their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction in Axl Rose's absence. In 2013, he also toured with Kings of Chaos, along with Slash and other ex-Guns N' Roses members.", "In 2013, he also toured with Kings of Chaos, along with Slash and other ex-Guns N' Roses members. The band's second collective album World on Fire, produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 16, 2014.", "The band's second collective album World on Fire, produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 16, 2014. The band's third album Living the Dream, again produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 21, 2018.", "The band's third album Living the Dream, again produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 21, 2018. The fourth record, titled 4 and produced by Dave Cobb, was released on February 11, 2022.", "The fourth record, titled 4 and produced by Dave Cobb, was released on February 11, 2022. Other session work: 2001–present Kennedy is further well known for his work as a session musician and songwriter, having collaborated with several artists.", "Other session work: 2001–present Kennedy is further well known for his work as a session musician and songwriter, having collaborated with several artists. In 2001, he appeared on the album Striped Suit: Lo-Fi by the jazz-rock band Mulligan, playing guitar solos on the songs \"Faron\" and \"Make It Three\".", "In 2001, he appeared on the album Striped Suit: Lo-Fi by the jazz-rock band Mulligan, playing guitar solos on the songs \"Faron\" and \"Make It Three\". In that same year, he provided backing vocals to the song \"Breakthrough\" by Big Wreck from The Pleasure and the Greed.", "In that same year, he provided backing vocals to the song \"Breakthrough\" by Big Wreck from The Pleasure and the Greed. He also worked with the Spokane based nu-metal band Five Foot Thick on their 2003 album Blood Puddle, providing backing vocals to the song \"Ducked Out\".", "He also worked with the Spokane based nu-metal band Five Foot Thick on their 2003 album Blood Puddle, providing backing vocals to the song \"Ducked Out\". In 2005, he sang the chorus of \"Nameless Faceless\" by Fozzy with Fozzy frontman Chris Jericho from their album All That Remains.", "In 2005, he sang the chorus of \"Nameless Faceless\" by Fozzy with Fozzy frontman Chris Jericho from their album All That Remains. In 2008, he sang a duet with Sevendust lead vocalist Lajon Witherspoon on Sevendust's song \"Sorrow\" from Chapter VII: Hope & Sorrow.", "In 2008, he sang a duet with Sevendust lead vocalist Lajon Witherspoon on Sevendust's song \"Sorrow\" from Chapter VII: Hope & Sorrow. Also in 2008, Kennedy made a guest appearance on Mark Tremonti's guitar instructional DVD The Sound & the Story, to which Kennedy provided an in-depth lesson on how to play his guitar solo on the Alter Bridge song \"Blackbird\".", "Also in 2008, Kennedy made a guest appearance on Mark Tremonti's guitar instructional DVD The Sound & the Story, to which Kennedy provided an in-depth lesson on how to play his guitar solo on the Alter Bridge song \"Blackbird\". In 2009, he appeared on Slash's self-titled album, co-writing and singing lead vocals on the songs \"Back from Cali\" and \"Starlight\".", "In 2009, he appeared on Slash's self-titled album, co-writing and singing lead vocals on the songs \"Back from Cali\" and \"Starlight\". In addition, he has made live appearances with Sevendust and Gov't Mule. In 2011 it was announced that he will appear on a planned tribute album to Tommy Bolin.", "In 2011 it was announced that he will appear on a planned tribute album to Tommy Bolin. Further details were announced in January 2012 that the album would be called Great Gypsy Soul. It was released on March 27, 2012, on 429 Records, and Kennedy appeared on a song called \"Dreamer\" with Nels Cline of Wilco.", "It was released on March 27, 2012, on 429 Records, and Kennedy appeared on a song called \"Dreamer\" with Nels Cline of Wilco. Other contributors include Steve Lukather, Joe Bonamassa, Peter Frampton, and Glenn Hughes.", "Other contributors include Steve Lukather, Joe Bonamassa, Peter Frampton, and Glenn Hughes. In 2016, he collaborated with rapper Darryl McDaniels and Disturbed bassist John Moyer on the song \"Flames\". Also in 2016, he sang on \"Black & White\" on the Richards/Crane debut album, World Stands Still.", "Also in 2016, he sang on \"Black & White\" on the Richards/Crane debut album, World Stands Still. Artistry and influences Kennedy is influenced by a wide range of artists of several genres.", "Artistry and influences Kennedy is influenced by a wide range of artists of several genres. His earliest influence was Led Zeppelin, although he drew his singing influences from jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and soul artists when he discovered Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye albums in his parents' record collection.", "His earliest influence was Led Zeppelin, although he drew his singing influences from jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and soul artists when he discovered Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye albums in his parents' record collection. He said that he owned Stevie Wonder's 1982 compilation album Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I, which was one of his earliest inspirations as a singer.", "He said that he owned Stevie Wonder's 1982 compilation album Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I, which was one of his earliest inspirations as a singer. From there, he discovered Songs in the Key of Life, which he has since stated is one of his favorite albums, and today cites Stevie Wonder as a major influence on his singing.", "From there, he discovered Songs in the Key of Life, which he has since stated is one of his favorite albums, and today cites Stevie Wonder as a major influence on his singing. He has also cited other jazz players and soul singers John Coltrane, Al Green, Mike Stern, Miles Davis, Otis Redding, Frank Gambale, Pat Metheny, Lyle Mays, and Curtis Mayfield as early influences.", "He has also cited other jazz players and soul singers John Coltrane, Al Green, Mike Stern, Miles Davis, Otis Redding, Frank Gambale, Pat Metheny, Lyle Mays, and Curtis Mayfield as early influences. He also loves blues music. Additional influences include Guns N' Roses, U2, AC/DC, Mastodon, and Radiohead.", "Additional influences include Guns N' Roses, U2, AC/DC, Mastodon, and Radiohead. Singing style Kennedy's favorite singers include Jeff Buckley, Robert Plant, Bon Scott, Chris Whitley, and k.d. lang. He has stated on several occasions that Jeff Buckley was, and is, a major influence on him as a singer.", "He has stated on several occasions that Jeff Buckley was, and is, a major influence on him as a singer. When asked to describe his vocal style, he said, \"I wanted to fuse together my favorite elements of rock and soul singers into something I could call my own.", "When asked to describe his vocal style, he said, \"I wanted to fuse together my favorite elements of rock and soul singers into something I could call my own. The inflections of Stevie Wonder with the soaring qualities of someone like Buckley.\"", "The inflections of Stevie Wonder with the soaring qualities of someone like Buckley.\" He states that Buckley's \"emotional intensity\" was one of the most inspirational things for him when it came to singing, and that it made him accept and embrace the fact that he is a tenor.", "He states that Buckley's \"emotional intensity\" was one of the most inspirational things for him when it came to singing, and that it made him accept and embrace the fact that he is a tenor. He often performs Buckley's famous cover of \"Hallelujah\" (originally by Leonard Cohen) during acoustic performances.", "He often performs Buckley's famous cover of \"Hallelujah\" (originally by Leonard Cohen) during acoustic performances. At one point, he received lessons from Ron Anderson, a bel canto vocal coach who has worked with a wide range of singers, including Axl Rose, Shania Twain, Enrique Iglesias, Chris Cornell, Ozzy Osbourne, Eddie Vedder, Kelly Clarkson, and several others.", "At one point, he received lessons from Ron Anderson, a bel canto vocal coach who has worked with a wide range of singers, including Axl Rose, Shania Twain, Enrique Iglesias, Chris Cornell, Ozzy Osbourne, Eddie Vedder, Kelly Clarkson, and several others. When asked about his number one secret when it came to singing, Kennedy replied, \"Dig deep into your soul and sing as if your life depends on it.", "When asked about his number one secret when it came to singing, Kennedy replied, \"Dig deep into your soul and sing as if your life depends on it. Leave your mark. People react to emotion more than technique.\" Kennedy, who possesses a four-octave vocal range, has been praised for his ability as a singer.", "Kennedy, who possesses a four-octave vocal range, has been praised for his ability as a singer. Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash, whose touring band consists of Kennedy, has called him \"fucking amazing\", calling his style \"surreal\".", "Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash, whose touring band consists of Kennedy, has called him \"fucking amazing\", calling his style \"surreal\". About Kennedy's ability to recreate Guns N' Roses songs on tour, Slash said, \"Myles is fucking amazing. It's very surreal how he handles the stuff he sings.", "It's very surreal how he handles the stuff he sings. I'm doing GN'R songs I've never done solo before, and Myles manages to own them without changing the style or trajectory of the song. Which is a fantastic fucking ability.\" Kennedy is often compared to Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell.", "Kennedy is often compared to Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell. Guitar playing Kennedy, a former guitar instructor, is also recognized as an accomplished guitarist. He began learning how to play the guitar by listening to Led Zeppelin records and mimicking Jimmy Page's guitar parts.", "He began learning how to play the guitar by listening to Led Zeppelin records and mimicking Jimmy Page's guitar parts. He said in an interview, \"I started off strictly as a lead guitar player.", "He said in an interview, \"I started off strictly as a lead guitar player. When I first started playing 25 years ago, that was all I’d do is sit in my room and learn solos.\"", "When I first started playing 25 years ago, that was all I’d do is sit in my room and learn solos.\" He also recalled being inspired by Eddie Van Halen: \"When I was in my early teens, I heard 'Eruption' one day and was like, 'That is the most incredible thing I’ve ever heard,' and I begged my mother to give me an advance on my allowance for the next month and go buy that record.\"", "He also recalled being inspired by Eddie Van Halen: \"When I was in my early teens, I heard 'Eruption' one day and was like, 'That is the most incredible thing I’ve ever heard,' and I begged my mother to give me an advance on my allowance for the next month and go buy that record.\" Over the next few years, and throughout the 1990s, Kennedy played primarily lead guitar.", "Over the next few years, and throughout the 1990s, Kennedy played primarily lead guitar. His early work with Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing featured a jazz-influenced rock flavor, combining several advanced techniques used in jazz. He would later join Alter Bridge primarily as a lead vocalist, but began playing rhythm guitar on the band's first tour.", "He would later join Alter Bridge primarily as a lead vocalist, but began playing rhythm guitar on the band's first tour. Mark Tremonti said, \"We knew Myles was an amazing singer, that’s why we hired him.", "Mark Tremonti said, \"We knew Myles was an amazing singer, that’s why we hired him. What we found out when we toured the first record was that he’s also an incredibly gifted guitar player and songwriter, as well as a vocalist.\"", "What we found out when we toured the first record was that he’s also an incredibly gifted guitar player and songwriter, as well as a vocalist.\" In an interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive, Tremonti said: Kennedy played rhythm guitar on Blackbird and has since played co-lead on several Alter Bridge tracks.", "In an interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive, Tremonti said: Kennedy played rhythm guitar on Blackbird and has since played co-lead on several Alter Bridge tracks. In an article about Kennedy as a guitarist on Lemon Squeezings, writer Steve Sauer noted his dexterity and steady rhythm playing.", "In an article about Kennedy as a guitarist on Lemon Squeezings, writer Steve Sauer noted his dexterity and steady rhythm playing. Doug Clark, a writer for The Spokesman-Review and one of Kennedy's former guitar students, wrote that \"his six-string skills are pyrotechnically brilliant.\"", "Doug Clark, a writer for The Spokesman-Review and one of Kennedy's former guitar students, wrote that \"his six-string skills are pyrotechnically brilliant.\" Kennedy notes that his job as a guitar player, especially recently with Alter Bridge, is to add texture and colors to the music.", "Kennedy notes that his job as a guitar player, especially recently with Alter Bridge, is to add texture and colors to the music. Lyrics and themes In addition, Kennedy is the primary lyricist of Alter Bridge and his previous band, The Mayfield Four.", "Lyrics and themes In addition, Kennedy is the primary lyricist of Alter Bridge and his previous band, The Mayfield Four. His lyrics, which are usually fairly straightforward stylistically, often touch on dark subjects such as death and addiction.", "His lyrics, which are usually fairly straightforward stylistically, often touch on dark subjects such as death and addiction. On Alter Bridge's first two albums (the lyrics of the former were primarily written by Tremonti, however), the lyrics are about \"hope and perseverance in the face of adversity.\"", "On Alter Bridge's first two albums (the lyrics of the former were primarily written by Tremonti, however), the lyrics are about \"hope and perseverance in the face of adversity.\" However, he has been known to write darker lyrics, as heard most notably on Alter Bridge's third album, AB III, which is a loose concept album based on his own personal struggles with faith and spirituality.", "However, he has been known to write darker lyrics, as heard most notably on Alter Bridge's third album, AB III, which is a loose concept album based on his own personal struggles with faith and spirituality. Similarly, the lyrical themes of The Mayfield Four's second album, Second Skin, touch on struggling with love and substance abuse.", "Similarly, the lyrical themes of The Mayfield Four's second album, Second Skin, touch on struggling with love and substance abuse. Second Skin, Apocalyptic Love, World on Fire and The Ides of March are the only albums to feature lyrics written by Kennedy that contain profanity.", "Second Skin, Apocalyptic Love, World on Fire and The Ides of March are the only albums to feature lyrics written by Kennedy that contain profanity. Personal life Kennedy currently resides in Spokane, Washington with his wife, Selena, whom he married on June 14, 2003.", "Personal life Kennedy currently resides in Spokane, Washington with his wife, Selena, whom he married on June 14, 2003. According to Alter Bridge lead guitarist Mark Tremonti, Kennedy is an atheist, although in an article titled Losing My Religion from a November 2010 issue of Kerrang!", "According to Alter Bridge lead guitarist Mark Tremonti, Kennedy is an atheist, although in an article titled Losing My Religion from a November 2010 issue of Kerrang! magazine, Kennedy said he places himself \"somewhere in the middle\" between being an atheist and a Christian.", "magazine, Kennedy said he places himself \"somewhere in the middle\" between being an atheist and a Christian. In an interview on the Blairing Out with Eric Blair Show at NAMM 2009, Kennedy mentioned that despite being raised in a Christian household, he is not a religious person and he does not believe in any organized religion.", "In an interview on the Blairing Out with Eric Blair Show at NAMM 2009, Kennedy mentioned that despite being raised in a Christian household, he is not a religious person and he does not believe in any organized religion. In an interview with CraveOnline, he said \"I would consider myself a part of the growing segment of people who question authority and scrutinize concepts that no longer seem as logical as they once did.", "In an interview with CraveOnline, he said \"I would consider myself a part of the growing segment of people who question authority and scrutinize concepts that no longer seem as logical as they once did. [...] I don't find peace in the same concepts that many hold as truth. Believe me, I tried.", "Believe me, I tried. Believe me, I tried. It's not like I didn't spend most of my life submersed in the bosom of doctrine or dogma.\" In 2014, he identified himself as an agnostic.", "In 2014, he identified himself as an agnostic. Kennedy has been identified as an avid reader and he says that he especially enjoys the work of John Irving, describing Irving's A Prayer for Owen Meany as one of his favorite novels. He has also cited Effortless Mastery by Kenny Werner as one of his favorites.", "He has also cited Effortless Mastery by Kenny Werner as one of his favorites. When asked about his hobbies, he replied: \"I guess I have been pretty fortunate since I have turned what was a hobby into a living. Music pretty much consumes me.", "Music pretty much consumes me. Music pretty much consumes me. If I’m not writing, performing or listening I am probably trying to learn more about its history.\"", "If I’m not writing, performing or listening I am probably trying to learn more about its history.\" He has five tattoos: a dragon on his left forearm, a koi fish on his right forearm, an octopus on his right upper arm, and two elephant heads on his chest.", "He has five tattoos: a dragon on his left forearm, a koi fish on his right forearm, an octopus on his right upper arm, and two elephant heads on his chest. He describes the dragon and the fish as symbols of strength, while the octopus was originally supposed to be a small squid but became much larger than he had intended.", "He describes the dragon and the fish as symbols of strength, while the octopus was originally supposed to be a small squid but became much larger than he had intended. He got the dragon tattoo first because of a toy he brought back from Japan as a child, and the koi was added a year later after he learned of an ancient Chinese legend of koi swimming up the Yellow River to become dragons.", "He got the dragon tattoo first because of a toy he brought back from Japan as a child, and the koi was added a year later after he learned of an ancient Chinese legend of koi swimming up the Yellow River to become dragons. He has said he wants to get more tattoos in the future.", "He has said he wants to get more tattoos in the future. Charity work Kennedy has served on the board of directors for the Mead Food Bank since 2003.", "Charity work Kennedy has served on the board of directors for the Mead Food Bank since 2003. In addition, he co-founded the Future Song Foundation, a charity organization \"that provides funding to ensure that kids have access to musical instruction and instruments which are fundamental parts of a complete education\", with his wife in 2015.", "In addition, he co-founded the Future Song Foundation, a charity organization \"that provides funding to ensure that kids have access to musical instruction and instruments which are fundamental parts of a complete education\", with his wife in 2015. He serves as a director of the program.", "He serves as a director of the program. A proponent of wildlife conservation efforts, Kennedy is a supporter of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and is outspoken of his criticism of the ivory trade on Twitter.", "A proponent of wildlife conservation efforts, Kennedy is a supporter of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and is outspoken of his criticism of the ivory trade on Twitter. Discography Cosmic Dust Journey (1991) Citizen Swing Cure Me with the Groove (1993) Deep Down (1995) The Mayfield Four Fallout (1998) Second Skin (2001) Alter Bridge One Day Remains (2004) Blackbird (2007) AB III (2010) Fortress (2013) The Last Hero (2016) Walk the Sky (2019) Slash featuring Myles Kennedy & the Conspirators Apocalyptic Love (2012) World on Fire (2014) Living the Dream (2018) 4 (2022) Solo Year of the Tiger (2018) The Ides of March (2021) Filmography References External links 1969 births 20th-century American singers 21st-century American singers Alter Bridge members American heavy metal guitarists American heavy metal singers American male singer-songwriters American rock songwriters Living people Singer-songwriters from Washington (state) Musicians from Spokane, Washington Rhythm guitarists Roadrunner Records artists Singers with a four-octave vocal range American tenors Guitarists from Washington (state) 20th-century American guitarists American male guitarists" ]

[ "Myles Kennedy", "Work with Slash: 2009-present", "When did Kennedy start working with Slash", "In late 2009,", "What project were they working on together", "it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album.", "What was the name of the album", "self-titled debut solo album.", "Was the album a hit", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "On February 3, 2010, Slash announced that Kennedy would be the lead vocalist for his band on tour.", "Where did they go on tour", "I don't know." ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Myles Richard Bass (born November 27, 1969), known professionally as Myles Kennedy, is an American musician, singer, and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist of the rock band Alter Bridge, and as the lead vocalist in guitarist Slash's backing band, known as Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators. A former guitar instructor from Spokane, Washington, he has worked as a session musician and songwriter, making both studio and live appearances with several artists, and has been involved with several projects throughout his career.", "A former guitar instructor from Spokane, Washington, he has worked as a session musician and songwriter, making both studio and live appearances with several artists, and has been involved with several projects throughout his career. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Northern Idaho and Spokane, Kennedy attended Spokane Falls Community College to study music theory.", "Born in Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Northern Idaho and Spokane, Kennedy attended Spokane Falls Community College to study music theory. He began his music career in 1990 as the lead guitarist of the instrumental jazz ensemble Cosmic Dust, with which he released one studio album.", "He began his music career in 1990 as the lead guitarist of the instrumental jazz ensemble Cosmic Dust, with which he released one studio album. His second band, Citizen Swing, released two studio albums before disbanding in 1996.", "His second band, Citizen Swing, released two studio albums before disbanding in 1996. With fellow Citizen Swing member Craig Johnson, Kennedy founded the rock band The Mayfield Four, for which he provided lead vocals and guitar. The band released two studio albums and broke up in 2002.", "The band released two studio albums and broke up in 2002. After declining an offer to audition as the lead vocalist of Velvet Revolver, he was asked to join Alter Bridge by Mark Tremonti in late 2003, formally joining in 2004, and he has been with the band ever since.", "After declining an offer to audition as the lead vocalist of Velvet Revolver, he was asked to join Alter Bridge by Mark Tremonti in late 2003, formally joining in 2004, and he has been with the band ever since. He has released six studio albums with Alter Bridge.", "He has released six studio albums with Alter Bridge. While Alter Bridge was on tour in 2008, Kennedy and former members of Led Zeppelin met and improvised as a group in an informal jam session, but the band never fully materialized.", "While Alter Bridge was on tour in 2008, Kennedy and former members of Led Zeppelin met and improvised as a group in an informal jam session, but the band never fully materialized. He then started working with Slash, featuring on the guitarist's 2010 eponymous solo album on two tracks and later serving as Slash's vocalist on tour.", "He then started working with Slash, featuring on the guitarist's 2010 eponymous solo album on two tracks and later serving as Slash's vocalist on tour. In 2012, Kennedy filled in with short notice for Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose when Rose refused to show up for the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony.", "In 2012, Kennedy filled in with short notice for Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose when Rose refused to show up for the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony. With Slash, Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators have recorded three studio albums.", "With Slash, Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators have recorded three studio albums. Kennedy's debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released in March 2018 and his second solo album The Ides of March was released on May 14, 2021.", "Kennedy's debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released in March 2018 and his second solo album The Ides of March was released on May 14, 2021. Early life Kennedy was born as Myles Richard Bass on November 27, 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, and subsequently lived in Northern Idaho.", "Early life Kennedy was born as Myles Richard Bass on November 27, 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, and subsequently lived in Northern Idaho. As a child, he moved to Spokane, Washington, where he grew up in a Christian Science family on a farm.", "As a child, he moved to Spokane, Washington, where he grew up in a Christian Science family on a farm. His father, Richard Bass, died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently went on to marry a Methodist minister, and the family took the surname Kennedy.", "His father, Richard Bass, died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently went on to marry a Methodist minister, and the family took the surname Kennedy. Before Kennedy attended Mead High School (which he attended with football player Jason Hanson and Everclear bassist Craig Montoya), he found musical inspiration from Led Zeppelin, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and John Sykes' Blue Murder band.", "Before Kennedy attended Mead High School (which he attended with football player Jason Hanson and Everclear bassist Craig Montoya), he found musical inspiration from Led Zeppelin, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and John Sykes' Blue Murder band. Kennedy began playing trumpet at the age of ten and was in a teen air guitar band with then best friends Michael Murphy, Mark Terzenbach and Bruce Kidd at 13.", "Kennedy began playing trumpet at the age of ten and was in a teen air guitar band with then best friends Michael Murphy, Mark Terzenbach and Bruce Kidd at 13. He later traded for a real guitar copying the playing style of Jimmy Page.", "He later traded for a real guitar copying the playing style of Jimmy Page. He found his singing voice by listening to his parents' Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder records, and also states that he was influenced by Robert Plant. He played guitar in the school's jazz band and trumpet in the school's marching band.", "He played guitar in the school's jazz band and trumpet in the school's marching band. He also spent some time playing in a local heavy metal band called Bittersweet with some of his friends Zia Uddin on drums, Jason Stewart as lead vocal, Mark Terzenbach (and later, Chris Steffens) on bass and Myles on lead guitar.", "He also spent some time playing in a local heavy metal band called Bittersweet with some of his friends Zia Uddin on drums, Jason Stewart as lead vocal, Mark Terzenbach (and later, Chris Steffens) on bass and Myles on lead guitar. After graduating in 1988, he enrolled in Spokane Falls Community College to study music.", "After graduating in 1988, he enrolled in Spokane Falls Community College to study music. Career Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing: 1990–1995 Upon graduating from high school in 1988, Kennedy enrolled in a Commercial Music/Jazz Studies program at Spokane Falls Community College.", "Career Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing: 1990–1995 Upon graduating from high school in 1988, Kennedy enrolled in a Commercial Music/Jazz Studies program at Spokane Falls Community College. Using the skills he learned from this course, in 1990 he began playing guitar for a jazz group called the Cosmic Dust Fusion Band, which was formed by keyboardist Jim Templeton in 1990.", "Using the skills he learned from this course, in 1990 he began playing guitar for a jazz group called the Cosmic Dust Fusion Band, which was formed by keyboardist Jim Templeton in 1990. Kennedy's guitar work with Cosmic Dust was advanced; using his knowledge of jazz theory in conjunction with his advanced technical abilities, interweaving difficult techniques such as chord changes on impulse and precise shredding with rock music, he became a well-respected guitarist among local musicians.", "Kennedy's guitar work with Cosmic Dust was advanced; using his knowledge of jazz theory in conjunction with his advanced technical abilities, interweaving difficult techniques such as chord changes on impulse and precise shredding with rock music, he became a well-respected guitarist among local musicians. Cosmic Dust's first album, Journey, was released in 1991.", "Cosmic Dust's first album, Journey, was released in 1991. The album was well received by critics. In 1993, the song \"Spiritus\" was awarded the Washington State Artist Trust Grant for $5,000.", "In 1993, the song \"Spiritus\" was awarded the Washington State Artist Trust Grant for $5,000. After the release of Journey, Kennedy left Cosmic Dust to begin working on a new band that would become Citizen Swing, for which Kennedy provided both lead vocals and lead guitar.", "After the release of Journey, Kennedy left Cosmic Dust to begin working on a new band that would become Citizen Swing, for which Kennedy provided both lead vocals and lead guitar. They were described as \"a band that combined the sounds of funk, soul, R&B, blues and alternative into a unique and cohesive sound\" and as \" meets Stevie Wonder and then some.\"", "They were described as \"a band that combined the sounds of funk, soul, R&B, blues and alternative into a unique and cohesive sound\" and as \" meets Stevie Wonder and then some.\" They released their first album, Cure Me with the Groove, in 1993.", "They released their first album, Cure Me with the Groove, in 1993. This album featured Kennedy (who helped produce the album), rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, bassist Dave Turner (also of Cosmic Dust), drummer/percussionist Mike Tschirgi, and trumpeter Geoff Miller.", "This album featured Kennedy (who helped produce the album), rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, bassist Dave Turner (also of Cosmic Dust), drummer/percussionist Mike Tschirgi, and trumpeter Geoff Miller. Citizen Swing's second and final album was called Deep Down and was released in 1995. The band disbanded the same year.", "The band disbanded the same year. All the music and lyrics on that album were written by Kennedy. Journey, Cure Me with the Groove, and Deep Down are rare albums and are sought after by fans. The Mayfield Four: 1995–2002 In 1995, Kennedy started teaching guitar in a store called Rock City Music.", "The Mayfield Four: 1995–2002 In 1995, Kennedy started teaching guitar in a store called Rock City Music. By August 1996, he became the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of The Mayfield Four, a rock band he formed with his childhood friends Zia Uddin, Marty Meisner, and Craig Johnson (also of Citizen Swing).", "By August 1996, he became the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of The Mayfield Four, a rock band he formed with his childhood friends Zia Uddin, Marty Meisner, and Craig Johnson (also of Citizen Swing). They signed a contract with Epic Records thanks to a critically acclaimed demo called Thirty Two Point Five Hours that the band recorded in 1996, followed by a live extended play called Motion in 1997.", "They signed a contract with Epic Records thanks to a critically acclaimed demo called Thirty Two Point Five Hours that the band recorded in 1996, followed by a live extended play called Motion in 1997. The Mayfield Four's debut album, Fallout, was supported with a fifteen-month tour with bands such as Creed, Big Wreck, and Stabbing Westward.", "The Mayfield Four's debut album, Fallout, was supported with a fifteen-month tour with bands such as Creed, Big Wreck, and Stabbing Westward. The album was praised by critics, but it failed to chart, and ultimately became the only album by the band to feature rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, who was fired from the band due to undisclosed reasons.", "The album was praised by critics, but it failed to chart, and ultimately became the only album by the band to feature rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, who was fired from the band due to undisclosed reasons. Following the Fallout tour, Kennedy made an appearance in the 2001 drama film Rock Star starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston.", "Following the Fallout tour, Kennedy made an appearance in the 2001 drama film Rock Star starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston. He said that he got a call from his manager telling him that the filmmakers needed someone who could sing high and that his name was suggested.", "He said that he got a call from his manager telling him that the filmmakers needed someone who could sing high and that his name was suggested. On the set of the film, he met Wahlberg along with Zakk Wylde and Jason Bonham, who also appeared in the movie alongside several other notable musicians.", "On the set of the film, he met Wahlberg along with Zakk Wylde and Jason Bonham, who also appeared in the movie alongside several other notable musicians. Kennedy was the only actor in the movie whose actual singing voice was used.", "Kennedy was the only actor in the movie whose actual singing voice was used. In the movie, directly paralleling a scene at the beginning of the film, Kennedy's character (Mike, also known as \"Thor\") is noticed by Wahlberg's character, Chris \"Izzy\" Cole, the lead singer of Thor's favorite band, Steel Dragon.", "In the movie, directly paralleling a scene at the beginning of the film, Kennedy's character (Mike, also known as \"Thor\") is noticed by Wahlberg's character, Chris \"Izzy\" Cole, the lead singer of Thor's favorite band, Steel Dragon. Izzy pulls Thor onstage and sings the rest of the song with him, eventually telling him to finish the rest of the band's concert.", "Izzy pulls Thor onstage and sings the rest of the song with him, eventually telling him to finish the rest of the band's concert. The film was met with mostly mixed reviews, garnering a 52% \"Rotten\" score on Rotten Tomatoes.", "The film was met with mostly mixed reviews, garnering a 52% \"Rotten\" score on Rotten Tomatoes. The Mayfield Four's second and final album, Second Skin, was released in June 2001. Kennedy has since said that it is one of the most personal records he has made.", "Kennedy has since said that it is one of the most personal records he has made. The album has been critically acclaimed and Kennedy has commented on how it and Fallout are much more popular now than when they were released. Though popular, The Mayfield Four never garnered enough exposure to break into the mainstream.", "Though popular, The Mayfield Four never garnered enough exposure to break into the mainstream. In 2002, the future of the band began to look unlikely, and Kennedy began recording new music, which he described as \"Daniel Lanois meets Massive Attack.\" The band went on hiatus that year, and would ultimately disband.", "The band went on hiatus that year, and would ultimately disband. In an interview with Pulse Weekly in 2004, Kennedy said that it was because he was \"burned out with the whole rock industry at that point.\"", "In an interview with Pulse Weekly in 2004, Kennedy said that it was because he was \"burned out with the whole rock industry at that point.\" However, three previously unreleased songs appeared on a fan-run Myspace page dedicated to and approved by The Mayfield Four in early 2010, causing rumors of a possible reunion to begin circulating.", "However, three previously unreleased songs appeared on a fan-run Myspace page dedicated to and approved by The Mayfield Four in early 2010, causing rumors of a possible reunion to begin circulating. However, when asked about this during an interview, Kennedy replied that he does not see it happening.", "However, when asked about this during an interview, Kennedy replied that he does not see it happening. Velvet Revolver audition offer: 2002 After The Mayfield Four's unforeseen breakup, and due to a hearing disorder called tinnitus that he developed because of listening to music that he was recording at earsplitting volumes, Kennedy fell into depression in 2002.", "Velvet Revolver audition offer: 2002 After The Mayfield Four's unforeseen breakup, and due to a hearing disorder called tinnitus that he developed because of listening to music that he was recording at earsplitting volumes, Kennedy fell into depression in 2002. He said about music, \"I can't do it any more.", "He said about music, \"I can't do it any more. My ears won't let me.\" He said that he had grown \"disillusioned with music and the music business,\" so he took a hiatus from playing music and went back to teaching guitar.", "He said that he had grown \"disillusioned with music and the music business,\" so he took a hiatus from playing music and went back to teaching guitar. However, in 2002, he was contacted by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, who was looking for a vocalist for a band he was forming, but Kennedy declined the offer.", "However, in 2002, he was contacted by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, who was looking for a vocalist for a band he was forming, but Kennedy declined the offer. Other sources state that Kennedy had sent in a demo tape but still ultimately declined an invitation to audition after being approached by Matt Sorum.", "Other sources state that Kennedy had sent in a demo tape but still ultimately declined an invitation to audition after being approached by Matt Sorum. Kennedy recalls, \"They had reached out to me in 2002 when they were just getting together.", "Kennedy recalls, \"They had reached out to me in 2002 when they were just getting together. They had sent me a demo tape, and I kind of sat on it for a month, and I didn't really follow up on it.\"", "They had sent me a demo tape, and I kind of sat on it for a month, and I didn't really follow up on it.\" Alter Bridge: 2003–present Kennedy is best known as the lead vocalist and one of the two lead guitarists in the band, alongside Mark Tremonti, of the American hard rock band Alter Bridge.", "Alter Bridge: 2003–present Kennedy is best known as the lead vocalist and one of the two lead guitarists in the band, alongside Mark Tremonti, of the American hard rock band Alter Bridge. The band's origins lie in late 2003 when Kennedy was contacted by former Creed guitarist Mark Tremonti, who was interested in having Kennedy lay down vocal tracks for some songs he had recently written.", "The band's origins lie in late 2003 when Kennedy was contacted by former Creed guitarist Mark Tremonti, who was interested in having Kennedy lay down vocal tracks for some songs he had recently written. Tremonti and drummer Scott Phillips had reunited with former bassist Brian Marshall who had left Creed in 2000 to form a new band.", "Tremonti and drummer Scott Phillips had reunited with former bassist Brian Marshall who had left Creed in 2000 to form a new band. Alter Bridge, taking its name from an actual bridge that used to be located near Tremonti's home in Detroit, was officially formed in January 2004.", "Alter Bridge, taking its name from an actual bridge that used to be located near Tremonti's home in Detroit, was officially formed in January 2004. Coinciding with the official announcement of Alter Bridge's formation was an announcement regarding their debut album, One Day Remains, along with the release of that album's lead single, \"Open Your Eyes.\"", "Coinciding with the official announcement of Alter Bridge's formation was an announcement regarding their debut album, One Day Remains, along with the release of that album's lead single, \"Open Your Eyes.\" One Day Remains was released in 2004 on Wind-up Records.", "One Day Remains was released in 2004 on Wind-up Records. It received generally mixed to negative reviews and was certified Gold by the RIAA. Two other singles, \"Find the Real\" and \"Broken Wings\" were released.", "Two other singles, \"Find the Real\" and \"Broken Wings\" were released. One Day Remains was the only album by a band with Kennedy as an official member that does not feature his guitar playing, before his 2014 album \"World On Fire\" as a part of Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators.", "One Day Remains was the only album by a band with Kennedy as an official member that does not feature his guitar playing, before his 2014 album \"World On Fire\" as a part of Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators. Following a successful tour in support of the album, Alter Bridge announced plans for a second release.", "Following a successful tour in support of the album, Alter Bridge announced plans for a second release. The album, Blackbird, was released in 2007 on Universal Republic to mostly positive reviews. Unlike One Day Remains, which was largely written by Tremonti, Blackbird featured Kennedy's guitar playing as well as more of his songwriting contributions.", "Unlike One Day Remains, which was largely written by Tremonti, Blackbird featured Kennedy's guitar playing as well as more of his songwriting contributions. Alter Bridge toured in support of Blackbird throughout 2007 and 2008, recording a concert film titled Live from Amsterdam and releasing it in 2009 via Amazon.com.", "Alter Bridge toured in support of Blackbird throughout 2007 and 2008, recording a concert film titled Live from Amsterdam and releasing it in 2009 via Amazon.com. It would later be released in stores in early 2011 after several delays.", "It would later be released in stores in early 2011 after several delays. Alter Bridge took a temporary break in early 2009 with its members working on other projects, but the band continued writing music throughout the year.", "Alter Bridge took a temporary break in early 2009 with its members working on other projects, but the band continued writing music throughout the year. The band regrouped later that year to begin work on their third album, AB III, which was released in 2010 on Roadrunner Records worldwide, except for North America where the album was self-released on Alter Bridge Recordings via EMI.", "The band regrouped later that year to begin work on their third album, AB III, which was released in 2010 on Roadrunner Records worldwide, except for North America where the album was self-released on Alter Bridge Recordings via EMI. For the album, Kennedy chose to write lyrics based on his own personal experiences with faith and believing.", "For the album, Kennedy chose to write lyrics based on his own personal experiences with faith and believing. As such, it is lyrically the band's darkest album, with Kennedy calling it the most personal album he had made since The Mayfield Four's Second Skin. AB III has received critical acclaim.", "AB III has received critical acclaim. A second concert film, Live at Wembley, was released on March 26, 2012. The band reunited in late 2012 and recorded from April to July 2013 their fourth album titled Fortress, which was released on September 30, 2013.", "The band reunited in late 2012 and recorded from April to July 2013 their fourth album titled Fortress, which was released on September 30, 2013. The band reconvened in January 2016 and, through that July, recorded their fifth album The Last Hero, which was released on October 7, 2016.", "The band reconvened in January 2016 and, through that July, recorded their fifth album The Last Hero, which was released on October 7, 2016. Walk the Sky was released on October 18, 2019.", "Walk the Sky was released on October 18, 2019. Having joined Alter Bridge primarily as lead vocalist, Kennedy began to play rhythm guitar during live performances following the release of One Day Remains.", "Having joined Alter Bridge primarily as lead vocalist, Kennedy began to play rhythm guitar during live performances following the release of One Day Remains. He has since played rhythm guitar on the band's subsequent studio releases, and also played lead tracks on a number of songs and during live performances.", "He has since played rhythm guitar on the band's subsequent studio releases, and also played lead tracks on a number of songs and during live performances. Solo career and collaborations Work with Led Zeppelin members: 2008–2009 Kennedy received a great amount of press coverage in late 2008, owing to a rumour that he was to join Led Zeppelin.", "Solo career and collaborations Work with Led Zeppelin members: 2008–2009 Kennedy received a great amount of press coverage in late 2008, owing to a rumour that he was to join Led Zeppelin. After Zeppelin's one-off reunion in 2007, guitarist Jimmy Page and bassist John Paul Jones reportedly felt the band \"still had something to offer.\"", "After Zeppelin's one-off reunion in 2007, guitarist Jimmy Page and bassist John Paul Jones reportedly felt the band \"still had something to offer.\" As reported by BBC News, Page and Jones were in the studio with Jason Bonham writing and recording material that was reportedly to be used for a new Zeppelin album.", "As reported by BBC News, Page and Jones were in the studio with Jason Bonham writing and recording material that was reportedly to be used for a new Zeppelin album. According to Bonham, singer Robert Plant was not involved.", "According to Bonham, singer Robert Plant was not involved. Page, Jones, and Bonham auditioned singers, fuelling rumours when they were reported to have attended an Alter Bridge concert. Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider said that they were offering Kennedy the job to persuade Plant to reconsider.", "Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider said that they were offering Kennedy the job to persuade Plant to reconsider. Alter Bridge guitarist Mark Tremonti said Kennedy \"deserves\" to play with Zeppelin. Kennedy remained mostly silent about the rumours until January 2009. \"I am not singing in Led Zeppelin or any offshoot of Led Zeppelin,\" he said.", "\"I am not singing in Led Zeppelin or any offshoot of Led Zeppelin,\" he said. \"I did have a great opportunity and it was something that I'm very grateful for. But Alter Bridge will go on, and that's that.\"", "But Alter Bridge will go on, and that's that.\" He later confirmed, however, that he had written and rehearsed with Page, Jones and Bonham. He also said that it was Bonham who \"got the ball rolling\", since the two had met on the set of the 2001 film Rock Star.", "He also said that it was Bonham who \"got the ball rolling\", since the two had met on the set of the 2001 film Rock Star. \"Working with them felt surreal,\" he recalled a decade later.", "\"Working with them felt surreal,\" he recalled a decade later. \"Jimmy played the Les Paul, and just being in the room with that guitar would have been enough for me. But standing next to him as he's playing those iconic riffs, the hairs on the back of my neck are standing up.", "But standing next to him as he's playing those iconic riffs, the hairs on the back of my neck are standing up. We played 'No Quarter', 'Kashmir'… We did 'Carouselambra', which was a really challenging arrangement. A lot of wonderful moments.\"", "A lot of wonderful moments.\" It is unconfirmed if the songs he wrote with Page, Jones, and Bonham will ever be released. Kennedy maintains that the band, had it materialised, would not have been called Led Zeppelin.", "Kennedy maintains that the band, had it materialised, would not have been called Led Zeppelin. Solo career: 2009–2010; 2017–present Kennedy has performed two solo benefit concerts: one hosted by Paul Reed Smith and PRS Guitars to benefit cancer patients, and another to benefit abused children.", "Solo career: 2009–2010; 2017–present Kennedy has performed two solo benefit concerts: one hosted by Paul Reed Smith and PRS Guitars to benefit cancer patients, and another to benefit abused children. The latter was called Bofest 2009 and was headlined by Kennedy on October 17, 2009. In early 2009, Kennedy announced a solo side project.", "In early 2009, Kennedy announced a solo side project. He described the material as \"dreamy\" and \"[not] aggressive\", saving those songs for Alter Bridge. He also said, \"It's more singer/songwriter based. I will say it's going to be interesting.\"", "I will say it's going to be interesting.\" He later posted on his Myspace page that he is working with some \"great people\" and that he has details coming at a future date.", "He later posted on his Myspace page that he is working with some \"great people\" and that he has details coming at a future date. Slash announced via Facebook on February 1, 2010 that he would be appearing on Kennedy's solo record, and Kennedy confirmed this via Myspace.", "Slash announced via Facebook on February 1, 2010 that he would be appearing on Kennedy's solo record, and Kennedy confirmed this via Myspace. Kennedy had originally hoped that his album would be released in early 2010, digitally first and then on CD, but he has since put its release on hold.", "Kennedy had originally hoped that his album would be released in early 2010, digitally first and then on CD, but he has since put its release on hold. However, he recently said that he is still too busy to release the album as he stated that he would like to tour to promote it, but he wanted to release it on December 21, 2012, as a joke, although a firm release date has not yet been announced.", "However, he recently said that he is still too busy to release the album as he stated that he would like to tour to promote it, but he wanted to release it on December 21, 2012, as a joke, although a firm release date has not yet been announced. When asked if the record would be a departure from his previous work, he replied that it is different and again referred to the singer-songwriter approach that would be featured on it and that it would not be a hard rock album.", "When asked if the record would be a departure from his previous work, he replied that it is different and again referred to the singer-songwriter approach that would be featured on it and that it would not be a hard rock album. He also said that \"it was maybe the most difficult thing I've ever done in the sense that I didn't have a band.\"", "He also said that \"it was maybe the most difficult thing I've ever done in the sense that I didn't have a band.\" He also said that the music is very intimate and that it features piano as well.", "He also said that the music is very intimate and that it features piano as well. In an interview with Guitarist UK magazine, he said that some of the songs will feature jazz, blues, and R&B influences, while others still \"get quite atmospheric and ethereal,\" comparing the sound to Daniel Lanois and Massive Attack, while assuring fans that the rock style will still be present.", "In an interview with Guitarist UK magazine, he said that some of the songs will feature jazz, blues, and R&B influences, while others still \"get quite atmospheric and ethereal,\" comparing the sound to Daniel Lanois and Massive Attack, while assuring fans that the rock style will still be present. In the same Guitarist interview, he confirmed the titles of three songs that will appear on his record: \"The Light of Day\", \"Complicated Man\", and \"The Bar Fly\".", "In the same Guitarist interview, he confirmed the titles of three songs that will appear on his record: \"The Light of Day\", \"Complicated Man\", and \"The Bar Fly\". Most recently, he confirmed that another song will be titled \"Love Rain Down\".", "Most recently, he confirmed that another song will be titled \"Love Rain Down\". He said in an interview with CraveOnline that \"Love Rain Down\" differs from anything else he has ever written. In 2017, he said he shelved the songs he had written and started over.", "In 2017, he said he shelved the songs he had written and started over. His debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released on March 9, 2018. Kennedy's second solo album, The Ides of March, was released on May 14, 2021.", "Kennedy's second solo album, The Ides of March, was released on May 14, 2021. Work with Slash: 2009–present Kennedy has become very well known for his collaborations with Guns N' Roses lead guitarist Slash. In late 2009, it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album.", "In late 2009, it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album. Slash later confirmed that Kennedy was chosen to sing and co-write the final song, \"Starlight\", on his album.", "Slash later confirmed that Kennedy was chosen to sing and co-write the final song, \"Starlight\", on his album. Other musicians who appeared on the album include Ozzy Osbourne, Adam Levine of Maroon 5, Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters, Kid Rock, and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden.", "Other musicians who appeared on the album include Ozzy Osbourne, Adam Levine of Maroon 5, Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters, Kid Rock, and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden. Then, according to MusicRadar, Slash asked Kennedy to co-write and sing another song, \"Back from Cali\", which was added to the album at the last minute, making him the only musician to appear on more than one song on the album's standard track listing.", "Then, according to MusicRadar, Slash asked Kennedy to co-write and sing another song, \"Back from Cali\", which was added to the album at the last minute, making him the only musician to appear on more than one song on the album's standard track listing. The album was released in April 2010.", "The album was released in April 2010. On February 3, 2010, Slash announced that Kennedy would be the lead vocalist for his band on tour. On tour, Kennedy performed a number of songs found throughout Slash's catalog. Slash and Kennedy were also the supporting act on Ozzy Osbourne's tour in 2010.", "Slash and Kennedy were also the supporting act on Ozzy Osbourne's tour in 2010. The other members of Slash's band are rhythm guitarist Bobby Schneck (replaced as of the Apocalyptic Love tour with Frank Sidoris), bassist Todd Kerns (formerly of Age of Electric), and drummer Brent Fitz (formerly of Theory of a Deadman).", "The other members of Slash's band are rhythm guitarist Bobby Schneck (replaced as of the Apocalyptic Love tour with Frank Sidoris), bassist Todd Kerns (formerly of Age of Electric), and drummer Brent Fitz (formerly of Theory of a Deadman). In late 2010, Kennedy and Slash appeared on That Metal Show, a talk show on VH1 Classic.", "In late 2010, Kennedy and Slash appeared on That Metal Show, a talk show on VH1 Classic. On November 14, 2011, Slash released a concert film and live album titled Made in Stoke 24/7/11 featuring Kennedy and the rest of his band. Slash's second solo album featured Myles Kennedy, this time as the sole vocalist.", "Slash's second solo album featured Myles Kennedy, this time as the sole vocalist. It was also announced that band mates Bobby Schneck, Todd Kerns, and Brent Fitz, along with Slash, would complete the lineup for the album.", "It was also announced that band mates Bobby Schneck, Todd Kerns, and Brent Fitz, along with Slash, would complete the lineup for the album. In an interview with MusicRadar, Slash confirmed that it would be less of an actual solo album and more of a collaboration album with Kennedy, and that he was not sure if the album will be billed to Slash or a new name entirely.", "In an interview with MusicRadar, Slash confirmed that it would be less of an actual solo album and more of a collaboration album with Kennedy, and that he was not sure if the album will be billed to Slash or a new name entirely. As of December 2011, three songs had been recorded: \"Halo\", \"Standing in the Sun\", and \"Bad Rain\".", "As of December 2011, three songs had been recorded: \"Halo\", \"Standing in the Sun\", and \"Bad Rain\". Slash has described the music as \"very heavy\". The album was released on May 22, 2012. A behind-the-scenes video was also released with this announcement.", "A behind-the-scenes video was also released with this announcement. Titled Apocalyptic Love, the album will be billed to Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators, featuring Kennedy, Kerns, and Fitz as members of Slash's band. The band performed the album in its entirety on April 11, 2012, at the Revolver Golden God Awards.", "The band performed the album in its entirety on April 11, 2012, at the Revolver Golden God Awards. The first single, \"You're a Lie\", was released to rock radio on February 27, 2012; a 30-second preview of the song was released online.", "The first single, \"You're a Lie\", was released to rock radio on February 27, 2012; a 30-second preview of the song was released online. Kennedy has reportedly said that some of the lyrics on the album are about his earlier experiences with drugs.", "Kennedy has reportedly said that some of the lyrics on the album are about his earlier experiences with drugs. On April 14, 2012, Kennedy performed three Guns N' Roses songs with five former members of Guns N' Roses during their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction in Axl Rose's absence.", "On April 14, 2012, Kennedy performed three Guns N' Roses songs with five former members of Guns N' Roses during their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction in Axl Rose's absence. In 2013, he also toured with Kings of Chaos, along with Slash and other ex-Guns N' Roses members.", "In 2013, he also toured with Kings of Chaos, along with Slash and other ex-Guns N' Roses members. The band's second collective album World on Fire, produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 16, 2014.", "The band's second collective album World on Fire, produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 16, 2014. The band's third album Living the Dream, again produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 21, 2018.", "The band's third album Living the Dream, again produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 21, 2018. The fourth record, titled 4 and produced by Dave Cobb, was released on February 11, 2022.", "The fourth record, titled 4 and produced by Dave Cobb, was released on February 11, 2022. Other session work: 2001–present Kennedy is further well known for his work as a session musician and songwriter, having collaborated with several artists.", "Other session work: 2001–present Kennedy is further well known for his work as a session musician and songwriter, having collaborated with several artists. In 2001, he appeared on the album Striped Suit: Lo-Fi by the jazz-rock band Mulligan, playing guitar solos on the songs \"Faron\" and \"Make It Three\".", "In 2001, he appeared on the album Striped Suit: Lo-Fi by the jazz-rock band Mulligan, playing guitar solos on the songs \"Faron\" and \"Make It Three\". In that same year, he provided backing vocals to the song \"Breakthrough\" by Big Wreck from The Pleasure and the Greed.", "In that same year, he provided backing vocals to the song \"Breakthrough\" by Big Wreck from The Pleasure and the Greed. He also worked with the Spokane based nu-metal band Five Foot Thick on their 2003 album Blood Puddle, providing backing vocals to the song \"Ducked Out\".", "He also worked with the Spokane based nu-metal band Five Foot Thick on their 2003 album Blood Puddle, providing backing vocals to the song \"Ducked Out\". In 2005, he sang the chorus of \"Nameless Faceless\" by Fozzy with Fozzy frontman Chris Jericho from their album All That Remains.", "In 2005, he sang the chorus of \"Nameless Faceless\" by Fozzy with Fozzy frontman Chris Jericho from their album All That Remains. In 2008, he sang a duet with Sevendust lead vocalist Lajon Witherspoon on Sevendust's song \"Sorrow\" from Chapter VII: Hope & Sorrow.", "In 2008, he sang a duet with Sevendust lead vocalist Lajon Witherspoon on Sevendust's song \"Sorrow\" from Chapter VII: Hope & Sorrow. Also in 2008, Kennedy made a guest appearance on Mark Tremonti's guitar instructional DVD The Sound & the Story, to which Kennedy provided an in-depth lesson on how to play his guitar solo on the Alter Bridge song \"Blackbird\".", "Also in 2008, Kennedy made a guest appearance on Mark Tremonti's guitar instructional DVD The Sound & the Story, to which Kennedy provided an in-depth lesson on how to play his guitar solo on the Alter Bridge song \"Blackbird\". In 2009, he appeared on Slash's self-titled album, co-writing and singing lead vocals on the songs \"Back from Cali\" and \"Starlight\".", "In 2009, he appeared on Slash's self-titled album, co-writing and singing lead vocals on the songs \"Back from Cali\" and \"Starlight\". In addition, he has made live appearances with Sevendust and Gov't Mule. In 2011 it was announced that he will appear on a planned tribute album to Tommy Bolin.", "In 2011 it was announced that he will appear on a planned tribute album to Tommy Bolin. Further details were announced in January 2012 that the album would be called Great Gypsy Soul. It was released on March 27, 2012, on 429 Records, and Kennedy appeared on a song called \"Dreamer\" with Nels Cline of Wilco.", "It was released on March 27, 2012, on 429 Records, and Kennedy appeared on a song called \"Dreamer\" with Nels Cline of Wilco. Other contributors include Steve Lukather, Joe Bonamassa, Peter Frampton, and Glenn Hughes.", "Other contributors include Steve Lukather, Joe Bonamassa, Peter Frampton, and Glenn Hughes. In 2016, he collaborated with rapper Darryl McDaniels and Disturbed bassist John Moyer on the song \"Flames\". Also in 2016, he sang on \"Black & White\" on the Richards/Crane debut album, World Stands Still.", "Also in 2016, he sang on \"Black & White\" on the Richards/Crane debut album, World Stands Still. Artistry and influences Kennedy is influenced by a wide range of artists of several genres.", "Artistry and influences Kennedy is influenced by a wide range of artists of several genres. His earliest influence was Led Zeppelin, although he drew his singing influences from jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and soul artists when he discovered Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye albums in his parents' record collection.", "His earliest influence was Led Zeppelin, although he drew his singing influences from jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and soul artists when he discovered Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye albums in his parents' record collection. He said that he owned Stevie Wonder's 1982 compilation album Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I, which was one of his earliest inspirations as a singer.", "He said that he owned Stevie Wonder's 1982 compilation album Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I, which was one of his earliest inspirations as a singer. From there, he discovered Songs in the Key of Life, which he has since stated is one of his favorite albums, and today cites Stevie Wonder as a major influence on his singing.", "From there, he discovered Songs in the Key of Life, which he has since stated is one of his favorite albums, and today cites Stevie Wonder as a major influence on his singing. He has also cited other jazz players and soul singers John Coltrane, Al Green, Mike Stern, Miles Davis, Otis Redding, Frank Gambale, Pat Metheny, Lyle Mays, and Curtis Mayfield as early influences.", "He has also cited other jazz players and soul singers John Coltrane, Al Green, Mike Stern, Miles Davis, Otis Redding, Frank Gambale, Pat Metheny, Lyle Mays, and Curtis Mayfield as early influences. He also loves blues music. Additional influences include Guns N' Roses, U2, AC/DC, Mastodon, and Radiohead.", "Additional influences include Guns N' Roses, U2, AC/DC, Mastodon, and Radiohead. Singing style Kennedy's favorite singers include Jeff Buckley, Robert Plant, Bon Scott, Chris Whitley, and k.d. lang. He has stated on several occasions that Jeff Buckley was, and is, a major influence on him as a singer.", "He has stated on several occasions that Jeff Buckley was, and is, a major influence on him as a singer. When asked to describe his vocal style, he said, \"I wanted to fuse together my favorite elements of rock and soul singers into something I could call my own.", "When asked to describe his vocal style, he said, \"I wanted to fuse together my favorite elements of rock and soul singers into something I could call my own. The inflections of Stevie Wonder with the soaring qualities of someone like Buckley.\"", "The inflections of Stevie Wonder with the soaring qualities of someone like Buckley.\" He states that Buckley's \"emotional intensity\" was one of the most inspirational things for him when it came to singing, and that it made him accept and embrace the fact that he is a tenor.", "He states that Buckley's \"emotional intensity\" was one of the most inspirational things for him when it came to singing, and that it made him accept and embrace the fact that he is a tenor. He often performs Buckley's famous cover of \"Hallelujah\" (originally by Leonard Cohen) during acoustic performances.", "He often performs Buckley's famous cover of \"Hallelujah\" (originally by Leonard Cohen) during acoustic performances. At one point, he received lessons from Ron Anderson, a bel canto vocal coach who has worked with a wide range of singers, including Axl Rose, Shania Twain, Enrique Iglesias, Chris Cornell, Ozzy Osbourne, Eddie Vedder, Kelly Clarkson, and several others.", "At one point, he received lessons from Ron Anderson, a bel canto vocal coach who has worked with a wide range of singers, including Axl Rose, Shania Twain, Enrique Iglesias, Chris Cornell, Ozzy Osbourne, Eddie Vedder, Kelly Clarkson, and several others. When asked about his number one secret when it came to singing, Kennedy replied, \"Dig deep into your soul and sing as if your life depends on it.", "When asked about his number one secret when it came to singing, Kennedy replied, \"Dig deep into your soul and sing as if your life depends on it. Leave your mark. People react to emotion more than technique.\" Kennedy, who possesses a four-octave vocal range, has been praised for his ability as a singer.", "Kennedy, who possesses a four-octave vocal range, has been praised for his ability as a singer. Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash, whose touring band consists of Kennedy, has called him \"fucking amazing\", calling his style \"surreal\".", "Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash, whose touring band consists of Kennedy, has called him \"fucking amazing\", calling his style \"surreal\". About Kennedy's ability to recreate Guns N' Roses songs on tour, Slash said, \"Myles is fucking amazing. It's very surreal how he handles the stuff he sings.", "It's very surreal how he handles the stuff he sings. I'm doing GN'R songs I've never done solo before, and Myles manages to own them without changing the style or trajectory of the song. Which is a fantastic fucking ability.\" Kennedy is often compared to Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell.", "Kennedy is often compared to Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell. Guitar playing Kennedy, a former guitar instructor, is also recognized as an accomplished guitarist. He began learning how to play the guitar by listening to Led Zeppelin records and mimicking Jimmy Page's guitar parts.", "He began learning how to play the guitar by listening to Led Zeppelin records and mimicking Jimmy Page's guitar parts. He said in an interview, \"I started off strictly as a lead guitar player.", "He said in an interview, \"I started off strictly as a lead guitar player. When I first started playing 25 years ago, that was all I’d do is sit in my room and learn solos.\"", "When I first started playing 25 years ago, that was all I’d do is sit in my room and learn solos.\" He also recalled being inspired by Eddie Van Halen: \"When I was in my early teens, I heard 'Eruption' one day and was like, 'That is the most incredible thing I’ve ever heard,' and I begged my mother to give me an advance on my allowance for the next month and go buy that record.\"", "He also recalled being inspired by Eddie Van Halen: \"When I was in my early teens, I heard 'Eruption' one day and was like, 'That is the most incredible thing I’ve ever heard,' and I begged my mother to give me an advance on my allowance for the next month and go buy that record.\" Over the next few years, and throughout the 1990s, Kennedy played primarily lead guitar.", "Over the next few years, and throughout the 1990s, Kennedy played primarily lead guitar. His early work with Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing featured a jazz-influenced rock flavor, combining several advanced techniques used in jazz. He would later join Alter Bridge primarily as a lead vocalist, but began playing rhythm guitar on the band's first tour.", "He would later join Alter Bridge primarily as a lead vocalist, but began playing rhythm guitar on the band's first tour. Mark Tremonti said, \"We knew Myles was an amazing singer, that’s why we hired him.", "Mark Tremonti said, \"We knew Myles was an amazing singer, that’s why we hired him. What we found out when we toured the first record was that he’s also an incredibly gifted guitar player and songwriter, as well as a vocalist.\"", "What we found out when we toured the first record was that he’s also an incredibly gifted guitar player and songwriter, as well as a vocalist.\" In an interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive, Tremonti said: Kennedy played rhythm guitar on Blackbird and has since played co-lead on several Alter Bridge tracks.", "In an interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive, Tremonti said: Kennedy played rhythm guitar on Blackbird and has since played co-lead on several Alter Bridge tracks. In an article about Kennedy as a guitarist on Lemon Squeezings, writer Steve Sauer noted his dexterity and steady rhythm playing.", "In an article about Kennedy as a guitarist on Lemon Squeezings, writer Steve Sauer noted his dexterity and steady rhythm playing. Doug Clark, a writer for The Spokesman-Review and one of Kennedy's former guitar students, wrote that \"his six-string skills are pyrotechnically brilliant.\"", "Doug Clark, a writer for The Spokesman-Review and one of Kennedy's former guitar students, wrote that \"his six-string skills are pyrotechnically brilliant.\" Kennedy notes that his job as a guitar player, especially recently with Alter Bridge, is to add texture and colors to the music.", "Kennedy notes that his job as a guitar player, especially recently with Alter Bridge, is to add texture and colors to the music. Lyrics and themes In addition, Kennedy is the primary lyricist of Alter Bridge and his previous band, The Mayfield Four.", "Lyrics and themes In addition, Kennedy is the primary lyricist of Alter Bridge and his previous band, The Mayfield Four. His lyrics, which are usually fairly straightforward stylistically, often touch on dark subjects such as death and addiction.", "His lyrics, which are usually fairly straightforward stylistically, often touch on dark subjects such as death and addiction. On Alter Bridge's first two albums (the lyrics of the former were primarily written by Tremonti, however), the lyrics are about \"hope and perseverance in the face of adversity.\"", "On Alter Bridge's first two albums (the lyrics of the former were primarily written by Tremonti, however), the lyrics are about \"hope and perseverance in the face of adversity.\" However, he has been known to write darker lyrics, as heard most notably on Alter Bridge's third album, AB III, which is a loose concept album based on his own personal struggles with faith and spirituality.", "However, he has been known to write darker lyrics, as heard most notably on Alter Bridge's third album, AB III, which is a loose concept album based on his own personal struggles with faith and spirituality. Similarly, the lyrical themes of The Mayfield Four's second album, Second Skin, touch on struggling with love and substance abuse.", "Similarly, the lyrical themes of The Mayfield Four's second album, Second Skin, touch on struggling with love and substance abuse. Second Skin, Apocalyptic Love, World on Fire and The Ides of March are the only albums to feature lyrics written by Kennedy that contain profanity.", "Second Skin, Apocalyptic Love, World on Fire and The Ides of March are the only albums to feature lyrics written by Kennedy that contain profanity. Personal life Kennedy currently resides in Spokane, Washington with his wife, Selena, whom he married on June 14, 2003.", "Personal life Kennedy currently resides in Spokane, Washington with his wife, Selena, whom he married on June 14, 2003. According to Alter Bridge lead guitarist Mark Tremonti, Kennedy is an atheist, although in an article titled Losing My Religion from a November 2010 issue of Kerrang!", "According to Alter Bridge lead guitarist Mark Tremonti, Kennedy is an atheist, although in an article titled Losing My Religion from a November 2010 issue of Kerrang! magazine, Kennedy said he places himself \"somewhere in the middle\" between being an atheist and a Christian.", "magazine, Kennedy said he places himself \"somewhere in the middle\" between being an atheist and a Christian. In an interview on the Blairing Out with Eric Blair Show at NAMM 2009, Kennedy mentioned that despite being raised in a Christian household, he is not a religious person and he does not believe in any organized religion.", "In an interview on the Blairing Out with Eric Blair Show at NAMM 2009, Kennedy mentioned that despite being raised in a Christian household, he is not a religious person and he does not believe in any organized religion. In an interview with CraveOnline, he said \"I would consider myself a part of the growing segment of people who question authority and scrutinize concepts that no longer seem as logical as they once did.", "In an interview with CraveOnline, he said \"I would consider myself a part of the growing segment of people who question authority and scrutinize concepts that no longer seem as logical as they once did. [...] I don't find peace in the same concepts that many hold as truth. Believe me, I tried.", "Believe me, I tried. Believe me, I tried. It's not like I didn't spend most of my life submersed in the bosom of doctrine or dogma.\" In 2014, he identified himself as an agnostic.", "In 2014, he identified himself as an agnostic. Kennedy has been identified as an avid reader and he says that he especially enjoys the work of John Irving, describing Irving's A Prayer for Owen Meany as one of his favorite novels. He has also cited Effortless Mastery by Kenny Werner as one of his favorites.", "He has also cited Effortless Mastery by Kenny Werner as one of his favorites. When asked about his hobbies, he replied: \"I guess I have been pretty fortunate since I have turned what was a hobby into a living. Music pretty much consumes me.", "Music pretty much consumes me. Music pretty much consumes me. If I’m not writing, performing or listening I am probably trying to learn more about its history.\"", "If I’m not writing, performing or listening I am probably trying to learn more about its history.\" He has five tattoos: a dragon on his left forearm, a koi fish on his right forearm, an octopus on his right upper arm, and two elephant heads on his chest.", "He has five tattoos: a dragon on his left forearm, a koi fish on his right forearm, an octopus on his right upper arm, and two elephant heads on his chest. He describes the dragon and the fish as symbols of strength, while the octopus was originally supposed to be a small squid but became much larger than he had intended.", "He describes the dragon and the fish as symbols of strength, while the octopus was originally supposed to be a small squid but became much larger than he had intended. He got the dragon tattoo first because of a toy he brought back from Japan as a child, and the koi was added a year later after he learned of an ancient Chinese legend of koi swimming up the Yellow River to become dragons.", "He got the dragon tattoo first because of a toy he brought back from Japan as a child, and the koi was added a year later after he learned of an ancient Chinese legend of koi swimming up the Yellow River to become dragons. He has said he wants to get more tattoos in the future.", "He has said he wants to get more tattoos in the future. Charity work Kennedy has served on the board of directors for the Mead Food Bank since 2003.", "Charity work Kennedy has served on the board of directors for the Mead Food Bank since 2003. In addition, he co-founded the Future Song Foundation, a charity organization \"that provides funding to ensure that kids have access to musical instruction and instruments which are fundamental parts of a complete education\", with his wife in 2015.", "In addition, he co-founded the Future Song Foundation, a charity organization \"that provides funding to ensure that kids have access to musical instruction and instruments which are fundamental parts of a complete education\", with his wife in 2015. He serves as a director of the program.", "He serves as a director of the program. A proponent of wildlife conservation efforts, Kennedy is a supporter of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and is outspoken of his criticism of the ivory trade on Twitter.", "A proponent of wildlife conservation efforts, Kennedy is a supporter of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and is outspoken of his criticism of the ivory trade on Twitter. Discography Cosmic Dust Journey (1991) Citizen Swing Cure Me with the Groove (1993) Deep Down (1995) The Mayfield Four Fallout (1998) Second Skin (2001) Alter Bridge One Day Remains (2004) Blackbird (2007) AB III (2010) Fortress (2013) The Last Hero (2016) Walk the Sky (2019) Slash featuring Myles Kennedy & the Conspirators Apocalyptic Love (2012) World on Fire (2014) Living the Dream (2018) 4 (2022) Solo Year of the Tiger (2018) The Ides of March (2021) Filmography References External links 1969 births 20th-century American singers 21st-century American singers Alter Bridge members American heavy metal guitarists American heavy metal singers American male singer-songwriters American rock songwriters Living people Singer-songwriters from Washington (state) Musicians from Spokane, Washington Rhythm guitarists Roadrunner Records artists Singers with a four-octave vocal range American tenors Guitarists from Washington (state) 20th-century American guitarists American male guitarists" ]

[ "Myles Kennedy", "Work with Slash: 2009-present", "When did Kennedy start working with Slash", "In late 2009,", "What project were they working on together", "it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album.", "What was the name of the album", "self-titled debut solo album.", "Was the album a hit", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "On February 3, 2010, Slash announced that Kennedy would be the lead vocalist for his band on tour.", "Where did they go on tour", "I don't know.", "What happened in 2009", "they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album." ]

[ "The 2021 24H GT Series powered by Hankook was the seventh season of the 24H Series with drivers battling for championship points and titles and the twelfth season since Creventic, the organiser and promoter of the series, organised multiple races a year. The races will be contested with GT3-spec cars, GT4-spec cars, sports cars and 24H-Specials, like silhouette cars.\n\nCalendar\n\nEntry List\n\nRace Results\nBold indicates overall winner.\n\nChampionship standings\n\nDrivers' Overall\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nTeams' Overall\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nGT3-Pro Drivers'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nGT3-Pro Teams'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nGT3-Am Drivers'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nGT3-Am Teams'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nGTX Drivers'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nGTX Teams'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\n991 Drivers'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\n991 Teams'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nGT4 Drivers'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nGT4 Teams'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nSee also\n24H Series\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n24H GT Series\n24H GT Series", "The 2021 24H Touring Car Endurance Series powered by Hankook was the sixth season of the Touring Car Endurance Series (TCES). Creventic is the organiser and promoter of the series. The races will be contested with TCR Touring Cars, TCX cars and TC cars.\n\nCalendar\n\nEntry list\n\nRace Results\nBold indicates overall winner.\n\nChampionship standings\n\nDrivers' Overall\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nTeams' Overall\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nTCR Drivers'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nTCR Teams'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nTCX Drivers'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nTCX Teams'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nTC Drivers'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nTC Teams'\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 60% of the class winner's race distance.\n\nSee also\n24H Series\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n24H TCE\n24H TCE\n24H TCE" ]

[ "Myles Richard Bass (born November 27, 1969), known professionally as Myles Kennedy, is an American musician, singer, and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist of the rock band Alter Bridge, and as the lead vocalist in guitarist Slash's backing band, known as Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators. A former guitar instructor from Spokane, Washington, he has worked as a session musician and songwriter, making both studio and live appearances with several artists, and has been involved with several projects throughout his career.", "A former guitar instructor from Spokane, Washington, he has worked as a session musician and songwriter, making both studio and live appearances with several artists, and has been involved with several projects throughout his career. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Northern Idaho and Spokane, Kennedy attended Spokane Falls Community College to study music theory.", "Born in Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Northern Idaho and Spokane, Kennedy attended Spokane Falls Community College to study music theory. He began his music career in 1990 as the lead guitarist of the instrumental jazz ensemble Cosmic Dust, with which he released one studio album.", "He began his music career in 1990 as the lead guitarist of the instrumental jazz ensemble Cosmic Dust, with which he released one studio album. His second band, Citizen Swing, released two studio albums before disbanding in 1996.", "His second band, Citizen Swing, released two studio albums before disbanding in 1996. With fellow Citizen Swing member Craig Johnson, Kennedy founded the rock band The Mayfield Four, for which he provided lead vocals and guitar. The band released two studio albums and broke up in 2002.", "The band released two studio albums and broke up in 2002. After declining an offer to audition as the lead vocalist of Velvet Revolver, he was asked to join Alter Bridge by Mark Tremonti in late 2003, formally joining in 2004, and he has been with the band ever since.", "After declining an offer to audition as the lead vocalist of Velvet Revolver, he was asked to join Alter Bridge by Mark Tremonti in late 2003, formally joining in 2004, and he has been with the band ever since. He has released six studio albums with Alter Bridge.", "He has released six studio albums with Alter Bridge. While Alter Bridge was on tour in 2008, Kennedy and former members of Led Zeppelin met and improvised as a group in an informal jam session, but the band never fully materialized.", "While Alter Bridge was on tour in 2008, Kennedy and former members of Led Zeppelin met and improvised as a group in an informal jam session, but the band never fully materialized. He then started working with Slash, featuring on the guitarist's 2010 eponymous solo album on two tracks and later serving as Slash's vocalist on tour.", "He then started working with Slash, featuring on the guitarist's 2010 eponymous solo album on two tracks and later serving as Slash's vocalist on tour. In 2012, Kennedy filled in with short notice for Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose when Rose refused to show up for the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony.", "In 2012, Kennedy filled in with short notice for Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose when Rose refused to show up for the band's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony. With Slash, Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators have recorded three studio albums.", "With Slash, Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators have recorded three studio albums. Kennedy's debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released in March 2018 and his second solo album The Ides of March was released on May 14, 2021.", "Kennedy's debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released in March 2018 and his second solo album The Ides of March was released on May 14, 2021. Early life Kennedy was born as Myles Richard Bass on November 27, 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, and subsequently lived in Northern Idaho.", "Early life Kennedy was born as Myles Richard Bass on November 27, 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, and subsequently lived in Northern Idaho. As a child, he moved to Spokane, Washington, where he grew up in a Christian Science family on a farm.", "As a child, he moved to Spokane, Washington, where he grew up in a Christian Science family on a farm. His father, Richard Bass, died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently went on to marry a Methodist minister, and the family took the surname Kennedy.", "His father, Richard Bass, died when he was four years old and his mother subsequently went on to marry a Methodist minister, and the family took the surname Kennedy. Before Kennedy attended Mead High School (which he attended with football player Jason Hanson and Everclear bassist Craig Montoya), he found musical inspiration from Led Zeppelin, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and John Sykes' Blue Murder band.", "Before Kennedy attended Mead High School (which he attended with football player Jason Hanson and Everclear bassist Craig Montoya), he found musical inspiration from Led Zeppelin, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and John Sykes' Blue Murder band. Kennedy began playing trumpet at the age of ten and was in a teen air guitar band with then best friends Michael Murphy, Mark Terzenbach and Bruce Kidd at 13.", "Kennedy began playing trumpet at the age of ten and was in a teen air guitar band with then best friends Michael Murphy, Mark Terzenbach and Bruce Kidd at 13. He later traded for a real guitar copying the playing style of Jimmy Page.", "He later traded for a real guitar copying the playing style of Jimmy Page. He found his singing voice by listening to his parents' Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder records, and also states that he was influenced by Robert Plant. He played guitar in the school's jazz band and trumpet in the school's marching band.", "He played guitar in the school's jazz band and trumpet in the school's marching band. He also spent some time playing in a local heavy metal band called Bittersweet with some of his friends Zia Uddin on drums, Jason Stewart as lead vocal, Mark Terzenbach (and later, Chris Steffens) on bass and Myles on lead guitar.", "He also spent some time playing in a local heavy metal band called Bittersweet with some of his friends Zia Uddin on drums, Jason Stewart as lead vocal, Mark Terzenbach (and later, Chris Steffens) on bass and Myles on lead guitar. After graduating in 1988, he enrolled in Spokane Falls Community College to study music.", "After graduating in 1988, he enrolled in Spokane Falls Community College to study music. Career Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing: 1990–1995 Upon graduating from high school in 1988, Kennedy enrolled in a Commercial Music/Jazz Studies program at Spokane Falls Community College.", "Career Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing: 1990–1995 Upon graduating from high school in 1988, Kennedy enrolled in a Commercial Music/Jazz Studies program at Spokane Falls Community College. Using the skills he learned from this course, in 1990 he began playing guitar for a jazz group called the Cosmic Dust Fusion Band, which was formed by keyboardist Jim Templeton in 1990.", "Using the skills he learned from this course, in 1990 he began playing guitar for a jazz group called the Cosmic Dust Fusion Band, which was formed by keyboardist Jim Templeton in 1990. Kennedy's guitar work with Cosmic Dust was advanced; using his knowledge of jazz theory in conjunction with his advanced technical abilities, interweaving difficult techniques such as chord changes on impulse and precise shredding with rock music, he became a well-respected guitarist among local musicians.", "Kennedy's guitar work with Cosmic Dust was advanced; using his knowledge of jazz theory in conjunction with his advanced technical abilities, interweaving difficult techniques such as chord changes on impulse and precise shredding with rock music, he became a well-respected guitarist among local musicians. Cosmic Dust's first album, Journey, was released in 1991.", "Cosmic Dust's first album, Journey, was released in 1991. The album was well received by critics. In 1993, the song \"Spiritus\" was awarded the Washington State Artist Trust Grant for $5,000.", "In 1993, the song \"Spiritus\" was awarded the Washington State Artist Trust Grant for $5,000. After the release of Journey, Kennedy left Cosmic Dust to begin working on a new band that would become Citizen Swing, for which Kennedy provided both lead vocals and lead guitar.", "After the release of Journey, Kennedy left Cosmic Dust to begin working on a new band that would become Citizen Swing, for which Kennedy provided both lead vocals and lead guitar. They were described as \"a band that combined the sounds of funk, soul, R&B, blues and alternative into a unique and cohesive sound\" and as \" meets Stevie Wonder and then some.\"", "They were described as \"a band that combined the sounds of funk, soul, R&B, blues and alternative into a unique and cohesive sound\" and as \" meets Stevie Wonder and then some.\" They released their first album, Cure Me with the Groove, in 1993.", "They released their first album, Cure Me with the Groove, in 1993. This album featured Kennedy (who helped produce the album), rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, bassist Dave Turner (also of Cosmic Dust), drummer/percussionist Mike Tschirgi, and trumpeter Geoff Miller.", "This album featured Kennedy (who helped produce the album), rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, bassist Dave Turner (also of Cosmic Dust), drummer/percussionist Mike Tschirgi, and trumpeter Geoff Miller. Citizen Swing's second and final album was called Deep Down and was released in 1995. The band disbanded the same year.", "The band disbanded the same year. All the music and lyrics on that album were written by Kennedy. Journey, Cure Me with the Groove, and Deep Down are rare albums and are sought after by fans. The Mayfield Four: 1995–2002 In 1995, Kennedy started teaching guitar in a store called Rock City Music.", "The Mayfield Four: 1995–2002 In 1995, Kennedy started teaching guitar in a store called Rock City Music. By August 1996, he became the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of The Mayfield Four, a rock band he formed with his childhood friends Zia Uddin, Marty Meisner, and Craig Johnson (also of Citizen Swing).", "By August 1996, he became the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of The Mayfield Four, a rock band he formed with his childhood friends Zia Uddin, Marty Meisner, and Craig Johnson (also of Citizen Swing). They signed a contract with Epic Records thanks to a critically acclaimed demo called Thirty Two Point Five Hours that the band recorded in 1996, followed by a live extended play called Motion in 1997.", "They signed a contract with Epic Records thanks to a critically acclaimed demo called Thirty Two Point Five Hours that the band recorded in 1996, followed by a live extended play called Motion in 1997. The Mayfield Four's debut album, Fallout, was supported with a fifteen-month tour with bands such as Creed, Big Wreck, and Stabbing Westward.", "The Mayfield Four's debut album, Fallout, was supported with a fifteen-month tour with bands such as Creed, Big Wreck, and Stabbing Westward. The album was praised by critics, but it failed to chart, and ultimately became the only album by the band to feature rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, who was fired from the band due to undisclosed reasons.", "The album was praised by critics, but it failed to chart, and ultimately became the only album by the band to feature rhythm guitarist Craig Johnson, who was fired from the band due to undisclosed reasons. Following the Fallout tour, Kennedy made an appearance in the 2001 drama film Rock Star starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston.", "Following the Fallout tour, Kennedy made an appearance in the 2001 drama film Rock Star starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston. He said that he got a call from his manager telling him that the filmmakers needed someone who could sing high and that his name was suggested.", "He said that he got a call from his manager telling him that the filmmakers needed someone who could sing high and that his name was suggested. On the set of the film, he met Wahlberg along with Zakk Wylde and Jason Bonham, who also appeared in the movie alongside several other notable musicians.", "On the set of the film, he met Wahlberg along with Zakk Wylde and Jason Bonham, who also appeared in the movie alongside several other notable musicians. Kennedy was the only actor in the movie whose actual singing voice was used.", "Kennedy was the only actor in the movie whose actual singing voice was used. In the movie, directly paralleling a scene at the beginning of the film, Kennedy's character (Mike, also known as \"Thor\") is noticed by Wahlberg's character, Chris \"Izzy\" Cole, the lead singer of Thor's favorite band, Steel Dragon.", "In the movie, directly paralleling a scene at the beginning of the film, Kennedy's character (Mike, also known as \"Thor\") is noticed by Wahlberg's character, Chris \"Izzy\" Cole, the lead singer of Thor's favorite band, Steel Dragon. Izzy pulls Thor onstage and sings the rest of the song with him, eventually telling him to finish the rest of the band's concert.", "Izzy pulls Thor onstage and sings the rest of the song with him, eventually telling him to finish the rest of the band's concert. The film was met with mostly mixed reviews, garnering a 52% \"Rotten\" score on Rotten Tomatoes.", "The film was met with mostly mixed reviews, garnering a 52% \"Rotten\" score on Rotten Tomatoes. The Mayfield Four's second and final album, Second Skin, was released in June 2001. Kennedy has since said that it is one of the most personal records he has made.", "Kennedy has since said that it is one of the most personal records he has made. The album has been critically acclaimed and Kennedy has commented on how it and Fallout are much more popular now than when they were released. Though popular, The Mayfield Four never garnered enough exposure to break into the mainstream.", "Though popular, The Mayfield Four never garnered enough exposure to break into the mainstream. In 2002, the future of the band began to look unlikely, and Kennedy began recording new music, which he described as \"Daniel Lanois meets Massive Attack.\" The band went on hiatus that year, and would ultimately disband.", "The band went on hiatus that year, and would ultimately disband. In an interview with Pulse Weekly in 2004, Kennedy said that it was because he was \"burned out with the whole rock industry at that point.\"", "In an interview with Pulse Weekly in 2004, Kennedy said that it was because he was \"burned out with the whole rock industry at that point.\" However, three previously unreleased songs appeared on a fan-run Myspace page dedicated to and approved by The Mayfield Four in early 2010, causing rumors of a possible reunion to begin circulating.", "However, three previously unreleased songs appeared on a fan-run Myspace page dedicated to and approved by The Mayfield Four in early 2010, causing rumors of a possible reunion to begin circulating. However, when asked about this during an interview, Kennedy replied that he does not see it happening.", "However, when asked about this during an interview, Kennedy replied that he does not see it happening. Velvet Revolver audition offer: 2002 After The Mayfield Four's unforeseen breakup, and due to a hearing disorder called tinnitus that he developed because of listening to music that he was recording at earsplitting volumes, Kennedy fell into depression in 2002.", "Velvet Revolver audition offer: 2002 After The Mayfield Four's unforeseen breakup, and due to a hearing disorder called tinnitus that he developed because of listening to music that he was recording at earsplitting volumes, Kennedy fell into depression in 2002. He said about music, \"I can't do it any more.", "He said about music, \"I can't do it any more. My ears won't let me.\" He said that he had grown \"disillusioned with music and the music business,\" so he took a hiatus from playing music and went back to teaching guitar.", "He said that he had grown \"disillusioned with music and the music business,\" so he took a hiatus from playing music and went back to teaching guitar. However, in 2002, he was contacted by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, who was looking for a vocalist for a band he was forming, but Kennedy declined the offer.", "However, in 2002, he was contacted by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, who was looking for a vocalist for a band he was forming, but Kennedy declined the offer. Other sources state that Kennedy had sent in a demo tape but still ultimately declined an invitation to audition after being approached by Matt Sorum.", "Other sources state that Kennedy had sent in a demo tape but still ultimately declined an invitation to audition after being approached by Matt Sorum. Kennedy recalls, \"They had reached out to me in 2002 when they were just getting together.", "Kennedy recalls, \"They had reached out to me in 2002 when they were just getting together. They had sent me a demo tape, and I kind of sat on it for a month, and I didn't really follow up on it.\"", "They had sent me a demo tape, and I kind of sat on it for a month, and I didn't really follow up on it.\" Alter Bridge: 2003–present Kennedy is best known as the lead vocalist and one of the two lead guitarists in the band, alongside Mark Tremonti, of the American hard rock band Alter Bridge.", "Alter Bridge: 2003–present Kennedy is best known as the lead vocalist and one of the two lead guitarists in the band, alongside Mark Tremonti, of the American hard rock band Alter Bridge. The band's origins lie in late 2003 when Kennedy was contacted by former Creed guitarist Mark Tremonti, who was interested in having Kennedy lay down vocal tracks for some songs he had recently written.", "The band's origins lie in late 2003 when Kennedy was contacted by former Creed guitarist Mark Tremonti, who was interested in having Kennedy lay down vocal tracks for some songs he had recently written. Tremonti and drummer Scott Phillips had reunited with former bassist Brian Marshall who had left Creed in 2000 to form a new band.", "Tremonti and drummer Scott Phillips had reunited with former bassist Brian Marshall who had left Creed in 2000 to form a new band. Alter Bridge, taking its name from an actual bridge that used to be located near Tremonti's home in Detroit, was officially formed in January 2004.", "Alter Bridge, taking its name from an actual bridge that used to be located near Tremonti's home in Detroit, was officially formed in January 2004. Coinciding with the official announcement of Alter Bridge's formation was an announcement regarding their debut album, One Day Remains, along with the release of that album's lead single, \"Open Your Eyes.\"", "Coinciding with the official announcement of Alter Bridge's formation was an announcement regarding their debut album, One Day Remains, along with the release of that album's lead single, \"Open Your Eyes.\" One Day Remains was released in 2004 on Wind-up Records.", "One Day Remains was released in 2004 on Wind-up Records. It received generally mixed to negative reviews and was certified Gold by the RIAA. Two other singles, \"Find the Real\" and \"Broken Wings\" were released.", "Two other singles, \"Find the Real\" and \"Broken Wings\" were released. One Day Remains was the only album by a band with Kennedy as an official member that does not feature his guitar playing, before his 2014 album \"World On Fire\" as a part of Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators.", "One Day Remains was the only album by a band with Kennedy as an official member that does not feature his guitar playing, before his 2014 album \"World On Fire\" as a part of Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators. Following a successful tour in support of the album, Alter Bridge announced plans for a second release.", "Following a successful tour in support of the album, Alter Bridge announced plans for a second release. The album, Blackbird, was released in 2007 on Universal Republic to mostly positive reviews. Unlike One Day Remains, which was largely written by Tremonti, Blackbird featured Kennedy's guitar playing as well as more of his songwriting contributions.", "Unlike One Day Remains, which was largely written by Tremonti, Blackbird featured Kennedy's guitar playing as well as more of his songwriting contributions. Alter Bridge toured in support of Blackbird throughout 2007 and 2008, recording a concert film titled Live from Amsterdam and releasing it in 2009 via Amazon.com.", "Alter Bridge toured in support of Blackbird throughout 2007 and 2008, recording a concert film titled Live from Amsterdam and releasing it in 2009 via Amazon.com. It would later be released in stores in early 2011 after several delays.", "It would later be released in stores in early 2011 after several delays. Alter Bridge took a temporary break in early 2009 with its members working on other projects, but the band continued writing music throughout the year.", "Alter Bridge took a temporary break in early 2009 with its members working on other projects, but the band continued writing music throughout the year. The band regrouped later that year to begin work on their third album, AB III, which was released in 2010 on Roadrunner Records worldwide, except for North America where the album was self-released on Alter Bridge Recordings via EMI.", "The band regrouped later that year to begin work on their third album, AB III, which was released in 2010 on Roadrunner Records worldwide, except for North America where the album was self-released on Alter Bridge Recordings via EMI. For the album, Kennedy chose to write lyrics based on his own personal experiences with faith and believing.", "For the album, Kennedy chose to write lyrics based on his own personal experiences with faith and believing. As such, it is lyrically the band's darkest album, with Kennedy calling it the most personal album he had made since The Mayfield Four's Second Skin. AB III has received critical acclaim.", "AB III has received critical acclaim. A second concert film, Live at Wembley, was released on March 26, 2012. The band reunited in late 2012 and recorded from April to July 2013 their fourth album titled Fortress, which was released on September 30, 2013.", "The band reunited in late 2012 and recorded from April to July 2013 their fourth album titled Fortress, which was released on September 30, 2013. The band reconvened in January 2016 and, through that July, recorded their fifth album The Last Hero, which was released on October 7, 2016.", "The band reconvened in January 2016 and, through that July, recorded their fifth album The Last Hero, which was released on October 7, 2016. Walk the Sky was released on October 18, 2019.", "Walk the Sky was released on October 18, 2019. Having joined Alter Bridge primarily as lead vocalist, Kennedy began to play rhythm guitar during live performances following the release of One Day Remains.", "Having joined Alter Bridge primarily as lead vocalist, Kennedy began to play rhythm guitar during live performances following the release of One Day Remains. He has since played rhythm guitar on the band's subsequent studio releases, and also played lead tracks on a number of songs and during live performances.", "He has since played rhythm guitar on the band's subsequent studio releases, and also played lead tracks on a number of songs and during live performances. Solo career and collaborations Work with Led Zeppelin members: 2008–2009 Kennedy received a great amount of press coverage in late 2008, owing to a rumour that he was to join Led Zeppelin.", "Solo career and collaborations Work with Led Zeppelin members: 2008–2009 Kennedy received a great amount of press coverage in late 2008, owing to a rumour that he was to join Led Zeppelin. After Zeppelin's one-off reunion in 2007, guitarist Jimmy Page and bassist John Paul Jones reportedly felt the band \"still had something to offer.\"", "After Zeppelin's one-off reunion in 2007, guitarist Jimmy Page and bassist John Paul Jones reportedly felt the band \"still had something to offer.\" As reported by BBC News, Page and Jones were in the studio with Jason Bonham writing and recording material that was reportedly to be used for a new Zeppelin album.", "As reported by BBC News, Page and Jones were in the studio with Jason Bonham writing and recording material that was reportedly to be used for a new Zeppelin album. According to Bonham, singer Robert Plant was not involved.", "According to Bonham, singer Robert Plant was not involved. Page, Jones, and Bonham auditioned singers, fuelling rumours when they were reported to have attended an Alter Bridge concert. Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider said that they were offering Kennedy the job to persuade Plant to reconsider.", "Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider said that they were offering Kennedy the job to persuade Plant to reconsider. Alter Bridge guitarist Mark Tremonti said Kennedy \"deserves\" to play with Zeppelin. Kennedy remained mostly silent about the rumours until January 2009. \"I am not singing in Led Zeppelin or any offshoot of Led Zeppelin,\" he said.", "\"I am not singing in Led Zeppelin or any offshoot of Led Zeppelin,\" he said. \"I did have a great opportunity and it was something that I'm very grateful for. But Alter Bridge will go on, and that's that.\"", "But Alter Bridge will go on, and that's that.\" He later confirmed, however, that he had written and rehearsed with Page, Jones and Bonham. He also said that it was Bonham who \"got the ball rolling\", since the two had met on the set of the 2001 film Rock Star.", "He also said that it was Bonham who \"got the ball rolling\", since the two had met on the set of the 2001 film Rock Star. \"Working with them felt surreal,\" he recalled a decade later.", "\"Working with them felt surreal,\" he recalled a decade later. \"Jimmy played the Les Paul, and just being in the room with that guitar would have been enough for me. But standing next to him as he's playing those iconic riffs, the hairs on the back of my neck are standing up.", "But standing next to him as he's playing those iconic riffs, the hairs on the back of my neck are standing up. We played 'No Quarter', 'Kashmir'… We did 'Carouselambra', which was a really challenging arrangement. A lot of wonderful moments.\"", "A lot of wonderful moments.\" It is unconfirmed if the songs he wrote with Page, Jones, and Bonham will ever be released. Kennedy maintains that the band, had it materialised, would not have been called Led Zeppelin.", "Kennedy maintains that the band, had it materialised, would not have been called Led Zeppelin. Solo career: 2009–2010; 2017–present Kennedy has performed two solo benefit concerts: one hosted by Paul Reed Smith and PRS Guitars to benefit cancer patients, and another to benefit abused children.", "Solo career: 2009–2010; 2017–present Kennedy has performed two solo benefit concerts: one hosted by Paul Reed Smith and PRS Guitars to benefit cancer patients, and another to benefit abused children. The latter was called Bofest 2009 and was headlined by Kennedy on October 17, 2009. In early 2009, Kennedy announced a solo side project.", "In early 2009, Kennedy announced a solo side project. He described the material as \"dreamy\" and \"[not] aggressive\", saving those songs for Alter Bridge. He also said, \"It's more singer/songwriter based. I will say it's going to be interesting.\"", "I will say it's going to be interesting.\" He later posted on his Myspace page that he is working with some \"great people\" and that he has details coming at a future date.", "He later posted on his Myspace page that he is working with some \"great people\" and that he has details coming at a future date. Slash announced via Facebook on February 1, 2010 that he would be appearing on Kennedy's solo record, and Kennedy confirmed this via Myspace.", "Slash announced via Facebook on February 1, 2010 that he would be appearing on Kennedy's solo record, and Kennedy confirmed this via Myspace. Kennedy had originally hoped that his album would be released in early 2010, digitally first and then on CD, but he has since put its release on hold.", "Kennedy had originally hoped that his album would be released in early 2010, digitally first and then on CD, but he has since put its release on hold. However, he recently said that he is still too busy to release the album as he stated that he would like to tour to promote it, but he wanted to release it on December 21, 2012, as a joke, although a firm release date has not yet been announced.", "However, he recently said that he is still too busy to release the album as he stated that he would like to tour to promote it, but he wanted to release it on December 21, 2012, as a joke, although a firm release date has not yet been announced. When asked if the record would be a departure from his previous work, he replied that it is different and again referred to the singer-songwriter approach that would be featured on it and that it would not be a hard rock album.", "When asked if the record would be a departure from his previous work, he replied that it is different and again referred to the singer-songwriter approach that would be featured on it and that it would not be a hard rock album. He also said that \"it was maybe the most difficult thing I've ever done in the sense that I didn't have a band.\"", "He also said that \"it was maybe the most difficult thing I've ever done in the sense that I didn't have a band.\" He also said that the music is very intimate and that it features piano as well.", "He also said that the music is very intimate and that it features piano as well. In an interview with Guitarist UK magazine, he said that some of the songs will feature jazz, blues, and R&B influences, while others still \"get quite atmospheric and ethereal,\" comparing the sound to Daniel Lanois and Massive Attack, while assuring fans that the rock style will still be present.", "In an interview with Guitarist UK magazine, he said that some of the songs will feature jazz, blues, and R&B influences, while others still \"get quite atmospheric and ethereal,\" comparing the sound to Daniel Lanois and Massive Attack, while assuring fans that the rock style will still be present. In the same Guitarist interview, he confirmed the titles of three songs that will appear on his record: \"The Light of Day\", \"Complicated Man\", and \"The Bar Fly\".", "In the same Guitarist interview, he confirmed the titles of three songs that will appear on his record: \"The Light of Day\", \"Complicated Man\", and \"The Bar Fly\". Most recently, he confirmed that another song will be titled \"Love Rain Down\".", "Most recently, he confirmed that another song will be titled \"Love Rain Down\". He said in an interview with CraveOnline that \"Love Rain Down\" differs from anything else he has ever written. In 2017, he said he shelved the songs he had written and started over.", "In 2017, he said he shelved the songs he had written and started over. His debut solo album, Year of the Tiger, was released on March 9, 2018. Kennedy's second solo album, The Ides of March, was released on May 14, 2021.", "Kennedy's second solo album, The Ides of March, was released on May 14, 2021. Work with Slash: 2009–present Kennedy has become very well known for his collaborations with Guns N' Roses lead guitarist Slash. In late 2009, it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album.", "In late 2009, it was reported that they would be working together on Slash's self-titled debut solo album. Slash later confirmed that Kennedy was chosen to sing and co-write the final song, \"Starlight\", on his album.", "Slash later confirmed that Kennedy was chosen to sing and co-write the final song, \"Starlight\", on his album. Other musicians who appeared on the album include Ozzy Osbourne, Adam Levine of Maroon 5, Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters, Kid Rock, and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden.", "Other musicians who appeared on the album include Ozzy Osbourne, Adam Levine of Maroon 5, Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters, Kid Rock, and Chris Cornell of Soundgarden. Then, according to MusicRadar, Slash asked Kennedy to co-write and sing another song, \"Back from Cali\", which was added to the album at the last minute, making him the only musician to appear on more than one song on the album's standard track listing.", "Then, according to MusicRadar, Slash asked Kennedy to co-write and sing another song, \"Back from Cali\", which was added to the album at the last minute, making him the only musician to appear on more than one song on the album's standard track listing. The album was released in April 2010.", "The album was released in April 2010. On February 3, 2010, Slash announced that Kennedy would be the lead vocalist for his band on tour. On tour, Kennedy performed a number of songs found throughout Slash's catalog. Slash and Kennedy were also the supporting act on Ozzy Osbourne's tour in 2010.", "Slash and Kennedy were also the supporting act on Ozzy Osbourne's tour in 2010. The other members of Slash's band are rhythm guitarist Bobby Schneck (replaced as of the Apocalyptic Love tour with Frank Sidoris), bassist Todd Kerns (formerly of Age of Electric), and drummer Brent Fitz (formerly of Theory of a Deadman).", "The other members of Slash's band are rhythm guitarist Bobby Schneck (replaced as of the Apocalyptic Love tour with Frank Sidoris), bassist Todd Kerns (formerly of Age of Electric), and drummer Brent Fitz (formerly of Theory of a Deadman). In late 2010, Kennedy and Slash appeared on That Metal Show, a talk show on VH1 Classic.", "In late 2010, Kennedy and Slash appeared on That Metal Show, a talk show on VH1 Classic. On November 14, 2011, Slash released a concert film and live album titled Made in Stoke 24/7/11 featuring Kennedy and the rest of his band. Slash's second solo album featured Myles Kennedy, this time as the sole vocalist.", "Slash's second solo album featured Myles Kennedy, this time as the sole vocalist. It was also announced that band mates Bobby Schneck, Todd Kerns, and Brent Fitz, along with Slash, would complete the lineup for the album.", "It was also announced that band mates Bobby Schneck, Todd Kerns, and Brent Fitz, along with Slash, would complete the lineup for the album. In an interview with MusicRadar, Slash confirmed that it would be less of an actual solo album and more of a collaboration album with Kennedy, and that he was not sure if the album will be billed to Slash or a new name entirely.", "In an interview with MusicRadar, Slash confirmed that it would be less of an actual solo album and more of a collaboration album with Kennedy, and that he was not sure if the album will be billed to Slash or a new name entirely. As of December 2011, three songs had been recorded: \"Halo\", \"Standing in the Sun\", and \"Bad Rain\".", "As of December 2011, three songs had been recorded: \"Halo\", \"Standing in the Sun\", and \"Bad Rain\". Slash has described the music as \"very heavy\". The album was released on May 22, 2012. A behind-the-scenes video was also released with this announcement.", "A behind-the-scenes video was also released with this announcement. Titled Apocalyptic Love, the album will be billed to Slash featuring Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators, featuring Kennedy, Kerns, and Fitz as members of Slash's band. The band performed the album in its entirety on April 11, 2012, at the Revolver Golden God Awards.", "The band performed the album in its entirety on April 11, 2012, at the Revolver Golden God Awards. The first single, \"You're a Lie\", was released to rock radio on February 27, 2012; a 30-second preview of the song was released online.", "The first single, \"You're a Lie\", was released to rock radio on February 27, 2012; a 30-second preview of the song was released online. Kennedy has reportedly said that some of the lyrics on the album are about his earlier experiences with drugs.", "Kennedy has reportedly said that some of the lyrics on the album are about his earlier experiences with drugs. On April 14, 2012, Kennedy performed three Guns N' Roses songs with five former members of Guns N' Roses during their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction in Axl Rose's absence.", "On April 14, 2012, Kennedy performed three Guns N' Roses songs with five former members of Guns N' Roses during their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction in Axl Rose's absence. In 2013, he also toured with Kings of Chaos, along with Slash and other ex-Guns N' Roses members.", "In 2013, he also toured with Kings of Chaos, along with Slash and other ex-Guns N' Roses members. The band's second collective album World on Fire, produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 16, 2014.", "The band's second collective album World on Fire, produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 16, 2014. The band's third album Living the Dream, again produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 21, 2018.", "The band's third album Living the Dream, again produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette, was released on September 21, 2018. The fourth record, titled 4 and produced by Dave Cobb, was released on February 11, 2022.", "The fourth record, titled 4 and produced by Dave Cobb, was released on February 11, 2022. Other session work: 2001–present Kennedy is further well known for his work as a session musician and songwriter, having collaborated with several artists.", "Other session work: 2001–present Kennedy is further well known for his work as a session musician and songwriter, having collaborated with several artists. In 2001, he appeared on the album Striped Suit: Lo-Fi by the jazz-rock band Mulligan, playing guitar solos on the songs \"Faron\" and \"Make It Three\".", "In 2001, he appeared on the album Striped Suit: Lo-Fi by the jazz-rock band Mulligan, playing guitar solos on the songs \"Faron\" and \"Make It Three\". In that same year, he provided backing vocals to the song \"Breakthrough\" by Big Wreck from The Pleasure and the Greed.", "In that same year, he provided backing vocals to the song \"Breakthrough\" by Big Wreck from The Pleasure and the Greed. He also worked with the Spokane based nu-metal band Five Foot Thick on their 2003 album Blood Puddle, providing backing vocals to the song \"Ducked Out\".", "He also worked with the Spokane based nu-metal band Five Foot Thick on their 2003 album Blood Puddle, providing backing vocals to the song \"Ducked Out\". In 2005, he sang the chorus of \"Nameless Faceless\" by Fozzy with Fozzy frontman Chris Jericho from their album All That Remains.", "In 2005, he sang the chorus of \"Nameless Faceless\" by Fozzy with Fozzy frontman Chris Jericho from their album All That Remains. In 2008, he sang a duet with Sevendust lead vocalist Lajon Witherspoon on Sevendust's song \"Sorrow\" from Chapter VII: Hope & Sorrow.", "In 2008, he sang a duet with Sevendust lead vocalist Lajon Witherspoon on Sevendust's song \"Sorrow\" from Chapter VII: Hope & Sorrow. Also in 2008, Kennedy made a guest appearance on Mark Tremonti's guitar instructional DVD The Sound & the Story, to which Kennedy provided an in-depth lesson on how to play his guitar solo on the Alter Bridge song \"Blackbird\".", "Also in 2008, Kennedy made a guest appearance on Mark Tremonti's guitar instructional DVD The Sound & the Story, to which Kennedy provided an in-depth lesson on how to play his guitar solo on the Alter Bridge song \"Blackbird\". In 2009, he appeared on Slash's self-titled album, co-writing and singing lead vocals on the songs \"Back from Cali\" and \"Starlight\".", "In 2009, he appeared on Slash's self-titled album, co-writing and singing lead vocals on the songs \"Back from Cali\" and \"Starlight\". In addition, he has made live appearances with Sevendust and Gov't Mule. In 2011 it was announced that he will appear on a planned tribute album to Tommy Bolin.", "In 2011 it was announced that he will appear on a planned tribute album to Tommy Bolin. Further details were announced in January 2012 that the album would be called Great Gypsy Soul. It was released on March 27, 2012, on 429 Records, and Kennedy appeared on a song called \"Dreamer\" with Nels Cline of Wilco.", "It was released on March 27, 2012, on 429 Records, and Kennedy appeared on a song called \"Dreamer\" with Nels Cline of Wilco. Other contributors include Steve Lukather, Joe Bonamassa, Peter Frampton, and Glenn Hughes.", "Other contributors include Steve Lukather, Joe Bonamassa, Peter Frampton, and Glenn Hughes. In 2016, he collaborated with rapper Darryl McDaniels and Disturbed bassist John Moyer on the song \"Flames\". Also in 2016, he sang on \"Black & White\" on the Richards/Crane debut album, World Stands Still.", "Also in 2016, he sang on \"Black & White\" on the Richards/Crane debut album, World Stands Still. Artistry and influences Kennedy is influenced by a wide range of artists of several genres.", "Artistry and influences Kennedy is influenced by a wide range of artists of several genres. His earliest influence was Led Zeppelin, although he drew his singing influences from jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and soul artists when he discovered Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye albums in his parents' record collection.", "His earliest influence was Led Zeppelin, although he drew his singing influences from jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and soul artists when he discovered Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye albums in his parents' record collection. He said that he owned Stevie Wonder's 1982 compilation album Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I, which was one of his earliest inspirations as a singer.", "He said that he owned Stevie Wonder's 1982 compilation album Stevie Wonder's Original Musiquarium I, which was one of his earliest inspirations as a singer. From there, he discovered Songs in the Key of Life, which he has since stated is one of his favorite albums, and today cites Stevie Wonder as a major influence on his singing.", "From there, he discovered Songs in the Key of Life, which he has since stated is one of his favorite albums, and today cites Stevie Wonder as a major influence on his singing. He has also cited other jazz players and soul singers John Coltrane, Al Green, Mike Stern, Miles Davis, Otis Redding, Frank Gambale, Pat Metheny, Lyle Mays, and Curtis Mayfield as early influences.", "He has also cited other jazz players and soul singers John Coltrane, Al Green, Mike Stern, Miles Davis, Otis Redding, Frank Gambale, Pat Metheny, Lyle Mays, and Curtis Mayfield as early influences. He also loves blues music. Additional influences include Guns N' Roses, U2, AC/DC, Mastodon, and Radiohead.", "Additional influences include Guns N' Roses, U2, AC/DC, Mastodon, and Radiohead. Singing style Kennedy's favorite singers include Jeff Buckley, Robert Plant, Bon Scott, Chris Whitley, and k.d. lang. He has stated on several occasions that Jeff Buckley was, and is, a major influence on him as a singer.", "He has stated on several occasions that Jeff Buckley was, and is, a major influence on him as a singer. When asked to describe his vocal style, he said, \"I wanted to fuse together my favorite elements of rock and soul singers into something I could call my own.", "When asked to describe his vocal style, he said, \"I wanted to fuse together my favorite elements of rock and soul singers into something I could call my own. The inflections of Stevie Wonder with the soaring qualities of someone like Buckley.\"", "The inflections of Stevie Wonder with the soaring qualities of someone like Buckley.\" He states that Buckley's \"emotional intensity\" was one of the most inspirational things for him when it came to singing, and that it made him accept and embrace the fact that he is a tenor.", "He states that Buckley's \"emotional intensity\" was one of the most inspirational things for him when it came to singing, and that it made him accept and embrace the fact that he is a tenor. He often performs Buckley's famous cover of \"Hallelujah\" (originally by Leonard Cohen) during acoustic performances.", "He often performs Buckley's famous cover of \"Hallelujah\" (originally by Leonard Cohen) during acoustic performances. At one point, he received lessons from Ron Anderson, a bel canto vocal coach who has worked with a wide range of singers, including Axl Rose, Shania Twain, Enrique Iglesias, Chris Cornell, Ozzy Osbourne, Eddie Vedder, Kelly Clarkson, and several others.", "At one point, he received lessons from Ron Anderson, a bel canto vocal coach who has worked with a wide range of singers, including Axl Rose, Shania Twain, Enrique Iglesias, Chris Cornell, Ozzy Osbourne, Eddie Vedder, Kelly Clarkson, and several others. When asked about his number one secret when it came to singing, Kennedy replied, \"Dig deep into your soul and sing as if your life depends on it.", "When asked about his number one secret when it came to singing, Kennedy replied, \"Dig deep into your soul and sing as if your life depends on it. Leave your mark. People react to emotion more than technique.\" Kennedy, who possesses a four-octave vocal range, has been praised for his ability as a singer.", "Kennedy, who possesses a four-octave vocal range, has been praised for his ability as a singer. Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash, whose touring band consists of Kennedy, has called him \"fucking amazing\", calling his style \"surreal\".", "Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash, whose touring band consists of Kennedy, has called him \"fucking amazing\", calling his style \"surreal\". About Kennedy's ability to recreate Guns N' Roses songs on tour, Slash said, \"Myles is fucking amazing. It's very surreal how he handles the stuff he sings.", "It's very surreal how he handles the stuff he sings. I'm doing GN'R songs I've never done solo before, and Myles manages to own them without changing the style or trajectory of the song. Which is a fantastic fucking ability.\" Kennedy is often compared to Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell.", "Kennedy is often compared to Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell. Guitar playing Kennedy, a former guitar instructor, is also recognized as an accomplished guitarist. He began learning how to play the guitar by listening to Led Zeppelin records and mimicking Jimmy Page's guitar parts.", "He began learning how to play the guitar by listening to Led Zeppelin records and mimicking Jimmy Page's guitar parts. He said in an interview, \"I started off strictly as a lead guitar player.", "He said in an interview, \"I started off strictly as a lead guitar player. When I first started playing 25 years ago, that was all I’d do is sit in my room and learn solos.\"", "When I first started playing 25 years ago, that was all I’d do is sit in my room and learn solos.\" He also recalled being inspired by Eddie Van Halen: \"When I was in my early teens, I heard 'Eruption' one day and was like, 'That is the most incredible thing I’ve ever heard,' and I begged my mother to give me an advance on my allowance for the next month and go buy that record.\"", "He also recalled being inspired by Eddie Van Halen: \"When I was in my early teens, I heard 'Eruption' one day and was like, 'That is the most incredible thing I’ve ever heard,' and I begged my mother to give me an advance on my allowance for the next month and go buy that record.\" Over the next few years, and throughout the 1990s, Kennedy played primarily lead guitar.", "Over the next few years, and throughout the 1990s, Kennedy played primarily lead guitar. His early work with Cosmic Dust and Citizen Swing featured a jazz-influenced rock flavor, combining several advanced techniques used in jazz. He would later join Alter Bridge primarily as a lead vocalist, but began playing rhythm guitar on the band's first tour.", "He would later join Alter Bridge primarily as a lead vocalist, but began playing rhythm guitar on the band's first tour. Mark Tremonti said, \"We knew Myles was an amazing singer, that’s why we hired him.", "Mark Tremonti said, \"We knew Myles was an amazing singer, that’s why we hired him. What we found out when we toured the first record was that he’s also an incredibly gifted guitar player and songwriter, as well as a vocalist.\"", "What we found out when we toured the first record was that he’s also an incredibly gifted guitar player and songwriter, as well as a vocalist.\" In an interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive, Tremonti said: Kennedy played rhythm guitar on Blackbird and has since played co-lead on several Alter Bridge tracks.", "In an interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive, Tremonti said: Kennedy played rhythm guitar on Blackbird and has since played co-lead on several Alter Bridge tracks. In an article about Kennedy as a guitarist on Lemon Squeezings, writer Steve Sauer noted his dexterity and steady rhythm playing.", "In an article about Kennedy as a guitarist on Lemon Squeezings, writer Steve Sauer noted his dexterity and steady rhythm playing. Doug Clark, a writer for The Spokesman-Review and one of Kennedy's former guitar students, wrote that \"his six-string skills are pyrotechnically brilliant.\"", "Doug Clark, a writer for The Spokesman-Review and one of Kennedy's former guitar students, wrote that \"his six-string skills are pyrotechnically brilliant.\" Kennedy notes that his job as a guitar player, especially recently with Alter Bridge, is to add texture and colors to the music.", "Kennedy notes that his job as a guitar player, especially recently with Alter Bridge, is to add texture and colors to the music. Lyrics and themes In addition, Kennedy is the primary lyricist of Alter Bridge and his previous band, The Mayfield Four.", "Lyrics and themes In addition, Kennedy is the primary lyricist of Alter Bridge and his previous band, The Mayfield Four. His lyrics, which are usually fairly straightforward stylistically, often touch on dark subjects such as death and addiction.", "His lyrics, which are usually fairly straightforward stylistically, often touch on dark subjects such as death and addiction. On Alter Bridge's first two albums (the lyrics of the former were primarily written by Tremonti, however), the lyrics are about \"hope and perseverance in the face of adversity.\"", "On Alter Bridge's first two albums (the lyrics of the former were primarily written by Tremonti, however), the lyrics are about \"hope and perseverance in the face of adversity.\" However, he has been known to write darker lyrics, as heard most notably on Alter Bridge's third album, AB III, which is a loose concept album based on his own personal struggles with faith and spirituality.", "However, he has been known to write darker lyrics, as heard most notably on Alter Bridge's third album, AB III, which is a loose concept album based on his own personal struggles with faith and spirituality. Similarly, the lyrical themes of The Mayfield Four's second album, Second Skin, touch on struggling with love and substance abuse.", "Similarly, the lyrical themes of The Mayfield Four's second album, Second Skin, touch on struggling with love and substance abuse. Second Skin, Apocalyptic Love, World on Fire and The Ides of March are the only albums to feature lyrics written by Kennedy that contain profanity.", "Second Skin, Apocalyptic Love, World on Fire and The Ides of March are the only albums to feature lyrics written by Kennedy that contain profanity. Personal life Kennedy currently resides in Spokane, Washington with his wife, Selena, whom he married on June 14, 2003.", "Personal life Kennedy currently resides in Spokane, Washington with his wife, Selena, whom he married on June 14, 2003. According to Alter Bridge lead guitarist Mark Tremonti, Kennedy is an atheist, although in an article titled Losing My Religion from a November 2010 issue of Kerrang!", "According to Alter Bridge lead guitarist Mark Tremonti, Kennedy is an atheist, although in an article titled Losing My Religion from a November 2010 issue of Kerrang! magazine, Kennedy said he places himself \"somewhere in the middle\" between being an atheist and a Christian.", "magazine, Kennedy said he places himself \"somewhere in the middle\" between being an atheist and a Christian. In an interview on the Blairing Out with Eric Blair Show at NAMM 2009, Kennedy mentioned that despite being raised in a Christian household, he is not a religious person and he does not believe in any organized religion.", "In an interview on the Blairing Out with Eric Blair Show at NAMM 2009, Kennedy mentioned that despite being raised in a Christian household, he is not a religious person and he does not believe in any organized religion. In an interview with CraveOnline, he said \"I would consider myself a part of the growing segment of people who question authority and scrutinize concepts that no longer seem as logical as they once did.", "In an interview with CraveOnline, he said \"I would consider myself a part of the growing segment of people who question authority and scrutinize concepts that no longer seem as logical as they once did. [...] I don't find peace in the same concepts that many hold as truth. Believe me, I tried.", "Believe me, I tried. Believe me, I tried. It's not like I didn't spend most of my life submersed in the bosom of doctrine or dogma.\" In 2014, he identified himself as an agnostic.", "In 2014, he identified himself as an agnostic. Kennedy has been identified as an avid reader and he says that he especially enjoys the work of John Irving, describing Irving's A Prayer for Owen Meany as one of his favorite novels. He has also cited Effortless Mastery by Kenny Werner as one of his favorites.", "He has also cited Effortless Mastery by Kenny Werner as one of his favorites. When asked about his hobbies, he replied: \"I guess I have been pretty fortunate since I have turned what was a hobby into a living. Music pretty much consumes me.", "Music pretty much consumes me. Music pretty much consumes me. If I’m not writing, performing or listening I am probably trying to learn more about its history.\"", "If I’m not writing, performing or listening I am probably trying to learn more about its history.\" He has five tattoos: a dragon on his left forearm, a koi fish on his right forearm, an octopus on his right upper arm, and two elephant heads on his chest.", "He has five tattoos: a dragon on his left forearm, a koi fish on his right forearm, an octopus on his right upper arm, and two elephant heads on his chest. He describes the dragon and the fish as symbols of strength, while the octopus was originally supposed to be a small squid but became much larger than he had intended.", "He describes the dragon and the fish as symbols of strength, while the octopus was originally supposed to be a small squid but became much larger than he had intended. He got the dragon tattoo first because of a toy he brought back from Japan as a child, and the koi was added a year later after he learned of an ancient Chinese legend of koi swimming up the Yellow River to become dragons.", "He got the dragon tattoo first because of a toy he brought back from Japan as a child, and the koi was added a year later after he learned of an ancient Chinese legend of koi swimming up the Yellow River to become dragons. He has said he wants to get more tattoos in the future.", "He has said he wants to get more tattoos in the future. Charity work Kennedy has served on the board of directors for the Mead Food Bank since 2003.", "Charity work Kennedy has served on the board of directors for the Mead Food Bank since 2003. In addition, he co-founded the Future Song Foundation, a charity organization \"that provides funding to ensure that kids have access to musical instruction and instruments which are fundamental parts of a complete education\", with his wife in 2015.", "In addition, he co-founded the Future Song Foundation, a charity organization \"that provides funding to ensure that kids have access to musical instruction and instruments which are fundamental parts of a complete education\", with his wife in 2015. He serves as a director of the program.", "He serves as a director of the program. A proponent of wildlife conservation efforts, Kennedy is a supporter of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and is outspoken of his criticism of the ivory trade on Twitter.", "A proponent of wildlife conservation efforts, Kennedy is a supporter of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and is outspoken of his criticism of the ivory trade on Twitter. Discography Cosmic Dust Journey (1991) Citizen Swing Cure Me with the Groove (1993) Deep Down (1995) The Mayfield Four Fallout (1998) Second Skin (2001) Alter Bridge One Day Remains (2004) Blackbird (2007) AB III (2010) Fortress (2013) The Last Hero (2016) Walk the Sky (2019) Slash featuring Myles Kennedy & the Conspirators Apocalyptic Love (2012) World on Fire (2014) Living the Dream (2018) 4 (2022) Solo Year of the Tiger (2018) The Ides of March (2021) Filmography References External links 1969 births 20th-century American singers 21st-century American singers Alter Bridge members American heavy metal guitarists American heavy metal singers American male singer-songwriters American rock songwriters Living people Singer-songwriters from Washington (state) Musicians from Spokane, Washington Rhythm guitarists Roadrunner Records artists Singers with a four-octave vocal range American tenors Guitarists from Washington (state) 20th-century American guitarists American male guitarists" ]

[ "Blind Lemon Jefferson", "Success with Paramount Records" ]

[ "Paramount Records was an American record label known for its recordings of jazz and blues in the 1920s and early 1930s, including such artists as Ma Rainey, Tommy Johnson and Blind Lemon Jefferson.\n\nEarly years\nParamount Records was formed in 1917 by United Phonographs, a subsidiary of the Wisconsin Chair Company, which trademarked its record brand from Port Washington and began issuing records the following year on the Puritan and Paramount labels. Puritan lasted only until 1927, but Paramount, based in the factory of its parent company in Grafton, Wisconsin, published some of the nation's most important early blues recordings between 1929 and 1932. The label's offices were located in Port Washington, Wisconsin and the pressing plant was located at 1819 S. Green Bay Road in Grafton, Wisconsin. The label was managed by Fred Dennett Key.\n\nThe Wisconsin Chair Company made wooden phonograph cabinets for Edison Records. In 1915 it started making its own phonographs in the name of its subsidiary, the United Phonograph Corporation. It made phonographs under the Vista brand name through the end of the decade; the line failed commercially.\n\nIn 1918, a line of records debuted on the Paramount label. They were recorded and pressed by a Chair Company subsidiary, the New York Recording Laboratories, Inc. which, despite its name, was located in the same Wisconsin factory in Port Washington. Advertisements, however, stated: \"Paramounts are recorded in our own New York laboratory\".\n\nIn its early years, the Paramount label fared only slightly better than the Vista phonograph line. The product had little to distinguish itself. Paramount released pop recordings with average audio quality pressed on average quality shellac. With the coming of electric recording, both the audio fidelity and the shellac quality declined to well below average, although some Paramount records were well pressed on better shellac and have become collectible.\n\nIn the early 1920s, Paramount was accumulating debt while producing no profit. Paramount began offering to press records for other companies on a contract basis at low prices.\n\nRace records\nParamount was contracted to press discs for Black Swan Records. When the Black Swan company later floundered, Paramount bought out Black Swan and made records by and for African Americans. These so-called race music records became Paramount's most famous and lucrative business, especially its 12000 series. It is estimated that a quarter of all race records released between 1922 and 1932 were on the Paramount label.\n\nParamount's race record series was launched in 1922 with vaudeville blues songs by Lucille Hegamin and Alberta Hunter. The company had a large mail-order operation which was a key to its early success.\n\nMost of Paramount's race music recordings were arranged by black entrepreneur J. Mayo Williams. \"Ink\" Williams, as he was known, had no official position with Paramount, but he was given wide latitude to bring African American talent to the Paramount recording studios and to market Paramount records to African American consumers. Williams did not know at the time that the \"race market\" had become Paramount's prime business and that he was keeping the label afloat.\n\nProblems with low fidelity and poor pressings continued. Blind Lemon Jefferson's 1926 hits, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", were quickly rerecorded in the superior facilities of Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used the rerecorded version. Both versions were released on compilation albums.\n\nIn 1927, Ink Williams moved to competitor Okeh, taking Blind Lemon Jefferson with him for just one recording, \"Matchbox Blues\". Paramount's recording of the same song can be compared with Okeh's on compilation albums. In 1929, Paramount was building a new studio in Grafton, so it sent Charley Patton —\"sent up\" by Jackson, Mississippi, storeowner H. C. Speir —to the studio of Gennett Records in Richmond, Indiana, where on June 14 he cut 14 famous sides, which led many to consider him the \"Father of the Delta Blues\".\n\nAfter Williams left Paramount, he placed the business in the hands of his secretary, Aletha Dickerson, who had not been informed that her former employer had quit. Dickerson continued working for Paramount, and eventually moved to the company's new headquarters is Grafton. In 1931, she quit when the management, facing hard times, cut her wages.\n\nDepression, closure, reissues\nThe Great Depression drove many record companies out of business. Paramount stopped recording in 1932 and closed in 1935.\n\nIn 1948, Paramount was bought by John Steiner, who revived the label for reissues of important historical recordings and new recordings of jazz and blues. In 1952, Steiner leased reissue rights to a newly formed Riverside jazz label. Riverside reissued 10\" and then 12\" LPs by many blues singers in the Paramount catalog, as well as jazz by such Chicago-based musicians as Jelly Roll Morton, King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band (which included a young Louis Armstrong), Johnny Dodds, Muggsy Spanier, and Meade Lux Lewis. The Riverside label remained active until 1964. The rights to Paramount's back catalog were acquired by George H. Buck in 1970. The use of the name \"Paramount Records\" was purchased from Buck by Paramount Pictures, a previously unconnected company.\n\nLike other record companies during the Great Depression, Paramount sold most of its master recordings as scrap metal. Some of the company's recordings were said to have been thrown into the Milwaukee River by disgruntled employees when the company was closing in the mid-1930s. A 2006 episode of the PBS television show History Detectives showed divers searching the river for Paramount masters and unsold 78s, but they were unsuccessful. Author Amanda Petrusich also dived in the river looking for records for her 2014 book Do Not Sell At Any Price, but did not find any.\n\nWhen Riverside re-released the original recordings, they used records from the collection of John Hammond.\n\nJohn Fahey's Revenant Records and Jack White's Third Man Records issued two volumes of remastered tracks from Paramount's catalog, The Rise and Fall of Paramount Records, Volume One (1917–27) and The Rise and Fall of Paramount Records, Volume Two (1928–32), on vinyl records with a USB drive for digital access. Each volume features 800 songs, contemporary ads and images (200 in volume one and 90 in volume 2), two books (a history of Paramount and a guide to the artists and recordings) and six 180-gram vinyl LPs, packaged in a hand-crafted oak case modeled after those that carried phonographs in the 1920s.\n\nSee also\n List of record labels\n Paramount Records (1969)\n Puritan Records\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n 1924 Paramount catalog\nOnline Discography, University of Wisconsin-Madison\n\"In A Few Fateful Years, One Record Label Blew Open The Blues\". Tom Cole, NPR Weekend Edition, January 31, 2015.\n\"Paramount Records\". Interview with author Amanda Petrusich on Central Time show on Wisconsin Public Radio, April 22, 2015.\nParamount Records on the Internet Archive's Great 78 Project\n\n \nRecord labels established in 1918\nRecord labels disestablished in 1935\nRecord labels established in 1948\nRe-established companies\nVertical cut record labels\nJazz record labels\nBlues record labels\nDefunct companies based in Wisconsin\nHistory of Wisconsin\nOzaukee County, Wisconsin", "Famous Music Corporation was the worldwide music publishing division of Paramount Pictures, a division of Viacom since 1994. Its copyright holdings span several decades and includes music from such Academy Award-winning motion pictures as The Godfather and Forrest Gump. It was founded in 1928 by Paramount’s predecessor, the Famous-Lasky Corporation, to publish music from its \"talking pictures.\" Some of the classic songs in the Famous Music catalog that originated in motion pictures include \"Moon River\", \"Thanks for the Memory\", \"Silver Bells\", \"Mona Lisa\", \"Where Do I Begin?\" (the theme from Love Story), \"Speak Softly, Love\" (the theme from The Godfather), \"Up Where We Belong\", \"Footloose\", \"Take My Breath Away\" and \"My Heart Will Go On\".\n\nFamous Music additionally owned music and songs from television programs produced by Paramount until ownership of most of those songs was transferred to CBS in 2006 as part of Viacom's split into two separate companies: CBS and \"new\" Viacom. These included the \"Theme from Mission: Impossible\" (ownership remained with Paramount), the \"Theme from Star Trek\", and \"Where Everybody Knows Your Name\" (the theme from Cheers).\n\nFamous Music also provided licensing and administration services for many prominent music catalog owners such as CBS, The Clyde Otis Music Catalogs, as well as for other Viacom divisions including MTV, Nickelodeon and BET.\n\nStarting mostly in the late 1980s and continuing until the company was sold in 2007 (see below), Famous Music was active in acquiring songs that did not originate in Paramount motion pictures or television programs. These included the purchase of many works from the Duke Ellington catalog, as well as acquisition or administration agreements with recording artists and producers such as Shakira, Eminem, Akon, She Wants Revenge, Boyz II Men, Paula Cole, The Cunninghams, Björk, Gavin Rossdale, Daniel Powter, Harvey Danger, Martika, KC Porter, Linda Perry, Kike Santander, Irv Gotti, Placebo, Modest Mouse, Jet and P.O.D.\n\nIn May 2007, Viacom sold Famous Music to Sony/ATV Music Publishing co-owned by Sony and Michael Jackson for a reported $370m. Famous Music was then renamed Sony/ATV Harmony and Sony/ATV Melody.\n\nIn December 2012, Sony/ATV sold the Famous Music UK song catalogue (which included Placebo and The Kooks) to BMG Rights Management. Paramount Pictures moved the administration of its music to Universal Music Publishing Group sometime in the late 2010s; ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks (excluding Showtime Networks) followed suit in 2020.\n\nFamous Music Records Group \nFor a number of years, Famous Music also had a record label group division that included Blue Thumb Records, Dot Records and Paramount Records. In 1974 these were acquired by ABC Records for $5.5 million with most of the Famous labels absorbed into ABC Records.\n\nFamous had distribution deals with Neighborhood Records and Sire Records, the latter of which was distributed by ABC until 1977.\n\nThe catalogs of all the ABC/Famous Music labels are now owned by Universal Music Group (with some exceptions, for example, the 1968-1970 catalog of Stax Records, which during that period was owned by Famous, is owned by Concord Music Group, itself distributed by UMG.)\n\nVarious labels under Universal manage different parts of the catalog depending on the genre. Here are some examples:\n\nPop, rock, R&B: Geffen Records\nCountry: MCA Nashville Records\nJazz: Impulse! Records\nClassical: Deutsche Grammophon\nMusical theater: Decca Broadway\n\nArtists\n Hillary Lindsey\n Green Bottle Records\n John Lee Hooker\n Clockwork\n David Tolk\n Jonathan Mead Radford\n Monifah\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFamous Music Videos Database Collection\n\nMusic publishing companies of the United States\nFormer Viacom subsidiaries\nFormer Sony subsidiaries\n2007 mergers and acquisitions\nParamount Pictures\nGulf and Western Industries\nAmerican companies established in 1928\nEntertainment companies established in 1928\nSony Music Publishing" ]

[ "Lemon Henry \"Blind Lemon\" Jefferson (September 24, 1893 – December 19, 1929) was an American blues and gospel singer-songwriter and musician. He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\".", "He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\". Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive.", "Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive. His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists.", "His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists. Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style.", "Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style. Biography Early life Jefferson was born blind, near Coutchman, Texas. He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers.", "He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers. Disputes regarding the date of his birth derive from contradictory census records and draft registration records. By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas.", "By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas. Jefferson's birth date was recorded as September 1893 in the 1900 census. The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace.", "The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace. In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth.", "In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth. In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman.", "In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman. Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties.", "Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties. He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners.", "He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners. According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly.", "According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly. Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas.", "Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas. It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker.", "It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker. Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide.", "Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide. By the early 1920s, Jefferson was earning enough money for his musical performances to support a wife and, possibly, a child. However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found.", "However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found. Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923.", "Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923. The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924.", "The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924. Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes).", "Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes). Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world.", "Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world. Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks.", "Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks. Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates.", "Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates. A second recording session was held in March 1926.", "A second recording session was held in March 1926. His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits.", "His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits. Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures.", "Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures. He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records.", "He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records. Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality.", "Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality. In May 1926, Paramount re-recorded Jefferson performing his hits \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\" in the superior facilities at Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used those versions. Both versions appear on compilation albums.", "Both versions appear on compilation albums. Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s. Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community.", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community. This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market.", "This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market. Jefferson is known to have done an unusual amount of traveling for the time in the American South, which is reflected in the difficulty of placing his music in a single regional category. Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him. His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob.", "His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob. He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\" According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar.", "According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar. Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500). In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\".", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\". It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount.", "It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount. Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time.", "Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time. When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly.", "When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly. In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\".", "In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\". \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928.", "\"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928. Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\".", "Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\". For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm.", "For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm. Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night.", "Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night. In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas.", "In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas. Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell.", "Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell. Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas.", "Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas. His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown.", "His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown. By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997.", "By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997. The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\"", "The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\" The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham.", "In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham. Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice.", "Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice. He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins.", "He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins. He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording.", "Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording. Fellow blues artist B.B.", "Fellow blues artist B.B. Fellow blues artist B.B. King credited Jefferson as one of his biggest musical influences, next to Lonnie Johnson, Louis Jordan and T-Bone Walker. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980.", "Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980. Cover versions Canned Heat, \"One Kind Favor,\" on \"Living the Blues\", released in 1968, (credited: \"Arr. & Adpt.", "& Adpt. & Adpt. by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B.", "by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B. King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\".", "King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\". Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After.", "Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After. The cover was featured as part of a selection of early demo tracks. Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog.", "Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog. Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005.", "Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005. In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues.", "In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues. A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill.", "A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill. The record was long considered lost, but a copy was located by John Tefteller in 2002. Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake.", "Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake. Art Evans portrayed Jefferson in the 1976 film Leadbelly, directed by Gordon Parks. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead.", "Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead. The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson.", "The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson. The AI claims to have been a blues musician before his music hard drives were stripped from him. The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson.", "The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson. In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\".", "In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\". Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'.", "Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'. Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show.", "Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show. A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name.", "A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name. References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years.", "References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years. The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records.", "The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records. Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\".", "Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\". According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band.", "According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band. However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all.", "However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all. In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate.", "In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate. See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998).", "See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998). Deep Ellum and Central Track: Where the Black and White Worlds of Dallas Converged. Denton: University of North Texas Press. . Further reading Evans, David (2000).", "Further reading Evans, David (2000). \"Musical Innovation in the Blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 83–116. Monge, Luigi (2000).", "Monge, Luigi (2000). \"The Language of Blind Lemon Jefferson: The Covert Theme of Blindness\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 35–81. Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003).", "Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003). \"New Songs of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Journal of Texas Music History. Vol. 3, no. 2 (Fall 2003). Pisigin, Valeriy (2013). The Coming of the Blues (Пришествие блюза). Vol. 4. Country Blues.", "Vol. 4. Country Blues. Country Blues. Blind Lemon Jefferson. — M.: 2013. — C.320. . Swinton, Paul. (1997) A Twist of Lemon. Blues & Rhythm, Issue No. 121, August 1997. Uzzel, Robert L. (2002).", "Uzzel, Robert L. (2002). Blind Lemon Jefferson: His Life, His Death, and His Legacy''. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. .", "Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. . . External links Blues Foundation Hall of Fame induction Illustrated Blind Lemon Jefferson discography The lyrics of his songs 1893 births 1929 deaths American blues guitarists American blues singer-songwriters American street performers Blind musicians Gospel blues musicians American folk musicians People from Freestone County, Texas Musicians from Dallas Gennett Records artists Okeh Records artists Texas blues musicians Paramount Records artists American acoustic guitarists American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists Singer-songwriters from Texas Guitarists from Texas African-American male singer-songwriters African-American guitarists 20th-century African-American male singers" ]

[ "Blind Lemon Jefferson", "Success with Paramount Records", "When did he begin with Paramount records?", "Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s." ]

[ "Glenmore is a historic house in Jefferson City, Tennessee, United States.\n\nHistory\nThe three-story house was built in 1868-1869 for John Roper Branner, the President of the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railway. From 1868 to 1879, it was the location of the Branner Institute for Young Women, run by his brother.\n\nThe house was acquired by Milton Preston Jarnagin in 1882. It was Jarnagin who named it Glenmore. When he died, the house was inherited by his son, Frank Watkins Jarnagin, who raised Percheron horses on the property.\n\nIt was deeded to the Preservation of Tennessee Antiquities in 1969-1970.\n\nArchitectural significance\nThe house was designed in the Second Empire architectural style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 13, 1973.\n\nReferences\n\nHouses completed in 1869\nHouses in Jefferson County, Tennessee\nSecond Empire architecture in Tennessee\nHouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee\nNational Register of Historic Places in Jefferson County, Tennessee", "Fairfax is a historic mansion in White Pine, Jefferson County, Tennessee, USA.\n\nHistory\nThe mansion was completed in 1840. It was built by Lawson D. Franklin (1801–1861), Tennessee's first millionaire, for his son, Isaac White Rodgers Franklin, Sr. (1827–1866). It was designed in the Greek Revival architectural style.\n\nSenator Herbert S. Walters grew up in this house. By 1953, it was acquired by Thomas H. Berry and his wife, Ellen McClung. They restored it a year later, in 1954. They hired Irish painter James Reynolds to do the murals in the living-room.\n\nArchitectural significance\nIt has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 13, 1973. The house was surveyed and photographed for the Historic American Buildings Survey, where it is called the Isaac Franklin House.\n\nReferences\n\nHouses in Jefferson County, Tennessee\nHouses completed in 1840\nGreek Revival houses in Tennessee\nHouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee\nNational Register of Historic Places in Jefferson County, Tennessee" ]

[ "Lemon Henry \"Blind Lemon\" Jefferson (September 24, 1893 – December 19, 1929) was an American blues and gospel singer-songwriter and musician. He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\".", "He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\". Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive.", "Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive. His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists.", "His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists. Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style.", "Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style. Biography Early life Jefferson was born blind, near Coutchman, Texas. He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers.", "He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers. Disputes regarding the date of his birth derive from contradictory census records and draft registration records. By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas.", "By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas. Jefferson's birth date was recorded as September 1893 in the 1900 census. The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace.", "The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace. In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth.", "In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth. In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman.", "In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman. Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties.", "Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties. He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners.", "He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners. According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly.", "According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly. Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas.", "Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas. It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker.", "It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker. Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide.", "Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide. By the early 1920s, Jefferson was earning enough money for his musical performances to support a wife and, possibly, a child. However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found.", "However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found. Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923.", "Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923. The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924.", "The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924. Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes).", "Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes). Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world.", "Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world. Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks.", "Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks. Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates.", "Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates. A second recording session was held in March 1926.", "A second recording session was held in March 1926. His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits.", "His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits. Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures.", "Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures. He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records.", "He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records. Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality.", "Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality. In May 1926, Paramount re-recorded Jefferson performing his hits \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\" in the superior facilities at Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used those versions. Both versions appear on compilation albums.", "Both versions appear on compilation albums. Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s. Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community.", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community. This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market.", "This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market. Jefferson is known to have done an unusual amount of traveling for the time in the American South, which is reflected in the difficulty of placing his music in a single regional category. Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him. His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob.", "His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob. He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\" According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar.", "According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar. Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500). In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\".", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\". It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount.", "It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount. Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time.", "Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time. When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly.", "When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly. In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\".", "In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\". \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928.", "\"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928. Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\".", "Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\". For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm.", "For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm. Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night.", "Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night. In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas.", "In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas. Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell.", "Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell. Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas.", "Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas. His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown.", "His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown. By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997.", "By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997. The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\"", "The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\" The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham.", "In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham. Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice.", "Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice. He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins.", "He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins. He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording.", "Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording. Fellow blues artist B.B.", "Fellow blues artist B.B. Fellow blues artist B.B. King credited Jefferson as one of his biggest musical influences, next to Lonnie Johnson, Louis Jordan and T-Bone Walker. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980.", "Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980. Cover versions Canned Heat, \"One Kind Favor,\" on \"Living the Blues\", released in 1968, (credited: \"Arr. & Adpt.", "& Adpt. & Adpt. by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B.", "by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B. King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\".", "King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\". Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After.", "Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After. The cover was featured as part of a selection of early demo tracks. Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog.", "Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog. Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005.", "Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005. In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues.", "In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues. A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill.", "A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill. The record was long considered lost, but a copy was located by John Tefteller in 2002. Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake.", "Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake. Art Evans portrayed Jefferson in the 1976 film Leadbelly, directed by Gordon Parks. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead.", "Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead. The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson.", "The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson. The AI claims to have been a blues musician before his music hard drives were stripped from him. The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson.", "The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson. In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\".", "In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\". Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'.", "Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'. Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show.", "Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show. A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name.", "A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name. References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years.", "References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years. The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records.", "The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records. Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\".", "Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\". According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band.", "According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band. However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all.", "However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all. In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate.", "In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate. See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998).", "See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998). Deep Ellum and Central Track: Where the Black and White Worlds of Dallas Converged. Denton: University of North Texas Press. . Further reading Evans, David (2000).", "Further reading Evans, David (2000). \"Musical Innovation in the Blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 83–116. Monge, Luigi (2000).", "Monge, Luigi (2000). \"The Language of Blind Lemon Jefferson: The Covert Theme of Blindness\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 35–81. Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003).", "Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003). \"New Songs of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Journal of Texas Music History. Vol. 3, no. 2 (Fall 2003). Pisigin, Valeriy (2013). The Coming of the Blues (Пришествие блюза). Vol. 4. Country Blues.", "Vol. 4. Country Blues. Country Blues. Blind Lemon Jefferson. — M.: 2013. — C.320. . Swinton, Paul. (1997) A Twist of Lemon. Blues & Rhythm, Issue No. 121, August 1997. Uzzel, Robert L. (2002).", "Uzzel, Robert L. (2002). Blind Lemon Jefferson: His Life, His Death, and His Legacy''. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. .", "Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. . . External links Blues Foundation Hall of Fame induction Illustrated Blind Lemon Jefferson discography The lyrics of his songs 1893 births 1929 deaths American blues guitarists American blues singer-songwriters American street performers Blind musicians Gospel blues musicians American folk musicians People from Freestone County, Texas Musicians from Dallas Gennett Records artists Okeh Records artists Texas blues musicians Paramount Records artists American acoustic guitarists American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists Singer-songwriters from Texas Guitarists from Texas African-American male singer-songwriters African-American guitarists 20th-century African-American male singers" ]

[ "Blind Lemon Jefferson", "Success with Paramount Records", "When did he begin with Paramount records?", "Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "What was their significance for Jefferson?", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs" ]

[ "The Mystery Of Cabin Island is Volume 8 in the original The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories published by Grosset & Dunlap.\nThis book was written for the Stratemeyer Syndicate by Leslie McFarlane in 1929. Between 1959 and 1973 the first 38 volumes of this series were systematically revised as part of a project directed by Harriet Adams, Edward Stratemeyer's daughter. The original version of this book was rewritten in 1966 by Anne Shultes resulting in two different stories with the same title.\n\nPlot summary (revised edition)\n\nA series of adventures begins for the Hardy Boys and their friends Chet and Biff after they are invited to spend Christmas vacation on Cabin Island at the invitation of its owner, Mr. Jefferson, as a reward for recovering Jefferson's car in The Shore Road Mystery. While they are collecting the keys to the cabin from Mr. Jefferson they meet Mr. Hanleigh who is interested in purchasing the island. As well, Mr. Jefferson asks the Hardy boys to locate his grandson Johnny who has gone missing.\n\nAs the boys try to enjoy themselves, someone seems determined to spoil their fun. First, two high school dropouts vandalize their loaded ice boat, the Sea Gull, which delays their departure for Cabin Island by a few hours. Once on the island, a ghost-like hooting leads to an innocent and humorous discovery. All their groceries are stolen, and so Frank and Joe head for the coast to purchase new supplies, but not long after, they find the original stock buried in snow. Chet sees a ghost walking through the woods, as well Mr. Hanleigh and the two high school dropouts are seen sneaking around the island, apparently searching for something.\n\nAfter a series of collisions and near misses with the Sea Gull, the Hardys learn that Mr. Hanleigh is the nephew of a former servant of Mr. Jefferson and he is looking for something hidden in the fireplace. A foreign dignitary, who was earlier mistaken for a ghost due to his white robes, reveals that he is seeking a medal that was presented to the grandfather of his nation's ruler, and had been misled by Mr. Hanleigh who was pretending to be Jefferson's representative.\n\nThe Hardy boys find the missing medals hidden in the chimney and also locate Johnny, returning both to Mr. Jefferson who rewards them with a medal for each of them.\n\nPlot summary (original edition)\n\nWhile riding in their homemade iceboat on the frozen surface of Barmet Bay, Frank and Joe Hardy and Chet Morton discuss their plans for the upcoming Christmas holiday break, and decide to ask if they could rent out the namesake cabin on Cabin Island. However, a mysterious stranger chases them off the island, and on their return to shore, they nearly crash into an iceboat piloted by Ted Carson and Ike Nash, two reckless and obnoxious youths. The boys are later invited to the home of Elroy Jefferson, a man whose car they returned in The Shore Road Mystery, so he can reward them. They overhear an argument between Jefferson, the owner of Cabin Island, and a Mr. Hanleigh, who is constantly trying to buy the titular cabin for large sums of money. Mr. Jefferson initially tries to give them a monetary reward for returning his stolen Pierce Arrow (Jefferson was in Europe when the car was returned), but the boys ask if they can use his cabin for the holidays, which Mr. Jefferson grants them permission for. As time goes by on the island, the boys notice that strange things have been going on, most notably the disappearance of their supplies. Frank and Joe head to a village on the mainland to get more supplies, and end up talking to a storekeeper named Amos Grice. Grice tells the boys that Jefferson had once married a woman who would inherit the valuable Bender stamp collection from her father, and that rumor has it that Jefferson really married her for the stamps, which were turned over to Elroy when she did inherit them. Jefferson built the cabin years ago for his late wife and son to use in the summer, but while it was being constructed the stamp collection vanished along with their servant, John Sparewell, and Mrs. Jefferson died shortly thereafter. It is later revealed that after Sparewell was almost caught with the stamps, he went to Cabin Island to try to return the stamps in secret. However, he hid them in a gap in the chimney, intending to retrieve them the next day, but the gap was mortared up, sealing them up. Before Sparewell died, he willed the box of stamps to his nephew, Mr. Hanleigh, with the instructions to return it to Jefferson. Hanleigh had been trying to buy the island and prowl around it to recover the stamps, but never intended to give them back to Jefferson. Neither Hanleigh nor the boys were able to find the stamps, but when a violent storm tears the chimney apart, the box of stamps is miraculously recovered.\n\nReferences\n\nThe Hardy Boys books\n1929 American novels\n1929 children's books\n1966 American novels\n1966 children's books\nGrosset & Dunlap books", "The Ultimate Collection is a compilation album by the American vocalist, pianist and songwriter Oleta Adams, released in 2004.\n\nTrack listing \nDisc 1\t\n\"Rhythm Of Life\" - 4:18\n\"Circle Of One\" - 3:52\n\"Get Here\" - 4:35\n\"I've Got To Sing My Song\" - 4:02\n\"You've Got To Give Me Room\" - 5:15\n\"Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me\" - 5:54\n\"I Just Had To Hear Your Voice\" - 3:39\n\"Hold Me For A While\" - 5:09\n\"The Day I Stop Loving You\" - 5:02\n\"My Heart Won't Lie\" - 4:41\n\"When Love Comes To The Rescue\" - 5:14\n\"Window Of Hope\" - 4:21\n\"Oh Me, Oh My (I'm A Fool For You Baby)\" - 4:40\n\"I Believe You\" - 4:14\nDisc 2\n\"Blessed With You\" - 3:25\n\"No Secrets\" - 4:08\n\"You Won't Get Away\" - 5:56\n\"Never Knew Love\" - 3:21\n\"I Knew You When\" - 4:19\n\"We Will Meet Again\" - 4:46\n\"New Star\" - 4:17\n\"Once In A Lifetime\" - 5:21\n\"You Need To Be Loved\" - 4:39\n\"Between Hello And Goodbye\" - 6:11\n\"Come And Walk With Me\" - 6:07\n\"I Will Love You\" - 5:30\n\"When You Walked Into My Life\" - 4:16\n\"Learning To Love You More\" - 4:25\nDisc 3\n\"Woman In Chains\" (featuring Tears For Fears) - 6:30\n\"Bad Man's Song\" (featuring Tears For Fears) - 8:33\n\"I've Got To Sing My Song (Live)\" - 4:32\n\"Get Here (Live)\" - 4:54\n\"Slow Motion (Live)\" - 4:20\n\"Life Keeps Moving On (Live)\" - 4:35\n\"Rhythm Of Life (Reverend Jefferson's Original Dance Hall Mix)\" - 6:48\n\"Never Knew Love (Reverend Jefferson Mix)\" - 7:12\n\n2004 compilation albums\nOleta Adams compilation albums" ]

[ "Lemon Henry \"Blind Lemon\" Jefferson (September 24, 1893 – December 19, 1929) was an American blues and gospel singer-songwriter and musician. He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\".", "He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\". Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive.", "Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive. His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists.", "His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists. Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style.", "Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style. Biography Early life Jefferson was born blind, near Coutchman, Texas. He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers.", "He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers. Disputes regarding the date of his birth derive from contradictory census records and draft registration records. By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas.", "By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas. Jefferson's birth date was recorded as September 1893 in the 1900 census. The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace.", "The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace. In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth.", "In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth. In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman.", "In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman. Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties.", "Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties. He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners.", "He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners. According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly.", "According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly. Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas.", "Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas. It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker.", "It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker. Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide.", "Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide. By the early 1920s, Jefferson was earning enough money for his musical performances to support a wife and, possibly, a child. However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found.", "However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found. Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923.", "Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923. The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924.", "The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924. Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes).", "Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes). Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world.", "Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world. Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks.", "Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks. Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates.", "Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates. A second recording session was held in March 1926.", "A second recording session was held in March 1926. His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits.", "His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits. Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures.", "Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures. He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records.", "He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records. Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality.", "Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality. In May 1926, Paramount re-recorded Jefferson performing his hits \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\" in the superior facilities at Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used those versions. Both versions appear on compilation albums.", "Both versions appear on compilation albums. Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s. Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community.", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community. This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market.", "This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market. Jefferson is known to have done an unusual amount of traveling for the time in the American South, which is reflected in the difficulty of placing his music in a single regional category. Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him. His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob.", "His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob. He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\" According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar.", "According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar. Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500). In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\".", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\". It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount.", "It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount. Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time.", "Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time. When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly.", "When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly. In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\".", "In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\". \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928.", "\"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928. Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\".", "Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\". For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm.", "For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm. Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night.", "Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night. In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas.", "In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas. Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell.", "Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell. Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas.", "Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas. His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown.", "His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown. By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997.", "By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997. The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\"", "The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\" The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham.", "In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham. Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice.", "Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice. He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins.", "He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins. He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording.", "Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording. Fellow blues artist B.B.", "Fellow blues artist B.B. Fellow blues artist B.B. King credited Jefferson as one of his biggest musical influences, next to Lonnie Johnson, Louis Jordan and T-Bone Walker. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980.", "Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980. Cover versions Canned Heat, \"One Kind Favor,\" on \"Living the Blues\", released in 1968, (credited: \"Arr. & Adpt.", "& Adpt. & Adpt. by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B.", "by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B. King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\".", "King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\". Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After.", "Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After. The cover was featured as part of a selection of early demo tracks. Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog.", "Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog. Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005.", "Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005. In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues.", "In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues. A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill.", "A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill. The record was long considered lost, but a copy was located by John Tefteller in 2002. Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake.", "Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake. Art Evans portrayed Jefferson in the 1976 film Leadbelly, directed by Gordon Parks. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead.", "Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead. The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson.", "The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson. The AI claims to have been a blues musician before his music hard drives were stripped from him. The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson.", "The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson. In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\".", "In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\". Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'.", "Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'. Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show.", "Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show. A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name.", "A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name. References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years.", "References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years. The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records.", "The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records. Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\".", "Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\". According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band.", "According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band. However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all.", "However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all. In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate.", "In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate. See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998).", "See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998). Deep Ellum and Central Track: Where the Black and White Worlds of Dallas Converged. Denton: University of North Texas Press. . Further reading Evans, David (2000).", "Further reading Evans, David (2000). \"Musical Innovation in the Blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 83–116. Monge, Luigi (2000).", "Monge, Luigi (2000). \"The Language of Blind Lemon Jefferson: The Covert Theme of Blindness\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 35–81. Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003).", "Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003). \"New Songs of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Journal of Texas Music History. Vol. 3, no. 2 (Fall 2003). Pisigin, Valeriy (2013). The Coming of the Blues (Пришествие блюза). Vol. 4. Country Blues.", "Vol. 4. Country Blues. Country Blues. Blind Lemon Jefferson. — M.: 2013. — C.320. . Swinton, Paul. (1997) A Twist of Lemon. Blues & Rhythm, Issue No. 121, August 1997. Uzzel, Robert L. (2002).", "Uzzel, Robert L. (2002). Blind Lemon Jefferson: His Life, His Death, and His Legacy''. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. .", "Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. . . External links Blues Foundation Hall of Fame induction Illustrated Blind Lemon Jefferson discography The lyrics of his songs 1893 births 1929 deaths American blues guitarists American blues singer-songwriters American street performers Blind musicians Gospel blues musicians American folk musicians People from Freestone County, Texas Musicians from Dallas Gennett Records artists Okeh Records artists Texas blues musicians Paramount Records artists American acoustic guitarists American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists Singer-songwriters from Texas Guitarists from Texas African-American male singer-songwriters African-American guitarists 20th-century African-American male singers" ]

[ "Blind Lemon Jefferson", "Success with Paramount Records", "When did he begin with Paramount records?", "Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "What was their significance for Jefferson?", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs", "Did Jefferson sing for them?", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him." ]

[ "Jason Cory Jaramillo (born October 9, 1982) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) catcher who played for the Pittsburgh Pirates from 2009 to 2011.\n\nAmateur career\nJaramillo attended Oklahoma State University, and in 2003 he played collegiate summer baseball with the Orleans Cardinals of the Cape Cod Baseball League.\n\nProfessional career\n\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nJaramillo, who is of Mexican descent, was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies in the second round of the 2004 MLB draft. Jaramillo played 2004 with Short-Season A Batavia, where in 31 games, he hit .223 with 1 HR and 14 RBI. Jaramillo played 2005 with Single-A Lakewood, where in 119 games, he hit .304 with 8 HR and 63 RBI, and he was an All-Star. He was also ranked one of the top ten prospects in the Phillies system for the 2005 baseball season. Jaramillo played 2006 with Double-A Reading, where in 93 games, he hit .258 with 6 HR and 39 RBI. He also played 2 games with Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. After the season, he played in the Arizona Fall League with Peoria, where in 17 games, he hit .379 with 2 HR and 17 RBI. Jaramillo played 2007 with Triple-A Ottawa, where in 118 games, he hit .271 with 6 HR and 56 RBI. Jaramillo played 2008 with Triple-A Lehigh Valley, where in 115 games, he hit .266 with 8 HR and 39 RBI.\n\nPittsburgh Pirates\nOn December 10, 2008, he was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates for catcher Ronny Paulino. Jaramillo made the Pirates Opening Day roster as the backup catcher to Ryan Doumit. Jaramillo made his Major League debut on April 16, 2009; he acquired his first hit in the fourth inning, off Houston Astros pitcher, Russ Ortiz. On April 21, Doumit went on the disabled list with a broken wrist, and Jaramillo became the starter, with Robinzon Díaz as his backup. He had a good April, hitting .345 with 3 RBI. He had a less solid May, and Díaz earned more starts in the month. He hit his first major league home run, on June 2 against the Mets off of Johan Santana, tying the game at 1. When Doumit returned on July 10, Jaramillo was kept, and Díaz was optioned. He played only 5 games in July, 7 games in August, and 10 in September to finish the season. In 63 games, he hit .252 with 3 HR and 26 RBI.\n\nJaramillo began 2010 as the backup catcher to Doumit. Jaramillo went 4–17 in April, 4–22 in May and 3–26 in June. On July 12, Jaramillo was demoted to Triple-A Indianapolis, and was replaced as backup catcher by Erik Kratz. When Doumit went down with a concussion on July 22, Jaramillo was recalled to split time with Kratz. He played in 4 games with the Pirates before being optioned when Chris Snyder was acquired. Jaramillo was recalled on September 7 after Indianapolis's season had ended, and Kratz was designated for assignment, making Jaramillo the third catcher. In 33 games with the Pirates, he hit .149 with 1 HR and 6 RBI.\n\nJaramillo made the 2011 Opening Day roster, but that was only because Snyder was on the disabled list to begin the season. On April 14, Jaramillo was optioned to Indianapolis. On May 27, he suffered an arm injury, and after 7 rehab games with the GCL Pirates, he returned on July 20. On September 1, Jaramillo was recalled when the rosters expanded and was used mostly off the bench. In 23 games with Pittsburgh, he hit .326 (14-43) with 3 doubles and 6 RBI. On December 7, Jaramillo was designated for assignment, and he elected free agency 5 days later.\n\nChicago Cubs\nHe signed as a minor league free agent with the Chicago Cubs on January 18, 2012. He was released by Chicago in March.\n\nMilwaukee Brewers\nJaramillo signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers on March 29, 2012. He was assigned to Double-A Huntsville and was their Opening Day catcher. On May 29, Jaramillo was promoted to Triple-A Nashville. In 34 games with the Stars, he hit .258 with 8 doubles and 12 RBI. On August 14, Jaramillo was released by the Brewers.\n\nOakland Athletics\nOn August 21, Jaramillo signed with the Oakland Athletics and was assigned to Triple-A Sacramento, where he played 11 games with. In 52 games with Nashville and Sacramento, he hit .198 with 2 HR and 17 RBI. After the season, he became a free agent.\n\nHouston Astros\nOn January 12, 2013, Jaramillo signed a minor league deal with the Houston Astros. Jaramillo began the year with Triple-A Oklahoma City, where in 23 games, he hit .130 with 4 XBH and 7 RBI. On June 1, Jaramillo was released by the Astros.\n\nSeattle Mariners\nOn June 9, Jaramillo signed with the Seattle Mariners, and was assigned to Triple-A Tacoma. In 38 games with Tacoma, he hit .257 with 2 HR and 15 RBI.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1982 births\nLiving people\nAmerican baseball players of Mexican descent\nAmerican expatriate baseball players in Canada\nBaseball players from Wisconsin\nBatavia Muckdogs players\nFlorida Complex League Phillies players\nGulf Coast Pirates players\nHuntsville Stars players\nIndianapolis Indians players\nLakewood BlueClaws players\nLehigh Valley IronPigs players\nMajor League Baseball catchers\nNashville Sounds players\nOklahoma City RedHawks players\nOrleans Firebirds players\nOttawa Lynx players\nPittsburgh Pirates players\nReading Phillies players\nScranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players\nSportspeople from Racine, Wisconsin\nSportspeople from the Milwaukee metropolitan area\nSacramento River Cats players\nTacoma Rainiers players\nOklahoma State Cowboys baseball players", "Thomas Samuel Field (born February 22, 1987) is an American former professional baseball infielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Colorado Rockies, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and Texas Rangers.\n\nProfessional career\n\nColorado Rockies\nField was drafted by the Colorado Rockies in the 24th round of the 2008 Major League Baseball Draft out of Texas State University. Field was assigned to the Short-Season A Tri-City Dust Devils, where in 56 games, Field hit .247 with 5 HR, 32 RBI and 10 SB.\n\nField played all of 2009 with the Single-A Asheville Tourists, where in 89 games, Field hit .257 with 2 HR, 32 RBI and 8 SB. Field played all of 2010 with the Class A-Advanced Modesto Nuts, where in 124 games, he hit .284 with 15 HR, 72 RBI and 16 SB. After the season, Field played with the Scottsdale Scorpions of the Arizona Fall League, where he hit .209 in 18 games.\n\nField began the 2011 season with the Double-A Tulsa Drillers, where in 134 games he hit .271 with 17 HR, 61 RBI and 9 SB. On September 11, he was called up to the Rockies. He made his debut that day, and recorded his first hit in his third game (second start), a single off of Shaun Marcum. In 16 games with the Rockies that year, he hit .271 with 3 RBI.\n\nField began 2012 with the Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox. On July 28, Field was recalled when Marco Scutaro was traded to the San Francisco Giants, but was optioned back to Colorado Springs the next day when Jonathan Herrera was activated from the disabled list. He went 0-2 with a walk in his 2 game stint. In 121 games with Colorado Springs, he hit .246 with 8 HR, 49 RBI and 4 SB.\n\nIn 2 seasons with the Rockies, Field hit .260/.315/.260 in 18 games with 3 RBI and 0 XBH.\n\nMinnesota Twins\nOn November 2, 2012 he was claimed off waivers by the Minnesota Twins.\n\nLos Angeles Angels\nOn November 28, Field was claimed off of waivers by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.\n\nField began 2013 with the Triple-A Salt Lake Bees. On April 20, Field was recalled when Mark Lowe was placed on the disabled list, but was optioned back to Salt Lake 3 days later when Nick Maronde was recalled. On July 20, Field was recalled to replace Brendan Harris, who was designated for assignment.\n\nPittsburgh Pirates\nField was designated for assignment on August 7, 2014. He was then claimed by the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 10, 2014. The Pirates designated Field for assignment on August 24, 2014.\n\nTexas Rangers\nHe was signed by the Texas Rangers on December 16, 2014, to a minor league contract. Field made his Rangers' debut on May 11, 2015 against the Kansas City Royals and hit his first career homerun in the same game. He hit another homer on May 16, 2015 against the Cleveland Indians. He was designated for assignment by the Rangers on May 30.\n\nDuring the 2015 season, Field, played for the Texas Rangers and the Rangers' Triple-A affiliate, Round Rock Express. In 14 games with the Rangers, Fields hit .195 with six runs, one double, two home runs and five RBIs. In 103 games with Round Rock, Field hit .247 with 51 runs, 23 doubles, three triples, 14 home runs and 44 RBIs.\n\nDetroit Tigers\nOn December 11, 2015, Field signed a minor-league contract with the Detroit Tigers, and was invited to spring training. He was released by the Tigers on May 6, 2016.\n\nSecond stint with Twins\nIn December 2016, Field signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017 and chose to retire on January 19, 2018 rather than seek employment with another organization.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1987 births\nLiving people\nAsheville Tourists players\nBaseball players from Austin, Texas\nColorado Rockies players\nColorado Springs Sky Sox players\nIndianapolis Indians players\nLos Angeles Angels players\nMajor League Baseball infielders\nModesto Nuts players\nRochester Red Wings players\nRound Rock Express players\nSalt Lake Bees players\nScottsdale Scorpions players\nTexas Rangers players\nTexas State Bobcats baseball players\nToledo Mud Hens players\nTri-City Dust Devils players\nTulsa Drillers players" ]

[ "Lemon Henry \"Blind Lemon\" Jefferson (September 24, 1893 – December 19, 1929) was an American blues and gospel singer-songwriter and musician. He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\".", "He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\". Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive.", "Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive. His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists.", "His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists. Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style.", "Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style. Biography Early life Jefferson was born blind, near Coutchman, Texas. He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers.", "He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers. Disputes regarding the date of his birth derive from contradictory census records and draft registration records. By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas.", "By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas. Jefferson's birth date was recorded as September 1893 in the 1900 census. The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace.", "The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace. In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth.", "In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth. In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman.", "In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman. Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties.", "Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties. He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners.", "He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners. According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly.", "According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly. Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas.", "Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas. It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker.", "It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker. Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide.", "Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide. By the early 1920s, Jefferson was earning enough money for his musical performances to support a wife and, possibly, a child. However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found.", "However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found. Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923.", "Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923. The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924.", "The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924. Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes).", "Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes). Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world.", "Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world. Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks.", "Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks. Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates.", "Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates. A second recording session was held in March 1926.", "A second recording session was held in March 1926. His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits.", "His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits. Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures.", "Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures. He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records.", "He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records. Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality.", "Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality. In May 1926, Paramount re-recorded Jefferson performing his hits \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\" in the superior facilities at Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used those versions. Both versions appear on compilation albums.", "Both versions appear on compilation albums. Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s. Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community.", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community. This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market.", "This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market. Jefferson is known to have done an unusual amount of traveling for the time in the American South, which is reflected in the difficulty of placing his music in a single regional category. Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him. His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob.", "His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob. He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\" According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar.", "According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar. Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500). In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\".", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\". It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount.", "It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount. Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time.", "Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time. When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly.", "When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly. In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\".", "In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\". \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928.", "\"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928. Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\".", "Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\". For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm.", "For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm. Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night.", "Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night. In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas.", "In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas. Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell.", "Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell. Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas.", "Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas. His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown.", "His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown. By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997.", "By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997. The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\"", "The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\" The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham.", "In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham. Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice.", "Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice. He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins.", "He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins. He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording.", "Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording. Fellow blues artist B.B.", "Fellow blues artist B.B. Fellow blues artist B.B. King credited Jefferson as one of his biggest musical influences, next to Lonnie Johnson, Louis Jordan and T-Bone Walker. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980.", "Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980. Cover versions Canned Heat, \"One Kind Favor,\" on \"Living the Blues\", released in 1968, (credited: \"Arr. & Adpt.", "& Adpt. & Adpt. by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B.", "by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B. King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\".", "King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\". Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After.", "Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After. The cover was featured as part of a selection of early demo tracks. Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog.", "Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog. Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005.", "Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005. In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues.", "In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues. A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill.", "A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill. The record was long considered lost, but a copy was located by John Tefteller in 2002. Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake.", "Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake. Art Evans portrayed Jefferson in the 1976 film Leadbelly, directed by Gordon Parks. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead.", "Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead. The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson.", "The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson. The AI claims to have been a blues musician before his music hard drives were stripped from him. The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson.", "The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson. In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\".", "In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\". Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'.", "Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'. Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show.", "Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show. A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name.", "A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name. References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years.", "References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years. The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records.", "The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records. Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\".", "Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\". According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band.", "According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band. However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all.", "However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all. In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate.", "In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate. See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998).", "See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998). Deep Ellum and Central Track: Where the Black and White Worlds of Dallas Converged. Denton: University of North Texas Press. . Further reading Evans, David (2000).", "Further reading Evans, David (2000). \"Musical Innovation in the Blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 83–116. Monge, Luigi (2000).", "Monge, Luigi (2000). \"The Language of Blind Lemon Jefferson: The Covert Theme of Blindness\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 35–81. Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003).", "Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003). \"New Songs of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Journal of Texas Music History. Vol. 3, no. 2 (Fall 2003). Pisigin, Valeriy (2013). The Coming of the Blues (Пришествие блюза). Vol. 4. Country Blues.", "Vol. 4. Country Blues. Country Blues. Blind Lemon Jefferson. — M.: 2013. — C.320. . Swinton, Paul. (1997) A Twist of Lemon. Blues & Rhythm, Issue No. 121, August 1997. Uzzel, Robert L. (2002).", "Uzzel, Robert L. (2002). Blind Lemon Jefferson: His Life, His Death, and His Legacy''. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. .", "Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. . . External links Blues Foundation Hall of Fame induction Illustrated Blind Lemon Jefferson discography The lyrics of his songs 1893 births 1929 deaths American blues guitarists American blues singer-songwriters American street performers Blind musicians Gospel blues musicians American folk musicians People from Freestone County, Texas Musicians from Dallas Gennett Records artists Okeh Records artists Texas blues musicians Paramount Records artists American acoustic guitarists American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists Singer-songwriters from Texas Guitarists from Texas African-American male singer-songwriters African-American guitarists 20th-century African-American male singers" ]

[ "Blind Lemon Jefferson", "Success with Paramount Records", "When did he begin with Paramount records?", "Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "What was their significance for Jefferson?", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs", "Did Jefferson sing for them?", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Was he a hit with the public?", "varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"" ]

[ "Manvel Mamoyan () is an Armenian fitness and bodybuilding trainer, fitness blogger, and three times Guinness World Records holder. He is also a multiple record holder of Armenian Book of Records (Dyutsaznagirk).\n\nBiography\n\nManvel was born on April 6, 1993 in Yerevan. Currently works as fitness and bodybuilding trainer. He has been practising sports since 10, when he started attending Judo classes.\n\nIn 2011-2013 he served in the Armenian Armed Forces.\n\nRecords \n\nUntil 18, Manvel also tried himself in Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling. Manvel set his 11th record in Armenia when he was only 17. His first record was set in Dyutsaznagirk by doing sit up - abdominal exercise for 2 h. 46 min for 3511 reps. For the second time he appeared in Dyutsaznagirk for the most push-ups with one arm using back of the hand in one minute - 89 reps.\n\n2015-2016 \nAfter returning from the army, Manvel set a Guinness world record in October 23, 2015. He did 27 handstand push-ups in a minute. In order to complete one handstand push-up, Manvel’s elbows had to reach 90 degrees or less and then he had to fully straighten his arms. His legs also had to be straight or cross his ankles. He did the exercise in 48,3 seconds. Manvel didn’t have any injury before his performance, and the record was set. He dedicated his victory to the memory of the Genocide of Armenian and Yazidi people promised to update his record throughout the year.\n\n2016-2017 \nOn 25 August, 2016 Manvel dedicated his record in memory of the victims of the 2016 April Four-Day War unleashed in Nagorno-Karabakh. In response to the murder of Hayk Torosyan, Hrant Gharibyan and his compatriot Kyaram Sloyan by Azeris, Manvel Mamoyan set a new record: however, in August, 2016 he couldn’t exceed the record (84 push-ups) of the Canadian Roy Berger from his first performance in the Freedom Square, Yerevan, by reaching 83 reps. According to the Guinness World Records’ rules the athlete has a right to perform the exercise for 3 sets. Manvel managed to set the desired record from his second performance, after having a rest. By doing push-ups for 86 reps in a minute, the athlete exceeded the previous record and set a record in the Guinness World Records.\n\nIn one his interviews Manvel told about his desire to set 10 records in Guinness World Records in a year, particularly by through the Flag exercise, which was set as a record a few years ago by him and was performed for only 20 seconds. It was included in Dyutsaznagirk. He also mentioned he strives to set records more for Guinness World Records. In 2016 Manvel fell behind 5-6 seconds of setting a new world record and the record was 1 min. 5 sec. 71 millisec.\n\n2017-2018 \nIn 2017 Manvel set 4 records in handstand push-ups. He did the exercise 37 reps in a minute. With this result then he set a new record by doing 37 reps non-stop in a minute. \n\nFor his second record he did the same exercise 55 reps in 3 minutes. However, Manvel's last and most important result was doing push-ups for 352 reps in an hour. According to him, the achieved most result was 300 reps and he wished to surpass that record. \n\nIn 2017 Manvel also set a record for the Most jump squats in one minute (male), with 67 reps per minute.\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n \n \n\n1993 births\nLiving people\nGuinness World Records\nSportspeople from Yerevan\nMale bodybuilders", "3 (sometimes referred to as Emerson, Berry & Palmer) were a short-lived progressive rock band formed by former Emerson, Lake & Palmer members Keith Emerson and Carl Palmer and American multi-instrumentalist Robert Berry in 1988.\n\nAfter one album, To the Power of Three, 3 split up. Emerson & Palmer reunited with Greg Lake for 1992's Black Moon and Berry would form Alliance.\n\nThey performed live, as \"Emerson and Palmer\" (Berry was onstage but unnamed), at the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert in 1988, broadcast on HBO, but only performed a long medley instrumental set including Fanfare for the Common Man, Leonard Bernstein's America, and Dave Brubeck's Blue Rondo, which later became an ELP encore in their 1990s concerts. They did not perform any original ELP material without Lake, nor did they perform any 3 songs since the band's label was Geffen Records.\n\n3 performed at live venues to support their album, sometime in 1988. The three studio musicians were sometimes augmented by Paul Keller on guitar, Debra Parks and Jennifer Steele on backing vocals. Their setlist mainly consisted of material from their album, including \"Runaway\" and an extended jam version of the cover song \"Eight Miles High\". The group did a different arrangement of \"Desde La Vida\". The band did long instrumental jams based on music ELP covered including \"Hoedown\" & \"Fanfare for the Common Man\", but did not do any original ELP compositions. A long, elaborate cover of The Four Tops' \"Standing in the Shadows of Love\" was also included in the set.\n\nTwo live albums were released many years later, both on Rock Beat Records: Live Boston 88 (2015) and Live - Rockin' The Ritz (2017).\n\nIn October 2015, Emerson and Berry signed a contract with Frontiers Records to record a follow-up album at last, to be called 3.2. Emerson's death in March of the following year put a halt to that project. However, in July 2018, Berry released (as 3.2) The Rules Have Changed, built from musical ideas contributed by Emerson, but produced and performed entirely by Berry. A second 3.2 album, Third Impression, was released in 2021.\n\nBand members\nKeith Emerson - keyboards (1988–1989)\nRobert Berry - lead vocals, guitars, bass (1988–1989)\nCarl Palmer - drums, percussion (1988–1989)\n\nLive members\nPaul Keller – guitars (1988–1989)\nDebra Parks - backing vocals (1988-1989)\nJennifer Steele – backing vocals (1988–1989)\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\n\nSingle\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\nEmerson, Lake & Palmer\nEmerson, Lake & Powell\n\nEnglish progressive rock groups\nRock music supergroups\nMusical groups established in 1988\nMusical groups disestablished in 1989\nMusical trios" ]

[ "Lemon Henry \"Blind Lemon\" Jefferson (September 24, 1893 – December 19, 1929) was an American blues and gospel singer-songwriter and musician. He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\".", "He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\". Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive.", "Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive. His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists.", "His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists. Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style.", "Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style. Biography Early life Jefferson was born blind, near Coutchman, Texas. He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers.", "He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers. Disputes regarding the date of his birth derive from contradictory census records and draft registration records. By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas.", "By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas. Jefferson's birth date was recorded as September 1893 in the 1900 census. The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace.", "The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace. In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth.", "In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth. In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman.", "In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman. Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties.", "Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties. He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners.", "He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners. According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly.", "According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly. Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas.", "Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas. It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker.", "It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker. Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide.", "Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide. By the early 1920s, Jefferson was earning enough money for his musical performances to support a wife and, possibly, a child. However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found.", "However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found. Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923.", "Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923. The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924.", "The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924. Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes).", "Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes). Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world.", "Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world. Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks.", "Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks. Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates.", "Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates. A second recording session was held in March 1926.", "A second recording session was held in March 1926. His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits.", "His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits. Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures.", "Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures. He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records.", "He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records. Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality.", "Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality. In May 1926, Paramount re-recorded Jefferson performing his hits \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\" in the superior facilities at Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used those versions. Both versions appear on compilation albums.", "Both versions appear on compilation albums. Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s. Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community.", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community. This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market.", "This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market. Jefferson is known to have done an unusual amount of traveling for the time in the American South, which is reflected in the difficulty of placing his music in a single regional category. Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him. His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob.", "His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob. He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\" According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar.", "According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar. Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500). In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\".", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\". It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount.", "It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount. Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time.", "Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time. When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly.", "When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly. In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\".", "In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\". \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928.", "\"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928. Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\".", "Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\". For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm.", "For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm. Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night.", "Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night. In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas.", "In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas. Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell.", "Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell. Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas.", "Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas. His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown.", "His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown. By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997.", "By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997. The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\"", "The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\" The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham.", "In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham. Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice.", "Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice. He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins.", "He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins. He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording.", "Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording. Fellow blues artist B.B.", "Fellow blues artist B.B. Fellow blues artist B.B. King credited Jefferson as one of his biggest musical influences, next to Lonnie Johnson, Louis Jordan and T-Bone Walker. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980.", "Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980. Cover versions Canned Heat, \"One Kind Favor,\" on \"Living the Blues\", released in 1968, (credited: \"Arr. & Adpt.", "& Adpt. & Adpt. by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B.", "by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B. King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\".", "King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\". Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After.", "Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After. The cover was featured as part of a selection of early demo tracks. Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog.", "Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog. Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005.", "Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005. In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues.", "In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues. A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill.", "A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill. The record was long considered lost, but a copy was located by John Tefteller in 2002. Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake.", "Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake. Art Evans portrayed Jefferson in the 1976 film Leadbelly, directed by Gordon Parks. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead.", "Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead. The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson.", "The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson. The AI claims to have been a blues musician before his music hard drives were stripped from him. The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson.", "The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson. In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\".", "In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\". Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'.", "Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'. Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show.", "Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show. A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name.", "A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name. References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years.", "References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years. The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records.", "The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records. Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\".", "Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\". According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band.", "According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band. However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all.", "However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all. In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate.", "In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate. See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998).", "See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998). Deep Ellum and Central Track: Where the Black and White Worlds of Dallas Converged. Denton: University of North Texas Press. . Further reading Evans, David (2000).", "Further reading Evans, David (2000). \"Musical Innovation in the Blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 83–116. Monge, Luigi (2000).", "Monge, Luigi (2000). \"The Language of Blind Lemon Jefferson: The Covert Theme of Blindness\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 35–81. Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003).", "Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003). \"New Songs of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Journal of Texas Music History. Vol. 3, no. 2 (Fall 2003). Pisigin, Valeriy (2013). The Coming of the Blues (Пришествие блюза). Vol. 4. Country Blues.", "Vol. 4. Country Blues. Country Blues. Blind Lemon Jefferson. — M.: 2013. — C.320. . Swinton, Paul. (1997) A Twist of Lemon. Blues & Rhythm, Issue No. 121, August 1997. Uzzel, Robert L. (2002).", "Uzzel, Robert L. (2002). Blind Lemon Jefferson: His Life, His Death, and His Legacy''. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. .", "Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. . . External links Blues Foundation Hall of Fame induction Illustrated Blind Lemon Jefferson discography The lyrics of his songs 1893 births 1929 deaths American blues guitarists American blues singer-songwriters American street performers Blind musicians Gospel blues musicians American folk musicians People from Freestone County, Texas Musicians from Dallas Gennett Records artists Okeh Records artists Texas blues musicians Paramount Records artists American acoustic guitarists American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists Singer-songwriters from Texas Guitarists from Texas African-American male singer-songwriters African-American guitarists 20th-century African-American male singers" ]

[ "Blind Lemon Jefferson", "Success with Paramount Records", "When did he begin with Paramount records?", "Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "What was their significance for Jefferson?", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs", "Did Jefferson sing for them?", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Was he a hit with the public?", "varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "Did he set any records?", "\"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions,", "Did he have a spouse or family during this time?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Metrodorus of Chios (; fl. 4th century BC) was a Greek philosopher, belonging to the school of Democritus. He is an important forerunner of Pyrrhonism and Epicureanism.\n\n \nMetrodorus was a pupil of Nessos of Chios, or, as some accounts prefer, of Democritus himself. He is said to have taught Diogenes of Smyrna, who, in turn, taught Anaxarchus. Pyrrho was Anaxarchus' student.\n\nLike Pyrrho, Metrodorus was a sceptic. According to Cicero he said, “None of us knows anything, not even this, whether we know or we do not know; nor do we know what ‘to not know’ or ‘to know’ are, nor on the whole, whether anything is or is not.” Metrodorus maintained that everything is to each person only what it appears to him to be. He is especially interesting as a forerunner of Anaxarchus and as a connecting link between atomism and Pyrrhonism.\n\nMetrodorus accepted the Democritean theory of atoms and void and the plurality of worlds. He also held a theory of his own that the stars are formed from day to day by the moisture in the air under the heat of the Sun. \n\nMetrodorus also said, \"A single ear of wheat in a large field is as strange as a single world in infinite space.\"\n\nReferences\n\n \n\n4th-century BC Greek people\n4th-century BC philosophers\nAncient Greek atomist philosophers\nAncient Chians\nClassical Greek philosophers\nAncient Skeptic philosophers", "Quite Interesting Limited is a British research company, most notable for providing the research for the British television panel game QI (itself an abbreviation of Quite Interesting) and the Swedish version Intresseklubben, as well as other QI–related programmes and products. The company founder and chairman is John Lloyd, the creator and producer of QI, and host of the radio panel game The Museum of Curiosity, which also uses Quite Interesting Limited for its research. John Mitchinson is the company's director and also works as head of research for QI.\n\nAbout\nLloyd founded Quite Interesting Limited in 1999. It is claimed that the idea of founding the company came on Christmas Eve 1993. According to his profile on QI.com, \"he came to the sudden and alarming realisation that he didn't really know anything. Changing gear again, he started reading books for the first time since he was 17. To his horror, he discovered that he hadn't been paying attention and, with painful slowness, unearthed the closely guarded secret that the universe is astoundingly quite interesting.\"\n\nThe philosophy of the company is that it claims that there are four primal drives: food, sex, shelter and curiosity. Out of these, curiosity is supposedly the most important because, \"unlike the other three drives, it is what makes us uniquely human.\" The company claims that, \"Whatever is interesting we are interested in. Whatever is not interesting, we are even more interested in. Everything is interesting if looked at in the right way.\"\n\nThose who carry out research are known as the \"QI Elves\". Notable elves include Justin Pollard and Vitali Vitaliev. They are also responsible for helping to write the questions used on QI. People wishing to become elves are recommended to start by commenting on the forums of the QI website.\n\nProducts\n\nDVDs\n\nBooks\n\nReferences\n\nQI\nCompanies based in Oxford\nBritish companies established in 1999\nPrivately held companies of the United Kingdom" ]

[ "Lemon Henry \"Blind Lemon\" Jefferson (September 24, 1893 – December 19, 1929) was an American blues and gospel singer-songwriter and musician. He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\".", "He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\". Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive.", "Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive. His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists.", "His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists. Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style.", "Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style. Biography Early life Jefferson was born blind, near Coutchman, Texas. He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers.", "He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers. Disputes regarding the date of his birth derive from contradictory census records and draft registration records. By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas.", "By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas. Jefferson's birth date was recorded as September 1893 in the 1900 census. The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace.", "The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace. In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth.", "In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth. In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman.", "In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman. Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties.", "Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties. He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners.", "He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners. According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly.", "According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly. Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas.", "Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas. It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker.", "It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker. Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide.", "Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide. By the early 1920s, Jefferson was earning enough money for his musical performances to support a wife and, possibly, a child. However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found.", "However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found. Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923.", "Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923. The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924.", "The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924. Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes).", "Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes). Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world.", "Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world. Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks.", "Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks. Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates.", "Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates. A second recording session was held in March 1926.", "A second recording session was held in March 1926. His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits.", "His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits. Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures.", "Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures. He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records.", "He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records. Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality.", "Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality. In May 1926, Paramount re-recorded Jefferson performing his hits \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\" in the superior facilities at Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used those versions. Both versions appear on compilation albums.", "Both versions appear on compilation albums. Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s. Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community.", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community. This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market.", "This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market. Jefferson is known to have done an unusual amount of traveling for the time in the American South, which is reflected in the difficulty of placing his music in a single regional category. Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him. His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob.", "His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob. He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\" According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar.", "According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar. Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500). In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\".", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\". It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount.", "It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount. Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time.", "Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time. When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly.", "When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly. In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\".", "In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\". \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928.", "\"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928. Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\".", "Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\". For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm.", "For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm. Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night.", "Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night. In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas.", "In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas. Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell.", "Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell. Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas.", "Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas. His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown.", "His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown. By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997.", "By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997. The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\"", "The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\" The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham.", "In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham. Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice.", "Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice. He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins.", "He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins. He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording.", "Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording. Fellow blues artist B.B.", "Fellow blues artist B.B. Fellow blues artist B.B. King credited Jefferson as one of his biggest musical influences, next to Lonnie Johnson, Louis Jordan and T-Bone Walker. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980.", "Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980. Cover versions Canned Heat, \"One Kind Favor,\" on \"Living the Blues\", released in 1968, (credited: \"Arr. & Adpt.", "& Adpt. & Adpt. by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B.", "by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B. King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\".", "King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\". Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After.", "Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After. The cover was featured as part of a selection of early demo tracks. Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog.", "Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog. Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005.", "Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005. In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues.", "In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues. A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill.", "A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill. The record was long considered lost, but a copy was located by John Tefteller in 2002. Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake.", "Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake. Art Evans portrayed Jefferson in the 1976 film Leadbelly, directed by Gordon Parks. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead.", "Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead. The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson.", "The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson. The AI claims to have been a blues musician before his music hard drives were stripped from him. The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson.", "The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson. In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\".", "In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\". Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'.", "Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'. Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show.", "Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show. A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name.", "A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name. References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years.", "References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years. The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records.", "The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records. Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\".", "Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\". According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band.", "According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band. However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all.", "However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all. In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate.", "In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate. See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998).", "See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998). Deep Ellum and Central Track: Where the Black and White Worlds of Dallas Converged. Denton: University of North Texas Press. . Further reading Evans, David (2000).", "Further reading Evans, David (2000). \"Musical Innovation in the Blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 83–116. Monge, Luigi (2000).", "Monge, Luigi (2000). \"The Language of Blind Lemon Jefferson: The Covert Theme of Blindness\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 35–81. Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003).", "Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003). \"New Songs of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Journal of Texas Music History. Vol. 3, no. 2 (Fall 2003). Pisigin, Valeriy (2013). The Coming of the Blues (Пришествие блюза). Vol. 4. Country Blues.", "Vol. 4. Country Blues. Country Blues. Blind Lemon Jefferson. — M.: 2013. — C.320. . Swinton, Paul. (1997) A Twist of Lemon. Blues & Rhythm, Issue No. 121, August 1997. Uzzel, Robert L. (2002).", "Uzzel, Robert L. (2002). Blind Lemon Jefferson: His Life, His Death, and His Legacy''. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. .", "Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. . . External links Blues Foundation Hall of Fame induction Illustrated Blind Lemon Jefferson discography The lyrics of his songs 1893 births 1929 deaths American blues guitarists American blues singer-songwriters American street performers Blind musicians Gospel blues musicians American folk musicians People from Freestone County, Texas Musicians from Dallas Gennett Records artists Okeh Records artists Texas blues musicians Paramount Records artists American acoustic guitarists American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists Singer-songwriters from Texas Guitarists from Texas African-American male singer-songwriters African-American guitarists 20th-century African-American male singers" ]

[ "Blind Lemon Jefferson", "Success with Paramount Records", "When did he begin with Paramount records?", "Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "What was their significance for Jefferson?", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs", "Did Jefferson sing for them?", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Was he a hit with the public?", "varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "Did he set any records?", "\"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions,", "Did he have a spouse or family during this time?", "I don't know.", "Is there anything else interesting I should know?", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500)." ]

[ "Life Is Full of Possibilities is the third studio album by American electronic music producer Dntel. It was released on October 30, 2001 by Plug Research.\n\n\"(This Is) The Dream of Evan and Chan\", a collaboration with Ben Gibbard of Death Cab for Cutie, was released as a single on August 6, 2002. Dntel would collaborate with Gibbard again for an entire album, Give Up, released in 2003 under the name The Postal Service. The song \"Life Is Full of Possibilities\" includes a repeating sample of Bloop, a sound of undetermined origin.\n\nA two-disc remastered deluxe edition of Life Is Full of Possibilities was released on October 24, 2011 by Sub Pop, which featured four additional songs not included on the initial release, along with remixed versions of other songs from the album.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\nCredits are adapted from the album's liner notes.\n\nMusicians\n Dntel – music\n Meredith Figurine – vocals on \"Suddenly Is Sooner Than You Think\"\n Ben Gibbard – vocals on \"(This Is) The Dream of Evan and Chan\"\n Chris Gunst – vocals on \"Umbrella\"\n Rachel Haden – vocals on \"Why I'm So Unhappy\"\n Paul Larson – guitar on \"Last Songs\"\n Brian McMahan – guitar on \"Why I'm So Unhappy\"\n Mia Doi Todd – vocals on \"Anywhere Anyone\"\n\nAdditional personnel\n Low Culture – design\n Brian Tamborello – photography\n D. Zelonky – mastering\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n2001 albums\nDntel albums\nPlug Research albums", "Johann Knüpfer (1866–1910) was a schizophrenic outsider artist and one of the \"schizophrenic masters\" profiled by Hans Prinzhorn in his field-defining work Artistry of the Mentally Ill.\n\nKnüpfer was a baker's apprentice for three years as a youth before moving to a large city where he worked in a cement factory and learned the trade of locksmithing. His friends persuaded him to marry, but the union was unhappy from the start. He was an alcoholic and an abusive husband, and mistrusted not only his wife but everyone he knew. He attempted suicide in 1902 and was committed soon afterwards.\n\nIt became evident that he had been having paranoiac delusions for years, and visions in which Christ explained why he was being persecuted. He told psychiatrists that \"no one had suffered as much, not even Christ\" (Prinzhorn 1972, p. 172).\n\nHis works can be divided into two categories, the formal religious images covered with oracular inscriptions and the paintings of memories from his youth. Both categories display a preoccupation with symmetry and a fascination with circles.\n\nResources\n\n Prinzhorn, Hans. Artistry of the mentally ill: a contribution to the psychology and psychopathology of configuration. Trans. Eric von Brockdorff. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1972. .\n\n1866 births\n1910 deaths\nOutsider artists\nPeople with schizophrenia\n19th-century German painters\n19th-century male artists\n20th-century German painters\n20th-century male artists\nGerman male painters" ]

[ "Lemon Henry \"Blind Lemon\" Jefferson (September 24, 1893 – December 19, 1929) was an American blues and gospel singer-songwriter and musician. He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\".", "He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\". Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive.", "Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive. His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists.", "His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists. Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style.", "Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style. Biography Early life Jefferson was born blind, near Coutchman, Texas. He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers.", "He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers. Disputes regarding the date of his birth derive from contradictory census records and draft registration records. By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas.", "By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas. Jefferson's birth date was recorded as September 1893 in the 1900 census. The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace.", "The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace. In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth.", "In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth. In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman.", "In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman. Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties.", "Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties. He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners.", "He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners. According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly.", "According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly. Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas.", "Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas. It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker.", "It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker. Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide.", "Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide. By the early 1920s, Jefferson was earning enough money for his musical performances to support a wife and, possibly, a child. However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found.", "However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found. Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923.", "Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923. The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924.", "The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924. Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes).", "Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes). Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world.", "Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world. Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks.", "Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks. Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates.", "Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates. A second recording session was held in March 1926.", "A second recording session was held in March 1926. His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits.", "His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits. Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures.", "Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures. He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records.", "He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records. Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality.", "Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality. In May 1926, Paramount re-recorded Jefferson performing his hits \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\" in the superior facilities at Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used those versions. Both versions appear on compilation albums.", "Both versions appear on compilation albums. Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s. Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community.", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community. This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market.", "This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market. Jefferson is known to have done an unusual amount of traveling for the time in the American South, which is reflected in the difficulty of placing his music in a single regional category. Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him. His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob.", "His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob. He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\" According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar.", "According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar. Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500). In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\".", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\". It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount.", "It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount. Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time.", "Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time. When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly.", "When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly. In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\".", "In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\". \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928.", "\"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928. Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\".", "Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\". For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm.", "For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm. Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night.", "Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night. In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas.", "In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas. Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell.", "Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell. Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas.", "Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas. His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown.", "His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown. By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997.", "By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997. The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\"", "The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\" The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham.", "In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham. Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice.", "Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice. He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins.", "He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins. He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording.", "Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording. Fellow blues artist B.B.", "Fellow blues artist B.B. Fellow blues artist B.B. King credited Jefferson as one of his biggest musical influences, next to Lonnie Johnson, Louis Jordan and T-Bone Walker. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980.", "Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980. Cover versions Canned Heat, \"One Kind Favor,\" on \"Living the Blues\", released in 1968, (credited: \"Arr. & Adpt.", "& Adpt. & Adpt. by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B.", "by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B. King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\".", "King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\". Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After.", "Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After. The cover was featured as part of a selection of early demo tracks. Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog.", "Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog. Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005.", "Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005. In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues.", "In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues. A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill.", "A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill. The record was long considered lost, but a copy was located by John Tefteller in 2002. Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake.", "Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake. Art Evans portrayed Jefferson in the 1976 film Leadbelly, directed by Gordon Parks. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead.", "Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead. The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson.", "The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson. The AI claims to have been a blues musician before his music hard drives were stripped from him. The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson.", "The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson. In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\".", "In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\". Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'.", "Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'. Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show.", "Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show. A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name.", "A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name. References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years.", "References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years. The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records.", "The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records. Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\".", "Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\". According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band.", "According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band. However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all.", "However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all. In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate.", "In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate. See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998).", "See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998). Deep Ellum and Central Track: Where the Black and White Worlds of Dallas Converged. Denton: University of North Texas Press. . Further reading Evans, David (2000).", "Further reading Evans, David (2000). \"Musical Innovation in the Blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 83–116. Monge, Luigi (2000).", "Monge, Luigi (2000). \"The Language of Blind Lemon Jefferson: The Covert Theme of Blindness\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 35–81. Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003).", "Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003). \"New Songs of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Journal of Texas Music History. Vol. 3, no. 2 (Fall 2003). Pisigin, Valeriy (2013). The Coming of the Blues (Пришествие блюза). Vol. 4. Country Blues.", "Vol. 4. Country Blues. Country Blues. Blind Lemon Jefferson. — M.: 2013. — C.320. . Swinton, Paul. (1997) A Twist of Lemon. Blues & Rhythm, Issue No. 121, August 1997. Uzzel, Robert L. (2002).", "Uzzel, Robert L. (2002). Blind Lemon Jefferson: His Life, His Death, and His Legacy''. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. .", "Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. . . External links Blues Foundation Hall of Fame induction Illustrated Blind Lemon Jefferson discography The lyrics of his songs 1893 births 1929 deaths American blues guitarists American blues singer-songwriters American street performers Blind musicians Gospel blues musicians American folk musicians People from Freestone County, Texas Musicians from Dallas Gennett Records artists Okeh Records artists Texas blues musicians Paramount Records artists American acoustic guitarists American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists Singer-songwriters from Texas Guitarists from Texas African-American male singer-songwriters African-American guitarists 20th-century African-American male singers" ]

[ "Blind Lemon Jefferson", "Success with Paramount Records", "When did he begin with Paramount records?", "Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "What was their significance for Jefferson?", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs", "Did Jefferson sing for them?", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Was he a hit with the public?", "varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "Did he set any records?", "\"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions,", "Did he have a spouse or family during this time?", "I don't know.", "Is there anything else interesting I should know?", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Why was he unhappy?", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released" ]

[ "Philip Collins Ltd v Davis [2000] 3 All ER 808 is an English unjust enrichment case, an example of a restitution claim and the change of position defence.\n\nFacts\nPhil Collins released Serious Hits… Live! with 15 tracks in 1990. Rahmlee Davis and Louis Satterfield contributed performances on five tracks and received album royalties via Collins' publishing company Philip Collins Ltd. In 1997, Collins said they had been mistakenly overpaid by a factor of three. They had been paid as if they had performed on all fifteen tracks, but they had only performed on five. To reverse this alleged unjust enrichment, Collins proposed to set off the overpaid royalties on future royalties. Davis and Satterfield argued back they were entitled to royalties without the pro rata reduction, and raised both estoppel and change of position defences.\n\nJudgment\nJonathan Parker J held Collins had overpaid Davis and Satterfield and he was entitled to set future royalties off against half of the sums overpaid. He said the overpayment was a mistake of fact, because Collins thought they had played in all 15 tracks. Collins was not estopped from maintaining there was overpayment of royalties because there was never any assumption between the parties that Davis and Satterfield would get royalties for all 15 tracks and there was no acquiescence in the assumption. Overpayment was not acquiescence. There was no evidence Davis and Satterfield ever thought they were entitled. The overpayments did not amount to representations that they were (so no estoppel by representation). But the fact of overpayment did result in a general change of position on Davis and Satterfield's part. It increased their level of outgoings. However, the defence of change of position was not an “all or nothing” doctrine and, in this case, it would be fair to allow the defence to cover one half of the overpayments (Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd [1991] 2 AC 548 applied). Finally, if Collins had made a claim to recover the overpayments his claim would have been statute barred under the Limitation Act 1980, s.5 because it was six years. But here it was not a return of overpayments, only an equitable set off against future royalties.\n\nThe following is an excerpt about the change of position defence at work.\n\nSee also\nEnglish unjust enrichment\n\nNotes\n\nEnglish unjust enrichment case law\nHigh Court of Justice cases\n2000 in case law\n2000 in British law\nPhil Collins", "Murray v United Kingdom was a legal case heard by the European Court of Human Rights in 1994 to determine if part of the United Kingdom's anti-terrorism laws were in violation of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.\n\nThe case was referred to the Court on 7 April 1993 from an application lodged on 28 September 1988 relating to events occurring in 1982. The case was heard in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 24 January 1994 and the Chamber delivered their judgement on 28 October 1994.\n\nThe applicants were six Irish citizens, all members of the same family: Margaret Murray, Thomas Murray, Mark Murray, Allana Murray, Michaela Murray and Rosena Murray.\n\nIn June 1982 two brothers of Margaret Murray were convicted in the United States in connection with the supplying of weapons to the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). Mrs Murray, her husband Thomas, and their four children were then residing in Belfast.\n\nOn the morning of 26 July, Margaret Murray was taken into custody by the Army on suspicion of fund-raising for the Provisional IRA in connection with her brothers' activities and taken to the Springfield Road screening centre. The style and procedure of her arrest was under section 14 of the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1978, her suspected offences were contained with section 21 of the act and also section 10 of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1976.\n\nAt Springfield Road, Mrs Murray gave her name but refused to answer any other questions and she also declined to be photographed or to submit to an examination by a medical orderly. She sat through two short interviews and was also photographed without her knowledge or consent. She was released after two hours without being charged; the \"screening proforma\" record form did not list any offence.\n\nOn 9 February 1984 Mrs Murray brought an action before the High Court against the Ministry of Defence for false imprisonment and other torts, arguing that her arrest and detention were illegal on a number of grounds - notably that they had been without genuine suspicion that she had committed an offence or any genuine intention to question her, it had been a \"fishing expedition\" for improper purposes. In his judgment of 25 October 1985 the judge dismissed all the plaintiff's arguments. Mrs Murray took her case to the Court of Appeal, which unanimously rejected her claims on 20 February 1987. The case was appealed to the House of Lords – on the manner of the arrest, the use of the screening proforma, and the length of detention – and was unanimously rejected on 25 May 1988.\n\nThe Murrays applied to the ECHR, as previously noted, in 1988. Mrs Murray stating that her arrest and detention were a violation of Article 5 (paragraphs 1, 2 and 5) and that the photograph and record taking was in breach of Article 8. Her family also applied under the same parts of Article 5 because they had been required to assemble in a single room of their house while Mrs Murray prepared to leave with the Army. They also applied under Article 8 in regard to the recording and retention of personal details. The entire family also applied that under Article 8 regarding the entry and visual search of their home and under Article 13 that no effective remedies existed under domestic law.\n\nIn February 1993 the Commission supported the Murrays' application in part. There had been a violation of Article 5, but no violation of Article 8, or of Article 13 in regard to the entry and search, or the taking and keeping of a photograph and personal details, or concerning the lack of remedies in domestic law. The case went to a public hearing on 24 January 1994.\n\nAt the hearing the Court gave significant weight to the need for a democratic society to protect itself against the threat of organised terrorism and to the problems involved in the arrest and detention of persons suspected of terrorist-linked offences.\n\nThe Court dismissed Mrs Murray's claims against her arrest and detention under 5(1)(c); dismissed her contention that she had not been informed promptly of the reasons for the arrest and of any charge (5(2)). Since there had been no violation of 5(1) or 5(2) in the Court's opinion there could be no consideration of 5(5). The Court decided that there had been no violation of Article 8 as the Army's action had been in accordance with the law, as contained in paragraph two of the Article, and had not been disproportionate to the aim pursued. The Court dismissed the Murrays' claims of a violation of Article 13.\n\nThe Court's decisions were by majority – 14–4 in regard of Article 5(1), 13–5 in regard of Article 5(2), 13–5 in regard of Article 5(5), 15–3 in regard of Article 8, and unanimous in regard of Article 13.\n\nExternal links\n ECHR judgment\n\nArticle 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights\nArticle 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights\nEuropean Court of Human Rights cases involving the United Kingdom\n1994 in British law\n1994 in case law" ]

[ "Lemon Henry \"Blind Lemon\" Jefferson (September 24, 1893 – December 19, 1929) was an American blues and gospel singer-songwriter and musician. He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\".", "He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\". Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive.", "Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive. His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists.", "His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists. Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style.", "Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style. Biography Early life Jefferson was born blind, near Coutchman, Texas. He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers.", "He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers. Disputes regarding the date of his birth derive from contradictory census records and draft registration records. By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas.", "By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas. Jefferson's birth date was recorded as September 1893 in the 1900 census. The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace.", "The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace. In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth.", "In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth. In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman.", "In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman. Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties.", "Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties. He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners.", "He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners. According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly.", "According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly. Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas.", "Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas. It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker.", "It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker. Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide.", "Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide. By the early 1920s, Jefferson was earning enough money for his musical performances to support a wife and, possibly, a child. However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found.", "However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found. Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923.", "Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923. The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924.", "The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924. Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes).", "Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes). Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world.", "Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world. Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks.", "Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks. Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates.", "Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates. A second recording session was held in March 1926.", "A second recording session was held in March 1926. His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits.", "His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits. Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures.", "Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures. He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records.", "He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records. Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality.", "Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality. In May 1926, Paramount re-recorded Jefferson performing his hits \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\" in the superior facilities at Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used those versions. Both versions appear on compilation albums.", "Both versions appear on compilation albums. Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s. Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community.", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community. This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market.", "This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market. Jefferson is known to have done an unusual amount of traveling for the time in the American South, which is reflected in the difficulty of placing his music in a single regional category. Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him. His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob.", "His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob. He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\" According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar.", "According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar. Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500). In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\".", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\". It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount.", "It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount. Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time.", "Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time. When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly.", "When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly. In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\".", "In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\". \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928.", "\"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928. Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\".", "Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\". For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm.", "For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm. Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night.", "Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night. In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas.", "In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas. Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell.", "Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell. Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas.", "Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas. His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown.", "His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown. By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997.", "By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997. The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\"", "The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\" The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham.", "In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham. Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice.", "Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice. He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins.", "He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins. He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording.", "Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording. Fellow blues artist B.B.", "Fellow blues artist B.B. Fellow blues artist B.B. King credited Jefferson as one of his biggest musical influences, next to Lonnie Johnson, Louis Jordan and T-Bone Walker. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980.", "Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980. Cover versions Canned Heat, \"One Kind Favor,\" on \"Living the Blues\", released in 1968, (credited: \"Arr. & Adpt.", "& Adpt. & Adpt. by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B.", "by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B. King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\".", "King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\". Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After.", "Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After. The cover was featured as part of a selection of early demo tracks. Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog.", "Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog. Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005.", "Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005. In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues.", "In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues. A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill.", "A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill. The record was long considered lost, but a copy was located by John Tefteller in 2002. Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake.", "Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake. Art Evans portrayed Jefferson in the 1976 film Leadbelly, directed by Gordon Parks. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead.", "Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead. The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson.", "The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson. The AI claims to have been a blues musician before his music hard drives were stripped from him. The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson.", "The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson. In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\".", "In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\". Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'.", "Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'. Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show.", "Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show. A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name.", "A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name. References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years.", "References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years. The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records.", "The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records. Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\".", "Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\". According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band.", "According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band. However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all.", "However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all. In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate.", "In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate. See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998).", "See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998). Deep Ellum and Central Track: Where the Black and White Worlds of Dallas Converged. Denton: University of North Texas Press. . Further reading Evans, David (2000).", "Further reading Evans, David (2000). \"Musical Innovation in the Blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 83–116. Monge, Luigi (2000).", "Monge, Luigi (2000). \"The Language of Blind Lemon Jefferson: The Covert Theme of Blindness\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 35–81. Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003).", "Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003). \"New Songs of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Journal of Texas Music History. Vol. 3, no. 2 (Fall 2003). Pisigin, Valeriy (2013). The Coming of the Blues (Пришествие блюза). Vol. 4. Country Blues.", "Vol. 4. Country Blues. Country Blues. Blind Lemon Jefferson. — M.: 2013. — C.320. . Swinton, Paul. (1997) A Twist of Lemon. Blues & Rhythm, Issue No. 121, August 1997. Uzzel, Robert L. (2002).", "Uzzel, Robert L. (2002). Blind Lemon Jefferson: His Life, His Death, and His Legacy''. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. .", "Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. . . External links Blues Foundation Hall of Fame induction Illustrated Blind Lemon Jefferson discography The lyrics of his songs 1893 births 1929 deaths American blues guitarists American blues singer-songwriters American street performers Blind musicians Gospel blues musicians American folk musicians People from Freestone County, Texas Musicians from Dallas Gennett Records artists Okeh Records artists Texas blues musicians Paramount Records artists American acoustic guitarists American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists Singer-songwriters from Texas Guitarists from Texas African-American male singer-songwriters African-American guitarists 20th-century African-American male singers" ]

[ "Blind Lemon Jefferson", "Success with Paramount Records", "When did he begin with Paramount records?", "Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "What was their significance for Jefferson?", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs", "Did Jefferson sing for them?", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Was he a hit with the public?", "varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "Did he set any records?", "\"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions,", "Did he have a spouse or family during this time?", "I don't know.", "Is there anything else interesting I should know?", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Why was he unhappy?", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released", "Was any action taken in regard to royalties?", "(this information has been disputed);" ]

[ "The Paramount at Buckhead is a 478 ft (146 m) tall residential skyscraper in Atlanta, Georgia, and the tallest building in The Alliance Center complex. It was constructed between 2002 and 2004, and has 40 floors above ground and 5 floors below ground. It is the 21st tallest building in Atlanta. The Paramount at Buckhead is the tallest residential structure ever built using tunnelform concrete construction.\n\nReferences \n\nResidential skyscrapers in Atlanta\nResidential condominiums in the United States", "Loyal Griggs, A.S.C. (August 15, 1906May 6, 1978), was an American cinematographer.\n\nGriggs joined the staff of Paramount Pictures in 1924 after graduating from school and initially worked at the studio's process department. He was promoted from assistant photographer to second unit photographer to camera process photographer, before becoming director of photography for three 1951 releases: Crosswinds, Passage West and The Last Outpost.\n\nGriggs won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for the 1953 Western Shane. \nHe was part of the production team that received an Academy Honorary Award at the 11th Academy Awards for their efforts on the Paramount film Spawn of the North.\n\nGriggs' other Paramount films as cinematographer included the 1954 musical White Christmas, the 1956 Cecil B. DeMille epic The Ten Commandments, and the Jerry Lewis comedies The Sad Sack (1957) and Visit to a Small Planet (1960). He was also the cinematographer on George Stevens' 1965 United Artists release The Greatest Story Ever Told as well as Otto Preminger's World War II drama of that same year, In Harm's Way. His final film was the 1971 American International Pictures comedy Bunny O'Hare starring Bette Davis and Ernest Borgnine.\n\nSelected filmography\nHot News (1928)\nWhite Christmas (1954)\nThe Ten Commandments (1956)\nThe Sad Sack (1957)\nVisit to a Small Planet (1960)\nThe Greatest Story Ever Told (1965)\nIn Harm's Way (1965)\nBunny O'Hare (1971)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nBest Cinematographer Academy Award winners\nAmerican cinematographers\nAcademy Honorary Award recipients\n1906 births\n1978 deaths" ]

[ "Lemon Henry \"Blind Lemon\" Jefferson (September 24, 1893 – December 19, 1929) was an American blues and gospel singer-songwriter and musician. He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\".", "He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\". Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive.", "Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive. His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists.", "His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists. Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style.", "Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style. Biography Early life Jefferson was born blind, near Coutchman, Texas. He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers.", "He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers. Disputes regarding the date of his birth derive from contradictory census records and draft registration records. By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas.", "By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas. Jefferson's birth date was recorded as September 1893 in the 1900 census. The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace.", "The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace. In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth.", "In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth. In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman.", "In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman. Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties.", "Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties. He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners.", "He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners. According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly.", "According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly. Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas.", "Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas. It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker.", "It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker. Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide.", "Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide. By the early 1920s, Jefferson was earning enough money for his musical performances to support a wife and, possibly, a child. However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found.", "However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found. Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923.", "Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923. The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924.", "The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924. Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes).", "Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes). Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world.", "Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world. Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks.", "Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks. Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates.", "Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates. A second recording session was held in March 1926.", "A second recording session was held in March 1926. His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits.", "His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits. Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures.", "Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures. He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records.", "He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records. Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality.", "Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality. In May 1926, Paramount re-recorded Jefferson performing his hits \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\" in the superior facilities at Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used those versions. Both versions appear on compilation albums.", "Both versions appear on compilation albums. Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s. Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community.", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community. This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market.", "This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market. Jefferson is known to have done an unusual amount of traveling for the time in the American South, which is reflected in the difficulty of placing his music in a single regional category. Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him. His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob.", "His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob. He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\" According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar.", "According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar. Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500). In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\".", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\". It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount.", "It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount. Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time.", "Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time. When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly.", "When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly. In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\".", "In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\". \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928.", "\"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928. Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\".", "Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\". For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm.", "For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm. Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night.", "Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night. In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas.", "In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas. Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell.", "Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell. Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas.", "Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas. His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown.", "His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown. By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997.", "By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997. The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\"", "The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\" The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham.", "In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham. Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice.", "Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice. He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins.", "He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins. He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording.", "Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording. Fellow blues artist B.B.", "Fellow blues artist B.B. Fellow blues artist B.B. King credited Jefferson as one of his biggest musical influences, next to Lonnie Johnson, Louis Jordan and T-Bone Walker. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980.", "Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980. Cover versions Canned Heat, \"One Kind Favor,\" on \"Living the Blues\", released in 1968, (credited: \"Arr. & Adpt.", "& Adpt. & Adpt. by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B.", "by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B. King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\".", "King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\". Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After.", "Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After. The cover was featured as part of a selection of early demo tracks. Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog.", "Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog. Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005.", "Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005. In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues.", "In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues. A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill.", "A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill. The record was long considered lost, but a copy was located by John Tefteller in 2002. Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake.", "Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake. Art Evans portrayed Jefferson in the 1976 film Leadbelly, directed by Gordon Parks. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead.", "Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead. The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson.", "The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson. The AI claims to have been a blues musician before his music hard drives were stripped from him. The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson.", "The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson. In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\".", "In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\". Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'.", "Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'. Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show.", "Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show. A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name.", "A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name. References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years.", "References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years. The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records.", "The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records. Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\".", "Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\". According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band.", "According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band. However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all.", "However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all. In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate.", "In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate. See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998).", "See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998). Deep Ellum and Central Track: Where the Black and White Worlds of Dallas Converged. Denton: University of North Texas Press. . Further reading Evans, David (2000).", "Further reading Evans, David (2000). \"Musical Innovation in the Blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 83–116. Monge, Luigi (2000).", "Monge, Luigi (2000). \"The Language of Blind Lemon Jefferson: The Covert Theme of Blindness\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 35–81. Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003).", "Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003). \"New Songs of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Journal of Texas Music History. Vol. 3, no. 2 (Fall 2003). Pisigin, Valeriy (2013). The Coming of the Blues (Пришествие блюза). Vol. 4. Country Blues.", "Vol. 4. Country Blues. Country Blues. Blind Lemon Jefferson. — M.: 2013. — C.320. . Swinton, Paul. (1997) A Twist of Lemon. Blues & Rhythm, Issue No. 121, August 1997. Uzzel, Robert L. (2002).", "Uzzel, Robert L. (2002). Blind Lemon Jefferson: His Life, His Death, and His Legacy''. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. .", "Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. . . External links Blues Foundation Hall of Fame induction Illustrated Blind Lemon Jefferson discography The lyrics of his songs 1893 births 1929 deaths American blues guitarists American blues singer-songwriters American street performers Blind musicians Gospel blues musicians American folk musicians People from Freestone County, Texas Musicians from Dallas Gennett Records artists Okeh Records artists Texas blues musicians Paramount Records artists American acoustic guitarists American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists Singer-songwriters from Texas Guitarists from Texas African-American male singer-songwriters African-American guitarists 20th-century African-American male singers" ]

[ "Blind Lemon Jefferson", "Success with Paramount Records", "When did he begin with Paramount records?", "Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "What was their significance for Jefferson?", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs", "Did Jefferson sing for them?", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Was he a hit with the public?", "varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "Did he set any records?", "\"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions,", "Did he have a spouse or family during this time?", "I don't know.", "Is there anything else interesting I should know?", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Why was he unhappy?", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released", "Was any action taken in regard to royalties?", "(this information has been disputed);", "Did he ever leave Paramount?", "). In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him," ]

[ "Words Move is a 4-track EP by Get Smart!, released on Syntax Records on December 8, 1981. It was recorded at Ramona Studios in Lawrence, KS and produced by Dave Stuckey, of the Dave and Deke Combo. The track \"Eat, Sleep A Go-Go\" from this EP was included on the Sub Pop #5 cassette compilation.\n\nTrack listing\nSide 1:\n\"Disillusion\" - 2:03\n\"Where Did This Week Go?\" - 1:55\n\nSide 2:\n\"Eat, Sleep A Go-Go\" - 2:17\n\"This Is Style\" - 2:48\n\nReception\n \"Get Smart! is a trio of Kansans with brains and a beat. You may prefer bassist Lisa Wertman's vocals over guitarist Marc Koch's but eventually every stark melody on this EP will wheedle its way into your head (and then move onto your feet). This seven incher also features the same version of GS! smash hit \"Eat, Sleep A Go-Go\" that you heard on Sub Pop 5\" (New York Rocker, June 1982) \n\"We're particularly impressed with Words Move, the new four-song EP debut from Get Smart!. Highlights are \"Where Did This Week Go?\" a song about being dog-tired to a slowed down B-52's beat (or Pylon at its natural speed) and \"Eat, Sleep A Go-Go,\" which is minimal to Cramps proportions with its own unique set of dissonances.\" (Cary Baker, Illinois Entertainer, 1982) \n\"Four-song offering of sparse brains-and-beat music from a Lawrence, KS new-rock trio that already has reaped some praise with independent releases.\" (Bart Becker, Lincoln Evening Journal, 1982) \n\"Twangy, big-beat minimalism with a Dave Byrne-ish singer\" (Trouser Press, 1982) \n\"Get Smart sports a catchy, beaty minimalism and a modern \"lost in a supermarket\" viewpoint. A strong debut, more encouraging new music from the Midwest, I'm looking forward to hearing more. Sharp packaging too.\" (Jim Manion, The Bloomington Free Rider, 1982)\n\nPersonnel\nMarc Koch - vocals, guitar\nLisa Wertman Crowe - vocals, bass\nFrank Loose - drums\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nGet Smart! discography\n\n1981 debut EPs\nGet Smart! (band) albums", "Ryu Shikun (柳時熏, born December 8, 1971 in Seoul, South Korea) is a professional Go player.\n\nBiography \nRyu Shikun is a Go player who grew up in Seoul. He did not move to Japan until he was 15, and just 2 years later he turned professional. He was promoted to 9 dan in 2003.\n\nTitles & runners-up\n\nSee also\nGo players\n\nExternal links\nGoBase Profile\nNihon Ki-in Profile (Japanese)\n\n1971 births\nLiving people\nSouth Korean Go players" ]

[ "Lemon Henry \"Blind Lemon\" Jefferson (September 24, 1893 – December 19, 1929) was an American blues and gospel singer-songwriter and musician. He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\".", "He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\". Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive.", "Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive. His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists.", "His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists. Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style.", "Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style. Biography Early life Jefferson was born blind, near Coutchman, Texas. He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers.", "He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers. Disputes regarding the date of his birth derive from contradictory census records and draft registration records. By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas.", "By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas. Jefferson's birth date was recorded as September 1893 in the 1900 census. The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace.", "The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace. In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth.", "In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth. In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman.", "In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman. Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties.", "Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties. He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners.", "He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners. According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly.", "According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly. Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas.", "Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas. It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker.", "It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker. Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide.", "Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide. By the early 1920s, Jefferson was earning enough money for his musical performances to support a wife and, possibly, a child. However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found.", "However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found. Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923.", "Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923. The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924.", "The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924. Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes).", "Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes). Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world.", "Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world. Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks.", "Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks. Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates.", "Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates. A second recording session was held in March 1926.", "A second recording session was held in March 1926. His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits.", "His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits. Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures.", "Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures. He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records.", "He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records. Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality.", "Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality. In May 1926, Paramount re-recorded Jefferson performing his hits \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\" in the superior facilities at Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used those versions. Both versions appear on compilation albums.", "Both versions appear on compilation albums. Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s. Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community.", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community. This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market.", "This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market. Jefferson is known to have done an unusual amount of traveling for the time in the American South, which is reflected in the difficulty of placing his music in a single regional category. Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him. His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob.", "His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob. He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\" According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar.", "According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar. Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500). In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\".", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\". It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount.", "It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount. Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time.", "Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time. When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly.", "When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly. In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\".", "In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\". \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928.", "\"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928. Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\".", "Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\". For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm.", "For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm. Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night.", "Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night. In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas.", "In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas. Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell.", "Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell. Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas.", "Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas. His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown.", "His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown. By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997.", "By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997. The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\"", "The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\" The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham.", "In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham. Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice.", "Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice. He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins.", "He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins. He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording.", "Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording. Fellow blues artist B.B.", "Fellow blues artist B.B. Fellow blues artist B.B. King credited Jefferson as one of his biggest musical influences, next to Lonnie Johnson, Louis Jordan and T-Bone Walker. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980.", "Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980. Cover versions Canned Heat, \"One Kind Favor,\" on \"Living the Blues\", released in 1968, (credited: \"Arr. & Adpt.", "& Adpt. & Adpt. by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B.", "by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B. King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\".", "King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\". Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After.", "Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After. The cover was featured as part of a selection of early demo tracks. Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog.", "Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog. Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005.", "Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005. In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues.", "In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues. A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill.", "A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill. The record was long considered lost, but a copy was located by John Tefteller in 2002. Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake.", "Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake. Art Evans portrayed Jefferson in the 1976 film Leadbelly, directed by Gordon Parks. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead.", "Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead. The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson.", "The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson. The AI claims to have been a blues musician before his music hard drives were stripped from him. The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson.", "The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson. In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\".", "In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\". Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'.", "Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'. Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show.", "Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show. A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name.", "A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name. References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years.", "References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years. The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records.", "The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records. Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\".", "Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\". According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band.", "According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band. However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all.", "However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all. In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate.", "In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate. See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998).", "See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998). Deep Ellum and Central Track: Where the Black and White Worlds of Dallas Converged. Denton: University of North Texas Press. . Further reading Evans, David (2000).", "Further reading Evans, David (2000). \"Musical Innovation in the Blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 83–116. Monge, Luigi (2000).", "Monge, Luigi (2000). \"The Language of Blind Lemon Jefferson: The Covert Theme of Blindness\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 35–81. Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003).", "Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003). \"New Songs of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Journal of Texas Music History. Vol. 3, no. 2 (Fall 2003). Pisigin, Valeriy (2013). The Coming of the Blues (Пришествие блюза). Vol. 4. Country Blues.", "Vol. 4. Country Blues. Country Blues. Blind Lemon Jefferson. — M.: 2013. — C.320. . Swinton, Paul. (1997) A Twist of Lemon. Blues & Rhythm, Issue No. 121, August 1997. Uzzel, Robert L. (2002).", "Uzzel, Robert L. (2002). Blind Lemon Jefferson: His Life, His Death, and His Legacy''. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. .", "Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. . . External links Blues Foundation Hall of Fame induction Illustrated Blind Lemon Jefferson discography The lyrics of his songs 1893 births 1929 deaths American blues guitarists American blues singer-songwriters American street performers Blind musicians Gospel blues musicians American folk musicians People from Freestone County, Texas Musicians from Dallas Gennett Records artists Okeh Records artists Texas blues musicians Paramount Records artists American acoustic guitarists American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists Singer-songwriters from Texas Guitarists from Texas African-American male singer-songwriters African-American guitarists 20th-century African-American male singers" ]

[ "Blind Lemon Jefferson", "Success with Paramount Records", "When did he begin with Paramount records?", "Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "What was their significance for Jefferson?", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs", "Did Jefferson sing for them?", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Was he a hit with the public?", "varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "Did he set any records?", "\"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions,", "Did he have a spouse or family during this time?", "I don't know.", "Is there anything else interesting I should know?", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Why was he unhappy?", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released", "Was any action taken in regard to royalties?", "(this information has been disputed);", "Did he ever leave Paramount?", "). In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him,", "How did that move go?", "\". It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount." ]

[ "“What It Was, Was Football” is a monologue by actor-comedian Andy Griffith. The monologue is a description of a college football game, as seen by a naive country preacher who attends the game by accident and is entirely puzzled by it.\n\nProduction\nAccording to radio host Dr. Demento, What It Was, Was Football was originally an old vaudeville routine that Griffith, who claimed to have improvised the routine shortly before its first performance, \"may have heard ... and subconsciously drawn inspiration from\".\n\nAt Griffith's request, Milton Alderfer (who was only 19 at the time), recorded and produced the original master tape in Greensboro, North Carolina. The master was then sent to Chapel Hill, North Carolina and mass-produced by the Colonial Records label in late 1953. Soon, after Colonial had sold nearly 50,000 copies of the record, Capitol Records took over distribution and ultimately sold nearly 800,000 copies. It also shot into the Top 10 in the Billboard record charts, peaking at #9 in February 1954. \n\nWhat It Was, Was Football (which remains one of the biggest-selling comedy records of all time) was instrumental in launching Griffith's career in television, stage, and film. On the original single, the monologue is credited to \"Deacon Andy Griffith.\"\n\nGriffith made an appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1954, in large part due to the popularity of the record.\n\nWhat It Was, Was Football was printed in Mad magazine in 1958, with illustrations by artist George Woodbridge. Most of the text of the recording is printed verbatim with faithful renderings of Griffith's accent as heard on the recording; however, Griffith's original climactic description of \"the awfullest fight that I have ever seen...in my life!\" is moved to an earlier position in the printed version. Also, while the original recording makes no direct reference to a specific university as a setting for the game witnessed, the illustrations in the Mad version refer to both the Ivy League and University of Notre Dame. Due to licensing issues, this adaptation had to be omitted from the Totally MAD CD-ROM collection of the magazine's run.\n\nIn 1987, Griffith made an appearance on The Tonight Show. During the interview, guest host Bill Cosby told Griffith that he had purchased Griffith's recording of What It Was, Was Football. Cosby then told Griffith that he had performed it at school and received an A, much to Griffith's surprise and delight.\n \nIn 1997, the monologue was made into a short film.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nYouTube: What it Was, Was Football\n\nMonologues\nColonial Records\nSpoken word\n1953 singles\nComedy albums by American artists\nSpoken word albums by American artists\nCapitol Records singles", "What You Hear Is What You Get – Live at Carnegie Hall is a live album by R&B duo Ike & Tina Turner released on United Artists Records in 1971.\n\nRecording and release \nWhat You Hear Is What You Get – Live at Carnegie Hall is a live recording of Ike & Tina Turner's doubleheader at the Carnegie Hall in New York City on April 1, 1971. The second show carried on into the early hours of April 2. Musician Fats Domino was the opening act.\n\nIn addition to Ike Turner-penned songs, the album includes interpretations of songs from Otis Redding, Sly Stone and the Family Stone, the Rolling Stones and their latest hit at the time, \"Proud Mary\" by Creedence Clearwater Revival. The album was released three months after the concert in July 1971. It reached No. 7 on the Billboard Soul LPs chart and No. 25 on the Top LPs chart. It was certified Gold by the RIAA in 1972.\n\nWhat You Hear Is What You Get – Live at Carnegie Hall was the subject of the TV special Faberge Album of the Month, a series which featured \"top contemporary recording artists and their hit LP's.\"\n\nCritical reception \n\nThe album was chosen as Pick of the Week for Record World magazine.\n\nRecord World (July 3, 1971): \"This boisterous two-record volume is what a Carnegie Hall audience got live not too long ago. When those who have paid their dues are discussed, Ike and Tina just about head the list. Tops.\"\n\nBillboard (July 3, 1971): This 2 record set of the Ike & Tina Turner revue's recent Carnegie Hall concert only hints at the charge of excitement generated by the Ikettes, Ike, and, especially Tina Turner before the capacity crowd. \"Proud Mary,\" \"Honky Tonk Women,\" \"Ooh Poo Pah Doo,\" and excitingly visual \"I've Been Loving You Too Long,\" suggests the frenzied entertainment they provided.\n\nReissues \nWhat You Hear Is What You Get – Live at Carnegie Hall was reissued on CD by EMI Records in 1996. In 2012, it was digitally remastered and released on CD by BGO Records.\n\nTrack listing\n\nChart performance\n\nCertification and sales\n\nReferences \n\n1971 live albums\nIke & Tina Turner live albums\nAlbums produced by Ike Turner\nUnited Artists Records live albums\nLive funk rock albums" ]

[ "Lemon Henry \"Blind Lemon\" Jefferson (September 24, 1893 – December 19, 1929) was an American blues and gospel singer-songwriter and musician. He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\".", "He was one of the most popular blues singers of the 1920s and has been called the \"Father of the Texas Blues\". Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive.", "Due mainly to his high-pitched voice and the originality of his guitar playing, Jefferson's performances were distinctive. His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists.", "His recordings sold well, but he was not a strong influence on younger blues singers of his generation, who could not imitate him as easily as they could other commercially successful artists. Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style.", "Later blues and rock and roll musicians, however, did attempt to imitate both his songs and his musical style. Biography Early life Jefferson was born blind, near Coutchman, Texas. He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers.", "He was the youngest of seven (or possibly eight) children born to Alex and Clarissa Jefferson, who were African-American sharecroppers. Disputes regarding the date of his birth derive from contradictory census records and draft registration records. By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas.", "By 1900, the family was farming southeast of Streetman, Texas. Jefferson's birth date was recorded as September 1893 in the 1900 census. The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace.", "The 1910 census, taken in May, before his birthday, confirms his year of birth as 1893 and indicated that the family was farming northwest of Wortham, near his birthplace. In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth.", "In his 1917 draft registration, Jefferson gave his birthday as October 26, 1894, stating that he lived in Dallas, Texas, and had been blind since birth. In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman.", "In the 1920 census, he is recorded as having returned to Freestone County and was living with his half-brother, Kit Banks, on a farm between Wortham and Streetman. Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties.", "Jefferson began playing the guitar in his early teens and soon after he began performing at picnics and parties. He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners.", "He became a street musician, playing in East Texas towns in front of barbershops and on street corners. According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly.", "According to his cousin Alec Jefferson, quoted in the notes for Blind Lemon Jefferson, Classic Sides: In the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with the blues musician Lead Belly. Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas.", "Jefferson was one of the earliest and most prominent figures in the blues movement developing in the Deep Ellum section of Dallas. It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker.", "It is likely that he moved to Deep Ellum on a more permanent basis by 1917, where he met Aaron Thibeaux Walker, also known as T-Bone Walker. Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide.", "Jefferson taught Walker the basics of playing blues guitar in exchange for Walker's occasional services as a guide. By the early 1920s, Jefferson was earning enough money for his musical performances to support a wife and, possibly, a child. However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found.", "However, firm evidence of his marriage and children has not been found. Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923.", "Beginning of recording career Prior to Jefferson, few artists had recorded solo voice and blues guitar, the first of which were the vocalist Sara Martin and the guitarist Sylvester Weaver, who recorded \"Longing for Daddy Blues\", probably on October 24, 1923. The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924.", "The first self-accompanied solo performer of a self-composed blues song was Lee Morse, whose \"Mail Man Blues\" was recorded on October 7, 1924. Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes).", "Jefferson's music is uninhibited and represented the classic sounds of everyday life, from a honky-tonk to a country picnic, to street corner blues, to work in the burgeoning oil fields (a reflection of his interest in mechanical objects and processes). Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world.", "Jefferson did what few had ever done before him – he became a successful solo guitarist and male vocalist in the commercial recording world. Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks.", "Unlike many artists who were \"discovered\" and recorded in their normal venues, Jefferson was taken to Chicago in December 1925 or January 1926 to record his first tracks. Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates.", "Uncharacteristically, his first two recordings from this session were gospel songs (\"I Want to Be Like Jesus in My Heart\" and \"All I Want Is That Pure Religion\"), released under the name Deacon L. J. Bates. A second recording session was held in March 1926.", "A second recording session was held in March 1926. His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits.", "His first releases under his own name, \"Booster Blues\" and \"Dry Southern Blues\", were hits. Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures.", "Their popularity led to the release of the other two songs from that session, \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\", which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures. He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records.", "He recorded about 100 tracks between 1926 and 1929; 43 records were issued, all but one for Paramount Records. Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality.", "Paramount's studio techniques and quality were poor, and the recordings were released with poor sound quality. In May 1926, Paramount re-recorded Jefferson performing his hits \"Got the Blues\" and \"Long Lonesome Blues\" in the superior facilities at Marsh Laboratories, and subsequent releases used those versions. Both versions appear on compilation albums.", "Both versions appear on compilation albums. Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s.", "Success with Paramount Records Largely because of the popularity of artists such as Jefferson and his contemporaries Blind Blake and Ma Rainey, Paramount became the leading recording company for the blues in the 1920s. Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community.", "Jefferson's earnings reputedly enabled him to buy a car and employ chauffeurs (this information has been disputed); he was given a Ford car \"worth over $700\" by Mayo Williams, Paramount's connection with the black community. This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market.", "This was a common compensation for recording rights in that market. Jefferson is known to have done an unusual amount of traveling for the time in the American South, which is reflected in the difficulty of placing his music in a single regional category. Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him.", "Jefferson's \"old-fashioned\" sound and confident musicianship made it easy to market him. His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob.", "His skillful guitar playing and impressive vocal range opened the door for a new generation of male solo blues performers, such as Furry Lewis, Charlie Patton, and Barbecue Bob. He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\"", "He stuck to no musical conventions, varying his riffs and rhythm and singing complex and expressive lyrics in a manner exceptional at the time for a \"simple country blues singer.\" According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar.", "According to the North Carolina musician Walter Davis, Jefferson played on the streets in Johnson City, Tennessee, during the early 1920s, at which time Davis and the entertainer Clarence Greene learned the art of blues guitar. Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500).", "Jefferson was reputedly unhappy with his royalties (although Williams said that Jefferson had a bank account containing as much as $1500). In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\".", "In 1927, when Williams moved to Okeh Records, he took Jefferson with him, and Okeh quickly recorded and released Jefferson's \"Matchbox Blues\", backed with \"Black Snake Moan\". It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount.", "It was his only Okeh recording, probably because of contractual obligations with Paramount. Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time.", "Jefferson's two songs released on Okeh have considerably better sound quality than his Paramount records at the time. When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly.", "When he returned to Paramount a few months later, \"Matchbox Blues\" had already become such a hit that Paramount re-recorded and released two new versions, with the producer Arthur Laibly. In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\".", "In 1927, Jefferson recorded another of his classic songs, the haunting \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" (again using the pseudonym Deacon L. J. Bates), and two other uncharacteristically spiritual songs, \"He Arose from the Dead\" and \"Where Shall I Be\". \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928.", "\"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" was so successful that it was re-recorded and re-released in 1928. Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\".", "Death and grave Jefferson died in Chicago at 10:00 a.m. on December 19, 1929, of what his death certificate said was \"probably acute myocarditis\". For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm.", "For many years, rumors circulated that a jealous lover had poisoned his coffee, but a more likely explanation is that he died of a heart attack after becoming disoriented during a snowstorm. Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night.", "Some have said that he died of a heart attack after being attacked by a dog in the middle of the night. In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas.", "In his 1983 book Tolbert's Texas, Frank X. Tolbert claims that he was killed while being robbed of a large royalty payment by a guide escorting him to Chicago Union Station to catch a train home to Texas. Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell.", "Paramount Records paid for the return of his body to Texas by train, accompanied by the pianist William Ezell. Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas.", "Jefferson was buried at Wortham Negro Cemetery (later Wortham Black Cemetery) in Wortham, Freestone County, Texas. His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown.", "His grave was unmarked until 1967, when a Texas historical marker was erected in the general area of his plot; however, the precise location of the grave is still unknown. By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997.", "By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, and a new granite headstone was erected in 1997. The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\"", "The inscription reads: \"Lord, it's one kind favor I'll ask of you, see that my grave is kept clean.\" The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "The words come from the lyrics of his own song, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham.", "In 2007, the cemetery's name was changed to Blind Lemon Memorial Cemetery, and his gravesite is kept clean by a cemetery committee in Wortham. Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice.", "Discography and awards Jefferson had an intricate and fast style of guitar playing and a particularly high-pitched voice. He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins.", "He was a founder of the Texas blues sound and an important influence on other blues singers and guitarists, including Lead Belly and Lightnin' Hopkins. He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\".", "He was the author of many songs covered by later musicians, including the classic \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\". Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording.", "Another of his songs, \"Matchbox Blues\", was recorded more than 30 years later by the Beatles, in a rockabilly version credited to Carl Perkins, who did not credit Jefferson on his 1955 recording. Fellow blues artist B.B.", "Fellow blues artist B.B. Fellow blues artist B.B. King credited Jefferson as one of his biggest musical influences, next to Lonnie Johnson, Louis Jordan and T-Bone Walker. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected Jefferson's 1927 recording of \"Matchbox Blues\" as one of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980.", "Jefferson was among the inaugural class of blues musicians inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980. Cover versions Canned Heat, \"One Kind Favor,\" on \"Living the Blues\", released in 1968, (credited: \"Arr. & Adpt.", "& Adpt. & Adpt. by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B.", "by L.T.Tatman III\") Bukka White, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on 1963 Isn't 1962, released in the 1990s Bob Dylan, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Bob Dylan Grateful Dead, \"One Kind Favor\" (a version of \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\"), on Birth of the Dead Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bil Vitt, \"One Kind Favor\", on Keystone Encores Volume I John Hammond, \"One Kind Favor\", on John Hammond Live B.B. King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\".", "King, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on One Kind Favor Peter, Paul & Mary, \"One Kind Favor\", on In Concert Kelly Joe Phelps, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Roll Away the Stone The Dream Syndicate, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on Ghost Stories Counting Crows, \"Mean Jumper Blues\". Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After.", "Counting Crows lead singer Adam Duritz accidentally claimed credit for \"Mean Jumper Blues\" in the liner notes of the deluxe edition reissue of the album August and Everything After. The cover was featured as part of a selection of early demo tracks. Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog.", "Immediately after the error was brought to his attention, Duritz apologized in his personal blog. Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005.", "Laibach, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on SPECTRE Pat Donohue, \"One Kind Favor\", live on Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion and later released on the CD Radio Blues Corey Harris, \"Jack o' Diamonds\", on Fish Ain't Bitin''', released in 1997 Diamanda Galás, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", on The Singer Phish, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", live at Madison Square Garden, New York, August 4, 2017 Scott H. Biram, \"Jack of Diamonds\" on Nothin' But Blood released in 2014 Steve Suffet, \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" on Now the Wheel Has Turned, released in 2005. In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues.", "In popular culture In 2009, the Grammy-nominated R&B act Yarbrough and Peoples were featured in the off-Broadway play Blind Lemon Blues. A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill.", "A tribute song, \"My Buddy Blind Papa Lemon\", was recorded for Paramount Records in 1932 by King Solomon Hill. The record was long considered lost, but a copy was located by John Tefteller in 2002. Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake.", "Geoff Muldaur refers to Jefferson in the song \"Got to Find Blind Lemon\" on the album The Secret Handshake. Art Evans portrayed Jefferson in the 1976 film Leadbelly, directed by Gordon Parks. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead.", "Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds recorded the song \"Blind Lemon Jefferson\" on the album The Firstborn Is Dead. The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson.", "The 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas, in one of its downloadable add-ons Old World Blues, features an AI jukebox named Blind Diode Jefferson. The AI claims to have been a blues musician before his music hard drives were stripped from him. The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson.", "The voicing of the AI can be characterized as a Southern drawl in homage to Jefferson. In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\".", "In the 2003 movie Masked and Anonymous, Bobby Cupid (Luke Wilson) gives his friend Jack Fate (Bob Dylan) Jefferson's guitar, which he claims was used in recording \"Matchbox Blues\". Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'.", "Cheech & Chong parodied Jefferson as \"Blind Melon Chitlin'\" on their self-titled 1971 album Cheech and Chong, on their 1985 album Get Out of My Room, and in a stage routine that can be seen in their 1983 film Still Smokin'. Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show.", "Chet Atkins called Jefferson \"one of my first finger-picking influences\" in the song \"Nine Pound Hammer\", on the album The Atkins–Travis Traveling Show. A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name.", "A practical joke played on Down Beat magazine editor Gene Lees in the late 1950s took on a life of its own and became a long-running hoax when one of his correspondents included a reference to the blues legend \"Blind Orange Adams\" in an article published in the magazine, an obvious parody of Jefferson's name. References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years.", "References to the nonexistent Adams appeared in subsequent articles in Down Beat over the next few years. The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records.", "The American dramatic film Black Snake Moan was named after one of his only songs recorded for Okeh Records. Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\".", "Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup took the title of his classic song \"That's All Right,\" which launched the career of Elvis Presley, from a lyric in Jefferson's \"Black Snake Moan\". According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band.", "According to some sources, the \"Jefferson\" in the name of the rock group Jefferson Airplane references Blind Lemon Jefferson: founding member and blues guitarist Jorma Kaukonen was nicknamed \"Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane\" by a friend, and suggested the last part as the name of the band. However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all.", "However, other sources give other origins for the name, involving Blind Lemon Jefferson either more indirectly or not at all. In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate.", "In June 2021, Jefferson's \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\" plays in the Season 6 finale of Fear the Walking Dead while survivalist character Victor Strand discovers an apartment of artwork and historical artifacts as he awaits his fate. See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998).", "See also List of nicknames of blues musicians References Sources Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay F. (1998). Deep Ellum and Central Track: Where the Black and White Worlds of Dallas Converged. Denton: University of North Texas Press. . Further reading Evans, David (2000).", "Further reading Evans, David (2000). \"Musical Innovation in the Blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 83–116. Monge, Luigi (2000).", "Monge, Luigi (2000). \"The Language of Blind Lemon Jefferson: The Covert Theme of Blindness\". Black Music Research Journal. Vol. 20, no. 1, Blind Lemon Jefferson (Spring 2000). pp. 35–81. Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003).", "Monge, Luigi; Evans, David (2003). \"New Songs of Blind Lemon Jefferson\". Journal of Texas Music History. Vol. 3, no. 2 (Fall 2003). Pisigin, Valeriy (2013). The Coming of the Blues (Пришествие блюза). Vol. 4. Country Blues.", "Vol. 4. Country Blues. Country Blues. Blind Lemon Jefferson. — M.: 2013. — C.320. . Swinton, Paul. (1997) A Twist of Lemon. Blues & Rhythm, Issue No. 121, August 1997. Uzzel, Robert L. (2002).", "Uzzel, Robert L. (2002). Blind Lemon Jefferson: His Life, His Death, and His Legacy''. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. .", "Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. . . External links Blues Foundation Hall of Fame induction Illustrated Blind Lemon Jefferson discography The lyrics of his songs 1893 births 1929 deaths American blues guitarists American blues singer-songwriters American street performers Blind musicians Gospel blues musicians American folk musicians People from Freestone County, Texas Musicians from Dallas Gennett Records artists Okeh Records artists Texas blues musicians Paramount Records artists American acoustic guitarists American male guitarists 20th-century American guitarists Singer-songwriters from Texas Guitarists from Texas African-American male singer-songwriters African-American guitarists 20th-century African-American male singers" ]

[ "James Cook", "Newfoundland" ]

[ "Sylvester Joe (unknown – 1839), hunter and explorer, born Baie d'Espoir, Newfoundland. Joe, a native Mi'kmaq of Newfoundland, was the noted hunter from the south-west coast of the island of Newfoundland who was engaged by William Cormack to guide him on his trek across Newfoundland, the first European Canadian to do so.\n\nIn his writings William Cormack refers to him as Joseph Sylvester, it would appear that he had reversed the name inadvertently, as Joe is a common first name in this area of Newfoundland while Sylvester is unknown as a surname among Newfoundland Mi'kmaq.\n\nJoe can be credited for much of the success of Cormack's venture which began at Smith Sound, Trinity Bay and ended at St. George's Bay on the west coast of the Island. This cross island expedition was undertaken by just Joe and Cormack in search of the declining population of the native Beothuk and to also explore the interior of the Island.\n\nOn September 10, 1822, five days into their journey, Cormack immortalized Joe by naming Mount Sylvester in his honour. When Joe realized the immensity of the task at hand, he suggested to Cormack that they abandon their expedition and head south to his home town of Baie d'Espoir. Cormack convinced him to continue by drawing up a new contract on September 14. The contract reads as follows: \nI promise and agree with Joseph Silvester that if he accompanies me from St. John's to St. George's Bay by land ... besides what I may have already done for him, that after he takes me safe there, that I will on our return, give his mother one barrel of flour, one barrel of pork and anything else that may be found suitable, and further, that he is to go along with me to England or Scotland and stay there as long as I do, or if he likes he may return to St. John's with me next year, or if he likes I will give him passage ... to Portugal or Spain in order that it might do his health good. If Joe should ever go to Prince Edward Island I will give him a letter to my friends there to do what they can for him... \"B.D. Fardy (1985)\"\n\nDespite the many hardships and their personal conflicts the pair continued the cross island journey and reached their destination on November 4. Joe spent the winter in St. George's. From then on little is known of Sylvester Joe.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n Cormack, W. E. Report of Mr. W.E. Cormack's Journey in Search of the Red Indians in Newfoundland Read Before the Bœothick Institution of St. John's, Newfoundland. S.l: s.n, 1828. \n Cormack, W. E. Narrative of a Journey Across the Island of Newfoundland. St. John's, Nfld.?: s.n.], 1856.\n\nExternal links\nBiography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online\n\n1868 deaths\n19th-century First Nations people\nCanadian explorers\nMi'kmaq people\nNewfoundland Colony people\nPeople from Newfoundland (island)\nPersons of National Historic Significance (Canada)\nYear of birth missing", "Stanley Bayley Carter (1853 – May 8, 1888) was a lawyer and politician in Newfoundland. He represented Twillingate and Fogo in the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1878 to 1882.\n\nThe son of Frederick Carter, he was born in St. John's, was educated there and was called to the Newfoundland bar in 1876. Carter did not run for reelection in 1882. He died of tuberculosis six years later.\n\nReferences \n\nMembers of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly\n1853 births\n1888 deaths\n19th-century deaths from tuberculosis\nTuberculosis deaths in Newfoundland and Labrador\nNewfoundland Colony people" ]

[ "James Cook (7 November 172814 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean and to Australia in particular. He made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.", "He made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand. Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755.", "Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755. He saw action in the Seven Years' War and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the St. Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec, which brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and the Royal Society.", "He saw action in the Seven Years' War and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the St. Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec, which brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and the Royal Society. This acclaim came at a crucial moment for the direction of British overseas exploration, and it led to his commission in 1766 as commander of HMS Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages.", "This acclaim came at a crucial moment for the direction of British overseas exploration, and it led to his commission in 1766 as commander of HMS Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages. In these voyages, Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe.", "In these voyages, Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail and on a scale not previously charted by Western explorers. He surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time.", "He surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions.", "He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions. Cook was attacked and killed in 1779 during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific while attempting to kidnap the ruling chief of the island of Hawaiʻi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, to reclaim a cutter taken from one of his ships after his crew took wood from a burial ground.", "Cook was attacked and killed in 1779 during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific while attempting to kidnap the ruling chief of the island of Hawaiʻi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, to reclaim a cutter taken from one of his ships after his crew took wood from a burial ground. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge that influenced his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him.", "He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge that influenced his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him. Early life and family James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 (NS) in the village of Marton in the North Riding of Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November (N.S.)", "Early life and family James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 (NS) in the village of Marton in the North Riding of Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November (N.S.) in the parish church of St Cuthbert, where his name can be seen in the church register.", "in the parish church of St Cuthbert, where his name can be seen in the church register. He was the second of eight children of James Cook (1693–1779), a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire, and his locally born wife, Grace Pace (1702–1765), from Thornaby-on-Tees.", "He was the second of eight children of James Cook (1693–1779), a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire, and his locally born wife, Grace Pace (1702–1765), from Thornaby-on-Tees. In 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his father's employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school.", "In 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his father's employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school. In 1741, after five years' schooling, he began work for his father, who had been promoted to farm manager.", "In 1741, after five years' schooling, he began work for his father, who had been promoted to farm manager. Despite not being formally educated he became capable in mathematics, astronomy and charting by the time of his Endeavour voyage.", "Despite not being formally educated he became capable in mathematics, astronomy and charting by the time of his Endeavour voyage. For leisure, he would climb a nearby hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoying the opportunity for solitude.", "For leisure, he would climb a nearby hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoying the opportunity for solitude. Cooks' Cottage, his parents' last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in Melbourne, Australia, having been moved from England and reassembled, brick by brick, in 1934.", "Cooks' Cottage, his parents' last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in Melbourne, Australia, having been moved from England and reassembled, brick by brick, in 1934. In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved to the fishing village of Staithes, to be apprenticed as a shop boy to grocer and haberdasher William Sanderson.", "In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved to the fishing village of Staithes, to be apprenticed as a shop boy to grocer and haberdasher William Sanderson. Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window.", "Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window. After 18 months, not proving suited for shop work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to Sanderson's friends John and Henry Walker.", "After 18 months, not proving suited for shop work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to Sanderson's friends John and Henry Walker. The Walkers, who were Quakers, were prominent local ship-owners in the coal trade. Their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum.", "Their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum. Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their small fleet of vessels, plying coal along the English coast. His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters, sailing between the Tyne and London.", "His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters, sailing between the Tyne and London. As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and astronomy—all skills he would need one day to command his own ship.", "As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and astronomy—all skills he would need one day to command his own ship. His three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea.", "His three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea. After passing his examinations in 1752, he soon progressed through the merchant navy ranks, starting with his promotion in that year to mate aboard the collier brig Friendship.", "After passing his examinations in 1752, he soon progressed through the merchant navy ranks, starting with his promotion in that year to mate aboard the collier brig Friendship. In 1755, within a month of being offered command of this vessel, he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy, when Britain was re-arming for what was to become the Seven Years' War.", "In 1755, within a month of being offered command of this vessel, he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy, when Britain was re-arming for what was to become the Seven Years' War. Despite the need to start back at the bottom of the naval hierarchy, Cook realised his career would advance more quickly in military service and entered the Navy at Wapping on 17 June 1755.", "Despite the need to start back at the bottom of the naval hierarchy, Cook realised his career would advance more quickly in military service and entered the Navy at Wapping on 17 June 1755. Cook married Elizabeth Batts, the daughter of Samuel Batts, keeper of the Bell Inn in Wapping and one of his mentors, on 21 December 1762 at St Margaret's Church, Barking, Essex.", "Cook married Elizabeth Batts, the daughter of Samuel Batts, keeper of the Bell Inn in Wapping and one of his mentors, on 21 December 1762 at St Margaret's Church, Barking, Essex. The couple had six children: James (1763–1794), Nathaniel (1764–1780, lost aboard which foundered with all hands in a hurricane in the West Indies), Elizabeth (1767–1771), Joseph (1768–1768), George (1772–1772) and Hugh (1776–1793, who died of scarlet fever while a student at Christ's College, Cambridge).", "The couple had six children: James (1763–1794), Nathaniel (1764–1780, lost aboard which foundered with all hands in a hurricane in the West Indies), Elizabeth (1767–1771), Joseph (1768–1768), George (1772–1772) and Hugh (1776–1793, who died of scarlet fever while a student at Christ's College, Cambridge). When not at sea, Cook lived in the East End of London.", "When not at sea, Cook lived in the East End of London. He attended St Paul's Church, Shadwell, where his son James was baptised. Cook has no direct descendants—all of his children died before having children of their own.", "Cook has no direct descendants—all of his children died before having children of their own. Start of Royal Navy career Cook's first posting was with , serving as able seaman and master's mate under Captain Joseph Hamar for his first year aboard, and Captain Hugh Palliser thereafter.", "Start of Royal Navy career Cook's first posting was with , serving as able seaman and master's mate under Captain Joseph Hamar for his first year aboard, and Captain Hugh Palliser thereafter. In October and November 1755, he took part in Eagle'''s capture of one French warship and the sinking of another, following which he was promoted to boatswain in addition to his other duties.", "In October and November 1755, he took part in Eagle'''s capture of one French warship and the sinking of another, following which he was promoted to boatswain in addition to his other duties. His first temporary command was in March 1756 when he was briefly master of Cruizer, a small cutter attached to Eagle while on patrol.", "His first temporary command was in March 1756 when he was briefly master of Cruizer, a small cutter attached to Eagle while on patrol. In June 1757 Cook formally passed his master's examinations at Trinity House, Deptford, qualifying him to navigate and handle a ship of the King's fleet.", "In June 1757 Cook formally passed his master's examinations at Trinity House, Deptford, qualifying him to navigate and handle a ship of the King's fleet. He then joined the frigate HMS Solebay as master under Captain Robert Craig.", "He then joined the frigate HMS Solebay as master under Captain Robert Craig. Newfoundland During the Seven Years' War, Cook served in North America as master aboard the fourth-rate Navy vessel .", "Newfoundland During the Seven Years' War, Cook served in North America as master aboard the fourth-rate Navy vessel . With others in Pembrokes crew, he took part in the major amphibious assault that captured the Fortress of Louisbourg from the French in 1758, and in the siege of Quebec City in 1759.", "With others in Pembrokes crew, he took part in the major amphibious assault that captured the Fortress of Louisbourg from the French in 1758, and in the siege of Quebec City in 1759. Throughout his service he demonstrated a talent for surveying and cartography and was responsible for mapping much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege, thus allowing General Wolfe to make his famous stealth attack during the 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham.", "Throughout his service he demonstrated a talent for surveying and cartography and was responsible for mapping much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege, thus allowing General Wolfe to make his famous stealth attack during the 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham. Cook's surveying ability was also put to use in mapping the jagged coast of Newfoundland in the 1760s, aboard .", "Cook's surveying ability was also put to use in mapping the jagged coast of Newfoundland in the 1760s, aboard . He surveyed the northwest stretch in 1763 and 1764, the south coast between the Burin Peninsula and Cape Ray in 1765 and 1766, and the west coast in 1767.", "He surveyed the northwest stretch in 1763 and 1764, the south coast between the Burin Peninsula and Cape Ray in 1765 and 1766, and the west coast in 1767. At this time, Cook employed local pilots to point out the \"rocks and hidden dangers\" along the south and west coasts.", "At this time, Cook employed local pilots to point out the \"rocks and hidden dangers\" along the south and west coasts. During the 1765 season, four pilots were engaged at a daily pay of 4 shillings each: John Beck for the coast west of \"Great St Lawrence\", Morgan Snook for Fortune Bay, John Dawson for Connaigre and Hermitage Bay, and John Peck for the \"Bay of Despair\".", "During the 1765 season, four pilots were engaged at a daily pay of 4 shillings each: John Beck for the coast west of \"Great St Lawrence\", Morgan Snook for Fortune Bay, John Dawson for Connaigre and Hermitage Bay, and John Peck for the \"Bay of Despair\". While in Newfoundland, Cook also conducted astronomical observations, in particular of the eclipse of the sun on 5 August 1766.", "While in Newfoundland, Cook also conducted astronomical observations, in particular of the eclipse of the sun on 5 August 1766. By obtaining an accurate estimate of the time of the start and finish of the eclipse, and comparing these with the timings at a known position in England it was possible to calculate the longitude of the observation site in Newfoundland.", "By obtaining an accurate estimate of the time of the start and finish of the eclipse, and comparing these with the timings at a known position in England it was possible to calculate the longitude of the observation site in Newfoundland. This result was communicated to the Royal Society in 1767.", "This result was communicated to the Royal Society in 1767. His five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large-scale and accurate maps of the island's coasts and were the first scientific, large scale, hydrographic surveys to use precise triangulation to establish land outlines.", "His five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large-scale and accurate maps of the island's coasts and were the first scientific, large scale, hydrographic surveys to use precise triangulation to establish land outlines. They also gave Cook his mastery of practical surveying, achieved under often adverse conditions, and brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction of British overseas discovery.", "They also gave Cook his mastery of practical surveying, achieved under often adverse conditions, and brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction of British overseas discovery. Cook's maps were used into the 20th century, with copies being referenced by those sailing Newfoundland's waters for 200 years.", "Cook's maps were used into the 20th century, with copies being referenced by those sailing Newfoundland's waters for 200 years. Following on from his exertions in Newfoundland, Cook wrote that he intended to go not only \"farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go\".", "Following on from his exertions in Newfoundland, Cook wrote that he intended to go not only \"farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go\". First voyage (1768–1771) On 25 May 1768, the Admiralty commissioned Cook to command a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean.", "First voyage (1768–1771) On 25 May 1768, the Admiralty commissioned Cook to command a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean. The purpose of the voyage was to observe and record the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun which, when combined with observations from other places, would help to determine the distance of the Earth from the Sun.", "The purpose of the voyage was to observe and record the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun which, when combined with observations from other places, would help to determine the distance of the Earth from the Sun. Cook, at age 39, was promoted to lieutenant to grant him sufficient status to take the command.", "Cook, at age 39, was promoted to lieutenant to grant him sufficient status to take the command. For its part, the Royal Society agreed that Cook would receive a one hundred guinea gratuity in addition to his Naval pay. The expedition sailed aboard , departing England on 26 August 1768.", "The expedition sailed aboard , departing England on 26 August 1768. Cook and his crew rounded Cape Horn and continued westward across the Pacific, arriving at Tahiti on 13 April 1769, where the observations of the transit were made. However, the result of the observations was not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped.", "However, the result of the observations was not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped. Once the observations were completed, Cook opened the sealed orders, which were additional instructions from the Admiralty for the second part of his voyage: to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated rich southern continent of Terra Australis.", "Once the observations were completed, Cook opened the sealed orders, which were additional instructions from the Admiralty for the second part of his voyage: to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated rich southern continent of Terra Australis. Cook then sailed to New Zealand where he mapped the complete coastline, making only some minor errors.", "Cook then sailed to New Zealand where he mapped the complete coastline, making only some minor errors. With the aid of Tupaia, a Tahitian priest who had joined the expedition, Cook was the first European to communicate with the Māori.", "With the aid of Tupaia, a Tahitian priest who had joined the expedition, Cook was the first European to communicate with the Māori. He then voyaged west, reaching the southeastern coast of Australia on 19 April 1770, and in doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline.", "He then voyaged west, reaching the southeastern coast of Australia on 19 April 1770, and in doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline. On 23 April, he made his first recorded direct observation of indigenous Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point, noting in his journal: \"... and were so near the Shore as to distinguish several people upon the Sea beach they appear'd to be of a very dark or black Colour but whether this was the real colour of their skins or the C[l]othes they might have on I know not.\"", "On 23 April, he made his first recorded direct observation of indigenous Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point, noting in his journal: \"... and were so near the Shore as to distinguish several people upon the Sea beach they appear'd to be of a very dark or black Colour but whether this was the real colour of their skins or the C[l]othes they might have on I know not.\" On 29 April, Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula.", "On 29 April, Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula. Cook originally named the area \"Stingray Bay\", but later he crossed this out and named it \"Botany Bay\" after the unique specimens retrieved by the botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander.", "Cook originally named the area \"Stingray Bay\", but later he crossed this out and named it \"Botany Bay\" after the unique specimens retrieved by the botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander. It is here that Cook made first contact with an aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal.", "It is here that Cook made first contact with an aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal. After his departure from Botany Bay, he continued northwards. He stopped at Bustard Bay (now known as Seventeen Seventy) on 23 May 1770. On 24 May, Cook and Banks and others went ashore.", "On 24 May, Cook and Banks and others went ashore. Continuing north, on 11 June a mishap occurred when Endeavour ran aground on a shoal of the Great Barrier Reef, and then \"nursed into a river mouth on 18 June 1770\".", "Continuing north, on 11 June a mishap occurred when Endeavour ran aground on a shoal of the Great Barrier Reef, and then \"nursed into a river mouth on 18 June 1770\". The ship was badly damaged, and his voyage was delayed almost seven weeks while repairs were carried out on the beach (near the docks of modern Cooktown, Queensland, at the mouth of the Endeavour River).", "The ship was badly damaged, and his voyage was delayed almost seven weeks while repairs were carried out on the beach (near the docks of modern Cooktown, Queensland, at the mouth of the Endeavour River). The voyage then continued and at about midday on 22 August 1770, they reached the northernmost tip of the coast and, without leaving the ship, Cook named it York Cape (now Cape York).", "The voyage then continued and at about midday on 22 August 1770, they reached the northernmost tip of the coast and, without leaving the ship, Cook named it York Cape (now Cape York). Leaving the east coast, Cook turned west and nursed his battered ship through the dangerously shallow waters of Torres Strait.", "Leaving the east coast, Cook turned west and nursed his battered ship through the dangerously shallow waters of Torres Strait. Searching for a vantage point, Cook saw a steep hill on a nearby island from the top of which he hoped to see \"a passage into the Indian Seas\".", "Searching for a vantage point, Cook saw a steep hill on a nearby island from the top of which he hoped to see \"a passage into the Indian Seas\". Cook named the island Possession Island, where he claimed the entire coastline that he had just explored as British territory.", "Cook named the island Possession Island, where he claimed the entire coastline that he had just explored as British territory. He returned to England via Batavia (modern Jakarta, Indonesia), where many in his crew succumbed to malaria, and then the Cape of Good Hope, arriving at the island of Saint Helena on 30 April 1771.", "He returned to England via Batavia (modern Jakarta, Indonesia), where many in his crew succumbed to malaria, and then the Cape of Good Hope, arriving at the island of Saint Helena on 30 April 1771. The ship finally returned to England on 12 July 1771, anchoring in The Downs, with Cook going to Deal.", "The ship finally returned to England on 12 July 1771, anchoring in The Downs, with Cook going to Deal. Interlude Cook's journals were published upon his return, and he became something of a hero among the scientific community. Among the general public, however, the aristocratic botanist Joseph Banks was a greater hero.", "Among the general public, however, the aristocratic botanist Joseph Banks was a greater hero. Banks even attempted to take command of Cook's second voyage but removed himself from the voyage before it began, and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster were taken on as scientists for the voyage.", "Banks even attempted to take command of Cook's second voyage but removed himself from the voyage before it began, and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster were taken on as scientists for the voyage. Cook's son George was born five days before he left for his second voyage.", "Cook's son George was born five days before he left for his second voyage. Second voyage (1772–1775) Shortly after his return from the first voyage, Cook was promoted in August 1771 to the rank of commander.", "Second voyage (1772–1775) Shortly after his return from the first voyage, Cook was promoted in August 1771 to the rank of commander. In 1772, he was commissioned to lead another scientific expedition on behalf of the Royal Society, to search for the hypothetical Terra Australis.", "In 1772, he was commissioned to lead another scientific expedition on behalf of the Royal Society, to search for the hypothetical Terra Australis. On his first voyage, Cook had demonstrated by circumnavigating New Zealand that it was not attached to a larger landmass to the south.", "On his first voyage, Cook had demonstrated by circumnavigating New Zealand that it was not attached to a larger landmass to the south. Although he charted almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia, showing it to be continental in size, the Terra Australis was believed to lie further south.", "Although he charted almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia, showing it to be continental in size, the Terra Australis was believed to lie further south. Despite this evidence to the contrary, Alexander Dalrymple and others of the Royal Society still believed that a massive southern continent should exist.", "Despite this evidence to the contrary, Alexander Dalrymple and others of the Royal Society still believed that a massive southern continent should exist. Cook commanded on this voyage, while Tobias Furneaux commanded its companion ship, .", "Cook commanded on this voyage, while Tobias Furneaux commanded its companion ship, . Cook's expedition circumnavigated the globe at an extreme southern latitude, becoming one of the first to cross the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773. In the Antarctic fog, Resolution and Adventure became separated.", "In the Antarctic fog, Resolution and Adventure became separated. Furneaux made his way to New Zealand, where he lost some of his men during an encounter with Māori, and eventually sailed back to Britain, while Cook continued to explore the Antarctic, reaching 71°10'S on 31 January 1774.", "Furneaux made his way to New Zealand, where he lost some of his men during an encounter with Māori, and eventually sailed back to Britain, while Cook continued to explore the Antarctic, reaching 71°10'S on 31 January 1774. Cook almost encountered the mainland of Antarctica but turned towards Tahiti to resupply his ship.", "Cook almost encountered the mainland of Antarctica but turned towards Tahiti to resupply his ship. He then resumed his southward course in a second fruitless attempt to find the supposed continent.", "He then resumed his southward course in a second fruitless attempt to find the supposed continent. On this leg of the voyage, he brought a young Tahitian named Omai, who proved to be somewhat less knowledgeable about the Pacific than Tupaia had been on the first voyage.", "On this leg of the voyage, he brought a young Tahitian named Omai, who proved to be somewhat less knowledgeable about the Pacific than Tupaia had been on the first voyage. On his return voyage to New Zealand in 1774, Cook landed at the Friendly Islands, Easter Island, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu.", "On his return voyage to New Zealand in 1774, Cook landed at the Friendly Islands, Easter Island, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu. Before returning to England, Cook made a final sweep across the South Atlantic from Cape Horn and surveyed, mapped, and took possession for Britain of South Georgia, which had been explored by the English merchant Anthony de la Roché in 1675.", "Before returning to England, Cook made a final sweep across the South Atlantic from Cape Horn and surveyed, mapped, and took possession for Britain of South Georgia, which had been explored by the English merchant Anthony de la Roché in 1675. Cook also discovered and named Clerke Rocks and the South Sandwich Islands (\"Sandwich Land\").", "Cook also discovered and named Clerke Rocks and the South Sandwich Islands (\"Sandwich Land\"). He then turned north to South Africa and from there continued back to England. His reports upon his return home put to rest the popular myth of Terra Australis.", "His reports upon his return home put to rest the popular myth of Terra Australis. Cook's second voyage marked a successful employment of Larcum Kendall's K1 copy of John Harrison's H4 marine chronometer, which enabled Cook to calculate his longitudinal position with much greater accuracy.", "Cook's second voyage marked a successful employment of Larcum Kendall's K1 copy of John Harrison's H4 marine chronometer, which enabled Cook to calculate his longitudinal position with much greater accuracy. Cook's log was full of praise for this time-piece which he used to make charts of the southern Pacific Ocean that were so remarkably accurate that copies of them were still in use in the mid-20th century.", "Cook's log was full of praise for this time-piece which he used to make charts of the southern Pacific Ocean that were so remarkably accurate that copies of them were still in use in the mid-20th century. Upon his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of post-captain and given an honorary retirement from the Royal Navy, with a posting as an officer of the Greenwich Hospital.", "Upon his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of post-captain and given an honorary retirement from the Royal Navy, with a posting as an officer of the Greenwich Hospital. He reluctantly accepted, insisting that he be allowed to quit the post if an opportunity for active duty should arise.", "He reluctantly accepted, insisting that he be allowed to quit the post if an opportunity for active duty should arise. His fame extended beyond the Admiralty; he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society and awarded the Copley Gold Medal for completing his second voyage without losing a man to scurvy.", "His fame extended beyond the Admiralty; he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society and awarded the Copley Gold Medal for completing his second voyage without losing a man to scurvy. Nathaniel Dance-Holland painted his portrait; he dined with James Boswell; he was described in the House of Lords as \"the first navigator in Europe\".", "Nathaniel Dance-Holland painted his portrait; he dined with James Boswell; he was described in the House of Lords as \"the first navigator in Europe\". But he could not be kept away from the sea. A third voyage was planned, and Cook volunteered to find the Northwest Passage.", "A third voyage was planned, and Cook volunteered to find the Northwest Passage. He travelled to the Pacific and hoped to travel east to the Atlantic, while a simultaneous voyage travelled the opposite route. Third voyage (1776–1779) Hawaii On his last voyage, Cook again commanded HMS Resolution, while Captain Charles Clerke commanded .", "Third voyage (1776–1779) Hawaii On his last voyage, Cook again commanded HMS Resolution, while Captain Charles Clerke commanded . The voyage was ostensibly planned to return the Pacific Islander Omai to Tahiti, or so the public was led to believe. The trip's principal goal was to locate a Northwest Passage around the American continent.", "The trip's principal goal was to locate a Northwest Passage around the American continent. After dropping Omai at Tahiti, Cook travelled north and in 1778 became the first European to begin formal contact with the Hawaiian Islands.", "After dropping Omai at Tahiti, Cook travelled north and in 1778 became the first European to begin formal contact with the Hawaiian Islands. After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour, Kauai, Cook named the archipelago the \"Sandwich Islands\" after the fourth Earl of Sandwich—the acting First Lord of the Admiralty.", "After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour, Kauai, Cook named the archipelago the \"Sandwich Islands\" after the fourth Earl of Sandwich—the acting First Lord of the Admiralty. North America From the Sandwich Islands, Cook sailed north and then northeast to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California.", "North America From the Sandwich Islands, Cook sailed north and then northeast to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California. He sighted the Oregon coast at approximately 44°30′ north latitude, naming Cape Foulweather, after the bad weather which forced his ships south to about 43° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward.", "He sighted the Oregon coast at approximately 44°30′ north latitude, naming Cape Foulweather, after the bad weather which forced his ships south to about 43° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward. He unknowingly sailed past the Strait of Juan de Fuca and soon after entered Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island.", "He unknowingly sailed past the Strait of Juan de Fuca and soon after entered Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island. He anchored near the First Nations village of Yuquot.", "He anchored near the First Nations village of Yuquot. Cook's two ships remained in Nootka Sound from 29 March to 26 April 1778, in what Cook called Ship Cove, now Resolution Cove, at the south end of Bligh Island. Relations between Cook's crew and the people of Yuquot were cordial but sometimes strained.", "Relations between Cook's crew and the people of Yuquot were cordial but sometimes strained. In trading, the people of Yuquot demanded much more valuable items than the usual trinkets that had been acceptable in Hawaii. Metal objects were much desired, but the lead, pewter, and tin traded at first soon fell into disrepute.", "Metal objects were much desired, but the lead, pewter, and tin traded at first soon fell into disrepute. The most valuable items which the British received in trade were sea otter pelts.", "The most valuable items which the British received in trade were sea otter pelts. During the stay, the Yuquot \"hosts\" essentially controlled the trade with the British vessels; the natives usually visited the British vessels at Resolution Cove instead of the British visiting the village of Yuquot at Friendly Cove.", "During the stay, the Yuquot \"hosts\" essentially controlled the trade with the British vessels; the natives usually visited the British vessels at Resolution Cove instead of the British visiting the village of Yuquot at Friendly Cove. After leaving Nootka Sound in search of the Northwest Passage, Cook explored and mapped the coast all the way to the Bering Strait, on the way identifying what came to be known as Cook Inlet in Alaska.", "After leaving Nootka Sound in search of the Northwest Passage, Cook explored and mapped the coast all the way to the Bering Strait, on the way identifying what came to be known as Cook Inlet in Alaska. In a single visit, Cook charted the majority of the North American northwest coastline on world maps for the first time, determined the extent of Alaska, and closed the gaps in Russian (from the west) and Spanish (from the south) exploratory probes of the northern limits of the Pacific.", "In a single visit, Cook charted the majority of the North American northwest coastline on world maps for the first time, determined the extent of Alaska, and closed the gaps in Russian (from the west) and Spanish (from the south) exploratory probes of the northern limits of the Pacific. By the second week of August 1778, Cook was through the Bering Strait, sailing into the Chukchi Sea.", "By the second week of August 1778, Cook was through the Bering Strait, sailing into the Chukchi Sea. He headed northeast up the coast of Alaska until he was blocked by sea ice at a latitude of 70°44′ north.", "He headed northeast up the coast of Alaska until he was blocked by sea ice at a latitude of 70°44′ north. Cook then sailed west to the Siberian coast, and then southeast down the Siberian coast back to the Bering Strait.", "Cook then sailed west to the Siberian coast, and then southeast down the Siberian coast back to the Bering Strait. By early September 1778 he was back in the Bering Sea to begin the trip to the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands.", "By early September 1778 he was back in the Bering Sea to begin the trip to the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands. He became increasingly frustrated on this voyage and perhaps began to suffer from a stomach ailment; it has been speculated that this led to irrational behaviour towards his crew, such as forcing them to eat walrus meat, which they had pronounced inedible.", "He became increasingly frustrated on this voyage and perhaps began to suffer from a stomach ailment; it has been speculated that this led to irrational behaviour towards his crew, such as forcing them to eat walrus meat, which they had pronounced inedible. Return to Hawaii Cook returned to Hawaii in 1779.", "Return to Hawaii Cook returned to Hawaii in 1779. After sailing around the archipelago for some eight weeks, he made landfall at Kealakekua Bay on Hawai'i Island, largest island in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Cook's arrival coincided with the Makahiki, a Hawaiian harvest festival of worship for the Polynesian god Lono.", "Cook's arrival coincided with the Makahiki, a Hawaiian harvest festival of worship for the Polynesian god Lono. Coincidentally the form of Cook's ship, HMS Resolution, or more particularly the mast formation, sails and rigging, resembled certain significant artefacts that formed part of the season of worship.", "Coincidentally the form of Cook's ship, HMS Resolution, or more particularly the mast formation, sails and rigging, resembled certain significant artefacts that formed part of the season of worship. Similarly, Cook's clockwise route around the island of Hawaii before making landfall resembled the processions that took place in a clockwise direction around the island during the Lono festivals.", "Similarly, Cook's clockwise route around the island of Hawaii before making landfall resembled the processions that took place in a clockwise direction around the island during the Lono festivals. It has been argued (most extensively by Marshall Sahlins) that such coincidences were the reasons for Cook's (and to a limited extent, his crew's) initial deification by some Hawaiians who treated Cook as an incarnation of Lono.", "It has been argued (most extensively by Marshall Sahlins) that such coincidences were the reasons for Cook's (and to a limited extent, his crew's) initial deification by some Hawaiians who treated Cook as an incarnation of Lono. Though this view was first suggested by members of Cook's expedition, the idea that any Hawaiians understood Cook to be Lono, and the evidence presented in support of it, were challenged in 1992.", "Though this view was first suggested by members of Cook's expedition, the idea that any Hawaiians understood Cook to be Lono, and the evidence presented in support of it, were challenged in 1992. Death After a month's stay, Cook attempted to resume his exploration of the northern Pacific.", "Death After a month's stay, Cook attempted to resume his exploration of the northern Pacific. Shortly after leaving Hawaii Island, however, Resolutions foremast broke, so the ships returned to Kealakekua Bay for repairs.", "Shortly after leaving Hawaii Island, however, Resolutions foremast broke, so the ships returned to Kealakekua Bay for repairs. Tensions rose, and a number of quarrels broke out between the Europeans and Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay, including the theft of wood from a burial ground under Cook's orders.", "Tensions rose, and a number of quarrels broke out between the Europeans and Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay, including the theft of wood from a burial ground under Cook's orders. An unknown group of Hawaiians took one of Cook's small boats.", "An unknown group of Hawaiians took one of Cook's small boats. The evening when the cutter was taken, the people had become \"insolent\" even with threats to fire upon them. Cook attempted to kidnap and ransom the King of Hawaiʻi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu.", "Cook attempted to kidnap and ransom the King of Hawaiʻi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu. The following day, 14 February 1779, Cook marched through the village to retrieve the king. Cook took the king (aliʻi nui) by his own hand and led him away.", "Cook took the king (aliʻi nui) by his own hand and led him away. One of Kalaniʻōpuʻu's favourite wives, Kanekapolei, and two chiefs approached the group as they were heading to the boats. They pleaded with the king not to go.", "They pleaded with the king not to go. An old kahuna (priest), chanting rapidly while holding out a coconut, attempted to distract Cook and his men as a large crowd began to form at the shore. At this point, the king began to understand that Cook was his enemy.", "At this point, the king began to understand that Cook was his enemy. As Cook turned his back to help launch the boats, he was struck on the head by the villagers and then stabbed to death as he fell on his face in the surf.", "As Cook turned his back to help launch the boats, he was struck on the head by the villagers and then stabbed to death as he fell on his face in the surf. He was first struck on the head with a club by a chief named Kalaimanokahoʻowaha or Kanaʻina (namesake of Charles Kana'ina) and then stabbed by one of the king's attendants, Nuaa.", "He was first struck on the head with a club by a chief named Kalaimanokahoʻowaha or Kanaʻina (namesake of Charles Kana'ina) and then stabbed by one of the king's attendants, Nuaa. The Hawaiians carried his body away towards the back of the town, still visible to the ship through their spyglass.", "The Hawaiians carried his body away towards the back of the town, still visible to the ship through their spyglass. Four marines, Corporal James Thomas, Private Theophilus Hinks, Private Thomas Fatchett and Private John Allen, were also killed and two others were wounded in the confrontation.", "Four marines, Corporal James Thomas, Private Theophilus Hinks, Private Thomas Fatchett and Private John Allen, were also killed and two others were wounded in the confrontation. Aftermath The esteem which the islanders nevertheless held for Cook caused them to retain his body.", "Aftermath The esteem which the islanders nevertheless held for Cook caused them to retain his body. Following their practice of the time, they prepared his body with funerary rituals usually reserved for the chiefs and highest elders of the society.", "Following their practice of the time, they prepared his body with funerary rituals usually reserved for the chiefs and highest elders of the society. The body was disembowelled and baked to facilitate removal of the flesh, and the bones were carefully cleaned for preservation as religious icons in a fashion somewhat reminiscent of the treatment of European saints in the Middle Ages.", "The body was disembowelled and baked to facilitate removal of the flesh, and the bones were carefully cleaned for preservation as religious icons in a fashion somewhat reminiscent of the treatment of European saints in the Middle Ages. Some of Cook's remains, thus preserved, were eventually returned to his crew for a formal burial at sea.", "Some of Cook's remains, thus preserved, were eventually returned to his crew for a formal burial at sea. Clerke assumed leadership of the expedition and made a final attempt to pass through the Bering Strait.", "Clerke assumed leadership of the expedition and made a final attempt to pass through the Bering Strait. He died of tuberculosis on 22 August 1779 and John Gore, a veteran of Cook's first voyage, took command of Resolution and of the expedition. James King replaced Gore in command of Discovery.", "James King replaced Gore in command of Discovery. The expedition returned home, reaching England in October 1780. After their arrival in England, King completed Cook's account of the voyage. Legacy Ethnographic collections The Australian Museum acquired its \"Cook Collection\" in 1894 from the Government of New South Wales.", "Legacy Ethnographic collections The Australian Museum acquired its \"Cook Collection\" in 1894 from the Government of New South Wales. At that time the collection consisted of 115 artefacts collected on Cook's three voyages throughout the Pacific Ocean, during the period 1768–80, along with documents and memorabilia related to these voyages.", "At that time the collection consisted of 115 artefacts collected on Cook's three voyages throughout the Pacific Ocean, during the period 1768–80, along with documents and memorabilia related to these voyages. Many of the ethnographic artefacts were collected at a time of first contact between Pacific Peoples and Europeans.", "Many of the ethnographic artefacts were collected at a time of first contact between Pacific Peoples and Europeans. In 1935 most of the documents and memorabilia were transferred to the Mitchell Library in the State Library of New South Wales.", "In 1935 most of the documents and memorabilia were transferred to the Mitchell Library in the State Library of New South Wales. The provenance of the collection shows that the objects remained in the hands of Cook's widow Elizabeth Cook, and her descendants, until 1886.", "The provenance of the collection shows that the objects remained in the hands of Cook's widow Elizabeth Cook, and her descendants, until 1886. In this year John Mackrell, the great-nephew of Isaac Smith, Elizabeth Cook's cousin, organised the display of this collection at the request of the NSW Government at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London.", "In this year John Mackrell, the great-nephew of Isaac Smith, Elizabeth Cook's cousin, organised the display of this collection at the request of the NSW Government at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London. In 1887 the London-based Agent-General for the New South Wales Government, Saul Samuel, bought John Mackrell's items and also acquired items belonging to the other relatives Reverend Canon Frederick Bennett, Mrs Thomas Langton, H.M.C.", "In 1887 the London-based Agent-General for the New South Wales Government, Saul Samuel, bought John Mackrell's items and also acquired items belonging to the other relatives Reverend Canon Frederick Bennett, Mrs Thomas Langton, H.M.C. Alexander, and William Adams.", "Alexander, and William Adams. Alexander, and William Adams. The collection remained with the Colonial Secretary of NSW until 1894, when it was transferred to the Australian Museum. Navigation and science Cook's 12 years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to Europeans' knowledge of the area.", "Navigation and science Cook's 12 years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to Europeans' knowledge of the area. Several islands, such as the Hawaiian group, were encountered for the first time by Europeans, and his more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement.", "Several islands, such as the Hawaiian group, were encountered for the first time by Europeans, and his more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement. To create accurate maps, latitude and longitude must be accurately determined.", "To create accurate maps, latitude and longitude must be accurately determined. Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a backstaff or quadrant.", "Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a backstaff or quadrant. Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the earth.", "Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the earth. The Earth turns a full 360 degrees relative to the sun each day. Thus longitude corresponds to time: 15 degrees every hour, or 1 degree every 4 minutes.", "Thus longitude corresponds to time: 15 degrees every hour, or 1 degree every 4 minutes. Cook gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage from his navigational skills, with the help of astronomer Charles Green, and by using the newly published Nautical Almanac tables, via the lunar distance method – measuring the angular distance from the moon to either the sun during daytime or one of eight bright stars during night-time to determine the time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the sun, moon, or stars.", "Cook gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage from his navigational skills, with the help of astronomer Charles Green, and by using the newly published Nautical Almanac tables, via the lunar distance method – measuring the angular distance from the moon to either the sun during daytime or one of eight bright stars during night-time to determine the time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the sun, moon, or stars. On his second voyage, Cook used the K1 chronometer made by Larcum Kendall, which was the shape of a large pocket watch, in diameter.", "On his second voyage, Cook used the K1 chronometer made by Larcum Kendall, which was the shape of a large pocket watch, in diameter. It was a copy of the H4 clock made by John Harrison, which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship Deptfords journey to Jamaica in 1761–62.", "It was a copy of the H4 clock made by John Harrison, which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship Deptfords journey to Jamaica in 1761–62. He succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to scurvy, an unusual accomplishment at the time.", "He succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to scurvy, an unusual accomplishment at the time. He tested several preventive measures, most importantly the frequent replenishment of fresh food. For presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society he was presented with the Copley Medal in 1776.", "For presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society he was presented with the Copley Medal in 1776. Cook became the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific.", "Cook became the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific. He correctly postulated a link among all the Pacific peoples, despite their being separated by great ocean stretches (see Malayo-Polynesian languages). Cook theorised that Polynesians originated from Asia, which scientist Bryan Sykes later verified.", "Cook theorised that Polynesians originated from Asia, which scientist Bryan Sykes later verified. In New Zealand the coming of Cook is often used to signify the onset of the colonisation which officially started more than 70 years after his crew became the second group of Europeans to visit that archipelago.", "In New Zealand the coming of Cook is often used to signify the onset of the colonisation which officially started more than 70 years after his crew became the second group of Europeans to visit that archipelago. Cook carried several scientists on his voyages; they made significant observations and discoveries.", "Cook carried several scientists on his voyages; they made significant observations and discoveries. Two botanists, Joseph Banks and the Swede Daniel Solander, sailed on the first voyage. The two collected over 3,000 plant species. Banks subsequently strongly promoted British settlement of Australia, leading to the establishment of New South Wales as a penal settlement in 1788.", "Banks subsequently strongly promoted British settlement of Australia, leading to the establishment of New South Wales as a penal settlement in 1788. Artists also sailed on Cook's first voyage. Sydney Parkinson was heavily involved in documenting the botanists' findings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage.", "Sydney Parkinson was heavily involved in documenting the botanists' findings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage. They were of immense scientific value to British botanists. Cook's second expedition included William Hodges, who produced notable landscape paintings of Tahiti, Easter Island, and other locations.", "Cook's second expedition included William Hodges, who produced notable landscape paintings of Tahiti, Easter Island, and other locations. Several officers who served under Cook went on to distinctive accomplishments. William Bligh, Cook's sailing master, was given command of in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with breadfruit.", "William Bligh, Cook's sailing master, was given command of in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with breadfruit. Bligh became known for the mutiny of his crew, which resulted in his being set adrift in 1789. He later became Governor of New South Wales, where he was the subject of another mutiny—the 1808 Rum Rebellion.", "He later became Governor of New South Wales, where he was the subject of another mutiny—the 1808 Rum Rebellion. George Vancouver, one of Cook's midshipmen, led a voyage of exploration to the Pacific Coast of North America from 1791 to 1794. In honour of Vancouver's former commander, his ship was named .", "In honour of Vancouver's former commander, his ship was named . George Dixon, who sailed under Cook on his third expedition, later commanded his own. Henry Roberts, a lieutenant under Cook, spent many years after that voyage preparing the detailed charts that went into Cook's posthumous atlas, published around 1784.", "Henry Roberts, a lieutenant under Cook, spent many years after that voyage preparing the detailed charts that went into Cook's posthumous atlas, published around 1784. Cook's contributions to knowledge gained international recognition during his lifetime.", "Cook's contributions to knowledge gained international recognition during his lifetime. In 1779, while the American colonies were fighting Britain for their independence, Benjamin Franklin wrote to captains of colonial warships at sea, recommending that if they came into contact with Cook's vessel, they were to \"not consider her an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects contained in her, nor obstruct her immediate return to England by detaining her or sending her into any other part of Europe or to America; but that you treat the said Captain Cook and his people with all civility and kindness ... as common friends to mankind.\"", "In 1779, while the American colonies were fighting Britain for their independence, Benjamin Franklin wrote to captains of colonial warships at sea, recommending that if they came into contact with Cook's vessel, they were to \"not consider her an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects contained in her, nor obstruct her immediate return to England by detaining her or sending her into any other part of Europe or to America; but that you treat the said Captain Cook and his people with all civility and kindness ... as common friends to mankind.\" Memorials A U.S. coin, the 1928 Hawaii Sesquicentennial half-dollar, carries Cook's image.", "Memorials A U.S. coin, the 1928 Hawaii Sesquicentennial half-dollar, carries Cook's image. Minted for the 150th anniversary of his discovery of the islands, its low mintage (10,008) has made this example of an early United States commemorative coin both scarce and expensive.", "Minted for the 150th anniversary of his discovery of the islands, its low mintage (10,008) has made this example of an early United States commemorative coin both scarce and expensive. The site where he was killed in Hawaii was marked in 1874 by a white obelisk set on of chained-off beach.", "The site where he was killed in Hawaii was marked in 1874 by a white obelisk set on of chained-off beach. This land, although in Hawaii, was deeded to the United Kingdom by Princess Likelike and her husband, Archibald Scott Cleghorn, to the British Consul to Hawaii, James Hay Wodehouse, in 1877.", "This land, although in Hawaii, was deeded to the United Kingdom by Princess Likelike and her husband, Archibald Scott Cleghorn, to the British Consul to Hawaii, James Hay Wodehouse, in 1877. A nearby town is named Captain Cook, Hawaii; several Hawaiian businesses also carry his name.", "A nearby town is named Captain Cook, Hawaii; several Hawaiian businesses also carry his name. The Apollo 15 Command/Service Module Endeavour was named after Cook's ship, , as was the . In addition, the first Crew Dragon capsule flown by SpaceX was named for Endeavour. Another shuttle, Discovery, was named after Cook's .", "Another shuttle, Discovery, was named after Cook's . The first institution of higher education in North Queensland, Australia, was named after him, with James Cook University opening in Townsville in 1970.", "The first institution of higher education in North Queensland, Australia, was named after him, with James Cook University opening in Townsville in 1970. Numerous institutions, landmarks and place names reflect the importance of Cook's contributions, including the Cook Islands, Cook Strait, Cook Inlet and the Cook crater on the Moon.", "Numerous institutions, landmarks and place names reflect the importance of Cook's contributions, including the Cook Islands, Cook Strait, Cook Inlet and the Cook crater on the Moon. Aoraki / Mount Cook, the highest summit in New Zealand, is named for him.", "Aoraki / Mount Cook, the highest summit in New Zealand, is named for him. Another Mount Cook is on the border between the U.S. state of Alaska and the Canadian Yukon territory, and is designated Boundary Peak 182 as one of the official Boundary Peaks of the Hay–Herbert Treaty.", "Another Mount Cook is on the border between the U.S. state of Alaska and the Canadian Yukon territory, and is designated Boundary Peak 182 as one of the official Boundary Peaks of the Hay–Herbert Treaty. A life-size statue of Cook upon a column stands in Hyde Park located in the centre of Sydney.", "A life-size statue of Cook upon a column stands in Hyde Park located in the centre of Sydney. A large aquatic monument is planned for Cook's landing place at Botany Bay, Sydney.", "A large aquatic monument is planned for Cook's landing place at Botany Bay, Sydney. One of the earliest monuments to Cook in the United Kingdom is located at The Vache, erected in 1780 by Admiral Hugh Palliser, a contemporary of Cook and one-time owner of the estate.", "One of the earliest monuments to Cook in the United Kingdom is located at The Vache, erected in 1780 by Admiral Hugh Palliser, a contemporary of Cook and one-time owner of the estate. A large obelisk was built in 1827 as a monument to Cook on Easby Moor overlooking his boyhood village of Great Ayton, along with a smaller monument at the former location of Cook's cottage.", "A large obelisk was built in 1827 as a monument to Cook on Easby Moor overlooking his boyhood village of Great Ayton, along with a smaller monument at the former location of Cook's cottage. There is also a monument to Cook in the church of St Andrew the Great, St Andrew's Street, Cambridge, where his sons Hugh, a student at Christ's College, and James were buried.", "There is also a monument to Cook in the church of St Andrew the Great, St Andrew's Street, Cambridge, where his sons Hugh, a student at Christ's College, and James were buried. Cook's widow Elizabeth was also buried in the church and in her will left money for the memorial's upkeep.", "Cook's widow Elizabeth was also buried in the church and in her will left money for the memorial's upkeep. The 250th anniversary of Cook's birth was marked at the site of his birthplace in Marton by the opening of the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum, located within Stewart Park (1978).", "The 250th anniversary of Cook's birth was marked at the site of his birthplace in Marton by the opening of the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum, located within Stewart Park (1978). A granite vase just to the south of the museum marks the approximate spot where he was born.", "A granite vase just to the south of the museum marks the approximate spot where he was born. Tributes also abound in post-industrial Middlesbrough, including a primary school, shopping square and the Bottle 'O Notes, a public artwork by Claes Oldenburg, that was erected in the town's Central Gardens in 1993.", "Tributes also abound in post-industrial Middlesbrough, including a primary school, shopping square and the Bottle 'O Notes, a public artwork by Claes Oldenburg, that was erected in the town's Central Gardens in 1993. Also named after Cook is James Cook University Hospital, a major teaching hospital which opened in 2003 with a railway station serving it called James Cook opening in 2014.", "Also named after Cook is James Cook University Hospital, a major teaching hospital which opened in 2003 with a railway station serving it called James Cook opening in 2014. The Royal Research Ship RRS James Cook was built in 2006 to replace the RRS Charles Darwin in the UK's Royal Research Fleet, and Stepney Historical Trust placed a plaque on Free Trade Wharf in the Highway, Shadwell to commemorate his life in the East End of London.", "The Royal Research Ship RRS James Cook was built in 2006 to replace the RRS Charles Darwin in the UK's Royal Research Fleet, and Stepney Historical Trust placed a plaque on Free Trade Wharf in the Highway, Shadwell to commemorate his life in the East End of London. A statue erected in his honour can be viewed near Admiralty Arch on the south side of The Mall in London.", "A statue erected in his honour can be viewed near Admiralty Arch on the south side of The Mall in London. In 2002, Cook was placed at number 12 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.", "In 2002, Cook was placed at number 12 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. In 1959, the Cooktown Re-enactment Association first performed a re-enactment of Cook's 1770 landing at the site of modern Cooktown, Australia, and have continued the tradition each year, with the support and participation of many of the local Guugu Yimithirr people.", "In 1959, the Cooktown Re-enactment Association first performed a re-enactment of Cook's 1770 landing at the site of modern Cooktown, Australia, and have continued the tradition each year, with the support and participation of many of the local Guugu Yimithirr people. Cultural references Cook was a subject in many literary creations; one of the earliest was \"Captain Cook\" by Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L.E.L.).", "Cultural references Cook was a subject in many literary creations; one of the earliest was \"Captain Cook\" by Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L.E.L.). In 1931, Kenneth Slessor's poem \"Five Visions of Captain Cook\" was the \"most dramatic break-through\" in Australian poetry of the 20th century according to poet Douglas Stewart.", "In 1931, Kenneth Slessor's poem \"Five Visions of Captain Cook\" was the \"most dramatic break-through\" in Australian poetry of the 20th century according to poet Douglas Stewart. The Australian slang phrase \"Have a Captain Cook\" means to have a look or conduct a brief inspection.", "The Australian slang phrase \"Have a Captain Cook\" means to have a look or conduct a brief inspection. Controversy The period 2018 to 2021 marked the 250th anniversary of Cook's first voyage of exploration.", "Controversy The period 2018 to 2021 marked the 250th anniversary of Cook's first voyage of exploration. A number of countries, including Australia and New Zealand, arranged official events to commemorate the voyage leading to widespread public debate about Cook's legacy.", "A number of countries, including Australia and New Zealand, arranged official events to commemorate the voyage leading to widespread public debate about Cook's legacy. In the leadup to the commemorations, various memorials to Cook in Australia and New Zealand were vandalised and there were public calls for their removal or modification due to their alleged promotion of colonialist narratives.", "In the leadup to the commemorations, various memorials to Cook in Australia and New Zealand were vandalised and there were public calls for their removal or modification due to their alleged promotion of colonialist narratives. On 1 July 2021, a statue of James Cook in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, was torn down following an earlier peaceful protest about the deaths of Indigenous residential school children in Canada.", "On 1 July 2021, a statue of James Cook in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, was torn down following an earlier peaceful protest about the deaths of Indigenous residential school children in Canada. There were also campaigns for the return of Indigenous artefacts taken during Cook's voyages (see Gweagal shield).", "There were also campaigns for the return of Indigenous artefacts taken during Cook's voyages (see Gweagal shield). Alice Proctor argues that the controversies over public representations of Cook and the display of Indigenous artefacts from his voyages are part of a broader debate over the decolonisation of museums and public spaces and resistance to colonialist narratives.", "Alice Proctor argues that the controversies over public representations of Cook and the display of Indigenous artefacts from his voyages are part of a broader debate over the decolonisation of museums and public spaces and resistance to colonialist narratives. While a number of commentators argue that Cook was an enabler of British colonialism in the Pacific, Geoffrey Blainey, among others, notes that it was Banks who promoted Botany Bay as a site for colonisation after Cook's death.", "While a number of commentators argue that Cook was an enabler of British colonialism in the Pacific, Geoffrey Blainey, among others, notes that it was Banks who promoted Botany Bay as a site for colonisation after Cook's death. Robert Tombs defended Cook, associating him with the values of the Enlightenment and positing him as \"The leading figure in an age of scientific exploration\".", "Robert Tombs defended Cook, associating him with the values of the Enlightenment and positing him as \"The leading figure in an age of scientific exploration\". See also New Zealand places named by James Cook Australian places named by James Cook European and American voyages of scientific exploration Exploration of the Pacific List of places named after Captain James Cook List of sea captains Death of Cook (paintings) References Notes Citations Bibliography Further reading , Volume I, Volume II–III.", "See also New Zealand places named by James Cook Australian places named by James Cook European and American voyages of scientific exploration Exploration of the Pacific List of places named after Captain James Cook List of sea captains Death of Cook (paintings) References Notes Citations Bibliography Further reading , Volume I, Volume II–III. Richardson, Brian.", "Richardson, Brian. Richardson, Brian. (2005) Longitude and Empire: How Captain Cook's Voyages Changed the World (University of British Columbia Press.) . Sydney Daily Telegraph (1970) Captain Cook: His Artists – His Voyages The Sydney Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with Captain Cook.", "Sydney Daily Telegraph (1970) Captain Cook: His Artists – His Voyages The Sydney Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with Captain Cook. Australian Consolidated Press, Sydney Thomas, Nicholas The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook. Walker & Co., New York.", "Walker & Co., New York. (2003) Uglow, Jenny, \"Island Hopping\" (review of Captain James Cook: The Journals, selected and edited by Philip Edwards, London, Folio Society, three volumes and a chart of the voyages, 1,309 pp.", "(2003) Uglow, Jenny, \"Island Hopping\" (review of Captain James Cook: The Journals, selected and edited by Philip Edwards, London, Folio Society, three volumes and a chart of the voyages, 1,309 pp. ; and William Frame with Laura Walker, James Cook: The Voyages, McGill-Queen University Press, 224 pp.", "; and William Frame with Laura Walker, James Cook: The Voyages, McGill-Queen University Press, 224 pp. ), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 2 (7 February 2019), pp. 18–20. Withey, Lynne.", "18–20. Withey, Lynne. Withey, Lynne. Voyages of discovery: Captain Cook and the exploration of the Pacific'' (Univ of California Press, 1989).", "Voyages of discovery: Captain Cook and the exploration of the Pacific'' (Univ of California Press, 1989). External links Captain Cook Society Captain Cook historic plaque, Halifax Biographical dictionaries Journals The Endeavour journal (1) and The Endeavour journal (2), as kept by James Cook – digitised and held by the National Library of Australia The South Seas Project: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook's First Pacific Voyage, 1768–1771.", "External links Captain Cook Society Captain Cook historic plaque, Halifax Biographical dictionaries Journals The Endeavour journal (1) and The Endeavour journal (2), as kept by James Cook – digitised and held by the National Library of Australia The South Seas Project: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook's First Pacific Voyage, 1768–1771. Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage.", "Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage. Digitised copies of log books from James Cook's voyages at the British Atmospheric Data Centre Log book of Cook's second voyage: high-resolution digitised version in Cambridge Digital Library Digitised Tapa cloth catalogue held at Auckland Libraries Collections and museums The Library of the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia specialises in collecting works on Captain James Cook, his voyages and HMS Endeavour Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of James Cook.", "Digitised copies of log books from James Cook's voyages at the British Atmospheric Data Centre Log book of Cook's second voyage: high-resolution digitised version in Cambridge Digital Library Digitised Tapa cloth catalogue held at Auckland Libraries Collections and museums The Library of the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia specialises in collecting works on Captain James Cook, his voyages and HMS Endeavour Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of James Cook. Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Captain Cook Birthplace Museum Marton Captain Cook Memorial Museum Whitby Cook's manuscript maps of the south-east coast of Australia, held at the American Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee.", "Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Captain Cook Birthplace Museum Marton Captain Cook Memorial Museum Whitby Cook's manuscript maps of the south-east coast of Australia, held at the American Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee. 1728 births 1779 deaths 18th-century English people 18th-century explorers Death in Hawaii English explorers of the Pacific British military personnel of the French and Indian War British navigators British people executed abroad Circumnavigators of the globe English cartographers English explorers of North America English hydrographers English people of Scottish descent English sailors Explorers of Alaska Explorers of Antarctica Explorers of Australia Explorers of British Columbia Explorers of New Zealand Explorers of Oregon Explorers of Washington (state) Fellows of the Royal Society Hydrographers Maritime writers People from Middlesbrough Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) Recipients of the Copley Medal Royal Navy officers Q150 Icons Sea captains" ]

[ "James Cook", "Newfoundland", "What did he do in Newfoundland?", "His five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large-scale and accurate maps of the island's coasts and were the first scientific,", "Who sent him to Newfoundland?", "1760s, aboard HMS Grenville." ]

[ "Quite Interesting Limited is a British research company, most notable for providing the research for the British television panel game QI (itself an abbreviation of Quite Interesting) and the Swedish version Intresseklubben, as well as other QI–related programmes and products. The company founder and chairman is John Lloyd, the creator and producer of QI, and host of the radio panel game The Museum of Curiosity, which also uses Quite Interesting Limited for its research. John Mitchinson is the company's director and also works as head of research for QI.\n\nAbout\nLloyd founded Quite Interesting Limited in 1999. It is claimed that the idea of founding the company came on Christmas Eve 1993. According to his profile on QI.com, \"he came to the sudden and alarming realisation that he didn't really know anything. Changing gear again, he started reading books for the first time since he was 17. To his horror, he discovered that he hadn't been paying attention and, with painful slowness, unearthed the closely guarded secret that the universe is astoundingly quite interesting.\"\n\nThe philosophy of the company is that it claims that there are four primal drives: food, sex, shelter and curiosity. Out of these, curiosity is supposedly the most important because, \"unlike the other three drives, it is what makes us uniquely human.\" The company claims that, \"Whatever is interesting we are interested in. Whatever is not interesting, we are even more interested in. Everything is interesting if looked at in the right way.\"\n\nThose who carry out research are known as the \"QI Elves\". Notable elves include Justin Pollard and Vitali Vitaliev. They are also responsible for helping to write the questions used on QI. People wishing to become elves are recommended to start by commenting on the forums of the QI website.\n\nProducts\n\nDVDs\n\nBooks\n\nReferences\n\nQI\nCompanies based in Oxford\nBritish companies established in 1999\nPrivately held companies of the United Kingdom", "\"Anything\" is a song by rapper Jay-Z that is found on the Vinyl 12\" \"Anything (The Berlin Remixes)\" 1999 with a Remix of DJ Tomekk from Def Jam Germany and later on Beanie Sigel's 2000 album The Truth. It is produced by Sam Sneed and P. Skam, who sample Lionel Bart's \"I'll Do Anything\" for the track's beat and chorus. The sample from Oliver! heavily popularized \"Anything\", as did the Annie sample on \"Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)\", \"Anything\" was also a bonus track on Jay-Z's album Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter (UK/Europe edition) as is \"Anything (Mr. Drunk Mix)\" on the Japanese version of the album.\n\nJay-Z admitted to Angie Martinez in a 2009 interview on the BET program Food for Thought that he hoped the song would be a success like \"Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)\" due to their similarities but was surprised when it wasn't, even saying \"I dropped the record and then nothing\". The song did, however, achieve moderate success in the UK reaching #18 on the singles chart. A music video for the song was also released, which was directed by Chris Robinson.\n\n\"Anything (The Berlin Remixes)\"\n\nFormats and track listings\n\nVinyl 12\"\n\nA-side\n \"Anything (GBZ Remix)\"\t\t\n \"Anything (GBZ Remix Instrumental)\"\n\nB-side\n \"Anything (DJ Tomekk Remix)\"\t\n \"Anything (Original Version)\"\t\n \"Anything (Original Version Instrumental)\"\n\nFormats and track listings\n\nCD\n \"Anything (Radio Edit)\"\n \"So Ghetto\"\n \"There's Been a Murder\"\n \"Anything (Video)\"\n\nVinyl\n\nA-side\n \"Anything (Radio Edit) (3:47)\"\n \"Anything (LP Version) (4:47)\"\n \"Anything (Instrumental) (4:48)\"\n\nB-side\n \"Big Pimpin' (Radio Edit) (3:56)\"\n \"Big Pimpin' (LP Version) (4:44)\"\n \"Big Pimpin' (Instrumental) (4:59)\"\n\nCharts\n\nSee also\nList of songs recorded by Jay-Z\n\nReferences\n\n2000 singles\nJay-Z songs\nMusic videos directed by Chris Robinson (director)\nSongs written by Jay-Z\nSongs written by Lionel Bart\nRoc-A-Fella Records singles\n2000 songs" ]

[ "James Cook (7 November 172814 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean and to Australia in particular. He made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.", "He made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand. Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755.", "Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755. He saw action in the Seven Years' War and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the St. Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec, which brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and the Royal Society.", "He saw action in the Seven Years' War and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the St. Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec, which brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and the Royal Society. This acclaim came at a crucial moment for the direction of British overseas exploration, and it led to his commission in 1766 as commander of HMS Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages.", "This acclaim came at a crucial moment for the direction of British overseas exploration, and it led to his commission in 1766 as commander of HMS Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages. In these voyages, Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe.", "In these voyages, Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail and on a scale not previously charted by Western explorers. He surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time.", "He surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions.", "He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions. Cook was attacked and killed in 1779 during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific while attempting to kidnap the ruling chief of the island of Hawaiʻi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, to reclaim a cutter taken from one of his ships after his crew took wood from a burial ground.", "Cook was attacked and killed in 1779 during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific while attempting to kidnap the ruling chief of the island of Hawaiʻi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, to reclaim a cutter taken from one of his ships after his crew took wood from a burial ground. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge that influenced his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him.", "He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge that influenced his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him. Early life and family James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 (NS) in the village of Marton in the North Riding of Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November (N.S.)", "Early life and family James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 (NS) in the village of Marton in the North Riding of Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November (N.S.) in the parish church of St Cuthbert, where his name can be seen in the church register.", "in the parish church of St Cuthbert, where his name can be seen in the church register. He was the second of eight children of James Cook (1693–1779), a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire, and his locally born wife, Grace Pace (1702–1765), from Thornaby-on-Tees.", "He was the second of eight children of James Cook (1693–1779), a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire, and his locally born wife, Grace Pace (1702–1765), from Thornaby-on-Tees. In 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his father's employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school.", "In 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his father's employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school. In 1741, after five years' schooling, he began work for his father, who had been promoted to farm manager.", "In 1741, after five years' schooling, he began work for his father, who had been promoted to farm manager. Despite not being formally educated he became capable in mathematics, astronomy and charting by the time of his Endeavour voyage.", "Despite not being formally educated he became capable in mathematics, astronomy and charting by the time of his Endeavour voyage. For leisure, he would climb a nearby hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoying the opportunity for solitude.", "For leisure, he would climb a nearby hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoying the opportunity for solitude. Cooks' Cottage, his parents' last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in Melbourne, Australia, having been moved from England and reassembled, brick by brick, in 1934.", "Cooks' Cottage, his parents' last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in Melbourne, Australia, having been moved from England and reassembled, brick by brick, in 1934. In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved to the fishing village of Staithes, to be apprenticed as a shop boy to grocer and haberdasher William Sanderson.", "In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved to the fishing village of Staithes, to be apprenticed as a shop boy to grocer and haberdasher William Sanderson. Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window.", "Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window. After 18 months, not proving suited for shop work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to Sanderson's friends John and Henry Walker.", "After 18 months, not proving suited for shop work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to Sanderson's friends John and Henry Walker. The Walkers, who were Quakers, were prominent local ship-owners in the coal trade. Their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum.", "Their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum. Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their small fleet of vessels, plying coal along the English coast. His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters, sailing between the Tyne and London.", "His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters, sailing between the Tyne and London. As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and astronomy—all skills he would need one day to command his own ship.", "As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and astronomy—all skills he would need one day to command his own ship. His three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea.", "His three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea. After passing his examinations in 1752, he soon progressed through the merchant navy ranks, starting with his promotion in that year to mate aboard the collier brig Friendship.", "After passing his examinations in 1752, he soon progressed through the merchant navy ranks, starting with his promotion in that year to mate aboard the collier brig Friendship. In 1755, within a month of being offered command of this vessel, he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy, when Britain was re-arming for what was to become the Seven Years' War.", "In 1755, within a month of being offered command of this vessel, he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy, when Britain was re-arming for what was to become the Seven Years' War. Despite the need to start back at the bottom of the naval hierarchy, Cook realised his career would advance more quickly in military service and entered the Navy at Wapping on 17 June 1755.", "Despite the need to start back at the bottom of the naval hierarchy, Cook realised his career would advance more quickly in military service and entered the Navy at Wapping on 17 June 1755. Cook married Elizabeth Batts, the daughter of Samuel Batts, keeper of the Bell Inn in Wapping and one of his mentors, on 21 December 1762 at St Margaret's Church, Barking, Essex.", "Cook married Elizabeth Batts, the daughter of Samuel Batts, keeper of the Bell Inn in Wapping and one of his mentors, on 21 December 1762 at St Margaret's Church, Barking, Essex. The couple had six children: James (1763–1794), Nathaniel (1764–1780, lost aboard which foundered with all hands in a hurricane in the West Indies), Elizabeth (1767–1771), Joseph (1768–1768), George (1772–1772) and Hugh (1776–1793, who died of scarlet fever while a student at Christ's College, Cambridge).", "The couple had six children: James (1763–1794), Nathaniel (1764–1780, lost aboard which foundered with all hands in a hurricane in the West Indies), Elizabeth (1767–1771), Joseph (1768–1768), George (1772–1772) and Hugh (1776–1793, who died of scarlet fever while a student at Christ's College, Cambridge). When not at sea, Cook lived in the East End of London.", "When not at sea, Cook lived in the East End of London. He attended St Paul's Church, Shadwell, where his son James was baptised. Cook has no direct descendants—all of his children died before having children of their own.", "Cook has no direct descendants—all of his children died before having children of their own. Start of Royal Navy career Cook's first posting was with , serving as able seaman and master's mate under Captain Joseph Hamar for his first year aboard, and Captain Hugh Palliser thereafter.", "Start of Royal Navy career Cook's first posting was with , serving as able seaman and master's mate under Captain Joseph Hamar for his first year aboard, and Captain Hugh Palliser thereafter. In October and November 1755, he took part in Eagle'''s capture of one French warship and the sinking of another, following which he was promoted to boatswain in addition to his other duties.", "In October and November 1755, he took part in Eagle'''s capture of one French warship and the sinking of another, following which he was promoted to boatswain in addition to his other duties. His first temporary command was in March 1756 when he was briefly master of Cruizer, a small cutter attached to Eagle while on patrol.", "His first temporary command was in March 1756 when he was briefly master of Cruizer, a small cutter attached to Eagle while on patrol. In June 1757 Cook formally passed his master's examinations at Trinity House, Deptford, qualifying him to navigate and handle a ship of the King's fleet.", "In June 1757 Cook formally passed his master's examinations at Trinity House, Deptford, qualifying him to navigate and handle a ship of the King's fleet. He then joined the frigate HMS Solebay as master under Captain Robert Craig.", "He then joined the frigate HMS Solebay as master under Captain Robert Craig. Newfoundland During the Seven Years' War, Cook served in North America as master aboard the fourth-rate Navy vessel .", "Newfoundland During the Seven Years' War, Cook served in North America as master aboard the fourth-rate Navy vessel . With others in Pembrokes crew, he took part in the major amphibious assault that captured the Fortress of Louisbourg from the French in 1758, and in the siege of Quebec City in 1759.", "With others in Pembrokes crew, he took part in the major amphibious assault that captured the Fortress of Louisbourg from the French in 1758, and in the siege of Quebec City in 1759. Throughout his service he demonstrated a talent for surveying and cartography and was responsible for mapping much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege, thus allowing General Wolfe to make his famous stealth attack during the 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham.", "Throughout his service he demonstrated a talent for surveying and cartography and was responsible for mapping much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege, thus allowing General Wolfe to make his famous stealth attack during the 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham. Cook's surveying ability was also put to use in mapping the jagged coast of Newfoundland in the 1760s, aboard .", "Cook's surveying ability was also put to use in mapping the jagged coast of Newfoundland in the 1760s, aboard . He surveyed the northwest stretch in 1763 and 1764, the south coast between the Burin Peninsula and Cape Ray in 1765 and 1766, and the west coast in 1767.", "He surveyed the northwest stretch in 1763 and 1764, the south coast between the Burin Peninsula and Cape Ray in 1765 and 1766, and the west coast in 1767. At this time, Cook employed local pilots to point out the \"rocks and hidden dangers\" along the south and west coasts.", "At this time, Cook employed local pilots to point out the \"rocks and hidden dangers\" along the south and west coasts. During the 1765 season, four pilots were engaged at a daily pay of 4 shillings each: John Beck for the coast west of \"Great St Lawrence\", Morgan Snook for Fortune Bay, John Dawson for Connaigre and Hermitage Bay, and John Peck for the \"Bay of Despair\".", "During the 1765 season, four pilots were engaged at a daily pay of 4 shillings each: John Beck for the coast west of \"Great St Lawrence\", Morgan Snook for Fortune Bay, John Dawson for Connaigre and Hermitage Bay, and John Peck for the \"Bay of Despair\". While in Newfoundland, Cook also conducted astronomical observations, in particular of the eclipse of the sun on 5 August 1766.", "While in Newfoundland, Cook also conducted astronomical observations, in particular of the eclipse of the sun on 5 August 1766. By obtaining an accurate estimate of the time of the start and finish of the eclipse, and comparing these with the timings at a known position in England it was possible to calculate the longitude of the observation site in Newfoundland.", "By obtaining an accurate estimate of the time of the start and finish of the eclipse, and comparing these with the timings at a known position in England it was possible to calculate the longitude of the observation site in Newfoundland. This result was communicated to the Royal Society in 1767.", "This result was communicated to the Royal Society in 1767. His five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large-scale and accurate maps of the island's coasts and were the first scientific, large scale, hydrographic surveys to use precise triangulation to establish land outlines.", "His five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large-scale and accurate maps of the island's coasts and were the first scientific, large scale, hydrographic surveys to use precise triangulation to establish land outlines. They also gave Cook his mastery of practical surveying, achieved under often adverse conditions, and brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction of British overseas discovery.", "They also gave Cook his mastery of practical surveying, achieved under often adverse conditions, and brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction of British overseas discovery. Cook's maps were used into the 20th century, with copies being referenced by those sailing Newfoundland's waters for 200 years.", "Cook's maps were used into the 20th century, with copies being referenced by those sailing Newfoundland's waters for 200 years. Following on from his exertions in Newfoundland, Cook wrote that he intended to go not only \"farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go\".", "Following on from his exertions in Newfoundland, Cook wrote that he intended to go not only \"farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go\". First voyage (1768–1771) On 25 May 1768, the Admiralty commissioned Cook to command a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean.", "First voyage (1768–1771) On 25 May 1768, the Admiralty commissioned Cook to command a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean. The purpose of the voyage was to observe and record the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun which, when combined with observations from other places, would help to determine the distance of the Earth from the Sun.", "The purpose of the voyage was to observe and record the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun which, when combined with observations from other places, would help to determine the distance of the Earth from the Sun. Cook, at age 39, was promoted to lieutenant to grant him sufficient status to take the command.", "Cook, at age 39, was promoted to lieutenant to grant him sufficient status to take the command. For its part, the Royal Society agreed that Cook would receive a one hundred guinea gratuity in addition to his Naval pay. The expedition sailed aboard , departing England on 26 August 1768.", "The expedition sailed aboard , departing England on 26 August 1768. Cook and his crew rounded Cape Horn and continued westward across the Pacific, arriving at Tahiti on 13 April 1769, where the observations of the transit were made. However, the result of the observations was not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped.", "However, the result of the observations was not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped. Once the observations were completed, Cook opened the sealed orders, which were additional instructions from the Admiralty for the second part of his voyage: to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated rich southern continent of Terra Australis.", "Once the observations were completed, Cook opened the sealed orders, which were additional instructions from the Admiralty for the second part of his voyage: to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated rich southern continent of Terra Australis. Cook then sailed to New Zealand where he mapped the complete coastline, making only some minor errors.", "Cook then sailed to New Zealand where he mapped the complete coastline, making only some minor errors. With the aid of Tupaia, a Tahitian priest who had joined the expedition, Cook was the first European to communicate with the Māori.", "With the aid of Tupaia, a Tahitian priest who had joined the expedition, Cook was the first European to communicate with the Māori. He then voyaged west, reaching the southeastern coast of Australia on 19 April 1770, and in doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline.", "He then voyaged west, reaching the southeastern coast of Australia on 19 April 1770, and in doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline. On 23 April, he made his first recorded direct observation of indigenous Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point, noting in his journal: \"... and were so near the Shore as to distinguish several people upon the Sea beach they appear'd to be of a very dark or black Colour but whether this was the real colour of their skins or the C[l]othes they might have on I know not.\"", "On 23 April, he made his first recorded direct observation of indigenous Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point, noting in his journal: \"... and were so near the Shore as to distinguish several people upon the Sea beach they appear'd to be of a very dark or black Colour but whether this was the real colour of their skins or the C[l]othes they might have on I know not.\" On 29 April, Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula.", "On 29 April, Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula. Cook originally named the area \"Stingray Bay\", but later he crossed this out and named it \"Botany Bay\" after the unique specimens retrieved by the botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander.", "Cook originally named the area \"Stingray Bay\", but later he crossed this out and named it \"Botany Bay\" after the unique specimens retrieved by the botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander. It is here that Cook made first contact with an aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal.", "It is here that Cook made first contact with an aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal. After his departure from Botany Bay, he continued northwards. He stopped at Bustard Bay (now known as Seventeen Seventy) on 23 May 1770. On 24 May, Cook and Banks and others went ashore.", "On 24 May, Cook and Banks and others went ashore. Continuing north, on 11 June a mishap occurred when Endeavour ran aground on a shoal of the Great Barrier Reef, and then \"nursed into a river mouth on 18 June 1770\".", "Continuing north, on 11 June a mishap occurred when Endeavour ran aground on a shoal of the Great Barrier Reef, and then \"nursed into a river mouth on 18 June 1770\". The ship was badly damaged, and his voyage was delayed almost seven weeks while repairs were carried out on the beach (near the docks of modern Cooktown, Queensland, at the mouth of the Endeavour River).", "The ship was badly damaged, and his voyage was delayed almost seven weeks while repairs were carried out on the beach (near the docks of modern Cooktown, Queensland, at the mouth of the Endeavour River). The voyage then continued and at about midday on 22 August 1770, they reached the northernmost tip of the coast and, without leaving the ship, Cook named it York Cape (now Cape York).", "The voyage then continued and at about midday on 22 August 1770, they reached the northernmost tip of the coast and, without leaving the ship, Cook named it York Cape (now Cape York). Leaving the east coast, Cook turned west and nursed his battered ship through the dangerously shallow waters of Torres Strait.", "Leaving the east coast, Cook turned west and nursed his battered ship through the dangerously shallow waters of Torres Strait. Searching for a vantage point, Cook saw a steep hill on a nearby island from the top of which he hoped to see \"a passage into the Indian Seas\".", "Searching for a vantage point, Cook saw a steep hill on a nearby island from the top of which he hoped to see \"a passage into the Indian Seas\". Cook named the island Possession Island, where he claimed the entire coastline that he had just explored as British territory.", "Cook named the island Possession Island, where he claimed the entire coastline that he had just explored as British territory. He returned to England via Batavia (modern Jakarta, Indonesia), where many in his crew succumbed to malaria, and then the Cape of Good Hope, arriving at the island of Saint Helena on 30 April 1771.", "He returned to England via Batavia (modern Jakarta, Indonesia), where many in his crew succumbed to malaria, and then the Cape of Good Hope, arriving at the island of Saint Helena on 30 April 1771. The ship finally returned to England on 12 July 1771, anchoring in The Downs, with Cook going to Deal.", "The ship finally returned to England on 12 July 1771, anchoring in The Downs, with Cook going to Deal. Interlude Cook's journals were published upon his return, and he became something of a hero among the scientific community. Among the general public, however, the aristocratic botanist Joseph Banks was a greater hero.", "Among the general public, however, the aristocratic botanist Joseph Banks was a greater hero. Banks even attempted to take command of Cook's second voyage but removed himself from the voyage before it began, and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster were taken on as scientists for the voyage.", "Banks even attempted to take command of Cook's second voyage but removed himself from the voyage before it began, and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster were taken on as scientists for the voyage. Cook's son George was born five days before he left for his second voyage.", "Cook's son George was born five days before he left for his second voyage. Second voyage (1772–1775) Shortly after his return from the first voyage, Cook was promoted in August 1771 to the rank of commander.", "Second voyage (1772–1775) Shortly after his return from the first voyage, Cook was promoted in August 1771 to the rank of commander. In 1772, he was commissioned to lead another scientific expedition on behalf of the Royal Society, to search for the hypothetical Terra Australis.", "In 1772, he was commissioned to lead another scientific expedition on behalf of the Royal Society, to search for the hypothetical Terra Australis. On his first voyage, Cook had demonstrated by circumnavigating New Zealand that it was not attached to a larger landmass to the south.", "On his first voyage, Cook had demonstrated by circumnavigating New Zealand that it was not attached to a larger landmass to the south. Although he charted almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia, showing it to be continental in size, the Terra Australis was believed to lie further south.", "Although he charted almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia, showing it to be continental in size, the Terra Australis was believed to lie further south. Despite this evidence to the contrary, Alexander Dalrymple and others of the Royal Society still believed that a massive southern continent should exist.", "Despite this evidence to the contrary, Alexander Dalrymple and others of the Royal Society still believed that a massive southern continent should exist. Cook commanded on this voyage, while Tobias Furneaux commanded its companion ship, .", "Cook commanded on this voyage, while Tobias Furneaux commanded its companion ship, . Cook's expedition circumnavigated the globe at an extreme southern latitude, becoming one of the first to cross the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773. In the Antarctic fog, Resolution and Adventure became separated.", "In the Antarctic fog, Resolution and Adventure became separated. Furneaux made his way to New Zealand, where he lost some of his men during an encounter with Māori, and eventually sailed back to Britain, while Cook continued to explore the Antarctic, reaching 71°10'S on 31 January 1774.", "Furneaux made his way to New Zealand, where he lost some of his men during an encounter with Māori, and eventually sailed back to Britain, while Cook continued to explore the Antarctic, reaching 71°10'S on 31 January 1774. Cook almost encountered the mainland of Antarctica but turned towards Tahiti to resupply his ship.", "Cook almost encountered the mainland of Antarctica but turned towards Tahiti to resupply his ship. He then resumed his southward course in a second fruitless attempt to find the supposed continent.", "He then resumed his southward course in a second fruitless attempt to find the supposed continent. On this leg of the voyage, he brought a young Tahitian named Omai, who proved to be somewhat less knowledgeable about the Pacific than Tupaia had been on the first voyage.", "On this leg of the voyage, he brought a young Tahitian named Omai, who proved to be somewhat less knowledgeable about the Pacific than Tupaia had been on the first voyage. On his return voyage to New Zealand in 1774, Cook landed at the Friendly Islands, Easter Island, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu.", "On his return voyage to New Zealand in 1774, Cook landed at the Friendly Islands, Easter Island, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu. Before returning to England, Cook made a final sweep across the South Atlantic from Cape Horn and surveyed, mapped, and took possession for Britain of South Georgia, which had been explored by the English merchant Anthony de la Roché in 1675.", "Before returning to England, Cook made a final sweep across the South Atlantic from Cape Horn and surveyed, mapped, and took possession for Britain of South Georgia, which had been explored by the English merchant Anthony de la Roché in 1675. Cook also discovered and named Clerke Rocks and the South Sandwich Islands (\"Sandwich Land\").", "Cook also discovered and named Clerke Rocks and the South Sandwich Islands (\"Sandwich Land\"). He then turned north to South Africa and from there continued back to England. His reports upon his return home put to rest the popular myth of Terra Australis.", "His reports upon his return home put to rest the popular myth of Terra Australis. Cook's second voyage marked a successful employment of Larcum Kendall's K1 copy of John Harrison's H4 marine chronometer, which enabled Cook to calculate his longitudinal position with much greater accuracy.", "Cook's second voyage marked a successful employment of Larcum Kendall's K1 copy of John Harrison's H4 marine chronometer, which enabled Cook to calculate his longitudinal position with much greater accuracy. Cook's log was full of praise for this time-piece which he used to make charts of the southern Pacific Ocean that were so remarkably accurate that copies of them were still in use in the mid-20th century.", "Cook's log was full of praise for this time-piece which he used to make charts of the southern Pacific Ocean that were so remarkably accurate that copies of them were still in use in the mid-20th century. Upon his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of post-captain and given an honorary retirement from the Royal Navy, with a posting as an officer of the Greenwich Hospital.", "Upon his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of post-captain and given an honorary retirement from the Royal Navy, with a posting as an officer of the Greenwich Hospital. He reluctantly accepted, insisting that he be allowed to quit the post if an opportunity for active duty should arise.", "He reluctantly accepted, insisting that he be allowed to quit the post if an opportunity for active duty should arise. His fame extended beyond the Admiralty; he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society and awarded the Copley Gold Medal for completing his second voyage without losing a man to scurvy.", "His fame extended beyond the Admiralty; he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society and awarded the Copley Gold Medal for completing his second voyage without losing a man to scurvy. Nathaniel Dance-Holland painted his portrait; he dined with James Boswell; he was described in the House of Lords as \"the first navigator in Europe\".", "Nathaniel Dance-Holland painted his portrait; he dined with James Boswell; he was described in the House of Lords as \"the first navigator in Europe\". But he could not be kept away from the sea. A third voyage was planned, and Cook volunteered to find the Northwest Passage.", "A third voyage was planned, and Cook volunteered to find the Northwest Passage. He travelled to the Pacific and hoped to travel east to the Atlantic, while a simultaneous voyage travelled the opposite route. Third voyage (1776–1779) Hawaii On his last voyage, Cook again commanded HMS Resolution, while Captain Charles Clerke commanded .", "Third voyage (1776–1779) Hawaii On his last voyage, Cook again commanded HMS Resolution, while Captain Charles Clerke commanded . The voyage was ostensibly planned to return the Pacific Islander Omai to Tahiti, or so the public was led to believe. The trip's principal goal was to locate a Northwest Passage around the American continent.", "The trip's principal goal was to locate a Northwest Passage around the American continent. After dropping Omai at Tahiti, Cook travelled north and in 1778 became the first European to begin formal contact with the Hawaiian Islands.", "After dropping Omai at Tahiti, Cook travelled north and in 1778 became the first European to begin formal contact with the Hawaiian Islands. After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour, Kauai, Cook named the archipelago the \"Sandwich Islands\" after the fourth Earl of Sandwich—the acting First Lord of the Admiralty.", "After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour, Kauai, Cook named the archipelago the \"Sandwich Islands\" after the fourth Earl of Sandwich—the acting First Lord of the Admiralty. North America From the Sandwich Islands, Cook sailed north and then northeast to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California.", "North America From the Sandwich Islands, Cook sailed north and then northeast to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California. He sighted the Oregon coast at approximately 44°30′ north latitude, naming Cape Foulweather, after the bad weather which forced his ships south to about 43° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward.", "He sighted the Oregon coast at approximately 44°30′ north latitude, naming Cape Foulweather, after the bad weather which forced his ships south to about 43° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward. He unknowingly sailed past the Strait of Juan de Fuca and soon after entered Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island.", "He unknowingly sailed past the Strait of Juan de Fuca and soon after entered Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island. He anchored near the First Nations village of Yuquot.", "He anchored near the First Nations village of Yuquot. Cook's two ships remained in Nootka Sound from 29 March to 26 April 1778, in what Cook called Ship Cove, now Resolution Cove, at the south end of Bligh Island. Relations between Cook's crew and the people of Yuquot were cordial but sometimes strained.", "Relations between Cook's crew and the people of Yuquot were cordial but sometimes strained. In trading, the people of Yuquot demanded much more valuable items than the usual trinkets that had been acceptable in Hawaii. Metal objects were much desired, but the lead, pewter, and tin traded at first soon fell into disrepute.", "Metal objects were much desired, but the lead, pewter, and tin traded at first soon fell into disrepute. The most valuable items which the British received in trade were sea otter pelts.", "The most valuable items which the British received in trade were sea otter pelts. During the stay, the Yuquot \"hosts\" essentially controlled the trade with the British vessels; the natives usually visited the British vessels at Resolution Cove instead of the British visiting the village of Yuquot at Friendly Cove.", "During the stay, the Yuquot \"hosts\" essentially controlled the trade with the British vessels; the natives usually visited the British vessels at Resolution Cove instead of the British visiting the village of Yuquot at Friendly Cove. After leaving Nootka Sound in search of the Northwest Passage, Cook explored and mapped the coast all the way to the Bering Strait, on the way identifying what came to be known as Cook Inlet in Alaska.", "After leaving Nootka Sound in search of the Northwest Passage, Cook explored and mapped the coast all the way to the Bering Strait, on the way identifying what came to be known as Cook Inlet in Alaska. In a single visit, Cook charted the majority of the North American northwest coastline on world maps for the first time, determined the extent of Alaska, and closed the gaps in Russian (from the west) and Spanish (from the south) exploratory probes of the northern limits of the Pacific.", "In a single visit, Cook charted the majority of the North American northwest coastline on world maps for the first time, determined the extent of Alaska, and closed the gaps in Russian (from the west) and Spanish (from the south) exploratory probes of the northern limits of the Pacific. By the second week of August 1778, Cook was through the Bering Strait, sailing into the Chukchi Sea.", "By the second week of August 1778, Cook was through the Bering Strait, sailing into the Chukchi Sea. He headed northeast up the coast of Alaska until he was blocked by sea ice at a latitude of 70°44′ north.", "He headed northeast up the coast of Alaska until he was blocked by sea ice at a latitude of 70°44′ north. Cook then sailed west to the Siberian coast, and then southeast down the Siberian coast back to the Bering Strait.", "Cook then sailed west to the Siberian coast, and then southeast down the Siberian coast back to the Bering Strait. By early September 1778 he was back in the Bering Sea to begin the trip to the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands.", "By early September 1778 he was back in the Bering Sea to begin the trip to the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands. He became increasingly frustrated on this voyage and perhaps began to suffer from a stomach ailment; it has been speculated that this led to irrational behaviour towards his crew, such as forcing them to eat walrus meat, which they had pronounced inedible.", "He became increasingly frustrated on this voyage and perhaps began to suffer from a stomach ailment; it has been speculated that this led to irrational behaviour towards his crew, such as forcing them to eat walrus meat, which they had pronounced inedible. Return to Hawaii Cook returned to Hawaii in 1779.", "Return to Hawaii Cook returned to Hawaii in 1779. After sailing around the archipelago for some eight weeks, he made landfall at Kealakekua Bay on Hawai'i Island, largest island in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Cook's arrival coincided with the Makahiki, a Hawaiian harvest festival of worship for the Polynesian god Lono.", "Cook's arrival coincided with the Makahiki, a Hawaiian harvest festival of worship for the Polynesian god Lono. Coincidentally the form of Cook's ship, HMS Resolution, or more particularly the mast formation, sails and rigging, resembled certain significant artefacts that formed part of the season of worship.", "Coincidentally the form of Cook's ship, HMS Resolution, or more particularly the mast formation, sails and rigging, resembled certain significant artefacts that formed part of the season of worship. Similarly, Cook's clockwise route around the island of Hawaii before making landfall resembled the processions that took place in a clockwise direction around the island during the Lono festivals.", "Similarly, Cook's clockwise route around the island of Hawaii before making landfall resembled the processions that took place in a clockwise direction around the island during the Lono festivals. It has been argued (most extensively by Marshall Sahlins) that such coincidences were the reasons for Cook's (and to a limited extent, his crew's) initial deification by some Hawaiians who treated Cook as an incarnation of Lono.", "It has been argued (most extensively by Marshall Sahlins) that such coincidences were the reasons for Cook's (and to a limited extent, his crew's) initial deification by some Hawaiians who treated Cook as an incarnation of Lono. Though this view was first suggested by members of Cook's expedition, the idea that any Hawaiians understood Cook to be Lono, and the evidence presented in support of it, were challenged in 1992.", "Though this view was first suggested by members of Cook's expedition, the idea that any Hawaiians understood Cook to be Lono, and the evidence presented in support of it, were challenged in 1992. Death After a month's stay, Cook attempted to resume his exploration of the northern Pacific.", "Death After a month's stay, Cook attempted to resume his exploration of the northern Pacific. Shortly after leaving Hawaii Island, however, Resolutions foremast broke, so the ships returned to Kealakekua Bay for repairs.", "Shortly after leaving Hawaii Island, however, Resolutions foremast broke, so the ships returned to Kealakekua Bay for repairs. Tensions rose, and a number of quarrels broke out between the Europeans and Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay, including the theft of wood from a burial ground under Cook's orders.", "Tensions rose, and a number of quarrels broke out between the Europeans and Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay, including the theft of wood from a burial ground under Cook's orders. An unknown group of Hawaiians took one of Cook's small boats.", "An unknown group of Hawaiians took one of Cook's small boats. The evening when the cutter was taken, the people had become \"insolent\" even with threats to fire upon them. Cook attempted to kidnap and ransom the King of Hawaiʻi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu.", "Cook attempted to kidnap and ransom the King of Hawaiʻi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu. The following day, 14 February 1779, Cook marched through the village to retrieve the king. Cook took the king (aliʻi nui) by his own hand and led him away.", "Cook took the king (aliʻi nui) by his own hand and led him away. One of Kalaniʻōpuʻu's favourite wives, Kanekapolei, and two chiefs approached the group as they were heading to the boats. They pleaded with the king not to go.", "They pleaded with the king not to go. An old kahuna (priest), chanting rapidly while holding out a coconut, attempted to distract Cook and his men as a large crowd began to form at the shore. At this point, the king began to understand that Cook was his enemy.", "At this point, the king began to understand that Cook was his enemy. As Cook turned his back to help launch the boats, he was struck on the head by the villagers and then stabbed to death as he fell on his face in the surf.", "As Cook turned his back to help launch the boats, he was struck on the head by the villagers and then stabbed to death as he fell on his face in the surf. He was first struck on the head with a club by a chief named Kalaimanokahoʻowaha or Kanaʻina (namesake of Charles Kana'ina) and then stabbed by one of the king's attendants, Nuaa.", "He was first struck on the head with a club by a chief named Kalaimanokahoʻowaha or Kanaʻina (namesake of Charles Kana'ina) and then stabbed by one of the king's attendants, Nuaa. The Hawaiians carried his body away towards the back of the town, still visible to the ship through their spyglass.", "The Hawaiians carried his body away towards the back of the town, still visible to the ship through their spyglass. Four marines, Corporal James Thomas, Private Theophilus Hinks, Private Thomas Fatchett and Private John Allen, were also killed and two others were wounded in the confrontation.", "Four marines, Corporal James Thomas, Private Theophilus Hinks, Private Thomas Fatchett and Private John Allen, were also killed and two others were wounded in the confrontation. Aftermath The esteem which the islanders nevertheless held for Cook caused them to retain his body.", "Aftermath The esteem which the islanders nevertheless held for Cook caused them to retain his body. Following their practice of the time, they prepared his body with funerary rituals usually reserved for the chiefs and highest elders of the society.", "Following their practice of the time, they prepared his body with funerary rituals usually reserved for the chiefs and highest elders of the society. The body was disembowelled and baked to facilitate removal of the flesh, and the bones were carefully cleaned for preservation as religious icons in a fashion somewhat reminiscent of the treatment of European saints in the Middle Ages.", "The body was disembowelled and baked to facilitate removal of the flesh, and the bones were carefully cleaned for preservation as religious icons in a fashion somewhat reminiscent of the treatment of European saints in the Middle Ages. Some of Cook's remains, thus preserved, were eventually returned to his crew for a formal burial at sea.", "Some of Cook's remains, thus preserved, were eventually returned to his crew for a formal burial at sea. Clerke assumed leadership of the expedition and made a final attempt to pass through the Bering Strait.", "Clerke assumed leadership of the expedition and made a final attempt to pass through the Bering Strait. He died of tuberculosis on 22 August 1779 and John Gore, a veteran of Cook's first voyage, took command of Resolution and of the expedition. James King replaced Gore in command of Discovery.", "James King replaced Gore in command of Discovery. The expedition returned home, reaching England in October 1780. After their arrival in England, King completed Cook's account of the voyage. Legacy Ethnographic collections The Australian Museum acquired its \"Cook Collection\" in 1894 from the Government of New South Wales.", "Legacy Ethnographic collections The Australian Museum acquired its \"Cook Collection\" in 1894 from the Government of New South Wales. At that time the collection consisted of 115 artefacts collected on Cook's three voyages throughout the Pacific Ocean, during the period 1768–80, along with documents and memorabilia related to these voyages.", "At that time the collection consisted of 115 artefacts collected on Cook's three voyages throughout the Pacific Ocean, during the period 1768–80, along with documents and memorabilia related to these voyages. Many of the ethnographic artefacts were collected at a time of first contact between Pacific Peoples and Europeans.", "Many of the ethnographic artefacts were collected at a time of first contact between Pacific Peoples and Europeans. In 1935 most of the documents and memorabilia were transferred to the Mitchell Library in the State Library of New South Wales.", "In 1935 most of the documents and memorabilia were transferred to the Mitchell Library in the State Library of New South Wales. The provenance of the collection shows that the objects remained in the hands of Cook's widow Elizabeth Cook, and her descendants, until 1886.", "The provenance of the collection shows that the objects remained in the hands of Cook's widow Elizabeth Cook, and her descendants, until 1886. In this year John Mackrell, the great-nephew of Isaac Smith, Elizabeth Cook's cousin, organised the display of this collection at the request of the NSW Government at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London.", "In this year John Mackrell, the great-nephew of Isaac Smith, Elizabeth Cook's cousin, organised the display of this collection at the request of the NSW Government at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London. In 1887 the London-based Agent-General for the New South Wales Government, Saul Samuel, bought John Mackrell's items and also acquired items belonging to the other relatives Reverend Canon Frederick Bennett, Mrs Thomas Langton, H.M.C.", "In 1887 the London-based Agent-General for the New South Wales Government, Saul Samuel, bought John Mackrell's items and also acquired items belonging to the other relatives Reverend Canon Frederick Bennett, Mrs Thomas Langton, H.M.C. Alexander, and William Adams.", "Alexander, and William Adams. Alexander, and William Adams. The collection remained with the Colonial Secretary of NSW until 1894, when it was transferred to the Australian Museum. Navigation and science Cook's 12 years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to Europeans' knowledge of the area.", "Navigation and science Cook's 12 years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to Europeans' knowledge of the area. Several islands, such as the Hawaiian group, were encountered for the first time by Europeans, and his more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement.", "Several islands, such as the Hawaiian group, were encountered for the first time by Europeans, and his more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement. To create accurate maps, latitude and longitude must be accurately determined.", "To create accurate maps, latitude and longitude must be accurately determined. Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a backstaff or quadrant.", "Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a backstaff or quadrant. Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the earth.", "Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the earth. The Earth turns a full 360 degrees relative to the sun each day. Thus longitude corresponds to time: 15 degrees every hour, or 1 degree every 4 minutes.", "Thus longitude corresponds to time: 15 degrees every hour, or 1 degree every 4 minutes. Cook gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage from his navigational skills, with the help of astronomer Charles Green, and by using the newly published Nautical Almanac tables, via the lunar distance method – measuring the angular distance from the moon to either the sun during daytime or one of eight bright stars during night-time to determine the time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the sun, moon, or stars.", "Cook gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage from his navigational skills, with the help of astronomer Charles Green, and by using the newly published Nautical Almanac tables, via the lunar distance method – measuring the angular distance from the moon to either the sun during daytime or one of eight bright stars during night-time to determine the time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the sun, moon, or stars. On his second voyage, Cook used the K1 chronometer made by Larcum Kendall, which was the shape of a large pocket watch, in diameter.", "On his second voyage, Cook used the K1 chronometer made by Larcum Kendall, which was the shape of a large pocket watch, in diameter. It was a copy of the H4 clock made by John Harrison, which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship Deptfords journey to Jamaica in 1761–62.", "It was a copy of the H4 clock made by John Harrison, which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship Deptfords journey to Jamaica in 1761–62. He succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to scurvy, an unusual accomplishment at the time.", "He succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to scurvy, an unusual accomplishment at the time. He tested several preventive measures, most importantly the frequent replenishment of fresh food. For presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society he was presented with the Copley Medal in 1776.", "For presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society he was presented with the Copley Medal in 1776. Cook became the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific.", "Cook became the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific. He correctly postulated a link among all the Pacific peoples, despite their being separated by great ocean stretches (see Malayo-Polynesian languages). Cook theorised that Polynesians originated from Asia, which scientist Bryan Sykes later verified.", "Cook theorised that Polynesians originated from Asia, which scientist Bryan Sykes later verified. In New Zealand the coming of Cook is often used to signify the onset of the colonisation which officially started more than 70 years after his crew became the second group of Europeans to visit that archipelago.", "In New Zealand the coming of Cook is often used to signify the onset of the colonisation which officially started more than 70 years after his crew became the second group of Europeans to visit that archipelago. Cook carried several scientists on his voyages; they made significant observations and discoveries.", "Cook carried several scientists on his voyages; they made significant observations and discoveries. Two botanists, Joseph Banks and the Swede Daniel Solander, sailed on the first voyage. The two collected over 3,000 plant species. Banks subsequently strongly promoted British settlement of Australia, leading to the establishment of New South Wales as a penal settlement in 1788.", "Banks subsequently strongly promoted British settlement of Australia, leading to the establishment of New South Wales as a penal settlement in 1788. Artists also sailed on Cook's first voyage. Sydney Parkinson was heavily involved in documenting the botanists' findings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage.", "Sydney Parkinson was heavily involved in documenting the botanists' findings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage. They were of immense scientific value to British botanists. Cook's second expedition included William Hodges, who produced notable landscape paintings of Tahiti, Easter Island, and other locations.", "Cook's second expedition included William Hodges, who produced notable landscape paintings of Tahiti, Easter Island, and other locations. Several officers who served under Cook went on to distinctive accomplishments. William Bligh, Cook's sailing master, was given command of in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with breadfruit.", "William Bligh, Cook's sailing master, was given command of in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with breadfruit. Bligh became known for the mutiny of his crew, which resulted in his being set adrift in 1789. He later became Governor of New South Wales, where he was the subject of another mutiny—the 1808 Rum Rebellion.", "He later became Governor of New South Wales, where he was the subject of another mutiny—the 1808 Rum Rebellion. George Vancouver, one of Cook's midshipmen, led a voyage of exploration to the Pacific Coast of North America from 1791 to 1794. In honour of Vancouver's former commander, his ship was named .", "In honour of Vancouver's former commander, his ship was named . George Dixon, who sailed under Cook on his third expedition, later commanded his own. Henry Roberts, a lieutenant under Cook, spent many years after that voyage preparing the detailed charts that went into Cook's posthumous atlas, published around 1784.", "Henry Roberts, a lieutenant under Cook, spent many years after that voyage preparing the detailed charts that went into Cook's posthumous atlas, published around 1784. Cook's contributions to knowledge gained international recognition during his lifetime.", "Cook's contributions to knowledge gained international recognition during his lifetime. In 1779, while the American colonies were fighting Britain for their independence, Benjamin Franklin wrote to captains of colonial warships at sea, recommending that if they came into contact with Cook's vessel, they were to \"not consider her an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects contained in her, nor obstruct her immediate return to England by detaining her or sending her into any other part of Europe or to America; but that you treat the said Captain Cook and his people with all civility and kindness ... as common friends to mankind.\"", "In 1779, while the American colonies were fighting Britain for their independence, Benjamin Franklin wrote to captains of colonial warships at sea, recommending that if they came into contact with Cook's vessel, they were to \"not consider her an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects contained in her, nor obstruct her immediate return to England by detaining her or sending her into any other part of Europe or to America; but that you treat the said Captain Cook and his people with all civility and kindness ... as common friends to mankind.\" Memorials A U.S. coin, the 1928 Hawaii Sesquicentennial half-dollar, carries Cook's image.", "Memorials A U.S. coin, the 1928 Hawaii Sesquicentennial half-dollar, carries Cook's image. Minted for the 150th anniversary of his discovery of the islands, its low mintage (10,008) has made this example of an early United States commemorative coin both scarce and expensive.", "Minted for the 150th anniversary of his discovery of the islands, its low mintage (10,008) has made this example of an early United States commemorative coin both scarce and expensive. The site where he was killed in Hawaii was marked in 1874 by a white obelisk set on of chained-off beach.", "The site where he was killed in Hawaii was marked in 1874 by a white obelisk set on of chained-off beach. This land, although in Hawaii, was deeded to the United Kingdom by Princess Likelike and her husband, Archibald Scott Cleghorn, to the British Consul to Hawaii, James Hay Wodehouse, in 1877.", "This land, although in Hawaii, was deeded to the United Kingdom by Princess Likelike and her husband, Archibald Scott Cleghorn, to the British Consul to Hawaii, James Hay Wodehouse, in 1877. A nearby town is named Captain Cook, Hawaii; several Hawaiian businesses also carry his name.", "A nearby town is named Captain Cook, Hawaii; several Hawaiian businesses also carry his name. The Apollo 15 Command/Service Module Endeavour was named after Cook's ship, , as was the . In addition, the first Crew Dragon capsule flown by SpaceX was named for Endeavour. Another shuttle, Discovery, was named after Cook's .", "Another shuttle, Discovery, was named after Cook's . The first institution of higher education in North Queensland, Australia, was named after him, with James Cook University opening in Townsville in 1970.", "The first institution of higher education in North Queensland, Australia, was named after him, with James Cook University opening in Townsville in 1970. Numerous institutions, landmarks and place names reflect the importance of Cook's contributions, including the Cook Islands, Cook Strait, Cook Inlet and the Cook crater on the Moon.", "Numerous institutions, landmarks and place names reflect the importance of Cook's contributions, including the Cook Islands, Cook Strait, Cook Inlet and the Cook crater on the Moon. Aoraki / Mount Cook, the highest summit in New Zealand, is named for him.", "Aoraki / Mount Cook, the highest summit in New Zealand, is named for him. Another Mount Cook is on the border between the U.S. state of Alaska and the Canadian Yukon territory, and is designated Boundary Peak 182 as one of the official Boundary Peaks of the Hay–Herbert Treaty.", "Another Mount Cook is on the border between the U.S. state of Alaska and the Canadian Yukon territory, and is designated Boundary Peak 182 as one of the official Boundary Peaks of the Hay–Herbert Treaty. A life-size statue of Cook upon a column stands in Hyde Park located in the centre of Sydney.", "A life-size statue of Cook upon a column stands in Hyde Park located in the centre of Sydney. A large aquatic monument is planned for Cook's landing place at Botany Bay, Sydney.", "A large aquatic monument is planned for Cook's landing place at Botany Bay, Sydney. One of the earliest monuments to Cook in the United Kingdom is located at The Vache, erected in 1780 by Admiral Hugh Palliser, a contemporary of Cook and one-time owner of the estate.", "One of the earliest monuments to Cook in the United Kingdom is located at The Vache, erected in 1780 by Admiral Hugh Palliser, a contemporary of Cook and one-time owner of the estate. A large obelisk was built in 1827 as a monument to Cook on Easby Moor overlooking his boyhood village of Great Ayton, along with a smaller monument at the former location of Cook's cottage.", "A large obelisk was built in 1827 as a monument to Cook on Easby Moor overlooking his boyhood village of Great Ayton, along with a smaller monument at the former location of Cook's cottage. There is also a monument to Cook in the church of St Andrew the Great, St Andrew's Street, Cambridge, where his sons Hugh, a student at Christ's College, and James were buried.", "There is also a monument to Cook in the church of St Andrew the Great, St Andrew's Street, Cambridge, where his sons Hugh, a student at Christ's College, and James were buried. Cook's widow Elizabeth was also buried in the church and in her will left money for the memorial's upkeep.", "Cook's widow Elizabeth was also buried in the church and in her will left money for the memorial's upkeep. The 250th anniversary of Cook's birth was marked at the site of his birthplace in Marton by the opening of the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum, located within Stewart Park (1978).", "The 250th anniversary of Cook's birth was marked at the site of his birthplace in Marton by the opening of the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum, located within Stewart Park (1978). A granite vase just to the south of the museum marks the approximate spot where he was born.", "A granite vase just to the south of the museum marks the approximate spot where he was born. Tributes also abound in post-industrial Middlesbrough, including a primary school, shopping square and the Bottle 'O Notes, a public artwork by Claes Oldenburg, that was erected in the town's Central Gardens in 1993.", "Tributes also abound in post-industrial Middlesbrough, including a primary school, shopping square and the Bottle 'O Notes, a public artwork by Claes Oldenburg, that was erected in the town's Central Gardens in 1993. Also named after Cook is James Cook University Hospital, a major teaching hospital which opened in 2003 with a railway station serving it called James Cook opening in 2014.", "Also named after Cook is James Cook University Hospital, a major teaching hospital which opened in 2003 with a railway station serving it called James Cook opening in 2014. The Royal Research Ship RRS James Cook was built in 2006 to replace the RRS Charles Darwin in the UK's Royal Research Fleet, and Stepney Historical Trust placed a plaque on Free Trade Wharf in the Highway, Shadwell to commemorate his life in the East End of London.", "The Royal Research Ship RRS James Cook was built in 2006 to replace the RRS Charles Darwin in the UK's Royal Research Fleet, and Stepney Historical Trust placed a plaque on Free Trade Wharf in the Highway, Shadwell to commemorate his life in the East End of London. A statue erected in his honour can be viewed near Admiralty Arch on the south side of The Mall in London.", "A statue erected in his honour can be viewed near Admiralty Arch on the south side of The Mall in London. In 2002, Cook was placed at number 12 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.", "In 2002, Cook was placed at number 12 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. In 1959, the Cooktown Re-enactment Association first performed a re-enactment of Cook's 1770 landing at the site of modern Cooktown, Australia, and have continued the tradition each year, with the support and participation of many of the local Guugu Yimithirr people.", "In 1959, the Cooktown Re-enactment Association first performed a re-enactment of Cook's 1770 landing at the site of modern Cooktown, Australia, and have continued the tradition each year, with the support and participation of many of the local Guugu Yimithirr people. Cultural references Cook was a subject in many literary creations; one of the earliest was \"Captain Cook\" by Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L.E.L.).", "Cultural references Cook was a subject in many literary creations; one of the earliest was \"Captain Cook\" by Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L.E.L.). In 1931, Kenneth Slessor's poem \"Five Visions of Captain Cook\" was the \"most dramatic break-through\" in Australian poetry of the 20th century according to poet Douglas Stewart.", "In 1931, Kenneth Slessor's poem \"Five Visions of Captain Cook\" was the \"most dramatic break-through\" in Australian poetry of the 20th century according to poet Douglas Stewart. The Australian slang phrase \"Have a Captain Cook\" means to have a look or conduct a brief inspection.", "The Australian slang phrase \"Have a Captain Cook\" means to have a look or conduct a brief inspection. Controversy The period 2018 to 2021 marked the 250th anniversary of Cook's first voyage of exploration.", "Controversy The period 2018 to 2021 marked the 250th anniversary of Cook's first voyage of exploration. A number of countries, including Australia and New Zealand, arranged official events to commemorate the voyage leading to widespread public debate about Cook's legacy.", "A number of countries, including Australia and New Zealand, arranged official events to commemorate the voyage leading to widespread public debate about Cook's legacy. In the leadup to the commemorations, various memorials to Cook in Australia and New Zealand were vandalised and there were public calls for their removal or modification due to their alleged promotion of colonialist narratives.", "In the leadup to the commemorations, various memorials to Cook in Australia and New Zealand were vandalised and there were public calls for their removal or modification due to their alleged promotion of colonialist narratives. On 1 July 2021, a statue of James Cook in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, was torn down following an earlier peaceful protest about the deaths of Indigenous residential school children in Canada.", "On 1 July 2021, a statue of James Cook in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, was torn down following an earlier peaceful protest about the deaths of Indigenous residential school children in Canada. There were also campaigns for the return of Indigenous artefacts taken during Cook's voyages (see Gweagal shield).", "There were also campaigns for the return of Indigenous artefacts taken during Cook's voyages (see Gweagal shield). Alice Proctor argues that the controversies over public representations of Cook and the display of Indigenous artefacts from his voyages are part of a broader debate over the decolonisation of museums and public spaces and resistance to colonialist narratives.", "Alice Proctor argues that the controversies over public representations of Cook and the display of Indigenous artefacts from his voyages are part of a broader debate over the decolonisation of museums and public spaces and resistance to colonialist narratives. While a number of commentators argue that Cook was an enabler of British colonialism in the Pacific, Geoffrey Blainey, among others, notes that it was Banks who promoted Botany Bay as a site for colonisation after Cook's death.", "While a number of commentators argue that Cook was an enabler of British colonialism in the Pacific, Geoffrey Blainey, among others, notes that it was Banks who promoted Botany Bay as a site for colonisation after Cook's death. Robert Tombs defended Cook, associating him with the values of the Enlightenment and positing him as \"The leading figure in an age of scientific exploration\".", "Robert Tombs defended Cook, associating him with the values of the Enlightenment and positing him as \"The leading figure in an age of scientific exploration\". See also New Zealand places named by James Cook Australian places named by James Cook European and American voyages of scientific exploration Exploration of the Pacific List of places named after Captain James Cook List of sea captains Death of Cook (paintings) References Notes Citations Bibliography Further reading , Volume I, Volume II–III.", "See also New Zealand places named by James Cook Australian places named by James Cook European and American voyages of scientific exploration Exploration of the Pacific List of places named after Captain James Cook List of sea captains Death of Cook (paintings) References Notes Citations Bibliography Further reading , Volume I, Volume II–III. Richardson, Brian.", "Richardson, Brian. Richardson, Brian. (2005) Longitude and Empire: How Captain Cook's Voyages Changed the World (University of British Columbia Press.) . Sydney Daily Telegraph (1970) Captain Cook: His Artists – His Voyages The Sydney Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with Captain Cook.", "Sydney Daily Telegraph (1970) Captain Cook: His Artists – His Voyages The Sydney Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with Captain Cook. Australian Consolidated Press, Sydney Thomas, Nicholas The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook. Walker & Co., New York.", "Walker & Co., New York. (2003) Uglow, Jenny, \"Island Hopping\" (review of Captain James Cook: The Journals, selected and edited by Philip Edwards, London, Folio Society, three volumes and a chart of the voyages, 1,309 pp.", "(2003) Uglow, Jenny, \"Island Hopping\" (review of Captain James Cook: The Journals, selected and edited by Philip Edwards, London, Folio Society, three volumes and a chart of the voyages, 1,309 pp. ; and William Frame with Laura Walker, James Cook: The Voyages, McGill-Queen University Press, 224 pp.", "; and William Frame with Laura Walker, James Cook: The Voyages, McGill-Queen University Press, 224 pp. ), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 2 (7 February 2019), pp. 18–20. Withey, Lynne.", "18–20. Withey, Lynne. Withey, Lynne. Voyages of discovery: Captain Cook and the exploration of the Pacific'' (Univ of California Press, 1989).", "Voyages of discovery: Captain Cook and the exploration of the Pacific'' (Univ of California Press, 1989). External links Captain Cook Society Captain Cook historic plaque, Halifax Biographical dictionaries Journals The Endeavour journal (1) and The Endeavour journal (2), as kept by James Cook – digitised and held by the National Library of Australia The South Seas Project: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook's First Pacific Voyage, 1768–1771.", "External links Captain Cook Society Captain Cook historic plaque, Halifax Biographical dictionaries Journals The Endeavour journal (1) and The Endeavour journal (2), as kept by James Cook – digitised and held by the National Library of Australia The South Seas Project: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook's First Pacific Voyage, 1768–1771. Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage.", "Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage. Digitised copies of log books from James Cook's voyages at the British Atmospheric Data Centre Log book of Cook's second voyage: high-resolution digitised version in Cambridge Digital Library Digitised Tapa cloth catalogue held at Auckland Libraries Collections and museums The Library of the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia specialises in collecting works on Captain James Cook, his voyages and HMS Endeavour Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of James Cook.", "Digitised copies of log books from James Cook's voyages at the British Atmospheric Data Centre Log book of Cook's second voyage: high-resolution digitised version in Cambridge Digital Library Digitised Tapa cloth catalogue held at Auckland Libraries Collections and museums The Library of the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia specialises in collecting works on Captain James Cook, his voyages and HMS Endeavour Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of James Cook. Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Captain Cook Birthplace Museum Marton Captain Cook Memorial Museum Whitby Cook's manuscript maps of the south-east coast of Australia, held at the American Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee.", "Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Captain Cook Birthplace Museum Marton Captain Cook Memorial Museum Whitby Cook's manuscript maps of the south-east coast of Australia, held at the American Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee. 1728 births 1779 deaths 18th-century English people 18th-century explorers Death in Hawaii English explorers of the Pacific British military personnel of the French and Indian War British navigators British people executed abroad Circumnavigators of the globe English cartographers English explorers of North America English hydrographers English people of Scottish descent English sailors Explorers of Alaska Explorers of Antarctica Explorers of Australia Explorers of British Columbia Explorers of New Zealand Explorers of Oregon Explorers of Washington (state) Fellows of the Royal Society Hydrographers Maritime writers People from Middlesbrough Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) Recipients of the Copley Medal Royal Navy officers Q150 Icons Sea captains" ]

[ "James Cook", "Newfoundland", "What did he do in Newfoundland?", "His five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large-scale and accurate maps of the island's coasts and were the first scientific,", "Who sent him to Newfoundland?", "1760s, aboard HMS Grenville.", "Did he find anything interesting there?", "the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction of British overseas discovery.", "What else did he find?", "attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction of British overseas discovery. Cook's map would", "Do we still use his maps?", "discovery. Cook's map would be used into the 20th century--copies of it being referenced by those sailing Newfoundland's waters for 200 years." ]

[ "23 Things, originally called Learning 2.0, is an education and learning project created by Helene Blowers in August 2006. Blowers, who was then employed as the technology director for the Charlotte Mecklenburg Library, created the project as a way to encourage librarians to learn and adapt to Web 2.0 and other new technologies. The program was loosely based on an article by Stephen Abram, \"43 Things I (or You) might want to do this year\".\n\nHistory\nThe original format of 23 Things required participants to take part in an eight-and-a-half-week course where they kept up with coursework via a series of weekly blog posts that described Web 2.0. During this time participants were given 23 assignments (23 things) and were encouraged to work with other learners. As the project was non-mandatory, participants took part in the coursework by posting their own blog entries for each week's coursework. The project was so successful that Blower held a 23 Things summit in 2009.\n\nSince its inception 23 Things has had over 500 iterations and the concept has broadened over time to include learning programs for other professionals and students, and has also expanded to include more than 23 topics. 23 Things has also expanded beyond the United States and is currently used in multiple countries including Australia and New Zealand. Currently, \"23 Things\" is the name for this Web immersion experience for participants primarily supported by the participants themselves, where they are actively involved in a network of peers and colleagues, using digital communication tools, and using a blog to post reflections as they learn.\n\nResearch\nIn 2012 San Jose State University assistant professor Michael Stephens performed a research study of 23 Things programs in Australia. He found that even if people did not successfully complete the program, that the program still had the potential to positively impact library staff as the participants would still be likely to use what they did learn and/or to return to the program at a later date. Stephens also noted that a strong majority of those who completed said they felt confident exploring and using new technologies: confidence and curiosity were identified as particularly notable outcomes.\n\nSee also\n43 Things\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links \n The original 23 Things \n Helene Blowers blog \n The Nature of 23 Things\n List of 500+ programs replicated from the original 23 Things (Helene Blowers' Delicious bookmarks)\n\nLibrary science education\nEducational projects", "Bed is the third solo album by American singer-songwriter Juliana Hatfield, released in 1998 by Zoë Records.\n\nRecording\nBed was written in a few weeks, and recorded and mixed from March 9 to March 15, 1998 at Sound Station Seven in Providence, Rhode Island. Hatfield chose to record the album with a stripped-down sound and did not favor any digital processing effects. According to her, \"I had just been listening to things that were very raw and dry, the kind of things where you can really hear all the instruments very close to your ear when you have headphones on. I guess I was feeling raw, and I didn't want to pretty it up or put anything on top of it.\"\n\nReception\n\nWriting for CMJ New Music Monthly, reviewer Brett Milano praised the album, stating that its songs have more depth than Hatfield's earlier MTV hits. Although he admitted that some tracks sounded a bit rushed, he felt that the album has enough gems to keep it interesting.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\nMusicians\nJuliana Hatfield – guitar, keyboards, vocals\nTodd Philips – percussion, drums\nMikey Welsh – bass\n\nTechnical\nProducer: Juliana Hatfield\nEngineer: Jon Williams\nPackage design: Tom Bonauro, Jim Goldberg\nDesign assistant: Richard Turtletaub\nPhotography: Jim Goldberg\n\nReferences\n\n1998 albums\nJuliana Hatfield albums\nZoë Records albums" ]

[ "James Cook (7 November 172814 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean and to Australia in particular. He made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.", "He made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand. Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755.", "Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755. He saw action in the Seven Years' War and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the St. Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec, which brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and the Royal Society.", "He saw action in the Seven Years' War and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the St. Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec, which brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and the Royal Society. This acclaim came at a crucial moment for the direction of British overseas exploration, and it led to his commission in 1766 as commander of HMS Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages.", "This acclaim came at a crucial moment for the direction of British overseas exploration, and it led to his commission in 1766 as commander of HMS Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages. In these voyages, Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe.", "In these voyages, Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail and on a scale not previously charted by Western explorers. He surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time.", "He surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions.", "He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions. Cook was attacked and killed in 1779 during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific while attempting to kidnap the ruling chief of the island of Hawaiʻi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, to reclaim a cutter taken from one of his ships after his crew took wood from a burial ground.", "Cook was attacked and killed in 1779 during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific while attempting to kidnap the ruling chief of the island of Hawaiʻi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, to reclaim a cutter taken from one of his ships after his crew took wood from a burial ground. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge that influenced his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him.", "He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge that influenced his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him. Early life and family James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 (NS) in the village of Marton in the North Riding of Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November (N.S.)", "Early life and family James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 (NS) in the village of Marton in the North Riding of Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November (N.S.) in the parish church of St Cuthbert, where his name can be seen in the church register.", "in the parish church of St Cuthbert, where his name can be seen in the church register. He was the second of eight children of James Cook (1693–1779), a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire, and his locally born wife, Grace Pace (1702–1765), from Thornaby-on-Tees.", "He was the second of eight children of James Cook (1693–1779), a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire, and his locally born wife, Grace Pace (1702–1765), from Thornaby-on-Tees. In 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his father's employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school.", "In 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his father's employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school. In 1741, after five years' schooling, he began work for his father, who had been promoted to farm manager.", "In 1741, after five years' schooling, he began work for his father, who had been promoted to farm manager. Despite not being formally educated he became capable in mathematics, astronomy and charting by the time of his Endeavour voyage.", "Despite not being formally educated he became capable in mathematics, astronomy and charting by the time of his Endeavour voyage. For leisure, he would climb a nearby hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoying the opportunity for solitude.", "For leisure, he would climb a nearby hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoying the opportunity for solitude. Cooks' Cottage, his parents' last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in Melbourne, Australia, having been moved from England and reassembled, brick by brick, in 1934.", "Cooks' Cottage, his parents' last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in Melbourne, Australia, having been moved from England and reassembled, brick by brick, in 1934. In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved to the fishing village of Staithes, to be apprenticed as a shop boy to grocer and haberdasher William Sanderson.", "In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved to the fishing village of Staithes, to be apprenticed as a shop boy to grocer and haberdasher William Sanderson. Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window.", "Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window. After 18 months, not proving suited for shop work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to Sanderson's friends John and Henry Walker.", "After 18 months, not proving suited for shop work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to Sanderson's friends John and Henry Walker. The Walkers, who were Quakers, were prominent local ship-owners in the coal trade. Their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum.", "Their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum. Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their small fleet of vessels, plying coal along the English coast. His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters, sailing between the Tyne and London.", "His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters, sailing between the Tyne and London. As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and astronomy—all skills he would need one day to command his own ship.", "As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and astronomy—all skills he would need one day to command his own ship. His three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea.", "His three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea. After passing his examinations in 1752, he soon progressed through the merchant navy ranks, starting with his promotion in that year to mate aboard the collier brig Friendship.", "After passing his examinations in 1752, he soon progressed through the merchant navy ranks, starting with his promotion in that year to mate aboard the collier brig Friendship. In 1755, within a month of being offered command of this vessel, he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy, when Britain was re-arming for what was to become the Seven Years' War.", "In 1755, within a month of being offered command of this vessel, he volunteered for service in the Royal Navy, when Britain was re-arming for what was to become the Seven Years' War. Despite the need to start back at the bottom of the naval hierarchy, Cook realised his career would advance more quickly in military service and entered the Navy at Wapping on 17 June 1755.", "Despite the need to start back at the bottom of the naval hierarchy, Cook realised his career would advance more quickly in military service and entered the Navy at Wapping on 17 June 1755. Cook married Elizabeth Batts, the daughter of Samuel Batts, keeper of the Bell Inn in Wapping and one of his mentors, on 21 December 1762 at St Margaret's Church, Barking, Essex.", "Cook married Elizabeth Batts, the daughter of Samuel Batts, keeper of the Bell Inn in Wapping and one of his mentors, on 21 December 1762 at St Margaret's Church, Barking, Essex. The couple had six children: James (1763–1794), Nathaniel (1764–1780, lost aboard which foundered with all hands in a hurricane in the West Indies), Elizabeth (1767–1771), Joseph (1768–1768), George (1772–1772) and Hugh (1776–1793, who died of scarlet fever while a student at Christ's College, Cambridge).", "The couple had six children: James (1763–1794), Nathaniel (1764–1780, lost aboard which foundered with all hands in a hurricane in the West Indies), Elizabeth (1767–1771), Joseph (1768–1768), George (1772–1772) and Hugh (1776–1793, who died of scarlet fever while a student at Christ's College, Cambridge). When not at sea, Cook lived in the East End of London.", "When not at sea, Cook lived in the East End of London. He attended St Paul's Church, Shadwell, where his son James was baptised. Cook has no direct descendants—all of his children died before having children of their own.", "Cook has no direct descendants—all of his children died before having children of their own. Start of Royal Navy career Cook's first posting was with , serving as able seaman and master's mate under Captain Joseph Hamar for his first year aboard, and Captain Hugh Palliser thereafter.", "Start of Royal Navy career Cook's first posting was with , serving as able seaman and master's mate under Captain Joseph Hamar for his first year aboard, and Captain Hugh Palliser thereafter. In October and November 1755, he took part in Eagle'''s capture of one French warship and the sinking of another, following which he was promoted to boatswain in addition to his other duties.", "In October and November 1755, he took part in Eagle'''s capture of one French warship and the sinking of another, following which he was promoted to boatswain in addition to his other duties. His first temporary command was in March 1756 when he was briefly master of Cruizer, a small cutter attached to Eagle while on patrol.", "His first temporary command was in March 1756 when he was briefly master of Cruizer, a small cutter attached to Eagle while on patrol. In June 1757 Cook formally passed his master's examinations at Trinity House, Deptford, qualifying him to navigate and handle a ship of the King's fleet.", "In June 1757 Cook formally passed his master's examinations at Trinity House, Deptford, qualifying him to navigate and handle a ship of the King's fleet. He then joined the frigate HMS Solebay as master under Captain Robert Craig.", "He then joined the frigate HMS Solebay as master under Captain Robert Craig. Newfoundland During the Seven Years' War, Cook served in North America as master aboard the fourth-rate Navy vessel .", "Newfoundland During the Seven Years' War, Cook served in North America as master aboard the fourth-rate Navy vessel . With others in Pembrokes crew, he took part in the major amphibious assault that captured the Fortress of Louisbourg from the French in 1758, and in the siege of Quebec City in 1759.", "With others in Pembrokes crew, he took part in the major amphibious assault that captured the Fortress of Louisbourg from the French in 1758, and in the siege of Quebec City in 1759. Throughout his service he demonstrated a talent for surveying and cartography and was responsible for mapping much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege, thus allowing General Wolfe to make his famous stealth attack during the 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham.", "Throughout his service he demonstrated a talent for surveying and cartography and was responsible for mapping much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege, thus allowing General Wolfe to make his famous stealth attack during the 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham. Cook's surveying ability was also put to use in mapping the jagged coast of Newfoundland in the 1760s, aboard .", "Cook's surveying ability was also put to use in mapping the jagged coast of Newfoundland in the 1760s, aboard . He surveyed the northwest stretch in 1763 and 1764, the south coast between the Burin Peninsula and Cape Ray in 1765 and 1766, and the west coast in 1767.", "He surveyed the northwest stretch in 1763 and 1764, the south coast between the Burin Peninsula and Cape Ray in 1765 and 1766, and the west coast in 1767. At this time, Cook employed local pilots to point out the \"rocks and hidden dangers\" along the south and west coasts.", "At this time, Cook employed local pilots to point out the \"rocks and hidden dangers\" along the south and west coasts. During the 1765 season, four pilots were engaged at a daily pay of 4 shillings each: John Beck for the coast west of \"Great St Lawrence\", Morgan Snook for Fortune Bay, John Dawson for Connaigre and Hermitage Bay, and John Peck for the \"Bay of Despair\".", "During the 1765 season, four pilots were engaged at a daily pay of 4 shillings each: John Beck for the coast west of \"Great St Lawrence\", Morgan Snook for Fortune Bay, John Dawson for Connaigre and Hermitage Bay, and John Peck for the \"Bay of Despair\". While in Newfoundland, Cook also conducted astronomical observations, in particular of the eclipse of the sun on 5 August 1766.", "While in Newfoundland, Cook also conducted astronomical observations, in particular of the eclipse of the sun on 5 August 1766. By obtaining an accurate estimate of the time of the start and finish of the eclipse, and comparing these with the timings at a known position in England it was possible to calculate the longitude of the observation site in Newfoundland.", "By obtaining an accurate estimate of the time of the start and finish of the eclipse, and comparing these with the timings at a known position in England it was possible to calculate the longitude of the observation site in Newfoundland. This result was communicated to the Royal Society in 1767.", "This result was communicated to the Royal Society in 1767. His five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large-scale and accurate maps of the island's coasts and were the first scientific, large scale, hydrographic surveys to use precise triangulation to establish land outlines.", "His five seasons in Newfoundland produced the first large-scale and accurate maps of the island's coasts and were the first scientific, large scale, hydrographic surveys to use precise triangulation to establish land outlines. They also gave Cook his mastery of practical surveying, achieved under often adverse conditions, and brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction of British overseas discovery.", "They also gave Cook his mastery of practical surveying, achieved under often adverse conditions, and brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society at a crucial moment both in his career and in the direction of British overseas discovery. Cook's maps were used into the 20th century, with copies being referenced by those sailing Newfoundland's waters for 200 years.", "Cook's maps were used into the 20th century, with copies being referenced by those sailing Newfoundland's waters for 200 years. Following on from his exertions in Newfoundland, Cook wrote that he intended to go not only \"farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go\".", "Following on from his exertions in Newfoundland, Cook wrote that he intended to go not only \"farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go\". First voyage (1768–1771) On 25 May 1768, the Admiralty commissioned Cook to command a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean.", "First voyage (1768–1771) On 25 May 1768, the Admiralty commissioned Cook to command a scientific voyage to the Pacific Ocean. The purpose of the voyage was to observe and record the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun which, when combined with observations from other places, would help to determine the distance of the Earth from the Sun.", "The purpose of the voyage was to observe and record the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun which, when combined with observations from other places, would help to determine the distance of the Earth from the Sun. Cook, at age 39, was promoted to lieutenant to grant him sufficient status to take the command.", "Cook, at age 39, was promoted to lieutenant to grant him sufficient status to take the command. For its part, the Royal Society agreed that Cook would receive a one hundred guinea gratuity in addition to his Naval pay. The expedition sailed aboard , departing England on 26 August 1768.", "The expedition sailed aboard , departing England on 26 August 1768. Cook and his crew rounded Cape Horn and continued westward across the Pacific, arriving at Tahiti on 13 April 1769, where the observations of the transit were made. However, the result of the observations was not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped.", "However, the result of the observations was not as conclusive or accurate as had been hoped. Once the observations were completed, Cook opened the sealed orders, which were additional instructions from the Admiralty for the second part of his voyage: to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated rich southern continent of Terra Australis.", "Once the observations were completed, Cook opened the sealed orders, which were additional instructions from the Admiralty for the second part of his voyage: to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated rich southern continent of Terra Australis. Cook then sailed to New Zealand where he mapped the complete coastline, making only some minor errors.", "Cook then sailed to New Zealand where he mapped the complete coastline, making only some minor errors. With the aid of Tupaia, a Tahitian priest who had joined the expedition, Cook was the first European to communicate with the Māori.", "With the aid of Tupaia, a Tahitian priest who had joined the expedition, Cook was the first European to communicate with the Māori. He then voyaged west, reaching the southeastern coast of Australia on 19 April 1770, and in doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline.", "He then voyaged west, reaching the southeastern coast of Australia on 19 April 1770, and in doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline. On 23 April, he made his first recorded direct observation of indigenous Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point, noting in his journal: \"... and were so near the Shore as to distinguish several people upon the Sea beach they appear'd to be of a very dark or black Colour but whether this was the real colour of their skins or the C[l]othes they might have on I know not.\"", "On 23 April, he made his first recorded direct observation of indigenous Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point, noting in his journal: \"... and were so near the Shore as to distinguish several people upon the Sea beach they appear'd to be of a very dark or black Colour but whether this was the real colour of their skins or the C[l]othes they might have on I know not.\" On 29 April, Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula.", "On 29 April, Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula. Cook originally named the area \"Stingray Bay\", but later he crossed this out and named it \"Botany Bay\" after the unique specimens retrieved by the botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander.", "Cook originally named the area \"Stingray Bay\", but later he crossed this out and named it \"Botany Bay\" after the unique specimens retrieved by the botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander. It is here that Cook made first contact with an aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal.", "It is here that Cook made first contact with an aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal. After his departure from Botany Bay, he continued northwards. He stopped at Bustard Bay (now known as Seventeen Seventy) on 23 May 1770. On 24 May, Cook and Banks and others went ashore.", "On 24 May, Cook and Banks and others went ashore. Continuing north, on 11 June a mishap occurred when Endeavour ran aground on a shoal of the Great Barrier Reef, and then \"nursed into a river mouth on 18 June 1770\".", "Continuing north, on 11 June a mishap occurred when Endeavour ran aground on a shoal of the Great Barrier Reef, and then \"nursed into a river mouth on 18 June 1770\". The ship was badly damaged, and his voyage was delayed almost seven weeks while repairs were carried out on the beach (near the docks of modern Cooktown, Queensland, at the mouth of the Endeavour River).", "The ship was badly damaged, and his voyage was delayed almost seven weeks while repairs were carried out on the beach (near the docks of modern Cooktown, Queensland, at the mouth of the Endeavour River). The voyage then continued and at about midday on 22 August 1770, they reached the northernmost tip of the coast and, without leaving the ship, Cook named it York Cape (now Cape York).", "The voyage then continued and at about midday on 22 August 1770, they reached the northernmost tip of the coast and, without leaving the ship, Cook named it York Cape (now Cape York). Leaving the east coast, Cook turned west and nursed his battered ship through the dangerously shallow waters of Torres Strait.", "Leaving the east coast, Cook turned west and nursed his battered ship through the dangerously shallow waters of Torres Strait. Searching for a vantage point, Cook saw a steep hill on a nearby island from the top of which he hoped to see \"a passage into the Indian Seas\".", "Searching for a vantage point, Cook saw a steep hill on a nearby island from the top of which he hoped to see \"a passage into the Indian Seas\". Cook named the island Possession Island, where he claimed the entire coastline that he had just explored as British territory.", "Cook named the island Possession Island, where he claimed the entire coastline that he had just explored as British territory. He returned to England via Batavia (modern Jakarta, Indonesia), where many in his crew succumbed to malaria, and then the Cape of Good Hope, arriving at the island of Saint Helena on 30 April 1771.", "He returned to England via Batavia (modern Jakarta, Indonesia), where many in his crew succumbed to malaria, and then the Cape of Good Hope, arriving at the island of Saint Helena on 30 April 1771. The ship finally returned to England on 12 July 1771, anchoring in The Downs, with Cook going to Deal.", "The ship finally returned to England on 12 July 1771, anchoring in The Downs, with Cook going to Deal. Interlude Cook's journals were published upon his return, and he became something of a hero among the scientific community. Among the general public, however, the aristocratic botanist Joseph Banks was a greater hero.", "Among the general public, however, the aristocratic botanist Joseph Banks was a greater hero. Banks even attempted to take command of Cook's second voyage but removed himself from the voyage before it began, and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster were taken on as scientists for the voyage.", "Banks even attempted to take command of Cook's second voyage but removed himself from the voyage before it began, and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster were taken on as scientists for the voyage. Cook's son George was born five days before he left for his second voyage.", "Cook's son George was born five days before he left for his second voyage. Second voyage (1772–1775) Shortly after his return from the first voyage, Cook was promoted in August 1771 to the rank of commander.", "Second voyage (1772–1775) Shortly after his return from the first voyage, Cook was promoted in August 1771 to the rank of commander. In 1772, he was commissioned to lead another scientific expedition on behalf of the Royal Society, to search for the hypothetical Terra Australis.", "In 1772, he was commissioned to lead another scientific expedition on behalf of the Royal Society, to search for the hypothetical Terra Australis. On his first voyage, Cook had demonstrated by circumnavigating New Zealand that it was not attached to a larger landmass to the south.", "On his first voyage, Cook had demonstrated by circumnavigating New Zealand that it was not attached to a larger landmass to the south. Although he charted almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia, showing it to be continental in size, the Terra Australis was believed to lie further south.", "Although he charted almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia, showing it to be continental in size, the Terra Australis was believed to lie further south. Despite this evidence to the contrary, Alexander Dalrymple and others of the Royal Society still believed that a massive southern continent should exist.", "Despite this evidence to the contrary, Alexander Dalrymple and others of the Royal Society still believed that a massive southern continent should exist. Cook commanded on this voyage, while Tobias Furneaux commanded its companion ship, .", "Cook commanded on this voyage, while Tobias Furneaux commanded its companion ship, . Cook's expedition circumnavigated the globe at an extreme southern latitude, becoming one of the first to cross the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773. In the Antarctic fog, Resolution and Adventure became separated.", "In the Antarctic fog, Resolution and Adventure became separated. Furneaux made his way to New Zealand, where he lost some of his men during an encounter with Māori, and eventually sailed back to Britain, while Cook continued to explore the Antarctic, reaching 71°10'S on 31 January 1774.", "Furneaux made his way to New Zealand, where he lost some of his men during an encounter with Māori, and eventually sailed back to Britain, while Cook continued to explore the Antarctic, reaching 71°10'S on 31 January 1774. Cook almost encountered the mainland of Antarctica but turned towards Tahiti to resupply his ship.", "Cook almost encountered the mainland of Antarctica but turned towards Tahiti to resupply his ship. He then resumed his southward course in a second fruitless attempt to find the supposed continent.", "He then resumed his southward course in a second fruitless attempt to find the supposed continent. On this leg of the voyage, he brought a young Tahitian named Omai, who proved to be somewhat less knowledgeable about the Pacific than Tupaia had been on the first voyage.", "On this leg of the voyage, he brought a young Tahitian named Omai, who proved to be somewhat less knowledgeable about the Pacific than Tupaia had been on the first voyage. On his return voyage to New Zealand in 1774, Cook landed at the Friendly Islands, Easter Island, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu.", "On his return voyage to New Zealand in 1774, Cook landed at the Friendly Islands, Easter Island, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu. Before returning to England, Cook made a final sweep across the South Atlantic from Cape Horn and surveyed, mapped, and took possession for Britain of South Georgia, which had been explored by the English merchant Anthony de la Roché in 1675.", "Before returning to England, Cook made a final sweep across the South Atlantic from Cape Horn and surveyed, mapped, and took possession for Britain of South Georgia, which had been explored by the English merchant Anthony de la Roché in 1675. Cook also discovered and named Clerke Rocks and the South Sandwich Islands (\"Sandwich Land\").", "Cook also discovered and named Clerke Rocks and the South Sandwich Islands (\"Sandwich Land\"). He then turned north to South Africa and from there continued back to England. His reports upon his return home put to rest the popular myth of Terra Australis.", "His reports upon his return home put to rest the popular myth of Terra Australis. Cook's second voyage marked a successful employment of Larcum Kendall's K1 copy of John Harrison's H4 marine chronometer, which enabled Cook to calculate his longitudinal position with much greater accuracy.", "Cook's second voyage marked a successful employment of Larcum Kendall's K1 copy of John Harrison's H4 marine chronometer, which enabled Cook to calculate his longitudinal position with much greater accuracy. Cook's log was full of praise for this time-piece which he used to make charts of the southern Pacific Ocean that were so remarkably accurate that copies of them were still in use in the mid-20th century.", "Cook's log was full of praise for this time-piece which he used to make charts of the southern Pacific Ocean that were so remarkably accurate that copies of them were still in use in the mid-20th century. Upon his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of post-captain and given an honorary retirement from the Royal Navy, with a posting as an officer of the Greenwich Hospital.", "Upon his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of post-captain and given an honorary retirement from the Royal Navy, with a posting as an officer of the Greenwich Hospital. He reluctantly accepted, insisting that he be allowed to quit the post if an opportunity for active duty should arise.", "He reluctantly accepted, insisting that he be allowed to quit the post if an opportunity for active duty should arise. His fame extended beyond the Admiralty; he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society and awarded the Copley Gold Medal for completing his second voyage without losing a man to scurvy.", "His fame extended beyond the Admiralty; he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society and awarded the Copley Gold Medal for completing his second voyage without losing a man to scurvy. Nathaniel Dance-Holland painted his portrait; he dined with James Boswell; he was described in the House of Lords as \"the first navigator in Europe\".", "Nathaniel Dance-Holland painted his portrait; he dined with James Boswell; he was described in the House of Lords as \"the first navigator in Europe\". But he could not be kept away from the sea. A third voyage was planned, and Cook volunteered to find the Northwest Passage.", "A third voyage was planned, and Cook volunteered to find the Northwest Passage. He travelled to the Pacific and hoped to travel east to the Atlantic, while a simultaneous voyage travelled the opposite route. Third voyage (1776–1779) Hawaii On his last voyage, Cook again commanded HMS Resolution, while Captain Charles Clerke commanded .", "Third voyage (1776–1779) Hawaii On his last voyage, Cook again commanded HMS Resolution, while Captain Charles Clerke commanded . The voyage was ostensibly planned to return the Pacific Islander Omai to Tahiti, or so the public was led to believe. The trip's principal goal was to locate a Northwest Passage around the American continent.", "The trip's principal goal was to locate a Northwest Passage around the American continent. After dropping Omai at Tahiti, Cook travelled north and in 1778 became the first European to begin formal contact with the Hawaiian Islands.", "After dropping Omai at Tahiti, Cook travelled north and in 1778 became the first European to begin formal contact with the Hawaiian Islands. After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour, Kauai, Cook named the archipelago the \"Sandwich Islands\" after the fourth Earl of Sandwich—the acting First Lord of the Admiralty.", "After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour, Kauai, Cook named the archipelago the \"Sandwich Islands\" after the fourth Earl of Sandwich—the acting First Lord of the Admiralty. North America From the Sandwich Islands, Cook sailed north and then northeast to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California.", "North America From the Sandwich Islands, Cook sailed north and then northeast to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California. He sighted the Oregon coast at approximately 44°30′ north latitude, naming Cape Foulweather, after the bad weather which forced his ships south to about 43° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward.", "He sighted the Oregon coast at approximately 44°30′ north latitude, naming Cape Foulweather, after the bad weather which forced his ships south to about 43° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward. He unknowingly sailed past the Strait of Juan de Fuca and soon after entered Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island.", "He unknowingly sailed past the Strait of Juan de Fuca and soon after entered Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island. He anchored near the First Nations village of Yuquot.", "He anchored near the First Nations village of Yuquot. Cook's two ships remained in Nootka Sound from 29 March to 26 April 1778, in what Cook called Ship Cove, now Resolution Cove, at the south end of Bligh Island. Relations between Cook's crew and the people of Yuquot were cordial but sometimes strained.", "Relations between Cook's crew and the people of Yuquot were cordial but sometimes strained. In trading, the people of Yuquot demanded much more valuable items than the usual trinkets that had been acceptable in Hawaii. Metal objects were much desired, but the lead, pewter, and tin traded at first soon fell into disrepute.", "Metal objects were much desired, but the lead, pewter, and tin traded at first soon fell into disrepute. The most valuable items which the British received in trade were sea otter pelts.", "The most valuable items which the British received in trade were sea otter pelts. During the stay, the Yuquot \"hosts\" essentially controlled the trade with the British vessels; the natives usually visited the British vessels at Resolution Cove instead of the British visiting the village of Yuquot at Friendly Cove.", "During the stay, the Yuquot \"hosts\" essentially controlled the trade with the British vessels; the natives usually visited the British vessels at Resolution Cove instead of the British visiting the village of Yuquot at Friendly Cove. After leaving Nootka Sound in search of the Northwest Passage, Cook explored and mapped the coast all the way to the Bering Strait, on the way identifying what came to be known as Cook Inlet in Alaska.", "After leaving Nootka Sound in search of the Northwest Passage, Cook explored and mapped the coast all the way to the Bering Strait, on the way identifying what came to be known as Cook Inlet in Alaska. In a single visit, Cook charted the majority of the North American northwest coastline on world maps for the first time, determined the extent of Alaska, and closed the gaps in Russian (from the west) and Spanish (from the south) exploratory probes of the northern limits of the Pacific.", "In a single visit, Cook charted the majority of the North American northwest coastline on world maps for the first time, determined the extent of Alaska, and closed the gaps in Russian (from the west) and Spanish (from the south) exploratory probes of the northern limits of the Pacific. By the second week of August 1778, Cook was through the Bering Strait, sailing into the Chukchi Sea.", "By the second week of August 1778, Cook was through the Bering Strait, sailing into the Chukchi Sea. He headed northeast up the coast of Alaska until he was blocked by sea ice at a latitude of 70°44′ north.", "He headed northeast up the coast of Alaska until he was blocked by sea ice at a latitude of 70°44′ north. Cook then sailed west to the Siberian coast, and then southeast down the Siberian coast back to the Bering Strait.", "Cook then sailed west to the Siberian coast, and then southeast down the Siberian coast back to the Bering Strait. By early September 1778 he was back in the Bering Sea to begin the trip to the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands.", "By early September 1778 he was back in the Bering Sea to begin the trip to the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands. He became increasingly frustrated on this voyage and perhaps began to suffer from a stomach ailment; it has been speculated that this led to irrational behaviour towards his crew, such as forcing them to eat walrus meat, which they had pronounced inedible.", "He became increasingly frustrated on this voyage and perhaps began to suffer from a stomach ailment; it has been speculated that this led to irrational behaviour towards his crew, such as forcing them to eat walrus meat, which they had pronounced inedible. Return to Hawaii Cook returned to Hawaii in 1779.", "Return to Hawaii Cook returned to Hawaii in 1779. After sailing around the archipelago for some eight weeks, he made landfall at Kealakekua Bay on Hawai'i Island, largest island in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Cook's arrival coincided with the Makahiki, a Hawaiian harvest festival of worship for the Polynesian god Lono.", "Cook's arrival coincided with the Makahiki, a Hawaiian harvest festival of worship for the Polynesian god Lono. Coincidentally the form of Cook's ship, HMS Resolution, or more particularly the mast formation, sails and rigging, resembled certain significant artefacts that formed part of the season of worship.", "Coincidentally the form of Cook's ship, HMS Resolution, or more particularly the mast formation, sails and rigging, resembled certain significant artefacts that formed part of the season of worship. Similarly, Cook's clockwise route around the island of Hawaii before making landfall resembled the processions that took place in a clockwise direction around the island during the Lono festivals.", "Similarly, Cook's clockwise route around the island of Hawaii before making landfall resembled the processions that took place in a clockwise direction around the island during the Lono festivals. It has been argued (most extensively by Marshall Sahlins) that such coincidences were the reasons for Cook's (and to a limited extent, his crew's) initial deification by some Hawaiians who treated Cook as an incarnation of Lono.", "It has been argued (most extensively by Marshall Sahlins) that such coincidences were the reasons for Cook's (and to a limited extent, his crew's) initial deification by some Hawaiians who treated Cook as an incarnation of Lono. Though this view was first suggested by members of Cook's expedition, the idea that any Hawaiians understood Cook to be Lono, and the evidence presented in support of it, were challenged in 1992.", "Though this view was first suggested by members of Cook's expedition, the idea that any Hawaiians understood Cook to be Lono, and the evidence presented in support of it, were challenged in 1992. Death After a month's stay, Cook attempted to resume his exploration of the northern Pacific.", "Death After a month's stay, Cook attempted to resume his exploration of the northern Pacific. Shortly after leaving Hawaii Island, however, Resolutions foremast broke, so the ships returned to Kealakekua Bay for repairs.", "Shortly after leaving Hawaii Island, however, Resolutions foremast broke, so the ships returned to Kealakekua Bay for repairs. Tensions rose, and a number of quarrels broke out between the Europeans and Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay, including the theft of wood from a burial ground under Cook's orders.", "Tensions rose, and a number of quarrels broke out between the Europeans and Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay, including the theft of wood from a burial ground under Cook's orders. An unknown group of Hawaiians took one of Cook's small boats.", "An unknown group of Hawaiians took one of Cook's small boats. The evening when the cutter was taken, the people had become \"insolent\" even with threats to fire upon them. Cook attempted to kidnap and ransom the King of Hawaiʻi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu.", "Cook attempted to kidnap and ransom the King of Hawaiʻi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu. The following day, 14 February 1779, Cook marched through the village to retrieve the king. Cook took the king (aliʻi nui) by his own hand and led him away.", "Cook took the king (aliʻi nui) by his own hand and led him away. One of Kalaniʻōpuʻu's favourite wives, Kanekapolei, and two chiefs approached the group as they were heading to the boats. They pleaded with the king not to go.", "They pleaded with the king not to go. An old kahuna (priest), chanting rapidly while holding out a coconut, attempted to distract Cook and his men as a large crowd began to form at the shore. At this point, the king began to understand that Cook was his enemy.", "At this point, the king began to understand that Cook was his enemy. As Cook turned his back to help launch the boats, he was struck on the head by the villagers and then stabbed to death as he fell on his face in the surf.", "As Cook turned his back to help launch the boats, he was struck on the head by the villagers and then stabbed to death as he fell on his face in the surf. He was first struck on the head with a club by a chief named Kalaimanokahoʻowaha or Kanaʻina (namesake of Charles Kana'ina) and then stabbed by one of the king's attendants, Nuaa.", "He was first struck on the head with a club by a chief named Kalaimanokahoʻowaha or Kanaʻina (namesake of Charles Kana'ina) and then stabbed by one of the king's attendants, Nuaa. The Hawaiians carried his body away towards the back of the town, still visible to the ship through their spyglass.", "The Hawaiians carried his body away towards the back of the town, still visible to the ship through their spyglass. Four marines, Corporal James Thomas, Private Theophilus Hinks, Private Thomas Fatchett and Private John Allen, were also killed and two others were wounded in the confrontation.", "Four marines, Corporal James Thomas, Private Theophilus Hinks, Private Thomas Fatchett and Private John Allen, were also killed and two others were wounded in the confrontation. Aftermath The esteem which the islanders nevertheless held for Cook caused them to retain his body.", "Aftermath The esteem which the islanders nevertheless held for Cook caused them to retain his body. Following their practice of the time, they prepared his body with funerary rituals usually reserved for the chiefs and highest elders of the society.", "Following their practice of the time, they prepared his body with funerary rituals usually reserved for the chiefs and highest elders of the society. The body was disembowelled and baked to facilitate removal of the flesh, and the bones were carefully cleaned for preservation as religious icons in a fashion somewhat reminiscent of the treatment of European saints in the Middle Ages.", "The body was disembowelled and baked to facilitate removal of the flesh, and the bones were carefully cleaned for preservation as religious icons in a fashion somewhat reminiscent of the treatment of European saints in the Middle Ages. Some of Cook's remains, thus preserved, were eventually returned to his crew for a formal burial at sea.", "Some of Cook's remains, thus preserved, were eventually returned to his crew for a formal burial at sea. Clerke assumed leadership of the expedition and made a final attempt to pass through the Bering Strait.", "Clerke assumed leadership of the expedition and made a final attempt to pass through the Bering Strait. He died of tuberculosis on 22 August 1779 and John Gore, a veteran of Cook's first voyage, took command of Resolution and of the expedition. James King replaced Gore in command of Discovery.", "James King replaced Gore in command of Discovery. The expedition returned home, reaching England in October 1780. After their arrival in England, King completed Cook's account of the voyage. Legacy Ethnographic collections The Australian Museum acquired its \"Cook Collection\" in 1894 from the Government of New South Wales.", "Legacy Ethnographic collections The Australian Museum acquired its \"Cook Collection\" in 1894 from the Government of New South Wales. At that time the collection consisted of 115 artefacts collected on Cook's three voyages throughout the Pacific Ocean, during the period 1768–80, along with documents and memorabilia related to these voyages.", "At that time the collection consisted of 115 artefacts collected on Cook's three voyages throughout the Pacific Ocean, during the period 1768–80, along with documents and memorabilia related to these voyages. Many of the ethnographic artefacts were collected at a time of first contact between Pacific Peoples and Europeans.", "Many of the ethnographic artefacts were collected at a time of first contact between Pacific Peoples and Europeans. In 1935 most of the documents and memorabilia were transferred to the Mitchell Library in the State Library of New South Wales.", "In 1935 most of the documents and memorabilia were transferred to the Mitchell Library in the State Library of New South Wales. The provenance of the collection shows that the objects remained in the hands of Cook's widow Elizabeth Cook, and her descendants, until 1886.", "The provenance of the collection shows that the objects remained in the hands of Cook's widow Elizabeth Cook, and her descendants, until 1886. In this year John Mackrell, the great-nephew of Isaac Smith, Elizabeth Cook's cousin, organised the display of this collection at the request of the NSW Government at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London.", "In this year John Mackrell, the great-nephew of Isaac Smith, Elizabeth Cook's cousin, organised the display of this collection at the request of the NSW Government at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London. In 1887 the London-based Agent-General for the New South Wales Government, Saul Samuel, bought John Mackrell's items and also acquired items belonging to the other relatives Reverend Canon Frederick Bennett, Mrs Thomas Langton, H.M.C.", "In 1887 the London-based Agent-General for the New South Wales Government, Saul Samuel, bought John Mackrell's items and also acquired items belonging to the other relatives Reverend Canon Frederick Bennett, Mrs Thomas Langton, H.M.C. Alexander, and William Adams.", "Alexander, and William Adams. Alexander, and William Adams. The collection remained with the Colonial Secretary of NSW until 1894, when it was transferred to the Australian Museum. Navigation and science Cook's 12 years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to Europeans' knowledge of the area.", "Navigation and science Cook's 12 years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to Europeans' knowledge of the area. Several islands, such as the Hawaiian group, were encountered for the first time by Europeans, and his more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement.", "Several islands, such as the Hawaiian group, were encountered for the first time by Europeans, and his more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement. To create accurate maps, latitude and longitude must be accurately determined.", "To create accurate maps, latitude and longitude must be accurately determined. Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a backstaff or quadrant.", "Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a backstaff or quadrant. Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the earth.", "Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the earth. The Earth turns a full 360 degrees relative to the sun each day. Thus longitude corresponds to time: 15 degrees every hour, or 1 degree every 4 minutes.", "Thus longitude corresponds to time: 15 degrees every hour, or 1 degree every 4 minutes. Cook gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage from his navigational skills, with the help of astronomer Charles Green, and by using the newly published Nautical Almanac tables, via the lunar distance method – measuring the angular distance from the moon to either the sun during daytime or one of eight bright stars during night-time to determine the time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the sun, moon, or stars.", "Cook gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage from his navigational skills, with the help of astronomer Charles Green, and by using the newly published Nautical Almanac tables, via the lunar distance method – measuring the angular distance from the moon to either the sun during daytime or one of eight bright stars during night-time to determine the time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the sun, moon, or stars. On his second voyage, Cook used the K1 chronometer made by Larcum Kendall, which was the shape of a large pocket watch, in diameter.", "On his second voyage, Cook used the K1 chronometer made by Larcum Kendall, which was the shape of a large pocket watch, in diameter. It was a copy of the H4 clock made by John Harrison, which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship Deptfords journey to Jamaica in 1761–62.", "It was a copy of the H4 clock made by John Harrison, which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship Deptfords journey to Jamaica in 1761–62. He succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to scurvy, an unusual accomplishment at the time.", "He succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to scurvy, an unusual accomplishment at the time. He tested several preventive measures, most importantly the frequent replenishment of fresh food. For presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society he was presented with the Copley Medal in 1776.", "For presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society he was presented with the Copley Medal in 1776. Cook became the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific.", "Cook became the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific. He correctly postulated a link among all the Pacific peoples, despite their being separated by great ocean stretches (see Malayo-Polynesian languages). Cook theorised that Polynesians originated from Asia, which scientist Bryan Sykes later verified.", "Cook theorised that Polynesians originated from Asia, which scientist Bryan Sykes later verified. In New Zealand the coming of Cook is often used to signify the onset of the colonisation which officially started more than 70 years after his crew became the second group of Europeans to visit that archipelago.", "In New Zealand the coming of Cook is often used to signify the onset of the colonisation which officially started more than 70 years after his crew became the second group of Europeans to visit that archipelago. Cook carried several scientists on his voyages; they made significant observations and discoveries.", "Cook carried several scientists on his voyages; they made significant observations and discoveries. Two botanists, Joseph Banks and the Swede Daniel Solander, sailed on the first voyage. The two collected over 3,000 plant species. Banks subsequently strongly promoted British settlement of Australia, leading to the establishment of New South Wales as a penal settlement in 1788.", "Banks subsequently strongly promoted British settlement of Australia, leading to the establishment of New South Wales as a penal settlement in 1788. Artists also sailed on Cook's first voyage. Sydney Parkinson was heavily involved in documenting the botanists' findings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage.", "Sydney Parkinson was heavily involved in documenting the botanists' findings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage. They were of immense scientific value to British botanists. Cook's second expedition included William Hodges, who produced notable landscape paintings of Tahiti, Easter Island, and other locations.", "Cook's second expedition included William Hodges, who produced notable landscape paintings of Tahiti, Easter Island, and other locations. Several officers who served under Cook went on to distinctive accomplishments. William Bligh, Cook's sailing master, was given command of in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with breadfruit.", "William Bligh, Cook's sailing master, was given command of in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with breadfruit. Bligh became known for the mutiny of his crew, which resulted in his being set adrift in 1789. He later became Governor of New South Wales, where he was the subject of another mutiny—the 1808 Rum Rebellion.", "He later became Governor of New South Wales, where he was the subject of another mutiny—the 1808 Rum Rebellion. George Vancouver, one of Cook's midshipmen, led a voyage of exploration to the Pacific Coast of North America from 1791 to 1794. In honour of Vancouver's former commander, his ship was named .", "In honour of Vancouver's former commander, his ship was named . George Dixon, who sailed under Cook on his third expedition, later commanded his own. Henry Roberts, a lieutenant under Cook, spent many years after that voyage preparing the detailed charts that went into Cook's posthumous atlas, published around 1784.", "Henry Roberts, a lieutenant under Cook, spent many years after that voyage preparing the detailed charts that went into Cook's posthumous atlas, published around 1784. Cook's contributions to knowledge gained international recognition during his lifetime.", "Cook's contributions to knowledge gained international recognition during his lifetime. In 1779, while the American colonies were fighting Britain for their independence, Benjamin Franklin wrote to captains of colonial warships at sea, recommending that if they came into contact with Cook's vessel, they were to \"not consider her an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects contained in her, nor obstruct her immediate return to England by detaining her or sending her into any other part of Europe or to America; but that you treat the said Captain Cook and his people with all civility and kindness ... as common friends to mankind.\"", "In 1779, while the American colonies were fighting Britain for their independence, Benjamin Franklin wrote to captains of colonial warships at sea, recommending that if they came into contact with Cook's vessel, they were to \"not consider her an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects contained in her, nor obstruct her immediate return to England by detaining her or sending her into any other part of Europe or to America; but that you treat the said Captain Cook and his people with all civility and kindness ... as common friends to mankind.\" Memorials A U.S. coin, the 1928 Hawaii Sesquicentennial half-dollar, carries Cook's image.", "Memorials A U.S. coin, the 1928 Hawaii Sesquicentennial half-dollar, carries Cook's image. Minted for the 150th anniversary of his discovery of the islands, its low mintage (10,008) has made this example of an early United States commemorative coin both scarce and expensive.", "Minted for the 150th anniversary of his discovery of the islands, its low mintage (10,008) has made this example of an early United States commemorative coin both scarce and expensive. The site where he was killed in Hawaii was marked in 1874 by a white obelisk set on of chained-off beach.", "The site where he was killed in Hawaii was marked in 1874 by a white obelisk set on of chained-off beach. This land, although in Hawaii, was deeded to the United Kingdom by Princess Likelike and her husband, Archibald Scott Cleghorn, to the British Consul to Hawaii, James Hay Wodehouse, in 1877.", "This land, although in Hawaii, was deeded to the United Kingdom by Princess Likelike and her husband, Archibald Scott Cleghorn, to the British Consul to Hawaii, James Hay Wodehouse, in 1877. A nearby town is named Captain Cook, Hawaii; several Hawaiian businesses also carry his name.", "A nearby town is named Captain Cook, Hawaii; several Hawaiian businesses also carry his name. The Apollo 15 Command/Service Module Endeavour was named after Cook's ship, , as was the . In addition, the first Crew Dragon capsule flown by SpaceX was named for Endeavour. Another shuttle, Discovery, was named after Cook's .", "Another shuttle, Discovery, was named after Cook's . The first institution of higher education in North Queensland, Australia, was named after him, with James Cook University opening in Townsville in 1970.", "The first institution of higher education in North Queensland, Australia, was named after him, with James Cook University opening in Townsville in 1970. Numerous institutions, landmarks and place names reflect the importance of Cook's contributions, including the Cook Islands, Cook Strait, Cook Inlet and the Cook crater on the Moon.", "Numerous institutions, landmarks and place names reflect the importance of Cook's contributions, including the Cook Islands, Cook Strait, Cook Inlet and the Cook crater on the Moon. Aoraki / Mount Cook, the highest summit in New Zealand, is named for him.", "Aoraki / Mount Cook, the highest summit in New Zealand, is named for him. Another Mount Cook is on the border between the U.S. state of Alaska and the Canadian Yukon territory, and is designated Boundary Peak 182 as one of the official Boundary Peaks of the Hay–Herbert Treaty.", "Another Mount Cook is on the border between the U.S. state of Alaska and the Canadian Yukon territory, and is designated Boundary Peak 182 as one of the official Boundary Peaks of the Hay–Herbert Treaty. A life-size statue of Cook upon a column stands in Hyde Park located in the centre of Sydney.", "A life-size statue of Cook upon a column stands in Hyde Park located in the centre of Sydney. A large aquatic monument is planned for Cook's landing place at Botany Bay, Sydney.", "A large aquatic monument is planned for Cook's landing place at Botany Bay, Sydney. One of the earliest monuments to Cook in the United Kingdom is located at The Vache, erected in 1780 by Admiral Hugh Palliser, a contemporary of Cook and one-time owner of the estate.", "One of the earliest monuments to Cook in the United Kingdom is located at The Vache, erected in 1780 by Admiral Hugh Palliser, a contemporary of Cook and one-time owner of the estate. A large obelisk was built in 1827 as a monument to Cook on Easby Moor overlooking his boyhood village of Great Ayton, along with a smaller monument at the former location of Cook's cottage.", "A large obelisk was built in 1827 as a monument to Cook on Easby Moor overlooking his boyhood village of Great Ayton, along with a smaller monument at the former location of Cook's cottage. There is also a monument to Cook in the church of St Andrew the Great, St Andrew's Street, Cambridge, where his sons Hugh, a student at Christ's College, and James were buried.", "There is also a monument to Cook in the church of St Andrew the Great, St Andrew's Street, Cambridge, where his sons Hugh, a student at Christ's College, and James were buried. Cook's widow Elizabeth was also buried in the church and in her will left money for the memorial's upkeep.", "Cook's widow Elizabeth was also buried in the church and in her will left money for the memorial's upkeep. The 250th anniversary of Cook's birth was marked at the site of his birthplace in Marton by the opening of the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum, located within Stewart Park (1978).", "The 250th anniversary of Cook's birth was marked at the site of his birthplace in Marton by the opening of the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum, located within Stewart Park (1978). A granite vase just to the south of the museum marks the approximate spot where he was born.", "A granite vase just to the south of the museum marks the approximate spot where he was born. Tributes also abound in post-industrial Middlesbrough, including a primary school, shopping square and the Bottle 'O Notes, a public artwork by Claes Oldenburg, that was erected in the town's Central Gardens in 1993.", "Tributes also abound in post-industrial Middlesbrough, including a primary school, shopping square and the Bottle 'O Notes, a public artwork by Claes Oldenburg, that was erected in the town's Central Gardens in 1993. Also named after Cook is James Cook University Hospital, a major teaching hospital which opened in 2003 with a railway station serving it called James Cook opening in 2014.", "Also named after Cook is James Cook University Hospital, a major teaching hospital which opened in 2003 with a railway station serving it called James Cook opening in 2014. The Royal Research Ship RRS James Cook was built in 2006 to replace the RRS Charles Darwin in the UK's Royal Research Fleet, and Stepney Historical Trust placed a plaque on Free Trade Wharf in the Highway, Shadwell to commemorate his life in the East End of London.", "The Royal Research Ship RRS James Cook was built in 2006 to replace the RRS Charles Darwin in the UK's Royal Research Fleet, and Stepney Historical Trust placed a plaque on Free Trade Wharf in the Highway, Shadwell to commemorate his life in the East End of London. A statue erected in his honour can be viewed near Admiralty Arch on the south side of The Mall in London.", "A statue erected in his honour can be viewed near Admiralty Arch on the south side of The Mall in London. In 2002, Cook was placed at number 12 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.", "In 2002, Cook was placed at number 12 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. In 1959, the Cooktown Re-enactment Association first performed a re-enactment of Cook's 1770 landing at the site of modern Cooktown, Australia, and have continued the tradition each year, with the support and participation of many of the local Guugu Yimithirr people.", "In 1959, the Cooktown Re-enactment Association first performed a re-enactment of Cook's 1770 landing at the site of modern Cooktown, Australia, and have continued the tradition each year, with the support and participation of many of the local Guugu Yimithirr people. Cultural references Cook was a subject in many literary creations; one of the earliest was \"Captain Cook\" by Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L.E.L.).", "Cultural references Cook was a subject in many literary creations; one of the earliest was \"Captain Cook\" by Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L.E.L.). In 1931, Kenneth Slessor's poem \"Five Visions of Captain Cook\" was the \"most dramatic break-through\" in Australian poetry of the 20th century according to poet Douglas Stewart.", "In 1931, Kenneth Slessor's poem \"Five Visions of Captain Cook\" was the \"most dramatic break-through\" in Australian poetry of the 20th century according to poet Douglas Stewart. The Australian slang phrase \"Have a Captain Cook\" means to have a look or conduct a brief inspection.", "The Australian slang phrase \"Have a Captain Cook\" means to have a look or conduct a brief inspection. Controversy The period 2018 to 2021 marked the 250th anniversary of Cook's first voyage of exploration.", "Controversy The period 2018 to 2021 marked the 250th anniversary of Cook's first voyage of exploration. A number of countries, including Australia and New Zealand, arranged official events to commemorate the voyage leading to widespread public debate about Cook's legacy.", "A number of countries, including Australia and New Zealand, arranged official events to commemorate the voyage leading to widespread public debate about Cook's legacy. In the leadup to the commemorations, various memorials to Cook in Australia and New Zealand were vandalised and there were public calls for their removal or modification due to their alleged promotion of colonialist narratives.", "In the leadup to the commemorations, various memorials to Cook in Australia and New Zealand were vandalised and there were public calls for their removal or modification due to their alleged promotion of colonialist narratives. On 1 July 2021, a statue of James Cook in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, was torn down following an earlier peaceful protest about the deaths of Indigenous residential school children in Canada.", "On 1 July 2021, a statue of James Cook in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, was torn down following an earlier peaceful protest about the deaths of Indigenous residential school children in Canada. There were also campaigns for the return of Indigenous artefacts taken during Cook's voyages (see Gweagal shield).", "There were also campaigns for the return of Indigenous artefacts taken during Cook's voyages (see Gweagal shield). Alice Proctor argues that the controversies over public representations of Cook and the display of Indigenous artefacts from his voyages are part of a broader debate over the decolonisation of museums and public spaces and resistance to colonialist narratives.", "Alice Proctor argues that the controversies over public representations of Cook and the display of Indigenous artefacts from his voyages are part of a broader debate over the decolonisation of museums and public spaces and resistance to colonialist narratives. While a number of commentators argue that Cook was an enabler of British colonialism in the Pacific, Geoffrey Blainey, among others, notes that it was Banks who promoted Botany Bay as a site for colonisation after Cook's death.", "While a number of commentators argue that Cook was an enabler of British colonialism in the Pacific, Geoffrey Blainey, among others, notes that it was Banks who promoted Botany Bay as a site for colonisation after Cook's death. Robert Tombs defended Cook, associating him with the values of the Enlightenment and positing him as \"The leading figure in an age of scientific exploration\".", "Robert Tombs defended Cook, associating him with the values of the Enlightenment and positing him as \"The leading figure in an age of scientific exploration\". See also New Zealand places named by James Cook Australian places named by James Cook European and American voyages of scientific exploration Exploration of the Pacific List of places named after Captain James Cook List of sea captains Death of Cook (paintings) References Notes Citations Bibliography Further reading , Volume I, Volume II–III.", "See also New Zealand places named by James Cook Australian places named by James Cook European and American voyages of scientific exploration Exploration of the Pacific List of places named after Captain James Cook List of sea captains Death of Cook (paintings) References Notes Citations Bibliography Further reading , Volume I, Volume II–III. Richardson, Brian.", "Richardson, Brian. Richardson, Brian. (2005) Longitude and Empire: How Captain Cook's Voyages Changed the World (University of British Columbia Press.) . Sydney Daily Telegraph (1970) Captain Cook: His Artists – His Voyages The Sydney Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with Captain Cook.", "Sydney Daily Telegraph (1970) Captain Cook: His Artists – His Voyages The Sydney Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with Captain Cook. Australian Consolidated Press, Sydney Thomas, Nicholas The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook. Walker & Co., New York.", "Walker & Co., New York. (2003) Uglow, Jenny, \"Island Hopping\" (review of Captain James Cook: The Journals, selected and edited by Philip Edwards, London, Folio Society, three volumes and a chart of the voyages, 1,309 pp.", "(2003) Uglow, Jenny, \"Island Hopping\" (review of Captain James Cook: The Journals, selected and edited by Philip Edwards, London, Folio Society, three volumes and a chart of the voyages, 1,309 pp. ; and William Frame with Laura Walker, James Cook: The Voyages, McGill-Queen University Press, 224 pp.", "; and William Frame with Laura Walker, James Cook: The Voyages, McGill-Queen University Press, 224 pp. ), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 2 (7 February 2019), pp. 18–20. Withey, Lynne.", "18–20. Withey, Lynne. Withey, Lynne. Voyages of discovery: Captain Cook and the exploration of the Pacific'' (Univ of California Press, 1989).", "Voyages of discovery: Captain Cook and the exploration of the Pacific'' (Univ of California Press, 1989). External links Captain Cook Society Captain Cook historic plaque, Halifax Biographical dictionaries Journals The Endeavour journal (1) and The Endeavour journal (2), as kept by James Cook – digitised and held by the National Library of Australia The South Seas Project: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook's First Pacific Voyage, 1768–1771.", "External links Captain Cook Society Captain Cook historic plaque, Halifax Biographical dictionaries Journals The Endeavour journal (1) and The Endeavour journal (2), as kept by James Cook – digitised and held by the National Library of Australia The South Seas Project: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook's First Pacific Voyage, 1768–1771. Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage.", "Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage. Digitised copies of log books from James Cook's voyages at the British Atmospheric Data Centre Log book of Cook's second voyage: high-resolution digitised version in Cambridge Digital Library Digitised Tapa cloth catalogue held at Auckland Libraries Collections and museums The Library of the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia specialises in collecting works on Captain James Cook, his voyages and HMS Endeavour Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of James Cook.", "Digitised copies of log books from James Cook's voyages at the British Atmospheric Data Centre Log book of Cook's second voyage: high-resolution digitised version in Cambridge Digital Library Digitised Tapa cloth catalogue held at Auckland Libraries Collections and museums The Library of the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia specialises in collecting works on Captain James Cook, his voyages and HMS Endeavour Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of James Cook. Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Captain Cook Birthplace Museum Marton Captain Cook Memorial Museum Whitby Cook's manuscript maps of the south-east coast of Australia, held at the American Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee.", "Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Captain Cook Birthplace Museum Marton Captain Cook Memorial Museum Whitby Cook's manuscript maps of the south-east coast of Australia, held at the American Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee. 1728 births 1779 deaths 18th-century English people 18th-century explorers Death in Hawaii English explorers of the Pacific British military personnel of the French and Indian War British navigators British people executed abroad Circumnavigators of the globe English cartographers English explorers of North America English hydrographers English people of Scottish descent English sailors Explorers of Alaska Explorers of Antarctica Explorers of Australia Explorers of British Columbia Explorers of New Zealand Explorers of Oregon Explorers of Washington (state) Fellows of the Royal Society Hydrographers Maritime writers People from Middlesbrough Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) Recipients of the Copley Medal Royal Navy officers Q150 Icons Sea captains" ]

[ "Tab Hunter", "Warner Bros.", "When did Tab sign on with warner bros?", "One of Hunter's first films for Warners was The Sea Chase (1955)," ]

[ "A Ne'er-do-well is a good-for-nothing person.\n\nNe'er-do-well may also refer to:\n The Ne'er-do-Weel, an 1878 play by W. S. Gilbert, revived soon afterwards as The Vagabond\n The Ne'er-Do-Well, a 1911 novel by Rex Beach, adapted for film several times in the silent era\n The Ne'er-Do-Well (1916 film), a 1916 American silent adventure crime drama film\n\n The Ne'er-Do-Well, a 1923 silent film directed by Alfred E. Green\n\n Ne'er-Do-Well, a 1956 novel by Dornford Yates\n\n Ne'er Do Wells, a rock band", "A list of films produced by the Bollywood film industry based in Mumbai in 1937:\n\n1937\nSome of the notable films of 1937:\n\nVidyapati was a biopic directed by Nitin Bose for New Theatres. It starred Pahari Sanyal as the Maithili poet and Vaishnava saint Vidyapati. The bold songs of the film ensured crowds at the theatres making it a big success of 1937.\n\nDuniya Na Mane (Marathi:Kunku) was a social film from Prabhat Film Company directed by V. Shantaram. It dealt with the issue of arranged marriage. The film did well in the theatres and according to Baburao Patel of Filmindia it \"recorded better returns... than any other picture before\".\n\nPresident was produced by New Theatres and directed by Nitin Bose. A love triangle with a social content it highlighted the plight of mill workers. The music was popular with a classic from Saigal, Ik Bangla Bane Nyaara.\n\nKisan Kanya made by Ardeshir Irani of Alam Ara (1931) fame was the first colour film to be processed in India. The film however did not do well at the box office due to \"a weak story\".\n\nJeevan Prabhat was a successful social film from Bombay Talkies directed by Franz Osten. It starred Kishore Sahu in his debut film with Devika Rani and Mumtaz Ali.\n\nA-B\n\nC-D\n\nF-I\n\nJ-K\n\nL-M\n\nN-P\n\nQ-S\n\nT-Z\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Bollywood films of 1937 at the IMDb\n\n1937\nBollywood\nFilms, Bollywood" ]

[ "Arthur Andrew Gelien (né Kelm; July 11, 1931 – July 8, 2018), known professionally as Tab Hunter, was an American actor, singer, film producer, and author. Known for his blond, clean-cut good looks, Hunter starred in more than forty films.", "Known for his blond, clean-cut good looks, Hunter starred in more than forty films. He was a Hollywood heartthrob of the 1950s and 1960s appearing on the covers of hundreds of film magazines.", "He was a Hollywood heartthrob of the 1950s and 1960s appearing on the covers of hundreds of film magazines. Hunter's film credits include Battle Cry (1955), The Girl He Left Behind (1956), Gunman's Walk (1958), and Damn Yankees (1958).", "Hunter's film credits include Battle Cry (1955), The Girl He Left Behind (1956), Gunman's Walk (1958), and Damn Yankees (1958). Hunter also had a music career in the late 1950s; in 1957, he released a number one hit single \"Young Love\".", "Hunter also had a music career in the late 1950s; in 1957, he released a number one hit single \"Young Love\". Hunter's 2005 autobiography, Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star, was a New York Times bestseller.", "Hunter's 2005 autobiography, Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star, was a New York Times bestseller. Early life Arthur Andrew Kelm was born in Manhattan, New York City, the son of Gertrude () and Charles Kelm. Kelm's father was Jewish, and his mother was a Catholic German immigrant from Hamburg.", "Kelm's father was Jewish, and his mother was a Catholic German immigrant from Hamburg. He had an older brother, Walter. Kelm's father was reportedly abusive, and within a few years of his birth, his parents divorced.", "Kelm's father was reportedly abusive, and within a few years of his birth, his parents divorced. He was raised in California, living with his mother, his brother, and his maternal grandparents, John Henry and Ida (née Sonnenfleth) Gelien; the family resided in San Francisco, Long Beach and Los Angeles.", "He was raised in California, living with his mother, his brother, and his maternal grandparents, John Henry and Ida (née Sonnenfleth) Gelien; the family resided in San Francisco, Long Beach and Los Angeles. His mother re-assumed her maiden surname, Gelien, and changed her sons' surnames as well.", "His mother re-assumed her maiden surname, Gelien, and changed her sons' surnames as well. As a teenager, Arthur Gelien (as he was then known) was a figure skater, competing in both singles and pairs. Gelien was sent to Catholic school by his religious mother.", "Gelien was sent to Catholic school by his religious mother. Gelien joined the United States Coast Guard at age fifteen, lying about his age to enlist. While in the Coast Guard, he gained the nickname \"Hollywood\" for his penchant for watching movies rather than going to bars while on liberty.", "While in the Coast Guard, he gained the nickname \"Hollywood\" for his penchant for watching movies rather than going to bars while on liberty. When his superiors discovered his true age, they discharged him. Gelien met actor Dick Clayton socially; Clayton suggested that he become an actor.", "Gelien met actor Dick Clayton socially; Clayton suggested that he become an actor. Career 1950s Dick Clayton introduced Gelien to agent Henry Willson, who specialized in representing beefcake male stars such as Robert Wagner and Rock Hudson. It was Willson who named him \"Tab Hunter\".", "It was Willson who named him \"Tab Hunter\". Hunter's first film role was a minor part in a film noir, The Lawless (1950).", "Hunter's first film role was a minor part in a film noir, The Lawless (1950). Hunter was a friend of character actor Paul Guilfoyle, who suggested him to director Stuart Heisler; Heisler was looking for an unknown to play the lead in Island of Desire (1952) opposite Linda Darnell.", "Hunter was a friend of character actor Paul Guilfoyle, who suggested him to director Stuart Heisler; Heisler was looking for an unknown to play the lead in Island of Desire (1952) opposite Linda Darnell. The film, essentially a two-hander between Hunter and Darnell, was a hit.", "The film, essentially a two-hander between Hunter and Darnell, was a hit. Hunter supported George Montgomery in Gun Belt (1953), a Western produced by Edward Small.", "Hunter supported George Montgomery in Gun Belt (1953), a Western produced by Edward Small. Small used him again for a war film, The Steel Lady (1953), supporting Rod Cameron, and as the lead in an adventure tale, Return to Treasure Island (1954).", "Small used him again for a war film, The Steel Lady (1953), supporting Rod Cameron, and as the lead in an adventure tale, Return to Treasure Island (1954). He began acting on stage, appearing in a production of Our Town.", "He began acting on stage, appearing in a production of Our Town. Hunter was then offered, and accepted, a contract at Warner Bros. One of Hunter's first films for Warner Bros. was The Sea Chase (1955), supporting John Wayne and Lana Turner.", "Hunter was then offered, and accepted, a contract at Warner Bros. One of Hunter's first films for Warner Bros. was The Sea Chase (1955), supporting John Wayne and Lana Turner. It was a big hit, but Hunter's part was relatively small.", "It was a big hit, but Hunter's part was relatively small. Rushes were seen by William A. Wellman, who cast Hunter to play the younger brother of Robert Mitchum in Track of the Cat (1954). It was a solid hit and Hunter began to get more notice.", "It was a solid hit and Hunter began to get more notice. His breakthrough role came when he was cast as the young Marine Danny in 1955's World War II drama Battle Cry, which was the year's third most financially successful film.", "His breakthrough role came when he was cast as the young Marine Danny in 1955's World War II drama Battle Cry, which was the year's third most financially successful film. His character has an affair with an older woman, but ends up marrying the girl next door.", "His character has an affair with an older woman, but ends up marrying the girl next door. It was based on a bestseller by Leon Uris and became Warner Bros.' largest grossing film of that year, cementing Hunter's position as one of Hollywood's top young romantic leads.", "It was based on a bestseller by Leon Uris and became Warner Bros.' largest grossing film of that year, cementing Hunter's position as one of Hollywood's top young romantic leads. In September 1955, the tabloid magazine Confidential reported that Hunter had been arrested for disorderly conduct in 1950.", "In September 1955, the tabloid magazine Confidential reported that Hunter had been arrested for disorderly conduct in 1950. The innuendo-laced article, and a second one focusing on Rory Calhoun's prison record, were the result of a deal Henry Willson had brokered with the scandal rag in exchange for not revealing to the public the sexual orientation of his more prominent client, Rock Hudson.", "The innuendo-laced article, and a second one focusing on Rory Calhoun's prison record, were the result of a deal Henry Willson had brokered with the scandal rag in exchange for not revealing to the public the sexual orientation of his more prominent client, Rock Hudson. The report had no negative effect on Hunter's career.", "The report had no negative effect on Hunter's career. A few months later, he was named Most Promising New Personality in a nationwide poll sponsored by the Council of Motion Picture Organizations. In 1956, he received 62,000 valentines.", "In 1956, he received 62,000 valentines. Hunter, James Dean, and Natalie Wood were the last actors to be placed under an exclusive studio contract at Warner Bros. Warner decided to promote him to star status, teaming him with Natalie Wood in two films, a Western, The Burning Hills (1956), directed by Heisler, and The Girl He Left Behind (1956), a service comedy.", "Hunter, James Dean, and Natalie Wood were the last actors to be placed under an exclusive studio contract at Warner Bros. Warner decided to promote him to star status, teaming him with Natalie Wood in two films, a Western, The Burning Hills (1956), directed by Heisler, and The Girl He Left Behind (1956), a service comedy. These films also proved to be hits with audiences.", "These films also proved to be hits with audiences. Warners planned a third teaming of Hunter and Wood but Hunter rejected the third picture, thus ending Warners' attempt to make Hunter and Wood the William Powell and Myrna Loy of the 1950s. Hunter was Warner Bros.' most popular male star from 1955 until 1959.", "Hunter was Warner Bros.' most popular male star from 1955 until 1959. Hunter received strong critical acclaim for a television performance he gave in the debut episode of Playhouse 90 (\"Forbidden Area\", 1956) written by Rod Serling and directed by John Frankenheimer. Hunter's acting career was at its peak.", "Hunter's acting career was at its peak. William Wellman used him again in a war film, Lafayette Escadrille (1958). Columbia Pictures borrowed him for a Western, Gunman's Walk (1958).", "Columbia Pictures borrowed him for a Western, Gunman's Walk (1958). Hunter claimed, \"When Gunman's Walk premiered the following summer, it was one of the proudest moments of my career.\"", "Hunter claimed, \"When Gunman's Walk premiered the following summer, it was one of the proudest moments of my career.\" Hunter starred in the musical film Damn Yankees (1958), in which he played Joe Hardy of Washington, D.C.'s American League baseball club.", "Hunter starred in the musical film Damn Yankees (1958), in which he played Joe Hardy of Washington, D.C.'s American League baseball club. The film had originally been a Broadway musical, but Hunter was the only one in the film version who had not appeared in the original cast.", "The film had originally been a Broadway musical, but Hunter was the only one in the film version who had not appeared in the original cast. The show was based on the best-selling 1954 book The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant by Douglass Wallop.", "The show was based on the best-selling 1954 book The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant by Douglass Wallop. Hunter later said the filming was hellish because director George Abbott was interested only in recreating the stage version word for word.", "Hunter later said the filming was hellish because director George Abbott was interested only in recreating the stage version word for word. He also starred in They Came to Cordura (1959) (with Gary Cooper and Rita Hayworth) and That Kind of Woman (1959) (with Sophia Loren).", "He also starred in They Came to Cordura (1959) (with Gary Cooper and Rita Hayworth) and That Kind of Woman (1959) (with Sophia Loren). Music career Hunter had a 1957 hit record with the song \"Young Love,\" which was No.", "Music career Hunter had a 1957 hit record with the song \"Young Love,\" which was No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six weeks (seven weeks on the UK Chart), and became one of the larger hits of the Rock 'n' Roll era.", "1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six weeks (seven weeks on the UK Chart), and became one of the larger hits of the Rock 'n' Roll era. It sold more than two million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA.", "It sold more than two million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. Hunter had another hit single, \"Ninety-Nine Ways\", which peaked at No. 11 in the United States and No. 5 in the United Kingdom.", "5 in the United Kingdom. 5 in the United Kingdom. His success prompted Jack L. Warner to enforce the actor's contract with the Warner Bros. studio by banning Dot Records, the label for which Hunter had recorded the single (and which was owned by rival Paramount Pictures), from releasing a follow-up album he had recorded for them.", "His success prompted Jack L. Warner to enforce the actor's contract with the Warner Bros. studio by banning Dot Records, the label for which Hunter had recorded the single (and which was owned by rival Paramount Pictures), from releasing a follow-up album he had recorded for them. He established Warner Bros. Records specifically for Hunter.", "He established Warner Bros. Records specifically for Hunter. 1960s Hunter's failure to win the role of Tony in the film adaptation of West Side Story (1961) prompted him to agree to star in a weekly television sitcom.", "1960s Hunter's failure to win the role of Tony in the film adaptation of West Side Story (1961) prompted him to agree to star in a weekly television sitcom. The Tab Hunter Show had moderate ratings (due to being scheduled opposite The Ed Sullivan Show) and lasted for one season (1960–61) of 32 episodes.", "The Tab Hunter Show had moderate ratings (due to being scheduled opposite The Ed Sullivan Show) and lasted for one season (1960–61) of 32 episodes. It was a hit in the United Kingdom, where it ranked as one of the most watched situation comedies of the year.", "It was a hit in the United Kingdom, where it ranked as one of the most watched situation comedies of the year. Hunter's costars in the series included Richard Erdman, Jerome Cowan, and Reta Shaw. Hunter had a starring role as Debbie Reynolds' love interest in The Pleasure of His Company (1961).", "Hunter had a starring role as Debbie Reynolds' love interest in The Pleasure of His Company (1961). He played the lead in a swashbuckler shot in Egypt, The Golden Arrow (1962) and was in a war movie for American International Pictures, Operation Bikini (1963).", "He played the lead in a swashbuckler shot in Egypt, The Golden Arrow (1962) and was in a war movie for American International Pictures, Operation Bikini (1963). In 1964, he starred on Broadway opposite Tallulah Bankhead in Tennessee Williams' The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore.", "In 1964, he starred on Broadway opposite Tallulah Bankhead in Tennessee Williams' The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore. Ride the Wild Surf (1964) was a surf film for Columbia, followed by a movie in Britain, Troubled Waters (1964).", "Ride the Wild Surf (1964) was a surf film for Columbia, followed by a movie in Britain, Troubled Waters (1964). He stayed in England to make another picture for AIP, War Gods of the Deep (1965).", "He stayed in England to make another picture for AIP, War Gods of the Deep (1965). Back in Hollywood he had a supporting role in The Loved One (1965) and Birds Do It (1966). He made a film with Richard Rush, The Fickle Finger of Fate (1967).", "He made a film with Richard Rush, The Fickle Finger of Fate (1967). For a short time in the late 1960s, after several seasons of starring in summer stock and dinner theater in shows such as Bye Bye Birdie, The Tender Trap, Under the Yum Yum Tree, and West Side Story with some of the New York cast, Hunter settled in the south of France and acted in many Italian films including Vengeance Is My Forgiveness (1968), The Last Chance (1968), and Bridge over the Elbe (1969).", "For a short time in the late 1960s, after several seasons of starring in summer stock and dinner theater in shows such as Bye Bye Birdie, The Tender Trap, Under the Yum Yum Tree, and West Side Story with some of the New York cast, Hunter settled in the south of France and acted in many Italian films including Vengeance Is My Forgiveness (1968), The Last Chance (1968), and Bridge over the Elbe (1969). 1970s Hunter had the lead role in Sweet Kill (1973), the first movie from director Curtis Hanson.", "1970s Hunter had the lead role in Sweet Kill (1973), the first movie from director Curtis Hanson. He won a co-starring role in the successful film The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972) with Paul Newman.", "He won a co-starring role in the successful film The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972) with Paul Newman. He had small roles in Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) and Katie: Portrait of a Centerfold (1978).", "He had small roles in Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) and Katie: Portrait of a Centerfold (1978). In 1977 he played George Shumway, the father of Mary Hartman (played by Louise Lasser) on Forever Fernwood, a spinoff of the soap-like sitcom Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman.", "In 1977 he played George Shumway, the father of Mary Hartman (played by Louise Lasser) on Forever Fernwood, a spinoff of the soap-like sitcom Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman. 1980s Hunter's career was revived in the 1980s, when he starred opposite actor Divine in John Waters' Polyester (1981) and Paul Bartel's Lust in the Dust (1985).", "1980s Hunter's career was revived in the 1980s, when he starred opposite actor Divine in John Waters' Polyester (1981) and Paul Bartel's Lust in the Dust (1985). He played Mr. Stuart, the substitute teacher in Grease 2 (1982), who sang \"Reproduction\".", "He played Mr. Stuart, the substitute teacher in Grease 2 (1982), who sang \"Reproduction\". Hunter had a major role in the 1988 horror film Cameron's Closet. Later career Hunter's last film role came in the horse-themed family film Dark Horse (1992).", "Later career Hunter's last film role came in the horse-themed family film Dark Horse (1992). Hunter, a longstanding and avid horse owner, wrote the original story and co-produced the film with his life partner, Allan Glaser.", "Hunter, a longstanding and avid horse owner, wrote the original story and co-produced the film with his life partner, Allan Glaser. Hunter's autobiography, Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star (2005), co-written with Eddie Muller, became a New York Times bestseller, as did the paperback edition in 2007.", "Hunter's autobiography, Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star (2005), co-written with Eddie Muller, became a New York Times bestseller, as did the paperback edition in 2007. In his memoir, Hunter officially came out as gay, confirming rumors that had circulated since the height of his fame.", "In his memoir, Hunter officially came out as gay, confirming rumors that had circulated since the height of his fame. The book was nominated for several awards.", "The book was nominated for several awards. It entered the New York Times bestseller list for a third time on June 28, 2015, upon the release of Tab Hunter Confidential, an award-winning documentary based upon the memoir. The documentary was directed by Jeffrey Schwarz and produced by Allan Glaser.", "The documentary was directed by Jeffrey Schwarz and produced by Allan Glaser. As of June 2018, a feature film about Hunter to be produced by Glaser, J. J. Abrams and Zachary Quinto was in development at Paramount Pictures. Pulitzer Prize- and Tony Award-winning writer Doug Wright is attached to create the screenplay.", "Pulitzer Prize- and Tony Award-winning writer Doug Wright is attached to create the screenplay. Hunter has a star for his contributions to the music industry on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6320 Hollywood Blvd. In 2007, the Palm Springs Walk of Stars dedicated a Golden Palm Star to him.", "In 2007, the Palm Springs Walk of Stars dedicated a Golden Palm Star to him. Personal life Hunter came out publicly as a gay man in his 2005 memoir.", "Personal life Hunter came out publicly as a gay man in his 2005 memoir. According to William L. Hamilton of The New York Times, detailed reports about Hunter's alleged romances with close friends Debbie Reynolds and Natalie Wood during his young adult years had strictly been the fodder of studio publicity departments.", "According to William L. Hamilton of The New York Times, detailed reports about Hunter's alleged romances with close friends Debbie Reynolds and Natalie Wood during his young adult years had strictly been the fodder of studio publicity departments. As Wood and Hunter embarked on a well-publicized but fictitious romance, insiders had developed their own headline for the item: \"Natalie Wood and Tab Wouldn't\".", "As Wood and Hunter embarked on a well-publicized but fictitious romance, insiders had developed their own headline for the item: \"Natalie Wood and Tab Wouldn't\". Regarding Hollywood's studio era, Hunter said, \"[life] was difficult for me, because I was living two lives at that time.", "Regarding Hollywood's studio era, Hunter said, \"[life] was difficult for me, because I was living two lives at that time. A private life of my own, which I never discussed, never talked about to anyone.", "A private life of my own, which I never discussed, never talked about to anyone. And then my Hollywood life, which was just trying to learn my craft and succeed...\" The star emphasized that the word gay' ... wasn't even around in those days, and if anyone ever confronted me with it, I'd just kinda freak out.", "And then my Hollywood life, which was just trying to learn my craft and succeed...\" The star emphasized that the word gay' ... wasn't even around in those days, and if anyone ever confronted me with it, I'd just kinda freak out. I was in total denial.", "I was in total denial. I was in total denial. I was just not comfortable in that Hollywood scene, other than the work process.\"", "I was just not comfortable in that Hollywood scene, other than the work process.\" \"There was a lot written about my sexuality, and the press was pretty darn cruel,\" the actor said, but what \"moviegoers wanted to hold in their hearts were the boy-next-door marines, cowboys, and swoon-bait sweethearts I portrayed.\"", "\"There was a lot written about my sexuality, and the press was pretty darn cruel,\" the actor said, but what \"moviegoers wanted to hold in their hearts were the boy-next-door marines, cowboys, and swoon-bait sweethearts I portrayed.\" Hunter had long-term relationships with actor Anthony Perkins after having met him at the Chateau Marmont during the filming of Friendly Persuasion in 1956.", "Hunter had long-term relationships with actor Anthony Perkins after having met him at the Chateau Marmont during the filming of Friendly Persuasion in 1956. Their relationship spanned two to four years, and Hunter has said that they only broke up because of Perkins's movie studio, Paramount, and the studio system.", "Their relationship spanned two to four years, and Hunter has said that they only broke up because of Perkins's movie studio, Paramount, and the studio system. However, he remembered Perkins as a \"special part of my journey. He wanted to be a movie star more than anything.", "He wanted to be a movie star more than anything. I wanted that too, but not with the same kind of drive he had. We were such opposites - but then maybe that was the attraction.\"", "We were such opposites - but then maybe that was the attraction.\" He also had a relationship with champion figure skater Ronnie Robertson before settling down and marrying his partner/spouse of more than 35 years, film producer Allan Glaser. Hunter was raised in his mother's Catholic faith.", "Hunter was raised in his mother's Catholic faith. Except for a period in his youth, Hunter was a practicing Catholic for the rest of his life. When asked about his Jewish identity, due to his father and partner/spouse being Jewish, Hunter stated that he did not identify as Jewish. Hunter was an avid horse owner.", "Hunter was an avid horse owner. Hunter's brother Walter Gelien, who was killed in Vietnam on October 28, 1965, was survived by his wife and seven children. Death On July 8, 2018, three days before his 87th birthday, Hunter died after suffering cardiac arrest that arose from complications related to deep vein thrombosis.", "Death On July 8, 2018, three days before his 87th birthday, Hunter died after suffering cardiac arrest that arose from complications related to deep vein thrombosis. According to his husband, Allan Glaser, Hunter's death was \"sudden and unexpected\".", "According to his husband, Allan Glaser, Hunter's death was \"sudden and unexpected\". Filmography Television Discography Notes References External links Half-Hour TV Interview via Vimeo.com Tab Hunter at Find a Grave 1931 births 2018 deaths 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American singers 21st-century American male actors American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors American people of German descent American people of Jewish descent Burials at Santa Barbara Cemetery California Republicans Catholics from California Catholics from New York (state) Deaths from thrombosis Dot Records artists American gay actors American gay musicians American gay writers LGBT people from New York (state) LGBT Roman Catholics LGBT singers from the United States Male actors from New York City New York (state) Republicans Warner Bros. contract players Warner Records artists 20th-century American male singers 20th-century LGBT people 21st-century LGBT people" ]

[ "Tab Hunter", "Warner Bros.", "When did Tab sign on with warner bros?", "One of Hunter's first films for Warners was The Sea Chase (1955),", "did the film do well?", "It was a big hit, but Hunter's part was relatively small.", "did he do any other films?", "Track of the Cat (1955).", "did he have a bigger role in this film?", "His breakthrough role came when he was cast as the young Marine Danny in 1955's World War II drama Battle Cry.", "did that movie do well?", "became Warner Bros largest grossing film of that year," ]

[ "More Than Movies (styled as more>movies) was a satellite television channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland, available on Sky and as a free-to-air service on Freesat. It launched on 4 October 2010 as Men&Movies, and was the first Freesat exclusive TV channel until it joined the Sky EPG on 4 April 2011. Between November 2011 and January 2012, Men&Movies was also available on Freeview in Manchester.\n\nThe channel was aimed at the middle to old aged male viewer, with its programming orientated around war documentaries, classic TV series and the war film genre. More Than Movies joined its sister channel, Movies4Men which transmits other cinematic genres.\n\nOn 2 April 2012, Men&Movies +1 was launched.\n\nOn 10 January 2013, Men&Movies was rebranded as More Than Movies, with a shift towards airing films and programmes from Sony's back catalogue. On 17 January 2013, Movie Mix began to simulcast the full More Than Movies schedule on Freeview but retained its own Movie Mix branding. After the channel closed, Movie Mix began to broadcast its own programming again.\n\nProgrammes\n Baywatch\n Cops\n The Guardian\n Storm Warning\n Providence\n\nReferences\n\nMovie channels in the United Kingdom\nTelevision channels and stations established in 2010\nTelevision channels and stations disestablished in 2016\nSony Pictures Television", "Lamberto Maggiorani (28 August 1909 – 22 April 1983) was an Italian actor remembered for his portrayal of Antonio Ricci in the 1948 Vittorio De Sica film Bicycle Thieves.\n\nHe was a factory worker (he worked as a turner) and non-professional actor at the time he was cast in this film. He earned 600,000 lire ($1,000 US) for his performance, enabling him to buy new furniture and treat his family to a vacation; but when he returned to the factory he was laid off because business was slackening and management felt it would be fairer to terminate him instead of other impoverished co-workers since he was perceived to have \"made millions\" as a movie star. He found occasional work as a bricklayer, but continued to try to get roles in movies, with little success; even de Sica was reluctant to employ him as anything other than an extra. Pier Paolo Pasolini gave him a bit part in the film Mamma Roma (1962) due to his iconic status in Italian cinema. Cesare Zavattini, the screenwriter for Bicycle Thieves, aware of Maggiorani's predicament, wrote a screenplay about him titled \"Tu, Maggiorani\", in an attempt to demonstrate the limits of neorealist film's capacity to change the world.\n\nMaggiorani died in Rome in 1983 at the San Giovanni hospital without ever regaining his first success as a film actor.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n .\n\n1909 births\n1983 deaths\nItalian male film actors\n20th-century Italian male actors\nMale actors from Rome\nPeople of Lazian descent" ]

[ "Arthur Andrew Gelien (né Kelm; July 11, 1931 – July 8, 2018), known professionally as Tab Hunter, was an American actor, singer, film producer, and author. Known for his blond, clean-cut good looks, Hunter starred in more than forty films.", "Known for his blond, clean-cut good looks, Hunter starred in more than forty films. He was a Hollywood heartthrob of the 1950s and 1960s appearing on the covers of hundreds of film magazines.", "He was a Hollywood heartthrob of the 1950s and 1960s appearing on the covers of hundreds of film magazines. Hunter's film credits include Battle Cry (1955), The Girl He Left Behind (1956), Gunman's Walk (1958), and Damn Yankees (1958).", "Hunter's film credits include Battle Cry (1955), The Girl He Left Behind (1956), Gunman's Walk (1958), and Damn Yankees (1958). Hunter also had a music career in the late 1950s; in 1957, he released a number one hit single \"Young Love\".", "Hunter also had a music career in the late 1950s; in 1957, he released a number one hit single \"Young Love\". Hunter's 2005 autobiography, Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star, was a New York Times bestseller.", "Hunter's 2005 autobiography, Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star, was a New York Times bestseller. Early life Arthur Andrew Kelm was born in Manhattan, New York City, the son of Gertrude () and Charles Kelm. Kelm's father was Jewish, and his mother was a Catholic German immigrant from Hamburg.", "Kelm's father was Jewish, and his mother was a Catholic German immigrant from Hamburg. He had an older brother, Walter. Kelm's father was reportedly abusive, and within a few years of his birth, his parents divorced.", "Kelm's father was reportedly abusive, and within a few years of his birth, his parents divorced. He was raised in California, living with his mother, his brother, and his maternal grandparents, John Henry and Ida (née Sonnenfleth) Gelien; the family resided in San Francisco, Long Beach and Los Angeles.", "He was raised in California, living with his mother, his brother, and his maternal grandparents, John Henry and Ida (née Sonnenfleth) Gelien; the family resided in San Francisco, Long Beach and Los Angeles. His mother re-assumed her maiden surname, Gelien, and changed her sons' surnames as well.", "His mother re-assumed her maiden surname, Gelien, and changed her sons' surnames as well. As a teenager, Arthur Gelien (as he was then known) was a figure skater, competing in both singles and pairs. Gelien was sent to Catholic school by his religious mother.", "Gelien was sent to Catholic school by his religious mother. Gelien joined the United States Coast Guard at age fifteen, lying about his age to enlist. While in the Coast Guard, he gained the nickname \"Hollywood\" for his penchant for watching movies rather than going to bars while on liberty.", "While in the Coast Guard, he gained the nickname \"Hollywood\" for his penchant for watching movies rather than going to bars while on liberty. When his superiors discovered his true age, they discharged him. Gelien met actor Dick Clayton socially; Clayton suggested that he become an actor.", "Gelien met actor Dick Clayton socially; Clayton suggested that he become an actor. Career 1950s Dick Clayton introduced Gelien to agent Henry Willson, who specialized in representing beefcake male stars such as Robert Wagner and Rock Hudson. It was Willson who named him \"Tab Hunter\".", "It was Willson who named him \"Tab Hunter\". Hunter's first film role was a minor part in a film noir, The Lawless (1950).", "Hunter's first film role was a minor part in a film noir, The Lawless (1950). Hunter was a friend of character actor Paul Guilfoyle, who suggested him to director Stuart Heisler; Heisler was looking for an unknown to play the lead in Island of Desire (1952) opposite Linda Darnell.", "Hunter was a friend of character actor Paul Guilfoyle, who suggested him to director Stuart Heisler; Heisler was looking for an unknown to play the lead in Island of Desire (1952) opposite Linda Darnell. The film, essentially a two-hander between Hunter and Darnell, was a hit.", "The film, essentially a two-hander between Hunter and Darnell, was a hit. Hunter supported George Montgomery in Gun Belt (1953), a Western produced by Edward Small.", "Hunter supported George Montgomery in Gun Belt (1953), a Western produced by Edward Small. Small used him again for a war film, The Steel Lady (1953), supporting Rod Cameron, and as the lead in an adventure tale, Return to Treasure Island (1954).", "Small used him again for a war film, The Steel Lady (1953), supporting Rod Cameron, and as the lead in an adventure tale, Return to Treasure Island (1954). He began acting on stage, appearing in a production of Our Town.", "He began acting on stage, appearing in a production of Our Town. Hunter was then offered, and accepted, a contract at Warner Bros. One of Hunter's first films for Warner Bros. was The Sea Chase (1955), supporting John Wayne and Lana Turner.", "Hunter was then offered, and accepted, a contract at Warner Bros. One of Hunter's first films for Warner Bros. was The Sea Chase (1955), supporting John Wayne and Lana Turner. It was a big hit, but Hunter's part was relatively small.", "It was a big hit, but Hunter's part was relatively small. Rushes were seen by William A. Wellman, who cast Hunter to play the younger brother of Robert Mitchum in Track of the Cat (1954). It was a solid hit and Hunter began to get more notice.", "It was a solid hit and Hunter began to get more notice. His breakthrough role came when he was cast as the young Marine Danny in 1955's World War II drama Battle Cry, which was the year's third most financially successful film.", "His breakthrough role came when he was cast as the young Marine Danny in 1955's World War II drama Battle Cry, which was the year's third most financially successful film. His character has an affair with an older woman, but ends up marrying the girl next door.", "His character has an affair with an older woman, but ends up marrying the girl next door. It was based on a bestseller by Leon Uris and became Warner Bros.' largest grossing film of that year, cementing Hunter's position as one of Hollywood's top young romantic leads.", "It was based on a bestseller by Leon Uris and became Warner Bros.' largest grossing film of that year, cementing Hunter's position as one of Hollywood's top young romantic leads. In September 1955, the tabloid magazine Confidential reported that Hunter had been arrested for disorderly conduct in 1950.", "In September 1955, the tabloid magazine Confidential reported that Hunter had been arrested for disorderly conduct in 1950. The innuendo-laced article, and a second one focusing on Rory Calhoun's prison record, were the result of a deal Henry Willson had brokered with the scandal rag in exchange for not revealing to the public the sexual orientation of his more prominent client, Rock Hudson.", "The innuendo-laced article, and a second one focusing on Rory Calhoun's prison record, were the result of a deal Henry Willson had brokered with the scandal rag in exchange for not revealing to the public the sexual orientation of his more prominent client, Rock Hudson. The report had no negative effect on Hunter's career.", "The report had no negative effect on Hunter's career. A few months later, he was named Most Promising New Personality in a nationwide poll sponsored by the Council of Motion Picture Organizations. In 1956, he received 62,000 valentines.", "In 1956, he received 62,000 valentines. Hunter, James Dean, and Natalie Wood were the last actors to be placed under an exclusive studio contract at Warner Bros. Warner decided to promote him to star status, teaming him with Natalie Wood in two films, a Western, The Burning Hills (1956), directed by Heisler, and The Girl He Left Behind (1956), a service comedy.", "Hunter, James Dean, and Natalie Wood were the last actors to be placed under an exclusive studio contract at Warner Bros. Warner decided to promote him to star status, teaming him with Natalie Wood in two films, a Western, The Burning Hills (1956), directed by Heisler, and The Girl He Left Behind (1956), a service comedy. These films also proved to be hits with audiences.", "These films also proved to be hits with audiences. Warners planned a third teaming of Hunter and Wood but Hunter rejected the third picture, thus ending Warners' attempt to make Hunter and Wood the William Powell and Myrna Loy of the 1950s. Hunter was Warner Bros.' most popular male star from 1955 until 1959.", "Hunter was Warner Bros.' most popular male star from 1955 until 1959. Hunter received strong critical acclaim for a television performance he gave in the debut episode of Playhouse 90 (\"Forbidden Area\", 1956) written by Rod Serling and directed by John Frankenheimer. Hunter's acting career was at its peak.", "Hunter's acting career was at its peak. William Wellman used him again in a war film, Lafayette Escadrille (1958). Columbia Pictures borrowed him for a Western, Gunman's Walk (1958).", "Columbia Pictures borrowed him for a Western, Gunman's Walk (1958). Hunter claimed, \"When Gunman's Walk premiered the following summer, it was one of the proudest moments of my career.\"", "Hunter claimed, \"When Gunman's Walk premiered the following summer, it was one of the proudest moments of my career.\" Hunter starred in the musical film Damn Yankees (1958), in which he played Joe Hardy of Washington, D.C.'s American League baseball club.", "Hunter starred in the musical film Damn Yankees (1958), in which he played Joe Hardy of Washington, D.C.'s American League baseball club. The film had originally been a Broadway musical, but Hunter was the only one in the film version who had not appeared in the original cast.", "The film had originally been a Broadway musical, but Hunter was the only one in the film version who had not appeared in the original cast. The show was based on the best-selling 1954 book The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant by Douglass Wallop.", "The show was based on the best-selling 1954 book The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant by Douglass Wallop. Hunter later said the filming was hellish because director George Abbott was interested only in recreating the stage version word for word.", "Hunter later said the filming was hellish because director George Abbott was interested only in recreating the stage version word for word. He also starred in They Came to Cordura (1959) (with Gary Cooper and Rita Hayworth) and That Kind of Woman (1959) (with Sophia Loren).", "He also starred in They Came to Cordura (1959) (with Gary Cooper and Rita Hayworth) and That Kind of Woman (1959) (with Sophia Loren). Music career Hunter had a 1957 hit record with the song \"Young Love,\" which was No.", "Music career Hunter had a 1957 hit record with the song \"Young Love,\" which was No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six weeks (seven weeks on the UK Chart), and became one of the larger hits of the Rock 'n' Roll era.", "1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six weeks (seven weeks on the UK Chart), and became one of the larger hits of the Rock 'n' Roll era. It sold more than two million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA.", "It sold more than two million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. Hunter had another hit single, \"Ninety-Nine Ways\", which peaked at No. 11 in the United States and No. 5 in the United Kingdom.", "5 in the United Kingdom. 5 in the United Kingdom. His success prompted Jack L. Warner to enforce the actor's contract with the Warner Bros. studio by banning Dot Records, the label for which Hunter had recorded the single (and which was owned by rival Paramount Pictures), from releasing a follow-up album he had recorded for them.", "His success prompted Jack L. Warner to enforce the actor's contract with the Warner Bros. studio by banning Dot Records, the label for which Hunter had recorded the single (and which was owned by rival Paramount Pictures), from releasing a follow-up album he had recorded for them. He established Warner Bros. Records specifically for Hunter.", "He established Warner Bros. Records specifically for Hunter. 1960s Hunter's failure to win the role of Tony in the film adaptation of West Side Story (1961) prompted him to agree to star in a weekly television sitcom.", "1960s Hunter's failure to win the role of Tony in the film adaptation of West Side Story (1961) prompted him to agree to star in a weekly television sitcom. The Tab Hunter Show had moderate ratings (due to being scheduled opposite The Ed Sullivan Show) and lasted for one season (1960–61) of 32 episodes.", "The Tab Hunter Show had moderate ratings (due to being scheduled opposite The Ed Sullivan Show) and lasted for one season (1960–61) of 32 episodes. It was a hit in the United Kingdom, where it ranked as one of the most watched situation comedies of the year.", "It was a hit in the United Kingdom, where it ranked as one of the most watched situation comedies of the year. Hunter's costars in the series included Richard Erdman, Jerome Cowan, and Reta Shaw. Hunter had a starring role as Debbie Reynolds' love interest in The Pleasure of His Company (1961).", "Hunter had a starring role as Debbie Reynolds' love interest in The Pleasure of His Company (1961). He played the lead in a swashbuckler shot in Egypt, The Golden Arrow (1962) and was in a war movie for American International Pictures, Operation Bikini (1963).", "He played the lead in a swashbuckler shot in Egypt, The Golden Arrow (1962) and was in a war movie for American International Pictures, Operation Bikini (1963). In 1964, he starred on Broadway opposite Tallulah Bankhead in Tennessee Williams' The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore.", "In 1964, he starred on Broadway opposite Tallulah Bankhead in Tennessee Williams' The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore. Ride the Wild Surf (1964) was a surf film for Columbia, followed by a movie in Britain, Troubled Waters (1964).", "Ride the Wild Surf (1964) was a surf film for Columbia, followed by a movie in Britain, Troubled Waters (1964). He stayed in England to make another picture for AIP, War Gods of the Deep (1965).", "He stayed in England to make another picture for AIP, War Gods of the Deep (1965). Back in Hollywood he had a supporting role in The Loved One (1965) and Birds Do It (1966). He made a film with Richard Rush, The Fickle Finger of Fate (1967).", "He made a film with Richard Rush, The Fickle Finger of Fate (1967). For a short time in the late 1960s, after several seasons of starring in summer stock and dinner theater in shows such as Bye Bye Birdie, The Tender Trap, Under the Yum Yum Tree, and West Side Story with some of the New York cast, Hunter settled in the south of France and acted in many Italian films including Vengeance Is My Forgiveness (1968), The Last Chance (1968), and Bridge over the Elbe (1969).", "For a short time in the late 1960s, after several seasons of starring in summer stock and dinner theater in shows such as Bye Bye Birdie, The Tender Trap, Under the Yum Yum Tree, and West Side Story with some of the New York cast, Hunter settled in the south of France and acted in many Italian films including Vengeance Is My Forgiveness (1968), The Last Chance (1968), and Bridge over the Elbe (1969). 1970s Hunter had the lead role in Sweet Kill (1973), the first movie from director Curtis Hanson.", "1970s Hunter had the lead role in Sweet Kill (1973), the first movie from director Curtis Hanson. He won a co-starring role in the successful film The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972) with Paul Newman.", "He won a co-starring role in the successful film The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972) with Paul Newman. He had small roles in Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) and Katie: Portrait of a Centerfold (1978).", "He had small roles in Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) and Katie: Portrait of a Centerfold (1978). In 1977 he played George Shumway, the father of Mary Hartman (played by Louise Lasser) on Forever Fernwood, a spinoff of the soap-like sitcom Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman.", "In 1977 he played George Shumway, the father of Mary Hartman (played by Louise Lasser) on Forever Fernwood, a spinoff of the soap-like sitcom Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman. 1980s Hunter's career was revived in the 1980s, when he starred opposite actor Divine in John Waters' Polyester (1981) and Paul Bartel's Lust in the Dust (1985).", "1980s Hunter's career was revived in the 1980s, when he starred opposite actor Divine in John Waters' Polyester (1981) and Paul Bartel's Lust in the Dust (1985). He played Mr. Stuart, the substitute teacher in Grease 2 (1982), who sang \"Reproduction\".", "He played Mr. Stuart, the substitute teacher in Grease 2 (1982), who sang \"Reproduction\". Hunter had a major role in the 1988 horror film Cameron's Closet. Later career Hunter's last film role came in the horse-themed family film Dark Horse (1992).", "Later career Hunter's last film role came in the horse-themed family film Dark Horse (1992). Hunter, a longstanding and avid horse owner, wrote the original story and co-produced the film with his life partner, Allan Glaser.", "Hunter, a longstanding and avid horse owner, wrote the original story and co-produced the film with his life partner, Allan Glaser. Hunter's autobiography, Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star (2005), co-written with Eddie Muller, became a New York Times bestseller, as did the paperback edition in 2007.", "Hunter's autobiography, Tab Hunter Confidential: The Making of a Movie Star (2005), co-written with Eddie Muller, became a New York Times bestseller, as did the paperback edition in 2007. In his memoir, Hunter officially came out as gay, confirming rumors that had circulated since the height of his fame.", "In his memoir, Hunter officially came out as gay, confirming rumors that had circulated since the height of his fame. The book was nominated for several awards.", "The book was nominated for several awards. It entered the New York Times bestseller list for a third time on June 28, 2015, upon the release of Tab Hunter Confidential, an award-winning documentary based upon the memoir. The documentary was directed by Jeffrey Schwarz and produced by Allan Glaser.", "The documentary was directed by Jeffrey Schwarz and produced by Allan Glaser. As of June 2018, a feature film about Hunter to be produced by Glaser, J. J. Abrams and Zachary Quinto was in development at Paramount Pictures. Pulitzer Prize- and Tony Award-winning writer Doug Wright is attached to create the screenplay.", "Pulitzer Prize- and Tony Award-winning writer Doug Wright is attached to create the screenplay. Hunter has a star for his contributions to the music industry on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6320 Hollywood Blvd. In 2007, the Palm Springs Walk of Stars dedicated a Golden Palm Star to him.", "In 2007, the Palm Springs Walk of Stars dedicated a Golden Palm Star to him. Personal life Hunter came out publicly as a gay man in his 2005 memoir.", "Personal life Hunter came out publicly as a gay man in his 2005 memoir. According to William L. Hamilton of The New York Times, detailed reports about Hunter's alleged romances with close friends Debbie Reynolds and Natalie Wood during his young adult years had strictly been the fodder of studio publicity departments.", "According to William L. Hamilton of The New York Times, detailed reports about Hunter's alleged romances with close friends Debbie Reynolds and Natalie Wood during his young adult years had strictly been the fodder of studio publicity departments. As Wood and Hunter embarked on a well-publicized but fictitious romance, insiders had developed their own headline for the item: \"Natalie Wood and Tab Wouldn't\".", "As Wood and Hunter embarked on a well-publicized but fictitious romance, insiders had developed their own headline for the item: \"Natalie Wood and Tab Wouldn't\". Regarding Hollywood's studio era, Hunter said, \"[life] was difficult for me, because I was living two lives at that time.", "Regarding Hollywood's studio era, Hunter said, \"[life] was difficult for me, because I was living two lives at that time. A private life of my own, which I never discussed, never talked about to anyone.", "A private life of my own, which I never discussed, never talked about to anyone. And then my Hollywood life, which was just trying to learn my craft and succeed...\" The star emphasized that the word gay' ... wasn't even around in those days, and if anyone ever confronted me with it, I'd just kinda freak out.", "And then my Hollywood life, which was just trying to learn my craft and succeed...\" The star emphasized that the word gay' ... wasn't even around in those days, and if anyone ever confronted me with it, I'd just kinda freak out. I was in total denial.", "I was in total denial. I was in total denial. I was just not comfortable in that Hollywood scene, other than the work process.\"", "I was just not comfortable in that Hollywood scene, other than the work process.\" \"There was a lot written about my sexuality, and the press was pretty darn cruel,\" the actor said, but what \"moviegoers wanted to hold in their hearts were the boy-next-door marines, cowboys, and swoon-bait sweethearts I portrayed.\"", "\"There was a lot written about my sexuality, and the press was pretty darn cruel,\" the actor said, but what \"moviegoers wanted to hold in their hearts were the boy-next-door marines, cowboys, and swoon-bait sweethearts I portrayed.\" Hunter had long-term relationships with actor Anthony Perkins after having met him at the Chateau Marmont during the filming of Friendly Persuasion in 1956.", "Hunter had long-term relationships with actor Anthony Perkins after having met him at the Chateau Marmont during the filming of Friendly Persuasion in 1956. Their relationship spanned two to four years, and Hunter has said that they only broke up because of Perkins's movie studio, Paramount, and the studio system.", "Their relationship spanned two to four years, and Hunter has said that they only broke up because of Perkins's movie studio, Paramount, and the studio system. However, he remembered Perkins as a \"special part of my journey. He wanted to be a movie star more than anything.", "He wanted to be a movie star more than anything. I wanted that too, but not with the same kind of drive he had. We were such opposites - but then maybe that was the attraction.\"", "We were such opposites - but then maybe that was the attraction.\" He also had a relationship with champion figure skater Ronnie Robertson before settling down and marrying his partner/spouse of more than 35 years, film producer Allan Glaser. Hunter was raised in his mother's Catholic faith.", "Hunter was raised in his mother's Catholic faith. Except for a period in his youth, Hunter was a practicing Catholic for the rest of his life. When asked about his Jewish identity, due to his father and partner/spouse being Jewish, Hunter stated that he did not identify as Jewish. Hunter was an avid horse owner.", "Hunter was an avid horse owner. Hunter's brother Walter Gelien, who was killed in Vietnam on October 28, 1965, was survived by his wife and seven children. Death On July 8, 2018, three days before his 87th birthday, Hunter died after suffering cardiac arrest that arose from complications related to deep vein thrombosis.", "Death On July 8, 2018, three days before his 87th birthday, Hunter died after suffering cardiac arrest that arose from complications related to deep vein thrombosis. According to his husband, Allan Glaser, Hunter's death was \"sudden and unexpected\".", "According to his husband, Allan Glaser, Hunter's death was \"sudden and unexpected\". Filmography Television Discography Notes References External links Half-Hour TV Interview via Vimeo.com Tab Hunter at Find a Grave 1931 births 2018 deaths 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American singers 21st-century American male actors American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors American people of German descent American people of Jewish descent Burials at Santa Barbara Cemetery California Republicans Catholics from California Catholics from New York (state) Deaths from thrombosis Dot Records artists American gay actors American gay musicians American gay writers LGBT people from New York (state) LGBT Roman Catholics LGBT singers from the United States Male actors from New York City New York (state) Republicans Warner Bros. contract players Warner Records artists 20th-century American male singers 20th-century LGBT people 21st-century LGBT people" ]

[ "Lee Ann Womack", "Country music stardom: 1997-1999" ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Lee Ann Womack (; born August 19, 1966) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician. Her 2000 single, \"I Hope You Dance\" was a major crossover music hit, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her signature song.", "1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her signature song. When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements.", "When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements. Her 2000 album I Hope You Dance had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country.", "Her 2000 album I Hope You Dance had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country. It was not until the release of There's More Where That Came From in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music.", "It was not until the release of There's More Where That Came From in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music. After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album (The Way I'm Livin') and a new sound which blended country and Americana.", "After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album (The Way I'm Livin') and a new sound which blended country and Americana. Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations.", "Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations. Four of her studio albums have received a Gold certification or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America. Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award.", "Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award. She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide.", "She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide. Womack is married to record producer Frank Liddell, and was previously married to songwriter and musician Jason Sellers; her daughter with the latter, Aubrie Sellers, is also a country music artist. Early life Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas.", "Early life Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas. At an early age she was interested in country music. Her father, a disc jockey, often took his daughter to work with him to help choose records to play on the air. Womack was the second of two daughters.", "Womack was the second of two daughters. Her mother was a schoolteacher and her father was also a high school principal. As a child, Womack studied the piano and later graduated from Jacksonville High School in 1984. After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas.", "After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas. The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, Country Caravan.", "The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, Country Caravan. A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business.", "A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business. In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records.", "In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records. She studied at the college until 1990, leaving the school a year before graduation. Womack spent a few years raising her children before reentering the music business in the mid 1990s. In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts.", "In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts. At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings.", "At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings. Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, \"I Don't Remember Forgetting\" for one of his albums.", "Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, \"I Don't Remember Forgetting\" for one of his albums. After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist.", "After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist. She auditioned for MCA chairman, Bruce Hinton, who praised her talents. Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996.", "Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996. Music career Country music stardom: 1997–1999 Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright.", "Music career Country music stardom: 1997–1999 Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright. The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White.", "The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White. The first single, \"Never Again, Again\" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, \"The Fool\" shortly afterward.", "The first single, \"Never Again, Again\" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, \"The Fool\" shortly afterward. More successful than her first single, \"The Fool\" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year.", "More successful than her first single, \"The Fool\" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year. That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from Billboard Magazine, and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association.", "That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from Billboard Magazine, and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association. Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year.", "Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year. In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, Some Things I Know, which was also produced by Wright.", "In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, Some Things I Know, which was also produced by Wright. The album's first two singles, \"A Little Past Little Rock\" and \"I'll Think of a Reason Later\" both went to No. 2 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "2 on the Billboard Country Chart. Two additional singles, \"(Now You See Me) Now You Don't\" and \"Don't Tell Me\" were released in 1999, and the album was certified Gold by the RIAA soon after. That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards.", "That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards. Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs \"If You're Ever Down in Dallas\" and \"The Man Who Made Mama Cry\" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers.", "Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs \"If You're Ever Down in Dallas\" and \"The Man Who Made Mama Cry\" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers. The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999.", "The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999. Pop crossover success: 2000–2004 Womack released her third studio album in 2000 entitled I Hope You Dance which met with major success. The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No.", "The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No. 1 on the Billboard Country chart for five weeks and crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100, becoming a major crossover Pop hit, reaching No. 14.", "14. 14. It also peaked at the top spot on the adult contemporary chart and even reached the UK Singles Charts, peaking at No. 40. Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video.", "Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video. Towards the end of 2000, \"I Hope You Dance\" won the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" and \"Single of the Year\" awards.", "Towards the end of 2000, \"I Hope You Dance\" won the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" and \"Single of the Year\" awards. With the Pop success of \"I Hope You Dance,\" Womack drew the attention of the magazines People and Time, both of which praised the single, calling it \"one of her best.\"", "With the Pop success of \"I Hope You Dance,\" Womack drew the attention of the magazines People and Time, both of which praised the single, calling it \"one of her best.\" The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards.", "The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards. The album of the same name has sold 3 million copies in the United States to date. The album's follow-up single, a cover of Rodney Crowell's \"Ashes by Now\" peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "4 on the Billboard Country Chart. The third single, \"Why They Call it Falling\" was also successful, reaching the country Top 15. On December 11, 2000, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert.", "On December 11, 2000, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert. In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, Something Worth Leaving Behind was released.", "In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, Something Worth Leaving Behind was released. The album made a stronger attempt at a pop-flavored style, however it did not react well, leading to poor record sales and only one major hit. Following its release, Womack's career stalled.", "Following its release, Womack's career stalled. Later that year, she released a Christmas album, The Season for Romance and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, \"Mendocino County Line,\" which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002.", "Later that year, she released a Christmas album, The Season for Romance and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, \"Mendocino County Line,\" which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002. In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama The District.", "In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama The District. Womack sang the theme song for the 2003 series The Berenstain Bears.", "Womack sang the theme song for the 2003 series The Berenstain Bears. In 2004, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the Republican National Convention, in which George W. Bush was nominated for his second term as President of the United States. The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin.", "The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin. She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit \"Sick and Tired\" in 2004.", "She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit \"Sick and Tired\" in 2004. Also that year, she also released her first Greatest Hits album, which included two new songs; \"The Wrong Girl\" (the only song from the album released as a single) and \"Time for Me to Go.\"", "Also that year, she also released her first Greatest Hits album, which included two new songs; \"The Wrong Girl\" (the only song from the album released as a single) and \"Time for Me to Go.\" There's More Where That Came From and hiatus: 2005–2008 In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled There's More Where That Came From.", "There's More Where That Came From and hiatus: 2005–2008 In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled There's More Where That Came From. Many people in the music industry called the album, \"a return to tradition,\" featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar.", "Many people in the music industry called the album, \"a return to tradition,\" featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar. The album won the Country Music Association's \"Album of the Year\" award in 2005.<ref name=\"book\">{{cite book|title=Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music in America|editor=Alanna Nash and Paul Kingsbury|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|location=New York, NY|year=2006|page=349|chapter=Ch.", "The album won the Country Music Association's \"Album of the Year\" award in 2005.<ref name=\"book\">{{cite book|title=Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music in America|editor=Alanna Nash and Paul Kingsbury|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|location=New York, NY|year=2006|page=349|chapter=Ch. 12: Pocketful of Gold}}</ref> Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s.", "12: Pocketful of Gold}}</ref> Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s. They also called it one of her best records.", "They also called it one of her best records. The lead single, \"I May Hate Myself in the Morning\" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won \"Single of the Year\" by the CMA awards later that year.", "The lead single, \"I May Hate Myself in the Morning\" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won \"Single of the Year\" by the CMA awards later that year. Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, \"He Oughta Know That by Now\" and \"Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago.\"", "Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, \"He Oughta Know That by Now\" and \"Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago.\" The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD.", "The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD. Womack can be heard on the track \"If I Could Only Fly\" from Joe Nichols' album Real Things.", "Womack can be heard on the track \"If I Could Only Fly\" from Joe Nichols' album Real Things. Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their \"100 Greatest Duets\", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\".", "Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their \"100 Greatest Duets\", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\". The song had been originally recorded by Rogers and Dottie West in 1978 and was a No. 1 Country hit that year.", "1 Country hit that year. 1 Country hit that year. Womack took the place of West during that show since West had died in a serious car accident in September 1991. Womack's other honors includes being listed at No. 17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music.", "17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music. In 2006, Womack announced plans of a sixth studio album off of Mercury Nashville Records. The lead single, \"Finding My Way Back Home\" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No.", "The lead single, \"Finding My Way Back Home\" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No. 46 on the Billboard Country Chart. The single later peaked at No.", "The single later peaked at No. 37 and was rescheduled into 2007, because Womack found more songs that she wanted to record, however it was never released and Womack left Mercury. In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville.", "In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville. \"Last Call\" was released on June 30, 2008. It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, Call Me Crazy, which was released on October 21, 2008.", "It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, Call Me Crazy, which was released on October 21, 2008. The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love.", "The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love. It featured a duet with George Strait titled \"Everything But Quits,\" a re-recording of the Strait song \"The King of Broken Hearts,\" which first appeared on the Pure Country soundtrack.", "It featured a duet with George Strait titled \"Everything But Quits,\" a re-recording of the Strait song \"The King of Broken Hearts,\" which first appeared on the Pure Country soundtrack. One track, \"The Bees,\" features vocals from Keith Urban.", "One track, \"The Bees,\" features vocals from Keith Urban. In October 2009, Womack released \"There Is a God\", as the lead-off single to her upcoming seventh studio album which never surfaced. The song debuted at No.", "The song debuted at No. The song debuted at No. 60 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of November 14, 2009, eventually peaking at No. 32 in early 2010.", "32 in early 2010. 32 in early 2010. Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: \"Talking Behind Your Back\", as well as \"You Do Until You Don't\".", "Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: \"Talking Behind Your Back\", as well as \"You Do Until You Don't\". In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track \"Liars Lie\" to the soundtrack for the film Country Strong.", "In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track \"Liars Lie\" to the soundtrack for the film Country Strong. Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song \"Ring of Fire\", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, 34 Number Ones.", "Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song \"Ring of Fire\", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, 34 Number Ones. His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts.", "His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts. Though Womack is featured on the song, she was not given credit on the charts. In August 2012, Womack parted ways with MCA Nashville.", "In August 2012, Womack parted ways with MCA Nashville. Americana transition, return to music, and subsequent material loss: 2014–present In April 2014, Womack signed with Sugar Hill Records. Her first album for the label, The Way I'm Livin', was released September 23, 2014. Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return.", "Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return. In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' \"feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies,\" Spin deemed it \"the best of her career\" and Garden & Gun offered, \"Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.'", "In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' \"feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies,\" Spin deemed it \"the best of her career\" and Garden & Gun offered, \"Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.' With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver.\"", "With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver.\" \"Livin'\" was the only country album to make Esquire magazine's Top Albums of 2014 list. It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.", "It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years.", "Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years. On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of CMT Crossroads.", "On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of CMT Crossroads. Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of The Way I'm Livin', Womack appeared at the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK.", "Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of The Way I'm Livin', Womack appeared at the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK. On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone due on October 27 on ATO Records.", "On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone due on October 27 on ATO Records. Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.", "Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. Personal life At Belmont University, Womack met and married singer-songwriter Jason Sellers in 1990; they divorced in 1996. Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991).", "Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991). Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell.", "Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell. Discography Studio albums Lee Ann Womack (1997) Some Things I Know (1998) I Hope You Dance (2000) Something Worth Leaving Behind (2002) The Season for Romance (2002) There's More Where That Came From (2005) Call Me Crazy (2008) The Way I'm Livin' (2014) The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone'' (2017) Awards and nominations To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations).", "Discography Studio albums Lee Ann Womack (1997) Some Things I Know (1998) I Hope You Dance (2000) Something Worth Leaving Behind (2002) The Season for Romance (2002) There's More Where That Came From (2005) Call Me Crazy (2008) The Way I'm Livin' (2014) The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone'' (2017) Awards and nominations To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations). Television appearances Filmography References External links 1966 births 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women guitarists 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers American country singer-songwriters American country guitarists American women country singers American women guitarists ATO Records artists Belmont University alumni Country musicians from Tennessee Country musicians from Texas Decca Records artists Grammy Award winners Living people MCA Records artists Mercury Records artists People from Jacksonville, Texas Sugar Hill Records artists Singers from Nashville, Tennessee Singer-songwriters from Texas South Plains College alumni Tennessee Republicans Texas Republicans Singer-songwriters from Tennessee" ]

[ "Lee Ann Womack", "Country music stardom: 1997-1999", "What happened in 1997?", "Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997,", "What is the album called?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Feel What U Feel is a children's album by American musician Lisa Loeb. The album was released on October 7, 2016, and the album's first single was \"Feel What U Feel.\" The album won Best Children's Album at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.\n\nRelease \nThe album was announced on September 8, 2016 with the release of the lead single \"Feel What U Feel,\" featuring Craig Robinson. The album was then released by Furious Rose Productions on October 7, 2016 as an Amazon Music exclusive.\n\nPromotion \nLisa Loeb Embarked a small tour to promote the Children's album in the Fall of 2016 & Winter of 2017. Despite going on a children's tour, Lisa performed many of her \"Adult\" and \"Older\" songs. Lisa also constantly played her songs on \"Kids Place Live Radio\" for nearly 1 year after release.\n\nSingles \n\"Feel What U Feel\" was released as the album's lead single of September 8, 2016. The second single, \"Moon Star Pie (It's Gunna Be Alright)\" was released on October 7, 2016. The third single, \"Wanna Do Day\" ft. Ed Helms was released on January 12, 2017. The fourth and final single of the album, \"The Sky Is Always Blue\" was released on March 13, 2017.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences \n\n2016 albums\nChildren's music albums\nLisa Loeb albums", "Less Is More is the debut studio album by Belgian DJ and record producer Lost Frequencies. It was released on 21 October 2016, by Lost & Cie under exclusive license to Armada Music and Ultra Music. The album was shortlisted by IMPALA (The Independent Music Companies Association) for the Album of the Year Award 2016, which rewards on a yearly basis the best album released on an independent European label.\n\nSingles\n\"Are You with Me\" was released as the first single on 26 January 2015. \"Reality\" (featuring Janieck Devy) was released as the second single on 24 May 2015. \"Beautiful Life\" (featuring Sandro Cavazza) was released as the third single on 3 June 2016. \"What Is Love 2016\" was released as the fourth single on 7 October 2016. \"All or Nothing\" (featuring Axel Ehnström) was released as the fifth single on 17 February 2017. \"Here with You\" was released as the sixth single on 30 June 2017.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n2016 albums\nLost Frequencies albums" ]

[ "Lee Ann Womack (; born August 19, 1966) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician. Her 2000 single, \"I Hope You Dance\" was a major crossover music hit, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her signature song.", "1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her signature song. When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements.", "When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements. Her 2000 album I Hope You Dance had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country.", "Her 2000 album I Hope You Dance had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country. It was not until the release of There's More Where That Came From in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music.", "It was not until the release of There's More Where That Came From in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music. After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album (The Way I'm Livin') and a new sound which blended country and Americana.", "After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album (The Way I'm Livin') and a new sound which blended country and Americana. Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations.", "Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations. Four of her studio albums have received a Gold certification or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America. Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award.", "Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award. She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide.", "She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide. Womack is married to record producer Frank Liddell, and was previously married to songwriter and musician Jason Sellers; her daughter with the latter, Aubrie Sellers, is also a country music artist. Early life Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas.", "Early life Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas. At an early age she was interested in country music. Her father, a disc jockey, often took his daughter to work with him to help choose records to play on the air. Womack was the second of two daughters.", "Womack was the second of two daughters. Her mother was a schoolteacher and her father was also a high school principal. As a child, Womack studied the piano and later graduated from Jacksonville High School in 1984. After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas.", "After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas. The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, Country Caravan.", "The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, Country Caravan. A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business.", "A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business. In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records.", "In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records. She studied at the college until 1990, leaving the school a year before graduation. Womack spent a few years raising her children before reentering the music business in the mid 1990s. In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts.", "In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts. At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings.", "At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings. Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, \"I Don't Remember Forgetting\" for one of his albums.", "Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, \"I Don't Remember Forgetting\" for one of his albums. After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist.", "After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist. She auditioned for MCA chairman, Bruce Hinton, who praised her talents. Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996.", "Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996. Music career Country music stardom: 1997–1999 Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright.", "Music career Country music stardom: 1997–1999 Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright. The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White.", "The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White. The first single, \"Never Again, Again\" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, \"The Fool\" shortly afterward.", "The first single, \"Never Again, Again\" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, \"The Fool\" shortly afterward. More successful than her first single, \"The Fool\" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year.", "More successful than her first single, \"The Fool\" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year. That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from Billboard Magazine, and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association.", "That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from Billboard Magazine, and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association. Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year.", "Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year. In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, Some Things I Know, which was also produced by Wright.", "In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, Some Things I Know, which was also produced by Wright. The album's first two singles, \"A Little Past Little Rock\" and \"I'll Think of a Reason Later\" both went to No. 2 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "2 on the Billboard Country Chart. Two additional singles, \"(Now You See Me) Now You Don't\" and \"Don't Tell Me\" were released in 1999, and the album was certified Gold by the RIAA soon after. That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards.", "That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards. Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs \"If You're Ever Down in Dallas\" and \"The Man Who Made Mama Cry\" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers.", "Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs \"If You're Ever Down in Dallas\" and \"The Man Who Made Mama Cry\" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers. The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999.", "The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999. Pop crossover success: 2000–2004 Womack released her third studio album in 2000 entitled I Hope You Dance which met with major success. The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No.", "The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No. 1 on the Billboard Country chart for five weeks and crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100, becoming a major crossover Pop hit, reaching No. 14.", "14. 14. It also peaked at the top spot on the adult contemporary chart and even reached the UK Singles Charts, peaking at No. 40. Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video.", "Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video. Towards the end of 2000, \"I Hope You Dance\" won the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" and \"Single of the Year\" awards.", "Towards the end of 2000, \"I Hope You Dance\" won the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" and \"Single of the Year\" awards. With the Pop success of \"I Hope You Dance,\" Womack drew the attention of the magazines People and Time, both of which praised the single, calling it \"one of her best.\"", "With the Pop success of \"I Hope You Dance,\" Womack drew the attention of the magazines People and Time, both of which praised the single, calling it \"one of her best.\" The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards.", "The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards. The album of the same name has sold 3 million copies in the United States to date. The album's follow-up single, a cover of Rodney Crowell's \"Ashes by Now\" peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "4 on the Billboard Country Chart. The third single, \"Why They Call it Falling\" was also successful, reaching the country Top 15. On December 11, 2000, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert.", "On December 11, 2000, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert. In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, Something Worth Leaving Behind was released.", "In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, Something Worth Leaving Behind was released. The album made a stronger attempt at a pop-flavored style, however it did not react well, leading to poor record sales and only one major hit. Following its release, Womack's career stalled.", "Following its release, Womack's career stalled. Later that year, she released a Christmas album, The Season for Romance and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, \"Mendocino County Line,\" which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002.", "Later that year, she released a Christmas album, The Season for Romance and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, \"Mendocino County Line,\" which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002. In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama The District.", "In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama The District. Womack sang the theme song for the 2003 series The Berenstain Bears.", "Womack sang the theme song for the 2003 series The Berenstain Bears. In 2004, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the Republican National Convention, in which George W. Bush was nominated for his second term as President of the United States. The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin.", "The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin. She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit \"Sick and Tired\" in 2004.", "She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit \"Sick and Tired\" in 2004. Also that year, she also released her first Greatest Hits album, which included two new songs; \"The Wrong Girl\" (the only song from the album released as a single) and \"Time for Me to Go.\"", "Also that year, she also released her first Greatest Hits album, which included two new songs; \"The Wrong Girl\" (the only song from the album released as a single) and \"Time for Me to Go.\" There's More Where That Came From and hiatus: 2005–2008 In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled There's More Where That Came From.", "There's More Where That Came From and hiatus: 2005–2008 In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled There's More Where That Came From. Many people in the music industry called the album, \"a return to tradition,\" featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar.", "Many people in the music industry called the album, \"a return to tradition,\" featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar. The album won the Country Music Association's \"Album of the Year\" award in 2005.<ref name=\"book\">{{cite book|title=Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music in America|editor=Alanna Nash and Paul Kingsbury|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|location=New York, NY|year=2006|page=349|chapter=Ch.", "The album won the Country Music Association's \"Album of the Year\" award in 2005.<ref name=\"book\">{{cite book|title=Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music in America|editor=Alanna Nash and Paul Kingsbury|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|location=New York, NY|year=2006|page=349|chapter=Ch. 12: Pocketful of Gold}}</ref> Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s.", "12: Pocketful of Gold}}</ref> Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s. They also called it one of her best records.", "They also called it one of her best records. The lead single, \"I May Hate Myself in the Morning\" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won \"Single of the Year\" by the CMA awards later that year.", "The lead single, \"I May Hate Myself in the Morning\" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won \"Single of the Year\" by the CMA awards later that year. Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, \"He Oughta Know That by Now\" and \"Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago.\"", "Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, \"He Oughta Know That by Now\" and \"Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago.\" The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD.", "The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD. Womack can be heard on the track \"If I Could Only Fly\" from Joe Nichols' album Real Things.", "Womack can be heard on the track \"If I Could Only Fly\" from Joe Nichols' album Real Things. Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their \"100 Greatest Duets\", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\".", "Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their \"100 Greatest Duets\", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\". The song had been originally recorded by Rogers and Dottie West in 1978 and was a No. 1 Country hit that year.", "1 Country hit that year. 1 Country hit that year. Womack took the place of West during that show since West had died in a serious car accident in September 1991. Womack's other honors includes being listed at No. 17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music.", "17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music. In 2006, Womack announced plans of a sixth studio album off of Mercury Nashville Records. The lead single, \"Finding My Way Back Home\" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No.", "The lead single, \"Finding My Way Back Home\" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No. 46 on the Billboard Country Chart. The single later peaked at No.", "The single later peaked at No. 37 and was rescheduled into 2007, because Womack found more songs that she wanted to record, however it was never released and Womack left Mercury. In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville.", "In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville. \"Last Call\" was released on June 30, 2008. It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, Call Me Crazy, which was released on October 21, 2008.", "It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, Call Me Crazy, which was released on October 21, 2008. The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love.", "The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love. It featured a duet with George Strait titled \"Everything But Quits,\" a re-recording of the Strait song \"The King of Broken Hearts,\" which first appeared on the Pure Country soundtrack.", "It featured a duet with George Strait titled \"Everything But Quits,\" a re-recording of the Strait song \"The King of Broken Hearts,\" which first appeared on the Pure Country soundtrack. One track, \"The Bees,\" features vocals from Keith Urban.", "One track, \"The Bees,\" features vocals from Keith Urban. In October 2009, Womack released \"There Is a God\", as the lead-off single to her upcoming seventh studio album which never surfaced. The song debuted at No.", "The song debuted at No. The song debuted at No. 60 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of November 14, 2009, eventually peaking at No. 32 in early 2010.", "32 in early 2010. 32 in early 2010. Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: \"Talking Behind Your Back\", as well as \"You Do Until You Don't\".", "Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: \"Talking Behind Your Back\", as well as \"You Do Until You Don't\". In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track \"Liars Lie\" to the soundtrack for the film Country Strong.", "In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track \"Liars Lie\" to the soundtrack for the film Country Strong. Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song \"Ring of Fire\", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, 34 Number Ones.", "Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song \"Ring of Fire\", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, 34 Number Ones. His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts.", "His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts. Though Womack is featured on the song, she was not given credit on the charts. In August 2012, Womack parted ways with MCA Nashville.", "In August 2012, Womack parted ways with MCA Nashville. Americana transition, return to music, and subsequent material loss: 2014–present In April 2014, Womack signed with Sugar Hill Records. Her first album for the label, The Way I'm Livin', was released September 23, 2014. Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return.", "Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return. In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' \"feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies,\" Spin deemed it \"the best of her career\" and Garden & Gun offered, \"Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.'", "In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' \"feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies,\" Spin deemed it \"the best of her career\" and Garden & Gun offered, \"Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.' With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver.\"", "With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver.\" \"Livin'\" was the only country album to make Esquire magazine's Top Albums of 2014 list. It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.", "It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years.", "Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years. On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of CMT Crossroads.", "On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of CMT Crossroads. Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of The Way I'm Livin', Womack appeared at the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK.", "Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of The Way I'm Livin', Womack appeared at the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK. On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone due on October 27 on ATO Records.", "On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone due on October 27 on ATO Records. Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.", "Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. Personal life At Belmont University, Womack met and married singer-songwriter Jason Sellers in 1990; they divorced in 1996. Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991).", "Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991). Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell.", "Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell. Discography Studio albums Lee Ann Womack (1997) Some Things I Know (1998) I Hope You Dance (2000) Something Worth Leaving Behind (2002) The Season for Romance (2002) There's More Where That Came From (2005) Call Me Crazy (2008) The Way I'm Livin' (2014) The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone'' (2017) Awards and nominations To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations).", "Discography Studio albums Lee Ann Womack (1997) Some Things I Know (1998) I Hope You Dance (2000) Something Worth Leaving Behind (2002) The Season for Romance (2002) There's More Where That Came From (2005) Call Me Crazy (2008) The Way I'm Livin' (2014) The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone'' (2017) Awards and nominations To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations). Television appearances Filmography References External links 1966 births 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women guitarists 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers American country singer-songwriters American country guitarists American women country singers American women guitarists ATO Records artists Belmont University alumni Country musicians from Tennessee Country musicians from Texas Decca Records artists Grammy Award winners Living people MCA Records artists Mercury Records artists People from Jacksonville, Texas Sugar Hill Records artists Singers from Nashville, Tennessee Singer-songwriters from Texas South Plains College alumni Tennessee Republicans Texas Republicans Singer-songwriters from Tennessee" ]

[ "Lee Ann Womack", "Country music stardom: 1997-1999", "What happened in 1997?", "Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997,", "What is the album called?", "I don't know.", "What is a single that was on the album?", "\"The Fool\"" ]

[ "This article lists the diplomatic missions of Transnistria. Transnistria is a state with limited recognition, that broke away from Moldova after the War of Transnistria in 1992. Transnistria did not receive recognition from any UN member states. It has been recognized as an independent state by Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh and South Ossetia only. At present, Transnistria has three representative offices abroad.\n\nEurope\n \n Sukhumi (Representative office)\n\n Moscow (Official Diplomatic Bureau)\n \n Tskhinvali (Representative office)\n\nSee also \nForeign relations of Transnistria\nList of diplomatic missions in Transnistria\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic\n\nDiplomatic missions of\nTransnistria\nDiplomatic missions of Transnistria", "This article lists the diplomatic missions in Transnistria. Transnistria is a state with limited recognition, that broke away from Moldova after the War of Transnistria in 1992. Transnistria did not receive recognition from any UN member states. It has been recognized as independent state by Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh and South Ossetia only. At present, the capital Tiraspol hosts no embassies, but two representative offices and one consulate.\n\nEmbassies \nTiraspol\n none\n\nRepresentative offices \nTiraspol\n\nConsulates \nTiraspol\n\n (Consular office)\n\nSee also \nForeign relations of Transnistria\nList of diplomatic missions of Transnistria\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic\n\nDiplomatic missions in\nTransnistria\nDiplomatic missions in Transnistria\nDiplomatic missions" ]

[ "Lee Ann Womack (; born August 19, 1966) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician. Her 2000 single, \"I Hope You Dance\" was a major crossover music hit, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her signature song.", "1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her signature song. When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements.", "When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements. Her 2000 album I Hope You Dance had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country.", "Her 2000 album I Hope You Dance had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country. It was not until the release of There's More Where That Came From in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music.", "It was not until the release of There's More Where That Came From in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music. After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album (The Way I'm Livin') and a new sound which blended country and Americana.", "After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album (The Way I'm Livin') and a new sound which blended country and Americana. Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations.", "Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations. Four of her studio albums have received a Gold certification or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America. Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award.", "Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award. She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide.", "She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide. Womack is married to record producer Frank Liddell, and was previously married to songwriter and musician Jason Sellers; her daughter with the latter, Aubrie Sellers, is also a country music artist. Early life Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas.", "Early life Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas. At an early age she was interested in country music. Her father, a disc jockey, often took his daughter to work with him to help choose records to play on the air. Womack was the second of two daughters.", "Womack was the second of two daughters. Her mother was a schoolteacher and her father was also a high school principal. As a child, Womack studied the piano and later graduated from Jacksonville High School in 1984. After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas.", "After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas. The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, Country Caravan.", "The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, Country Caravan. A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business.", "A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business. In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records.", "In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records. She studied at the college until 1990, leaving the school a year before graduation. Womack spent a few years raising her children before reentering the music business in the mid 1990s. In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts.", "In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts. At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings.", "At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings. Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, \"I Don't Remember Forgetting\" for one of his albums.", "Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, \"I Don't Remember Forgetting\" for one of his albums. After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist.", "After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist. She auditioned for MCA chairman, Bruce Hinton, who praised her talents. Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996.", "Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996. Music career Country music stardom: 1997–1999 Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright.", "Music career Country music stardom: 1997–1999 Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright. The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White.", "The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White. The first single, \"Never Again, Again\" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, \"The Fool\" shortly afterward.", "The first single, \"Never Again, Again\" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, \"The Fool\" shortly afterward. More successful than her first single, \"The Fool\" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year.", "More successful than her first single, \"The Fool\" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year. That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from Billboard Magazine, and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association.", "That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from Billboard Magazine, and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association. Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year.", "Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year. In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, Some Things I Know, which was also produced by Wright.", "In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, Some Things I Know, which was also produced by Wright. The album's first two singles, \"A Little Past Little Rock\" and \"I'll Think of a Reason Later\" both went to No. 2 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "2 on the Billboard Country Chart. Two additional singles, \"(Now You See Me) Now You Don't\" and \"Don't Tell Me\" were released in 1999, and the album was certified Gold by the RIAA soon after. That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards.", "That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards. Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs \"If You're Ever Down in Dallas\" and \"The Man Who Made Mama Cry\" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers.", "Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs \"If You're Ever Down in Dallas\" and \"The Man Who Made Mama Cry\" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers. The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999.", "The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999. Pop crossover success: 2000–2004 Womack released her third studio album in 2000 entitled I Hope You Dance which met with major success. The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No.", "The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No. 1 on the Billboard Country chart for five weeks and crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100, becoming a major crossover Pop hit, reaching No. 14.", "14. 14. It also peaked at the top spot on the adult contemporary chart and even reached the UK Singles Charts, peaking at No. 40. Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video.", "Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video. Towards the end of 2000, \"I Hope You Dance\" won the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" and \"Single of the Year\" awards.", "Towards the end of 2000, \"I Hope You Dance\" won the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" and \"Single of the Year\" awards. With the Pop success of \"I Hope You Dance,\" Womack drew the attention of the magazines People and Time, both of which praised the single, calling it \"one of her best.\"", "With the Pop success of \"I Hope You Dance,\" Womack drew the attention of the magazines People and Time, both of which praised the single, calling it \"one of her best.\" The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards.", "The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards. The album of the same name has sold 3 million copies in the United States to date. The album's follow-up single, a cover of Rodney Crowell's \"Ashes by Now\" peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "4 on the Billboard Country Chart. The third single, \"Why They Call it Falling\" was also successful, reaching the country Top 15. On December 11, 2000, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert.", "On December 11, 2000, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert. In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, Something Worth Leaving Behind was released.", "In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, Something Worth Leaving Behind was released. The album made a stronger attempt at a pop-flavored style, however it did not react well, leading to poor record sales and only one major hit. Following its release, Womack's career stalled.", "Following its release, Womack's career stalled. Later that year, she released a Christmas album, The Season for Romance and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, \"Mendocino County Line,\" which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002.", "Later that year, she released a Christmas album, The Season for Romance and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, \"Mendocino County Line,\" which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002. In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama The District.", "In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama The District. Womack sang the theme song for the 2003 series The Berenstain Bears.", "Womack sang the theme song for the 2003 series The Berenstain Bears. In 2004, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the Republican National Convention, in which George W. Bush was nominated for his second term as President of the United States. The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin.", "The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin. She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit \"Sick and Tired\" in 2004.", "She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit \"Sick and Tired\" in 2004. Also that year, she also released her first Greatest Hits album, which included two new songs; \"The Wrong Girl\" (the only song from the album released as a single) and \"Time for Me to Go.\"", "Also that year, she also released her first Greatest Hits album, which included two new songs; \"The Wrong Girl\" (the only song from the album released as a single) and \"Time for Me to Go.\" There's More Where That Came From and hiatus: 2005–2008 In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled There's More Where That Came From.", "There's More Where That Came From and hiatus: 2005–2008 In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled There's More Where That Came From. Many people in the music industry called the album, \"a return to tradition,\" featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar.", "Many people in the music industry called the album, \"a return to tradition,\" featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar. The album won the Country Music Association's \"Album of the Year\" award in 2005.<ref name=\"book\">{{cite book|title=Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music in America|editor=Alanna Nash and Paul Kingsbury|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|location=New York, NY|year=2006|page=349|chapter=Ch.", "The album won the Country Music Association's \"Album of the Year\" award in 2005.<ref name=\"book\">{{cite book|title=Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music in America|editor=Alanna Nash and Paul Kingsbury|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|location=New York, NY|year=2006|page=349|chapter=Ch. 12: Pocketful of Gold}}</ref> Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s.", "12: Pocketful of Gold}}</ref> Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s. They also called it one of her best records.", "They also called it one of her best records. The lead single, \"I May Hate Myself in the Morning\" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won \"Single of the Year\" by the CMA awards later that year.", "The lead single, \"I May Hate Myself in the Morning\" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won \"Single of the Year\" by the CMA awards later that year. Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, \"He Oughta Know That by Now\" and \"Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago.\"", "Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, \"He Oughta Know That by Now\" and \"Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago.\" The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD.", "The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD. Womack can be heard on the track \"If I Could Only Fly\" from Joe Nichols' album Real Things.", "Womack can be heard on the track \"If I Could Only Fly\" from Joe Nichols' album Real Things. Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their \"100 Greatest Duets\", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\".", "Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their \"100 Greatest Duets\", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\". The song had been originally recorded by Rogers and Dottie West in 1978 and was a No. 1 Country hit that year.", "1 Country hit that year. 1 Country hit that year. Womack took the place of West during that show since West had died in a serious car accident in September 1991. Womack's other honors includes being listed at No. 17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music.", "17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music. In 2006, Womack announced plans of a sixth studio album off of Mercury Nashville Records. The lead single, \"Finding My Way Back Home\" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No.", "The lead single, \"Finding My Way Back Home\" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No. 46 on the Billboard Country Chart. The single later peaked at No.", "The single later peaked at No. 37 and was rescheduled into 2007, because Womack found more songs that she wanted to record, however it was never released and Womack left Mercury. In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville.", "In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville. \"Last Call\" was released on June 30, 2008. It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, Call Me Crazy, which was released on October 21, 2008.", "It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, Call Me Crazy, which was released on October 21, 2008. The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love.", "The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love. It featured a duet with George Strait titled \"Everything But Quits,\" a re-recording of the Strait song \"The King of Broken Hearts,\" which first appeared on the Pure Country soundtrack.", "It featured a duet with George Strait titled \"Everything But Quits,\" a re-recording of the Strait song \"The King of Broken Hearts,\" which first appeared on the Pure Country soundtrack. One track, \"The Bees,\" features vocals from Keith Urban.", "One track, \"The Bees,\" features vocals from Keith Urban. In October 2009, Womack released \"There Is a God\", as the lead-off single to her upcoming seventh studio album which never surfaced. The song debuted at No.", "The song debuted at No. The song debuted at No. 60 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of November 14, 2009, eventually peaking at No. 32 in early 2010.", "32 in early 2010. 32 in early 2010. Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: \"Talking Behind Your Back\", as well as \"You Do Until You Don't\".", "Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: \"Talking Behind Your Back\", as well as \"You Do Until You Don't\". In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track \"Liars Lie\" to the soundtrack for the film Country Strong.", "In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track \"Liars Lie\" to the soundtrack for the film Country Strong. Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song \"Ring of Fire\", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, 34 Number Ones.", "Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song \"Ring of Fire\", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, 34 Number Ones. His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts.", "His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts. Though Womack is featured on the song, she was not given credit on the charts. In August 2012, Womack parted ways with MCA Nashville.", "In August 2012, Womack parted ways with MCA Nashville. Americana transition, return to music, and subsequent material loss: 2014–present In April 2014, Womack signed with Sugar Hill Records. Her first album for the label, The Way I'm Livin', was released September 23, 2014. Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return.", "Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return. In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' \"feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies,\" Spin deemed it \"the best of her career\" and Garden & Gun offered, \"Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.'", "In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' \"feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies,\" Spin deemed it \"the best of her career\" and Garden & Gun offered, \"Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.' With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver.\"", "With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver.\" \"Livin'\" was the only country album to make Esquire magazine's Top Albums of 2014 list. It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.", "It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years.", "Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years. On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of CMT Crossroads.", "On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of CMT Crossroads. Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of The Way I'm Livin', Womack appeared at the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK.", "Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of The Way I'm Livin', Womack appeared at the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK. On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone due on October 27 on ATO Records.", "On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone due on October 27 on ATO Records. Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.", "Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. Personal life At Belmont University, Womack met and married singer-songwriter Jason Sellers in 1990; they divorced in 1996. Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991).", "Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991). Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell.", "Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell. Discography Studio albums Lee Ann Womack (1997) Some Things I Know (1998) I Hope You Dance (2000) Something Worth Leaving Behind (2002) The Season for Romance (2002) There's More Where That Came From (2005) Call Me Crazy (2008) The Way I'm Livin' (2014) The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone'' (2017) Awards and nominations To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations).", "Discography Studio albums Lee Ann Womack (1997) Some Things I Know (1998) I Hope You Dance (2000) Something Worth Leaving Behind (2002) The Season for Romance (2002) There's More Where That Came From (2005) Call Me Crazy (2008) The Way I'm Livin' (2014) The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone'' (2017) Awards and nominations To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations). Television appearances Filmography References External links 1966 births 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women guitarists 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers American country singer-songwriters American country guitarists American women country singers American women guitarists ATO Records artists Belmont University alumni Country musicians from Tennessee Country musicians from Texas Decca Records artists Grammy Award winners Living people MCA Records artists Mercury Records artists People from Jacksonville, Texas Sugar Hill Records artists Singers from Nashville, Tennessee Singer-songwriters from Texas South Plains College alumni Tennessee Republicans Texas Republicans Singer-songwriters from Tennessee" ]

[ "Lee Ann Womack", "Country music stardom: 1997-1999", "What happened in 1997?", "Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997,", "What is the album called?", "I don't know.", "What is a single that was on the album?", "\"The Fool\"", "Did it receive positive recognition?", "reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year." ]

[ "Le Cousin is a 1997 French film directed by Alain Corneau.\n\nPlot \nThe film deals with the relationship of the police and an informant in the drug scene.\n\nAwards and nominations\nLe Cousin was nominated for 5 César Awards but did not win in any category.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1997 films\n1997 crime films\nFilms about drugs\nFilms directed by Alain Corneau\nFrench crime films\nFrench films\nFrench-language films", "The 23rd Fangoria Chainsaw Awards is an award ceremony presented for horror films that were released in 2020. The nominees were announced on January 20, 2021. The film The Invisible Man won five of its five nominations, including Best Wide Release, as well as the write-in poll of Best Kill. Color Out Of Space and Possessor each took two awards. His House did not win any of its seven nominations. The ceremony was exclusively livestreamed for the first time on the SHUDDER horror streaming service.\n\nWinners and nominees\n\nReferences\n\nFangoria Chainsaw Awards" ]

[ "Lee Ann Womack (; born August 19, 1966) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician. Her 2000 single, \"I Hope You Dance\" was a major crossover music hit, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her signature song.", "1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her signature song. When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements.", "When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements. Her 2000 album I Hope You Dance had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country.", "Her 2000 album I Hope You Dance had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country. It was not until the release of There's More Where That Came From in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music.", "It was not until the release of There's More Where That Came From in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music. After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album (The Way I'm Livin') and a new sound which blended country and Americana.", "After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album (The Way I'm Livin') and a new sound which blended country and Americana. Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations.", "Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations. Four of her studio albums have received a Gold certification or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America. Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award.", "Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award. She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide.", "She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide. Womack is married to record producer Frank Liddell, and was previously married to songwriter and musician Jason Sellers; her daughter with the latter, Aubrie Sellers, is also a country music artist. Early life Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas.", "Early life Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas. At an early age she was interested in country music. Her father, a disc jockey, often took his daughter to work with him to help choose records to play on the air. Womack was the second of two daughters.", "Womack was the second of two daughters. Her mother was a schoolteacher and her father was also a high school principal. As a child, Womack studied the piano and later graduated from Jacksonville High School in 1984. After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas.", "After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas. The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, Country Caravan.", "The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, Country Caravan. A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business.", "A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business. In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records.", "In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records. She studied at the college until 1990, leaving the school a year before graduation. Womack spent a few years raising her children before reentering the music business in the mid 1990s. In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts.", "In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts. At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings.", "At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings. Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, \"I Don't Remember Forgetting\" for one of his albums.", "Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, \"I Don't Remember Forgetting\" for one of his albums. After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist.", "After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist. She auditioned for MCA chairman, Bruce Hinton, who praised her talents. Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996.", "Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996. Music career Country music stardom: 1997–1999 Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright.", "Music career Country music stardom: 1997–1999 Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright. The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White.", "The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White. The first single, \"Never Again, Again\" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, \"The Fool\" shortly afterward.", "The first single, \"Never Again, Again\" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, \"The Fool\" shortly afterward. More successful than her first single, \"The Fool\" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year.", "More successful than her first single, \"The Fool\" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year. That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from Billboard Magazine, and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association.", "That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from Billboard Magazine, and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association. Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year.", "Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year. In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, Some Things I Know, which was also produced by Wright.", "In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, Some Things I Know, which was also produced by Wright. The album's first two singles, \"A Little Past Little Rock\" and \"I'll Think of a Reason Later\" both went to No. 2 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "2 on the Billboard Country Chart. Two additional singles, \"(Now You See Me) Now You Don't\" and \"Don't Tell Me\" were released in 1999, and the album was certified Gold by the RIAA soon after. That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards.", "That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards. Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs \"If You're Ever Down in Dallas\" and \"The Man Who Made Mama Cry\" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers.", "Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs \"If You're Ever Down in Dallas\" and \"The Man Who Made Mama Cry\" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers. The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999.", "The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999. Pop crossover success: 2000–2004 Womack released her third studio album in 2000 entitled I Hope You Dance which met with major success. The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No.", "The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No. 1 on the Billboard Country chart for five weeks and crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100, becoming a major crossover Pop hit, reaching No. 14.", "14. 14. It also peaked at the top spot on the adult contemporary chart and even reached the UK Singles Charts, peaking at No. 40. Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video.", "Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video. Towards the end of 2000, \"I Hope You Dance\" won the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" and \"Single of the Year\" awards.", "Towards the end of 2000, \"I Hope You Dance\" won the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" and \"Single of the Year\" awards. With the Pop success of \"I Hope You Dance,\" Womack drew the attention of the magazines People and Time, both of which praised the single, calling it \"one of her best.\"", "With the Pop success of \"I Hope You Dance,\" Womack drew the attention of the magazines People and Time, both of which praised the single, calling it \"one of her best.\" The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards.", "The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards. The album of the same name has sold 3 million copies in the United States to date. The album's follow-up single, a cover of Rodney Crowell's \"Ashes by Now\" peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "4 on the Billboard Country Chart. The third single, \"Why They Call it Falling\" was also successful, reaching the country Top 15. On December 11, 2000, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert.", "On December 11, 2000, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert. In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, Something Worth Leaving Behind was released.", "In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, Something Worth Leaving Behind was released. The album made a stronger attempt at a pop-flavored style, however it did not react well, leading to poor record sales and only one major hit. Following its release, Womack's career stalled.", "Following its release, Womack's career stalled. Later that year, she released a Christmas album, The Season for Romance and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, \"Mendocino County Line,\" which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002.", "Later that year, she released a Christmas album, The Season for Romance and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, \"Mendocino County Line,\" which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002. In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama The District.", "In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama The District. Womack sang the theme song for the 2003 series The Berenstain Bears.", "Womack sang the theme song for the 2003 series The Berenstain Bears. In 2004, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the Republican National Convention, in which George W. Bush was nominated for his second term as President of the United States. The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin.", "The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin. She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit \"Sick and Tired\" in 2004.", "She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit \"Sick and Tired\" in 2004. Also that year, she also released her first Greatest Hits album, which included two new songs; \"The Wrong Girl\" (the only song from the album released as a single) and \"Time for Me to Go.\"", "Also that year, she also released her first Greatest Hits album, which included two new songs; \"The Wrong Girl\" (the only song from the album released as a single) and \"Time for Me to Go.\" There's More Where That Came From and hiatus: 2005–2008 In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled There's More Where That Came From.", "There's More Where That Came From and hiatus: 2005–2008 In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled There's More Where That Came From. Many people in the music industry called the album, \"a return to tradition,\" featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar.", "Many people in the music industry called the album, \"a return to tradition,\" featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar. The album won the Country Music Association's \"Album of the Year\" award in 2005.<ref name=\"book\">{{cite book|title=Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music in America|editor=Alanna Nash and Paul Kingsbury|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|location=New York, NY|year=2006|page=349|chapter=Ch.", "The album won the Country Music Association's \"Album of the Year\" award in 2005.<ref name=\"book\">{{cite book|title=Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music in America|editor=Alanna Nash and Paul Kingsbury|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|location=New York, NY|year=2006|page=349|chapter=Ch. 12: Pocketful of Gold}}</ref> Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s.", "12: Pocketful of Gold}}</ref> Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s. They also called it one of her best records.", "They also called it one of her best records. The lead single, \"I May Hate Myself in the Morning\" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won \"Single of the Year\" by the CMA awards later that year.", "The lead single, \"I May Hate Myself in the Morning\" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won \"Single of the Year\" by the CMA awards later that year. Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, \"He Oughta Know That by Now\" and \"Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago.\"", "Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, \"He Oughta Know That by Now\" and \"Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago.\" The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD.", "The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD. Womack can be heard on the track \"If I Could Only Fly\" from Joe Nichols' album Real Things.", "Womack can be heard on the track \"If I Could Only Fly\" from Joe Nichols' album Real Things. Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their \"100 Greatest Duets\", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\".", "Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their \"100 Greatest Duets\", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\". The song had been originally recorded by Rogers and Dottie West in 1978 and was a No. 1 Country hit that year.", "1 Country hit that year. 1 Country hit that year. Womack took the place of West during that show since West had died in a serious car accident in September 1991. Womack's other honors includes being listed at No. 17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music.", "17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music. In 2006, Womack announced plans of a sixth studio album off of Mercury Nashville Records. The lead single, \"Finding My Way Back Home\" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No.", "The lead single, \"Finding My Way Back Home\" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No. 46 on the Billboard Country Chart. The single later peaked at No.", "The single later peaked at No. 37 and was rescheduled into 2007, because Womack found more songs that she wanted to record, however it was never released and Womack left Mercury. In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville.", "In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville. \"Last Call\" was released on June 30, 2008. It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, Call Me Crazy, which was released on October 21, 2008.", "It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, Call Me Crazy, which was released on October 21, 2008. The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love.", "The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love. It featured a duet with George Strait titled \"Everything But Quits,\" a re-recording of the Strait song \"The King of Broken Hearts,\" which first appeared on the Pure Country soundtrack.", "It featured a duet with George Strait titled \"Everything But Quits,\" a re-recording of the Strait song \"The King of Broken Hearts,\" which first appeared on the Pure Country soundtrack. One track, \"The Bees,\" features vocals from Keith Urban.", "One track, \"The Bees,\" features vocals from Keith Urban. In October 2009, Womack released \"There Is a God\", as the lead-off single to her upcoming seventh studio album which never surfaced. The song debuted at No.", "The song debuted at No. The song debuted at No. 60 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of November 14, 2009, eventually peaking at No. 32 in early 2010.", "32 in early 2010. 32 in early 2010. Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: \"Talking Behind Your Back\", as well as \"You Do Until You Don't\".", "Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: \"Talking Behind Your Back\", as well as \"You Do Until You Don't\". In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track \"Liars Lie\" to the soundtrack for the film Country Strong.", "In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track \"Liars Lie\" to the soundtrack for the film Country Strong. Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song \"Ring of Fire\", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, 34 Number Ones.", "Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song \"Ring of Fire\", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, 34 Number Ones. His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts.", "His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts. Though Womack is featured on the song, she was not given credit on the charts. In August 2012, Womack parted ways with MCA Nashville.", "In August 2012, Womack parted ways with MCA Nashville. Americana transition, return to music, and subsequent material loss: 2014–present In April 2014, Womack signed with Sugar Hill Records. Her first album for the label, The Way I'm Livin', was released September 23, 2014. Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return.", "Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return. In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' \"feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies,\" Spin deemed it \"the best of her career\" and Garden & Gun offered, \"Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.'", "In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' \"feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies,\" Spin deemed it \"the best of her career\" and Garden & Gun offered, \"Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.' With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver.\"", "With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver.\" \"Livin'\" was the only country album to make Esquire magazine's Top Albums of 2014 list. It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.", "It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years.", "Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years. On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of CMT Crossroads.", "On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of CMT Crossroads. Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of The Way I'm Livin', Womack appeared at the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK.", "Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of The Way I'm Livin', Womack appeared at the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK. On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone due on October 27 on ATO Records.", "On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone due on October 27 on ATO Records. Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.", "Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. Personal life At Belmont University, Womack met and married singer-songwriter Jason Sellers in 1990; they divorced in 1996. Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991).", "Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991). Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell.", "Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell. Discography Studio albums Lee Ann Womack (1997) Some Things I Know (1998) I Hope You Dance (2000) Something Worth Leaving Behind (2002) The Season for Romance (2002) There's More Where That Came From (2005) Call Me Crazy (2008) The Way I'm Livin' (2014) The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone'' (2017) Awards and nominations To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations).", "Discography Studio albums Lee Ann Womack (1997) Some Things I Know (1998) I Hope You Dance (2000) Something Worth Leaving Behind (2002) The Season for Romance (2002) There's More Where That Came From (2005) Call Me Crazy (2008) The Way I'm Livin' (2014) The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone'' (2017) Awards and nominations To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations). Television appearances Filmography References External links 1966 births 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women guitarists 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers American country singer-songwriters American country guitarists American women country singers American women guitarists ATO Records artists Belmont University alumni Country musicians from Tennessee Country musicians from Texas Decca Records artists Grammy Award winners Living people MCA Records artists Mercury Records artists People from Jacksonville, Texas Sugar Hill Records artists Singers from Nashville, Tennessee Singer-songwriters from Texas South Plains College alumni Tennessee Republicans Texas Republicans Singer-songwriters from Tennessee" ]

[ "Lee Ann Womack", "Country music stardom: 1997-1999", "What happened in 1997?", "Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997,", "What is the album called?", "I don't know.", "What is a single that was on the album?", "\"The Fool\"", "Did it receive positive recognition?", "reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year.", "Did it win any awards?", "Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards,", "Did she tour during this time?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"What She's Doing Now\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Garth Brooks. It was released in December 1991 as the third single from his album Ropin' the Wind. It spent four weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was co-written by Pat Alger.\n\nContent\nThe song is a ballad about a man who wonders what his former lover is currently doing and what her whereabouts are (\"last I heard she had moved to Boulder\"). While the singer has no idea what she is doing now, he proclaims \"what she's doing now is tearing [him] apart\".\n\nBackground and production\nBrooks provided the following background information on the song in the CD booklet liner notes from The Hits:\n\n\"What She's Doing Now\" was an idea I had a long, long time about a man wondering what a woman was doing. And it was very simple. What is she doing now? Is she hanging out the clothes? Is she running a business? Is she a mother? Is she married? Who is she with? When I told the idea to Pat Alger, he looked at me with a smile and said, 'I wonder if she knows what she's doing now to me?' When I heard that, the bumps went over my arms and the back of my neck, and I knew that he had something. Crystal Gayle cut this song back in 1989. It came back to us for the Ropin' The Wind album. It is a song that has crossed all boundaries and borders around the world. This has made me extremely happy because the greatest gift a writer can ask for is to relate to someone. I can't help but think that this song might relate to a lot of people.\"\n\nOther versions\nWhile Garth Brooks penned the song, he was not the first person to release it. On the 1990 release Ain't Gonna Worry'', Crystal Gayle recorded the song as \"What He's Doing Now\"; her version was not released as a single.\n\nTrack listing\nEuropean CD single\nLiberty CDCL 656\n\"What She's Doing Now\"\n\"Shameless\"\n\"We Bury The Hatchet\"\nUS 7\" Jukebox single\nLiberty S7-57784\n\"What She's Doing Now\"\n\"Friends in Low Places\"\n\nChart positions\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n1991 singles\nCrystal Gayle songs\nGarth Brooks songs\nSongs written by Pat Alger\nSongs written by Garth Brooks\nSong recordings produced by Allen Reynolds\nLiberty Records singles\n1991 songs", "\"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\" is a song written by Bob McDill and Paul Harrison and recorded by American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley. It was released in February 1988 as the lead single from the album, The Heart of It All. The song Conley's fifteenth number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the country chart.\n\nCharts\n\n\"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\" debuted on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles for the week of March 12, 1988.\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n1988 singles\nEarl Thomas Conley songs\nSongs written by Bob McDill\nSong recordings produced by Emory Gordy Jr.\nRCA Records singles\n1988 songs" ]

[ "Lee Ann Womack (; born August 19, 1966) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician. Her 2000 single, \"I Hope You Dance\" was a major crossover music hit, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her signature song.", "1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her signature song. When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements.", "When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements. Her 2000 album I Hope You Dance had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country.", "Her 2000 album I Hope You Dance had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country. It was not until the release of There's More Where That Came From in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music.", "It was not until the release of There's More Where That Came From in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music. After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album (The Way I'm Livin') and a new sound which blended country and Americana.", "After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album (The Way I'm Livin') and a new sound which blended country and Americana. Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations.", "Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations. Four of her studio albums have received a Gold certification or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America. Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award.", "Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award. She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide.", "She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide. Womack is married to record producer Frank Liddell, and was previously married to songwriter and musician Jason Sellers; her daughter with the latter, Aubrie Sellers, is also a country music artist. Early life Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas.", "Early life Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas. At an early age she was interested in country music. Her father, a disc jockey, often took his daughter to work with him to help choose records to play on the air. Womack was the second of two daughters.", "Womack was the second of two daughters. Her mother was a schoolteacher and her father was also a high school principal. As a child, Womack studied the piano and later graduated from Jacksonville High School in 1984. After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas.", "After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas. The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, Country Caravan.", "The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, Country Caravan. A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business.", "A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business. In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records.", "In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records. She studied at the college until 1990, leaving the school a year before graduation. Womack spent a few years raising her children before reentering the music business in the mid 1990s. In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts.", "In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts. At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings.", "At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings. Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, \"I Don't Remember Forgetting\" for one of his albums.", "Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, \"I Don't Remember Forgetting\" for one of his albums. After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist.", "After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist. She auditioned for MCA chairman, Bruce Hinton, who praised her talents. Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996.", "Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996. Music career Country music stardom: 1997–1999 Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright.", "Music career Country music stardom: 1997–1999 Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright. The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White.", "The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White. The first single, \"Never Again, Again\" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, \"The Fool\" shortly afterward.", "The first single, \"Never Again, Again\" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, \"The Fool\" shortly afterward. More successful than her first single, \"The Fool\" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year.", "More successful than her first single, \"The Fool\" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year. That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from Billboard Magazine, and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association.", "That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from Billboard Magazine, and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association. Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year.", "Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year. In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, Some Things I Know, which was also produced by Wright.", "In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, Some Things I Know, which was also produced by Wright. The album's first two singles, \"A Little Past Little Rock\" and \"I'll Think of a Reason Later\" both went to No. 2 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "2 on the Billboard Country Chart. Two additional singles, \"(Now You See Me) Now You Don't\" and \"Don't Tell Me\" were released in 1999, and the album was certified Gold by the RIAA soon after. That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards.", "That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards. Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs \"If You're Ever Down in Dallas\" and \"The Man Who Made Mama Cry\" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers.", "Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs \"If You're Ever Down in Dallas\" and \"The Man Who Made Mama Cry\" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers. The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999.", "The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999. Pop crossover success: 2000–2004 Womack released her third studio album in 2000 entitled I Hope You Dance which met with major success. The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No.", "The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No. 1 on the Billboard Country chart for five weeks and crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100, becoming a major crossover Pop hit, reaching No. 14.", "14. 14. It also peaked at the top spot on the adult contemporary chart and even reached the UK Singles Charts, peaking at No. 40. Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video.", "Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video. Towards the end of 2000, \"I Hope You Dance\" won the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" and \"Single of the Year\" awards.", "Towards the end of 2000, \"I Hope You Dance\" won the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" and \"Single of the Year\" awards. With the Pop success of \"I Hope You Dance,\" Womack drew the attention of the magazines People and Time, both of which praised the single, calling it \"one of her best.\"", "With the Pop success of \"I Hope You Dance,\" Womack drew the attention of the magazines People and Time, both of which praised the single, calling it \"one of her best.\" The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards.", "The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards. The album of the same name has sold 3 million copies in the United States to date. The album's follow-up single, a cover of Rodney Crowell's \"Ashes by Now\" peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "4 on the Billboard Country Chart. The third single, \"Why They Call it Falling\" was also successful, reaching the country Top 15. On December 11, 2000, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert.", "On December 11, 2000, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert. In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, Something Worth Leaving Behind was released.", "In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, Something Worth Leaving Behind was released. The album made a stronger attempt at a pop-flavored style, however it did not react well, leading to poor record sales and only one major hit. Following its release, Womack's career stalled.", "Following its release, Womack's career stalled. Later that year, she released a Christmas album, The Season for Romance and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, \"Mendocino County Line,\" which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002.", "Later that year, she released a Christmas album, The Season for Romance and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, \"Mendocino County Line,\" which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002. In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama The District.", "In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama The District. Womack sang the theme song for the 2003 series The Berenstain Bears.", "Womack sang the theme song for the 2003 series The Berenstain Bears. In 2004, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the Republican National Convention, in which George W. Bush was nominated for his second term as President of the United States. The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin.", "The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin. She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit \"Sick and Tired\" in 2004.", "She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit \"Sick and Tired\" in 2004. Also that year, she also released her first Greatest Hits album, which included two new songs; \"The Wrong Girl\" (the only song from the album released as a single) and \"Time for Me to Go.\"", "Also that year, she also released her first Greatest Hits album, which included two new songs; \"The Wrong Girl\" (the only song from the album released as a single) and \"Time for Me to Go.\" There's More Where That Came From and hiatus: 2005–2008 In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled There's More Where That Came From.", "There's More Where That Came From and hiatus: 2005–2008 In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled There's More Where That Came From. Many people in the music industry called the album, \"a return to tradition,\" featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar.", "Many people in the music industry called the album, \"a return to tradition,\" featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar. The album won the Country Music Association's \"Album of the Year\" award in 2005.<ref name=\"book\">{{cite book|title=Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music in America|editor=Alanna Nash and Paul Kingsbury|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|location=New York, NY|year=2006|page=349|chapter=Ch.", "The album won the Country Music Association's \"Album of the Year\" award in 2005.<ref name=\"book\">{{cite book|title=Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music in America|editor=Alanna Nash and Paul Kingsbury|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|location=New York, NY|year=2006|page=349|chapter=Ch. 12: Pocketful of Gold}}</ref> Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s.", "12: Pocketful of Gold}}</ref> Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s. They also called it one of her best records.", "They also called it one of her best records. The lead single, \"I May Hate Myself in the Morning\" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won \"Single of the Year\" by the CMA awards later that year.", "The lead single, \"I May Hate Myself in the Morning\" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won \"Single of the Year\" by the CMA awards later that year. Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, \"He Oughta Know That by Now\" and \"Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago.\"", "Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, \"He Oughta Know That by Now\" and \"Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago.\" The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD.", "The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD. Womack can be heard on the track \"If I Could Only Fly\" from Joe Nichols' album Real Things.", "Womack can be heard on the track \"If I Could Only Fly\" from Joe Nichols' album Real Things. Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their \"100 Greatest Duets\", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\".", "Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their \"100 Greatest Duets\", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\". The song had been originally recorded by Rogers and Dottie West in 1978 and was a No. 1 Country hit that year.", "1 Country hit that year. 1 Country hit that year. Womack took the place of West during that show since West had died in a serious car accident in September 1991. Womack's other honors includes being listed at No. 17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music.", "17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music. In 2006, Womack announced plans of a sixth studio album off of Mercury Nashville Records. The lead single, \"Finding My Way Back Home\" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No.", "The lead single, \"Finding My Way Back Home\" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No. 46 on the Billboard Country Chart. The single later peaked at No.", "The single later peaked at No. 37 and was rescheduled into 2007, because Womack found more songs that she wanted to record, however it was never released and Womack left Mercury. In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville.", "In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville. \"Last Call\" was released on June 30, 2008. It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, Call Me Crazy, which was released on October 21, 2008.", "It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, Call Me Crazy, which was released on October 21, 2008. The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love.", "The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love. It featured a duet with George Strait titled \"Everything But Quits,\" a re-recording of the Strait song \"The King of Broken Hearts,\" which first appeared on the Pure Country soundtrack.", "It featured a duet with George Strait titled \"Everything But Quits,\" a re-recording of the Strait song \"The King of Broken Hearts,\" which first appeared on the Pure Country soundtrack. One track, \"The Bees,\" features vocals from Keith Urban.", "One track, \"The Bees,\" features vocals from Keith Urban. In October 2009, Womack released \"There Is a God\", as the lead-off single to her upcoming seventh studio album which never surfaced. The song debuted at No.", "The song debuted at No. The song debuted at No. 60 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of November 14, 2009, eventually peaking at No. 32 in early 2010.", "32 in early 2010. 32 in early 2010. Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: \"Talking Behind Your Back\", as well as \"You Do Until You Don't\".", "Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: \"Talking Behind Your Back\", as well as \"You Do Until You Don't\". In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track \"Liars Lie\" to the soundtrack for the film Country Strong.", "In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track \"Liars Lie\" to the soundtrack for the film Country Strong. Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song \"Ring of Fire\", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, 34 Number Ones.", "Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song \"Ring of Fire\", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, 34 Number Ones. His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts.", "His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts. Though Womack is featured on the song, she was not given credit on the charts. In August 2012, Womack parted ways with MCA Nashville.", "In August 2012, Womack parted ways with MCA Nashville. Americana transition, return to music, and subsequent material loss: 2014–present In April 2014, Womack signed with Sugar Hill Records. Her first album for the label, The Way I'm Livin', was released September 23, 2014. Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return.", "Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return. In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' \"feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies,\" Spin deemed it \"the best of her career\" and Garden & Gun offered, \"Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.'", "In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' \"feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies,\" Spin deemed it \"the best of her career\" and Garden & Gun offered, \"Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.' With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver.\"", "With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver.\" \"Livin'\" was the only country album to make Esquire magazine's Top Albums of 2014 list. It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.", "It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years.", "Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years. On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of CMT Crossroads.", "On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of CMT Crossroads. Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of The Way I'm Livin', Womack appeared at the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK.", "Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of The Way I'm Livin', Womack appeared at the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK. On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone due on October 27 on ATO Records.", "On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone due on October 27 on ATO Records. Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.", "Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. Personal life At Belmont University, Womack met and married singer-songwriter Jason Sellers in 1990; they divorced in 1996. Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991).", "Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991). Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell.", "Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell. Discography Studio albums Lee Ann Womack (1997) Some Things I Know (1998) I Hope You Dance (2000) Something Worth Leaving Behind (2002) The Season for Romance (2002) There's More Where That Came From (2005) Call Me Crazy (2008) The Way I'm Livin' (2014) The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone'' (2017) Awards and nominations To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations).", "Discography Studio albums Lee Ann Womack (1997) Some Things I Know (1998) I Hope You Dance (2000) Something Worth Leaving Behind (2002) The Season for Romance (2002) There's More Where That Came From (2005) Call Me Crazy (2008) The Way I'm Livin' (2014) The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone'' (2017) Awards and nominations To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations). Television appearances Filmography References External links 1966 births 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women guitarists 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers American country singer-songwriters American country guitarists American women country singers American women guitarists ATO Records artists Belmont University alumni Country musicians from Tennessee Country musicians from Texas Decca Records artists Grammy Award winners Living people MCA Records artists Mercury Records artists People from Jacksonville, Texas Sugar Hill Records artists Singers from Nashville, Tennessee Singer-songwriters from Texas South Plains College alumni Tennessee Republicans Texas Republicans Singer-songwriters from Tennessee" ]

[ "Lee Ann Womack", "Country music stardom: 1997-1999", "What happened in 1997?", "Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997,", "What is the album called?", "I don't know.", "What is a single that was on the album?", "\"The Fool\"", "Did it receive positive recognition?", "reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year.", "Did it win any awards?", "Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards,", "Did she tour during this time?", "I don't know.", "What is another single she produced?", "\"A Little Past Little Rock", "Was this song well received?", "both went to No. 2 on the Billboard Country Chart." ]

[ "\"She Was Hot\" is a song by the English rock band the Rolling Stones from their 1983 album Undercover.\n\nRecording on \"She Was Hot\" first began in late 1982. Written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, the song is a traditional rock 'n' roll number from the band. The song is notable as both original Rolling Stones pianist Ian Stewart and pianist Chuck Leavell perform on the recording.\n\n\"She Was Hot\" was released as the second single from the album in late January 1984. The B-side to the single was an Emotional Rescue outtake, \"I Think I'm Going Mad.\" The single did not perform well, reaching only number 44 on the U.S. Charts and number 42 on the U.K. Charts.\n\nA memorable music video was produced for the song, featuring actress Anita Morris who semi-comically tempts each member of the band. The version of the song used in the video includes an extra three-line verse at the 32 second mark which has never been included in any commercial release of the song. The audio is also noticeably sped up in the video by approximately eight percent or a 1.3 semitone increase in pitch. As with its predecessor, \"Undercover of the Night,\" the music video for \"She Was Hot\" was directed by Julien Temple, and was also edited for broadcast on MTV.\n\nThe Rolling Stones resurrected \"She Was Hot\" for the 2006 United States leg of their A Bigger Bang Tour. The song made its live debut on 11 October 2006 in Chicago, and was a regular part of the band's set list during the tour. The 1 November 2006 performance of \"She Was Hot\" was captured for the 2008 concert film and live album Shine a Light\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nThe Rolling Stones songs\n1984 singles\nSongs written by Jagger–Richards\nSong recordings produced by Jagger–Richards\nSongs about sexuality\n1983 songs\nMusic videos directed by Julien Temple", "\"That Night\" is a song performed by Latvian band Carousel. It represented Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 on 16 February 2019. It was performed at the second semi-final, but did not quality for the final.\n\nEurovision Song Contest\n\nThe song represented Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019, after Carousel were selected through Supernova 2019, the music competition that selects Latvia's entries for the Eurovision Song Contest. On 28 January 2019, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. Latvia was placed into the second semi-final, to be held on 16 May 2019, and was scheduled to perform in the first half of the show. Once all the competing songs for the 2019 contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the show's producers rather than through another draw, so that similar songs were not placed next to each other. Latvia performed in position 5. The entry did not qualify for the final.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2019 songs\nEurovision songs of 2019\nEurovision songs of Latvia\n2019 singles" ]

[ "Lee Ann Womack (; born August 19, 1966) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician. Her 2000 single, \"I Hope You Dance\" was a major crossover music hit, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her signature song.", "1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her signature song. When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements.", "When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements. Her 2000 album I Hope You Dance had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country.", "Her 2000 album I Hope You Dance had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country. It was not until the release of There's More Where That Came From in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music.", "It was not until the release of There's More Where That Came From in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music. After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album (The Way I'm Livin') and a new sound which blended country and Americana.", "After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album (The Way I'm Livin') and a new sound which blended country and Americana. Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations.", "Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations. Four of her studio albums have received a Gold certification or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America. Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award.", "Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award. She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide.", "She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide. Womack is married to record producer Frank Liddell, and was previously married to songwriter and musician Jason Sellers; her daughter with the latter, Aubrie Sellers, is also a country music artist. Early life Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas.", "Early life Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas. At an early age she was interested in country music. Her father, a disc jockey, often took his daughter to work with him to help choose records to play on the air. Womack was the second of two daughters.", "Womack was the second of two daughters. Her mother was a schoolteacher and her father was also a high school principal. As a child, Womack studied the piano and later graduated from Jacksonville High School in 1984. After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas.", "After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas. The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, Country Caravan.", "The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, Country Caravan. A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business.", "A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business. In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records.", "In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records. She studied at the college until 1990, leaving the school a year before graduation. Womack spent a few years raising her children before reentering the music business in the mid 1990s. In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts.", "In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts. At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings.", "At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings. Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, \"I Don't Remember Forgetting\" for one of his albums.", "Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, \"I Don't Remember Forgetting\" for one of his albums. After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist.", "After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist. She auditioned for MCA chairman, Bruce Hinton, who praised her talents. Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996.", "Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996. Music career Country music stardom: 1997–1999 Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright.", "Music career Country music stardom: 1997–1999 Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright. The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White.", "The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White. The first single, \"Never Again, Again\" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, \"The Fool\" shortly afterward.", "The first single, \"Never Again, Again\" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, \"The Fool\" shortly afterward. More successful than her first single, \"The Fool\" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year.", "More successful than her first single, \"The Fool\" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year. That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from Billboard Magazine, and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association.", "That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from Billboard Magazine, and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association. Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year.", "Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year. In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, Some Things I Know, which was also produced by Wright.", "In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, Some Things I Know, which was also produced by Wright. The album's first two singles, \"A Little Past Little Rock\" and \"I'll Think of a Reason Later\" both went to No. 2 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "2 on the Billboard Country Chart. Two additional singles, \"(Now You See Me) Now You Don't\" and \"Don't Tell Me\" were released in 1999, and the album was certified Gold by the RIAA soon after. That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards.", "That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards. Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs \"If You're Ever Down in Dallas\" and \"The Man Who Made Mama Cry\" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers.", "Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs \"If You're Ever Down in Dallas\" and \"The Man Who Made Mama Cry\" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers. The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999.", "The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999. Pop crossover success: 2000–2004 Womack released her third studio album in 2000 entitled I Hope You Dance which met with major success. The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No.", "The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No. 1 on the Billboard Country chart for five weeks and crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100, becoming a major crossover Pop hit, reaching No. 14.", "14. 14. It also peaked at the top spot on the adult contemporary chart and even reached the UK Singles Charts, peaking at No. 40. Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video.", "Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video. Towards the end of 2000, \"I Hope You Dance\" won the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" and \"Single of the Year\" awards.", "Towards the end of 2000, \"I Hope You Dance\" won the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" and \"Single of the Year\" awards. With the Pop success of \"I Hope You Dance,\" Womack drew the attention of the magazines People and Time, both of which praised the single, calling it \"one of her best.\"", "With the Pop success of \"I Hope You Dance,\" Womack drew the attention of the magazines People and Time, both of which praised the single, calling it \"one of her best.\" The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards.", "The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards. The album of the same name has sold 3 million copies in the United States to date. The album's follow-up single, a cover of Rodney Crowell's \"Ashes by Now\" peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "4 on the Billboard Country Chart. The third single, \"Why They Call it Falling\" was also successful, reaching the country Top 15. On December 11, 2000, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert.", "On December 11, 2000, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert. In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, Something Worth Leaving Behind was released.", "In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, Something Worth Leaving Behind was released. The album made a stronger attempt at a pop-flavored style, however it did not react well, leading to poor record sales and only one major hit. Following its release, Womack's career stalled.", "Following its release, Womack's career stalled. Later that year, she released a Christmas album, The Season for Romance and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, \"Mendocino County Line,\" which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002.", "Later that year, she released a Christmas album, The Season for Romance and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, \"Mendocino County Line,\" which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002. In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama The District.", "In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama The District. Womack sang the theme song for the 2003 series The Berenstain Bears.", "Womack sang the theme song for the 2003 series The Berenstain Bears. In 2004, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the Republican National Convention, in which George W. Bush was nominated for his second term as President of the United States. The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin.", "The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin. She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit \"Sick and Tired\" in 2004.", "She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit \"Sick and Tired\" in 2004. Also that year, she also released her first Greatest Hits album, which included two new songs; \"The Wrong Girl\" (the only song from the album released as a single) and \"Time for Me to Go.\"", "Also that year, she also released her first Greatest Hits album, which included two new songs; \"The Wrong Girl\" (the only song from the album released as a single) and \"Time for Me to Go.\" There's More Where That Came From and hiatus: 2005–2008 In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled There's More Where That Came From.", "There's More Where That Came From and hiatus: 2005–2008 In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled There's More Where That Came From. Many people in the music industry called the album, \"a return to tradition,\" featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar.", "Many people in the music industry called the album, \"a return to tradition,\" featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar. The album won the Country Music Association's \"Album of the Year\" award in 2005.<ref name=\"book\">{{cite book|title=Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music in America|editor=Alanna Nash and Paul Kingsbury|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|location=New York, NY|year=2006|page=349|chapter=Ch.", "The album won the Country Music Association's \"Album of the Year\" award in 2005.<ref name=\"book\">{{cite book|title=Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music in America|editor=Alanna Nash and Paul Kingsbury|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|location=New York, NY|year=2006|page=349|chapter=Ch. 12: Pocketful of Gold}}</ref> Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s.", "12: Pocketful of Gold}}</ref> Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s. They also called it one of her best records.", "They also called it one of her best records. The lead single, \"I May Hate Myself in the Morning\" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won \"Single of the Year\" by the CMA awards later that year.", "The lead single, \"I May Hate Myself in the Morning\" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won \"Single of the Year\" by the CMA awards later that year. Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, \"He Oughta Know That by Now\" and \"Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago.\"", "Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, \"He Oughta Know That by Now\" and \"Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago.\" The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD.", "The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD. Womack can be heard on the track \"If I Could Only Fly\" from Joe Nichols' album Real Things.", "Womack can be heard on the track \"If I Could Only Fly\" from Joe Nichols' album Real Things. Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their \"100 Greatest Duets\", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\".", "Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their \"100 Greatest Duets\", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\". The song had been originally recorded by Rogers and Dottie West in 1978 and was a No. 1 Country hit that year.", "1 Country hit that year. 1 Country hit that year. Womack took the place of West during that show since West had died in a serious car accident in September 1991. Womack's other honors includes being listed at No. 17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music.", "17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music. In 2006, Womack announced plans of a sixth studio album off of Mercury Nashville Records. The lead single, \"Finding My Way Back Home\" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No.", "The lead single, \"Finding My Way Back Home\" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No. 46 on the Billboard Country Chart. The single later peaked at No.", "The single later peaked at No. 37 and was rescheduled into 2007, because Womack found more songs that she wanted to record, however it was never released and Womack left Mercury. In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville.", "In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville. \"Last Call\" was released on June 30, 2008. It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, Call Me Crazy, which was released on October 21, 2008.", "It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, Call Me Crazy, which was released on October 21, 2008. The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love.", "The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love. It featured a duet with George Strait titled \"Everything But Quits,\" a re-recording of the Strait song \"The King of Broken Hearts,\" which first appeared on the Pure Country soundtrack.", "It featured a duet with George Strait titled \"Everything But Quits,\" a re-recording of the Strait song \"The King of Broken Hearts,\" which first appeared on the Pure Country soundtrack. One track, \"The Bees,\" features vocals from Keith Urban.", "One track, \"The Bees,\" features vocals from Keith Urban. In October 2009, Womack released \"There Is a God\", as the lead-off single to her upcoming seventh studio album which never surfaced. The song debuted at No.", "The song debuted at No. The song debuted at No. 60 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of November 14, 2009, eventually peaking at No. 32 in early 2010.", "32 in early 2010. 32 in early 2010. Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: \"Talking Behind Your Back\", as well as \"You Do Until You Don't\".", "Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: \"Talking Behind Your Back\", as well as \"You Do Until You Don't\". In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track \"Liars Lie\" to the soundtrack for the film Country Strong.", "In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track \"Liars Lie\" to the soundtrack for the film Country Strong. Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song \"Ring of Fire\", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, 34 Number Ones.", "Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song \"Ring of Fire\", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, 34 Number Ones. His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts.", "His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts. Though Womack is featured on the song, she was not given credit on the charts. In August 2012, Womack parted ways with MCA Nashville.", "In August 2012, Womack parted ways with MCA Nashville. Americana transition, return to music, and subsequent material loss: 2014–present In April 2014, Womack signed with Sugar Hill Records. Her first album for the label, The Way I'm Livin', was released September 23, 2014. Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return.", "Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return. In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' \"feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies,\" Spin deemed it \"the best of her career\" and Garden & Gun offered, \"Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.'", "In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' \"feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies,\" Spin deemed it \"the best of her career\" and Garden & Gun offered, \"Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.' With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver.\"", "With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver.\" \"Livin'\" was the only country album to make Esquire magazine's Top Albums of 2014 list. It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.", "It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years.", "Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years. On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of CMT Crossroads.", "On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of CMT Crossroads. Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of The Way I'm Livin', Womack appeared at the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK.", "Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of The Way I'm Livin', Womack appeared at the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK. On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone due on October 27 on ATO Records.", "On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone due on October 27 on ATO Records. Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.", "Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. Personal life At Belmont University, Womack met and married singer-songwriter Jason Sellers in 1990; they divorced in 1996. Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991).", "Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991). Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell.", "Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell. Discography Studio albums Lee Ann Womack (1997) Some Things I Know (1998) I Hope You Dance (2000) Something Worth Leaving Behind (2002) The Season for Romance (2002) There's More Where That Came From (2005) Call Me Crazy (2008) The Way I'm Livin' (2014) The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone'' (2017) Awards and nominations To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations).", "Discography Studio albums Lee Ann Womack (1997) Some Things I Know (1998) I Hope You Dance (2000) Something Worth Leaving Behind (2002) The Season for Romance (2002) There's More Where That Came From (2005) Call Me Crazy (2008) The Way I'm Livin' (2014) The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone'' (2017) Awards and nominations To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations). Television appearances Filmography References External links 1966 births 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women guitarists 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers American country singer-songwriters American country guitarists American women country singers American women guitarists ATO Records artists Belmont University alumni Country musicians from Tennessee Country musicians from Texas Decca Records artists Grammy Award winners Living people MCA Records artists Mercury Records artists People from Jacksonville, Texas Sugar Hill Records artists Singers from Nashville, Tennessee Singer-songwriters from Texas South Plains College alumni Tennessee Republicans Texas Republicans Singer-songwriters from Tennessee" ]

[ "Lee Ann Womack", "Country music stardom: 1997-1999", "What happened in 1997?", "Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997,", "What is the album called?", "I don't know.", "What is a single that was on the album?", "\"The Fool\"", "Did it receive positive recognition?", "reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year.", "Did it win any awards?", "Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards,", "Did she tour during this time?", "I don't know.", "What is another single she produced?", "\"A Little Past Little Rock", "Was this song well received?", "both went to No. 2 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "Did she perform any of these songs for the public?", "The material was promoted through shows" ]

[ "Chhuta Chheda (; ) is an Indian Gujarati soap opera which aired on ETV Gujarati. Now airs on colors gujrati channel and streams worldwide on Voot\n\nSynopsis\nChhuta Chheda tackles the ideas of divorce and problems within relationships. The show shows the viewers real-life stories about couples and how they resolved them. It also shows the audience what causes problems within couples; as well as how we can resolve them. It was an episodic show with two seasons.\n\nCast\n Manas Shah\n Shrenu Parikh\n Krishna Gokani\n Eva Ahuja\n Paresh Bhatt\n Bhoomi Shukla\n Shreya Bugade\nMehul Buch\nRagini Shah\n Shruti Gholap\n Jayaka Yagnik\n Rittesh Mobh\n Kalpesh Chauhan and Several Renowned Actors were part of these episodic stories.\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n\nIndian television series\n2011 Indian television series debuts\nTelevision shows set in Gujarat\nColors Gujarati original programming\nGujarati-language television shows", "What's in the Picture is an Australian television panel game show which aired on ABC from 1958 to 1959. Produced and broadcast live in Sydney, it was also shown in Melbourne via telerecordings, a type of recording also known as a kinescope recordings. The series was hosted by Harry Dearth, and aired in a half-hour time-slot.\n\nGame play\nA panel of celebrities were required to identify people and events from pictures shown on-screen.\n\nEpisode status\nAlthough 16mm film prints (\"telerecordings\") were made of the live broadcasts so the series could be shown in Melbourne, it is not known if any of these still exist.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1958 Australian television series debuts\n1959 Australian television series endings\n1950s Australian game shows\nAustralian live television series\nBlack-and-white Australian television shows\nEnglish-language television shows\nAustralian Broadcasting Corporation original programming\nAustralian panel games" ]

[ "Lee Ann Womack (; born August 19, 1966) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician. Her 2000 single, \"I Hope You Dance\" was a major crossover music hit, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her signature song.", "1 on the Billboard Country Chart and the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her signature song. When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements.", "When Womack emerged as a contemporary country artist in 1997, her material resembled that of Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette, except for the way Womack's music mixed an old-fashioned style with contemporary elements. Her 2000 album I Hope You Dance had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country.", "Her 2000 album I Hope You Dance had an entirely different sound, using pop music elements instead of traditional country. It was not until the release of There's More Where That Came From in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music.", "It was not until the release of There's More Where That Came From in 2005 that Womack returned to recording traditional country music. After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album (The Way I'm Livin') and a new sound which blended country and Americana.", "After a hiatus in 2008, Womack returned in 2014 with a new album (The Way I'm Livin') and a new sound which blended country and Americana. Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations.", "Womack has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations. Four of her studio albums have received a Gold certification or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America. Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award.", "Additionally, she has received five Academy of Country Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, and a Grammy Award. She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide.", "She has sold over 6 million albums worldwide. Womack is married to record producer Frank Liddell, and was previously married to songwriter and musician Jason Sellers; her daughter with the latter, Aubrie Sellers, is also a country music artist. Early life Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas.", "Early life Womack was born and raised in Jacksonville, Texas. At an early age she was interested in country music. Her father, a disc jockey, often took his daughter to work with him to help choose records to play on the air. Womack was the second of two daughters.", "Womack was the second of two daughters. Her mother was a schoolteacher and her father was also a high school principal. As a child, Womack studied the piano and later graduated from Jacksonville High School in 1984. After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas.", "After graduating, Womack attended South Plains Junior College in Levelland, Texas. The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, Country Caravan.", "The college was one of the first in the nation to offer country music degrees, and soon she became a member of the college band, Country Caravan. A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business.", "A year later, she left the college and after an agreement with her parents, Womack enrolled at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she studied the commercial aspect of the music business. In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records.", "In Nashville, she interned at the A&R department of MCA Records. She studied at the college until 1990, leaving the school a year before graduation. Womack spent a few years raising her children before reentering the music business in the mid 1990s. In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts.", "In 1995 she began performing her music in songwriting demos and at showcase concerts. At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings.", "At one of these showcase concerts, she was spotted by Tree Publishing, who signed her after listening to one of her original demo recordings. Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, \"I Don't Remember Forgetting\" for one of his albums.", "Womack wrote songs with some popular Nashville songwriters, including Bill Anderson and Ricky Skaggs, who recorded her composition, \"I Don't Remember Forgetting\" for one of his albums. After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist.", "After divorcing her first husband around that time, Womack decided to pursue a career as a country music artist. She auditioned for MCA chairman, Bruce Hinton, who praised her talents. Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996.", "Shortly afterward, she accepted a contract from MCA's sister record company, Decca Nashville in 1996. Music career Country music stardom: 1997–1999 Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright.", "Music career Country music stardom: 1997–1999 Womack released her self-titled debut album in May 1997, produced by Mark Wright. The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White.", "The album consisted of self-penned material as well as songs written by other artists, including Mark Chesnutt, Ricky Skaggs, and Sharon White. The first single, \"Never Again, Again\" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, \"The Fool\" shortly afterward.", "The first single, \"Never Again, Again\" made the country charts and playlists by March 1997, which led to the release of the album's second single, \"The Fool\" shortly afterward. More successful than her first single, \"The Fool\" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year.", "More successful than her first single, \"The Fool\" reached the Top 5 on the Billboard Country chart that year. That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from Billboard Magazine, and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association.", "That year she won major awards from the country music community; Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music Awards, Top Artist of the Year from Billboard Magazine, and was nominated for the Horizon award by the Country Music Association. Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year.", "Decca Nashville decided to close its doors in 1998, moving Womack to MCA Nashville Records that year. In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, Some Things I Know, which was also produced by Wright.", "In 1998, Womack released her second studio album, Some Things I Know, which was also produced by Wright. The album's first two singles, \"A Little Past Little Rock\" and \"I'll Think of a Reason Later\" both went to No. 2 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "2 on the Billboard Country Chart. Two additional singles, \"(Now You See Me) Now You Don't\" and \"Don't Tell Me\" were released in 1999, and the album was certified Gold by the RIAA soon after. That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards.", "That year, she also won Favorite Country New Artist from the American Music Awards. Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs \"If You're Ever Down in Dallas\" and \"The Man Who Made Mama Cry\" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers.", "Womack also contributed her vocals to the songs \"If You're Ever Down in Dallas\" and \"The Man Who Made Mama Cry\" in collaboration with her ex-husband and musician, Jason Sellers. The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999.", "The material was promoted through shows through October to November before the birth of Womack's second child in January 1999. Pop crossover success: 2000–2004 Womack released her third studio album in 2000 entitled I Hope You Dance which met with major success. The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No.", "The title track (which was released as the lead single), reached No. 1 on the Billboard Country chart for five weeks and crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100, becoming a major crossover Pop hit, reaching No. 14.", "14. 14. It also peaked at the top spot on the adult contemporary chart and even reached the UK Singles Charts, peaking at No. 40. Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video.", "Both of Womack's daughters appeared in the song's accompanying video. Towards the end of 2000, \"I Hope You Dance\" won the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" and \"Single of the Year\" awards.", "Towards the end of 2000, \"I Hope You Dance\" won the Country Music Association's \"Song of the Year\" and \"Single of the Year\" awards. With the Pop success of \"I Hope You Dance,\" Womack drew the attention of the magazines People and Time, both of which praised the single, calling it \"one of her best.\"", "With the Pop success of \"I Hope You Dance,\" Womack drew the attention of the magazines People and Time, both of which praised the single, calling it \"one of her best.\" The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards.", "The song later won awards in 2001 from the Grammy and Academy of Country music awards. The album of the same name has sold 3 million copies in the United States to date. The album's follow-up single, a cover of Rodney Crowell's \"Ashes by Now\" peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Country Chart.", "4 on the Billboard Country Chart. The third single, \"Why They Call it Falling\" was also successful, reaching the country Top 15. On December 11, 2000, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert.", "On December 11, 2000, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert. In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, Something Worth Leaving Behind was released.", "In 2002, Womack's fourth studio album, Something Worth Leaving Behind was released. The album made a stronger attempt at a pop-flavored style, however it did not react well, leading to poor record sales and only one major hit. Following its release, Womack's career stalled.", "Following its release, Womack's career stalled. Later that year, she released a Christmas album, The Season for Romance and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, \"Mendocino County Line,\" which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002.", "Later that year, she released a Christmas album, The Season for Romance and also collaborated with Willie Nelson on his single, \"Mendocino County Line,\" which won a Grammy and Country Music award in 2002. In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama The District.", "In early 2003, she got a small recurring role on the popular CBS drama The District. Womack sang the theme song for the 2003 series The Berenstain Bears.", "Womack sang the theme song for the 2003 series The Berenstain Bears. In 2004, Womack performed \"I Hope You Dance\" at the Republican National Convention, in which George W. Bush was nominated for his second term as President of the United States. The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin.", "The other performers that night included Sara Evans and Larry Gatlin. She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit \"Sick and Tired\" in 2004.", "She also collaborated with Red Dirt Music band Cross Canadian Ragweed on their hit \"Sick and Tired\" in 2004. Also that year, she also released her first Greatest Hits album, which included two new songs; \"The Wrong Girl\" (the only song from the album released as a single) and \"Time for Me to Go.\"", "Also that year, she also released her first Greatest Hits album, which included two new songs; \"The Wrong Girl\" (the only song from the album released as a single) and \"Time for Me to Go.\" There's More Where That Came From and hiatus: 2005–2008 In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled There's More Where That Came From.", "There's More Where That Came From and hiatus: 2005–2008 In 2005, she released her fifth studio album aimed at traditional country music entitled There's More Where That Came From. Many people in the music industry called the album, \"a return to tradition,\" featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar.", "Many people in the music industry called the album, \"a return to tradition,\" featuring songs about drinking and cheating with a distinctive older country twang, mixing strings and steel guitar. The album won the Country Music Association's \"Album of the Year\" award in 2005.<ref name=\"book\">{{cite book|title=Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music in America|editor=Alanna Nash and Paul Kingsbury|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|location=New York, NY|year=2006|page=349|chapter=Ch.", "The album won the Country Music Association's \"Album of the Year\" award in 2005.<ref name=\"book\">{{cite book|title=Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music in America|editor=Alanna Nash and Paul Kingsbury|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|location=New York, NY|year=2006|page=349|chapter=Ch. 12: Pocketful of Gold}}</ref> Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s.", "12: Pocketful of Gold}}</ref> Womack took inspiration from the records of the 1960s and 1970s, and according to Allmusic, the album sounded like albums by Loretta Lynn, Barbara Mandrell, and Dolly Parton from the 1970s. They also called it one of her best records.", "They also called it one of her best records. The lead single, \"I May Hate Myself in the Morning\" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won \"Single of the Year\" by the CMA awards later that year.", "The lead single, \"I May Hate Myself in the Morning\" was a Top 10 hit in 2005, and also won \"Single of the Year\" by the CMA awards later that year. Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, \"He Oughta Know That by Now\" and \"Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago.\"", "Two additional singles were released from the album in 2005 that became minor hits, \"He Oughta Know That by Now\" and \"Twenty Years and Two Husbands Ago.\" The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD.", "The album was released on vinyl LP as well as CD. Womack can be heard on the track \"If I Could Only Fly\" from Joe Nichols' album Real Things.", "Womack can be heard on the track \"If I Could Only Fly\" from Joe Nichols' album Real Things. Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their \"100 Greatest Duets\", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\".", "Womack has also appeared on specials on the CMT network, including their \"100 Greatest Duets\", which featured Womack singing a duet with Kenny Rogers, \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\". The song had been originally recorded by Rogers and Dottie West in 1978 and was a No. 1 Country hit that year.", "1 Country hit that year. 1 Country hit that year. Womack took the place of West during that show since West had died in a serious car accident in September 1991. Womack's other honors includes being listed at No. 17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music.", "17 on CMT's 2002 special of their countdown of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music. In 2006, Womack announced plans of a sixth studio album off of Mercury Nashville Records. The lead single, \"Finding My Way Back Home\" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No.", "The lead single, \"Finding My Way Back Home\" was released in the late summer of that year and debuted at No. 46 on the Billboard Country Chart. The single later peaked at No.", "The single later peaked at No. 37 and was rescheduled into 2007, because Womack found more songs that she wanted to record, however it was never released and Womack left Mercury. In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville.", "In 2008, Womack announced plans for a new single for the first time in three years, once again on MCA Nashville. \"Last Call\" was released on June 30, 2008. It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, Call Me Crazy, which was released on October 21, 2008.", "It served as the lead-off single to Womack's seventh studio album, Call Me Crazy, which was released on October 21, 2008. The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love.", "The album, released on vinyl and CD, was produced by Tony Brown, has been described as a dark album with plenty of songs about drinking and losing love. It featured a duet with George Strait titled \"Everything But Quits,\" a re-recording of the Strait song \"The King of Broken Hearts,\" which first appeared on the Pure Country soundtrack.", "It featured a duet with George Strait titled \"Everything But Quits,\" a re-recording of the Strait song \"The King of Broken Hearts,\" which first appeared on the Pure Country soundtrack. One track, \"The Bees,\" features vocals from Keith Urban.", "One track, \"The Bees,\" features vocals from Keith Urban. In October 2009, Womack released \"There Is a God\", as the lead-off single to her upcoming seventh studio album which never surfaced. The song debuted at No.", "The song debuted at No. The song debuted at No. 60 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of November 14, 2009, eventually peaking at No. 32 in early 2010.", "32 in early 2010. 32 in early 2010. Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: \"Talking Behind Your Back\", as well as \"You Do Until You Don't\".", "Womack has revealed a few of the tracks that she has recorded for the album, including: \"Talking Behind Your Back\", as well as \"You Do Until You Don't\". In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track \"Liars Lie\" to the soundtrack for the film Country Strong.", "In October 2010, Womack contributed the new track \"Liars Lie\" to the soundtrack for the film Country Strong. Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song \"Ring of Fire\", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, 34 Number Ones.", "Womack also contributed guest vocals to Alan Jackson's cover of the song \"Ring of Fire\", which was released in December 2010 as a single from his compilation album, 34 Number Ones. His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts.", "His version of the song was a minor hit, charting to number 45 on the Hot Country Songs charts. Though Womack is featured on the song, she was not given credit on the charts. In August 2012, Womack parted ways with MCA Nashville.", "In August 2012, Womack parted ways with MCA Nashville. Americana transition, return to music, and subsequent material loss: 2014–present In April 2014, Womack signed with Sugar Hill Records. Her first album for the label, The Way I'm Livin', was released September 23, 2014. Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return.", "Critics cheered the progressive traditionalist's return. In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' \"feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies,\" Spin deemed it \"the best of her career\" and Garden & Gun offered, \"Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.'", "In addition to a four out of four star review in USA Today, Rolling Stone proclaimed Livin' \"feels like something Merle Haggard or Waylon Jennings would have crafted back in the Seventies,\" Spin deemed it \"the best of her career\" and Garden & Gun offered, \"Nashville is filled with artists making 'the record they were born to make.' With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver.\"", "With Livin', Womack is one of the few who actually deliver.\" \"Livin'\" was the only country album to make Esquire magazine's Top Albums of 2014 list. It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.", "It was nominated for two 2015 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album and for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years.", "Womack also received two Americana Music Awards nominations for Album of the Year and Artist of the Year and her first CMA Female Vocalist of the Year nomination in ten years. On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of CMT Crossroads.", "On September 26, 2014, Womack collaborated with American R&B singer John Legend for an episode of CMT Crossroads. Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of The Way I'm Livin', Womack appeared at the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK.", "Ahead of her 2015 tour in support of The Way I'm Livin', Womack appeared at the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK. On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone due on October 27 on ATO Records.", "On August 15, 2017, Womack announced her new album The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone due on October 27 on ATO Records. Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.", "Lee Ann Womack was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. Personal life At Belmont University, Womack met and married singer-songwriter Jason Sellers in 1990; they divorced in 1996. Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991).", "Together they had a daughter named Aubrie Sellers (b. February 1991). Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell.", "Womack gave birth to her second daughter, Anna Lise Liddell, in January 1999 after marrying record producer Frank Liddell. Discography Studio albums Lee Ann Womack (1997) Some Things I Know (1998) I Hope You Dance (2000) Something Worth Leaving Behind (2002) The Season for Romance (2002) There's More Where That Came From (2005) Call Me Crazy (2008) The Way I'm Livin' (2014) The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone'' (2017) Awards and nominations To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations).", "Discography Studio albums Lee Ann Womack (1997) Some Things I Know (1998) I Hope You Dance (2000) Something Worth Leaving Behind (2002) The Season for Romance (2002) There's More Where That Came From (2005) Call Me Crazy (2008) The Way I'm Livin' (2014) The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone'' (2017) Awards and nominations To date, Lee Ann Womack has won 6 CMA Awards (from 17 nominations), 5 ACM Awards (from 16 nominations) and 1 Grammy (from 14 nominations). Television appearances Filmography References External links 1966 births 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women guitarists 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers American country singer-songwriters American country guitarists American women country singers American women guitarists ATO Records artists Belmont University alumni Country musicians from Tennessee Country musicians from Texas Decca Records artists Grammy Award winners Living people MCA Records artists Mercury Records artists People from Jacksonville, Texas Sugar Hill Records artists Singers from Nashville, Tennessee Singer-songwriters from Texas South Plains College alumni Tennessee Republicans Texas Republicans Singer-songwriters from Tennessee" ]

[ "The Colbert Report", "Background" ]

[ "No. 240 Operational Conversion Unit RAF is a former Royal Air Force Operational conversion unit which was formed by a series of mergers, it then became No. 27 Squadron RAF in 1993.\n\n240 OCU\n\n240 OCU was formed on 5 January 1948 by merging 1333 Transport Support Training Unit and 1382 (Transport) Conversion Unit at RAF North Luffenham. It was disbanded for the first time on 16 April 1951 and merged with 241 OCU to become 242 OCU. 240 OCU was then reformed 20 or so years later for helicopter training.\n\nAir Training Squadron\n\nThe Air Training Squadron was formed at RAF Odiham on 1 May 1971 using Westland Wessex's and Westland Pumas until 1 January 1972, when it was used to reform 240 OCU.\n\nHelicopter Operational Conversion Unit\n\nThe Helicopter Operational Conversion Unit was formed at RAF Odiham on 1 July 1967 with the Wessex and Puma until 1 May 1971 when it became the ATS.\n\nShort Range Conversion Unit\n\nThe Short Range Conversion Unit was formed on 5 August 1964 at RAF Odiham and used both fixed wing and rotary aircraft such as the Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer and the Wessex. It was disbanded on 1 July 1967 to become the HOCU.\n\nPrevious identities\n\nNo. 1333 Transport Support Training Unit\n\n1333 Transport Support Training Unit RAF was previously No. 1333 (Transport Support) Conversion Unit RAF, that unit was previously 107 OTU. 133 (TS) CU was formed on 12 March 1945 at Leicester East, it was similar to 107 OTU and renamed to 1333 TSTU on 6 July 1946. 1333 TSTU was disbanded on 5 January 1948 to become 240 OCU.\n\nNo. 107 OTU\n\n107 OTU was formed at RAF Leicester East on 3 May 1944 and primarily used Douglas Dakotas to train crews. It was disbanded on 12 March 1945 to become 1333 (TS) CU.\n\nNo. 1385 (Heavy Transport Support) Conversion Unit\n\n1385 (HTS)CU was formed at RAF Wethersfield on 1 April 1946 by redesignating the Operational and Refresher Training Unit. The conversion used transport aircraft and gliders to train transport crews for operational missions. It was disbanded on 6 June 1946 and absorbed by the 1333 (Transport Support) Conversion Unit.\n\nOperational and Refresher Training Unit\n\nORTU was formed at RAF Thruxton on 1 December 1943 by redesignating the Glider Pilot Exercise Unit which used a variety of aircraft including Supermarine Spitfires, de Havilland Tiger Moths and Hadrian gliders to train glider and transport pilots. It was disbanded on 1 April 1946.\n\nGlider Pilot Exercise Unit\n\nGPEU was formed at Netheravon Airfield on 12 August 1942 by redesignating No. 296B Squadron, it operated Hawker Harts, Hawker Hinds and Airspeed Horsas amongst others until 1 December 1943 when it was disbanded to become the ORTU.\n\nNo. 1382 (Transport) Conversion Unit\n\n1382 (Transport) Conversion Unit was previously 108 OTU, it was formed at RAF Wymeswold on 10 August 1945 and was similar to the previous unit. It disbanded on 5 January 1948 to become 240 OCU.\n\nNo. 108 OTU\n\n108 OTU was formed at RAF Wymeswold on 10 October 1944, it was used Miles Magisters and Douglas Dakotas to train personnel until 10 August 1945 when it was disbanded to become 1382 (T)CU.\n\nSee also\n List of conversion units of the Royal Air Force\n List of Royal Air Force Operational Training Units\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\nConversion units of the Royal Air Force", "The Australian Army Transportation Corps (AATC) was a corps of the Australian Army that was responsible for various transportation functions including rail, water and terminal/dock operations. Formed in the final days of World War II, the corps had only a very short existence, lasting until mid-1947 when its functions were subsumed by the Royal Australian Engineers again. This situation would remain until the early 1970s when the Royal Australian Corps of Transport was formed.\n\nHistory\nThe corps was formed on 6 August 1945 following the merger of three directorates – Water Transport, Road and Rail Transport, and Docks – which had previously existed as part of the Royal Australian Engineers Transportation Service (RAE—TN). The AATC's existence was only short lived, though, as it was disbanded on 7 April 1947, when the Department of Transportation was created within the RAE, assuming control of movements, water transport and terminal operations. These functions would remain within the RAE's remit until 1973 when the Royal Australian Corps of Transport was formed.\n\nReferences\n\nDefunct Australian Army Corps\nMilitary units and formations established in 1945\nMilitary units and formations disestablished in 1947" ]

[ "The Colbert Report ( ) is an American late-night talk and news satire television program hosted by Stephen Colbert that aired four days a week on Comedy Central from October 17, 2005, to December 18, 2014, for 1,447 episodes. The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake.", "The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake. The character, described by Colbert as a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot\", is a caricature of televised political pundits. Furthermore, the show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs, particularly Fox News's The O'Reilly Factor.", "Furthermore, the show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs, particularly Fox News's The O'Reilly Factor. The Colbert Report is a spin-off of Comedy Central's The Daily Show, in which Colbert acted as a correspondent for the program for several years while developing the character.", "The Colbert Report is a spin-off of Comedy Central's The Daily Show, in which Colbert acted as a correspondent for the program for several years while developing the character. The program was created by Colbert, Jon Stewart, and Ben Karlin. The show's writing was grounded in improvisation, and often lampooned current events stories.", "The show's writing was grounded in improvisation, and often lampooned current events stories. The show's structure also included a guest interview, in which the Colbert character attempts to deconstruct his opponent's argument.", "The show's structure also included a guest interview, in which the Colbert character attempts to deconstruct his opponent's argument. The show was taped in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, and the program's set is \"hyper-American\", epitomizing the character's ego.", "The show was taped in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, and the program's set is \"hyper-American\", epitomizing the character's ego. The show was taped and broadcast Monday through Thursday, with weeks taken off at multiple points in a given year for breaks.", "The show was taped and broadcast Monday through Thursday, with weeks taken off at multiple points in a given year for breaks. The Colbert Report saw immediate critical and ratings successes, leading to various awards, including two Peabody Awards.", "The Colbert Report saw immediate critical and ratings successes, leading to various awards, including two Peabody Awards. The show's cultural influence—which occasionally would require a fair degree of participation from the show's audience, dubbed the Colbert Nation—extended beyond the program a number of times.", "The show's cultural influence—which occasionally would require a fair degree of participation from the show's audience, dubbed the Colbert Nation—extended beyond the program a number of times. This impact included the character running for U.S. President twice, co-hosting a rally at the National Mall, presenting a controversial performance at the White House Correspondents' Dinner, and establishing a real Super PAC that raised a million dollars.", "This impact included the character running for U.S. President twice, co-hosting a rally at the National Mall, presenting a controversial performance at the White House Correspondents' Dinner, and establishing a real Super PAC that raised a million dollars. In addition, the show inspired various forms of multimedia, including music and multiple best-selling books.", "In addition, the show inspired various forms of multimedia, including music and multiple best-selling books. Background The Colbert Report satirized conservative personality-driven political pundit programs, and focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake.", "Background The Colbert Report satirized conservative personality-driven political pundit programs, and focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake. The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\"", "The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\" Colbert joined Comedy Central's The Daily Show in 1997, a year following its launch, then hosted by Craig Kilborn.", "Colbert joined Comedy Central's The Daily Show in 1997, a year following its launch, then hosted by Craig Kilborn. When Jon Stewart became the program's host in 1999, The Daily Show developed a markedly different style, bringing a sharper political focus to the humor than the show previously exhibited.", "When Jon Stewart became the program's host in 1999, The Daily Show developed a markedly different style, bringing a sharper political focus to the humor than the show previously exhibited. Colbert recalled that Stewart specifically asked him to have a political viewpoint, and to allow his passion for issues to carry through into his comedy.", "Colbert recalled that Stewart specifically asked him to have a political viewpoint, and to allow his passion for issues to carry through into his comedy. Colbert became a fixture on The Daily Show, occasionally hosting in Stewart's absence.", "Colbert became a fixture on The Daily Show, occasionally hosting in Stewart's absence. In 2003, the program began running advertisements for a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, starring Colbert as a parody of cable news pundits.", "In 2003, the program began running advertisements for a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, starring Colbert as a parody of cable news pundits. When fellow Daily Show star Steve Carell left to pursue a film and television career, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network.", "When fellow Daily Show star Steve Carell left to pursue a film and television career, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network. He pitched The Colbert Report to the channel in 2004. Stewart pushed Comedy Central to pick up the show, and Colbert was given an eight-week tryout.", "Stewart pushed Comedy Central to pick up the show, and Colbert was given an eight-week tryout. Following the show's immediate success, the show \"quickly became a fixture in the late-night lineup.\" At its peak, the show averaged 1.5 million viewers each evening.", "At its peak, the show averaged 1.5 million viewers each evening. The fictional Colbert anchorman character became gradually toned down over the course of the show's run, as the host believed he would eventually need to move beyond it.", "The fictional Colbert anchorman character became gradually toned down over the course of the show's run, as the host believed he would eventually need to move beyond it. He began to regard it as an act of discipline to perform as the character; he later remarked, \"to model behavior, you have to consume that behavior on a regular basis.", "He began to regard it as an act of discipline to perform as the character; he later remarked, \"to model behavior, you have to consume that behavior on a regular basis. It became very hard to watch punditry of any kind, of whatever political stripe.\"", "It became very hard to watch punditry of any kind, of whatever political stripe.\" With his contract set to end in December 2014, he had already decided to leave the show when he was contacted by CBS to replace David Letterman as the host of its Late Show franchise.", "With his contract set to end in December 2014, he had already decided to leave the show when he was contacted by CBS to replace David Letterman as the host of its Late Show franchise. The show's ending was announced concurrently with Colbert's jump to CBS in April 2014. The last episode aired on December 18, 2014.", "The last episode aired on December 18, 2014. The show was replaced on Comedy Central's late-night lineup by The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, another spinoff of The Daily Show.", "The show was replaced on Comedy Central's late-night lineup by The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, another spinoff of The Daily Show. History Development The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\"", "History Development The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\" When The Daily Show ran short on time, a short piece starring Colbert, advertising a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, was added into the program.", "When The Daily Show ran short on time, a short piece starring Colbert, advertising a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, was added into the program. In these sketches, Colbert began to amplify his character to parody news pundits.", "In these sketches, Colbert began to amplify his character to parody news pundits. Colbert anchored many sketches in his persona, including \"Even Stepvhen\", in which he debated current issues with fellow correspondent Steve Carell, often devolving into petty name-calling and insults.", "Colbert anchored many sketches in his persona, including \"Even Stepvhen\", in which he debated current issues with fellow correspondent Steve Carell, often devolving into petty name-calling and insults. Colbert and Carell were viewed as potential breakout stars by staff, and when Carell left the series in 2004 to start a US version of The Office, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network.", "Colbert and Carell were viewed as potential breakout stars by staff, and when Carell left the series in 2004 to start a US version of The Office, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network. Stewart and Karlin were already looking to expand the Daily Show franchise and their production company, Busboy.", "Stewart and Karlin were already looking to expand the Daily Show franchise and their production company, Busboy. The duo supposedly came up with the idea for The Colbert Report after watching coverage of the sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Bill O'Reilly. Colbert met with network president Doug Herzog the day following the 2004 Emmy Awards to first discuss the concept.", "Colbert met with network president Doug Herzog the day following the 2004 Emmy Awards to first discuss the concept. The one-line pitch Colbert, Karlin and Stewart developed was \"Our version of the O'Reilly Factor with Stephen Colbert.\" Herzog committed to an eight-week tryout period without a pilot.", "Herzog committed to an eight-week tryout period without a pilot. By the time of the 2004 election, the character was fully developed. In creating the character, which is designed to be repellant but entertaining, Colbert conferred with Stewart and Karlin.", "In creating the character, which is designed to be repellant but entertaining, Colbert conferred with Stewart and Karlin. In expressing his hope that his character not be \"an asshole,\" Stewart remarked, \"You're not an asshole. You're an idiot. There's a difference.\"", "There's a difference.\" There's a difference.\" Head writer Allison Silverman reiterated this trait in a later interview, commenting, \"There is an essential innocence to his character.\" Colbert initially felt the character might not be sustainable in a longer format.", "Colbert initially felt the character might not be sustainable in a longer format. Despite this, The Colbert Report was designed as an extension of the satiric goals of The Daily Show, combining it with general silliness and character-driven humor.", "Despite this, The Colbert Report was designed as an extension of the satiric goals of The Daily Show, combining it with general silliness and character-driven humor. To make sure there was no overlap in subject matter with The Daily Show, Karlin made trips between the studios during the show's early days to supervise scripts.", "To make sure there was no overlap in subject matter with The Daily Show, Karlin made trips between the studios during the show's early days to supervise scripts. For the first several years of the program, Colbert made an appearance at the end of each Daily Show in split-screen, having a short discussion with Stewart preceding his show.", "For the first several years of the program, Colbert made an appearance at the end of each Daily Show in split-screen, having a short discussion with Stewart preceding his show. Production The show's writing was grounded in improv, employing a \"yes to everything\" mentality.", "Production The show's writing was grounded in improv, employing a \"yes to everything\" mentality. Much of the humor derived from extended improv games with the show's studio and at-home audience, such as Colbert's poll to name a bridge in Hungary after himself.", "Much of the humor derived from extended improv games with the show's studio and at-home audience, such as Colbert's poll to name a bridge in Hungary after himself. Many of the writers had improv training and at one point put together \"improv evenings\" at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre once a month.", "Many of the writers had improv training and at one point put together \"improv evenings\" at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre once a month. Writers on The Colbert Report were predominantly male and white; Colbert acknowledged this lack of diversity, but he contended he had hired writers based solely on the quality of their material and had never looked at the names on writing packets submitted for employment.", "Writers on The Colbert Report were predominantly male and white; Colbert acknowledged this lack of diversity, but he contended he had hired writers based solely on the quality of their material and had never looked at the names on writing packets submitted for employment. Subjects considered too dark were not even considered for comedic material; for example, the show would poke fun at press coverage of a tragedy, rather than the tragedy itself.", "Subjects considered too dark were not even considered for comedic material; for example, the show would poke fun at press coverage of a tragedy, rather than the tragedy itself. Issues discussed on the show were later reported on actual newscasts, in turn allowing the show to comment on its own impact, creating an echo chamber of sorts.", "Issues discussed on the show were later reported on actual newscasts, in turn allowing the show to comment on its own impact, creating an echo chamber of sorts. This led Colbert to describe his show, \"at its purest expression, [as] a pebble that we throw into the puddle of the news, and then we report on our own ripples.\"", "This led Colbert to describe his show, \"at its purest expression, [as] a pebble that we throw into the puddle of the news, and then we report on our own ripples.\" Ideas for each show were considered in the morning pitch meeting, which could range from \"harrowing\" to smooth.", "Ideas for each show were considered in the morning pitch meeting, which could range from \"harrowing\" to smooth. Described as having \"demanding standards\", Colbert is quoted as remarking, \"Let's make it perfect and then cut it.\"", "Described as having \"demanding standards\", Colbert is quoted as remarking, \"Let's make it perfect and then cut it.\" Although dozens of ideas were either chosen for the show or deleted, other ideas, saved for a later date, were often forgotten because of the pace of news.", "Although dozens of ideas were either chosen for the show or deleted, other ideas, saved for a later date, were often forgotten because of the pace of news. Ideas with considerable potential were put in the \"hopper\" to be developed and rewritten, while more fully formed ideas were placed in the \"pantry.\"", "Ideas with considerable potential were put in the \"hopper\" to be developed and rewritten, while more fully formed ideas were placed in the \"pantry.\" Good jokes would still be sacrificed if they did not fit the character's specific point of view, which was deemed the inverse of what \"any logical person\" feels.", "Good jokes would still be sacrificed if they did not fit the character's specific point of view, which was deemed the inverse of what \"any logical person\" feels. At least one writer has described the job as \"all-consuming\", leaving no time for outside activities.", "At least one writer has described the job as \"all-consuming\", leaving no time for outside activities. Colbert himself eventually became withdrawn from morning meetings as the show continued on and he mulled a decision to leave.", "Colbert himself eventually became withdrawn from morning meetings as the show continued on and he mulled a decision to leave. Usually by 11 a.m., a rough outline for the show was completed and writers sent off in pairs to create scripts that would be polished throughout the day.", "Usually by 11 a.m., a rough outline for the show was completed and writers sent off in pairs to create scripts that would be polished throughout the day. First, writers would scan news articles for ideas and partner together in pairs, with one \"keeping track of possible jokes.\"", "First, writers would scan news articles for ideas and partner together in pairs, with one \"keeping track of possible jokes.\" During an appearance at the New York Comedy Festival in 2013, some writers admitted to procrastinating until the last hour before rehearsal to complete their sections; Colbert confirmed that, in the program's early days, segments such as \"The Word\" were scripted entirely during the rewrite before rehearsal.", "During an appearance at the New York Comedy Festival in 2013, some writers admitted to procrastinating until the last hour before rehearsal to complete their sections; Colbert confirmed that, in the program's early days, segments such as \"The Word\" were scripted entirely during the rewrite before rehearsal. Both writers read their dialogue aloud to see whether they thought the Colbert character would say it.", "Both writers read their dialogue aloud to see whether they thought the Colbert character would say it. As writers were working on their respective scripts, the show's production and graphics team compiled music, footage, and props needed for the show.", "As writers were working on their respective scripts, the show's production and graphics team compiled music, footage, and props needed for the show. To collect video clips, the show cross-referenced transcripts of hours and hours of archived TiVo recordings of news programs.", "To collect video clips, the show cross-referenced transcripts of hours and hours of archived TiVo recordings of news programs. In 2011, the show switched to Snapstream software, which streamlined the TV clip search and compilation process, allowing for searching closed captioning for select words.", "In 2011, the show switched to Snapstream software, which streamlined the TV clip search and compilation process, allowing for searching closed captioning for select words. In addition, a group of staff coders and independent contractors developed Scripto software to collaborate on scripts in real time.", "In addition, a group of staff coders and independent contractors developed Scripto software to collaborate on scripts in real time. By 1 p.m., the show held a second production meeting to go over scripts and determine which pieces to edit.", "By 1 p.m., the show held a second production meeting to go over scripts and determine which pieces to edit. Scripts were \"hopefully\" completed around 4 p.m., and a rehearsal with the entire staff would begin at 5:30 p.m. or occasionally earlier. Afterward, final changes were made to the script.", "Afterward, final changes were made to the script. The final rewrite would take place in a \"small, red, poorly ventilated room\" until 6:45 p.m. Before interviewing his guests, Colbert met with them in the green room and acknowledged that he was playing a character, noting that the persona is \"willfully ignorant of what you know and care about\" and urging the guest to \"honestly disabuse me of what you see as my ignorance.\"", "The final rewrite would take place in a \"small, red, poorly ventilated room\" until 6:45 p.m. Before interviewing his guests, Colbert met with them in the green room and acknowledged that he was playing a character, noting that the persona is \"willfully ignorant of what you know and care about\" and urging the guest to \"honestly disabuse me of what you see as my ignorance.\" Emily Lazar, a producer for the interview segments, advised guests to talk with Colbert as though he were a \"harmless drunk at the next bar stool.\"", "Emily Lazar, a producer for the interview segments, advised guests to talk with Colbert as though he were a \"harmless drunk at the next bar stool.\" Guests would typically take their seats around 7 p.m., when a warm-up comedian (perhaps Jared Logan or Paul Mercurio) delivered jokes.", "Guests would typically take their seats around 7 p.m., when a warm-up comedian (perhaps Jared Logan or Paul Mercurio) delivered jokes. Colbert, out of character, held a brief question and answer session with the audience prior to taping.", "Colbert, out of character, held a brief question and answer session with the audience prior to taping. Taping lasted as long as three hours but usually ended around 9 p.m., at which point the show was edited and sent to Comedy Central for broadcast.", "Taping lasted as long as three hours but usually ended around 9 p.m., at which point the show was edited and sent to Comedy Central for broadcast. As the show was being edited, the staff met one last time to work through details for the next show.", "As the show was being edited, the staff met one last time to work through details for the next show. Set The Colbert Report was taped and broadcast four nights a week, Monday–Thursday.", "Set The Colbert Report was taped and broadcast four nights a week, Monday–Thursday. The show's taping studio, at 513 W. 54th Street in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, was used for The Daily Show until July 2005, and has a capacity of 150.", "The show's taping studio, at 513 W. 54th Street in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, was used for The Daily Show until July 2005, and has a capacity of 150. NEP Studio 54 on 54th Street is owned by NEP Broadcasting which is New York City's largest production facility and also owns The Daily Show set at NEP Studio 52 two blocks south on 52nd Street.", "NEP Studio 54 on 54th Street is owned by NEP Broadcasting which is New York City's largest production facility and also owns The Daily Show set at NEP Studio 52 two blocks south on 52nd Street. Aside from the set, the show's production offices have been described as \"loft-like\" and \"all overhead pipes and exposed brick.\"", "Aside from the set, the show's production offices have been described as \"loft-like\" and \"all overhead pipes and exposed brick.\" Following the show's conclusion, the building was used for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore.", "Following the show's conclusion, the building was used for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore. The set for The Colbert Report was called \"The Eagle's Nest\" and reflects and facilitates Colbert's self-aggrandizing style. It was designed by Jim Fenhagen, and was intended to both capture the character's ego and be \"hyper-American.\"", "It was designed by Jim Fenhagen, and was intended to both capture the character's ego and be \"hyper-American.\" Elements incorporated into the set included architectural lines converged to Colbert's desk, and radial beams coming out from behind his chair.", "Elements incorporated into the set included architectural lines converged to Colbert's desk, and radial beams coming out from behind his chair. Colbert's main influence for the set was Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, with the Colbert character as Jesus Christ.", "Colbert's main influence for the set was Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, with the Colbert character as Jesus Christ. In the set, \"virtually every inch emblazoned with Colbert's name or the initial C\"; his name, initials and the name of the show appear on the desk's plasma screen, on the rafters above the desk, and the desk itself is shaped like a giant \"C\".", "In the set, \"virtually every inch emblazoned with Colbert's name or the initial C\"; his name, initials and the name of the show appear on the desk's plasma screen, on the rafters above the desk, and the desk itself is shaped like a giant \"C\". The background includes faux artifacts from the character's backstory, which are seldom seen by viewers.", "The background includes faux artifacts from the character's backstory, which are seldom seen by viewers. \"I kept saying, 'People might not really notice this.' But when you're working with a comedy team, they really get into it. They couldn't help themselves,\" said Fenhagen.", "They couldn't help themselves,\" said Fenhagen. Among these touches are the United States Constitution, a miniature Ten Commandments, and a CliffsNotes guide to American government. The set was described as \"part Riefenstahlesque homage to the star, part symbologic gallery — where alert viewers are rewarded with snarky jokes at every turn.\"", "The set was described as \"part Riefenstahlesque homage to the star, part symbologic gallery — where alert viewers are rewarded with snarky jokes at every turn.\" Above a fireplace is a portrait of Colbert; it originally showed Colbert standing in front of the same mantel with another portrait of himself.", "Above a fireplace is a portrait of Colbert; it originally showed Colbert standing in front of the same mantel with another portrait of himself. On the show's first anniversary, the portrait was replaced by one of Colbert standing in front of the mantel with the first portrait above it, and with each successive year, it became Colbert standing in front of the previous year's painting.", "On the show's first anniversary, the portrait was replaced by one of Colbert standing in front of the mantel with the first portrait above it, and with each successive year, it became Colbert standing in front of the previous year's painting. The graphics used throughout the show and the studio itself are saturated with American flags, bald eagles, Captain America's shield, and other patriotic imagery.", "The graphics used throughout the show and the studio itself are saturated with American flags, bald eagles, Captain America's shield, and other patriotic imagery. Format Typically, Colbert starts with the audience cheering and teasers regarding the show's topics and guest; each headline is structured to be a deliberate pun.", "Format Typically, Colbert starts with the audience cheering and teasers regarding the show's topics and guest; each headline is structured to be a deliberate pun. The series of puns are followed by a verbal metaphor that promotes the show and is almost always finished with, \"This is the Colbert Report.\"", "The series of puns are followed by a verbal metaphor that promotes the show and is almost always finished with, \"This is the Colbert Report.\" The show's original opening title sequence began with an eagle diving past the host, following by images of Americana, stock footage of Colbert, and words describing Colbert flying by (some of which have been used as The Word).", "The show's original opening title sequence began with an eagle diving past the host, following by images of Americana, stock footage of Colbert, and words describing Colbert flying by (some of which have been used as The Word). The first word used was \"Grippy\", and has changed to include, among others, \"Megamerican\", \"Lincolnish\", \"Superstantial\", \"Flagaphile\", and \"Factose Intolerant\".", "The first word used was \"Grippy\", and has changed to include, among others, \"Megamerican\", \"Lincolnish\", \"Superstantial\", \"Flagaphile\", and \"Factose Intolerant\". The May 4 episode in 2009 featured hints planted by J. J. Abrams about when and where Colbert would be in the Persian Gulf, and \"Farewellison\" for the final episode of former producer Allison Silverman.", "The May 4 episode in 2009 featured hints planted by J. J. Abrams about when and where Colbert would be in the Persian Gulf, and \"Farewellison\" for the final episode of former producer Allison Silverman. The show's opening credits depict the Colbert character clutching an American flag. On January 4, 2010, a new opening debuted.", "On January 4, 2010, a new opening debuted. The opening begins and ends with an eagle as before, but features new background renderings, new shots of Stephen Colbert, and is now colored in an American, red white and blue motif. The show's theme music is \"Baby Mumbles\" by Cheap Trick.", "The show's theme music is \"Baby Mumbles\" by Cheap Trick. Colbert phoned guitarist Rick Nielsen during development of the show to discuss the theme, noting that he loved the band's song \"I Want You to Want Me\"; the show's theme music is largely that song's melody backwards.", "Colbert phoned guitarist Rick Nielsen during development of the show to discuss the theme, noting that he loved the band's song \"I Want You to Want Me\"; the show's theme music is largely that song's melody backwards. Following the opening sequence, Colbert most often proceeds with a run-through of recent headlines in a manner parodying traditional news broadcasts; this is similar to The Daily Show but with a faux-right-wing spin.", "Following the opening sequence, Colbert most often proceeds with a run-through of recent headlines in a manner parodying traditional news broadcasts; this is similar to The Daily Show but with a faux-right-wing spin. The program typically continues with Colbert addressing a specific topic.", "The program typically continues with Colbert addressing a specific topic. Colbert often calls to \"Jimmy\", a reference to program director Jim Hoskinson, to roll video clips.", "Colbert often calls to \"Jimmy\", a reference to program director Jim Hoskinson, to roll video clips. That topic will often lead into a \"The Word\" segment, which juxtaposes Colbert's commentary with satirical bullet points on-screen, a parody of The O'Reilly Factors \"Talking Points Memo\".", "That topic will often lead into a \"The Word\" segment, which juxtaposes Colbert's commentary with satirical bullet points on-screen, a parody of The O'Reilly Factors \"Talking Points Memo\". On occasion he will conduct a short interview with someone having to do with the topic.", "On occasion he will conduct a short interview with someone having to do with the topic. The format of the middle segment varies, but it is normally a visual presentation or skit.", "The format of the middle segment varies, but it is normally a visual presentation or skit. Often, these skits are parts of recurring segments, which may include \"Better Know a District\", in which Colbert interviews a U.S. Representative from a certain district of the United States; \"Tip of the Hat/Wag of the Finger\", in which Colbert voices his approval or disapproval of prominent people and news items; \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.", "Often, these skits are parts of recurring segments, which may include \"Better Know a District\", in which Colbert interviews a U.S. Representative from a certain district of the United States; \"Tip of the Hat/Wag of the Finger\", in which Colbert voices his approval or disapproval of prominent people and news items; \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A. \", a health segment; \"The Sport Report\" with the \"t\" in both Sport and Report silent, a sports segment; and \"The ThreatDown\", in which Colbert lists the five greatest threats to America, and others.", "\", a health segment; \"The Sport Report\" with the \"t\" in both Sport and Report silent, a sports segment; and \"The ThreatDown\", in which Colbert lists the five greatest threats to America, and others. His newest segment, \"Thought for Food\" deals with the consumption of specific foods across the world.", "His newest segment, \"Thought for Food\" deals with the consumption of specific foods across the world. Sometimes, there is a \"Colbert Report Special Repor-t\" (the final 't' pronounced with special emphasis), or even a \"Colbert Report, Sport Report, Special Repor-t\", in which Colbert devotes a section of an episode, and sometimes the entire episode to a special subject.", "Sometimes, there is a \"Colbert Report Special Repor-t\" (the final 't' pronounced with special emphasis), or even a \"Colbert Report, Sport Report, Special Repor-t\", in which Colbert devotes a section of an episode, and sometimes the entire episode to a special subject. The third segment is almost always an interview with a celebrity guest, often an author or government official.", "The third segment is almost always an interview with a celebrity guest, often an author or government official. Unlike the late night talk show standard of the guest walking out to the host's desk, Colbert instead runs to a separate area of the set to interview his guest, basking in the applause and glory meant for the guest.", "Unlike the late night talk show standard of the guest walking out to the host's desk, Colbert instead runs to a separate area of the set to interview his guest, basking in the applause and glory meant for the guest. On the interview segment of the show, Colbert frequently attempts to nail his guest by using various rhetorical devices and fallacies to prove them wrong.", "On the interview segment of the show, Colbert frequently attempts to nail his guest by using various rhetorical devices and fallacies to prove them wrong. The real-life Colbert once remarked that his personal favorite segment of the program were the interviews, which involved more listening on his end in order for the character to \"ignorantly deconstruct\" his opponent's argument.", "The real-life Colbert once remarked that his personal favorite segment of the program were the interviews, which involved more listening on his end in order for the character to \"ignorantly deconstruct\" his opponent's argument. The third segment of the show is on occasion a musical guest.", "The third segment of the show is on occasion a musical guest. Prominent musical guests have included Metallica, Paul McCartney, Rush, Green Day, Paul Simon, Crosby Stills & Nash, Pavement, Cat Stevens, Yo-Yo Ma, Radiohead and Black Star.", "Prominent musical guests have included Metallica, Paul McCartney, Rush, Green Day, Paul Simon, Crosby Stills & Nash, Pavement, Cat Stevens, Yo-Yo Ma, Radiohead and Black Star. Afterwards, Colbert ends the show by giving some parting words to the audience or, if short for time, a simple \"that's it for the report everybody, good night\".", "Afterwards, Colbert ends the show by giving some parting words to the audience or, if short for time, a simple \"that's it for the report everybody, good night\". Character The host of The Colbert Report is Stephen Colbert, a \"self-important right-wing commentator\", portrayed by his real-life namesake.", "Character The host of The Colbert Report is Stephen Colbert, a \"self-important right-wing commentator\", portrayed by his real-life namesake. The character incorporates aspects of Colbert's real life, but is primarily a parody of cable news pundits, particularly Bill O'Reilly of Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor, whom he refers to as \"Papa Bear\".", "The character incorporates aspects of Colbert's real life, but is primarily a parody of cable news pundits, particularly Bill O'Reilly of Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor, whom he refers to as \"Papa Bear\". To this end, the character even incorporates O'Reilly's mannerisms, described as his \"pen-wielding, hand-stabbing gestures.\"", "To this end, the character even incorporates O'Reilly's mannerisms, described as his \"pen-wielding, hand-stabbing gestures.\" O'Reilly's use of \"talking points\" — illustrated onscreen graphics reflecting the host's opinions — are parodied on The Colbert Report with the segment \"The Word\".", "O'Reilly's use of \"talking points\" — illustrated onscreen graphics reflecting the host's opinions — are parodied on The Colbert Report with the segment \"The Word\". He initially incorporated long-winded, verbose metaphors to parody CNN correspondent Aaron Brown.", "He initially incorporated long-winded, verbose metaphors to parody CNN correspondent Aaron Brown. In addition, the character was also heavily inspired by Stone Phillips, Bill Kurtis and \"especially\" Geraldo Rivera. \"I loved the way Geraldo made reporting a story seem like an act of courage,\" Colbert told a reporter in 2012.", "\"I loved the way Geraldo made reporting a story seem like an act of courage,\" Colbert told a reporter in 2012. The core principle of The Colbert Report is that Colbert is a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot.\"", "The core principle of The Colbert Report is that Colbert is a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot.\" The character believes that he himself is the news: rather than a vessel to deliver the news to the audience, or a general member of the media, the character sees himself as more important than the news.", "The character believes that he himself is the news: rather than a vessel to deliver the news to the audience, or a general member of the media, the character sees himself as more important than the news. He is veracious in his approach, while often ridiculously overblown in his statements.", "He is veracious in his approach, while often ridiculously overblown in his statements. The character is egomaniacal, fact-averse (\"factose intolerant\"), God-fearing, and hyper-patriotic. He claims to be an independent who is often mistaken for a Republican, but uniformly despises liberals and generally agrees with the actions and decisions of the Republican Party.", "He claims to be an independent who is often mistaken for a Republican, but uniformly despises liberals and generally agrees with the actions and decisions of the Republican Party. Colbert's character has been described as a \"caustic right-wing bully\".", "Colbert's character has been described as a \"caustic right-wing bully\". The character exists not in opposition to political leaders, but to common ignorances; for example, his insistence that then-presidential candidate Barack Obama had Socialist leanings was based on public misconceptions.", "The character exists not in opposition to political leaders, but to common ignorances; for example, his insistence that then-presidential candidate Barack Obama had Socialist leanings was based on public misconceptions. In parodying the cult of personality, the Colbert character also developed a real-life equivalent, creating what was dubbed the \"Colbert Nation\".", "In parodying the cult of personality, the Colbert character also developed a real-life equivalent, creating what was dubbed the \"Colbert Nation\". While giving the character a certain mythos was part of the show's inception, show producers did not set out to create a loyal following; the joke was that the character thought he had an influence, but that was a figment of his ego-riddled imagination.", "While giving the character a certain mythos was part of the show's inception, show producers did not set out to create a loyal following; the joke was that the character thought he had an influence, but that was a figment of his ego-riddled imagination. Despite his appearance of always being in charge, Colbert is vulnerable: he feels deeply threatened by those wielding more power than he, and he suffers from \"arctophobia\", the fear of bears, which he refers to as \"giant, marauding, godless killing machines\".", "Despite his appearance of always being in charge, Colbert is vulnerable: he feels deeply threatened by those wielding more power than he, and he suffers from \"arctophobia\", the fear of bears, which he refers to as \"giant, marauding, godless killing machines\". He will alert the audience to what he perceives as the latest national threat (the subject of a recurring bit, \"ThreatDown\"), only to justify his own fears and impose those onto his audience.", "He will alert the audience to what he perceives as the latest national threat (the subject of a recurring bit, \"ThreatDown\"), only to justify his own fears and impose those onto his audience. As the show progressed, Colbert gradually began to tone down the character, allowing guests in interviews to \"get his or her own message across.\"", "As the show progressed, Colbert gradually began to tone down the character, allowing guests in interviews to \"get his or her own message across.\" The show's longevity created what The New York Times described as \"a winking quality to the act, a sense that we’re all in on the joke.\"", "The show's longevity created what The New York Times described as \"a winking quality to the act, a sense that we’re all in on the joke.\" Colbert himself acknowledged that he \"rarely hit it as hard as I used to,\" noting that \"You have to be vigilant to stay ignorant.\"", "Colbert himself acknowledged that he \"rarely hit it as hard as I used to,\" noting that \"You have to be vigilant to stay ignorant.\" He noted that his own personal opinions can occasionally align with his character's, when liberal guests' agendas appeared based on dislike rather than logical argument.", "He noted that his own personal opinions can occasionally align with his character's, when liberal guests' agendas appeared based on dislike rather than logical argument. Politician and former vice president Al Gore accidentally referred to the persona as a \"character\" in a 2011 interview on the show, and in 2013, Colbert further blurred lines when he spoke regarding the death of his mother on the program.", "Politician and former vice president Al Gore accidentally referred to the persona as a \"character\" in a 2011 interview on the show, and in 2013, Colbert further blurred lines when he spoke regarding the death of his mother on the program. In doing so, many commentators referred the show's longevity and the development of a \"third\" Colbert — one a faux pundit and one informed by the performer's own life.", "In doing so, many commentators referred the show's longevity and the development of a \"third\" Colbert — one a faux pundit and one informed by the performer's own life. In the show's credits, Colbert was credited with a title, which deliberately became increasingly cumbersome as the show progressed: Her Excellency The Rev.", "In the show's credits, Colbert was credited with a title, which deliberately became increasingly cumbersome as the show progressed: Her Excellency The Rev. Sir Doctor Stephen Tyrone Mos Def Colbert, D.F.A., Heavyweight Champion of the World✱✱ featuring Flo Rida La Premiere Dame De France.", "Sir Doctor Stephen Tyrone Mos Def Colbert, D.F.A., Heavyweight Champion of the World✱✱ featuring Flo Rida La Premiere Dame De France. When O'Reilly appeared on The Daily Show before the second episode of The Colbert Report aired, he commented, \"Before we get started, somebody told me walking in here, you got some French guy on after you making fun of me?", "When O'Reilly appeared on The Daily Show before the second episode of The Colbert Report aired, he commented, \"Before we get started, somebody told me walking in here, you got some French guy on after you making fun of me? \", and made several references in the following interview to 'the French Guy'.", "\", and made several references in the following interview to 'the French Guy'. In a subsequent Newsweek interview, O'Reilly said that he \"feels it's a compliment\" to have Colbert parody him because Colbert \"isn't mean-spirited\" and does not \"use [his] platform to injure people\".", "In a subsequent Newsweek interview, O'Reilly said that he \"feels it's a compliment\" to have Colbert parody him because Colbert \"isn't mean-spirited\" and does not \"use [his] platform to injure people\". Later, Colbert replied on-air, \"I like you too.", "Later, Colbert replied on-air, \"I like you too. In fact, if it wasn't for you, this show wouldn't exist.\" Themes Colbert disagreed that the show's emphasis on politics represented a liberal bias, noting that he himself was uninterested in modern politics.", "Themes Colbert disagreed that the show's emphasis on politics represented a liberal bias, noting that he himself was uninterested in modern politics. He believed that political issues reflect basic human behavior, which he viewed as his satirical specialty, noting, \"If I thought I had a political point, I'd be in big trouble.\"", "He believed that political issues reflect basic human behavior, which he viewed as his satirical specialty, noting, \"If I thought I had a political point, I'd be in big trouble.\" In another interview, Colbert remarked, \"I'm not someone with a particular political ax to grind. I'm a comedian.", "I'm a comedian. I'm a comedian. I love hypocrisy.\" Episodes Notable episodes Early years The Colbert Report premiered in October 2005. The first guest was Stone Phillips, a partial influence on the character.", "The first guest was Stone Phillips, a partial influence on the character. In the debut episode, Colbert coined the word truthiness, defined as \"a quality characterizing a 'truth' that a person making an argument or assertion claims to know intuitively 'from the gut' or because it 'feels right' without regard to evidence, logic, intellectual examination, or facts.\"", "In the debut episode, Colbert coined the word truthiness, defined as \"a quality characterizing a 'truth' that a person making an argument or assertion claims to know intuitively 'from the gut' or because it 'feels right' without regard to evidence, logic, intellectual examination, or facts.\" Truthiness was named Word of the Year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society and for 2006 by Merriam-Webster.", "Truthiness was named Word of the Year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society and for 2006 by Merriam-Webster. The character's forceful nature confused some in the program's early days.", "The character's forceful nature confused some in the program's early days. During an appearance on the segment \"Better Know a District\" in the show's first season, a frustrated Barney Frank declined to continue, deeming the conversation too dumb.", "During an appearance on the segment \"Better Know a District\" in the show's first season, a frustrated Barney Frank declined to continue, deeming the conversation too dumb. In one early episode, the Colbert character purported to be a former member of a 1980s new wave group, Stephen & the Colberts, and released a fictional music video from the band for the song \"Charlene (I'm Right Behind You)\".", "In one early episode, the Colbert character purported to be a former member of a 1980s new wave group, Stephen & the Colberts, and released a fictional music video from the band for the song \"Charlene (I'm Right Behind You)\". The show's popularity resulted in Colbert headlining the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner, which he performed in character.", "The show's popularity resulted in Colbert headlining the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner, which he performed in character. The controversial, searing routine targeted President George W. Bush and the media, and was greeted with chilly reception from the audience.", "The controversial, searing routine targeted President George W. Bush and the media, and was greeted with chilly reception from the audience. Although President Bush shook Colbert's hand after his presentation, several of Bush's aides and supporters walked out during Colbert's speech, and one former aide commented that the President had \"that look that he's ready to blow\".", "Although President Bush shook Colbert's hand after his presentation, several of Bush's aides and supporters walked out during Colbert's speech, and one former aide commented that the President had \"that look that he's ready to blow\". Colbert's performance quickly became an Internet and media sensation.", "Colbert's performance quickly became an Internet and media sensation. According to Vanity Fair, the speech transformed Colbert as a \"folk hero\" for liberals, and was later described by Frank Rich as the \"defining moment\" of the 2006 midterm elections.", "According to Vanity Fair, the speech transformed Colbert as a \"folk hero\" for liberals, and was later described by Frank Rich as the \"defining moment\" of the 2006 midterm elections. Adam Sternbergh of New York, a year after the show's debut, deemed the character \"something very close to what he's parodying, a kind of Bill O'Reilly for the angry left.\"", "Adam Sternbergh of New York, a year after the show's debut, deemed the character \"something very close to what he's parodying, a kind of Bill O'Reilly for the angry left.\" In 2006, Colbert encouraged fans to vote for his name to be the new name of a bridge in Hungary, which was being decided via an online poll; he beat the runner-up by more than 14 million votes.", "In 2006, Colbert encouraged fans to vote for his name to be the new name of a bridge in Hungary, which was being decided via an online poll; he beat the runner-up by more than 14 million votes. He was, however, disqualified, as the name of the bridge was intended to be a memoriam.", "He was, however, disqualified, as the name of the bridge was intended to be a memoriam. Later that year, he began a mock feud with indie rock group the Decemberists over the subject of who was the first to challenge fans to create a green screen video; the fake conflict culminated in a guitar solo competition on the show's final episode of the year, featuring guest appearances from guitarist Peter Frampton and Dr. Henry Kissinger.", "Later that year, he began a mock feud with indie rock group the Decemberists over the subject of who was the first to challenge fans to create a green screen video; the fake conflict culminated in a guitar solo competition on the show's final episode of the year, featuring guest appearances from guitarist Peter Frampton and Dr. Henry Kissinger. Colbert later recalled it as the show's \"craziest\" moment, changing the way the staff viewed the program: \"Because you realize the character believes anything he thinks, says, [or] cares about is important, anything fits on the show.", "Colbert later recalled it as the show's \"craziest\" moment, changing the way the staff viewed the program: \"Because you realize the character believes anything he thinks, says, [or] cares about is important, anything fits on the show. [...] That is the show where we said, oh, there is unlimited open field running.\"", "[...] That is the show where we said, oh, there is unlimited open field running.\" In February 2007, Ben & Jerry's unveiled a new ice cream flavor in honor of Stephen Colbert, named Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream.", "In February 2007, Ben & Jerry's unveiled a new ice cream flavor in honor of Stephen Colbert, named Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream. All proceeds were donated to charity through the Stephen Colbert AmeriCone Dream Fund, which distributed the money to various causes.", "All proceeds were donated to charity through the Stephen Colbert AmeriCone Dream Fund, which distributed the money to various causes. In June 2007, Colbert broke his left wrist while performing his warm-up for the show.", "In June 2007, Colbert broke his left wrist while performing his warm-up for the show. It was the subject of an extended bit on the program, including the creation of the \"Wriststrong\" wrist band, based on Lance Armstrong's \"Livestrong\" wrist band, which donated all proceeds to the Yellow Ribbon Fund.", "It was the subject of an extended bit on the program, including the creation of the \"Wriststrong\" wrist band, based on Lance Armstrong's \"Livestrong\" wrist band, which donated all proceeds to the Yellow Ribbon Fund. Colbert remained on the air without writers during the Writers Guild of America strike in 2007–08.", "Colbert remained on the air without writers during the Writers Guild of America strike in 2007–08. Colbert modified the pronunciation of the show's name, pronouncing both of the formerly elided final \"t\"s (); a similar move was made by The Daily Show which returned to air as A Daily Show.", "Colbert modified the pronunciation of the show's name, pronouncing both of the formerly elided final \"t\"s (); a similar move was made by The Daily Show which returned to air as A Daily Show. During this period, he staged a mock feud between himself, Jon Stewart, and Late Night host Conan O'Brien over who made Republican Presidential candidate Mike Huckabee.", "During this period, he staged a mock feud between himself, Jon Stewart, and Late Night host Conan O'Brien over who made Republican Presidential candidate Mike Huckabee. In 2008, Colbert made a series of jokes directed at various towns in the United States named \"Canton\", with many attracting negative responses from each respective area's local government and residents.", "In 2008, Colbert made a series of jokes directed at various towns in the United States named \"Canton\", with many attracting negative responses from each respective area's local government and residents. The same year, the show filmed a tongue-in-cheek Christmas special titled A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!.", "The same year, the show filmed a tongue-in-cheek Christmas special titled A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!. In 2009, Colbert filmed a series of four episodes for the troops in Baghdad, Iraq.", "In 2009, Colbert filmed a series of four episodes for the troops in Baghdad, Iraq. He had a suit tailored for him in the Army Combat Uniform pattern and went through an abbreviated version of the Army's basic training regimen.", "He had a suit tailored for him in the Army Combat Uniform pattern and went through an abbreviated version of the Army's basic training regimen. On the first of the four episodes, Colbert had his head shaved on stage by General Ray Odierno who was jokingly \"ordered\" to do so by President Barack Obama, who appeared on the episode via a pre-recorded segment from the White House.", "On the first of the four episodes, Colbert had his head shaved on stage by General Ray Odierno who was jokingly \"ordered\" to do so by President Barack Obama, who appeared on the episode via a pre-recorded segment from the White House. Later years In 2010, while in character, Colbert appeared before judiciary subcommittee hearing on the issue of farm workers and immigration.", "Later years In 2010, while in character, Colbert appeared before judiciary subcommittee hearing on the issue of farm workers and immigration. The New Yorker used Colbert's testimony before Congress as an example of the \"third\" Colbert: \"Colbert was thoughtful and sincere—and had ruined the whole thing.", "The New Yorker used Colbert's testimony before Congress as an example of the \"third\" Colbert: \"Colbert was thoughtful and sincere—and had ruined the whole thing. By speaking honestly, he had become the very thing he was mocking, a celebrity testifying before Congress.\"", "By speaking honestly, he had become the very thing he was mocking, a celebrity testifying before Congress.\" Beginning in June 2011, the show created a long-running gag that involved Colbert starting his own actual super PAC, Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow, described by the character as \"100 percent legal and at least 10 percent ethical.\"", "Beginning in June 2011, the show created a long-running gag that involved Colbert starting his own actual super PAC, Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow, described by the character as \"100 percent legal and at least 10 percent ethical.\" In 2012, Colbert interviewed illustrator/author Maurice Sendak, who managed to get him to break character; show staff and Colbert himself retrospectively labeled the segment one of the show's more memorable moments.", "In 2012, Colbert interviewed illustrator/author Maurice Sendak, who managed to get him to break character; show staff and Colbert himself retrospectively labeled the segment one of the show's more memorable moments. The Los Angeles Times called the September 2013 interview with intelligence official Philip Mudd his \"most awkward interview\", stating Mudd \"could barely disguise his contempt\" for Colbert.", "The Los Angeles Times called the September 2013 interview with intelligence official Philip Mudd his \"most awkward interview\", stating Mudd \"could barely disguise his contempt\" for Colbert. President Barack Obama guested during the show's final month, in a show taped from George Washington University in Washington, D.C.; Obama sat in Colbert's seat and presided over \"The Wørd\" segment.", "President Barack Obama guested during the show's final month, in a show taped from George Washington University in Washington, D.C.; Obama sat in Colbert's seat and presided over \"The Wørd\" segment. The final episode aired on December 18, 2014.", "The final episode aired on December 18, 2014. In the episode Stephen becomes immortal after accidentally killing \"Grimmy\" during the opening of the segment of \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.\".", "In the episode Stephen becomes immortal after accidentally killing \"Grimmy\" during the opening of the segment of \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.\". This leads to Stephen singing \"We'll Meet Again\" in its entirety along with a large group of famous friends including Jon Stewart, Jeff Daniels, Sam Waterston, Big Bird, Charlie Rose, Terry Gross, Keith Olbermann, Tom Brokaw, Alan Alda, Yo Yo Ma, Ken Burns, Cyndi Lauper, Patrick Stewart, Randy Newman, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Henry Kissinger, Alex Trebek, Mandy Patinkin, Lesley Stahl, George Lucas, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Gloria Steinem, Elijah Wood, Jake Tapper, Bob Costas, Smaug and Cookie Monster.", "This leads to Stephen singing \"We'll Meet Again\" in its entirety along with a large group of famous friends including Jon Stewart, Jeff Daniels, Sam Waterston, Big Bird, Charlie Rose, Terry Gross, Keith Olbermann, Tom Brokaw, Alan Alda, Yo Yo Ma, Ken Burns, Cyndi Lauper, Patrick Stewart, Randy Newman, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Henry Kissinger, Alex Trebek, Mandy Patinkin, Lesley Stahl, George Lucas, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Gloria Steinem, Elijah Wood, Jake Tapper, Bob Costas, Smaug and Cookie Monster. Reception Critical response Initial reviews Reviews of The Colbert Report upon its 2005 premiere were positive, although critics were generally skeptical that the character could extend beyond one season without growing tiresome.", "Reception Critical response Initial reviews Reviews of The Colbert Report upon its 2005 premiere were positive, although critics were generally skeptical that the character could extend beyond one season without growing tiresome. While positively reviewing the program as a whole, Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune echoed these sentiments: \"The biggest question hanging over The Colbert Report is whether the show’s sendup of the pomposity and fear-mongering of cable news blowhards will be as appealing in the long term.\"", "While positively reviewing the program as a whole, Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune echoed these sentiments: \"The biggest question hanging over The Colbert Report is whether the show’s sendup of the pomposity and fear-mongering of cable news blowhards will be as appealing in the long term.\" Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer summarized the show's early reaction: \"Critics and bloggers either loved the premiere or declared themselves to be unmoved, but that's the standard reaction after any late-night program's debut.", "Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer summarized the show's early reaction: \"Critics and bloggers either loved the premiere or declared themselves to be unmoved, but that's the standard reaction after any late-night program's debut. A truer measure will be seen in coming weeks, after the hype wears off and the ratings lose their exuberance.\"", "A truer measure will be seen in coming weeks, after the hype wears off and the ratings lose their exuberance.\" Gilbert Cruz of Entertainment Weekly noted that \"Colbert proves that the line between serious TV journalism and utter nonsense is a very thin one indeed.\"", "Gilbert Cruz of Entertainment Weekly noted that \"Colbert proves that the line between serious TV journalism and utter nonsense is a very thin one indeed.\" Heather Havrilesky of Salon was effusive, remarking, \"Not only does Colbert maintain his persona without skipping a beat throughout the entire show, but he’s got great comic timing, the show’s writers are brilliant, and the whole thing is pure foolish, bizarre, idiotic fun.\"", "Heather Havrilesky of Salon was effusive, remarking, \"Not only does Colbert maintain his persona without skipping a beat throughout the entire show, but he’s got great comic timing, the show’s writers are brilliant, and the whole thing is pure foolish, bizarre, idiotic fun.\" Barry Garron of The Hollywood Reporter dubbed it an \"auspicious debut\", writing, \"The new show dovetails nicely with its lead-in to present a solid hour of skewered news and punctured pomposity.\"", "Barry Garron of The Hollywood Reporter dubbed it an \"auspicious debut\", writing, \"The new show dovetails nicely with its lead-in to present a solid hour of skewered news and punctured pomposity.\" Variety Brian Lowry commented that the show had an \"impressive start with a topnotch premiere followed by a respectable second outing.\"", "Variety Brian Lowry commented that the show had an \"impressive start with a topnotch premiere followed by a respectable second outing.\" Paul Brownfield of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"In the run-up to the show it all sounded a bit hard to get your head around, but in the flesh the show zinged, at least this first week.\"", "Paul Brownfield of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"In the run-up to the show it all sounded a bit hard to get your head around, but in the flesh the show zinged, at least this first week.\" The Boston Globe Matthew Gilbert praised the show's wordplay, summarizing, \"Colbert's a clever creation, and a necessary one, and he deserves an opportunity to offend as many people as possible with his pompous blather.\"", "The Boston Globe Matthew Gilbert praised the show's wordplay, summarizing, \"Colbert's a clever creation, and a necessary one, and he deserves an opportunity to offend as many people as possible with his pompous blather.\" Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times commented that the show was a welcome addition to the Comedy Central lineup, remarking, \"What puts Mr. Colbert over the top is that he is not just impersonating well known television personalities, he also uses parody to score larger points about politics and the press.\"", "Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times commented that the show was a welcome addition to the Comedy Central lineup, remarking, \"What puts Mr. Colbert over the top is that he is not just impersonating well known television personalities, he also uses parody to score larger points about politics and the press.\" Nevertheless, there were more negative reviews: USA Today Robert Bianco opined that the show \"tried too hard\", writing, \"Unfortunately, in just two weeks on the air, this half-hour spoof of a no-spin-zone type show has already stretched Colbert's character and the artifice that supports it past its natural breaking point.\"", "Nevertheless, there were more negative reviews: USA Today Robert Bianco opined that the show \"tried too hard\", writing, \"Unfortunately, in just two weeks on the air, this half-hour spoof of a no-spin-zone type show has already stretched Colbert's character and the artifice that supports it past its natural breaking point.\" Later reviews The New Yorker remarked that the show remained funny throughout its entire run.", "Later reviews The New Yorker remarked that the show remained funny throughout its entire run. The Colbert Report currently scores favorable reviews, with 65/100 on Metacritic (first season), while its viewers' ranking on the site is higher at 8.7/10.", "The Colbert Report currently scores favorable reviews, with 65/100 on Metacritic (first season), while its viewers' ranking on the site is higher at 8.7/10. In a 2009 academic analysis of the show's popularity, Temple University researcher, Heather LaMarre found that the show appealed to both liberals and conservatives, concluding, \"there was no significant difference between the groups in thinking Colbert was funny, but conservatives were more likely to report that Colbert only pretends to be joking and genuinely meant what he said while liberals were more likely to report that Colbert used satire and was not serious when offering political statements\".", "In a 2009 academic analysis of the show's popularity, Temple University researcher, Heather LaMarre found that the show appealed to both liberals and conservatives, concluding, \"there was no significant difference between the groups in thinking Colbert was funny, but conservatives were more likely to report that Colbert only pretends to be joking and genuinely meant what he said while liberals were more likely to report that Colbert used satire and was not serious when offering political statements\". Malcolm Gladwell discussed LaMarre's findings in his Revisionist History podcast, \"The Satire Paradox\" (2016).", "Malcolm Gladwell discussed LaMarre's findings in his Revisionist History podcast, \"The Satire Paradox\" (2016). Ratings The ratings of The Colbert Report, from its premiere, benefited from the lead-in The Daily Show provides, which at the time of the show's debut averaged 1.3 million viewers per night.", "Ratings The ratings of The Colbert Report, from its premiere, benefited from the lead-in The Daily Show provides, which at the time of the show's debut averaged 1.3 million viewers per night. Comedy Central had previously struggled to produce a hit program on par with The Daily Show, and were counting on Colbert after a string of failures.", "Comedy Central had previously struggled to produce a hit program on par with The Daily Show, and were counting on Colbert after a string of failures. The Colbert Report drew 1.13 million viewers for its premiere episode, 47 percent greater than the average for that time slot over the previous four weeks, and 98 percent of the viewership of The Daily Show, which had Comedy Central's second-largest viewership.", "The Colbert Report drew 1.13 million viewers for its premiere episode, 47 percent greater than the average for that time slot over the previous four weeks, and 98 percent of the viewership of The Daily Show, which had Comedy Central's second-largest viewership. Averaged over its opening week, The Report had 1.2 million viewers per episode, more than double the average for the same time the previous year, when the time slot was occupied by Too Late with Adam Carolla.", "Averaged over its opening week, The Report had 1.2 million viewers per episode, more than double the average for the same time the previous year, when the time slot was occupied by Too Late with Adam Carolla. The show regularly began attracting over one million viewers with near immediacy.", "The show regularly began attracting over one million viewers with near immediacy. The show also drew more young men, a powerful demographic, than other late-night hosts (at that time, Jay Leno, David Letterman, and Conan O'Brien). Within a year, The Colbert Report began averaging 1.5 million viewers per night.", "Within a year, The Colbert Report began averaging 1.5 million viewers per night. In early 2008, in the midst of the writer's strike, Colbert posted an eleven-percent gain over its averages from the following fall. From 2012 to 2013, viewership decreased from 1.2 million to 1.1 million.", "From 2012 to 2013, viewership decreased from 1.2 million to 1.1 million. In 2013, The Colbert Report was the second most-watched late-night talk show (behind The Daily Show) among the demographic of adults 18–49, beating competition The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in that demographic for the first time.", "In 2013, The Colbert Report was the second most-watched late-night talk show (behind The Daily Show) among the demographic of adults 18–49, beating competition The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in that demographic for the first time. That year, The Colbert Report attracted $52.1 million in advertising for an audience whose median age was 39.4, about a year younger than The Daily Show.", "That year, The Colbert Report attracted $52.1 million in advertising for an audience whose median age was 39.4, about a year younger than The Daily Show. In 2014, the final year of the show's run, ratings were down three percent (coinciding with a general ratings slide for cable television).", "In 2014, the final year of the show's run, ratings were down three percent (coinciding with a general ratings slide for cable television). The series finale on December 18, 2014 was watched by 2.4 million viewers, making it the most watched episode ever in the show's history.", "The series finale on December 18, 2014 was watched by 2.4 million viewers, making it the most watched episode ever in the show's history. The finale was the most watched cable program of the night in its time slot, beating The Daily Show which was seen by two million viewers.", "The finale was the most watched cable program of the night in its time slot, beating The Daily Show which was seen by two million viewers. Awards The Colbert Report received numerous awards and accolades throughout its run. The show was nominated for four Emmy Awards in its inaugural year, but lost to The Daily Show.", "The show was nominated for four Emmy Awards in its inaugural year, but lost to The Daily Show. The show was nominated each year for the rest of its run for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Series, but lost each time to The Daily Show until 2013, when it broke the latter program's winning streak, dubbed the longest in Emmy history.", "The show was nominated each year for the rest of its run for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Series, but lost each time to The Daily Show until 2013, when it broke the latter program's winning streak, dubbed the longest in Emmy history. Colbert subsequently referenced his win on his program as the conclusion of Stewart's \"reign of terror.\"", "Colbert subsequently referenced his win on his program as the conclusion of Stewart's \"reign of terror.\" It also won the award the following year, and was nominated in the same category in 2015. The show received two Peabody Awards, recognizing its excellence in news and entertainment.", "The show received two Peabody Awards, recognizing its excellence in news and entertainment. It also won two Grammy Awards, one for Best Comedy Album for the soundtrack to the special A Colbert Christmas, and later for Best Spoken Word Album for the audiobook to America Again.", "It also won two Grammy Awards, one for Best Comedy Album for the soundtrack to the special A Colbert Christmas, and later for Best Spoken Word Album for the audiobook to America Again. Colbert and Stewart's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was nominated for four Daytime Emmy awards in 2011, including the Outstanding Special Class Special category and the Outstanding Special Class Writing category.", "Colbert and Stewart's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was nominated for four Daytime Emmy awards in 2011, including the Outstanding Special Class Special category and the Outstanding Special Class Writing category. Racism controversy In March 2014, the show attracted controversy when Colbert used a \"fatuously fake parody stereotype character, 'Ching-Chong Ding-Dong,'\" to \"satirize knee-jerk mockery\" of Asian dialect.", "Racism controversy In March 2014, the show attracted controversy when Colbert used a \"fatuously fake parody stereotype character, 'Ching-Chong Ding-Dong,'\" to \"satirize knee-jerk mockery\" of Asian dialect. The name had been used before without incident, but the show's official Twitter account — run by an unknown individual — tweeted the remarks without context, leading to wide outrage over social media, including a hashtag campaign, \"#CancelColbert\", that was a worldwide trending topic for over 24 hours, thanks in-part by Colbert himself helping make it go viral for his show.", "The name had been used before without incident, but the show's official Twitter account — run by an unknown individual — tweeted the remarks without context, leading to wide outrage over social media, including a hashtag campaign, \"#CancelColbert\", that was a worldwide trending topic for over 24 hours, thanks in-part by Colbert himself helping make it go viral for his show. Legacy The New Yorker wrote that \"Colbert has made vital observations about the American political system, particularly about the sordid role that money plays within it.", "Legacy The New Yorker wrote that \"Colbert has made vital observations about the American political system, particularly about the sordid role that money plays within it. The Colbert Report and the Daily Show [...] have changed the way that young liberals of a certain class think and talk about civic culture.\"", "The Colbert Report and the Daily Show [...] have changed the way that young liberals of a certain class think and talk about civic culture.\" The show also coined another word, wikiality, that means \"reality as decided on majority rule.\"", "The show also coined another word, wikiality, that means \"reality as decided on majority rule.\" Viewers of the show also coined a word, freem, based on its inclusion in the show's opening sequence; the word refers to \"'freedom' without having to 'do' anything — without any responsibility or action.\"", "Viewers of the show also coined a word, freem, based on its inclusion in the show's opening sequence; the word refers to \"'freedom' without having to 'do' anything — without any responsibility or action.\" In response to the \"Better Know a District\" segment, Rahm Emanuel, then the Democratic Caucus chair, instructed incoming freshmen not to do appearances on the show in 2007.", "In response to the \"Better Know a District\" segment, Rahm Emanuel, then the Democratic Caucus chair, instructed incoming freshmen not to do appearances on the show in 2007. In 2008, East Carolina University associate professor Jason Bond named a species of trapdoor spider Aptostichus stephencolberti in honor of Stephen Colbert.", "In 2008, East Carolina University associate professor Jason Bond named a species of trapdoor spider Aptostichus stephencolberti in honor of Stephen Colbert. The \"Colbert Bump\" is defined, connotatively by the Report, as an increase in popularity of a person (author, musician, politician, etc.) or thing (website, etc.)", "or thing (website, etc.) as a result of appearing as a guest on or (in the case of a thing) being mentioned on the show. For example, if a politician appears on The Colbert Report, they may become more popular with certain voters and thus are more likely to be elected.", "For example, if a politician appears on The Colbert Report, they may become more popular with certain voters and thus are more likely to be elected. According to the American Political Science Association, contributions to Democratic politicians rose 40% for 30 days after an appearance on the show.", "According to the American Political Science Association, contributions to Democratic politicians rose 40% for 30 days after an appearance on the show. Magazines such as GQ, Newsweek, and Sports Illustrated have all had sales spikes when Colbert appeared on their covers.", "Magazines such as GQ, Newsweek, and Sports Illustrated have all had sales spikes when Colbert appeared on their covers. Viewers of The Colbert Report were on numerous occasions cited as being more knowledgeable about current events than traditional news viewers.", "Viewers of The Colbert Report were on numerous occasions cited as being more knowledgeable about current events than traditional news viewers. In April 2007, a Pew Research Center report cited both Colbert and The Daily Show viewers as more well-informed than those who gathered their information via newspapers, television news and radio.", "In April 2007, a Pew Research Center report cited both Colbert and The Daily Show viewers as more well-informed than those who gathered their information via newspapers, television news and radio. Colbert's Super PAC coverage was widely lauded, and studies later found that this coverage was more effective than traditional news programs at educating the audience on campaign finance.", "Colbert's Super PAC coverage was widely lauded, and studies later found that this coverage was more effective than traditional news programs at educating the audience on campaign finance. He was awarded a Peabody Award for the parody, which was described as an \"innovative means of teaching American viewers about the landmark court decision\".", "He was awarded a Peabody Award for the parody, which was described as an \"innovative means of teaching American viewers about the landmark court decision\". The Annenberg Public Policy Center reported in 2014 that the Colbert Super PAC segments increased viewers' knowledge of PAC and 501(c)(4) campaign finance regulation more successfully than other types of news media.", "The Annenberg Public Policy Center reported in 2014 that the Colbert Super PAC segments increased viewers' knowledge of PAC and 501(c)(4) campaign finance regulation more successfully than other types of news media. International distribution Outside the United States, The Colbert Report was shown in Canada on the cable service The Comedy Network, simultaneously with its original U.S. broadcast (beginning a few weeks after the series debuted).", "International distribution Outside the United States, The Colbert Report was shown in Canada on the cable service The Comedy Network, simultaneously with its original U.S. broadcast (beginning a few weeks after the series debuted). Episodes would also air in Canada on traditional over-the-air broadcaster CTV, one hour after their appearance on The Comedy Network.", "Episodes would also air in Canada on traditional over-the-air broadcaster CTV, one hour after their appearance on The Comedy Network. On September 22, 2014, due to The Comedy Network's acquisition of Canadian rights to Jimmy Kimmel Live!, the program began airing on M3 and did so for the remainder of the show's run.", "On September 22, 2014, due to The Comedy Network's acquisition of Canadian rights to Jimmy Kimmel Live!, the program began airing on M3 and did so for the remainder of the show's run. It airs on The Comedy Channel in Australia, Comedy Central in New Zealand, and on Maxxx in the Philippines.", "It airs on The Comedy Channel in Australia, Comedy Central in New Zealand, and on Maxxx in the Philippines. , The Colbert Report has also been broadcast in Africa on DSTV's version of Comedy Central. It aired on FX in the United Kingdom until they decided not to renew their contract in May 2009.", "It aired on FX in the United Kingdom until they decided not to renew their contract in May 2009. In Portugal, it airs on Sic Radical.", "In Portugal, it airs on Sic Radical. Beginning June 3, 2008, The Colbert Report also aired on the ShowComedy channel of Showtime Arabia (Currently OSN First HD), a channel which broadcasts in the Middle East and North Africa. The show is transmitted on a one-day delay from original transmission in the US.", "The show is transmitted on a one-day delay from original transmission in the US. The show was shown during prime time on Australia's free-to-air ABC2 in 2010, however the channel was outbid for rights for 2011.", "The show was shown during prime time on Australia's free-to-air ABC2 in 2010, however the channel was outbid for rights for 2011. The show was available directly on the colbernation.com website for part of 2011, with Australian advertisements; however, Australian access is now blocked.", "The show was available directly on the colbernation.com website for part of 2011, with Australian advertisements; however, Australian access is now blocked. Several international markets also air The Colbert Report Global Edition, which shows highlights from the previous week's shows and includes a special introduction by Stephen Colbert at the start of the program.", "Several international markets also air The Colbert Report Global Edition, which shows highlights from the previous week's shows and includes a special introduction by Stephen Colbert at the start of the program. This means a new or newly repackaged episode can be screened every weekday.", "This means a new or newly repackaged episode can be screened every weekday. In addition, most recent episodes (usually 3 weeks back) would be available in full length on colbertnation.com. Some international audiences could not see such way. By the end of the series's run, the colbernation.com website was integrated into Comedy Central's website.", "By the end of the series's run, the colbernation.com website was integrated into Comedy Central's website. As of 2021, almost seven years after the show ended, many episodes are presented in individual clips there. Related multimedia The show spawned various merchandise and multimedia related to the show.", "Related multimedia The show spawned various merchandise and multimedia related to the show. Three books were released to accompany the show's humor, the first being I Am America (And So Can You! ), released both in print and as an audiobook in 2007. In 2012, two spinoff books of the show were released.", "In 2012, two spinoff books of the show were released. America Again is a sequel to the show's first book, and addresses topics including Wall Street, campaign finance, energy policy, healthcare, eating on the campaign trail, and the United States Constitution. Another book, I Am a Pole (And So Can You!", "Another book, I Am a Pole (And So Can You! ), was released the same year and purports to be a children's book telling the story of a fictional pole finding its purpose in life. Segments from the show were also released on DVD during its run.", "Segments from the show were also released on DVD during its run. The Best of The Colbert Report, released in 2007, contains several of the show's most memorable early moments. The show's Christmas special, A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!, was also released on DVD the following year.", "The show's Christmas special, A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!, was also released on DVD the following year. The soundtrack of that special also saw a digital release on the iTunes Store after its broadcast, and contains music from Feist, John Legend, Willie Nelson, Toby Keith, Jon Stewart, Elvis Costello, and Colbert himself.", "The soundtrack of that special also saw a digital release on the iTunes Store after its broadcast, and contains music from Feist, John Legend, Willie Nelson, Toby Keith, Jon Stewart, Elvis Costello, and Colbert himself. In 2011, Jack White's record label Third Man Records released a 7\" vinyl single of Stephen Colbert and The Black Belles performing \"Charlene II (I'm Over You)\", which they also performed together on the show.", "In 2011, Jack White's record label Third Man Records released a 7\" vinyl single of Stephen Colbert and The Black Belles performing \"Charlene II (I'm Over You)\", which they also performed together on the show. See also List of late-night American network TV programs CNNNN The Daily Show Newstopia Rick Mercer Report This Hour Has 22 Minutes The Beaverton Hot Seat Real Time with Bill Maher Inside Washington Washington Week References External links The Colbert Report Web site 2005 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings 2000s American late-night television series 2000s American political comedy television series 2000s American satirical television series 2000s American television news shows 2010s American late-night television series 2010s American political comedy television series 2010s American satirical television series 2010s American television news shows Comedy Central original programming Criticism of journalism English-language television shows American news parodies Peabody Award-winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series winners Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series Television series by Busboy Productions Television shows filmed in New York City American television spin-offs The Daily Show Comedy Central late-night programming Political satirical television series" ]

[ "The Colbert Report", "Background", "when was it formed", "Colbert joined Comedy Central's The Daily Show in 1997, a year following its launch," ]

[ "Sonic Temple Art & Music Festival is a rock festival currently held in Columbus, Ohio, United States and is produced by Danny Wimmer Presents.\n\nHistory\n\nIn 2018 it was announced that Rock on the Range would be replaced by Danny Wimmer Presents as the Sonic Temple Art & Music Festival. The inaugural festival was held in May 2019 with sold-out crowds of 120,000.\n\nIn December 2019, the full lineup for Sonic Temple 2020 was revealed. Metallica were to headline both Friday and Saturday night, with Slipknot headlining on Saturday. Other performers were to include Deftones, Bring Me the Horizon, Evanescence, Sublime with Rome, Rancid, Dropkick Murphys, Cypress Hill, Pennywise, Royal Blood, The Pretty Reckless, Alter Bridge, Anthrax, Flatbush Zombies, Pop Evil, Hellyeah, Ghostemane, Suicidal Tendencies, Testament, Dance Gavin Dance, Ice Nine Kills, Sleeping with Sirens, The Darkness, Knocked Loose, Code Orange, Power Trip, Saint Asonia, Dirty Honey, Jinjer, City Morgue, Bones UK, Airbourne, Fire from the Gods, Dinosaur Pile-Up, Des Rocs, Counterfeit, Crobot, Cherry Bomb, DED, Goodbye June, Brutus, 3Teeth, BRKN Love, Killstation, Brass Against, Crown Lands, Ego Kill Talent, Dregg, Bloodywood, and Zero 9:36, with more to have been announced.\n\nIn February 2020, it was announced that Metallica would be replaced as headliners by the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Tool, following frontman James Hetfield's entrance into a rehabilitation program for substance abuse. The following month, the festival was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In February 2021, it was announced it would once again be cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with plans to return in 2022.\n\nEvents\n\n2019 \n\nMonster Energy Stadium Stage:\n System of a Down\n Ghost\n Halestorm\n Parkway Drive\n Beartooth\n Avatar\n Badflower\n\nEcho Stage:\n Meshuggah\n Black Label Society\n Bad Wolves\n Zeal & Ardor\n Wage War\n SHVPES\n The Jacks\n\nWave Stage:\n Tom Morello\n Pussy Riot\n Ho99o99\n Cleopatrick\n Hands Like Houses\n Radattack\n\nSiriusXM Comedy & Spoken Word Tent:\n Henry Rollins\n Tom Morello\n Shapel Lacy\n Nadya\n\nMonster Energy Stadium Stage:\n Disturbed\n Papa Roach\n Lamb of God\n In This Moment\n Gojira\n Fever 333\n Black Coffee\n\nEcho Stage:\n The Cult\n Killswitch Engage\n Architects\n The Black Dahlia Murder\n While She Sleeps\n Evan Konrad\n The Plot in You\n\nWave Stage:\n Action Bronson (did not perform due to an \"unforeseen knee injury\")\n Mark Lanegan Band\n Don Broco\n Movements\n Boston Manor\n No1Cares\n\nSiriusXM Comedy & Spoken Word Tent:\n Andrew Dice Clay\n Eleanor Kerrigan\n Mark Normand\n Craig Grass\n\nMonster Energy Stadium Stage:\n Foo Fighters\n Bring Me the Horizon (did not perform due to high winds)\n Chevelle (did not perform due to high winds)\n The Distillers (did not perform due to high winds)\n The Struts\n The Glorious Sons\n Amigo the Devil\n\nEcho Stage:\n Joan Jett and the Blackhearts\n The Hives (performance ended early due to high winds)\n The Interrupters\n Yungblud\n Palaye Royale\n Dirty Honey\n Teenage Wrist\n\nWave Stage:\n Scars on Broadway (did not perform due to high winds)\n Refused (did not perform due to high winds)\n Black Pistol Fire (did not perform due to high winds)\n Basement (did not perform due to high winds)\n Scarlxrd (did not perform due to high winds)\n Demob Happy (did not perform due to high winds)\n\nSiriusXM Comedy & Spoken Word Tent:\n Pauly Shore (did not perform due to high winds)\n Carmen Lynch (did not perform due to high winds)\n Joe Deuce (did not perform due to high winds)\n Bill Squire (did not perform due to high winds)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nHeavy metal festivals in the United States\nMusic festivals established in 2019\nMusic festivals in Ohio\nRock festivals in the United States", "Denis Rose (May 31, 1922, London – November 22, 1984, London) was an English jazz pianist and trumpeter. He was a longtime fixture on the London jazz scene and was an early influence on British bebop.\n\nRose played with Johnny Claes in the 1940s, but dodged conscription during World War II and did little performing over the course of the war. He worked with Cab Kaye's Ministers of Swing late in 1948, then organized jam sessions with British musicians such as Ronnie Scott in the late 1940s and early 1950s, many of which took place at Club Eleven. Rose recorded very little, though he did a session with Scott in 1949 for Esquire Records. He continued to perform locally in London for several decades, and recorded with Maggie Nicols in the early 1970s.\n\nReferences\n\n1922 births\n1984 deaths\nBritish jazz pianists\nMusicians from London\n20th-century pianists\n20th-century English musicians" ]

[ "The Colbert Report ( ) is an American late-night talk and news satire television program hosted by Stephen Colbert that aired four days a week on Comedy Central from October 17, 2005, to December 18, 2014, for 1,447 episodes. The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake.", "The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake. The character, described by Colbert as a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot\", is a caricature of televised political pundits. Furthermore, the show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs, particularly Fox News's The O'Reilly Factor.", "Furthermore, the show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs, particularly Fox News's The O'Reilly Factor. The Colbert Report is a spin-off of Comedy Central's The Daily Show, in which Colbert acted as a correspondent for the program for several years while developing the character.", "The Colbert Report is a spin-off of Comedy Central's The Daily Show, in which Colbert acted as a correspondent for the program for several years while developing the character. The program was created by Colbert, Jon Stewart, and Ben Karlin. The show's writing was grounded in improvisation, and often lampooned current events stories.", "The show's writing was grounded in improvisation, and often lampooned current events stories. The show's structure also included a guest interview, in which the Colbert character attempts to deconstruct his opponent's argument.", "The show's structure also included a guest interview, in which the Colbert character attempts to deconstruct his opponent's argument. The show was taped in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, and the program's set is \"hyper-American\", epitomizing the character's ego.", "The show was taped in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, and the program's set is \"hyper-American\", epitomizing the character's ego. The show was taped and broadcast Monday through Thursday, with weeks taken off at multiple points in a given year for breaks.", "The show was taped and broadcast Monday through Thursday, with weeks taken off at multiple points in a given year for breaks. The Colbert Report saw immediate critical and ratings successes, leading to various awards, including two Peabody Awards.", "The Colbert Report saw immediate critical and ratings successes, leading to various awards, including two Peabody Awards. The show's cultural influence—which occasionally would require a fair degree of participation from the show's audience, dubbed the Colbert Nation—extended beyond the program a number of times.", "The show's cultural influence—which occasionally would require a fair degree of participation from the show's audience, dubbed the Colbert Nation—extended beyond the program a number of times. This impact included the character running for U.S. President twice, co-hosting a rally at the National Mall, presenting a controversial performance at the White House Correspondents' Dinner, and establishing a real Super PAC that raised a million dollars.", "This impact included the character running for U.S. President twice, co-hosting a rally at the National Mall, presenting a controversial performance at the White House Correspondents' Dinner, and establishing a real Super PAC that raised a million dollars. In addition, the show inspired various forms of multimedia, including music and multiple best-selling books.", "In addition, the show inspired various forms of multimedia, including music and multiple best-selling books. Background The Colbert Report satirized conservative personality-driven political pundit programs, and focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake.", "Background The Colbert Report satirized conservative personality-driven political pundit programs, and focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake. The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\"", "The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\" Colbert joined Comedy Central's The Daily Show in 1997, a year following its launch, then hosted by Craig Kilborn.", "Colbert joined Comedy Central's The Daily Show in 1997, a year following its launch, then hosted by Craig Kilborn. When Jon Stewart became the program's host in 1999, The Daily Show developed a markedly different style, bringing a sharper political focus to the humor than the show previously exhibited.", "When Jon Stewart became the program's host in 1999, The Daily Show developed a markedly different style, bringing a sharper political focus to the humor than the show previously exhibited. Colbert recalled that Stewart specifically asked him to have a political viewpoint, and to allow his passion for issues to carry through into his comedy.", "Colbert recalled that Stewart specifically asked him to have a political viewpoint, and to allow his passion for issues to carry through into his comedy. Colbert became a fixture on The Daily Show, occasionally hosting in Stewart's absence.", "Colbert became a fixture on The Daily Show, occasionally hosting in Stewart's absence. In 2003, the program began running advertisements for a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, starring Colbert as a parody of cable news pundits.", "In 2003, the program began running advertisements for a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, starring Colbert as a parody of cable news pundits. When fellow Daily Show star Steve Carell left to pursue a film and television career, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network.", "When fellow Daily Show star Steve Carell left to pursue a film and television career, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network. He pitched The Colbert Report to the channel in 2004. Stewart pushed Comedy Central to pick up the show, and Colbert was given an eight-week tryout.", "Stewart pushed Comedy Central to pick up the show, and Colbert was given an eight-week tryout. Following the show's immediate success, the show \"quickly became a fixture in the late-night lineup.\" At its peak, the show averaged 1.5 million viewers each evening.", "At its peak, the show averaged 1.5 million viewers each evening. The fictional Colbert anchorman character became gradually toned down over the course of the show's run, as the host believed he would eventually need to move beyond it.", "The fictional Colbert anchorman character became gradually toned down over the course of the show's run, as the host believed he would eventually need to move beyond it. He began to regard it as an act of discipline to perform as the character; he later remarked, \"to model behavior, you have to consume that behavior on a regular basis.", "He began to regard it as an act of discipline to perform as the character; he later remarked, \"to model behavior, you have to consume that behavior on a regular basis. It became very hard to watch punditry of any kind, of whatever political stripe.\"", "It became very hard to watch punditry of any kind, of whatever political stripe.\" With his contract set to end in December 2014, he had already decided to leave the show when he was contacted by CBS to replace David Letterman as the host of its Late Show franchise.", "With his contract set to end in December 2014, he had already decided to leave the show when he was contacted by CBS to replace David Letterman as the host of its Late Show franchise. The show's ending was announced concurrently with Colbert's jump to CBS in April 2014. The last episode aired on December 18, 2014.", "The last episode aired on December 18, 2014. The show was replaced on Comedy Central's late-night lineup by The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, another spinoff of The Daily Show.", "The show was replaced on Comedy Central's late-night lineup by The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, another spinoff of The Daily Show. History Development The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\"", "History Development The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\" When The Daily Show ran short on time, a short piece starring Colbert, advertising a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, was added into the program.", "When The Daily Show ran short on time, a short piece starring Colbert, advertising a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, was added into the program. In these sketches, Colbert began to amplify his character to parody news pundits.", "In these sketches, Colbert began to amplify his character to parody news pundits. Colbert anchored many sketches in his persona, including \"Even Stepvhen\", in which he debated current issues with fellow correspondent Steve Carell, often devolving into petty name-calling and insults.", "Colbert anchored many sketches in his persona, including \"Even Stepvhen\", in which he debated current issues with fellow correspondent Steve Carell, often devolving into petty name-calling and insults. Colbert and Carell were viewed as potential breakout stars by staff, and when Carell left the series in 2004 to start a US version of The Office, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network.", "Colbert and Carell were viewed as potential breakout stars by staff, and when Carell left the series in 2004 to start a US version of The Office, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network. Stewart and Karlin were already looking to expand the Daily Show franchise and their production company, Busboy.", "Stewart and Karlin were already looking to expand the Daily Show franchise and their production company, Busboy. The duo supposedly came up with the idea for The Colbert Report after watching coverage of the sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Bill O'Reilly. Colbert met with network president Doug Herzog the day following the 2004 Emmy Awards to first discuss the concept.", "Colbert met with network president Doug Herzog the day following the 2004 Emmy Awards to first discuss the concept. The one-line pitch Colbert, Karlin and Stewart developed was \"Our version of the O'Reilly Factor with Stephen Colbert.\" Herzog committed to an eight-week tryout period without a pilot.", "Herzog committed to an eight-week tryout period without a pilot. By the time of the 2004 election, the character was fully developed. In creating the character, which is designed to be repellant but entertaining, Colbert conferred with Stewart and Karlin.", "In creating the character, which is designed to be repellant but entertaining, Colbert conferred with Stewart and Karlin. In expressing his hope that his character not be \"an asshole,\" Stewart remarked, \"You're not an asshole. You're an idiot. There's a difference.\"", "There's a difference.\" There's a difference.\" Head writer Allison Silverman reiterated this trait in a later interview, commenting, \"There is an essential innocence to his character.\" Colbert initially felt the character might not be sustainable in a longer format.", "Colbert initially felt the character might not be sustainable in a longer format. Despite this, The Colbert Report was designed as an extension of the satiric goals of The Daily Show, combining it with general silliness and character-driven humor.", "Despite this, The Colbert Report was designed as an extension of the satiric goals of The Daily Show, combining it with general silliness and character-driven humor. To make sure there was no overlap in subject matter with The Daily Show, Karlin made trips between the studios during the show's early days to supervise scripts.", "To make sure there was no overlap in subject matter with The Daily Show, Karlin made trips between the studios during the show's early days to supervise scripts. For the first several years of the program, Colbert made an appearance at the end of each Daily Show in split-screen, having a short discussion with Stewart preceding his show.", "For the first several years of the program, Colbert made an appearance at the end of each Daily Show in split-screen, having a short discussion with Stewart preceding his show. Production The show's writing was grounded in improv, employing a \"yes to everything\" mentality.", "Production The show's writing was grounded in improv, employing a \"yes to everything\" mentality. Much of the humor derived from extended improv games with the show's studio and at-home audience, such as Colbert's poll to name a bridge in Hungary after himself.", "Much of the humor derived from extended improv games with the show's studio and at-home audience, such as Colbert's poll to name a bridge in Hungary after himself. Many of the writers had improv training and at one point put together \"improv evenings\" at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre once a month.", "Many of the writers had improv training and at one point put together \"improv evenings\" at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre once a month. Writers on The Colbert Report were predominantly male and white; Colbert acknowledged this lack of diversity, but he contended he had hired writers based solely on the quality of their material and had never looked at the names on writing packets submitted for employment.", "Writers on The Colbert Report were predominantly male and white; Colbert acknowledged this lack of diversity, but he contended he had hired writers based solely on the quality of their material and had never looked at the names on writing packets submitted for employment. Subjects considered too dark were not even considered for comedic material; for example, the show would poke fun at press coverage of a tragedy, rather than the tragedy itself.", "Subjects considered too dark were not even considered for comedic material; for example, the show would poke fun at press coverage of a tragedy, rather than the tragedy itself. Issues discussed on the show were later reported on actual newscasts, in turn allowing the show to comment on its own impact, creating an echo chamber of sorts.", "Issues discussed on the show were later reported on actual newscasts, in turn allowing the show to comment on its own impact, creating an echo chamber of sorts. This led Colbert to describe his show, \"at its purest expression, [as] a pebble that we throw into the puddle of the news, and then we report on our own ripples.\"", "This led Colbert to describe his show, \"at its purest expression, [as] a pebble that we throw into the puddle of the news, and then we report on our own ripples.\" Ideas for each show were considered in the morning pitch meeting, which could range from \"harrowing\" to smooth.", "Ideas for each show were considered in the morning pitch meeting, which could range from \"harrowing\" to smooth. Described as having \"demanding standards\", Colbert is quoted as remarking, \"Let's make it perfect and then cut it.\"", "Described as having \"demanding standards\", Colbert is quoted as remarking, \"Let's make it perfect and then cut it.\" Although dozens of ideas were either chosen for the show or deleted, other ideas, saved for a later date, were often forgotten because of the pace of news.", "Although dozens of ideas were either chosen for the show or deleted, other ideas, saved for a later date, were often forgotten because of the pace of news. Ideas with considerable potential were put in the \"hopper\" to be developed and rewritten, while more fully formed ideas were placed in the \"pantry.\"", "Ideas with considerable potential were put in the \"hopper\" to be developed and rewritten, while more fully formed ideas were placed in the \"pantry.\" Good jokes would still be sacrificed if they did not fit the character's specific point of view, which was deemed the inverse of what \"any logical person\" feels.", "Good jokes would still be sacrificed if they did not fit the character's specific point of view, which was deemed the inverse of what \"any logical person\" feels. At least one writer has described the job as \"all-consuming\", leaving no time for outside activities.", "At least one writer has described the job as \"all-consuming\", leaving no time for outside activities. Colbert himself eventually became withdrawn from morning meetings as the show continued on and he mulled a decision to leave.", "Colbert himself eventually became withdrawn from morning meetings as the show continued on and he mulled a decision to leave. Usually by 11 a.m., a rough outline for the show was completed and writers sent off in pairs to create scripts that would be polished throughout the day.", "Usually by 11 a.m., a rough outline for the show was completed and writers sent off in pairs to create scripts that would be polished throughout the day. First, writers would scan news articles for ideas and partner together in pairs, with one \"keeping track of possible jokes.\"", "First, writers would scan news articles for ideas and partner together in pairs, with one \"keeping track of possible jokes.\" During an appearance at the New York Comedy Festival in 2013, some writers admitted to procrastinating until the last hour before rehearsal to complete their sections; Colbert confirmed that, in the program's early days, segments such as \"The Word\" were scripted entirely during the rewrite before rehearsal.", "During an appearance at the New York Comedy Festival in 2013, some writers admitted to procrastinating until the last hour before rehearsal to complete their sections; Colbert confirmed that, in the program's early days, segments such as \"The Word\" were scripted entirely during the rewrite before rehearsal. Both writers read their dialogue aloud to see whether they thought the Colbert character would say it.", "Both writers read their dialogue aloud to see whether they thought the Colbert character would say it. As writers were working on their respective scripts, the show's production and graphics team compiled music, footage, and props needed for the show.", "As writers were working on their respective scripts, the show's production and graphics team compiled music, footage, and props needed for the show. To collect video clips, the show cross-referenced transcripts of hours and hours of archived TiVo recordings of news programs.", "To collect video clips, the show cross-referenced transcripts of hours and hours of archived TiVo recordings of news programs. In 2011, the show switched to Snapstream software, which streamlined the TV clip search and compilation process, allowing for searching closed captioning for select words.", "In 2011, the show switched to Snapstream software, which streamlined the TV clip search and compilation process, allowing for searching closed captioning for select words. In addition, a group of staff coders and independent contractors developed Scripto software to collaborate on scripts in real time.", "In addition, a group of staff coders and independent contractors developed Scripto software to collaborate on scripts in real time. By 1 p.m., the show held a second production meeting to go over scripts and determine which pieces to edit.", "By 1 p.m., the show held a second production meeting to go over scripts and determine which pieces to edit. Scripts were \"hopefully\" completed around 4 p.m., and a rehearsal with the entire staff would begin at 5:30 p.m. or occasionally earlier. Afterward, final changes were made to the script.", "Afterward, final changes were made to the script. The final rewrite would take place in a \"small, red, poorly ventilated room\" until 6:45 p.m. Before interviewing his guests, Colbert met with them in the green room and acknowledged that he was playing a character, noting that the persona is \"willfully ignorant of what you know and care about\" and urging the guest to \"honestly disabuse me of what you see as my ignorance.\"", "The final rewrite would take place in a \"small, red, poorly ventilated room\" until 6:45 p.m. Before interviewing his guests, Colbert met with them in the green room and acknowledged that he was playing a character, noting that the persona is \"willfully ignorant of what you know and care about\" and urging the guest to \"honestly disabuse me of what you see as my ignorance.\" Emily Lazar, a producer for the interview segments, advised guests to talk with Colbert as though he were a \"harmless drunk at the next bar stool.\"", "Emily Lazar, a producer for the interview segments, advised guests to talk with Colbert as though he were a \"harmless drunk at the next bar stool.\" Guests would typically take their seats around 7 p.m., when a warm-up comedian (perhaps Jared Logan or Paul Mercurio) delivered jokes.", "Guests would typically take their seats around 7 p.m., when a warm-up comedian (perhaps Jared Logan or Paul Mercurio) delivered jokes. Colbert, out of character, held a brief question and answer session with the audience prior to taping.", "Colbert, out of character, held a brief question and answer session with the audience prior to taping. Taping lasted as long as three hours but usually ended around 9 p.m., at which point the show was edited and sent to Comedy Central for broadcast.", "Taping lasted as long as three hours but usually ended around 9 p.m., at which point the show was edited and sent to Comedy Central for broadcast. As the show was being edited, the staff met one last time to work through details for the next show.", "As the show was being edited, the staff met one last time to work through details for the next show. Set The Colbert Report was taped and broadcast four nights a week, Monday–Thursday.", "Set The Colbert Report was taped and broadcast four nights a week, Monday–Thursday. The show's taping studio, at 513 W. 54th Street in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, was used for The Daily Show until July 2005, and has a capacity of 150.", "The show's taping studio, at 513 W. 54th Street in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, was used for The Daily Show until July 2005, and has a capacity of 150. NEP Studio 54 on 54th Street is owned by NEP Broadcasting which is New York City's largest production facility and also owns The Daily Show set at NEP Studio 52 two blocks south on 52nd Street.", "NEP Studio 54 on 54th Street is owned by NEP Broadcasting which is New York City's largest production facility and also owns The Daily Show set at NEP Studio 52 two blocks south on 52nd Street. Aside from the set, the show's production offices have been described as \"loft-like\" and \"all overhead pipes and exposed brick.\"", "Aside from the set, the show's production offices have been described as \"loft-like\" and \"all overhead pipes and exposed brick.\" Following the show's conclusion, the building was used for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore.", "Following the show's conclusion, the building was used for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore. The set for The Colbert Report was called \"The Eagle's Nest\" and reflects and facilitates Colbert's self-aggrandizing style. It was designed by Jim Fenhagen, and was intended to both capture the character's ego and be \"hyper-American.\"", "It was designed by Jim Fenhagen, and was intended to both capture the character's ego and be \"hyper-American.\" Elements incorporated into the set included architectural lines converged to Colbert's desk, and radial beams coming out from behind his chair.", "Elements incorporated into the set included architectural lines converged to Colbert's desk, and radial beams coming out from behind his chair. Colbert's main influence for the set was Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, with the Colbert character as Jesus Christ.", "Colbert's main influence for the set was Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, with the Colbert character as Jesus Christ. In the set, \"virtually every inch emblazoned with Colbert's name or the initial C\"; his name, initials and the name of the show appear on the desk's plasma screen, on the rafters above the desk, and the desk itself is shaped like a giant \"C\".", "In the set, \"virtually every inch emblazoned with Colbert's name or the initial C\"; his name, initials and the name of the show appear on the desk's plasma screen, on the rafters above the desk, and the desk itself is shaped like a giant \"C\". The background includes faux artifacts from the character's backstory, which are seldom seen by viewers.", "The background includes faux artifacts from the character's backstory, which are seldom seen by viewers. \"I kept saying, 'People might not really notice this.' But when you're working with a comedy team, they really get into it. They couldn't help themselves,\" said Fenhagen.", "They couldn't help themselves,\" said Fenhagen. Among these touches are the United States Constitution, a miniature Ten Commandments, and a CliffsNotes guide to American government. The set was described as \"part Riefenstahlesque homage to the star, part symbologic gallery — where alert viewers are rewarded with snarky jokes at every turn.\"", "The set was described as \"part Riefenstahlesque homage to the star, part symbologic gallery — where alert viewers are rewarded with snarky jokes at every turn.\" Above a fireplace is a portrait of Colbert; it originally showed Colbert standing in front of the same mantel with another portrait of himself.", "Above a fireplace is a portrait of Colbert; it originally showed Colbert standing in front of the same mantel with another portrait of himself. On the show's first anniversary, the portrait was replaced by one of Colbert standing in front of the mantel with the first portrait above it, and with each successive year, it became Colbert standing in front of the previous year's painting.", "On the show's first anniversary, the portrait was replaced by one of Colbert standing in front of the mantel with the first portrait above it, and with each successive year, it became Colbert standing in front of the previous year's painting. The graphics used throughout the show and the studio itself are saturated with American flags, bald eagles, Captain America's shield, and other patriotic imagery.", "The graphics used throughout the show and the studio itself are saturated with American flags, bald eagles, Captain America's shield, and other patriotic imagery. Format Typically, Colbert starts with the audience cheering and teasers regarding the show's topics and guest; each headline is structured to be a deliberate pun.", "Format Typically, Colbert starts with the audience cheering and teasers regarding the show's topics and guest; each headline is structured to be a deliberate pun. The series of puns are followed by a verbal metaphor that promotes the show and is almost always finished with, \"This is the Colbert Report.\"", "The series of puns are followed by a verbal metaphor that promotes the show and is almost always finished with, \"This is the Colbert Report.\" The show's original opening title sequence began with an eagle diving past the host, following by images of Americana, stock footage of Colbert, and words describing Colbert flying by (some of which have been used as The Word).", "The show's original opening title sequence began with an eagle diving past the host, following by images of Americana, stock footage of Colbert, and words describing Colbert flying by (some of which have been used as The Word). The first word used was \"Grippy\", and has changed to include, among others, \"Megamerican\", \"Lincolnish\", \"Superstantial\", \"Flagaphile\", and \"Factose Intolerant\".", "The first word used was \"Grippy\", and has changed to include, among others, \"Megamerican\", \"Lincolnish\", \"Superstantial\", \"Flagaphile\", and \"Factose Intolerant\". The May 4 episode in 2009 featured hints planted by J. J. Abrams about when and where Colbert would be in the Persian Gulf, and \"Farewellison\" for the final episode of former producer Allison Silverman.", "The May 4 episode in 2009 featured hints planted by J. J. Abrams about when and where Colbert would be in the Persian Gulf, and \"Farewellison\" for the final episode of former producer Allison Silverman. The show's opening credits depict the Colbert character clutching an American flag. On January 4, 2010, a new opening debuted.", "On January 4, 2010, a new opening debuted. The opening begins and ends with an eagle as before, but features new background renderings, new shots of Stephen Colbert, and is now colored in an American, red white and blue motif. The show's theme music is \"Baby Mumbles\" by Cheap Trick.", "The show's theme music is \"Baby Mumbles\" by Cheap Trick. Colbert phoned guitarist Rick Nielsen during development of the show to discuss the theme, noting that he loved the band's song \"I Want You to Want Me\"; the show's theme music is largely that song's melody backwards.", "Colbert phoned guitarist Rick Nielsen during development of the show to discuss the theme, noting that he loved the band's song \"I Want You to Want Me\"; the show's theme music is largely that song's melody backwards. Following the opening sequence, Colbert most often proceeds with a run-through of recent headlines in a manner parodying traditional news broadcasts; this is similar to The Daily Show but with a faux-right-wing spin.", "Following the opening sequence, Colbert most often proceeds with a run-through of recent headlines in a manner parodying traditional news broadcasts; this is similar to The Daily Show but with a faux-right-wing spin. The program typically continues with Colbert addressing a specific topic.", "The program typically continues with Colbert addressing a specific topic. Colbert often calls to \"Jimmy\", a reference to program director Jim Hoskinson, to roll video clips.", "Colbert often calls to \"Jimmy\", a reference to program director Jim Hoskinson, to roll video clips. That topic will often lead into a \"The Word\" segment, which juxtaposes Colbert's commentary with satirical bullet points on-screen, a parody of The O'Reilly Factors \"Talking Points Memo\".", "That topic will often lead into a \"The Word\" segment, which juxtaposes Colbert's commentary with satirical bullet points on-screen, a parody of The O'Reilly Factors \"Talking Points Memo\". On occasion he will conduct a short interview with someone having to do with the topic.", "On occasion he will conduct a short interview with someone having to do with the topic. The format of the middle segment varies, but it is normally a visual presentation or skit.", "The format of the middle segment varies, but it is normally a visual presentation or skit. Often, these skits are parts of recurring segments, which may include \"Better Know a District\", in which Colbert interviews a U.S. Representative from a certain district of the United States; \"Tip of the Hat/Wag of the Finger\", in which Colbert voices his approval or disapproval of prominent people and news items; \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.", "Often, these skits are parts of recurring segments, which may include \"Better Know a District\", in which Colbert interviews a U.S. Representative from a certain district of the United States; \"Tip of the Hat/Wag of the Finger\", in which Colbert voices his approval or disapproval of prominent people and news items; \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A. \", a health segment; \"The Sport Report\" with the \"t\" in both Sport and Report silent, a sports segment; and \"The ThreatDown\", in which Colbert lists the five greatest threats to America, and others.", "\", a health segment; \"The Sport Report\" with the \"t\" in both Sport and Report silent, a sports segment; and \"The ThreatDown\", in which Colbert lists the five greatest threats to America, and others. His newest segment, \"Thought for Food\" deals with the consumption of specific foods across the world.", "His newest segment, \"Thought for Food\" deals with the consumption of specific foods across the world. Sometimes, there is a \"Colbert Report Special Repor-t\" (the final 't' pronounced with special emphasis), or even a \"Colbert Report, Sport Report, Special Repor-t\", in which Colbert devotes a section of an episode, and sometimes the entire episode to a special subject.", "Sometimes, there is a \"Colbert Report Special Repor-t\" (the final 't' pronounced with special emphasis), or even a \"Colbert Report, Sport Report, Special Repor-t\", in which Colbert devotes a section of an episode, and sometimes the entire episode to a special subject. The third segment is almost always an interview with a celebrity guest, often an author or government official.", "The third segment is almost always an interview with a celebrity guest, often an author or government official. Unlike the late night talk show standard of the guest walking out to the host's desk, Colbert instead runs to a separate area of the set to interview his guest, basking in the applause and glory meant for the guest.", "Unlike the late night talk show standard of the guest walking out to the host's desk, Colbert instead runs to a separate area of the set to interview his guest, basking in the applause and glory meant for the guest. On the interview segment of the show, Colbert frequently attempts to nail his guest by using various rhetorical devices and fallacies to prove them wrong.", "On the interview segment of the show, Colbert frequently attempts to nail his guest by using various rhetorical devices and fallacies to prove them wrong. The real-life Colbert once remarked that his personal favorite segment of the program were the interviews, which involved more listening on his end in order for the character to \"ignorantly deconstruct\" his opponent's argument.", "The real-life Colbert once remarked that his personal favorite segment of the program were the interviews, which involved more listening on his end in order for the character to \"ignorantly deconstruct\" his opponent's argument. The third segment of the show is on occasion a musical guest.", "The third segment of the show is on occasion a musical guest. Prominent musical guests have included Metallica, Paul McCartney, Rush, Green Day, Paul Simon, Crosby Stills & Nash, Pavement, Cat Stevens, Yo-Yo Ma, Radiohead and Black Star.", "Prominent musical guests have included Metallica, Paul McCartney, Rush, Green Day, Paul Simon, Crosby Stills & Nash, Pavement, Cat Stevens, Yo-Yo Ma, Radiohead and Black Star. Afterwards, Colbert ends the show by giving some parting words to the audience or, if short for time, a simple \"that's it for the report everybody, good night\".", "Afterwards, Colbert ends the show by giving some parting words to the audience or, if short for time, a simple \"that's it for the report everybody, good night\". Character The host of The Colbert Report is Stephen Colbert, a \"self-important right-wing commentator\", portrayed by his real-life namesake.", "Character The host of The Colbert Report is Stephen Colbert, a \"self-important right-wing commentator\", portrayed by his real-life namesake. The character incorporates aspects of Colbert's real life, but is primarily a parody of cable news pundits, particularly Bill O'Reilly of Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor, whom he refers to as \"Papa Bear\".", "The character incorporates aspects of Colbert's real life, but is primarily a parody of cable news pundits, particularly Bill O'Reilly of Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor, whom he refers to as \"Papa Bear\". To this end, the character even incorporates O'Reilly's mannerisms, described as his \"pen-wielding, hand-stabbing gestures.\"", "To this end, the character even incorporates O'Reilly's mannerisms, described as his \"pen-wielding, hand-stabbing gestures.\" O'Reilly's use of \"talking points\" — illustrated onscreen graphics reflecting the host's opinions — are parodied on The Colbert Report with the segment \"The Word\".", "O'Reilly's use of \"talking points\" — illustrated onscreen graphics reflecting the host's opinions — are parodied on The Colbert Report with the segment \"The Word\". He initially incorporated long-winded, verbose metaphors to parody CNN correspondent Aaron Brown.", "He initially incorporated long-winded, verbose metaphors to parody CNN correspondent Aaron Brown. In addition, the character was also heavily inspired by Stone Phillips, Bill Kurtis and \"especially\" Geraldo Rivera. \"I loved the way Geraldo made reporting a story seem like an act of courage,\" Colbert told a reporter in 2012.", "\"I loved the way Geraldo made reporting a story seem like an act of courage,\" Colbert told a reporter in 2012. The core principle of The Colbert Report is that Colbert is a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot.\"", "The core principle of The Colbert Report is that Colbert is a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot.\" The character believes that he himself is the news: rather than a vessel to deliver the news to the audience, or a general member of the media, the character sees himself as more important than the news.", "The character believes that he himself is the news: rather than a vessel to deliver the news to the audience, or a general member of the media, the character sees himself as more important than the news. He is veracious in his approach, while often ridiculously overblown in his statements.", "He is veracious in his approach, while often ridiculously overblown in his statements. The character is egomaniacal, fact-averse (\"factose intolerant\"), God-fearing, and hyper-patriotic. He claims to be an independent who is often mistaken for a Republican, but uniformly despises liberals and generally agrees with the actions and decisions of the Republican Party.", "He claims to be an independent who is often mistaken for a Republican, but uniformly despises liberals and generally agrees with the actions and decisions of the Republican Party. Colbert's character has been described as a \"caustic right-wing bully\".", "Colbert's character has been described as a \"caustic right-wing bully\". The character exists not in opposition to political leaders, but to common ignorances; for example, his insistence that then-presidential candidate Barack Obama had Socialist leanings was based on public misconceptions.", "The character exists not in opposition to political leaders, but to common ignorances; for example, his insistence that then-presidential candidate Barack Obama had Socialist leanings was based on public misconceptions. In parodying the cult of personality, the Colbert character also developed a real-life equivalent, creating what was dubbed the \"Colbert Nation\".", "In parodying the cult of personality, the Colbert character also developed a real-life equivalent, creating what was dubbed the \"Colbert Nation\". While giving the character a certain mythos was part of the show's inception, show producers did not set out to create a loyal following; the joke was that the character thought he had an influence, but that was a figment of his ego-riddled imagination.", "While giving the character a certain mythos was part of the show's inception, show producers did not set out to create a loyal following; the joke was that the character thought he had an influence, but that was a figment of his ego-riddled imagination. Despite his appearance of always being in charge, Colbert is vulnerable: he feels deeply threatened by those wielding more power than he, and he suffers from \"arctophobia\", the fear of bears, which he refers to as \"giant, marauding, godless killing machines\".", "Despite his appearance of always being in charge, Colbert is vulnerable: he feels deeply threatened by those wielding more power than he, and he suffers from \"arctophobia\", the fear of bears, which he refers to as \"giant, marauding, godless killing machines\". He will alert the audience to what he perceives as the latest national threat (the subject of a recurring bit, \"ThreatDown\"), only to justify his own fears and impose those onto his audience.", "He will alert the audience to what he perceives as the latest national threat (the subject of a recurring bit, \"ThreatDown\"), only to justify his own fears and impose those onto his audience. As the show progressed, Colbert gradually began to tone down the character, allowing guests in interviews to \"get his or her own message across.\"", "As the show progressed, Colbert gradually began to tone down the character, allowing guests in interviews to \"get his or her own message across.\" The show's longevity created what The New York Times described as \"a winking quality to the act, a sense that we’re all in on the joke.\"", "The show's longevity created what The New York Times described as \"a winking quality to the act, a sense that we’re all in on the joke.\" Colbert himself acknowledged that he \"rarely hit it as hard as I used to,\" noting that \"You have to be vigilant to stay ignorant.\"", "Colbert himself acknowledged that he \"rarely hit it as hard as I used to,\" noting that \"You have to be vigilant to stay ignorant.\" He noted that his own personal opinions can occasionally align with his character's, when liberal guests' agendas appeared based on dislike rather than logical argument.", "He noted that his own personal opinions can occasionally align with his character's, when liberal guests' agendas appeared based on dislike rather than logical argument. Politician and former vice president Al Gore accidentally referred to the persona as a \"character\" in a 2011 interview on the show, and in 2013, Colbert further blurred lines when he spoke regarding the death of his mother on the program.", "Politician and former vice president Al Gore accidentally referred to the persona as a \"character\" in a 2011 interview on the show, and in 2013, Colbert further blurred lines when he spoke regarding the death of his mother on the program. In doing so, many commentators referred the show's longevity and the development of a \"third\" Colbert — one a faux pundit and one informed by the performer's own life.", "In doing so, many commentators referred the show's longevity and the development of a \"third\" Colbert — one a faux pundit and one informed by the performer's own life. In the show's credits, Colbert was credited with a title, which deliberately became increasingly cumbersome as the show progressed: Her Excellency The Rev.", "In the show's credits, Colbert was credited with a title, which deliberately became increasingly cumbersome as the show progressed: Her Excellency The Rev. Sir Doctor Stephen Tyrone Mos Def Colbert, D.F.A., Heavyweight Champion of the World✱✱ featuring Flo Rida La Premiere Dame De France.", "Sir Doctor Stephen Tyrone Mos Def Colbert, D.F.A., Heavyweight Champion of the World✱✱ featuring Flo Rida La Premiere Dame De France. When O'Reilly appeared on The Daily Show before the second episode of The Colbert Report aired, he commented, \"Before we get started, somebody told me walking in here, you got some French guy on after you making fun of me?", "When O'Reilly appeared on The Daily Show before the second episode of The Colbert Report aired, he commented, \"Before we get started, somebody told me walking in here, you got some French guy on after you making fun of me? \", and made several references in the following interview to 'the French Guy'.", "\", and made several references in the following interview to 'the French Guy'. In a subsequent Newsweek interview, O'Reilly said that he \"feels it's a compliment\" to have Colbert parody him because Colbert \"isn't mean-spirited\" and does not \"use [his] platform to injure people\".", "In a subsequent Newsweek interview, O'Reilly said that he \"feels it's a compliment\" to have Colbert parody him because Colbert \"isn't mean-spirited\" and does not \"use [his] platform to injure people\". Later, Colbert replied on-air, \"I like you too.", "Later, Colbert replied on-air, \"I like you too. In fact, if it wasn't for you, this show wouldn't exist.\" Themes Colbert disagreed that the show's emphasis on politics represented a liberal bias, noting that he himself was uninterested in modern politics.", "Themes Colbert disagreed that the show's emphasis on politics represented a liberal bias, noting that he himself was uninterested in modern politics. He believed that political issues reflect basic human behavior, which he viewed as his satirical specialty, noting, \"If I thought I had a political point, I'd be in big trouble.\"", "He believed that political issues reflect basic human behavior, which he viewed as his satirical specialty, noting, \"If I thought I had a political point, I'd be in big trouble.\" In another interview, Colbert remarked, \"I'm not someone with a particular political ax to grind. I'm a comedian.", "I'm a comedian. I'm a comedian. I love hypocrisy.\" Episodes Notable episodes Early years The Colbert Report premiered in October 2005. The first guest was Stone Phillips, a partial influence on the character.", "The first guest was Stone Phillips, a partial influence on the character. In the debut episode, Colbert coined the word truthiness, defined as \"a quality characterizing a 'truth' that a person making an argument or assertion claims to know intuitively 'from the gut' or because it 'feels right' without regard to evidence, logic, intellectual examination, or facts.\"", "In the debut episode, Colbert coined the word truthiness, defined as \"a quality characterizing a 'truth' that a person making an argument or assertion claims to know intuitively 'from the gut' or because it 'feels right' without regard to evidence, logic, intellectual examination, or facts.\" Truthiness was named Word of the Year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society and for 2006 by Merriam-Webster.", "Truthiness was named Word of the Year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society and for 2006 by Merriam-Webster. The character's forceful nature confused some in the program's early days.", "The character's forceful nature confused some in the program's early days. During an appearance on the segment \"Better Know a District\" in the show's first season, a frustrated Barney Frank declined to continue, deeming the conversation too dumb.", "During an appearance on the segment \"Better Know a District\" in the show's first season, a frustrated Barney Frank declined to continue, deeming the conversation too dumb. In one early episode, the Colbert character purported to be a former member of a 1980s new wave group, Stephen & the Colberts, and released a fictional music video from the band for the song \"Charlene (I'm Right Behind You)\".", "In one early episode, the Colbert character purported to be a former member of a 1980s new wave group, Stephen & the Colberts, and released a fictional music video from the band for the song \"Charlene (I'm Right Behind You)\". The show's popularity resulted in Colbert headlining the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner, which he performed in character.", "The show's popularity resulted in Colbert headlining the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner, which he performed in character. The controversial, searing routine targeted President George W. Bush and the media, and was greeted with chilly reception from the audience.", "The controversial, searing routine targeted President George W. Bush and the media, and was greeted with chilly reception from the audience. Although President Bush shook Colbert's hand after his presentation, several of Bush's aides and supporters walked out during Colbert's speech, and one former aide commented that the President had \"that look that he's ready to blow\".", "Although President Bush shook Colbert's hand after his presentation, several of Bush's aides and supporters walked out during Colbert's speech, and one former aide commented that the President had \"that look that he's ready to blow\". Colbert's performance quickly became an Internet and media sensation.", "Colbert's performance quickly became an Internet and media sensation. According to Vanity Fair, the speech transformed Colbert as a \"folk hero\" for liberals, and was later described by Frank Rich as the \"defining moment\" of the 2006 midterm elections.", "According to Vanity Fair, the speech transformed Colbert as a \"folk hero\" for liberals, and was later described by Frank Rich as the \"defining moment\" of the 2006 midterm elections. Adam Sternbergh of New York, a year after the show's debut, deemed the character \"something very close to what he's parodying, a kind of Bill O'Reilly for the angry left.\"", "Adam Sternbergh of New York, a year after the show's debut, deemed the character \"something very close to what he's parodying, a kind of Bill O'Reilly for the angry left.\" In 2006, Colbert encouraged fans to vote for his name to be the new name of a bridge in Hungary, which was being decided via an online poll; he beat the runner-up by more than 14 million votes.", "In 2006, Colbert encouraged fans to vote for his name to be the new name of a bridge in Hungary, which was being decided via an online poll; he beat the runner-up by more than 14 million votes. He was, however, disqualified, as the name of the bridge was intended to be a memoriam.", "He was, however, disqualified, as the name of the bridge was intended to be a memoriam. Later that year, he began a mock feud with indie rock group the Decemberists over the subject of who was the first to challenge fans to create a green screen video; the fake conflict culminated in a guitar solo competition on the show's final episode of the year, featuring guest appearances from guitarist Peter Frampton and Dr. Henry Kissinger.", "Later that year, he began a mock feud with indie rock group the Decemberists over the subject of who was the first to challenge fans to create a green screen video; the fake conflict culminated in a guitar solo competition on the show's final episode of the year, featuring guest appearances from guitarist Peter Frampton and Dr. Henry Kissinger. Colbert later recalled it as the show's \"craziest\" moment, changing the way the staff viewed the program: \"Because you realize the character believes anything he thinks, says, [or] cares about is important, anything fits on the show.", "Colbert later recalled it as the show's \"craziest\" moment, changing the way the staff viewed the program: \"Because you realize the character believes anything he thinks, says, [or] cares about is important, anything fits on the show. [...] That is the show where we said, oh, there is unlimited open field running.\"", "[...] That is the show where we said, oh, there is unlimited open field running.\" In February 2007, Ben & Jerry's unveiled a new ice cream flavor in honor of Stephen Colbert, named Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream.", "In February 2007, Ben & Jerry's unveiled a new ice cream flavor in honor of Stephen Colbert, named Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream. All proceeds were donated to charity through the Stephen Colbert AmeriCone Dream Fund, which distributed the money to various causes.", "All proceeds were donated to charity through the Stephen Colbert AmeriCone Dream Fund, which distributed the money to various causes. In June 2007, Colbert broke his left wrist while performing his warm-up for the show.", "In June 2007, Colbert broke his left wrist while performing his warm-up for the show. It was the subject of an extended bit on the program, including the creation of the \"Wriststrong\" wrist band, based on Lance Armstrong's \"Livestrong\" wrist band, which donated all proceeds to the Yellow Ribbon Fund.", "It was the subject of an extended bit on the program, including the creation of the \"Wriststrong\" wrist band, based on Lance Armstrong's \"Livestrong\" wrist band, which donated all proceeds to the Yellow Ribbon Fund. Colbert remained on the air without writers during the Writers Guild of America strike in 2007–08.", "Colbert remained on the air without writers during the Writers Guild of America strike in 2007–08. Colbert modified the pronunciation of the show's name, pronouncing both of the formerly elided final \"t\"s (); a similar move was made by The Daily Show which returned to air as A Daily Show.", "Colbert modified the pronunciation of the show's name, pronouncing both of the formerly elided final \"t\"s (); a similar move was made by The Daily Show which returned to air as A Daily Show. During this period, he staged a mock feud between himself, Jon Stewart, and Late Night host Conan O'Brien over who made Republican Presidential candidate Mike Huckabee.", "During this period, he staged a mock feud between himself, Jon Stewart, and Late Night host Conan O'Brien over who made Republican Presidential candidate Mike Huckabee. In 2008, Colbert made a series of jokes directed at various towns in the United States named \"Canton\", with many attracting negative responses from each respective area's local government and residents.", "In 2008, Colbert made a series of jokes directed at various towns in the United States named \"Canton\", with many attracting negative responses from each respective area's local government and residents. The same year, the show filmed a tongue-in-cheek Christmas special titled A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!.", "The same year, the show filmed a tongue-in-cheek Christmas special titled A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!. In 2009, Colbert filmed a series of four episodes for the troops in Baghdad, Iraq.", "In 2009, Colbert filmed a series of four episodes for the troops in Baghdad, Iraq. He had a suit tailored for him in the Army Combat Uniform pattern and went through an abbreviated version of the Army's basic training regimen.", "He had a suit tailored for him in the Army Combat Uniform pattern and went through an abbreviated version of the Army's basic training regimen. On the first of the four episodes, Colbert had his head shaved on stage by General Ray Odierno who was jokingly \"ordered\" to do so by President Barack Obama, who appeared on the episode via a pre-recorded segment from the White House.", "On the first of the four episodes, Colbert had his head shaved on stage by General Ray Odierno who was jokingly \"ordered\" to do so by President Barack Obama, who appeared on the episode via a pre-recorded segment from the White House. Later years In 2010, while in character, Colbert appeared before judiciary subcommittee hearing on the issue of farm workers and immigration.", "Later years In 2010, while in character, Colbert appeared before judiciary subcommittee hearing on the issue of farm workers and immigration. The New Yorker used Colbert's testimony before Congress as an example of the \"third\" Colbert: \"Colbert was thoughtful and sincere—and had ruined the whole thing.", "The New Yorker used Colbert's testimony before Congress as an example of the \"third\" Colbert: \"Colbert was thoughtful and sincere—and had ruined the whole thing. By speaking honestly, he had become the very thing he was mocking, a celebrity testifying before Congress.\"", "By speaking honestly, he had become the very thing he was mocking, a celebrity testifying before Congress.\" Beginning in June 2011, the show created a long-running gag that involved Colbert starting his own actual super PAC, Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow, described by the character as \"100 percent legal and at least 10 percent ethical.\"", "Beginning in June 2011, the show created a long-running gag that involved Colbert starting his own actual super PAC, Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow, described by the character as \"100 percent legal and at least 10 percent ethical.\" In 2012, Colbert interviewed illustrator/author Maurice Sendak, who managed to get him to break character; show staff and Colbert himself retrospectively labeled the segment one of the show's more memorable moments.", "In 2012, Colbert interviewed illustrator/author Maurice Sendak, who managed to get him to break character; show staff and Colbert himself retrospectively labeled the segment one of the show's more memorable moments. The Los Angeles Times called the September 2013 interview with intelligence official Philip Mudd his \"most awkward interview\", stating Mudd \"could barely disguise his contempt\" for Colbert.", "The Los Angeles Times called the September 2013 interview with intelligence official Philip Mudd his \"most awkward interview\", stating Mudd \"could barely disguise his contempt\" for Colbert. President Barack Obama guested during the show's final month, in a show taped from George Washington University in Washington, D.C.; Obama sat in Colbert's seat and presided over \"The Wørd\" segment.", "President Barack Obama guested during the show's final month, in a show taped from George Washington University in Washington, D.C.; Obama sat in Colbert's seat and presided over \"The Wørd\" segment. The final episode aired on December 18, 2014.", "The final episode aired on December 18, 2014. In the episode Stephen becomes immortal after accidentally killing \"Grimmy\" during the opening of the segment of \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.\".", "In the episode Stephen becomes immortal after accidentally killing \"Grimmy\" during the opening of the segment of \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.\". This leads to Stephen singing \"We'll Meet Again\" in its entirety along with a large group of famous friends including Jon Stewart, Jeff Daniels, Sam Waterston, Big Bird, Charlie Rose, Terry Gross, Keith Olbermann, Tom Brokaw, Alan Alda, Yo Yo Ma, Ken Burns, Cyndi Lauper, Patrick Stewart, Randy Newman, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Henry Kissinger, Alex Trebek, Mandy Patinkin, Lesley Stahl, George Lucas, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Gloria Steinem, Elijah Wood, Jake Tapper, Bob Costas, Smaug and Cookie Monster.", "This leads to Stephen singing \"We'll Meet Again\" in its entirety along with a large group of famous friends including Jon Stewart, Jeff Daniels, Sam Waterston, Big Bird, Charlie Rose, Terry Gross, Keith Olbermann, Tom Brokaw, Alan Alda, Yo Yo Ma, Ken Burns, Cyndi Lauper, Patrick Stewart, Randy Newman, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Henry Kissinger, Alex Trebek, Mandy Patinkin, Lesley Stahl, George Lucas, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Gloria Steinem, Elijah Wood, Jake Tapper, Bob Costas, Smaug and Cookie Monster. Reception Critical response Initial reviews Reviews of The Colbert Report upon its 2005 premiere were positive, although critics were generally skeptical that the character could extend beyond one season without growing tiresome.", "Reception Critical response Initial reviews Reviews of The Colbert Report upon its 2005 premiere were positive, although critics were generally skeptical that the character could extend beyond one season without growing tiresome. While positively reviewing the program as a whole, Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune echoed these sentiments: \"The biggest question hanging over The Colbert Report is whether the show’s sendup of the pomposity and fear-mongering of cable news blowhards will be as appealing in the long term.\"", "While positively reviewing the program as a whole, Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune echoed these sentiments: \"The biggest question hanging over The Colbert Report is whether the show’s sendup of the pomposity and fear-mongering of cable news blowhards will be as appealing in the long term.\" Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer summarized the show's early reaction: \"Critics and bloggers either loved the premiere or declared themselves to be unmoved, but that's the standard reaction after any late-night program's debut.", "Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer summarized the show's early reaction: \"Critics and bloggers either loved the premiere or declared themselves to be unmoved, but that's the standard reaction after any late-night program's debut. A truer measure will be seen in coming weeks, after the hype wears off and the ratings lose their exuberance.\"", "A truer measure will be seen in coming weeks, after the hype wears off and the ratings lose their exuberance.\" Gilbert Cruz of Entertainment Weekly noted that \"Colbert proves that the line between serious TV journalism and utter nonsense is a very thin one indeed.\"", "Gilbert Cruz of Entertainment Weekly noted that \"Colbert proves that the line between serious TV journalism and utter nonsense is a very thin one indeed.\" Heather Havrilesky of Salon was effusive, remarking, \"Not only does Colbert maintain his persona without skipping a beat throughout the entire show, but he’s got great comic timing, the show’s writers are brilliant, and the whole thing is pure foolish, bizarre, idiotic fun.\"", "Heather Havrilesky of Salon was effusive, remarking, \"Not only does Colbert maintain his persona without skipping a beat throughout the entire show, but he’s got great comic timing, the show’s writers are brilliant, and the whole thing is pure foolish, bizarre, idiotic fun.\" Barry Garron of The Hollywood Reporter dubbed it an \"auspicious debut\", writing, \"The new show dovetails nicely with its lead-in to present a solid hour of skewered news and punctured pomposity.\"", "Barry Garron of The Hollywood Reporter dubbed it an \"auspicious debut\", writing, \"The new show dovetails nicely with its lead-in to present a solid hour of skewered news and punctured pomposity.\" Variety Brian Lowry commented that the show had an \"impressive start with a topnotch premiere followed by a respectable second outing.\"", "Variety Brian Lowry commented that the show had an \"impressive start with a topnotch premiere followed by a respectable second outing.\" Paul Brownfield of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"In the run-up to the show it all sounded a bit hard to get your head around, but in the flesh the show zinged, at least this first week.\"", "Paul Brownfield of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"In the run-up to the show it all sounded a bit hard to get your head around, but in the flesh the show zinged, at least this first week.\" The Boston Globe Matthew Gilbert praised the show's wordplay, summarizing, \"Colbert's a clever creation, and a necessary one, and he deserves an opportunity to offend as many people as possible with his pompous blather.\"", "The Boston Globe Matthew Gilbert praised the show's wordplay, summarizing, \"Colbert's a clever creation, and a necessary one, and he deserves an opportunity to offend as many people as possible with his pompous blather.\" Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times commented that the show was a welcome addition to the Comedy Central lineup, remarking, \"What puts Mr. Colbert over the top is that he is not just impersonating well known television personalities, he also uses parody to score larger points about politics and the press.\"", "Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times commented that the show was a welcome addition to the Comedy Central lineup, remarking, \"What puts Mr. Colbert over the top is that he is not just impersonating well known television personalities, he also uses parody to score larger points about politics and the press.\" Nevertheless, there were more negative reviews: USA Today Robert Bianco opined that the show \"tried too hard\", writing, \"Unfortunately, in just two weeks on the air, this half-hour spoof of a no-spin-zone type show has already stretched Colbert's character and the artifice that supports it past its natural breaking point.\"", "Nevertheless, there were more negative reviews: USA Today Robert Bianco opined that the show \"tried too hard\", writing, \"Unfortunately, in just two weeks on the air, this half-hour spoof of a no-spin-zone type show has already stretched Colbert's character and the artifice that supports it past its natural breaking point.\" Later reviews The New Yorker remarked that the show remained funny throughout its entire run.", "Later reviews The New Yorker remarked that the show remained funny throughout its entire run. The Colbert Report currently scores favorable reviews, with 65/100 on Metacritic (first season), while its viewers' ranking on the site is higher at 8.7/10.", "The Colbert Report currently scores favorable reviews, with 65/100 on Metacritic (first season), while its viewers' ranking on the site is higher at 8.7/10. In a 2009 academic analysis of the show's popularity, Temple University researcher, Heather LaMarre found that the show appealed to both liberals and conservatives, concluding, \"there was no significant difference between the groups in thinking Colbert was funny, but conservatives were more likely to report that Colbert only pretends to be joking and genuinely meant what he said while liberals were more likely to report that Colbert used satire and was not serious when offering political statements\".", "In a 2009 academic analysis of the show's popularity, Temple University researcher, Heather LaMarre found that the show appealed to both liberals and conservatives, concluding, \"there was no significant difference between the groups in thinking Colbert was funny, but conservatives were more likely to report that Colbert only pretends to be joking and genuinely meant what he said while liberals were more likely to report that Colbert used satire and was not serious when offering political statements\". Malcolm Gladwell discussed LaMarre's findings in his Revisionist History podcast, \"The Satire Paradox\" (2016).", "Malcolm Gladwell discussed LaMarre's findings in his Revisionist History podcast, \"The Satire Paradox\" (2016). Ratings The ratings of The Colbert Report, from its premiere, benefited from the lead-in The Daily Show provides, which at the time of the show's debut averaged 1.3 million viewers per night.", "Ratings The ratings of The Colbert Report, from its premiere, benefited from the lead-in The Daily Show provides, which at the time of the show's debut averaged 1.3 million viewers per night. Comedy Central had previously struggled to produce a hit program on par with The Daily Show, and were counting on Colbert after a string of failures.", "Comedy Central had previously struggled to produce a hit program on par with The Daily Show, and were counting on Colbert after a string of failures. The Colbert Report drew 1.13 million viewers for its premiere episode, 47 percent greater than the average for that time slot over the previous four weeks, and 98 percent of the viewership of The Daily Show, which had Comedy Central's second-largest viewership.", "The Colbert Report drew 1.13 million viewers for its premiere episode, 47 percent greater than the average for that time slot over the previous four weeks, and 98 percent of the viewership of The Daily Show, which had Comedy Central's second-largest viewership. Averaged over its opening week, The Report had 1.2 million viewers per episode, more than double the average for the same time the previous year, when the time slot was occupied by Too Late with Adam Carolla.", "Averaged over its opening week, The Report had 1.2 million viewers per episode, more than double the average for the same time the previous year, when the time slot was occupied by Too Late with Adam Carolla. The show regularly began attracting over one million viewers with near immediacy.", "The show regularly began attracting over one million viewers with near immediacy. The show also drew more young men, a powerful demographic, than other late-night hosts (at that time, Jay Leno, David Letterman, and Conan O'Brien). Within a year, The Colbert Report began averaging 1.5 million viewers per night.", "Within a year, The Colbert Report began averaging 1.5 million viewers per night. In early 2008, in the midst of the writer's strike, Colbert posted an eleven-percent gain over its averages from the following fall. From 2012 to 2013, viewership decreased from 1.2 million to 1.1 million.", "From 2012 to 2013, viewership decreased from 1.2 million to 1.1 million. In 2013, The Colbert Report was the second most-watched late-night talk show (behind The Daily Show) among the demographic of adults 18–49, beating competition The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in that demographic for the first time.", "In 2013, The Colbert Report was the second most-watched late-night talk show (behind The Daily Show) among the demographic of adults 18–49, beating competition The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in that demographic for the first time. That year, The Colbert Report attracted $52.1 million in advertising for an audience whose median age was 39.4, about a year younger than The Daily Show.", "That year, The Colbert Report attracted $52.1 million in advertising for an audience whose median age was 39.4, about a year younger than The Daily Show. In 2014, the final year of the show's run, ratings were down three percent (coinciding with a general ratings slide for cable television).", "In 2014, the final year of the show's run, ratings were down three percent (coinciding with a general ratings slide for cable television). The series finale on December 18, 2014 was watched by 2.4 million viewers, making it the most watched episode ever in the show's history.", "The series finale on December 18, 2014 was watched by 2.4 million viewers, making it the most watched episode ever in the show's history. The finale was the most watched cable program of the night in its time slot, beating The Daily Show which was seen by two million viewers.", "The finale was the most watched cable program of the night in its time slot, beating The Daily Show which was seen by two million viewers. Awards The Colbert Report received numerous awards and accolades throughout its run. The show was nominated for four Emmy Awards in its inaugural year, but lost to The Daily Show.", "The show was nominated for four Emmy Awards in its inaugural year, but lost to The Daily Show. The show was nominated each year for the rest of its run for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Series, but lost each time to The Daily Show until 2013, when it broke the latter program's winning streak, dubbed the longest in Emmy history.", "The show was nominated each year for the rest of its run for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Series, but lost each time to The Daily Show until 2013, when it broke the latter program's winning streak, dubbed the longest in Emmy history. Colbert subsequently referenced his win on his program as the conclusion of Stewart's \"reign of terror.\"", "Colbert subsequently referenced his win on his program as the conclusion of Stewart's \"reign of terror.\" It also won the award the following year, and was nominated in the same category in 2015. The show received two Peabody Awards, recognizing its excellence in news and entertainment.", "The show received two Peabody Awards, recognizing its excellence in news and entertainment. It also won two Grammy Awards, one for Best Comedy Album for the soundtrack to the special A Colbert Christmas, and later for Best Spoken Word Album for the audiobook to America Again.", "It also won two Grammy Awards, one for Best Comedy Album for the soundtrack to the special A Colbert Christmas, and later for Best Spoken Word Album for the audiobook to America Again. Colbert and Stewart's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was nominated for four Daytime Emmy awards in 2011, including the Outstanding Special Class Special category and the Outstanding Special Class Writing category.", "Colbert and Stewart's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was nominated for four Daytime Emmy awards in 2011, including the Outstanding Special Class Special category and the Outstanding Special Class Writing category. Racism controversy In March 2014, the show attracted controversy when Colbert used a \"fatuously fake parody stereotype character, 'Ching-Chong Ding-Dong,'\" to \"satirize knee-jerk mockery\" of Asian dialect.", "Racism controversy In March 2014, the show attracted controversy when Colbert used a \"fatuously fake parody stereotype character, 'Ching-Chong Ding-Dong,'\" to \"satirize knee-jerk mockery\" of Asian dialect. The name had been used before without incident, but the show's official Twitter account — run by an unknown individual — tweeted the remarks without context, leading to wide outrage over social media, including a hashtag campaign, \"#CancelColbert\", that was a worldwide trending topic for over 24 hours, thanks in-part by Colbert himself helping make it go viral for his show.", "The name had been used before without incident, but the show's official Twitter account — run by an unknown individual — tweeted the remarks without context, leading to wide outrage over social media, including a hashtag campaign, \"#CancelColbert\", that was a worldwide trending topic for over 24 hours, thanks in-part by Colbert himself helping make it go viral for his show. Legacy The New Yorker wrote that \"Colbert has made vital observations about the American political system, particularly about the sordid role that money plays within it.", "Legacy The New Yorker wrote that \"Colbert has made vital observations about the American political system, particularly about the sordid role that money plays within it. The Colbert Report and the Daily Show [...] have changed the way that young liberals of a certain class think and talk about civic culture.\"", "The Colbert Report and the Daily Show [...] have changed the way that young liberals of a certain class think and talk about civic culture.\" The show also coined another word, wikiality, that means \"reality as decided on majority rule.\"", "The show also coined another word, wikiality, that means \"reality as decided on majority rule.\" Viewers of the show also coined a word, freem, based on its inclusion in the show's opening sequence; the word refers to \"'freedom' without having to 'do' anything — without any responsibility or action.\"", "Viewers of the show also coined a word, freem, based on its inclusion in the show's opening sequence; the word refers to \"'freedom' without having to 'do' anything — without any responsibility or action.\" In response to the \"Better Know a District\" segment, Rahm Emanuel, then the Democratic Caucus chair, instructed incoming freshmen not to do appearances on the show in 2007.", "In response to the \"Better Know a District\" segment, Rahm Emanuel, then the Democratic Caucus chair, instructed incoming freshmen not to do appearances on the show in 2007. In 2008, East Carolina University associate professor Jason Bond named a species of trapdoor spider Aptostichus stephencolberti in honor of Stephen Colbert.", "In 2008, East Carolina University associate professor Jason Bond named a species of trapdoor spider Aptostichus stephencolberti in honor of Stephen Colbert. The \"Colbert Bump\" is defined, connotatively by the Report, as an increase in popularity of a person (author, musician, politician, etc.) or thing (website, etc.)", "or thing (website, etc.) as a result of appearing as a guest on or (in the case of a thing) being mentioned on the show. For example, if a politician appears on The Colbert Report, they may become more popular with certain voters and thus are more likely to be elected.", "For example, if a politician appears on The Colbert Report, they may become more popular with certain voters and thus are more likely to be elected. According to the American Political Science Association, contributions to Democratic politicians rose 40% for 30 days after an appearance on the show.", "According to the American Political Science Association, contributions to Democratic politicians rose 40% for 30 days after an appearance on the show. Magazines such as GQ, Newsweek, and Sports Illustrated have all had sales spikes when Colbert appeared on their covers.", "Magazines such as GQ, Newsweek, and Sports Illustrated have all had sales spikes when Colbert appeared on their covers. Viewers of The Colbert Report were on numerous occasions cited as being more knowledgeable about current events than traditional news viewers.", "Viewers of The Colbert Report were on numerous occasions cited as being more knowledgeable about current events than traditional news viewers. In April 2007, a Pew Research Center report cited both Colbert and The Daily Show viewers as more well-informed than those who gathered their information via newspapers, television news and radio.", "In April 2007, a Pew Research Center report cited both Colbert and The Daily Show viewers as more well-informed than those who gathered their information via newspapers, television news and radio. Colbert's Super PAC coverage was widely lauded, and studies later found that this coverage was more effective than traditional news programs at educating the audience on campaign finance.", "Colbert's Super PAC coverage was widely lauded, and studies later found that this coverage was more effective than traditional news programs at educating the audience on campaign finance. He was awarded a Peabody Award for the parody, which was described as an \"innovative means of teaching American viewers about the landmark court decision\".", "He was awarded a Peabody Award for the parody, which was described as an \"innovative means of teaching American viewers about the landmark court decision\". The Annenberg Public Policy Center reported in 2014 that the Colbert Super PAC segments increased viewers' knowledge of PAC and 501(c)(4) campaign finance regulation more successfully than other types of news media.", "The Annenberg Public Policy Center reported in 2014 that the Colbert Super PAC segments increased viewers' knowledge of PAC and 501(c)(4) campaign finance regulation more successfully than other types of news media. International distribution Outside the United States, The Colbert Report was shown in Canada on the cable service The Comedy Network, simultaneously with its original U.S. broadcast (beginning a few weeks after the series debuted).", "International distribution Outside the United States, The Colbert Report was shown in Canada on the cable service The Comedy Network, simultaneously with its original U.S. broadcast (beginning a few weeks after the series debuted). Episodes would also air in Canada on traditional over-the-air broadcaster CTV, one hour after their appearance on The Comedy Network.", "Episodes would also air in Canada on traditional over-the-air broadcaster CTV, one hour after their appearance on The Comedy Network. On September 22, 2014, due to The Comedy Network's acquisition of Canadian rights to Jimmy Kimmel Live!, the program began airing on M3 and did so for the remainder of the show's run.", "On September 22, 2014, due to The Comedy Network's acquisition of Canadian rights to Jimmy Kimmel Live!, the program began airing on M3 and did so for the remainder of the show's run. It airs on The Comedy Channel in Australia, Comedy Central in New Zealand, and on Maxxx in the Philippines.", "It airs on The Comedy Channel in Australia, Comedy Central in New Zealand, and on Maxxx in the Philippines. , The Colbert Report has also been broadcast in Africa on DSTV's version of Comedy Central. It aired on FX in the United Kingdom until they decided not to renew their contract in May 2009.", "It aired on FX in the United Kingdom until they decided not to renew their contract in May 2009. In Portugal, it airs on Sic Radical.", "In Portugal, it airs on Sic Radical. Beginning June 3, 2008, The Colbert Report also aired on the ShowComedy channel of Showtime Arabia (Currently OSN First HD), a channel which broadcasts in the Middle East and North Africa. The show is transmitted on a one-day delay from original transmission in the US.", "The show is transmitted on a one-day delay from original transmission in the US. The show was shown during prime time on Australia's free-to-air ABC2 in 2010, however the channel was outbid for rights for 2011.", "The show was shown during prime time on Australia's free-to-air ABC2 in 2010, however the channel was outbid for rights for 2011. The show was available directly on the colbernation.com website for part of 2011, with Australian advertisements; however, Australian access is now blocked.", "The show was available directly on the colbernation.com website for part of 2011, with Australian advertisements; however, Australian access is now blocked. Several international markets also air The Colbert Report Global Edition, which shows highlights from the previous week's shows and includes a special introduction by Stephen Colbert at the start of the program.", "Several international markets also air The Colbert Report Global Edition, which shows highlights from the previous week's shows and includes a special introduction by Stephen Colbert at the start of the program. This means a new or newly repackaged episode can be screened every weekday.", "This means a new or newly repackaged episode can be screened every weekday. In addition, most recent episodes (usually 3 weeks back) would be available in full length on colbertnation.com. Some international audiences could not see such way. By the end of the series's run, the colbernation.com website was integrated into Comedy Central's website.", "By the end of the series's run, the colbernation.com website was integrated into Comedy Central's website. As of 2021, almost seven years after the show ended, many episodes are presented in individual clips there. Related multimedia The show spawned various merchandise and multimedia related to the show.", "Related multimedia The show spawned various merchandise and multimedia related to the show. Three books were released to accompany the show's humor, the first being I Am America (And So Can You! ), released both in print and as an audiobook in 2007. In 2012, two spinoff books of the show were released.", "In 2012, two spinoff books of the show were released. America Again is a sequel to the show's first book, and addresses topics including Wall Street, campaign finance, energy policy, healthcare, eating on the campaign trail, and the United States Constitution. Another book, I Am a Pole (And So Can You!", "Another book, I Am a Pole (And So Can You! ), was released the same year and purports to be a children's book telling the story of a fictional pole finding its purpose in life. Segments from the show were also released on DVD during its run.", "Segments from the show were also released on DVD during its run. The Best of The Colbert Report, released in 2007, contains several of the show's most memorable early moments. The show's Christmas special, A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!, was also released on DVD the following year.", "The show's Christmas special, A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!, was also released on DVD the following year. The soundtrack of that special also saw a digital release on the iTunes Store after its broadcast, and contains music from Feist, John Legend, Willie Nelson, Toby Keith, Jon Stewart, Elvis Costello, and Colbert himself.", "The soundtrack of that special also saw a digital release on the iTunes Store after its broadcast, and contains music from Feist, John Legend, Willie Nelson, Toby Keith, Jon Stewart, Elvis Costello, and Colbert himself. In 2011, Jack White's record label Third Man Records released a 7\" vinyl single of Stephen Colbert and The Black Belles performing \"Charlene II (I'm Over You)\", which they also performed together on the show.", "In 2011, Jack White's record label Third Man Records released a 7\" vinyl single of Stephen Colbert and The Black Belles performing \"Charlene II (I'm Over You)\", which they also performed together on the show. See also List of late-night American network TV programs CNNNN The Daily Show Newstopia Rick Mercer Report This Hour Has 22 Minutes The Beaverton Hot Seat Real Time with Bill Maher Inside Washington Washington Week References External links The Colbert Report Web site 2005 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings 2000s American late-night television series 2000s American political comedy television series 2000s American satirical television series 2000s American television news shows 2010s American late-night television series 2010s American political comedy television series 2010s American satirical television series 2010s American television news shows Comedy Central original programming Criticism of journalism English-language television shows American news parodies Peabody Award-winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series winners Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series Television series by Busboy Productions Television shows filmed in New York City American television spin-offs The Daily Show Comedy Central late-night programming Political satirical television series" ]

[ "The Colbert Report", "Background", "when was it formed", "Colbert joined Comedy Central's The Daily Show in 1997, a year following its launch,", "who did he perform with", "Steve Carell" ]

[ "Life In China is a weekly English radio program produced by China Radio International that features articles about ordinary people in China. The show is hosted by Shan Shan. The program airs on Round the Clock and is available on the podcasts through the World Radio Network on the Friday edition in the United States, Saturday edition in Beijing. The format of the program is similar to NPR's Morning Edition and All Things Considered in that they analyze the news and events of today and put them into perspective with ordinary people.\n\nThe program takes the perspective of the ordinary Chinese citizen and make a story out of the ordinary day-to-day routine. For example, there was a report done on internet addiction by high school students and what happened when a town decided to enforce a curfew that basically shut down internet cafes in that town after 10pm. The result was that those addicted high schoolers started studying again and improved their grades.\n\nExternal links\n Official Website\n\nChinese radio programs\nChina Radio International", "The China Greentech Initiative (CGTI) is a Chinese-international open source, commercial collaboration platform. It includes over 100 technology and services companies and over 500 businesspeople focussing on the growth of China's greentech markets. The organization was founded in 2008 by Ellen G. Carberry and Randall S. Hancock, and is produced by MangoStrategy, LLC.\n\nThe report\nThe China Greentech Report is a free, annual report published in English and Chinese by the China Greentech Initiative. It is an update of the recent developments in the greentech sector in China. The China Greentech Report 2012 analyses four key factors that characterise challenges and opportunities in China's greentech markets, including:\n\n How China and global economic forces have impacted greentech growth\n Aggressive government policies will continue to support greentech growth\n Public awareness of urgent environmental problems is growing\n China is going global to satisfy energy security needs and to meet emission reduction goals\n\nThe Partner Program\nThe CGTI 2012 Partner Program examines opportunities in five sector tracks: cleaner conventional energy, renewable energy, green building, cleaner transportation, and clean water. In addition, CGTI is in discussion with partners interested in launching cross sector tracks which examine opportunities in low carbon zones, waste management, green supply chain, and China outbound markets.\n\nAdvisory services\nThe China Greentech Initiative's advisory services provide partner companies and organizations with projects to meet specific needs that are beyond the scope of what the Partner Program provides, including:\n Custom Strategic Market Studies - Answering opportunity-specific questions related to market size, user requirements, value chain structure and economics, competitor and partner assessments, technology evaluations, and the legal/regulatory environment.\n Partner Matchmaking - Assisting with the identification and assessment of potential business relationships, and providing referrals for financing sources, investments and M&A transactions.\n Custom Thought Leadership and Education - Developing external publications and education programs that meet specific partner branding and stakeholder education objectives.\n\nMedia\nThe China Greentech has been mentioned in many media outlets, notably The New York Times, The Guardian, The Economist, and the China Daily.\n\nReferences\n\nEnvironmental technology" ]

[ "The Colbert Report ( ) is an American late-night talk and news satire television program hosted by Stephen Colbert that aired four days a week on Comedy Central from October 17, 2005, to December 18, 2014, for 1,447 episodes. The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake.", "The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake. The character, described by Colbert as a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot\", is a caricature of televised political pundits. Furthermore, the show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs, particularly Fox News's The O'Reilly Factor.", "Furthermore, the show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs, particularly Fox News's The O'Reilly Factor. The Colbert Report is a spin-off of Comedy Central's The Daily Show, in which Colbert acted as a correspondent for the program for several years while developing the character.", "The Colbert Report is a spin-off of Comedy Central's The Daily Show, in which Colbert acted as a correspondent for the program for several years while developing the character. The program was created by Colbert, Jon Stewart, and Ben Karlin. The show's writing was grounded in improvisation, and often lampooned current events stories.", "The show's writing was grounded in improvisation, and often lampooned current events stories. The show's structure also included a guest interview, in which the Colbert character attempts to deconstruct his opponent's argument.", "The show's structure also included a guest interview, in which the Colbert character attempts to deconstruct his opponent's argument. The show was taped in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, and the program's set is \"hyper-American\", epitomizing the character's ego.", "The show was taped in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, and the program's set is \"hyper-American\", epitomizing the character's ego. The show was taped and broadcast Monday through Thursday, with weeks taken off at multiple points in a given year for breaks.", "The show was taped and broadcast Monday through Thursday, with weeks taken off at multiple points in a given year for breaks. The Colbert Report saw immediate critical and ratings successes, leading to various awards, including two Peabody Awards.", "The Colbert Report saw immediate critical and ratings successes, leading to various awards, including two Peabody Awards. The show's cultural influence—which occasionally would require a fair degree of participation from the show's audience, dubbed the Colbert Nation—extended beyond the program a number of times.", "The show's cultural influence—which occasionally would require a fair degree of participation from the show's audience, dubbed the Colbert Nation—extended beyond the program a number of times. This impact included the character running for U.S. President twice, co-hosting a rally at the National Mall, presenting a controversial performance at the White House Correspondents' Dinner, and establishing a real Super PAC that raised a million dollars.", "This impact included the character running for U.S. President twice, co-hosting a rally at the National Mall, presenting a controversial performance at the White House Correspondents' Dinner, and establishing a real Super PAC that raised a million dollars. In addition, the show inspired various forms of multimedia, including music and multiple best-selling books.", "In addition, the show inspired various forms of multimedia, including music and multiple best-selling books. Background The Colbert Report satirized conservative personality-driven political pundit programs, and focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake.", "Background The Colbert Report satirized conservative personality-driven political pundit programs, and focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake. The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\"", "The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\" Colbert joined Comedy Central's The Daily Show in 1997, a year following its launch, then hosted by Craig Kilborn.", "Colbert joined Comedy Central's The Daily Show in 1997, a year following its launch, then hosted by Craig Kilborn. When Jon Stewart became the program's host in 1999, The Daily Show developed a markedly different style, bringing a sharper political focus to the humor than the show previously exhibited.", "When Jon Stewart became the program's host in 1999, The Daily Show developed a markedly different style, bringing a sharper political focus to the humor than the show previously exhibited. Colbert recalled that Stewart specifically asked him to have a political viewpoint, and to allow his passion for issues to carry through into his comedy.", "Colbert recalled that Stewart specifically asked him to have a political viewpoint, and to allow his passion for issues to carry through into his comedy. Colbert became a fixture on The Daily Show, occasionally hosting in Stewart's absence.", "Colbert became a fixture on The Daily Show, occasionally hosting in Stewart's absence. In 2003, the program began running advertisements for a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, starring Colbert as a parody of cable news pundits.", "In 2003, the program began running advertisements for a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, starring Colbert as a parody of cable news pundits. When fellow Daily Show star Steve Carell left to pursue a film and television career, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network.", "When fellow Daily Show star Steve Carell left to pursue a film and television career, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network. He pitched The Colbert Report to the channel in 2004. Stewart pushed Comedy Central to pick up the show, and Colbert was given an eight-week tryout.", "Stewart pushed Comedy Central to pick up the show, and Colbert was given an eight-week tryout. Following the show's immediate success, the show \"quickly became a fixture in the late-night lineup.\" At its peak, the show averaged 1.5 million viewers each evening.", "At its peak, the show averaged 1.5 million viewers each evening. The fictional Colbert anchorman character became gradually toned down over the course of the show's run, as the host believed he would eventually need to move beyond it.", "The fictional Colbert anchorman character became gradually toned down over the course of the show's run, as the host believed he would eventually need to move beyond it. He began to regard it as an act of discipline to perform as the character; he later remarked, \"to model behavior, you have to consume that behavior on a regular basis.", "He began to regard it as an act of discipline to perform as the character; he later remarked, \"to model behavior, you have to consume that behavior on a regular basis. It became very hard to watch punditry of any kind, of whatever political stripe.\"", "It became very hard to watch punditry of any kind, of whatever political stripe.\" With his contract set to end in December 2014, he had already decided to leave the show when he was contacted by CBS to replace David Letterman as the host of its Late Show franchise.", "With his contract set to end in December 2014, he had already decided to leave the show when he was contacted by CBS to replace David Letterman as the host of its Late Show franchise. The show's ending was announced concurrently with Colbert's jump to CBS in April 2014. The last episode aired on December 18, 2014.", "The last episode aired on December 18, 2014. The show was replaced on Comedy Central's late-night lineup by The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, another spinoff of The Daily Show.", "The show was replaced on Comedy Central's late-night lineup by The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, another spinoff of The Daily Show. History Development The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\"", "History Development The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\" When The Daily Show ran short on time, a short piece starring Colbert, advertising a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, was added into the program.", "When The Daily Show ran short on time, a short piece starring Colbert, advertising a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, was added into the program. In these sketches, Colbert began to amplify his character to parody news pundits.", "In these sketches, Colbert began to amplify his character to parody news pundits. Colbert anchored many sketches in his persona, including \"Even Stepvhen\", in which he debated current issues with fellow correspondent Steve Carell, often devolving into petty name-calling and insults.", "Colbert anchored many sketches in his persona, including \"Even Stepvhen\", in which he debated current issues with fellow correspondent Steve Carell, often devolving into petty name-calling and insults. Colbert and Carell were viewed as potential breakout stars by staff, and when Carell left the series in 2004 to start a US version of The Office, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network.", "Colbert and Carell were viewed as potential breakout stars by staff, and when Carell left the series in 2004 to start a US version of The Office, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network. Stewart and Karlin were already looking to expand the Daily Show franchise and their production company, Busboy.", "Stewart and Karlin were already looking to expand the Daily Show franchise and their production company, Busboy. The duo supposedly came up with the idea for The Colbert Report after watching coverage of the sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Bill O'Reilly. Colbert met with network president Doug Herzog the day following the 2004 Emmy Awards to first discuss the concept.", "Colbert met with network president Doug Herzog the day following the 2004 Emmy Awards to first discuss the concept. The one-line pitch Colbert, Karlin and Stewart developed was \"Our version of the O'Reilly Factor with Stephen Colbert.\" Herzog committed to an eight-week tryout period without a pilot.", "Herzog committed to an eight-week tryout period without a pilot. By the time of the 2004 election, the character was fully developed. In creating the character, which is designed to be repellant but entertaining, Colbert conferred with Stewart and Karlin.", "In creating the character, which is designed to be repellant but entertaining, Colbert conferred with Stewart and Karlin. In expressing his hope that his character not be \"an asshole,\" Stewart remarked, \"You're not an asshole. You're an idiot. There's a difference.\"", "There's a difference.\" There's a difference.\" Head writer Allison Silverman reiterated this trait in a later interview, commenting, \"There is an essential innocence to his character.\" Colbert initially felt the character might not be sustainable in a longer format.", "Colbert initially felt the character might not be sustainable in a longer format. Despite this, The Colbert Report was designed as an extension of the satiric goals of The Daily Show, combining it with general silliness and character-driven humor.", "Despite this, The Colbert Report was designed as an extension of the satiric goals of The Daily Show, combining it with general silliness and character-driven humor. To make sure there was no overlap in subject matter with The Daily Show, Karlin made trips between the studios during the show's early days to supervise scripts.", "To make sure there was no overlap in subject matter with The Daily Show, Karlin made trips between the studios during the show's early days to supervise scripts. For the first several years of the program, Colbert made an appearance at the end of each Daily Show in split-screen, having a short discussion with Stewart preceding his show.", "For the first several years of the program, Colbert made an appearance at the end of each Daily Show in split-screen, having a short discussion with Stewart preceding his show. Production The show's writing was grounded in improv, employing a \"yes to everything\" mentality.", "Production The show's writing was grounded in improv, employing a \"yes to everything\" mentality. Much of the humor derived from extended improv games with the show's studio and at-home audience, such as Colbert's poll to name a bridge in Hungary after himself.", "Much of the humor derived from extended improv games with the show's studio and at-home audience, such as Colbert's poll to name a bridge in Hungary after himself. Many of the writers had improv training and at one point put together \"improv evenings\" at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre once a month.", "Many of the writers had improv training and at one point put together \"improv evenings\" at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre once a month. Writers on The Colbert Report were predominantly male and white; Colbert acknowledged this lack of diversity, but he contended he had hired writers based solely on the quality of their material and had never looked at the names on writing packets submitted for employment.", "Writers on The Colbert Report were predominantly male and white; Colbert acknowledged this lack of diversity, but he contended he had hired writers based solely on the quality of their material and had never looked at the names on writing packets submitted for employment. Subjects considered too dark were not even considered for comedic material; for example, the show would poke fun at press coverage of a tragedy, rather than the tragedy itself.", "Subjects considered too dark were not even considered for comedic material; for example, the show would poke fun at press coverage of a tragedy, rather than the tragedy itself. Issues discussed on the show were later reported on actual newscasts, in turn allowing the show to comment on its own impact, creating an echo chamber of sorts.", "Issues discussed on the show were later reported on actual newscasts, in turn allowing the show to comment on its own impact, creating an echo chamber of sorts. This led Colbert to describe his show, \"at its purest expression, [as] a pebble that we throw into the puddle of the news, and then we report on our own ripples.\"", "This led Colbert to describe his show, \"at its purest expression, [as] a pebble that we throw into the puddle of the news, and then we report on our own ripples.\" Ideas for each show were considered in the morning pitch meeting, which could range from \"harrowing\" to smooth.", "Ideas for each show were considered in the morning pitch meeting, which could range from \"harrowing\" to smooth. Described as having \"demanding standards\", Colbert is quoted as remarking, \"Let's make it perfect and then cut it.\"", "Described as having \"demanding standards\", Colbert is quoted as remarking, \"Let's make it perfect and then cut it.\" Although dozens of ideas were either chosen for the show or deleted, other ideas, saved for a later date, were often forgotten because of the pace of news.", "Although dozens of ideas were either chosen for the show or deleted, other ideas, saved for a later date, were often forgotten because of the pace of news. Ideas with considerable potential were put in the \"hopper\" to be developed and rewritten, while more fully formed ideas were placed in the \"pantry.\"", "Ideas with considerable potential were put in the \"hopper\" to be developed and rewritten, while more fully formed ideas were placed in the \"pantry.\" Good jokes would still be sacrificed if they did not fit the character's specific point of view, which was deemed the inverse of what \"any logical person\" feels.", "Good jokes would still be sacrificed if they did not fit the character's specific point of view, which was deemed the inverse of what \"any logical person\" feels. At least one writer has described the job as \"all-consuming\", leaving no time for outside activities.", "At least one writer has described the job as \"all-consuming\", leaving no time for outside activities. Colbert himself eventually became withdrawn from morning meetings as the show continued on and he mulled a decision to leave.", "Colbert himself eventually became withdrawn from morning meetings as the show continued on and he mulled a decision to leave. Usually by 11 a.m., a rough outline for the show was completed and writers sent off in pairs to create scripts that would be polished throughout the day.", "Usually by 11 a.m., a rough outline for the show was completed and writers sent off in pairs to create scripts that would be polished throughout the day. First, writers would scan news articles for ideas and partner together in pairs, with one \"keeping track of possible jokes.\"", "First, writers would scan news articles for ideas and partner together in pairs, with one \"keeping track of possible jokes.\" During an appearance at the New York Comedy Festival in 2013, some writers admitted to procrastinating until the last hour before rehearsal to complete their sections; Colbert confirmed that, in the program's early days, segments such as \"The Word\" were scripted entirely during the rewrite before rehearsal.", "During an appearance at the New York Comedy Festival in 2013, some writers admitted to procrastinating until the last hour before rehearsal to complete their sections; Colbert confirmed that, in the program's early days, segments such as \"The Word\" were scripted entirely during the rewrite before rehearsal. Both writers read their dialogue aloud to see whether they thought the Colbert character would say it.", "Both writers read their dialogue aloud to see whether they thought the Colbert character would say it. As writers were working on their respective scripts, the show's production and graphics team compiled music, footage, and props needed for the show.", "As writers were working on their respective scripts, the show's production and graphics team compiled music, footage, and props needed for the show. To collect video clips, the show cross-referenced transcripts of hours and hours of archived TiVo recordings of news programs.", "To collect video clips, the show cross-referenced transcripts of hours and hours of archived TiVo recordings of news programs. In 2011, the show switched to Snapstream software, which streamlined the TV clip search and compilation process, allowing for searching closed captioning for select words.", "In 2011, the show switched to Snapstream software, which streamlined the TV clip search and compilation process, allowing for searching closed captioning for select words. In addition, a group of staff coders and independent contractors developed Scripto software to collaborate on scripts in real time.", "In addition, a group of staff coders and independent contractors developed Scripto software to collaborate on scripts in real time. By 1 p.m., the show held a second production meeting to go over scripts and determine which pieces to edit.", "By 1 p.m., the show held a second production meeting to go over scripts and determine which pieces to edit. Scripts were \"hopefully\" completed around 4 p.m., and a rehearsal with the entire staff would begin at 5:30 p.m. or occasionally earlier. Afterward, final changes were made to the script.", "Afterward, final changes were made to the script. The final rewrite would take place in a \"small, red, poorly ventilated room\" until 6:45 p.m. Before interviewing his guests, Colbert met with them in the green room and acknowledged that he was playing a character, noting that the persona is \"willfully ignorant of what you know and care about\" and urging the guest to \"honestly disabuse me of what you see as my ignorance.\"", "The final rewrite would take place in a \"small, red, poorly ventilated room\" until 6:45 p.m. Before interviewing his guests, Colbert met with them in the green room and acknowledged that he was playing a character, noting that the persona is \"willfully ignorant of what you know and care about\" and urging the guest to \"honestly disabuse me of what you see as my ignorance.\" Emily Lazar, a producer for the interview segments, advised guests to talk with Colbert as though he were a \"harmless drunk at the next bar stool.\"", "Emily Lazar, a producer for the interview segments, advised guests to talk with Colbert as though he were a \"harmless drunk at the next bar stool.\" Guests would typically take their seats around 7 p.m., when a warm-up comedian (perhaps Jared Logan or Paul Mercurio) delivered jokes.", "Guests would typically take their seats around 7 p.m., when a warm-up comedian (perhaps Jared Logan or Paul Mercurio) delivered jokes. Colbert, out of character, held a brief question and answer session with the audience prior to taping.", "Colbert, out of character, held a brief question and answer session with the audience prior to taping. Taping lasted as long as three hours but usually ended around 9 p.m., at which point the show was edited and sent to Comedy Central for broadcast.", "Taping lasted as long as three hours but usually ended around 9 p.m., at which point the show was edited and sent to Comedy Central for broadcast. As the show was being edited, the staff met one last time to work through details for the next show.", "As the show was being edited, the staff met one last time to work through details for the next show. Set The Colbert Report was taped and broadcast four nights a week, Monday–Thursday.", "Set The Colbert Report was taped and broadcast four nights a week, Monday–Thursday. The show's taping studio, at 513 W. 54th Street in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, was used for The Daily Show until July 2005, and has a capacity of 150.", "The show's taping studio, at 513 W. 54th Street in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, was used for The Daily Show until July 2005, and has a capacity of 150. NEP Studio 54 on 54th Street is owned by NEP Broadcasting which is New York City's largest production facility and also owns The Daily Show set at NEP Studio 52 two blocks south on 52nd Street.", "NEP Studio 54 on 54th Street is owned by NEP Broadcasting which is New York City's largest production facility and also owns The Daily Show set at NEP Studio 52 two blocks south on 52nd Street. Aside from the set, the show's production offices have been described as \"loft-like\" and \"all overhead pipes and exposed brick.\"", "Aside from the set, the show's production offices have been described as \"loft-like\" and \"all overhead pipes and exposed brick.\" Following the show's conclusion, the building was used for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore.", "Following the show's conclusion, the building was used for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore. The set for The Colbert Report was called \"The Eagle's Nest\" and reflects and facilitates Colbert's self-aggrandizing style. It was designed by Jim Fenhagen, and was intended to both capture the character's ego and be \"hyper-American.\"", "It was designed by Jim Fenhagen, and was intended to both capture the character's ego and be \"hyper-American.\" Elements incorporated into the set included architectural lines converged to Colbert's desk, and radial beams coming out from behind his chair.", "Elements incorporated into the set included architectural lines converged to Colbert's desk, and radial beams coming out from behind his chair. Colbert's main influence for the set was Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, with the Colbert character as Jesus Christ.", "Colbert's main influence for the set was Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, with the Colbert character as Jesus Christ. In the set, \"virtually every inch emblazoned with Colbert's name or the initial C\"; his name, initials and the name of the show appear on the desk's plasma screen, on the rafters above the desk, and the desk itself is shaped like a giant \"C\".", "In the set, \"virtually every inch emblazoned with Colbert's name or the initial C\"; his name, initials and the name of the show appear on the desk's plasma screen, on the rafters above the desk, and the desk itself is shaped like a giant \"C\". The background includes faux artifacts from the character's backstory, which are seldom seen by viewers.", "The background includes faux artifacts from the character's backstory, which are seldom seen by viewers. \"I kept saying, 'People might not really notice this.' But when you're working with a comedy team, they really get into it. They couldn't help themselves,\" said Fenhagen.", "They couldn't help themselves,\" said Fenhagen. Among these touches are the United States Constitution, a miniature Ten Commandments, and a CliffsNotes guide to American government. The set was described as \"part Riefenstahlesque homage to the star, part symbologic gallery — where alert viewers are rewarded with snarky jokes at every turn.\"", "The set was described as \"part Riefenstahlesque homage to the star, part symbologic gallery — where alert viewers are rewarded with snarky jokes at every turn.\" Above a fireplace is a portrait of Colbert; it originally showed Colbert standing in front of the same mantel with another portrait of himself.", "Above a fireplace is a portrait of Colbert; it originally showed Colbert standing in front of the same mantel with another portrait of himself. On the show's first anniversary, the portrait was replaced by one of Colbert standing in front of the mantel with the first portrait above it, and with each successive year, it became Colbert standing in front of the previous year's painting.", "On the show's first anniversary, the portrait was replaced by one of Colbert standing in front of the mantel with the first portrait above it, and with each successive year, it became Colbert standing in front of the previous year's painting. The graphics used throughout the show and the studio itself are saturated with American flags, bald eagles, Captain America's shield, and other patriotic imagery.", "The graphics used throughout the show and the studio itself are saturated with American flags, bald eagles, Captain America's shield, and other patriotic imagery. Format Typically, Colbert starts with the audience cheering and teasers regarding the show's topics and guest; each headline is structured to be a deliberate pun.", "Format Typically, Colbert starts with the audience cheering and teasers regarding the show's topics and guest; each headline is structured to be a deliberate pun. The series of puns are followed by a verbal metaphor that promotes the show and is almost always finished with, \"This is the Colbert Report.\"", "The series of puns are followed by a verbal metaphor that promotes the show and is almost always finished with, \"This is the Colbert Report.\" The show's original opening title sequence began with an eagle diving past the host, following by images of Americana, stock footage of Colbert, and words describing Colbert flying by (some of which have been used as The Word).", "The show's original opening title sequence began with an eagle diving past the host, following by images of Americana, stock footage of Colbert, and words describing Colbert flying by (some of which have been used as The Word). The first word used was \"Grippy\", and has changed to include, among others, \"Megamerican\", \"Lincolnish\", \"Superstantial\", \"Flagaphile\", and \"Factose Intolerant\".", "The first word used was \"Grippy\", and has changed to include, among others, \"Megamerican\", \"Lincolnish\", \"Superstantial\", \"Flagaphile\", and \"Factose Intolerant\". The May 4 episode in 2009 featured hints planted by J. J. Abrams about when and where Colbert would be in the Persian Gulf, and \"Farewellison\" for the final episode of former producer Allison Silverman.", "The May 4 episode in 2009 featured hints planted by J. J. Abrams about when and where Colbert would be in the Persian Gulf, and \"Farewellison\" for the final episode of former producer Allison Silverman. The show's opening credits depict the Colbert character clutching an American flag. On January 4, 2010, a new opening debuted.", "On January 4, 2010, a new opening debuted. The opening begins and ends with an eagle as before, but features new background renderings, new shots of Stephen Colbert, and is now colored in an American, red white and blue motif. The show's theme music is \"Baby Mumbles\" by Cheap Trick.", "The show's theme music is \"Baby Mumbles\" by Cheap Trick. Colbert phoned guitarist Rick Nielsen during development of the show to discuss the theme, noting that he loved the band's song \"I Want You to Want Me\"; the show's theme music is largely that song's melody backwards.", "Colbert phoned guitarist Rick Nielsen during development of the show to discuss the theme, noting that he loved the band's song \"I Want You to Want Me\"; the show's theme music is largely that song's melody backwards. Following the opening sequence, Colbert most often proceeds with a run-through of recent headlines in a manner parodying traditional news broadcasts; this is similar to The Daily Show but with a faux-right-wing spin.", "Following the opening sequence, Colbert most often proceeds with a run-through of recent headlines in a manner parodying traditional news broadcasts; this is similar to The Daily Show but with a faux-right-wing spin. The program typically continues with Colbert addressing a specific topic.", "The program typically continues with Colbert addressing a specific topic. Colbert often calls to \"Jimmy\", a reference to program director Jim Hoskinson, to roll video clips.", "Colbert often calls to \"Jimmy\", a reference to program director Jim Hoskinson, to roll video clips. That topic will often lead into a \"The Word\" segment, which juxtaposes Colbert's commentary with satirical bullet points on-screen, a parody of The O'Reilly Factors \"Talking Points Memo\".", "That topic will often lead into a \"The Word\" segment, which juxtaposes Colbert's commentary with satirical bullet points on-screen, a parody of The O'Reilly Factors \"Talking Points Memo\". On occasion he will conduct a short interview with someone having to do with the topic.", "On occasion he will conduct a short interview with someone having to do with the topic. The format of the middle segment varies, but it is normally a visual presentation or skit.", "The format of the middle segment varies, but it is normally a visual presentation or skit. Often, these skits are parts of recurring segments, which may include \"Better Know a District\", in which Colbert interviews a U.S. Representative from a certain district of the United States; \"Tip of the Hat/Wag of the Finger\", in which Colbert voices his approval or disapproval of prominent people and news items; \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.", "Often, these skits are parts of recurring segments, which may include \"Better Know a District\", in which Colbert interviews a U.S. Representative from a certain district of the United States; \"Tip of the Hat/Wag of the Finger\", in which Colbert voices his approval or disapproval of prominent people and news items; \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A. \", a health segment; \"The Sport Report\" with the \"t\" in both Sport and Report silent, a sports segment; and \"The ThreatDown\", in which Colbert lists the five greatest threats to America, and others.", "\", a health segment; \"The Sport Report\" with the \"t\" in both Sport and Report silent, a sports segment; and \"The ThreatDown\", in which Colbert lists the five greatest threats to America, and others. His newest segment, \"Thought for Food\" deals with the consumption of specific foods across the world.", "His newest segment, \"Thought for Food\" deals with the consumption of specific foods across the world. Sometimes, there is a \"Colbert Report Special Repor-t\" (the final 't' pronounced with special emphasis), or even a \"Colbert Report, Sport Report, Special Repor-t\", in which Colbert devotes a section of an episode, and sometimes the entire episode to a special subject.", "Sometimes, there is a \"Colbert Report Special Repor-t\" (the final 't' pronounced with special emphasis), or even a \"Colbert Report, Sport Report, Special Repor-t\", in which Colbert devotes a section of an episode, and sometimes the entire episode to a special subject. The third segment is almost always an interview with a celebrity guest, often an author or government official.", "The third segment is almost always an interview with a celebrity guest, often an author or government official. Unlike the late night talk show standard of the guest walking out to the host's desk, Colbert instead runs to a separate area of the set to interview his guest, basking in the applause and glory meant for the guest.", "Unlike the late night talk show standard of the guest walking out to the host's desk, Colbert instead runs to a separate area of the set to interview his guest, basking in the applause and glory meant for the guest. On the interview segment of the show, Colbert frequently attempts to nail his guest by using various rhetorical devices and fallacies to prove them wrong.", "On the interview segment of the show, Colbert frequently attempts to nail his guest by using various rhetorical devices and fallacies to prove them wrong. The real-life Colbert once remarked that his personal favorite segment of the program were the interviews, which involved more listening on his end in order for the character to \"ignorantly deconstruct\" his opponent's argument.", "The real-life Colbert once remarked that his personal favorite segment of the program were the interviews, which involved more listening on his end in order for the character to \"ignorantly deconstruct\" his opponent's argument. The third segment of the show is on occasion a musical guest.", "The third segment of the show is on occasion a musical guest. Prominent musical guests have included Metallica, Paul McCartney, Rush, Green Day, Paul Simon, Crosby Stills & Nash, Pavement, Cat Stevens, Yo-Yo Ma, Radiohead and Black Star.", "Prominent musical guests have included Metallica, Paul McCartney, Rush, Green Day, Paul Simon, Crosby Stills & Nash, Pavement, Cat Stevens, Yo-Yo Ma, Radiohead and Black Star. Afterwards, Colbert ends the show by giving some parting words to the audience or, if short for time, a simple \"that's it for the report everybody, good night\".", "Afterwards, Colbert ends the show by giving some parting words to the audience or, if short for time, a simple \"that's it for the report everybody, good night\". Character The host of The Colbert Report is Stephen Colbert, a \"self-important right-wing commentator\", portrayed by his real-life namesake.", "Character The host of The Colbert Report is Stephen Colbert, a \"self-important right-wing commentator\", portrayed by his real-life namesake. The character incorporates aspects of Colbert's real life, but is primarily a parody of cable news pundits, particularly Bill O'Reilly of Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor, whom he refers to as \"Papa Bear\".", "The character incorporates aspects of Colbert's real life, but is primarily a parody of cable news pundits, particularly Bill O'Reilly of Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor, whom he refers to as \"Papa Bear\". To this end, the character even incorporates O'Reilly's mannerisms, described as his \"pen-wielding, hand-stabbing gestures.\"", "To this end, the character even incorporates O'Reilly's mannerisms, described as his \"pen-wielding, hand-stabbing gestures.\" O'Reilly's use of \"talking points\" — illustrated onscreen graphics reflecting the host's opinions — are parodied on The Colbert Report with the segment \"The Word\".", "O'Reilly's use of \"talking points\" — illustrated onscreen graphics reflecting the host's opinions — are parodied on The Colbert Report with the segment \"The Word\". He initially incorporated long-winded, verbose metaphors to parody CNN correspondent Aaron Brown.", "He initially incorporated long-winded, verbose metaphors to parody CNN correspondent Aaron Brown. In addition, the character was also heavily inspired by Stone Phillips, Bill Kurtis and \"especially\" Geraldo Rivera. \"I loved the way Geraldo made reporting a story seem like an act of courage,\" Colbert told a reporter in 2012.", "\"I loved the way Geraldo made reporting a story seem like an act of courage,\" Colbert told a reporter in 2012. The core principle of The Colbert Report is that Colbert is a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot.\"", "The core principle of The Colbert Report is that Colbert is a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot.\" The character believes that he himself is the news: rather than a vessel to deliver the news to the audience, or a general member of the media, the character sees himself as more important than the news.", "The character believes that he himself is the news: rather than a vessel to deliver the news to the audience, or a general member of the media, the character sees himself as more important than the news. He is veracious in his approach, while often ridiculously overblown in his statements.", "He is veracious in his approach, while often ridiculously overblown in his statements. The character is egomaniacal, fact-averse (\"factose intolerant\"), God-fearing, and hyper-patriotic. He claims to be an independent who is often mistaken for a Republican, but uniformly despises liberals and generally agrees with the actions and decisions of the Republican Party.", "He claims to be an independent who is often mistaken for a Republican, but uniformly despises liberals and generally agrees with the actions and decisions of the Republican Party. Colbert's character has been described as a \"caustic right-wing bully\".", "Colbert's character has been described as a \"caustic right-wing bully\". The character exists not in opposition to political leaders, but to common ignorances; for example, his insistence that then-presidential candidate Barack Obama had Socialist leanings was based on public misconceptions.", "The character exists not in opposition to political leaders, but to common ignorances; for example, his insistence that then-presidential candidate Barack Obama had Socialist leanings was based on public misconceptions. In parodying the cult of personality, the Colbert character also developed a real-life equivalent, creating what was dubbed the \"Colbert Nation\".", "In parodying the cult of personality, the Colbert character also developed a real-life equivalent, creating what was dubbed the \"Colbert Nation\". While giving the character a certain mythos was part of the show's inception, show producers did not set out to create a loyal following; the joke was that the character thought he had an influence, but that was a figment of his ego-riddled imagination.", "While giving the character a certain mythos was part of the show's inception, show producers did not set out to create a loyal following; the joke was that the character thought he had an influence, but that was a figment of his ego-riddled imagination. Despite his appearance of always being in charge, Colbert is vulnerable: he feels deeply threatened by those wielding more power than he, and he suffers from \"arctophobia\", the fear of bears, which he refers to as \"giant, marauding, godless killing machines\".", "Despite his appearance of always being in charge, Colbert is vulnerable: he feels deeply threatened by those wielding more power than he, and he suffers from \"arctophobia\", the fear of bears, which he refers to as \"giant, marauding, godless killing machines\". He will alert the audience to what he perceives as the latest national threat (the subject of a recurring bit, \"ThreatDown\"), only to justify his own fears and impose those onto his audience.", "He will alert the audience to what he perceives as the latest national threat (the subject of a recurring bit, \"ThreatDown\"), only to justify his own fears and impose those onto his audience. As the show progressed, Colbert gradually began to tone down the character, allowing guests in interviews to \"get his or her own message across.\"", "As the show progressed, Colbert gradually began to tone down the character, allowing guests in interviews to \"get his or her own message across.\" The show's longevity created what The New York Times described as \"a winking quality to the act, a sense that we’re all in on the joke.\"", "The show's longevity created what The New York Times described as \"a winking quality to the act, a sense that we’re all in on the joke.\" Colbert himself acknowledged that he \"rarely hit it as hard as I used to,\" noting that \"You have to be vigilant to stay ignorant.\"", "Colbert himself acknowledged that he \"rarely hit it as hard as I used to,\" noting that \"You have to be vigilant to stay ignorant.\" He noted that his own personal opinions can occasionally align with his character's, when liberal guests' agendas appeared based on dislike rather than logical argument.", "He noted that his own personal opinions can occasionally align with his character's, when liberal guests' agendas appeared based on dislike rather than logical argument. Politician and former vice president Al Gore accidentally referred to the persona as a \"character\" in a 2011 interview on the show, and in 2013, Colbert further blurred lines when he spoke regarding the death of his mother on the program.", "Politician and former vice president Al Gore accidentally referred to the persona as a \"character\" in a 2011 interview on the show, and in 2013, Colbert further blurred lines when he spoke regarding the death of his mother on the program. In doing so, many commentators referred the show's longevity and the development of a \"third\" Colbert — one a faux pundit and one informed by the performer's own life.", "In doing so, many commentators referred the show's longevity and the development of a \"third\" Colbert — one a faux pundit and one informed by the performer's own life. In the show's credits, Colbert was credited with a title, which deliberately became increasingly cumbersome as the show progressed: Her Excellency The Rev.", "In the show's credits, Colbert was credited with a title, which deliberately became increasingly cumbersome as the show progressed: Her Excellency The Rev. Sir Doctor Stephen Tyrone Mos Def Colbert, D.F.A., Heavyweight Champion of the World✱✱ featuring Flo Rida La Premiere Dame De France.", "Sir Doctor Stephen Tyrone Mos Def Colbert, D.F.A., Heavyweight Champion of the World✱✱ featuring Flo Rida La Premiere Dame De France. When O'Reilly appeared on The Daily Show before the second episode of The Colbert Report aired, he commented, \"Before we get started, somebody told me walking in here, you got some French guy on after you making fun of me?", "When O'Reilly appeared on The Daily Show before the second episode of The Colbert Report aired, he commented, \"Before we get started, somebody told me walking in here, you got some French guy on after you making fun of me? \", and made several references in the following interview to 'the French Guy'.", "\", and made several references in the following interview to 'the French Guy'. In a subsequent Newsweek interview, O'Reilly said that he \"feels it's a compliment\" to have Colbert parody him because Colbert \"isn't mean-spirited\" and does not \"use [his] platform to injure people\".", "In a subsequent Newsweek interview, O'Reilly said that he \"feels it's a compliment\" to have Colbert parody him because Colbert \"isn't mean-spirited\" and does not \"use [his] platform to injure people\". Later, Colbert replied on-air, \"I like you too.", "Later, Colbert replied on-air, \"I like you too. In fact, if it wasn't for you, this show wouldn't exist.\" Themes Colbert disagreed that the show's emphasis on politics represented a liberal bias, noting that he himself was uninterested in modern politics.", "Themes Colbert disagreed that the show's emphasis on politics represented a liberal bias, noting that he himself was uninterested in modern politics. He believed that political issues reflect basic human behavior, which he viewed as his satirical specialty, noting, \"If I thought I had a political point, I'd be in big trouble.\"", "He believed that political issues reflect basic human behavior, which he viewed as his satirical specialty, noting, \"If I thought I had a political point, I'd be in big trouble.\" In another interview, Colbert remarked, \"I'm not someone with a particular political ax to grind. I'm a comedian.", "I'm a comedian. I'm a comedian. I love hypocrisy.\" Episodes Notable episodes Early years The Colbert Report premiered in October 2005. The first guest was Stone Phillips, a partial influence on the character.", "The first guest was Stone Phillips, a partial influence on the character. In the debut episode, Colbert coined the word truthiness, defined as \"a quality characterizing a 'truth' that a person making an argument or assertion claims to know intuitively 'from the gut' or because it 'feels right' without regard to evidence, logic, intellectual examination, or facts.\"", "In the debut episode, Colbert coined the word truthiness, defined as \"a quality characterizing a 'truth' that a person making an argument or assertion claims to know intuitively 'from the gut' or because it 'feels right' without regard to evidence, logic, intellectual examination, or facts.\" Truthiness was named Word of the Year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society and for 2006 by Merriam-Webster.", "Truthiness was named Word of the Year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society and for 2006 by Merriam-Webster. The character's forceful nature confused some in the program's early days.", "The character's forceful nature confused some in the program's early days. During an appearance on the segment \"Better Know a District\" in the show's first season, a frustrated Barney Frank declined to continue, deeming the conversation too dumb.", "During an appearance on the segment \"Better Know a District\" in the show's first season, a frustrated Barney Frank declined to continue, deeming the conversation too dumb. In one early episode, the Colbert character purported to be a former member of a 1980s new wave group, Stephen & the Colberts, and released a fictional music video from the band for the song \"Charlene (I'm Right Behind You)\".", "In one early episode, the Colbert character purported to be a former member of a 1980s new wave group, Stephen & the Colberts, and released a fictional music video from the band for the song \"Charlene (I'm Right Behind You)\". The show's popularity resulted in Colbert headlining the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner, which he performed in character.", "The show's popularity resulted in Colbert headlining the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner, which he performed in character. The controversial, searing routine targeted President George W. Bush and the media, and was greeted with chilly reception from the audience.", "The controversial, searing routine targeted President George W. Bush and the media, and was greeted with chilly reception from the audience. Although President Bush shook Colbert's hand after his presentation, several of Bush's aides and supporters walked out during Colbert's speech, and one former aide commented that the President had \"that look that he's ready to blow\".", "Although President Bush shook Colbert's hand after his presentation, several of Bush's aides and supporters walked out during Colbert's speech, and one former aide commented that the President had \"that look that he's ready to blow\". Colbert's performance quickly became an Internet and media sensation.", "Colbert's performance quickly became an Internet and media sensation. According to Vanity Fair, the speech transformed Colbert as a \"folk hero\" for liberals, and was later described by Frank Rich as the \"defining moment\" of the 2006 midterm elections.", "According to Vanity Fair, the speech transformed Colbert as a \"folk hero\" for liberals, and was later described by Frank Rich as the \"defining moment\" of the 2006 midterm elections. Adam Sternbergh of New York, a year after the show's debut, deemed the character \"something very close to what he's parodying, a kind of Bill O'Reilly for the angry left.\"", "Adam Sternbergh of New York, a year after the show's debut, deemed the character \"something very close to what he's parodying, a kind of Bill O'Reilly for the angry left.\" In 2006, Colbert encouraged fans to vote for his name to be the new name of a bridge in Hungary, which was being decided via an online poll; he beat the runner-up by more than 14 million votes.", "In 2006, Colbert encouraged fans to vote for his name to be the new name of a bridge in Hungary, which was being decided via an online poll; he beat the runner-up by more than 14 million votes. He was, however, disqualified, as the name of the bridge was intended to be a memoriam.", "He was, however, disqualified, as the name of the bridge was intended to be a memoriam. Later that year, he began a mock feud with indie rock group the Decemberists over the subject of who was the first to challenge fans to create a green screen video; the fake conflict culminated in a guitar solo competition on the show's final episode of the year, featuring guest appearances from guitarist Peter Frampton and Dr. Henry Kissinger.", "Later that year, he began a mock feud with indie rock group the Decemberists over the subject of who was the first to challenge fans to create a green screen video; the fake conflict culminated in a guitar solo competition on the show's final episode of the year, featuring guest appearances from guitarist Peter Frampton and Dr. Henry Kissinger. Colbert later recalled it as the show's \"craziest\" moment, changing the way the staff viewed the program: \"Because you realize the character believes anything he thinks, says, [or] cares about is important, anything fits on the show.", "Colbert later recalled it as the show's \"craziest\" moment, changing the way the staff viewed the program: \"Because you realize the character believes anything he thinks, says, [or] cares about is important, anything fits on the show. [...] That is the show where we said, oh, there is unlimited open field running.\"", "[...] That is the show where we said, oh, there is unlimited open field running.\" In February 2007, Ben & Jerry's unveiled a new ice cream flavor in honor of Stephen Colbert, named Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream.", "In February 2007, Ben & Jerry's unveiled a new ice cream flavor in honor of Stephen Colbert, named Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream. All proceeds were donated to charity through the Stephen Colbert AmeriCone Dream Fund, which distributed the money to various causes.", "All proceeds were donated to charity through the Stephen Colbert AmeriCone Dream Fund, which distributed the money to various causes. In June 2007, Colbert broke his left wrist while performing his warm-up for the show.", "In June 2007, Colbert broke his left wrist while performing his warm-up for the show. It was the subject of an extended bit on the program, including the creation of the \"Wriststrong\" wrist band, based on Lance Armstrong's \"Livestrong\" wrist band, which donated all proceeds to the Yellow Ribbon Fund.", "It was the subject of an extended bit on the program, including the creation of the \"Wriststrong\" wrist band, based on Lance Armstrong's \"Livestrong\" wrist band, which donated all proceeds to the Yellow Ribbon Fund. Colbert remained on the air without writers during the Writers Guild of America strike in 2007–08.", "Colbert remained on the air without writers during the Writers Guild of America strike in 2007–08. Colbert modified the pronunciation of the show's name, pronouncing both of the formerly elided final \"t\"s (); a similar move was made by The Daily Show which returned to air as A Daily Show.", "Colbert modified the pronunciation of the show's name, pronouncing both of the formerly elided final \"t\"s (); a similar move was made by The Daily Show which returned to air as A Daily Show. During this period, he staged a mock feud between himself, Jon Stewart, and Late Night host Conan O'Brien over who made Republican Presidential candidate Mike Huckabee.", "During this period, he staged a mock feud between himself, Jon Stewart, and Late Night host Conan O'Brien over who made Republican Presidential candidate Mike Huckabee. In 2008, Colbert made a series of jokes directed at various towns in the United States named \"Canton\", with many attracting negative responses from each respective area's local government and residents.", "In 2008, Colbert made a series of jokes directed at various towns in the United States named \"Canton\", with many attracting negative responses from each respective area's local government and residents. The same year, the show filmed a tongue-in-cheek Christmas special titled A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!.", "The same year, the show filmed a tongue-in-cheek Christmas special titled A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!. In 2009, Colbert filmed a series of four episodes for the troops in Baghdad, Iraq.", "In 2009, Colbert filmed a series of four episodes for the troops in Baghdad, Iraq. He had a suit tailored for him in the Army Combat Uniform pattern and went through an abbreviated version of the Army's basic training regimen.", "He had a suit tailored for him in the Army Combat Uniform pattern and went through an abbreviated version of the Army's basic training regimen. On the first of the four episodes, Colbert had his head shaved on stage by General Ray Odierno who was jokingly \"ordered\" to do so by President Barack Obama, who appeared on the episode via a pre-recorded segment from the White House.", "On the first of the four episodes, Colbert had his head shaved on stage by General Ray Odierno who was jokingly \"ordered\" to do so by President Barack Obama, who appeared on the episode via a pre-recorded segment from the White House. Later years In 2010, while in character, Colbert appeared before judiciary subcommittee hearing on the issue of farm workers and immigration.", "Later years In 2010, while in character, Colbert appeared before judiciary subcommittee hearing on the issue of farm workers and immigration. The New Yorker used Colbert's testimony before Congress as an example of the \"third\" Colbert: \"Colbert was thoughtful and sincere—and had ruined the whole thing.", "The New Yorker used Colbert's testimony before Congress as an example of the \"third\" Colbert: \"Colbert was thoughtful and sincere—and had ruined the whole thing. By speaking honestly, he had become the very thing he was mocking, a celebrity testifying before Congress.\"", "By speaking honestly, he had become the very thing he was mocking, a celebrity testifying before Congress.\" Beginning in June 2011, the show created a long-running gag that involved Colbert starting his own actual super PAC, Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow, described by the character as \"100 percent legal and at least 10 percent ethical.\"", "Beginning in June 2011, the show created a long-running gag that involved Colbert starting his own actual super PAC, Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow, described by the character as \"100 percent legal and at least 10 percent ethical.\" In 2012, Colbert interviewed illustrator/author Maurice Sendak, who managed to get him to break character; show staff and Colbert himself retrospectively labeled the segment one of the show's more memorable moments.", "In 2012, Colbert interviewed illustrator/author Maurice Sendak, who managed to get him to break character; show staff and Colbert himself retrospectively labeled the segment one of the show's more memorable moments. The Los Angeles Times called the September 2013 interview with intelligence official Philip Mudd his \"most awkward interview\", stating Mudd \"could barely disguise his contempt\" for Colbert.", "The Los Angeles Times called the September 2013 interview with intelligence official Philip Mudd his \"most awkward interview\", stating Mudd \"could barely disguise his contempt\" for Colbert. President Barack Obama guested during the show's final month, in a show taped from George Washington University in Washington, D.C.; Obama sat in Colbert's seat and presided over \"The Wørd\" segment.", "President Barack Obama guested during the show's final month, in a show taped from George Washington University in Washington, D.C.; Obama sat in Colbert's seat and presided over \"The Wørd\" segment. The final episode aired on December 18, 2014.", "The final episode aired on December 18, 2014. In the episode Stephen becomes immortal after accidentally killing \"Grimmy\" during the opening of the segment of \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.\".", "In the episode Stephen becomes immortal after accidentally killing \"Grimmy\" during the opening of the segment of \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.\". This leads to Stephen singing \"We'll Meet Again\" in its entirety along with a large group of famous friends including Jon Stewart, Jeff Daniels, Sam Waterston, Big Bird, Charlie Rose, Terry Gross, Keith Olbermann, Tom Brokaw, Alan Alda, Yo Yo Ma, Ken Burns, Cyndi Lauper, Patrick Stewart, Randy Newman, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Henry Kissinger, Alex Trebek, Mandy Patinkin, Lesley Stahl, George Lucas, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Gloria Steinem, Elijah Wood, Jake Tapper, Bob Costas, Smaug and Cookie Monster.", "This leads to Stephen singing \"We'll Meet Again\" in its entirety along with a large group of famous friends including Jon Stewart, Jeff Daniels, Sam Waterston, Big Bird, Charlie Rose, Terry Gross, Keith Olbermann, Tom Brokaw, Alan Alda, Yo Yo Ma, Ken Burns, Cyndi Lauper, Patrick Stewart, Randy Newman, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Henry Kissinger, Alex Trebek, Mandy Patinkin, Lesley Stahl, George Lucas, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Gloria Steinem, Elijah Wood, Jake Tapper, Bob Costas, Smaug and Cookie Monster. Reception Critical response Initial reviews Reviews of The Colbert Report upon its 2005 premiere were positive, although critics were generally skeptical that the character could extend beyond one season without growing tiresome.", "Reception Critical response Initial reviews Reviews of The Colbert Report upon its 2005 premiere were positive, although critics were generally skeptical that the character could extend beyond one season without growing tiresome. While positively reviewing the program as a whole, Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune echoed these sentiments: \"The biggest question hanging over The Colbert Report is whether the show’s sendup of the pomposity and fear-mongering of cable news blowhards will be as appealing in the long term.\"", "While positively reviewing the program as a whole, Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune echoed these sentiments: \"The biggest question hanging over The Colbert Report is whether the show’s sendup of the pomposity and fear-mongering of cable news blowhards will be as appealing in the long term.\" Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer summarized the show's early reaction: \"Critics and bloggers either loved the premiere or declared themselves to be unmoved, but that's the standard reaction after any late-night program's debut.", "Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer summarized the show's early reaction: \"Critics and bloggers either loved the premiere or declared themselves to be unmoved, but that's the standard reaction after any late-night program's debut. A truer measure will be seen in coming weeks, after the hype wears off and the ratings lose their exuberance.\"", "A truer measure will be seen in coming weeks, after the hype wears off and the ratings lose their exuberance.\" Gilbert Cruz of Entertainment Weekly noted that \"Colbert proves that the line between serious TV journalism and utter nonsense is a very thin one indeed.\"", "Gilbert Cruz of Entertainment Weekly noted that \"Colbert proves that the line between serious TV journalism and utter nonsense is a very thin one indeed.\" Heather Havrilesky of Salon was effusive, remarking, \"Not only does Colbert maintain his persona without skipping a beat throughout the entire show, but he’s got great comic timing, the show’s writers are brilliant, and the whole thing is pure foolish, bizarre, idiotic fun.\"", "Heather Havrilesky of Salon was effusive, remarking, \"Not only does Colbert maintain his persona without skipping a beat throughout the entire show, but he’s got great comic timing, the show’s writers are brilliant, and the whole thing is pure foolish, bizarre, idiotic fun.\" Barry Garron of The Hollywood Reporter dubbed it an \"auspicious debut\", writing, \"The new show dovetails nicely with its lead-in to present a solid hour of skewered news and punctured pomposity.\"", "Barry Garron of The Hollywood Reporter dubbed it an \"auspicious debut\", writing, \"The new show dovetails nicely with its lead-in to present a solid hour of skewered news and punctured pomposity.\" Variety Brian Lowry commented that the show had an \"impressive start with a topnotch premiere followed by a respectable second outing.\"", "Variety Brian Lowry commented that the show had an \"impressive start with a topnotch premiere followed by a respectable second outing.\" Paul Brownfield of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"In the run-up to the show it all sounded a bit hard to get your head around, but in the flesh the show zinged, at least this first week.\"", "Paul Brownfield of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"In the run-up to the show it all sounded a bit hard to get your head around, but in the flesh the show zinged, at least this first week.\" The Boston Globe Matthew Gilbert praised the show's wordplay, summarizing, \"Colbert's a clever creation, and a necessary one, and he deserves an opportunity to offend as many people as possible with his pompous blather.\"", "The Boston Globe Matthew Gilbert praised the show's wordplay, summarizing, \"Colbert's a clever creation, and a necessary one, and he deserves an opportunity to offend as many people as possible with his pompous blather.\" Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times commented that the show was a welcome addition to the Comedy Central lineup, remarking, \"What puts Mr. Colbert over the top is that he is not just impersonating well known television personalities, he also uses parody to score larger points about politics and the press.\"", "Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times commented that the show was a welcome addition to the Comedy Central lineup, remarking, \"What puts Mr. Colbert over the top is that he is not just impersonating well known television personalities, he also uses parody to score larger points about politics and the press.\" Nevertheless, there were more negative reviews: USA Today Robert Bianco opined that the show \"tried too hard\", writing, \"Unfortunately, in just two weeks on the air, this half-hour spoof of a no-spin-zone type show has already stretched Colbert's character and the artifice that supports it past its natural breaking point.\"", "Nevertheless, there were more negative reviews: USA Today Robert Bianco opined that the show \"tried too hard\", writing, \"Unfortunately, in just two weeks on the air, this half-hour spoof of a no-spin-zone type show has already stretched Colbert's character and the artifice that supports it past its natural breaking point.\" Later reviews The New Yorker remarked that the show remained funny throughout its entire run.", "Later reviews The New Yorker remarked that the show remained funny throughout its entire run. The Colbert Report currently scores favorable reviews, with 65/100 on Metacritic (first season), while its viewers' ranking on the site is higher at 8.7/10.", "The Colbert Report currently scores favorable reviews, with 65/100 on Metacritic (first season), while its viewers' ranking on the site is higher at 8.7/10. In a 2009 academic analysis of the show's popularity, Temple University researcher, Heather LaMarre found that the show appealed to both liberals and conservatives, concluding, \"there was no significant difference between the groups in thinking Colbert was funny, but conservatives were more likely to report that Colbert only pretends to be joking and genuinely meant what he said while liberals were more likely to report that Colbert used satire and was not serious when offering political statements\".", "In a 2009 academic analysis of the show's popularity, Temple University researcher, Heather LaMarre found that the show appealed to both liberals and conservatives, concluding, \"there was no significant difference between the groups in thinking Colbert was funny, but conservatives were more likely to report that Colbert only pretends to be joking and genuinely meant what he said while liberals were more likely to report that Colbert used satire and was not serious when offering political statements\". Malcolm Gladwell discussed LaMarre's findings in his Revisionist History podcast, \"The Satire Paradox\" (2016).", "Malcolm Gladwell discussed LaMarre's findings in his Revisionist History podcast, \"The Satire Paradox\" (2016). Ratings The ratings of The Colbert Report, from its premiere, benefited from the lead-in The Daily Show provides, which at the time of the show's debut averaged 1.3 million viewers per night.", "Ratings The ratings of The Colbert Report, from its premiere, benefited from the lead-in The Daily Show provides, which at the time of the show's debut averaged 1.3 million viewers per night. Comedy Central had previously struggled to produce a hit program on par with The Daily Show, and were counting on Colbert after a string of failures.", "Comedy Central had previously struggled to produce a hit program on par with The Daily Show, and were counting on Colbert after a string of failures. The Colbert Report drew 1.13 million viewers for its premiere episode, 47 percent greater than the average for that time slot over the previous four weeks, and 98 percent of the viewership of The Daily Show, which had Comedy Central's second-largest viewership.", "The Colbert Report drew 1.13 million viewers for its premiere episode, 47 percent greater than the average for that time slot over the previous four weeks, and 98 percent of the viewership of The Daily Show, which had Comedy Central's second-largest viewership. Averaged over its opening week, The Report had 1.2 million viewers per episode, more than double the average for the same time the previous year, when the time slot was occupied by Too Late with Adam Carolla.", "Averaged over its opening week, The Report had 1.2 million viewers per episode, more than double the average for the same time the previous year, when the time slot was occupied by Too Late with Adam Carolla. The show regularly began attracting over one million viewers with near immediacy.", "The show regularly began attracting over one million viewers with near immediacy. The show also drew more young men, a powerful demographic, than other late-night hosts (at that time, Jay Leno, David Letterman, and Conan O'Brien). Within a year, The Colbert Report began averaging 1.5 million viewers per night.", "Within a year, The Colbert Report began averaging 1.5 million viewers per night. In early 2008, in the midst of the writer's strike, Colbert posted an eleven-percent gain over its averages from the following fall. From 2012 to 2013, viewership decreased from 1.2 million to 1.1 million.", "From 2012 to 2013, viewership decreased from 1.2 million to 1.1 million. In 2013, The Colbert Report was the second most-watched late-night talk show (behind The Daily Show) among the demographic of adults 18–49, beating competition The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in that demographic for the first time.", "In 2013, The Colbert Report was the second most-watched late-night talk show (behind The Daily Show) among the demographic of adults 18–49, beating competition The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in that demographic for the first time. That year, The Colbert Report attracted $52.1 million in advertising for an audience whose median age was 39.4, about a year younger than The Daily Show.", "That year, The Colbert Report attracted $52.1 million in advertising for an audience whose median age was 39.4, about a year younger than The Daily Show. In 2014, the final year of the show's run, ratings were down three percent (coinciding with a general ratings slide for cable television).", "In 2014, the final year of the show's run, ratings were down three percent (coinciding with a general ratings slide for cable television). The series finale on December 18, 2014 was watched by 2.4 million viewers, making it the most watched episode ever in the show's history.", "The series finale on December 18, 2014 was watched by 2.4 million viewers, making it the most watched episode ever in the show's history. The finale was the most watched cable program of the night in its time slot, beating The Daily Show which was seen by two million viewers.", "The finale was the most watched cable program of the night in its time slot, beating The Daily Show which was seen by two million viewers. Awards The Colbert Report received numerous awards and accolades throughout its run. The show was nominated for four Emmy Awards in its inaugural year, but lost to The Daily Show.", "The show was nominated for four Emmy Awards in its inaugural year, but lost to The Daily Show. The show was nominated each year for the rest of its run for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Series, but lost each time to The Daily Show until 2013, when it broke the latter program's winning streak, dubbed the longest in Emmy history.", "The show was nominated each year for the rest of its run for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Series, but lost each time to The Daily Show until 2013, when it broke the latter program's winning streak, dubbed the longest in Emmy history. Colbert subsequently referenced his win on his program as the conclusion of Stewart's \"reign of terror.\"", "Colbert subsequently referenced his win on his program as the conclusion of Stewart's \"reign of terror.\" It also won the award the following year, and was nominated in the same category in 2015. The show received two Peabody Awards, recognizing its excellence in news and entertainment.", "The show received two Peabody Awards, recognizing its excellence in news and entertainment. It also won two Grammy Awards, one for Best Comedy Album for the soundtrack to the special A Colbert Christmas, and later for Best Spoken Word Album for the audiobook to America Again.", "It also won two Grammy Awards, one for Best Comedy Album for the soundtrack to the special A Colbert Christmas, and later for Best Spoken Word Album for the audiobook to America Again. Colbert and Stewart's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was nominated for four Daytime Emmy awards in 2011, including the Outstanding Special Class Special category and the Outstanding Special Class Writing category.", "Colbert and Stewart's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was nominated for four Daytime Emmy awards in 2011, including the Outstanding Special Class Special category and the Outstanding Special Class Writing category. Racism controversy In March 2014, the show attracted controversy when Colbert used a \"fatuously fake parody stereotype character, 'Ching-Chong Ding-Dong,'\" to \"satirize knee-jerk mockery\" of Asian dialect.", "Racism controversy In March 2014, the show attracted controversy when Colbert used a \"fatuously fake parody stereotype character, 'Ching-Chong Ding-Dong,'\" to \"satirize knee-jerk mockery\" of Asian dialect. The name had been used before without incident, but the show's official Twitter account — run by an unknown individual — tweeted the remarks without context, leading to wide outrage over social media, including a hashtag campaign, \"#CancelColbert\", that was a worldwide trending topic for over 24 hours, thanks in-part by Colbert himself helping make it go viral for his show.", "The name had been used before without incident, but the show's official Twitter account — run by an unknown individual — tweeted the remarks without context, leading to wide outrage over social media, including a hashtag campaign, \"#CancelColbert\", that was a worldwide trending topic for over 24 hours, thanks in-part by Colbert himself helping make it go viral for his show. Legacy The New Yorker wrote that \"Colbert has made vital observations about the American political system, particularly about the sordid role that money plays within it.", "Legacy The New Yorker wrote that \"Colbert has made vital observations about the American political system, particularly about the sordid role that money plays within it. The Colbert Report and the Daily Show [...] have changed the way that young liberals of a certain class think and talk about civic culture.\"", "The Colbert Report and the Daily Show [...] have changed the way that young liberals of a certain class think and talk about civic culture.\" The show also coined another word, wikiality, that means \"reality as decided on majority rule.\"", "The show also coined another word, wikiality, that means \"reality as decided on majority rule.\" Viewers of the show also coined a word, freem, based on its inclusion in the show's opening sequence; the word refers to \"'freedom' without having to 'do' anything — without any responsibility or action.\"", "Viewers of the show also coined a word, freem, based on its inclusion in the show's opening sequence; the word refers to \"'freedom' without having to 'do' anything — without any responsibility or action.\" In response to the \"Better Know a District\" segment, Rahm Emanuel, then the Democratic Caucus chair, instructed incoming freshmen not to do appearances on the show in 2007.", "In response to the \"Better Know a District\" segment, Rahm Emanuel, then the Democratic Caucus chair, instructed incoming freshmen not to do appearances on the show in 2007. In 2008, East Carolina University associate professor Jason Bond named a species of trapdoor spider Aptostichus stephencolberti in honor of Stephen Colbert.", "In 2008, East Carolina University associate professor Jason Bond named a species of trapdoor spider Aptostichus stephencolberti in honor of Stephen Colbert. The \"Colbert Bump\" is defined, connotatively by the Report, as an increase in popularity of a person (author, musician, politician, etc.) or thing (website, etc.)", "or thing (website, etc.) as a result of appearing as a guest on or (in the case of a thing) being mentioned on the show. For example, if a politician appears on The Colbert Report, they may become more popular with certain voters and thus are more likely to be elected.", "For example, if a politician appears on The Colbert Report, they may become more popular with certain voters and thus are more likely to be elected. According to the American Political Science Association, contributions to Democratic politicians rose 40% for 30 days after an appearance on the show.", "According to the American Political Science Association, contributions to Democratic politicians rose 40% for 30 days after an appearance on the show. Magazines such as GQ, Newsweek, and Sports Illustrated have all had sales spikes when Colbert appeared on their covers.", "Magazines such as GQ, Newsweek, and Sports Illustrated have all had sales spikes when Colbert appeared on their covers. Viewers of The Colbert Report were on numerous occasions cited as being more knowledgeable about current events than traditional news viewers.", "Viewers of The Colbert Report were on numerous occasions cited as being more knowledgeable about current events than traditional news viewers. In April 2007, a Pew Research Center report cited both Colbert and The Daily Show viewers as more well-informed than those who gathered their information via newspapers, television news and radio.", "In April 2007, a Pew Research Center report cited both Colbert and The Daily Show viewers as more well-informed than those who gathered their information via newspapers, television news and radio. Colbert's Super PAC coverage was widely lauded, and studies later found that this coverage was more effective than traditional news programs at educating the audience on campaign finance.", "Colbert's Super PAC coverage was widely lauded, and studies later found that this coverage was more effective than traditional news programs at educating the audience on campaign finance. He was awarded a Peabody Award for the parody, which was described as an \"innovative means of teaching American viewers about the landmark court decision\".", "He was awarded a Peabody Award for the parody, which was described as an \"innovative means of teaching American viewers about the landmark court decision\". The Annenberg Public Policy Center reported in 2014 that the Colbert Super PAC segments increased viewers' knowledge of PAC and 501(c)(4) campaign finance regulation more successfully than other types of news media.", "The Annenberg Public Policy Center reported in 2014 that the Colbert Super PAC segments increased viewers' knowledge of PAC and 501(c)(4) campaign finance regulation more successfully than other types of news media. International distribution Outside the United States, The Colbert Report was shown in Canada on the cable service The Comedy Network, simultaneously with its original U.S. broadcast (beginning a few weeks after the series debuted).", "International distribution Outside the United States, The Colbert Report was shown in Canada on the cable service The Comedy Network, simultaneously with its original U.S. broadcast (beginning a few weeks after the series debuted). Episodes would also air in Canada on traditional over-the-air broadcaster CTV, one hour after their appearance on The Comedy Network.", "Episodes would also air in Canada on traditional over-the-air broadcaster CTV, one hour after their appearance on The Comedy Network. On September 22, 2014, due to The Comedy Network's acquisition of Canadian rights to Jimmy Kimmel Live!, the program began airing on M3 and did so for the remainder of the show's run.", "On September 22, 2014, due to The Comedy Network's acquisition of Canadian rights to Jimmy Kimmel Live!, the program began airing on M3 and did so for the remainder of the show's run. It airs on The Comedy Channel in Australia, Comedy Central in New Zealand, and on Maxxx in the Philippines.", "It airs on The Comedy Channel in Australia, Comedy Central in New Zealand, and on Maxxx in the Philippines. , The Colbert Report has also been broadcast in Africa on DSTV's version of Comedy Central. It aired on FX in the United Kingdom until they decided not to renew their contract in May 2009.", "It aired on FX in the United Kingdom until they decided not to renew their contract in May 2009. In Portugal, it airs on Sic Radical.", "In Portugal, it airs on Sic Radical. Beginning June 3, 2008, The Colbert Report also aired on the ShowComedy channel of Showtime Arabia (Currently OSN First HD), a channel which broadcasts in the Middle East and North Africa. The show is transmitted on a one-day delay from original transmission in the US.", "The show is transmitted on a one-day delay from original transmission in the US. The show was shown during prime time on Australia's free-to-air ABC2 in 2010, however the channel was outbid for rights for 2011.", "The show was shown during prime time on Australia's free-to-air ABC2 in 2010, however the channel was outbid for rights for 2011. The show was available directly on the colbernation.com website for part of 2011, with Australian advertisements; however, Australian access is now blocked.", "The show was available directly on the colbernation.com website for part of 2011, with Australian advertisements; however, Australian access is now blocked. Several international markets also air The Colbert Report Global Edition, which shows highlights from the previous week's shows and includes a special introduction by Stephen Colbert at the start of the program.", "Several international markets also air The Colbert Report Global Edition, which shows highlights from the previous week's shows and includes a special introduction by Stephen Colbert at the start of the program. This means a new or newly repackaged episode can be screened every weekday.", "This means a new or newly repackaged episode can be screened every weekday. In addition, most recent episodes (usually 3 weeks back) would be available in full length on colbertnation.com. Some international audiences could not see such way. By the end of the series's run, the colbernation.com website was integrated into Comedy Central's website.", "By the end of the series's run, the colbernation.com website was integrated into Comedy Central's website. As of 2021, almost seven years after the show ended, many episodes are presented in individual clips there. Related multimedia The show spawned various merchandise and multimedia related to the show.", "Related multimedia The show spawned various merchandise and multimedia related to the show. Three books were released to accompany the show's humor, the first being I Am America (And So Can You! ), released both in print and as an audiobook in 2007. In 2012, two spinoff books of the show were released.", "In 2012, two spinoff books of the show were released. America Again is a sequel to the show's first book, and addresses topics including Wall Street, campaign finance, energy policy, healthcare, eating on the campaign trail, and the United States Constitution. Another book, I Am a Pole (And So Can You!", "Another book, I Am a Pole (And So Can You! ), was released the same year and purports to be a children's book telling the story of a fictional pole finding its purpose in life. Segments from the show were also released on DVD during its run.", "Segments from the show were also released on DVD during its run. The Best of The Colbert Report, released in 2007, contains several of the show's most memorable early moments. The show's Christmas special, A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!, was also released on DVD the following year.", "The show's Christmas special, A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!, was also released on DVD the following year. The soundtrack of that special also saw a digital release on the iTunes Store after its broadcast, and contains music from Feist, John Legend, Willie Nelson, Toby Keith, Jon Stewart, Elvis Costello, and Colbert himself.", "The soundtrack of that special also saw a digital release on the iTunes Store after its broadcast, and contains music from Feist, John Legend, Willie Nelson, Toby Keith, Jon Stewart, Elvis Costello, and Colbert himself. In 2011, Jack White's record label Third Man Records released a 7\" vinyl single of Stephen Colbert and The Black Belles performing \"Charlene II (I'm Over You)\", which they also performed together on the show.", "In 2011, Jack White's record label Third Man Records released a 7\" vinyl single of Stephen Colbert and The Black Belles performing \"Charlene II (I'm Over You)\", which they also performed together on the show. See also List of late-night American network TV programs CNNNN The Daily Show Newstopia Rick Mercer Report This Hour Has 22 Minutes The Beaverton Hot Seat Real Time with Bill Maher Inside Washington Washington Week References External links The Colbert Report Web site 2005 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings 2000s American late-night television series 2000s American political comedy television series 2000s American satirical television series 2000s American television news shows 2010s American late-night television series 2010s American political comedy television series 2010s American satirical television series 2010s American television news shows Comedy Central original programming Criticism of journalism English-language television shows American news parodies Peabody Award-winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series winners Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series Television series by Busboy Productions Television shows filmed in New York City American television spin-offs The Daily Show Comedy Central late-night programming Political satirical television series" ]

[ "The Colbert Report", "Background", "when was it formed", "Colbert joined Comedy Central's The Daily Show in 1997, a year following its launch,", "who did he perform with", "Steve Carell", "in what program is the report in", "Comedy Central's" ]

[ "Funeral potatoes (also great potatoes, cheesy potatoes, hash brown casserole, cheesy hash browns, those potatoes, or party potatoes) is a traditional potato hotdish or casserole that is popular in the American Intermountain West and Midwest. It is called \"funeral\" potatoes because it is commonly served as a side dish during traditional after-funeral dinners, but it is also served at potlucks, and other social gatherings, sometimes with different names. The dish has sometimes been associated with the Latter-day Saints, because of its popularity among the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in the region, although it is also popular with non-Mormons.\n\nIngredients and preparation\nThe dish usually consists of hash browns or cubed potatoes, cheese (cheddar or Parmesan), onions, cream soup (chicken, mushroom, or celery) or a cream sauce, sour cream, and a topping of butter with corn flakes or crushed potato chips. Ingredients in some variations include cubed baked ham, frozen peas, or broccoli florets.\n\nIn popular culture\nDuring the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, one of the souvenir \"food pins\" featured a depiction of funeral potatoes.\n\nFuneral potatoes are mentioned in Molly Harper's \"Nice Girls\" and \"Half Moon Hallow\" book series, as traditional Southern cuisine.\n\nSalt Lake City bar The Garage has a popular variation called Fried Funeral Potatoes.\n\nSee also\n\n Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n List of casserole dishes\n List of potato dishes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nPotato dishes\nLatter Day Saint culture\nRelief Society\nUtah cuisine\nFuneral food and drink\nCasserole dishes\nMormonism and death", "Palinstrophy is the curl of the vorticity. It is defined as\n\nwhere is the vorticity.\n\nPalinstrophy is mainly used in turbulence study, where there is a need to quantify how vorticity is transferred from one direction to the others. It is closely related to enstrophy, the latter being more equivalent to the \"power\" of vorticity.\n\nReferences\n\nLesieur, Marcel. \"Turbulence in fluids: stochastic and numerical modeling.\" NASA STI/Recon Technical Report A 91 (1990): 24106.\nPouquet, A., et al. \"Evolution of high Reynolds number two-dimensional turbulence.\" Journal of Fluid Mechanics 72 (1975): 305-319.\n\nFluid dynamics" ]

[ "The Colbert Report ( ) is an American late-night talk and news satire television program hosted by Stephen Colbert that aired four days a week on Comedy Central from October 17, 2005, to December 18, 2014, for 1,447 episodes. The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake.", "The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake. The character, described by Colbert as a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot\", is a caricature of televised political pundits. Furthermore, the show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs, particularly Fox News's The O'Reilly Factor.", "Furthermore, the show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs, particularly Fox News's The O'Reilly Factor. The Colbert Report is a spin-off of Comedy Central's The Daily Show, in which Colbert acted as a correspondent for the program for several years while developing the character.", "The Colbert Report is a spin-off of Comedy Central's The Daily Show, in which Colbert acted as a correspondent for the program for several years while developing the character. The program was created by Colbert, Jon Stewart, and Ben Karlin. The show's writing was grounded in improvisation, and often lampooned current events stories.", "The show's writing was grounded in improvisation, and often lampooned current events stories. The show's structure also included a guest interview, in which the Colbert character attempts to deconstruct his opponent's argument.", "The show's structure also included a guest interview, in which the Colbert character attempts to deconstruct his opponent's argument. The show was taped in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, and the program's set is \"hyper-American\", epitomizing the character's ego.", "The show was taped in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, and the program's set is \"hyper-American\", epitomizing the character's ego. The show was taped and broadcast Monday through Thursday, with weeks taken off at multiple points in a given year for breaks.", "The show was taped and broadcast Monday through Thursday, with weeks taken off at multiple points in a given year for breaks. The Colbert Report saw immediate critical and ratings successes, leading to various awards, including two Peabody Awards.", "The Colbert Report saw immediate critical and ratings successes, leading to various awards, including two Peabody Awards. The show's cultural influence—which occasionally would require a fair degree of participation from the show's audience, dubbed the Colbert Nation—extended beyond the program a number of times.", "The show's cultural influence—which occasionally would require a fair degree of participation from the show's audience, dubbed the Colbert Nation—extended beyond the program a number of times. This impact included the character running for U.S. President twice, co-hosting a rally at the National Mall, presenting a controversial performance at the White House Correspondents' Dinner, and establishing a real Super PAC that raised a million dollars.", "This impact included the character running for U.S. President twice, co-hosting a rally at the National Mall, presenting a controversial performance at the White House Correspondents' Dinner, and establishing a real Super PAC that raised a million dollars. In addition, the show inspired various forms of multimedia, including music and multiple best-selling books.", "In addition, the show inspired various forms of multimedia, including music and multiple best-selling books. Background The Colbert Report satirized conservative personality-driven political pundit programs, and focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake.", "Background The Colbert Report satirized conservative personality-driven political pundit programs, and focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake. The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\"", "The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\" Colbert joined Comedy Central's The Daily Show in 1997, a year following its launch, then hosted by Craig Kilborn.", "Colbert joined Comedy Central's The Daily Show in 1997, a year following its launch, then hosted by Craig Kilborn. When Jon Stewart became the program's host in 1999, The Daily Show developed a markedly different style, bringing a sharper political focus to the humor than the show previously exhibited.", "When Jon Stewart became the program's host in 1999, The Daily Show developed a markedly different style, bringing a sharper political focus to the humor than the show previously exhibited. Colbert recalled that Stewart specifically asked him to have a political viewpoint, and to allow his passion for issues to carry through into his comedy.", "Colbert recalled that Stewart specifically asked him to have a political viewpoint, and to allow his passion for issues to carry through into his comedy. Colbert became a fixture on The Daily Show, occasionally hosting in Stewart's absence.", "Colbert became a fixture on The Daily Show, occasionally hosting in Stewart's absence. In 2003, the program began running advertisements for a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, starring Colbert as a parody of cable news pundits.", "In 2003, the program began running advertisements for a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, starring Colbert as a parody of cable news pundits. When fellow Daily Show star Steve Carell left to pursue a film and television career, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network.", "When fellow Daily Show star Steve Carell left to pursue a film and television career, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network. He pitched The Colbert Report to the channel in 2004. Stewart pushed Comedy Central to pick up the show, and Colbert was given an eight-week tryout.", "Stewart pushed Comedy Central to pick up the show, and Colbert was given an eight-week tryout. Following the show's immediate success, the show \"quickly became a fixture in the late-night lineup.\" At its peak, the show averaged 1.5 million viewers each evening.", "At its peak, the show averaged 1.5 million viewers each evening. The fictional Colbert anchorman character became gradually toned down over the course of the show's run, as the host believed he would eventually need to move beyond it.", "The fictional Colbert anchorman character became gradually toned down over the course of the show's run, as the host believed he would eventually need to move beyond it. He began to regard it as an act of discipline to perform as the character; he later remarked, \"to model behavior, you have to consume that behavior on a regular basis.", "He began to regard it as an act of discipline to perform as the character; he later remarked, \"to model behavior, you have to consume that behavior on a regular basis. It became very hard to watch punditry of any kind, of whatever political stripe.\"", "It became very hard to watch punditry of any kind, of whatever political stripe.\" With his contract set to end in December 2014, he had already decided to leave the show when he was contacted by CBS to replace David Letterman as the host of its Late Show franchise.", "With his contract set to end in December 2014, he had already decided to leave the show when he was contacted by CBS to replace David Letterman as the host of its Late Show franchise. The show's ending was announced concurrently with Colbert's jump to CBS in April 2014. The last episode aired on December 18, 2014.", "The last episode aired on December 18, 2014. The show was replaced on Comedy Central's late-night lineup by The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, another spinoff of The Daily Show.", "The show was replaced on Comedy Central's late-night lineup by The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, another spinoff of The Daily Show. History Development The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\"", "History Development The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\" When The Daily Show ran short on time, a short piece starring Colbert, advertising a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, was added into the program.", "When The Daily Show ran short on time, a short piece starring Colbert, advertising a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, was added into the program. In these sketches, Colbert began to amplify his character to parody news pundits.", "In these sketches, Colbert began to amplify his character to parody news pundits. Colbert anchored many sketches in his persona, including \"Even Stepvhen\", in which he debated current issues with fellow correspondent Steve Carell, often devolving into petty name-calling and insults.", "Colbert anchored many sketches in his persona, including \"Even Stepvhen\", in which he debated current issues with fellow correspondent Steve Carell, often devolving into petty name-calling and insults. Colbert and Carell were viewed as potential breakout stars by staff, and when Carell left the series in 2004 to start a US version of The Office, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network.", "Colbert and Carell were viewed as potential breakout stars by staff, and when Carell left the series in 2004 to start a US version of The Office, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network. Stewart and Karlin were already looking to expand the Daily Show franchise and their production company, Busboy.", "Stewart and Karlin were already looking to expand the Daily Show franchise and their production company, Busboy. The duo supposedly came up with the idea for The Colbert Report after watching coverage of the sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Bill O'Reilly. Colbert met with network president Doug Herzog the day following the 2004 Emmy Awards to first discuss the concept.", "Colbert met with network president Doug Herzog the day following the 2004 Emmy Awards to first discuss the concept. The one-line pitch Colbert, Karlin and Stewart developed was \"Our version of the O'Reilly Factor with Stephen Colbert.\" Herzog committed to an eight-week tryout period without a pilot.", "Herzog committed to an eight-week tryout period without a pilot. By the time of the 2004 election, the character was fully developed. In creating the character, which is designed to be repellant but entertaining, Colbert conferred with Stewart and Karlin.", "In creating the character, which is designed to be repellant but entertaining, Colbert conferred with Stewart and Karlin. In expressing his hope that his character not be \"an asshole,\" Stewart remarked, \"You're not an asshole. You're an idiot. There's a difference.\"", "There's a difference.\" There's a difference.\" Head writer Allison Silverman reiterated this trait in a later interview, commenting, \"There is an essential innocence to his character.\" Colbert initially felt the character might not be sustainable in a longer format.", "Colbert initially felt the character might not be sustainable in a longer format. Despite this, The Colbert Report was designed as an extension of the satiric goals of The Daily Show, combining it with general silliness and character-driven humor.", "Despite this, The Colbert Report was designed as an extension of the satiric goals of The Daily Show, combining it with general silliness and character-driven humor. To make sure there was no overlap in subject matter with The Daily Show, Karlin made trips between the studios during the show's early days to supervise scripts.", "To make sure there was no overlap in subject matter with The Daily Show, Karlin made trips between the studios during the show's early days to supervise scripts. For the first several years of the program, Colbert made an appearance at the end of each Daily Show in split-screen, having a short discussion with Stewart preceding his show.", "For the first several years of the program, Colbert made an appearance at the end of each Daily Show in split-screen, having a short discussion with Stewart preceding his show. Production The show's writing was grounded in improv, employing a \"yes to everything\" mentality.", "Production The show's writing was grounded in improv, employing a \"yes to everything\" mentality. Much of the humor derived from extended improv games with the show's studio and at-home audience, such as Colbert's poll to name a bridge in Hungary after himself.", "Much of the humor derived from extended improv games with the show's studio and at-home audience, such as Colbert's poll to name a bridge in Hungary after himself. Many of the writers had improv training and at one point put together \"improv evenings\" at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre once a month.", "Many of the writers had improv training and at one point put together \"improv evenings\" at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre once a month. Writers on The Colbert Report were predominantly male and white; Colbert acknowledged this lack of diversity, but he contended he had hired writers based solely on the quality of their material and had never looked at the names on writing packets submitted for employment.", "Writers on The Colbert Report were predominantly male and white; Colbert acknowledged this lack of diversity, but he contended he had hired writers based solely on the quality of their material and had never looked at the names on writing packets submitted for employment. Subjects considered too dark were not even considered for comedic material; for example, the show would poke fun at press coverage of a tragedy, rather than the tragedy itself.", "Subjects considered too dark were not even considered for comedic material; for example, the show would poke fun at press coverage of a tragedy, rather than the tragedy itself. Issues discussed on the show were later reported on actual newscasts, in turn allowing the show to comment on its own impact, creating an echo chamber of sorts.", "Issues discussed on the show were later reported on actual newscasts, in turn allowing the show to comment on its own impact, creating an echo chamber of sorts. This led Colbert to describe his show, \"at its purest expression, [as] a pebble that we throw into the puddle of the news, and then we report on our own ripples.\"", "This led Colbert to describe his show, \"at its purest expression, [as] a pebble that we throw into the puddle of the news, and then we report on our own ripples.\" Ideas for each show were considered in the morning pitch meeting, which could range from \"harrowing\" to smooth.", "Ideas for each show were considered in the morning pitch meeting, which could range from \"harrowing\" to smooth. Described as having \"demanding standards\", Colbert is quoted as remarking, \"Let's make it perfect and then cut it.\"", "Described as having \"demanding standards\", Colbert is quoted as remarking, \"Let's make it perfect and then cut it.\" Although dozens of ideas were either chosen for the show or deleted, other ideas, saved for a later date, were often forgotten because of the pace of news.", "Although dozens of ideas were either chosen for the show or deleted, other ideas, saved for a later date, were often forgotten because of the pace of news. Ideas with considerable potential were put in the \"hopper\" to be developed and rewritten, while more fully formed ideas were placed in the \"pantry.\"", "Ideas with considerable potential were put in the \"hopper\" to be developed and rewritten, while more fully formed ideas were placed in the \"pantry.\" Good jokes would still be sacrificed if they did not fit the character's specific point of view, which was deemed the inverse of what \"any logical person\" feels.", "Good jokes would still be sacrificed if they did not fit the character's specific point of view, which was deemed the inverse of what \"any logical person\" feels. At least one writer has described the job as \"all-consuming\", leaving no time for outside activities.", "At least one writer has described the job as \"all-consuming\", leaving no time for outside activities. Colbert himself eventually became withdrawn from morning meetings as the show continued on and he mulled a decision to leave.", "Colbert himself eventually became withdrawn from morning meetings as the show continued on and he mulled a decision to leave. Usually by 11 a.m., a rough outline for the show was completed and writers sent off in pairs to create scripts that would be polished throughout the day.", "Usually by 11 a.m., a rough outline for the show was completed and writers sent off in pairs to create scripts that would be polished throughout the day. First, writers would scan news articles for ideas and partner together in pairs, with one \"keeping track of possible jokes.\"", "First, writers would scan news articles for ideas and partner together in pairs, with one \"keeping track of possible jokes.\" During an appearance at the New York Comedy Festival in 2013, some writers admitted to procrastinating until the last hour before rehearsal to complete their sections; Colbert confirmed that, in the program's early days, segments such as \"The Word\" were scripted entirely during the rewrite before rehearsal.", "During an appearance at the New York Comedy Festival in 2013, some writers admitted to procrastinating until the last hour before rehearsal to complete their sections; Colbert confirmed that, in the program's early days, segments such as \"The Word\" were scripted entirely during the rewrite before rehearsal. Both writers read their dialogue aloud to see whether they thought the Colbert character would say it.", "Both writers read their dialogue aloud to see whether they thought the Colbert character would say it. As writers were working on their respective scripts, the show's production and graphics team compiled music, footage, and props needed for the show.", "As writers were working on their respective scripts, the show's production and graphics team compiled music, footage, and props needed for the show. To collect video clips, the show cross-referenced transcripts of hours and hours of archived TiVo recordings of news programs.", "To collect video clips, the show cross-referenced transcripts of hours and hours of archived TiVo recordings of news programs. In 2011, the show switched to Snapstream software, which streamlined the TV clip search and compilation process, allowing for searching closed captioning for select words.", "In 2011, the show switched to Snapstream software, which streamlined the TV clip search and compilation process, allowing for searching closed captioning for select words. In addition, a group of staff coders and independent contractors developed Scripto software to collaborate on scripts in real time.", "In addition, a group of staff coders and independent contractors developed Scripto software to collaborate on scripts in real time. By 1 p.m., the show held a second production meeting to go over scripts and determine which pieces to edit.", "By 1 p.m., the show held a second production meeting to go over scripts and determine which pieces to edit. Scripts were \"hopefully\" completed around 4 p.m., and a rehearsal with the entire staff would begin at 5:30 p.m. or occasionally earlier. Afterward, final changes were made to the script.", "Afterward, final changes were made to the script. The final rewrite would take place in a \"small, red, poorly ventilated room\" until 6:45 p.m. Before interviewing his guests, Colbert met with them in the green room and acknowledged that he was playing a character, noting that the persona is \"willfully ignorant of what you know and care about\" and urging the guest to \"honestly disabuse me of what you see as my ignorance.\"", "The final rewrite would take place in a \"small, red, poorly ventilated room\" until 6:45 p.m. Before interviewing his guests, Colbert met with them in the green room and acknowledged that he was playing a character, noting that the persona is \"willfully ignorant of what you know and care about\" and urging the guest to \"honestly disabuse me of what you see as my ignorance.\" Emily Lazar, a producer for the interview segments, advised guests to talk with Colbert as though he were a \"harmless drunk at the next bar stool.\"", "Emily Lazar, a producer for the interview segments, advised guests to talk with Colbert as though he were a \"harmless drunk at the next bar stool.\" Guests would typically take their seats around 7 p.m., when a warm-up comedian (perhaps Jared Logan or Paul Mercurio) delivered jokes.", "Guests would typically take their seats around 7 p.m., when a warm-up comedian (perhaps Jared Logan or Paul Mercurio) delivered jokes. Colbert, out of character, held a brief question and answer session with the audience prior to taping.", "Colbert, out of character, held a brief question and answer session with the audience prior to taping. Taping lasted as long as three hours but usually ended around 9 p.m., at which point the show was edited and sent to Comedy Central for broadcast.", "Taping lasted as long as three hours but usually ended around 9 p.m., at which point the show was edited and sent to Comedy Central for broadcast. As the show was being edited, the staff met one last time to work through details for the next show.", "As the show was being edited, the staff met one last time to work through details for the next show. Set The Colbert Report was taped and broadcast four nights a week, Monday–Thursday.", "Set The Colbert Report was taped and broadcast four nights a week, Monday–Thursday. The show's taping studio, at 513 W. 54th Street in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, was used for The Daily Show until July 2005, and has a capacity of 150.", "The show's taping studio, at 513 W. 54th Street in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, was used for The Daily Show until July 2005, and has a capacity of 150. NEP Studio 54 on 54th Street is owned by NEP Broadcasting which is New York City's largest production facility and also owns The Daily Show set at NEP Studio 52 two blocks south on 52nd Street.", "NEP Studio 54 on 54th Street is owned by NEP Broadcasting which is New York City's largest production facility and also owns The Daily Show set at NEP Studio 52 two blocks south on 52nd Street. Aside from the set, the show's production offices have been described as \"loft-like\" and \"all overhead pipes and exposed brick.\"", "Aside from the set, the show's production offices have been described as \"loft-like\" and \"all overhead pipes and exposed brick.\" Following the show's conclusion, the building was used for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore.", "Following the show's conclusion, the building was used for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore. The set for The Colbert Report was called \"The Eagle's Nest\" and reflects and facilitates Colbert's self-aggrandizing style. It was designed by Jim Fenhagen, and was intended to both capture the character's ego and be \"hyper-American.\"", "It was designed by Jim Fenhagen, and was intended to both capture the character's ego and be \"hyper-American.\" Elements incorporated into the set included architectural lines converged to Colbert's desk, and radial beams coming out from behind his chair.", "Elements incorporated into the set included architectural lines converged to Colbert's desk, and radial beams coming out from behind his chair. Colbert's main influence for the set was Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, with the Colbert character as Jesus Christ.", "Colbert's main influence for the set was Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, with the Colbert character as Jesus Christ. In the set, \"virtually every inch emblazoned with Colbert's name or the initial C\"; his name, initials and the name of the show appear on the desk's plasma screen, on the rafters above the desk, and the desk itself is shaped like a giant \"C\".", "In the set, \"virtually every inch emblazoned with Colbert's name or the initial C\"; his name, initials and the name of the show appear on the desk's plasma screen, on the rafters above the desk, and the desk itself is shaped like a giant \"C\". The background includes faux artifacts from the character's backstory, which are seldom seen by viewers.", "The background includes faux artifacts from the character's backstory, which are seldom seen by viewers. \"I kept saying, 'People might not really notice this.' But when you're working with a comedy team, they really get into it. They couldn't help themselves,\" said Fenhagen.", "They couldn't help themselves,\" said Fenhagen. Among these touches are the United States Constitution, a miniature Ten Commandments, and a CliffsNotes guide to American government. The set was described as \"part Riefenstahlesque homage to the star, part symbologic gallery — where alert viewers are rewarded with snarky jokes at every turn.\"", "The set was described as \"part Riefenstahlesque homage to the star, part symbologic gallery — where alert viewers are rewarded with snarky jokes at every turn.\" Above a fireplace is a portrait of Colbert; it originally showed Colbert standing in front of the same mantel with another portrait of himself.", "Above a fireplace is a portrait of Colbert; it originally showed Colbert standing in front of the same mantel with another portrait of himself. On the show's first anniversary, the portrait was replaced by one of Colbert standing in front of the mantel with the first portrait above it, and with each successive year, it became Colbert standing in front of the previous year's painting.", "On the show's first anniversary, the portrait was replaced by one of Colbert standing in front of the mantel with the first portrait above it, and with each successive year, it became Colbert standing in front of the previous year's painting. The graphics used throughout the show and the studio itself are saturated with American flags, bald eagles, Captain America's shield, and other patriotic imagery.", "The graphics used throughout the show and the studio itself are saturated with American flags, bald eagles, Captain America's shield, and other patriotic imagery. Format Typically, Colbert starts with the audience cheering and teasers regarding the show's topics and guest; each headline is structured to be a deliberate pun.", "Format Typically, Colbert starts with the audience cheering and teasers regarding the show's topics and guest; each headline is structured to be a deliberate pun. The series of puns are followed by a verbal metaphor that promotes the show and is almost always finished with, \"This is the Colbert Report.\"", "The series of puns are followed by a verbal metaphor that promotes the show and is almost always finished with, \"This is the Colbert Report.\" The show's original opening title sequence began with an eagle diving past the host, following by images of Americana, stock footage of Colbert, and words describing Colbert flying by (some of which have been used as The Word).", "The show's original opening title sequence began with an eagle diving past the host, following by images of Americana, stock footage of Colbert, and words describing Colbert flying by (some of which have been used as The Word). The first word used was \"Grippy\", and has changed to include, among others, \"Megamerican\", \"Lincolnish\", \"Superstantial\", \"Flagaphile\", and \"Factose Intolerant\".", "The first word used was \"Grippy\", and has changed to include, among others, \"Megamerican\", \"Lincolnish\", \"Superstantial\", \"Flagaphile\", and \"Factose Intolerant\". The May 4 episode in 2009 featured hints planted by J. J. Abrams about when and where Colbert would be in the Persian Gulf, and \"Farewellison\" for the final episode of former producer Allison Silverman.", "The May 4 episode in 2009 featured hints planted by J. J. Abrams about when and where Colbert would be in the Persian Gulf, and \"Farewellison\" for the final episode of former producer Allison Silverman. The show's opening credits depict the Colbert character clutching an American flag. On January 4, 2010, a new opening debuted.", "On January 4, 2010, a new opening debuted. The opening begins and ends with an eagle as before, but features new background renderings, new shots of Stephen Colbert, and is now colored in an American, red white and blue motif. The show's theme music is \"Baby Mumbles\" by Cheap Trick.", "The show's theme music is \"Baby Mumbles\" by Cheap Trick. Colbert phoned guitarist Rick Nielsen during development of the show to discuss the theme, noting that he loved the band's song \"I Want You to Want Me\"; the show's theme music is largely that song's melody backwards.", "Colbert phoned guitarist Rick Nielsen during development of the show to discuss the theme, noting that he loved the band's song \"I Want You to Want Me\"; the show's theme music is largely that song's melody backwards. Following the opening sequence, Colbert most often proceeds with a run-through of recent headlines in a manner parodying traditional news broadcasts; this is similar to The Daily Show but with a faux-right-wing spin.", "Following the opening sequence, Colbert most often proceeds with a run-through of recent headlines in a manner parodying traditional news broadcasts; this is similar to The Daily Show but with a faux-right-wing spin. The program typically continues with Colbert addressing a specific topic.", "The program typically continues with Colbert addressing a specific topic. Colbert often calls to \"Jimmy\", a reference to program director Jim Hoskinson, to roll video clips.", "Colbert often calls to \"Jimmy\", a reference to program director Jim Hoskinson, to roll video clips. That topic will often lead into a \"The Word\" segment, which juxtaposes Colbert's commentary with satirical bullet points on-screen, a parody of The O'Reilly Factors \"Talking Points Memo\".", "That topic will often lead into a \"The Word\" segment, which juxtaposes Colbert's commentary with satirical bullet points on-screen, a parody of The O'Reilly Factors \"Talking Points Memo\". On occasion he will conduct a short interview with someone having to do with the topic.", "On occasion he will conduct a short interview with someone having to do with the topic. The format of the middle segment varies, but it is normally a visual presentation or skit.", "The format of the middle segment varies, but it is normally a visual presentation or skit. Often, these skits are parts of recurring segments, which may include \"Better Know a District\", in which Colbert interviews a U.S. Representative from a certain district of the United States; \"Tip of the Hat/Wag of the Finger\", in which Colbert voices his approval or disapproval of prominent people and news items; \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.", "Often, these skits are parts of recurring segments, which may include \"Better Know a District\", in which Colbert interviews a U.S. Representative from a certain district of the United States; \"Tip of the Hat/Wag of the Finger\", in which Colbert voices his approval or disapproval of prominent people and news items; \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A. \", a health segment; \"The Sport Report\" with the \"t\" in both Sport and Report silent, a sports segment; and \"The ThreatDown\", in which Colbert lists the five greatest threats to America, and others.", "\", a health segment; \"The Sport Report\" with the \"t\" in both Sport and Report silent, a sports segment; and \"The ThreatDown\", in which Colbert lists the five greatest threats to America, and others. His newest segment, \"Thought for Food\" deals with the consumption of specific foods across the world.", "His newest segment, \"Thought for Food\" deals with the consumption of specific foods across the world. Sometimes, there is a \"Colbert Report Special Repor-t\" (the final 't' pronounced with special emphasis), or even a \"Colbert Report, Sport Report, Special Repor-t\", in which Colbert devotes a section of an episode, and sometimes the entire episode to a special subject.", "Sometimes, there is a \"Colbert Report Special Repor-t\" (the final 't' pronounced with special emphasis), or even a \"Colbert Report, Sport Report, Special Repor-t\", in which Colbert devotes a section of an episode, and sometimes the entire episode to a special subject. The third segment is almost always an interview with a celebrity guest, often an author or government official.", "The third segment is almost always an interview with a celebrity guest, often an author or government official. Unlike the late night talk show standard of the guest walking out to the host's desk, Colbert instead runs to a separate area of the set to interview his guest, basking in the applause and glory meant for the guest.", "Unlike the late night talk show standard of the guest walking out to the host's desk, Colbert instead runs to a separate area of the set to interview his guest, basking in the applause and glory meant for the guest. On the interview segment of the show, Colbert frequently attempts to nail his guest by using various rhetorical devices and fallacies to prove them wrong.", "On the interview segment of the show, Colbert frequently attempts to nail his guest by using various rhetorical devices and fallacies to prove them wrong. The real-life Colbert once remarked that his personal favorite segment of the program were the interviews, which involved more listening on his end in order for the character to \"ignorantly deconstruct\" his opponent's argument.", "The real-life Colbert once remarked that his personal favorite segment of the program were the interviews, which involved more listening on his end in order for the character to \"ignorantly deconstruct\" his opponent's argument. The third segment of the show is on occasion a musical guest.", "The third segment of the show is on occasion a musical guest. Prominent musical guests have included Metallica, Paul McCartney, Rush, Green Day, Paul Simon, Crosby Stills & Nash, Pavement, Cat Stevens, Yo-Yo Ma, Radiohead and Black Star.", "Prominent musical guests have included Metallica, Paul McCartney, Rush, Green Day, Paul Simon, Crosby Stills & Nash, Pavement, Cat Stevens, Yo-Yo Ma, Radiohead and Black Star. Afterwards, Colbert ends the show by giving some parting words to the audience or, if short for time, a simple \"that's it for the report everybody, good night\".", "Afterwards, Colbert ends the show by giving some parting words to the audience or, if short for time, a simple \"that's it for the report everybody, good night\". Character The host of The Colbert Report is Stephen Colbert, a \"self-important right-wing commentator\", portrayed by his real-life namesake.", "Character The host of The Colbert Report is Stephen Colbert, a \"self-important right-wing commentator\", portrayed by his real-life namesake. The character incorporates aspects of Colbert's real life, but is primarily a parody of cable news pundits, particularly Bill O'Reilly of Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor, whom he refers to as \"Papa Bear\".", "The character incorporates aspects of Colbert's real life, but is primarily a parody of cable news pundits, particularly Bill O'Reilly of Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor, whom he refers to as \"Papa Bear\". To this end, the character even incorporates O'Reilly's mannerisms, described as his \"pen-wielding, hand-stabbing gestures.\"", "To this end, the character even incorporates O'Reilly's mannerisms, described as his \"pen-wielding, hand-stabbing gestures.\" O'Reilly's use of \"talking points\" — illustrated onscreen graphics reflecting the host's opinions — are parodied on The Colbert Report with the segment \"The Word\".", "O'Reilly's use of \"talking points\" — illustrated onscreen graphics reflecting the host's opinions — are parodied on The Colbert Report with the segment \"The Word\". He initially incorporated long-winded, verbose metaphors to parody CNN correspondent Aaron Brown.", "He initially incorporated long-winded, verbose metaphors to parody CNN correspondent Aaron Brown. In addition, the character was also heavily inspired by Stone Phillips, Bill Kurtis and \"especially\" Geraldo Rivera. \"I loved the way Geraldo made reporting a story seem like an act of courage,\" Colbert told a reporter in 2012.", "\"I loved the way Geraldo made reporting a story seem like an act of courage,\" Colbert told a reporter in 2012. The core principle of The Colbert Report is that Colbert is a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot.\"", "The core principle of The Colbert Report is that Colbert is a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot.\" The character believes that he himself is the news: rather than a vessel to deliver the news to the audience, or a general member of the media, the character sees himself as more important than the news.", "The character believes that he himself is the news: rather than a vessel to deliver the news to the audience, or a general member of the media, the character sees himself as more important than the news. He is veracious in his approach, while often ridiculously overblown in his statements.", "He is veracious in his approach, while often ridiculously overblown in his statements. The character is egomaniacal, fact-averse (\"factose intolerant\"), God-fearing, and hyper-patriotic. He claims to be an independent who is often mistaken for a Republican, but uniformly despises liberals and generally agrees with the actions and decisions of the Republican Party.", "He claims to be an independent who is often mistaken for a Republican, but uniformly despises liberals and generally agrees with the actions and decisions of the Republican Party. Colbert's character has been described as a \"caustic right-wing bully\".", "Colbert's character has been described as a \"caustic right-wing bully\". The character exists not in opposition to political leaders, but to common ignorances; for example, his insistence that then-presidential candidate Barack Obama had Socialist leanings was based on public misconceptions.", "The character exists not in opposition to political leaders, but to common ignorances; for example, his insistence that then-presidential candidate Barack Obama had Socialist leanings was based on public misconceptions. In parodying the cult of personality, the Colbert character also developed a real-life equivalent, creating what was dubbed the \"Colbert Nation\".", "In parodying the cult of personality, the Colbert character also developed a real-life equivalent, creating what was dubbed the \"Colbert Nation\". While giving the character a certain mythos was part of the show's inception, show producers did not set out to create a loyal following; the joke was that the character thought he had an influence, but that was a figment of his ego-riddled imagination.", "While giving the character a certain mythos was part of the show's inception, show producers did not set out to create a loyal following; the joke was that the character thought he had an influence, but that was a figment of his ego-riddled imagination. Despite his appearance of always being in charge, Colbert is vulnerable: he feels deeply threatened by those wielding more power than he, and he suffers from \"arctophobia\", the fear of bears, which he refers to as \"giant, marauding, godless killing machines\".", "Despite his appearance of always being in charge, Colbert is vulnerable: he feels deeply threatened by those wielding more power than he, and he suffers from \"arctophobia\", the fear of bears, which he refers to as \"giant, marauding, godless killing machines\". He will alert the audience to what he perceives as the latest national threat (the subject of a recurring bit, \"ThreatDown\"), only to justify his own fears and impose those onto his audience.", "He will alert the audience to what he perceives as the latest national threat (the subject of a recurring bit, \"ThreatDown\"), only to justify his own fears and impose those onto his audience. As the show progressed, Colbert gradually began to tone down the character, allowing guests in interviews to \"get his or her own message across.\"", "As the show progressed, Colbert gradually began to tone down the character, allowing guests in interviews to \"get his or her own message across.\" The show's longevity created what The New York Times described as \"a winking quality to the act, a sense that we’re all in on the joke.\"", "The show's longevity created what The New York Times described as \"a winking quality to the act, a sense that we’re all in on the joke.\" Colbert himself acknowledged that he \"rarely hit it as hard as I used to,\" noting that \"You have to be vigilant to stay ignorant.\"", "Colbert himself acknowledged that he \"rarely hit it as hard as I used to,\" noting that \"You have to be vigilant to stay ignorant.\" He noted that his own personal opinions can occasionally align with his character's, when liberal guests' agendas appeared based on dislike rather than logical argument.", "He noted that his own personal opinions can occasionally align with his character's, when liberal guests' agendas appeared based on dislike rather than logical argument. Politician and former vice president Al Gore accidentally referred to the persona as a \"character\" in a 2011 interview on the show, and in 2013, Colbert further blurred lines when he spoke regarding the death of his mother on the program.", "Politician and former vice president Al Gore accidentally referred to the persona as a \"character\" in a 2011 interview on the show, and in 2013, Colbert further blurred lines when he spoke regarding the death of his mother on the program. In doing so, many commentators referred the show's longevity and the development of a \"third\" Colbert — one a faux pundit and one informed by the performer's own life.", "In doing so, many commentators referred the show's longevity and the development of a \"third\" Colbert — one a faux pundit and one informed by the performer's own life. In the show's credits, Colbert was credited with a title, which deliberately became increasingly cumbersome as the show progressed: Her Excellency The Rev.", "In the show's credits, Colbert was credited with a title, which deliberately became increasingly cumbersome as the show progressed: Her Excellency The Rev. Sir Doctor Stephen Tyrone Mos Def Colbert, D.F.A., Heavyweight Champion of the World✱✱ featuring Flo Rida La Premiere Dame De France.", "Sir Doctor Stephen Tyrone Mos Def Colbert, D.F.A., Heavyweight Champion of the World✱✱ featuring Flo Rida La Premiere Dame De France. When O'Reilly appeared on The Daily Show before the second episode of The Colbert Report aired, he commented, \"Before we get started, somebody told me walking in here, you got some French guy on after you making fun of me?", "When O'Reilly appeared on The Daily Show before the second episode of The Colbert Report aired, he commented, \"Before we get started, somebody told me walking in here, you got some French guy on after you making fun of me? \", and made several references in the following interview to 'the French Guy'.", "\", and made several references in the following interview to 'the French Guy'. In a subsequent Newsweek interview, O'Reilly said that he \"feels it's a compliment\" to have Colbert parody him because Colbert \"isn't mean-spirited\" and does not \"use [his] platform to injure people\".", "In a subsequent Newsweek interview, O'Reilly said that he \"feels it's a compliment\" to have Colbert parody him because Colbert \"isn't mean-spirited\" and does not \"use [his] platform to injure people\". Later, Colbert replied on-air, \"I like you too.", "Later, Colbert replied on-air, \"I like you too. In fact, if it wasn't for you, this show wouldn't exist.\" Themes Colbert disagreed that the show's emphasis on politics represented a liberal bias, noting that he himself was uninterested in modern politics.", "Themes Colbert disagreed that the show's emphasis on politics represented a liberal bias, noting that he himself was uninterested in modern politics. He believed that political issues reflect basic human behavior, which he viewed as his satirical specialty, noting, \"If I thought I had a political point, I'd be in big trouble.\"", "He believed that political issues reflect basic human behavior, which he viewed as his satirical specialty, noting, \"If I thought I had a political point, I'd be in big trouble.\" In another interview, Colbert remarked, \"I'm not someone with a particular political ax to grind. I'm a comedian.", "I'm a comedian. I'm a comedian. I love hypocrisy.\" Episodes Notable episodes Early years The Colbert Report premiered in October 2005. The first guest was Stone Phillips, a partial influence on the character.", "The first guest was Stone Phillips, a partial influence on the character. In the debut episode, Colbert coined the word truthiness, defined as \"a quality characterizing a 'truth' that a person making an argument or assertion claims to know intuitively 'from the gut' or because it 'feels right' without regard to evidence, logic, intellectual examination, or facts.\"", "In the debut episode, Colbert coined the word truthiness, defined as \"a quality characterizing a 'truth' that a person making an argument or assertion claims to know intuitively 'from the gut' or because it 'feels right' without regard to evidence, logic, intellectual examination, or facts.\" Truthiness was named Word of the Year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society and for 2006 by Merriam-Webster.", "Truthiness was named Word of the Year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society and for 2006 by Merriam-Webster. The character's forceful nature confused some in the program's early days.", "The character's forceful nature confused some in the program's early days. During an appearance on the segment \"Better Know a District\" in the show's first season, a frustrated Barney Frank declined to continue, deeming the conversation too dumb.", "During an appearance on the segment \"Better Know a District\" in the show's first season, a frustrated Barney Frank declined to continue, deeming the conversation too dumb. In one early episode, the Colbert character purported to be a former member of a 1980s new wave group, Stephen & the Colberts, and released a fictional music video from the band for the song \"Charlene (I'm Right Behind You)\".", "In one early episode, the Colbert character purported to be a former member of a 1980s new wave group, Stephen & the Colberts, and released a fictional music video from the band for the song \"Charlene (I'm Right Behind You)\". The show's popularity resulted in Colbert headlining the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner, which he performed in character.", "The show's popularity resulted in Colbert headlining the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner, which he performed in character. The controversial, searing routine targeted President George W. Bush and the media, and was greeted with chilly reception from the audience.", "The controversial, searing routine targeted President George W. Bush and the media, and was greeted with chilly reception from the audience. Although President Bush shook Colbert's hand after his presentation, several of Bush's aides and supporters walked out during Colbert's speech, and one former aide commented that the President had \"that look that he's ready to blow\".", "Although President Bush shook Colbert's hand after his presentation, several of Bush's aides and supporters walked out during Colbert's speech, and one former aide commented that the President had \"that look that he's ready to blow\". Colbert's performance quickly became an Internet and media sensation.", "Colbert's performance quickly became an Internet and media sensation. According to Vanity Fair, the speech transformed Colbert as a \"folk hero\" for liberals, and was later described by Frank Rich as the \"defining moment\" of the 2006 midterm elections.", "According to Vanity Fair, the speech transformed Colbert as a \"folk hero\" for liberals, and was later described by Frank Rich as the \"defining moment\" of the 2006 midterm elections. Adam Sternbergh of New York, a year after the show's debut, deemed the character \"something very close to what he's parodying, a kind of Bill O'Reilly for the angry left.\"", "Adam Sternbergh of New York, a year after the show's debut, deemed the character \"something very close to what he's parodying, a kind of Bill O'Reilly for the angry left.\" In 2006, Colbert encouraged fans to vote for his name to be the new name of a bridge in Hungary, which was being decided via an online poll; he beat the runner-up by more than 14 million votes.", "In 2006, Colbert encouraged fans to vote for his name to be the new name of a bridge in Hungary, which was being decided via an online poll; he beat the runner-up by more than 14 million votes. He was, however, disqualified, as the name of the bridge was intended to be a memoriam.", "He was, however, disqualified, as the name of the bridge was intended to be a memoriam. Later that year, he began a mock feud with indie rock group the Decemberists over the subject of who was the first to challenge fans to create a green screen video; the fake conflict culminated in a guitar solo competition on the show's final episode of the year, featuring guest appearances from guitarist Peter Frampton and Dr. Henry Kissinger.", "Later that year, he began a mock feud with indie rock group the Decemberists over the subject of who was the first to challenge fans to create a green screen video; the fake conflict culminated in a guitar solo competition on the show's final episode of the year, featuring guest appearances from guitarist Peter Frampton and Dr. Henry Kissinger. Colbert later recalled it as the show's \"craziest\" moment, changing the way the staff viewed the program: \"Because you realize the character believes anything he thinks, says, [or] cares about is important, anything fits on the show.", "Colbert later recalled it as the show's \"craziest\" moment, changing the way the staff viewed the program: \"Because you realize the character believes anything he thinks, says, [or] cares about is important, anything fits on the show. [...] That is the show where we said, oh, there is unlimited open field running.\"", "[...] That is the show where we said, oh, there is unlimited open field running.\" In February 2007, Ben & Jerry's unveiled a new ice cream flavor in honor of Stephen Colbert, named Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream.", "In February 2007, Ben & Jerry's unveiled a new ice cream flavor in honor of Stephen Colbert, named Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream. All proceeds were donated to charity through the Stephen Colbert AmeriCone Dream Fund, which distributed the money to various causes.", "All proceeds were donated to charity through the Stephen Colbert AmeriCone Dream Fund, which distributed the money to various causes. In June 2007, Colbert broke his left wrist while performing his warm-up for the show.", "In June 2007, Colbert broke his left wrist while performing his warm-up for the show. It was the subject of an extended bit on the program, including the creation of the \"Wriststrong\" wrist band, based on Lance Armstrong's \"Livestrong\" wrist band, which donated all proceeds to the Yellow Ribbon Fund.", "It was the subject of an extended bit on the program, including the creation of the \"Wriststrong\" wrist band, based on Lance Armstrong's \"Livestrong\" wrist band, which donated all proceeds to the Yellow Ribbon Fund. Colbert remained on the air without writers during the Writers Guild of America strike in 2007–08.", "Colbert remained on the air without writers during the Writers Guild of America strike in 2007–08. Colbert modified the pronunciation of the show's name, pronouncing both of the formerly elided final \"t\"s (); a similar move was made by The Daily Show which returned to air as A Daily Show.", "Colbert modified the pronunciation of the show's name, pronouncing both of the formerly elided final \"t\"s (); a similar move was made by The Daily Show which returned to air as A Daily Show. During this period, he staged a mock feud between himself, Jon Stewart, and Late Night host Conan O'Brien over who made Republican Presidential candidate Mike Huckabee.", "During this period, he staged a mock feud between himself, Jon Stewart, and Late Night host Conan O'Brien over who made Republican Presidential candidate Mike Huckabee. In 2008, Colbert made a series of jokes directed at various towns in the United States named \"Canton\", with many attracting negative responses from each respective area's local government and residents.", "In 2008, Colbert made a series of jokes directed at various towns in the United States named \"Canton\", with many attracting negative responses from each respective area's local government and residents. The same year, the show filmed a tongue-in-cheek Christmas special titled A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!.", "The same year, the show filmed a tongue-in-cheek Christmas special titled A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!. In 2009, Colbert filmed a series of four episodes for the troops in Baghdad, Iraq.", "In 2009, Colbert filmed a series of four episodes for the troops in Baghdad, Iraq. He had a suit tailored for him in the Army Combat Uniform pattern and went through an abbreviated version of the Army's basic training regimen.", "He had a suit tailored for him in the Army Combat Uniform pattern and went through an abbreviated version of the Army's basic training regimen. On the first of the four episodes, Colbert had his head shaved on stage by General Ray Odierno who was jokingly \"ordered\" to do so by President Barack Obama, who appeared on the episode via a pre-recorded segment from the White House.", "On the first of the four episodes, Colbert had his head shaved on stage by General Ray Odierno who was jokingly \"ordered\" to do so by President Barack Obama, who appeared on the episode via a pre-recorded segment from the White House. Later years In 2010, while in character, Colbert appeared before judiciary subcommittee hearing on the issue of farm workers and immigration.", "Later years In 2010, while in character, Colbert appeared before judiciary subcommittee hearing on the issue of farm workers and immigration. The New Yorker used Colbert's testimony before Congress as an example of the \"third\" Colbert: \"Colbert was thoughtful and sincere—and had ruined the whole thing.", "The New Yorker used Colbert's testimony before Congress as an example of the \"third\" Colbert: \"Colbert was thoughtful and sincere—and had ruined the whole thing. By speaking honestly, he had become the very thing he was mocking, a celebrity testifying before Congress.\"", "By speaking honestly, he had become the very thing he was mocking, a celebrity testifying before Congress.\" Beginning in June 2011, the show created a long-running gag that involved Colbert starting his own actual super PAC, Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow, described by the character as \"100 percent legal and at least 10 percent ethical.\"", "Beginning in June 2011, the show created a long-running gag that involved Colbert starting his own actual super PAC, Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow, described by the character as \"100 percent legal and at least 10 percent ethical.\" In 2012, Colbert interviewed illustrator/author Maurice Sendak, who managed to get him to break character; show staff and Colbert himself retrospectively labeled the segment one of the show's more memorable moments.", "In 2012, Colbert interviewed illustrator/author Maurice Sendak, who managed to get him to break character; show staff and Colbert himself retrospectively labeled the segment one of the show's more memorable moments. The Los Angeles Times called the September 2013 interview with intelligence official Philip Mudd his \"most awkward interview\", stating Mudd \"could barely disguise his contempt\" for Colbert.", "The Los Angeles Times called the September 2013 interview with intelligence official Philip Mudd his \"most awkward interview\", stating Mudd \"could barely disguise his contempt\" for Colbert. President Barack Obama guested during the show's final month, in a show taped from George Washington University in Washington, D.C.; Obama sat in Colbert's seat and presided over \"The Wørd\" segment.", "President Barack Obama guested during the show's final month, in a show taped from George Washington University in Washington, D.C.; Obama sat in Colbert's seat and presided over \"The Wørd\" segment. The final episode aired on December 18, 2014.", "The final episode aired on December 18, 2014. In the episode Stephen becomes immortal after accidentally killing \"Grimmy\" during the opening of the segment of \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.\".", "In the episode Stephen becomes immortal after accidentally killing \"Grimmy\" during the opening of the segment of \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.\". This leads to Stephen singing \"We'll Meet Again\" in its entirety along with a large group of famous friends including Jon Stewart, Jeff Daniels, Sam Waterston, Big Bird, Charlie Rose, Terry Gross, Keith Olbermann, Tom Brokaw, Alan Alda, Yo Yo Ma, Ken Burns, Cyndi Lauper, Patrick Stewart, Randy Newman, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Henry Kissinger, Alex Trebek, Mandy Patinkin, Lesley Stahl, George Lucas, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Gloria Steinem, Elijah Wood, Jake Tapper, Bob Costas, Smaug and Cookie Monster.", "This leads to Stephen singing \"We'll Meet Again\" in its entirety along with a large group of famous friends including Jon Stewart, Jeff Daniels, Sam Waterston, Big Bird, Charlie Rose, Terry Gross, Keith Olbermann, Tom Brokaw, Alan Alda, Yo Yo Ma, Ken Burns, Cyndi Lauper, Patrick Stewart, Randy Newman, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Henry Kissinger, Alex Trebek, Mandy Patinkin, Lesley Stahl, George Lucas, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Gloria Steinem, Elijah Wood, Jake Tapper, Bob Costas, Smaug and Cookie Monster. Reception Critical response Initial reviews Reviews of The Colbert Report upon its 2005 premiere were positive, although critics were generally skeptical that the character could extend beyond one season without growing tiresome.", "Reception Critical response Initial reviews Reviews of The Colbert Report upon its 2005 premiere were positive, although critics were generally skeptical that the character could extend beyond one season without growing tiresome. While positively reviewing the program as a whole, Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune echoed these sentiments: \"The biggest question hanging over The Colbert Report is whether the show’s sendup of the pomposity and fear-mongering of cable news blowhards will be as appealing in the long term.\"", "While positively reviewing the program as a whole, Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune echoed these sentiments: \"The biggest question hanging over The Colbert Report is whether the show’s sendup of the pomposity and fear-mongering of cable news blowhards will be as appealing in the long term.\" Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer summarized the show's early reaction: \"Critics and bloggers either loved the premiere or declared themselves to be unmoved, but that's the standard reaction after any late-night program's debut.", "Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer summarized the show's early reaction: \"Critics and bloggers either loved the premiere or declared themselves to be unmoved, but that's the standard reaction after any late-night program's debut. A truer measure will be seen in coming weeks, after the hype wears off and the ratings lose their exuberance.\"", "A truer measure will be seen in coming weeks, after the hype wears off and the ratings lose their exuberance.\" Gilbert Cruz of Entertainment Weekly noted that \"Colbert proves that the line between serious TV journalism and utter nonsense is a very thin one indeed.\"", "Gilbert Cruz of Entertainment Weekly noted that \"Colbert proves that the line between serious TV journalism and utter nonsense is a very thin one indeed.\" Heather Havrilesky of Salon was effusive, remarking, \"Not only does Colbert maintain his persona without skipping a beat throughout the entire show, but he’s got great comic timing, the show’s writers are brilliant, and the whole thing is pure foolish, bizarre, idiotic fun.\"", "Heather Havrilesky of Salon was effusive, remarking, \"Not only does Colbert maintain his persona without skipping a beat throughout the entire show, but he’s got great comic timing, the show’s writers are brilliant, and the whole thing is pure foolish, bizarre, idiotic fun.\" Barry Garron of The Hollywood Reporter dubbed it an \"auspicious debut\", writing, \"The new show dovetails nicely with its lead-in to present a solid hour of skewered news and punctured pomposity.\"", "Barry Garron of The Hollywood Reporter dubbed it an \"auspicious debut\", writing, \"The new show dovetails nicely with its lead-in to present a solid hour of skewered news and punctured pomposity.\" Variety Brian Lowry commented that the show had an \"impressive start with a topnotch premiere followed by a respectable second outing.\"", "Variety Brian Lowry commented that the show had an \"impressive start with a topnotch premiere followed by a respectable second outing.\" Paul Brownfield of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"In the run-up to the show it all sounded a bit hard to get your head around, but in the flesh the show zinged, at least this first week.\"", "Paul Brownfield of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"In the run-up to the show it all sounded a bit hard to get your head around, but in the flesh the show zinged, at least this first week.\" The Boston Globe Matthew Gilbert praised the show's wordplay, summarizing, \"Colbert's a clever creation, and a necessary one, and he deserves an opportunity to offend as many people as possible with his pompous blather.\"", "The Boston Globe Matthew Gilbert praised the show's wordplay, summarizing, \"Colbert's a clever creation, and a necessary one, and he deserves an opportunity to offend as many people as possible with his pompous blather.\" Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times commented that the show was a welcome addition to the Comedy Central lineup, remarking, \"What puts Mr. Colbert over the top is that he is not just impersonating well known television personalities, he also uses parody to score larger points about politics and the press.\"", "Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times commented that the show was a welcome addition to the Comedy Central lineup, remarking, \"What puts Mr. Colbert over the top is that he is not just impersonating well known television personalities, he also uses parody to score larger points about politics and the press.\" Nevertheless, there were more negative reviews: USA Today Robert Bianco opined that the show \"tried too hard\", writing, \"Unfortunately, in just two weeks on the air, this half-hour spoof of a no-spin-zone type show has already stretched Colbert's character and the artifice that supports it past its natural breaking point.\"", "Nevertheless, there were more negative reviews: USA Today Robert Bianco opined that the show \"tried too hard\", writing, \"Unfortunately, in just two weeks on the air, this half-hour spoof of a no-spin-zone type show has already stretched Colbert's character and the artifice that supports it past its natural breaking point.\" Later reviews The New Yorker remarked that the show remained funny throughout its entire run.", "Later reviews The New Yorker remarked that the show remained funny throughout its entire run. The Colbert Report currently scores favorable reviews, with 65/100 on Metacritic (first season), while its viewers' ranking on the site is higher at 8.7/10.", "The Colbert Report currently scores favorable reviews, with 65/100 on Metacritic (first season), while its viewers' ranking on the site is higher at 8.7/10. In a 2009 academic analysis of the show's popularity, Temple University researcher, Heather LaMarre found that the show appealed to both liberals and conservatives, concluding, \"there was no significant difference between the groups in thinking Colbert was funny, but conservatives were more likely to report that Colbert only pretends to be joking and genuinely meant what he said while liberals were more likely to report that Colbert used satire and was not serious when offering political statements\".", "In a 2009 academic analysis of the show's popularity, Temple University researcher, Heather LaMarre found that the show appealed to both liberals and conservatives, concluding, \"there was no significant difference between the groups in thinking Colbert was funny, but conservatives were more likely to report that Colbert only pretends to be joking and genuinely meant what he said while liberals were more likely to report that Colbert used satire and was not serious when offering political statements\". Malcolm Gladwell discussed LaMarre's findings in his Revisionist History podcast, \"The Satire Paradox\" (2016).", "Malcolm Gladwell discussed LaMarre's findings in his Revisionist History podcast, \"The Satire Paradox\" (2016). Ratings The ratings of The Colbert Report, from its premiere, benefited from the lead-in The Daily Show provides, which at the time of the show's debut averaged 1.3 million viewers per night.", "Ratings The ratings of The Colbert Report, from its premiere, benefited from the lead-in The Daily Show provides, which at the time of the show's debut averaged 1.3 million viewers per night. Comedy Central had previously struggled to produce a hit program on par with The Daily Show, and were counting on Colbert after a string of failures.", "Comedy Central had previously struggled to produce a hit program on par with The Daily Show, and were counting on Colbert after a string of failures. The Colbert Report drew 1.13 million viewers for its premiere episode, 47 percent greater than the average for that time slot over the previous four weeks, and 98 percent of the viewership of The Daily Show, which had Comedy Central's second-largest viewership.", "The Colbert Report drew 1.13 million viewers for its premiere episode, 47 percent greater than the average for that time slot over the previous four weeks, and 98 percent of the viewership of The Daily Show, which had Comedy Central's second-largest viewership. Averaged over its opening week, The Report had 1.2 million viewers per episode, more than double the average for the same time the previous year, when the time slot was occupied by Too Late with Adam Carolla.", "Averaged over its opening week, The Report had 1.2 million viewers per episode, more than double the average for the same time the previous year, when the time slot was occupied by Too Late with Adam Carolla. The show regularly began attracting over one million viewers with near immediacy.", "The show regularly began attracting over one million viewers with near immediacy. The show also drew more young men, a powerful demographic, than other late-night hosts (at that time, Jay Leno, David Letterman, and Conan O'Brien). Within a year, The Colbert Report began averaging 1.5 million viewers per night.", "Within a year, The Colbert Report began averaging 1.5 million viewers per night. In early 2008, in the midst of the writer's strike, Colbert posted an eleven-percent gain over its averages from the following fall. From 2012 to 2013, viewership decreased from 1.2 million to 1.1 million.", "From 2012 to 2013, viewership decreased from 1.2 million to 1.1 million. In 2013, The Colbert Report was the second most-watched late-night talk show (behind The Daily Show) among the demographic of adults 18–49, beating competition The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in that demographic for the first time.", "In 2013, The Colbert Report was the second most-watched late-night talk show (behind The Daily Show) among the demographic of adults 18–49, beating competition The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in that demographic for the first time. That year, The Colbert Report attracted $52.1 million in advertising for an audience whose median age was 39.4, about a year younger than The Daily Show.", "That year, The Colbert Report attracted $52.1 million in advertising for an audience whose median age was 39.4, about a year younger than The Daily Show. In 2014, the final year of the show's run, ratings were down three percent (coinciding with a general ratings slide for cable television).", "In 2014, the final year of the show's run, ratings were down three percent (coinciding with a general ratings slide for cable television). The series finale on December 18, 2014 was watched by 2.4 million viewers, making it the most watched episode ever in the show's history.", "The series finale on December 18, 2014 was watched by 2.4 million viewers, making it the most watched episode ever in the show's history. The finale was the most watched cable program of the night in its time slot, beating The Daily Show which was seen by two million viewers.", "The finale was the most watched cable program of the night in its time slot, beating The Daily Show which was seen by two million viewers. Awards The Colbert Report received numerous awards and accolades throughout its run. The show was nominated for four Emmy Awards in its inaugural year, but lost to The Daily Show.", "The show was nominated for four Emmy Awards in its inaugural year, but lost to The Daily Show. The show was nominated each year for the rest of its run for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Series, but lost each time to The Daily Show until 2013, when it broke the latter program's winning streak, dubbed the longest in Emmy history.", "The show was nominated each year for the rest of its run for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Series, but lost each time to The Daily Show until 2013, when it broke the latter program's winning streak, dubbed the longest in Emmy history. Colbert subsequently referenced his win on his program as the conclusion of Stewart's \"reign of terror.\"", "Colbert subsequently referenced his win on his program as the conclusion of Stewart's \"reign of terror.\" It also won the award the following year, and was nominated in the same category in 2015. The show received two Peabody Awards, recognizing its excellence in news and entertainment.", "The show received two Peabody Awards, recognizing its excellence in news and entertainment. It also won two Grammy Awards, one for Best Comedy Album for the soundtrack to the special A Colbert Christmas, and later for Best Spoken Word Album for the audiobook to America Again.", "It also won two Grammy Awards, one for Best Comedy Album for the soundtrack to the special A Colbert Christmas, and later for Best Spoken Word Album for the audiobook to America Again. Colbert and Stewart's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was nominated for four Daytime Emmy awards in 2011, including the Outstanding Special Class Special category and the Outstanding Special Class Writing category.", "Colbert and Stewart's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was nominated for four Daytime Emmy awards in 2011, including the Outstanding Special Class Special category and the Outstanding Special Class Writing category. Racism controversy In March 2014, the show attracted controversy when Colbert used a \"fatuously fake parody stereotype character, 'Ching-Chong Ding-Dong,'\" to \"satirize knee-jerk mockery\" of Asian dialect.", "Racism controversy In March 2014, the show attracted controversy when Colbert used a \"fatuously fake parody stereotype character, 'Ching-Chong Ding-Dong,'\" to \"satirize knee-jerk mockery\" of Asian dialect. The name had been used before without incident, but the show's official Twitter account — run by an unknown individual — tweeted the remarks without context, leading to wide outrage over social media, including a hashtag campaign, \"#CancelColbert\", that was a worldwide trending topic for over 24 hours, thanks in-part by Colbert himself helping make it go viral for his show.", "The name had been used before without incident, but the show's official Twitter account — run by an unknown individual — tweeted the remarks without context, leading to wide outrage over social media, including a hashtag campaign, \"#CancelColbert\", that was a worldwide trending topic for over 24 hours, thanks in-part by Colbert himself helping make it go viral for his show. Legacy The New Yorker wrote that \"Colbert has made vital observations about the American political system, particularly about the sordid role that money plays within it.", "Legacy The New Yorker wrote that \"Colbert has made vital observations about the American political system, particularly about the sordid role that money plays within it. The Colbert Report and the Daily Show [...] have changed the way that young liberals of a certain class think and talk about civic culture.\"", "The Colbert Report and the Daily Show [...] have changed the way that young liberals of a certain class think and talk about civic culture.\" The show also coined another word, wikiality, that means \"reality as decided on majority rule.\"", "The show also coined another word, wikiality, that means \"reality as decided on majority rule.\" Viewers of the show also coined a word, freem, based on its inclusion in the show's opening sequence; the word refers to \"'freedom' without having to 'do' anything — without any responsibility or action.\"", "Viewers of the show also coined a word, freem, based on its inclusion in the show's opening sequence; the word refers to \"'freedom' without having to 'do' anything — without any responsibility or action.\" In response to the \"Better Know a District\" segment, Rahm Emanuel, then the Democratic Caucus chair, instructed incoming freshmen not to do appearances on the show in 2007.", "In response to the \"Better Know a District\" segment, Rahm Emanuel, then the Democratic Caucus chair, instructed incoming freshmen not to do appearances on the show in 2007. In 2008, East Carolina University associate professor Jason Bond named a species of trapdoor spider Aptostichus stephencolberti in honor of Stephen Colbert.", "In 2008, East Carolina University associate professor Jason Bond named a species of trapdoor spider Aptostichus stephencolberti in honor of Stephen Colbert. The \"Colbert Bump\" is defined, connotatively by the Report, as an increase in popularity of a person (author, musician, politician, etc.) or thing (website, etc.)", "or thing (website, etc.) as a result of appearing as a guest on or (in the case of a thing) being mentioned on the show. For example, if a politician appears on The Colbert Report, they may become more popular with certain voters and thus are more likely to be elected.", "For example, if a politician appears on The Colbert Report, they may become more popular with certain voters and thus are more likely to be elected. According to the American Political Science Association, contributions to Democratic politicians rose 40% for 30 days after an appearance on the show.", "According to the American Political Science Association, contributions to Democratic politicians rose 40% for 30 days after an appearance on the show. Magazines such as GQ, Newsweek, and Sports Illustrated have all had sales spikes when Colbert appeared on their covers.", "Magazines such as GQ, Newsweek, and Sports Illustrated have all had sales spikes when Colbert appeared on their covers. Viewers of The Colbert Report were on numerous occasions cited as being more knowledgeable about current events than traditional news viewers.", "Viewers of The Colbert Report were on numerous occasions cited as being more knowledgeable about current events than traditional news viewers. In April 2007, a Pew Research Center report cited both Colbert and The Daily Show viewers as more well-informed than those who gathered their information via newspapers, television news and radio.", "In April 2007, a Pew Research Center report cited both Colbert and The Daily Show viewers as more well-informed than those who gathered their information via newspapers, television news and radio. Colbert's Super PAC coverage was widely lauded, and studies later found that this coverage was more effective than traditional news programs at educating the audience on campaign finance.", "Colbert's Super PAC coverage was widely lauded, and studies later found that this coverage was more effective than traditional news programs at educating the audience on campaign finance. He was awarded a Peabody Award for the parody, which was described as an \"innovative means of teaching American viewers about the landmark court decision\".", "He was awarded a Peabody Award for the parody, which was described as an \"innovative means of teaching American viewers about the landmark court decision\". The Annenberg Public Policy Center reported in 2014 that the Colbert Super PAC segments increased viewers' knowledge of PAC and 501(c)(4) campaign finance regulation more successfully than other types of news media.", "The Annenberg Public Policy Center reported in 2014 that the Colbert Super PAC segments increased viewers' knowledge of PAC and 501(c)(4) campaign finance regulation more successfully than other types of news media. International distribution Outside the United States, The Colbert Report was shown in Canada on the cable service The Comedy Network, simultaneously with its original U.S. broadcast (beginning a few weeks after the series debuted).", "International distribution Outside the United States, The Colbert Report was shown in Canada on the cable service The Comedy Network, simultaneously with its original U.S. broadcast (beginning a few weeks after the series debuted). Episodes would also air in Canada on traditional over-the-air broadcaster CTV, one hour after their appearance on The Comedy Network.", "Episodes would also air in Canada on traditional over-the-air broadcaster CTV, one hour after their appearance on The Comedy Network. On September 22, 2014, due to The Comedy Network's acquisition of Canadian rights to Jimmy Kimmel Live!, the program began airing on M3 and did so for the remainder of the show's run.", "On September 22, 2014, due to The Comedy Network's acquisition of Canadian rights to Jimmy Kimmel Live!, the program began airing on M3 and did so for the remainder of the show's run. It airs on The Comedy Channel in Australia, Comedy Central in New Zealand, and on Maxxx in the Philippines.", "It airs on The Comedy Channel in Australia, Comedy Central in New Zealand, and on Maxxx in the Philippines. , The Colbert Report has also been broadcast in Africa on DSTV's version of Comedy Central. It aired on FX in the United Kingdom until they decided not to renew their contract in May 2009.", "It aired on FX in the United Kingdom until they decided not to renew their contract in May 2009. In Portugal, it airs on Sic Radical.", "In Portugal, it airs on Sic Radical. Beginning June 3, 2008, The Colbert Report also aired on the ShowComedy channel of Showtime Arabia (Currently OSN First HD), a channel which broadcasts in the Middle East and North Africa. The show is transmitted on a one-day delay from original transmission in the US.", "The show is transmitted on a one-day delay from original transmission in the US. The show was shown during prime time on Australia's free-to-air ABC2 in 2010, however the channel was outbid for rights for 2011.", "The show was shown during prime time on Australia's free-to-air ABC2 in 2010, however the channel was outbid for rights for 2011. The show was available directly on the colbernation.com website for part of 2011, with Australian advertisements; however, Australian access is now blocked.", "The show was available directly on the colbernation.com website for part of 2011, with Australian advertisements; however, Australian access is now blocked. Several international markets also air The Colbert Report Global Edition, which shows highlights from the previous week's shows and includes a special introduction by Stephen Colbert at the start of the program.", "Several international markets also air The Colbert Report Global Edition, which shows highlights from the previous week's shows and includes a special introduction by Stephen Colbert at the start of the program. This means a new or newly repackaged episode can be screened every weekday.", "This means a new or newly repackaged episode can be screened every weekday. In addition, most recent episodes (usually 3 weeks back) would be available in full length on colbertnation.com. Some international audiences could not see such way. By the end of the series's run, the colbernation.com website was integrated into Comedy Central's website.", "By the end of the series's run, the colbernation.com website was integrated into Comedy Central's website. As of 2021, almost seven years after the show ended, many episodes are presented in individual clips there. Related multimedia The show spawned various merchandise and multimedia related to the show.", "Related multimedia The show spawned various merchandise and multimedia related to the show. Three books were released to accompany the show's humor, the first being I Am America (And So Can You! ), released both in print and as an audiobook in 2007. In 2012, two spinoff books of the show were released.", "In 2012, two spinoff books of the show were released. America Again is a sequel to the show's first book, and addresses topics including Wall Street, campaign finance, energy policy, healthcare, eating on the campaign trail, and the United States Constitution. Another book, I Am a Pole (And So Can You!", "Another book, I Am a Pole (And So Can You! ), was released the same year and purports to be a children's book telling the story of a fictional pole finding its purpose in life. Segments from the show were also released on DVD during its run.", "Segments from the show were also released on DVD during its run. The Best of The Colbert Report, released in 2007, contains several of the show's most memorable early moments. The show's Christmas special, A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!, was also released on DVD the following year.", "The show's Christmas special, A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!, was also released on DVD the following year. The soundtrack of that special also saw a digital release on the iTunes Store after its broadcast, and contains music from Feist, John Legend, Willie Nelson, Toby Keith, Jon Stewart, Elvis Costello, and Colbert himself.", "The soundtrack of that special also saw a digital release on the iTunes Store after its broadcast, and contains music from Feist, John Legend, Willie Nelson, Toby Keith, Jon Stewart, Elvis Costello, and Colbert himself. In 2011, Jack White's record label Third Man Records released a 7\" vinyl single of Stephen Colbert and The Black Belles performing \"Charlene II (I'm Over You)\", which they also performed together on the show.", "In 2011, Jack White's record label Third Man Records released a 7\" vinyl single of Stephen Colbert and The Black Belles performing \"Charlene II (I'm Over You)\", which they also performed together on the show. See also List of late-night American network TV programs CNNNN The Daily Show Newstopia Rick Mercer Report This Hour Has 22 Minutes The Beaverton Hot Seat Real Time with Bill Maher Inside Washington Washington Week References External links The Colbert Report Web site 2005 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings 2000s American late-night television series 2000s American political comedy television series 2000s American satirical television series 2000s American television news shows 2010s American late-night television series 2010s American political comedy television series 2010s American satirical television series 2010s American television news shows Comedy Central original programming Criticism of journalism English-language television shows American news parodies Peabody Award-winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series winners Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series Television series by Busboy Productions Television shows filmed in New York City American television spin-offs The Daily Show Comedy Central late-night programming Political satirical television series" ]

[ "The Colbert Report", "Background", "when was it formed", "Colbert joined Comedy Central's The Daily Show in 1997, a year following its launch,", "who did he perform with", "Steve Carell", "in what program is the report in", "Comedy Central's", "is the report latter popular", "Following the show's immediate success, the show \"quickly became a fixture in the late-night lineup.\" At its peak, the show averaged 1.5 million viewers each evening." ]

[ "Wild Thing is a podcast about the relationship between science and society. It is hosted by Laura Krantz and produced by Foxtopus Ink. In 2006 Krantz learned that she was related to anthropologist Grover Krantz, who had spent much of his career writing about and hunting for Sasquatch, after she read an article in the Washington Post. At the time, Krantz was working at National Public Radio and thought that she needed to dig deeper. Through her reporting she came to understand that the search for Sasquatch spoke to important questions about human evolution, conspiracy theories, and the human connection to the natural world. The second season of Wild Thing concerns the search for extraterrestrial life.\n\nEpisodes \n\nSeason 2: Wild Thing: Space Invaders\n\nIn addition to the main episodes, both seasons also include bonus interviews. Season one includes conversations with well known cryptozoologist Bob Gimlin, director William Dear, Sasquatch hunter Peter Byrne and Bigfoot erotica author Virginia Wade. In season two Krantz speaks with astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, science YouTuber Joe Scott, as well as astronomers involved with searching for life on Venus and Mars.\n\nCritical reception \nWild Thing garnered largely positive press from around the country. The Atlantic announced Wild Thing as one of the best podcasts of 2018, largely owing to its gentle handing of a topic that many people view with skepticism. Emily Todd VanDerWeff of Vox wrote: \"It’s smart, well produced, well written, and intelligently structured.\" The Los Angeles Times called Wild Thing \"Serial for Sasquatches.\" Mashable named it the most \"binge-worth podcasts of 2018\" The Atlanticnamed season 2 one of the best podcasts of 2020. The show was also featured in Rolling Stone, Outside Magazine, and Scientific American.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official Website\n\n2018 podcast debuts\nAudio podcasts", "Article 134 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) also known as the General Article of the UCMJ is an article of military law in the United States that provides for penalties by court-martial various offences that prejudice good order and discipline or bring discredit upon the armed forces, such as for \"disloyal\" statements made \"with the intent to promote disloyalty or disaffection toward the United States by any member of the armed forces or to interfere with or impair the loyalty to the United States or good order and discipline of any member of the armed forces.\"\n\nManual for Courts-Martial\n\nSee also\n Uniform Code of Military Justice\n General article (UCMJ article 134)\n\nExternal links\n About.com article\n Kuro5hin.org article\n\nUnited States military law" ]

[ "The Colbert Report ( ) is an American late-night talk and news satire television program hosted by Stephen Colbert that aired four days a week on Comedy Central from October 17, 2005, to December 18, 2014, for 1,447 episodes. The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake.", "The show focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake. The character, described by Colbert as a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot\", is a caricature of televised political pundits. Furthermore, the show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs, particularly Fox News's The O'Reilly Factor.", "Furthermore, the show satirized conservative personality-driven political talk programs, particularly Fox News's The O'Reilly Factor. The Colbert Report is a spin-off of Comedy Central's The Daily Show, in which Colbert acted as a correspondent for the program for several years while developing the character.", "The Colbert Report is a spin-off of Comedy Central's The Daily Show, in which Colbert acted as a correspondent for the program for several years while developing the character. The program was created by Colbert, Jon Stewart, and Ben Karlin. The show's writing was grounded in improvisation, and often lampooned current events stories.", "The show's writing was grounded in improvisation, and often lampooned current events stories. The show's structure also included a guest interview, in which the Colbert character attempts to deconstruct his opponent's argument.", "The show's structure also included a guest interview, in which the Colbert character attempts to deconstruct his opponent's argument. The show was taped in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, and the program's set is \"hyper-American\", epitomizing the character's ego.", "The show was taped in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, and the program's set is \"hyper-American\", epitomizing the character's ego. The show was taped and broadcast Monday through Thursday, with weeks taken off at multiple points in a given year for breaks.", "The show was taped and broadcast Monday through Thursday, with weeks taken off at multiple points in a given year for breaks. The Colbert Report saw immediate critical and ratings successes, leading to various awards, including two Peabody Awards.", "The Colbert Report saw immediate critical and ratings successes, leading to various awards, including two Peabody Awards. The show's cultural influence—which occasionally would require a fair degree of participation from the show's audience, dubbed the Colbert Nation—extended beyond the program a number of times.", "The show's cultural influence—which occasionally would require a fair degree of participation from the show's audience, dubbed the Colbert Nation—extended beyond the program a number of times. This impact included the character running for U.S. President twice, co-hosting a rally at the National Mall, presenting a controversial performance at the White House Correspondents' Dinner, and establishing a real Super PAC that raised a million dollars.", "This impact included the character running for U.S. President twice, co-hosting a rally at the National Mall, presenting a controversial performance at the White House Correspondents' Dinner, and establishing a real Super PAC that raised a million dollars. In addition, the show inspired various forms of multimedia, including music and multiple best-selling books.", "In addition, the show inspired various forms of multimedia, including music and multiple best-selling books. Background The Colbert Report satirized conservative personality-driven political pundit programs, and focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake.", "Background The Colbert Report satirized conservative personality-driven political pundit programs, and focused on a fictional anchorman character named Stephen Colbert, played by his real-life namesake. The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\"", "The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\" Colbert joined Comedy Central's The Daily Show in 1997, a year following its launch, then hosted by Craig Kilborn.", "Colbert joined Comedy Central's The Daily Show in 1997, a year following its launch, then hosted by Craig Kilborn. When Jon Stewart became the program's host in 1999, The Daily Show developed a markedly different style, bringing a sharper political focus to the humor than the show previously exhibited.", "When Jon Stewart became the program's host in 1999, The Daily Show developed a markedly different style, bringing a sharper political focus to the humor than the show previously exhibited. Colbert recalled that Stewart specifically asked him to have a political viewpoint, and to allow his passion for issues to carry through into his comedy.", "Colbert recalled that Stewart specifically asked him to have a political viewpoint, and to allow his passion for issues to carry through into his comedy. Colbert became a fixture on The Daily Show, occasionally hosting in Stewart's absence.", "Colbert became a fixture on The Daily Show, occasionally hosting in Stewart's absence. In 2003, the program began running advertisements for a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, starring Colbert as a parody of cable news pundits.", "In 2003, the program began running advertisements for a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, starring Colbert as a parody of cable news pundits. When fellow Daily Show star Steve Carell left to pursue a film and television career, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network.", "When fellow Daily Show star Steve Carell left to pursue a film and television career, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network. He pitched The Colbert Report to the channel in 2004. Stewart pushed Comedy Central to pick up the show, and Colbert was given an eight-week tryout.", "Stewart pushed Comedy Central to pick up the show, and Colbert was given an eight-week tryout. Following the show's immediate success, the show \"quickly became a fixture in the late-night lineup.\" At its peak, the show averaged 1.5 million viewers each evening.", "At its peak, the show averaged 1.5 million viewers each evening. The fictional Colbert anchorman character became gradually toned down over the course of the show's run, as the host believed he would eventually need to move beyond it.", "The fictional Colbert anchorman character became gradually toned down over the course of the show's run, as the host believed he would eventually need to move beyond it. He began to regard it as an act of discipline to perform as the character; he later remarked, \"to model behavior, you have to consume that behavior on a regular basis.", "He began to regard it as an act of discipline to perform as the character; he later remarked, \"to model behavior, you have to consume that behavior on a regular basis. It became very hard to watch punditry of any kind, of whatever political stripe.\"", "It became very hard to watch punditry of any kind, of whatever political stripe.\" With his contract set to end in December 2014, he had already decided to leave the show when he was contacted by CBS to replace David Letterman as the host of its Late Show franchise.", "With his contract set to end in December 2014, he had already decided to leave the show when he was contacted by CBS to replace David Letterman as the host of its Late Show franchise. The show's ending was announced concurrently with Colbert's jump to CBS in April 2014. The last episode aired on December 18, 2014.", "The last episode aired on December 18, 2014. The show was replaced on Comedy Central's late-night lineup by The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, another spinoff of The Daily Show.", "The show was replaced on Comedy Central's late-night lineup by The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, another spinoff of The Daily Show. History Development The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\"", "History Development The character first made appearances on the short-lived sketch comedy series The Dana Carvey Show in 1996, described as \"a self-important, trench-coated reporter who does on-location stories in a way that suggests his own presence is the real scoop.\" When The Daily Show ran short on time, a short piece starring Colbert, advertising a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, was added into the program.", "When The Daily Show ran short on time, a short piece starring Colbert, advertising a fictional program titled The Colbert Réport, was added into the program. In these sketches, Colbert began to amplify his character to parody news pundits.", "In these sketches, Colbert began to amplify his character to parody news pundits. Colbert anchored many sketches in his persona, including \"Even Stepvhen\", in which he debated current issues with fellow correspondent Steve Carell, often devolving into petty name-calling and insults.", "Colbert anchored many sketches in his persona, including \"Even Stepvhen\", in which he debated current issues with fellow correspondent Steve Carell, often devolving into petty name-calling and insults. Colbert and Carell were viewed as potential breakout stars by staff, and when Carell left the series in 2004 to start a US version of The Office, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network.", "Colbert and Carell were viewed as potential breakout stars by staff, and when Carell left the series in 2004 to start a US version of The Office, Comedy Central made attempts to keep Colbert at the network. Stewart and Karlin were already looking to expand the Daily Show franchise and their production company, Busboy.", "Stewart and Karlin were already looking to expand the Daily Show franchise and their production company, Busboy. The duo supposedly came up with the idea for The Colbert Report after watching coverage of the sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Bill O'Reilly. Colbert met with network president Doug Herzog the day following the 2004 Emmy Awards to first discuss the concept.", "Colbert met with network president Doug Herzog the day following the 2004 Emmy Awards to first discuss the concept. The one-line pitch Colbert, Karlin and Stewart developed was \"Our version of the O'Reilly Factor with Stephen Colbert.\" Herzog committed to an eight-week tryout period without a pilot.", "Herzog committed to an eight-week tryout period without a pilot. By the time of the 2004 election, the character was fully developed. In creating the character, which is designed to be repellant but entertaining, Colbert conferred with Stewart and Karlin.", "In creating the character, which is designed to be repellant but entertaining, Colbert conferred with Stewart and Karlin. In expressing his hope that his character not be \"an asshole,\" Stewart remarked, \"You're not an asshole. You're an idiot. There's a difference.\"", "There's a difference.\" There's a difference.\" Head writer Allison Silverman reiterated this trait in a later interview, commenting, \"There is an essential innocence to his character.\" Colbert initially felt the character might not be sustainable in a longer format.", "Colbert initially felt the character might not be sustainable in a longer format. Despite this, The Colbert Report was designed as an extension of the satiric goals of The Daily Show, combining it with general silliness and character-driven humor.", "Despite this, The Colbert Report was designed as an extension of the satiric goals of The Daily Show, combining it with general silliness and character-driven humor. To make sure there was no overlap in subject matter with The Daily Show, Karlin made trips between the studios during the show's early days to supervise scripts.", "To make sure there was no overlap in subject matter with The Daily Show, Karlin made trips between the studios during the show's early days to supervise scripts. For the first several years of the program, Colbert made an appearance at the end of each Daily Show in split-screen, having a short discussion with Stewart preceding his show.", "For the first several years of the program, Colbert made an appearance at the end of each Daily Show in split-screen, having a short discussion with Stewart preceding his show. Production The show's writing was grounded in improv, employing a \"yes to everything\" mentality.", "Production The show's writing was grounded in improv, employing a \"yes to everything\" mentality. Much of the humor derived from extended improv games with the show's studio and at-home audience, such as Colbert's poll to name a bridge in Hungary after himself.", "Much of the humor derived from extended improv games with the show's studio and at-home audience, such as Colbert's poll to name a bridge in Hungary after himself. Many of the writers had improv training and at one point put together \"improv evenings\" at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre once a month.", "Many of the writers had improv training and at one point put together \"improv evenings\" at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre once a month. Writers on The Colbert Report were predominantly male and white; Colbert acknowledged this lack of diversity, but he contended he had hired writers based solely on the quality of their material and had never looked at the names on writing packets submitted for employment.", "Writers on The Colbert Report were predominantly male and white; Colbert acknowledged this lack of diversity, but he contended he had hired writers based solely on the quality of their material and had never looked at the names on writing packets submitted for employment. Subjects considered too dark were not even considered for comedic material; for example, the show would poke fun at press coverage of a tragedy, rather than the tragedy itself.", "Subjects considered too dark were not even considered for comedic material; for example, the show would poke fun at press coverage of a tragedy, rather than the tragedy itself. Issues discussed on the show were later reported on actual newscasts, in turn allowing the show to comment on its own impact, creating an echo chamber of sorts.", "Issues discussed on the show were later reported on actual newscasts, in turn allowing the show to comment on its own impact, creating an echo chamber of sorts. This led Colbert to describe his show, \"at its purest expression, [as] a pebble that we throw into the puddle of the news, and then we report on our own ripples.\"", "This led Colbert to describe his show, \"at its purest expression, [as] a pebble that we throw into the puddle of the news, and then we report on our own ripples.\" Ideas for each show were considered in the morning pitch meeting, which could range from \"harrowing\" to smooth.", "Ideas for each show were considered in the morning pitch meeting, which could range from \"harrowing\" to smooth. Described as having \"demanding standards\", Colbert is quoted as remarking, \"Let's make it perfect and then cut it.\"", "Described as having \"demanding standards\", Colbert is quoted as remarking, \"Let's make it perfect and then cut it.\" Although dozens of ideas were either chosen for the show or deleted, other ideas, saved for a later date, were often forgotten because of the pace of news.", "Although dozens of ideas were either chosen for the show or deleted, other ideas, saved for a later date, were often forgotten because of the pace of news. Ideas with considerable potential were put in the \"hopper\" to be developed and rewritten, while more fully formed ideas were placed in the \"pantry.\"", "Ideas with considerable potential were put in the \"hopper\" to be developed and rewritten, while more fully formed ideas were placed in the \"pantry.\" Good jokes would still be sacrificed if they did not fit the character's specific point of view, which was deemed the inverse of what \"any logical person\" feels.", "Good jokes would still be sacrificed if they did not fit the character's specific point of view, which was deemed the inverse of what \"any logical person\" feels. At least one writer has described the job as \"all-consuming\", leaving no time for outside activities.", "At least one writer has described the job as \"all-consuming\", leaving no time for outside activities. Colbert himself eventually became withdrawn from morning meetings as the show continued on and he mulled a decision to leave.", "Colbert himself eventually became withdrawn from morning meetings as the show continued on and he mulled a decision to leave. Usually by 11 a.m., a rough outline for the show was completed and writers sent off in pairs to create scripts that would be polished throughout the day.", "Usually by 11 a.m., a rough outline for the show was completed and writers sent off in pairs to create scripts that would be polished throughout the day. First, writers would scan news articles for ideas and partner together in pairs, with one \"keeping track of possible jokes.\"", "First, writers would scan news articles for ideas and partner together in pairs, with one \"keeping track of possible jokes.\" During an appearance at the New York Comedy Festival in 2013, some writers admitted to procrastinating until the last hour before rehearsal to complete their sections; Colbert confirmed that, in the program's early days, segments such as \"The Word\" were scripted entirely during the rewrite before rehearsal.", "During an appearance at the New York Comedy Festival in 2013, some writers admitted to procrastinating until the last hour before rehearsal to complete their sections; Colbert confirmed that, in the program's early days, segments such as \"The Word\" were scripted entirely during the rewrite before rehearsal. Both writers read their dialogue aloud to see whether they thought the Colbert character would say it.", "Both writers read their dialogue aloud to see whether they thought the Colbert character would say it. As writers were working on their respective scripts, the show's production and graphics team compiled music, footage, and props needed for the show.", "As writers were working on their respective scripts, the show's production and graphics team compiled music, footage, and props needed for the show. To collect video clips, the show cross-referenced transcripts of hours and hours of archived TiVo recordings of news programs.", "To collect video clips, the show cross-referenced transcripts of hours and hours of archived TiVo recordings of news programs. In 2011, the show switched to Snapstream software, which streamlined the TV clip search and compilation process, allowing for searching closed captioning for select words.", "In 2011, the show switched to Snapstream software, which streamlined the TV clip search and compilation process, allowing for searching closed captioning for select words. In addition, a group of staff coders and independent contractors developed Scripto software to collaborate on scripts in real time.", "In addition, a group of staff coders and independent contractors developed Scripto software to collaborate on scripts in real time. By 1 p.m., the show held a second production meeting to go over scripts and determine which pieces to edit.", "By 1 p.m., the show held a second production meeting to go over scripts and determine which pieces to edit. Scripts were \"hopefully\" completed around 4 p.m., and a rehearsal with the entire staff would begin at 5:30 p.m. or occasionally earlier. Afterward, final changes were made to the script.", "Afterward, final changes were made to the script. The final rewrite would take place in a \"small, red, poorly ventilated room\" until 6:45 p.m. Before interviewing his guests, Colbert met with them in the green room and acknowledged that he was playing a character, noting that the persona is \"willfully ignorant of what you know and care about\" and urging the guest to \"honestly disabuse me of what you see as my ignorance.\"", "The final rewrite would take place in a \"small, red, poorly ventilated room\" until 6:45 p.m. Before interviewing his guests, Colbert met with them in the green room and acknowledged that he was playing a character, noting that the persona is \"willfully ignorant of what you know and care about\" and urging the guest to \"honestly disabuse me of what you see as my ignorance.\" Emily Lazar, a producer for the interview segments, advised guests to talk with Colbert as though he were a \"harmless drunk at the next bar stool.\"", "Emily Lazar, a producer for the interview segments, advised guests to talk with Colbert as though he were a \"harmless drunk at the next bar stool.\" Guests would typically take their seats around 7 p.m., when a warm-up comedian (perhaps Jared Logan or Paul Mercurio) delivered jokes.", "Guests would typically take their seats around 7 p.m., when a warm-up comedian (perhaps Jared Logan or Paul Mercurio) delivered jokes. Colbert, out of character, held a brief question and answer session with the audience prior to taping.", "Colbert, out of character, held a brief question and answer session with the audience prior to taping. Taping lasted as long as three hours but usually ended around 9 p.m., at which point the show was edited and sent to Comedy Central for broadcast.", "Taping lasted as long as three hours but usually ended around 9 p.m., at which point the show was edited and sent to Comedy Central for broadcast. As the show was being edited, the staff met one last time to work through details for the next show.", "As the show was being edited, the staff met one last time to work through details for the next show. Set The Colbert Report was taped and broadcast four nights a week, Monday–Thursday.", "Set The Colbert Report was taped and broadcast four nights a week, Monday–Thursday. The show's taping studio, at 513 W. 54th Street in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, was used for The Daily Show until July 2005, and has a capacity of 150.", "The show's taping studio, at 513 W. 54th Street in New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, was used for The Daily Show until July 2005, and has a capacity of 150. NEP Studio 54 on 54th Street is owned by NEP Broadcasting which is New York City's largest production facility and also owns The Daily Show set at NEP Studio 52 two blocks south on 52nd Street.", "NEP Studio 54 on 54th Street is owned by NEP Broadcasting which is New York City's largest production facility and also owns The Daily Show set at NEP Studio 52 two blocks south on 52nd Street. Aside from the set, the show's production offices have been described as \"loft-like\" and \"all overhead pipes and exposed brick.\"", "Aside from the set, the show's production offices have been described as \"loft-like\" and \"all overhead pipes and exposed brick.\" Following the show's conclusion, the building was used for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore.", "Following the show's conclusion, the building was used for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore. The set for The Colbert Report was called \"The Eagle's Nest\" and reflects and facilitates Colbert's self-aggrandizing style. It was designed by Jim Fenhagen, and was intended to both capture the character's ego and be \"hyper-American.\"", "It was designed by Jim Fenhagen, and was intended to both capture the character's ego and be \"hyper-American.\" Elements incorporated into the set included architectural lines converged to Colbert's desk, and radial beams coming out from behind his chair.", "Elements incorporated into the set included architectural lines converged to Colbert's desk, and radial beams coming out from behind his chair. Colbert's main influence for the set was Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, with the Colbert character as Jesus Christ.", "Colbert's main influence for the set was Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, with the Colbert character as Jesus Christ. In the set, \"virtually every inch emblazoned with Colbert's name or the initial C\"; his name, initials and the name of the show appear on the desk's plasma screen, on the rafters above the desk, and the desk itself is shaped like a giant \"C\".", "In the set, \"virtually every inch emblazoned with Colbert's name or the initial C\"; his name, initials and the name of the show appear on the desk's plasma screen, on the rafters above the desk, and the desk itself is shaped like a giant \"C\". The background includes faux artifacts from the character's backstory, which are seldom seen by viewers.", "The background includes faux artifacts from the character's backstory, which are seldom seen by viewers. \"I kept saying, 'People might not really notice this.' But when you're working with a comedy team, they really get into it. They couldn't help themselves,\" said Fenhagen.", "They couldn't help themselves,\" said Fenhagen. Among these touches are the United States Constitution, a miniature Ten Commandments, and a CliffsNotes guide to American government. The set was described as \"part Riefenstahlesque homage to the star, part symbologic gallery — where alert viewers are rewarded with snarky jokes at every turn.\"", "The set was described as \"part Riefenstahlesque homage to the star, part symbologic gallery — where alert viewers are rewarded with snarky jokes at every turn.\" Above a fireplace is a portrait of Colbert; it originally showed Colbert standing in front of the same mantel with another portrait of himself.", "Above a fireplace is a portrait of Colbert; it originally showed Colbert standing in front of the same mantel with another portrait of himself. On the show's first anniversary, the portrait was replaced by one of Colbert standing in front of the mantel with the first portrait above it, and with each successive year, it became Colbert standing in front of the previous year's painting.", "On the show's first anniversary, the portrait was replaced by one of Colbert standing in front of the mantel with the first portrait above it, and with each successive year, it became Colbert standing in front of the previous year's painting. The graphics used throughout the show and the studio itself are saturated with American flags, bald eagles, Captain America's shield, and other patriotic imagery.", "The graphics used throughout the show and the studio itself are saturated with American flags, bald eagles, Captain America's shield, and other patriotic imagery. Format Typically, Colbert starts with the audience cheering and teasers regarding the show's topics and guest; each headline is structured to be a deliberate pun.", "Format Typically, Colbert starts with the audience cheering and teasers regarding the show's topics and guest; each headline is structured to be a deliberate pun. The series of puns are followed by a verbal metaphor that promotes the show and is almost always finished with, \"This is the Colbert Report.\"", "The series of puns are followed by a verbal metaphor that promotes the show and is almost always finished with, \"This is the Colbert Report.\" The show's original opening title sequence began with an eagle diving past the host, following by images of Americana, stock footage of Colbert, and words describing Colbert flying by (some of which have been used as The Word).", "The show's original opening title sequence began with an eagle diving past the host, following by images of Americana, stock footage of Colbert, and words describing Colbert flying by (some of which have been used as The Word). The first word used was \"Grippy\", and has changed to include, among others, \"Megamerican\", \"Lincolnish\", \"Superstantial\", \"Flagaphile\", and \"Factose Intolerant\".", "The first word used was \"Grippy\", and has changed to include, among others, \"Megamerican\", \"Lincolnish\", \"Superstantial\", \"Flagaphile\", and \"Factose Intolerant\". The May 4 episode in 2009 featured hints planted by J. J. Abrams about when and where Colbert would be in the Persian Gulf, and \"Farewellison\" for the final episode of former producer Allison Silverman.", "The May 4 episode in 2009 featured hints planted by J. J. Abrams about when and where Colbert would be in the Persian Gulf, and \"Farewellison\" for the final episode of former producer Allison Silverman. The show's opening credits depict the Colbert character clutching an American flag. On January 4, 2010, a new opening debuted.", "On January 4, 2010, a new opening debuted. The opening begins and ends with an eagle as before, but features new background renderings, new shots of Stephen Colbert, and is now colored in an American, red white and blue motif. The show's theme music is \"Baby Mumbles\" by Cheap Trick.", "The show's theme music is \"Baby Mumbles\" by Cheap Trick. Colbert phoned guitarist Rick Nielsen during development of the show to discuss the theme, noting that he loved the band's song \"I Want You to Want Me\"; the show's theme music is largely that song's melody backwards.", "Colbert phoned guitarist Rick Nielsen during development of the show to discuss the theme, noting that he loved the band's song \"I Want You to Want Me\"; the show's theme music is largely that song's melody backwards. Following the opening sequence, Colbert most often proceeds with a run-through of recent headlines in a manner parodying traditional news broadcasts; this is similar to The Daily Show but with a faux-right-wing spin.", "Following the opening sequence, Colbert most often proceeds with a run-through of recent headlines in a manner parodying traditional news broadcasts; this is similar to The Daily Show but with a faux-right-wing spin. The program typically continues with Colbert addressing a specific topic.", "The program typically continues with Colbert addressing a specific topic. Colbert often calls to \"Jimmy\", a reference to program director Jim Hoskinson, to roll video clips.", "Colbert often calls to \"Jimmy\", a reference to program director Jim Hoskinson, to roll video clips. That topic will often lead into a \"The Word\" segment, which juxtaposes Colbert's commentary with satirical bullet points on-screen, a parody of The O'Reilly Factors \"Talking Points Memo\".", "That topic will often lead into a \"The Word\" segment, which juxtaposes Colbert's commentary with satirical bullet points on-screen, a parody of The O'Reilly Factors \"Talking Points Memo\". On occasion he will conduct a short interview with someone having to do with the topic.", "On occasion he will conduct a short interview with someone having to do with the topic. The format of the middle segment varies, but it is normally a visual presentation or skit.", "The format of the middle segment varies, but it is normally a visual presentation or skit. Often, these skits are parts of recurring segments, which may include \"Better Know a District\", in which Colbert interviews a U.S. Representative from a certain district of the United States; \"Tip of the Hat/Wag of the Finger\", in which Colbert voices his approval or disapproval of prominent people and news items; \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.", "Often, these skits are parts of recurring segments, which may include \"Better Know a District\", in which Colbert interviews a U.S. Representative from a certain district of the United States; \"Tip of the Hat/Wag of the Finger\", in which Colbert voices his approval or disapproval of prominent people and news items; \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A. \", a health segment; \"The Sport Report\" with the \"t\" in both Sport and Report silent, a sports segment; and \"The ThreatDown\", in which Colbert lists the five greatest threats to America, and others.", "\", a health segment; \"The Sport Report\" with the \"t\" in both Sport and Report silent, a sports segment; and \"The ThreatDown\", in which Colbert lists the five greatest threats to America, and others. His newest segment, \"Thought for Food\" deals with the consumption of specific foods across the world.", "His newest segment, \"Thought for Food\" deals with the consumption of specific foods across the world. Sometimes, there is a \"Colbert Report Special Repor-t\" (the final 't' pronounced with special emphasis), or even a \"Colbert Report, Sport Report, Special Repor-t\", in which Colbert devotes a section of an episode, and sometimes the entire episode to a special subject.", "Sometimes, there is a \"Colbert Report Special Repor-t\" (the final 't' pronounced with special emphasis), or even a \"Colbert Report, Sport Report, Special Repor-t\", in which Colbert devotes a section of an episode, and sometimes the entire episode to a special subject. The third segment is almost always an interview with a celebrity guest, often an author or government official.", "The third segment is almost always an interview with a celebrity guest, often an author or government official. Unlike the late night talk show standard of the guest walking out to the host's desk, Colbert instead runs to a separate area of the set to interview his guest, basking in the applause and glory meant for the guest.", "Unlike the late night talk show standard of the guest walking out to the host's desk, Colbert instead runs to a separate area of the set to interview his guest, basking in the applause and glory meant for the guest. On the interview segment of the show, Colbert frequently attempts to nail his guest by using various rhetorical devices and fallacies to prove them wrong.", "On the interview segment of the show, Colbert frequently attempts to nail his guest by using various rhetorical devices and fallacies to prove them wrong. The real-life Colbert once remarked that his personal favorite segment of the program were the interviews, which involved more listening on his end in order for the character to \"ignorantly deconstruct\" his opponent's argument.", "The real-life Colbert once remarked that his personal favorite segment of the program were the interviews, which involved more listening on his end in order for the character to \"ignorantly deconstruct\" his opponent's argument. The third segment of the show is on occasion a musical guest.", "The third segment of the show is on occasion a musical guest. Prominent musical guests have included Metallica, Paul McCartney, Rush, Green Day, Paul Simon, Crosby Stills & Nash, Pavement, Cat Stevens, Yo-Yo Ma, Radiohead and Black Star.", "Prominent musical guests have included Metallica, Paul McCartney, Rush, Green Day, Paul Simon, Crosby Stills & Nash, Pavement, Cat Stevens, Yo-Yo Ma, Radiohead and Black Star. Afterwards, Colbert ends the show by giving some parting words to the audience or, if short for time, a simple \"that's it for the report everybody, good night\".", "Afterwards, Colbert ends the show by giving some parting words to the audience or, if short for time, a simple \"that's it for the report everybody, good night\". Character The host of The Colbert Report is Stephen Colbert, a \"self-important right-wing commentator\", portrayed by his real-life namesake.", "Character The host of The Colbert Report is Stephen Colbert, a \"self-important right-wing commentator\", portrayed by his real-life namesake. The character incorporates aspects of Colbert's real life, but is primarily a parody of cable news pundits, particularly Bill O'Reilly of Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor, whom he refers to as \"Papa Bear\".", "The character incorporates aspects of Colbert's real life, but is primarily a parody of cable news pundits, particularly Bill O'Reilly of Fox News' The O'Reilly Factor, whom he refers to as \"Papa Bear\". To this end, the character even incorporates O'Reilly's mannerisms, described as his \"pen-wielding, hand-stabbing gestures.\"", "To this end, the character even incorporates O'Reilly's mannerisms, described as his \"pen-wielding, hand-stabbing gestures.\" O'Reilly's use of \"talking points\" — illustrated onscreen graphics reflecting the host's opinions — are parodied on The Colbert Report with the segment \"The Word\".", "O'Reilly's use of \"talking points\" — illustrated onscreen graphics reflecting the host's opinions — are parodied on The Colbert Report with the segment \"The Word\". He initially incorporated long-winded, verbose metaphors to parody CNN correspondent Aaron Brown.", "He initially incorporated long-winded, verbose metaphors to parody CNN correspondent Aaron Brown. In addition, the character was also heavily inspired by Stone Phillips, Bill Kurtis and \"especially\" Geraldo Rivera. \"I loved the way Geraldo made reporting a story seem like an act of courage,\" Colbert told a reporter in 2012.", "\"I loved the way Geraldo made reporting a story seem like an act of courage,\" Colbert told a reporter in 2012. The core principle of The Colbert Report is that Colbert is a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot.\"", "The core principle of The Colbert Report is that Colbert is a \"well-intentioned, poorly informed, high-status idiot.\" The character believes that he himself is the news: rather than a vessel to deliver the news to the audience, or a general member of the media, the character sees himself as more important than the news.", "The character believes that he himself is the news: rather than a vessel to deliver the news to the audience, or a general member of the media, the character sees himself as more important than the news. He is veracious in his approach, while often ridiculously overblown in his statements.", "He is veracious in his approach, while often ridiculously overblown in his statements. The character is egomaniacal, fact-averse (\"factose intolerant\"), God-fearing, and hyper-patriotic. He claims to be an independent who is often mistaken for a Republican, but uniformly despises liberals and generally agrees with the actions and decisions of the Republican Party.", "He claims to be an independent who is often mistaken for a Republican, but uniformly despises liberals and generally agrees with the actions and decisions of the Republican Party. Colbert's character has been described as a \"caustic right-wing bully\".", "Colbert's character has been described as a \"caustic right-wing bully\". The character exists not in opposition to political leaders, but to common ignorances; for example, his insistence that then-presidential candidate Barack Obama had Socialist leanings was based on public misconceptions.", "The character exists not in opposition to political leaders, but to common ignorances; for example, his insistence that then-presidential candidate Barack Obama had Socialist leanings was based on public misconceptions. In parodying the cult of personality, the Colbert character also developed a real-life equivalent, creating what was dubbed the \"Colbert Nation\".", "In parodying the cult of personality, the Colbert character also developed a real-life equivalent, creating what was dubbed the \"Colbert Nation\". While giving the character a certain mythos was part of the show's inception, show producers did not set out to create a loyal following; the joke was that the character thought he had an influence, but that was a figment of his ego-riddled imagination.", "While giving the character a certain mythos was part of the show's inception, show producers did not set out to create a loyal following; the joke was that the character thought he had an influence, but that was a figment of his ego-riddled imagination. Despite his appearance of always being in charge, Colbert is vulnerable: he feels deeply threatened by those wielding more power than he, and he suffers from \"arctophobia\", the fear of bears, which he refers to as \"giant, marauding, godless killing machines\".", "Despite his appearance of always being in charge, Colbert is vulnerable: he feels deeply threatened by those wielding more power than he, and he suffers from \"arctophobia\", the fear of bears, which he refers to as \"giant, marauding, godless killing machines\". He will alert the audience to what he perceives as the latest national threat (the subject of a recurring bit, \"ThreatDown\"), only to justify his own fears and impose those onto his audience.", "He will alert the audience to what he perceives as the latest national threat (the subject of a recurring bit, \"ThreatDown\"), only to justify his own fears and impose those onto his audience. As the show progressed, Colbert gradually began to tone down the character, allowing guests in interviews to \"get his or her own message across.\"", "As the show progressed, Colbert gradually began to tone down the character, allowing guests in interviews to \"get his or her own message across.\" The show's longevity created what The New York Times described as \"a winking quality to the act, a sense that we’re all in on the joke.\"", "The show's longevity created what The New York Times described as \"a winking quality to the act, a sense that we’re all in on the joke.\" Colbert himself acknowledged that he \"rarely hit it as hard as I used to,\" noting that \"You have to be vigilant to stay ignorant.\"", "Colbert himself acknowledged that he \"rarely hit it as hard as I used to,\" noting that \"You have to be vigilant to stay ignorant.\" He noted that his own personal opinions can occasionally align with his character's, when liberal guests' agendas appeared based on dislike rather than logical argument.", "He noted that his own personal opinions can occasionally align with his character's, when liberal guests' agendas appeared based on dislike rather than logical argument. Politician and former vice president Al Gore accidentally referred to the persona as a \"character\" in a 2011 interview on the show, and in 2013, Colbert further blurred lines when he spoke regarding the death of his mother on the program.", "Politician and former vice president Al Gore accidentally referred to the persona as a \"character\" in a 2011 interview on the show, and in 2013, Colbert further blurred lines when he spoke regarding the death of his mother on the program. In doing so, many commentators referred the show's longevity and the development of a \"third\" Colbert — one a faux pundit and one informed by the performer's own life.", "In doing so, many commentators referred the show's longevity and the development of a \"third\" Colbert — one a faux pundit and one informed by the performer's own life. In the show's credits, Colbert was credited with a title, which deliberately became increasingly cumbersome as the show progressed: Her Excellency The Rev.", "In the show's credits, Colbert was credited with a title, which deliberately became increasingly cumbersome as the show progressed: Her Excellency The Rev. Sir Doctor Stephen Tyrone Mos Def Colbert, D.F.A., Heavyweight Champion of the World✱✱ featuring Flo Rida La Premiere Dame De France.", "Sir Doctor Stephen Tyrone Mos Def Colbert, D.F.A., Heavyweight Champion of the World✱✱ featuring Flo Rida La Premiere Dame De France. When O'Reilly appeared on The Daily Show before the second episode of The Colbert Report aired, he commented, \"Before we get started, somebody told me walking in here, you got some French guy on after you making fun of me?", "When O'Reilly appeared on The Daily Show before the second episode of The Colbert Report aired, he commented, \"Before we get started, somebody told me walking in here, you got some French guy on after you making fun of me? \", and made several references in the following interview to 'the French Guy'.", "\", and made several references in the following interview to 'the French Guy'. In a subsequent Newsweek interview, O'Reilly said that he \"feels it's a compliment\" to have Colbert parody him because Colbert \"isn't mean-spirited\" and does not \"use [his] platform to injure people\".", "In a subsequent Newsweek interview, O'Reilly said that he \"feels it's a compliment\" to have Colbert parody him because Colbert \"isn't mean-spirited\" and does not \"use [his] platform to injure people\". Later, Colbert replied on-air, \"I like you too.", "Later, Colbert replied on-air, \"I like you too. In fact, if it wasn't for you, this show wouldn't exist.\" Themes Colbert disagreed that the show's emphasis on politics represented a liberal bias, noting that he himself was uninterested in modern politics.", "Themes Colbert disagreed that the show's emphasis on politics represented a liberal bias, noting that he himself was uninterested in modern politics. He believed that political issues reflect basic human behavior, which he viewed as his satirical specialty, noting, \"If I thought I had a political point, I'd be in big trouble.\"", "He believed that political issues reflect basic human behavior, which he viewed as his satirical specialty, noting, \"If I thought I had a political point, I'd be in big trouble.\" In another interview, Colbert remarked, \"I'm not someone with a particular political ax to grind. I'm a comedian.", "I'm a comedian. I'm a comedian. I love hypocrisy.\" Episodes Notable episodes Early years The Colbert Report premiered in October 2005. The first guest was Stone Phillips, a partial influence on the character.", "The first guest was Stone Phillips, a partial influence on the character. In the debut episode, Colbert coined the word truthiness, defined as \"a quality characterizing a 'truth' that a person making an argument or assertion claims to know intuitively 'from the gut' or because it 'feels right' without regard to evidence, logic, intellectual examination, or facts.\"", "In the debut episode, Colbert coined the word truthiness, defined as \"a quality characterizing a 'truth' that a person making an argument or assertion claims to know intuitively 'from the gut' or because it 'feels right' without regard to evidence, logic, intellectual examination, or facts.\" Truthiness was named Word of the Year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society and for 2006 by Merriam-Webster.", "Truthiness was named Word of the Year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society and for 2006 by Merriam-Webster. The character's forceful nature confused some in the program's early days.", "The character's forceful nature confused some in the program's early days. During an appearance on the segment \"Better Know a District\" in the show's first season, a frustrated Barney Frank declined to continue, deeming the conversation too dumb.", "During an appearance on the segment \"Better Know a District\" in the show's first season, a frustrated Barney Frank declined to continue, deeming the conversation too dumb. In one early episode, the Colbert character purported to be a former member of a 1980s new wave group, Stephen & the Colberts, and released a fictional music video from the band for the song \"Charlene (I'm Right Behind You)\".", "In one early episode, the Colbert character purported to be a former member of a 1980s new wave group, Stephen & the Colberts, and released a fictional music video from the band for the song \"Charlene (I'm Right Behind You)\". The show's popularity resulted in Colbert headlining the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner, which he performed in character.", "The show's popularity resulted in Colbert headlining the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner, which he performed in character. The controversial, searing routine targeted President George W. Bush and the media, and was greeted with chilly reception from the audience.", "The controversial, searing routine targeted President George W. Bush and the media, and was greeted with chilly reception from the audience. Although President Bush shook Colbert's hand after his presentation, several of Bush's aides and supporters walked out during Colbert's speech, and one former aide commented that the President had \"that look that he's ready to blow\".", "Although President Bush shook Colbert's hand after his presentation, several of Bush's aides and supporters walked out during Colbert's speech, and one former aide commented that the President had \"that look that he's ready to blow\". Colbert's performance quickly became an Internet and media sensation.", "Colbert's performance quickly became an Internet and media sensation. According to Vanity Fair, the speech transformed Colbert as a \"folk hero\" for liberals, and was later described by Frank Rich as the \"defining moment\" of the 2006 midterm elections.", "According to Vanity Fair, the speech transformed Colbert as a \"folk hero\" for liberals, and was later described by Frank Rich as the \"defining moment\" of the 2006 midterm elections. Adam Sternbergh of New York, a year after the show's debut, deemed the character \"something very close to what he's parodying, a kind of Bill O'Reilly for the angry left.\"", "Adam Sternbergh of New York, a year after the show's debut, deemed the character \"something very close to what he's parodying, a kind of Bill O'Reilly for the angry left.\" In 2006, Colbert encouraged fans to vote for his name to be the new name of a bridge in Hungary, which was being decided via an online poll; he beat the runner-up by more than 14 million votes.", "In 2006, Colbert encouraged fans to vote for his name to be the new name of a bridge in Hungary, which was being decided via an online poll; he beat the runner-up by more than 14 million votes. He was, however, disqualified, as the name of the bridge was intended to be a memoriam.", "He was, however, disqualified, as the name of the bridge was intended to be a memoriam. Later that year, he began a mock feud with indie rock group the Decemberists over the subject of who was the first to challenge fans to create a green screen video; the fake conflict culminated in a guitar solo competition on the show's final episode of the year, featuring guest appearances from guitarist Peter Frampton and Dr. Henry Kissinger.", "Later that year, he began a mock feud with indie rock group the Decemberists over the subject of who was the first to challenge fans to create a green screen video; the fake conflict culminated in a guitar solo competition on the show's final episode of the year, featuring guest appearances from guitarist Peter Frampton and Dr. Henry Kissinger. Colbert later recalled it as the show's \"craziest\" moment, changing the way the staff viewed the program: \"Because you realize the character believes anything he thinks, says, [or] cares about is important, anything fits on the show.", "Colbert later recalled it as the show's \"craziest\" moment, changing the way the staff viewed the program: \"Because you realize the character believes anything he thinks, says, [or] cares about is important, anything fits on the show. [...] That is the show where we said, oh, there is unlimited open field running.\"", "[...] That is the show where we said, oh, there is unlimited open field running.\" In February 2007, Ben & Jerry's unveiled a new ice cream flavor in honor of Stephen Colbert, named Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream.", "In February 2007, Ben & Jerry's unveiled a new ice cream flavor in honor of Stephen Colbert, named Stephen Colbert's AmeriCone Dream. All proceeds were donated to charity through the Stephen Colbert AmeriCone Dream Fund, which distributed the money to various causes.", "All proceeds were donated to charity through the Stephen Colbert AmeriCone Dream Fund, which distributed the money to various causes. In June 2007, Colbert broke his left wrist while performing his warm-up for the show.", "In June 2007, Colbert broke his left wrist while performing his warm-up for the show. It was the subject of an extended bit on the program, including the creation of the \"Wriststrong\" wrist band, based on Lance Armstrong's \"Livestrong\" wrist band, which donated all proceeds to the Yellow Ribbon Fund.", "It was the subject of an extended bit on the program, including the creation of the \"Wriststrong\" wrist band, based on Lance Armstrong's \"Livestrong\" wrist band, which donated all proceeds to the Yellow Ribbon Fund. Colbert remained on the air without writers during the Writers Guild of America strike in 2007–08.", "Colbert remained on the air without writers during the Writers Guild of America strike in 2007–08. Colbert modified the pronunciation of the show's name, pronouncing both of the formerly elided final \"t\"s (); a similar move was made by The Daily Show which returned to air as A Daily Show.", "Colbert modified the pronunciation of the show's name, pronouncing both of the formerly elided final \"t\"s (); a similar move was made by The Daily Show which returned to air as A Daily Show. During this period, he staged a mock feud between himself, Jon Stewart, and Late Night host Conan O'Brien over who made Republican Presidential candidate Mike Huckabee.", "During this period, he staged a mock feud between himself, Jon Stewart, and Late Night host Conan O'Brien over who made Republican Presidential candidate Mike Huckabee. In 2008, Colbert made a series of jokes directed at various towns in the United States named \"Canton\", with many attracting negative responses from each respective area's local government and residents.", "In 2008, Colbert made a series of jokes directed at various towns in the United States named \"Canton\", with many attracting negative responses from each respective area's local government and residents. The same year, the show filmed a tongue-in-cheek Christmas special titled A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!.", "The same year, the show filmed a tongue-in-cheek Christmas special titled A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!. In 2009, Colbert filmed a series of four episodes for the troops in Baghdad, Iraq.", "In 2009, Colbert filmed a series of four episodes for the troops in Baghdad, Iraq. He had a suit tailored for him in the Army Combat Uniform pattern and went through an abbreviated version of the Army's basic training regimen.", "He had a suit tailored for him in the Army Combat Uniform pattern and went through an abbreviated version of the Army's basic training regimen. On the first of the four episodes, Colbert had his head shaved on stage by General Ray Odierno who was jokingly \"ordered\" to do so by President Barack Obama, who appeared on the episode via a pre-recorded segment from the White House.", "On the first of the four episodes, Colbert had his head shaved on stage by General Ray Odierno who was jokingly \"ordered\" to do so by President Barack Obama, who appeared on the episode via a pre-recorded segment from the White House. Later years In 2010, while in character, Colbert appeared before judiciary subcommittee hearing on the issue of farm workers and immigration.", "Later years In 2010, while in character, Colbert appeared before judiciary subcommittee hearing on the issue of farm workers and immigration. The New Yorker used Colbert's testimony before Congress as an example of the \"third\" Colbert: \"Colbert was thoughtful and sincere—and had ruined the whole thing.", "The New Yorker used Colbert's testimony before Congress as an example of the \"third\" Colbert: \"Colbert was thoughtful and sincere—and had ruined the whole thing. By speaking honestly, he had become the very thing he was mocking, a celebrity testifying before Congress.\"", "By speaking honestly, he had become the very thing he was mocking, a celebrity testifying before Congress.\" Beginning in June 2011, the show created a long-running gag that involved Colbert starting his own actual super PAC, Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow, described by the character as \"100 percent legal and at least 10 percent ethical.\"", "Beginning in June 2011, the show created a long-running gag that involved Colbert starting his own actual super PAC, Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow, described by the character as \"100 percent legal and at least 10 percent ethical.\" In 2012, Colbert interviewed illustrator/author Maurice Sendak, who managed to get him to break character; show staff and Colbert himself retrospectively labeled the segment one of the show's more memorable moments.", "In 2012, Colbert interviewed illustrator/author Maurice Sendak, who managed to get him to break character; show staff and Colbert himself retrospectively labeled the segment one of the show's more memorable moments. The Los Angeles Times called the September 2013 interview with intelligence official Philip Mudd his \"most awkward interview\", stating Mudd \"could barely disguise his contempt\" for Colbert.", "The Los Angeles Times called the September 2013 interview with intelligence official Philip Mudd his \"most awkward interview\", stating Mudd \"could barely disguise his contempt\" for Colbert. President Barack Obama guested during the show's final month, in a show taped from George Washington University in Washington, D.C.; Obama sat in Colbert's seat and presided over \"The Wørd\" segment.", "President Barack Obama guested during the show's final month, in a show taped from George Washington University in Washington, D.C.; Obama sat in Colbert's seat and presided over \"The Wørd\" segment. The final episode aired on December 18, 2014.", "The final episode aired on December 18, 2014. In the episode Stephen becomes immortal after accidentally killing \"Grimmy\" during the opening of the segment of \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.\".", "In the episode Stephen becomes immortal after accidentally killing \"Grimmy\" during the opening of the segment of \"Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen T. Colbert, D.F.A.\". This leads to Stephen singing \"We'll Meet Again\" in its entirety along with a large group of famous friends including Jon Stewart, Jeff Daniels, Sam Waterston, Big Bird, Charlie Rose, Terry Gross, Keith Olbermann, Tom Brokaw, Alan Alda, Yo Yo Ma, Ken Burns, Cyndi Lauper, Patrick Stewart, Randy Newman, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Henry Kissinger, Alex Trebek, Mandy Patinkin, Lesley Stahl, George Lucas, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Gloria Steinem, Elijah Wood, Jake Tapper, Bob Costas, Smaug and Cookie Monster.", "This leads to Stephen singing \"We'll Meet Again\" in its entirety along with a large group of famous friends including Jon Stewart, Jeff Daniels, Sam Waterston, Big Bird, Charlie Rose, Terry Gross, Keith Olbermann, Tom Brokaw, Alan Alda, Yo Yo Ma, Ken Burns, Cyndi Lauper, Patrick Stewart, Randy Newman, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Henry Kissinger, Alex Trebek, Mandy Patinkin, Lesley Stahl, George Lucas, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Gloria Steinem, Elijah Wood, Jake Tapper, Bob Costas, Smaug and Cookie Monster. Reception Critical response Initial reviews Reviews of The Colbert Report upon its 2005 premiere were positive, although critics were generally skeptical that the character could extend beyond one season without growing tiresome.", "Reception Critical response Initial reviews Reviews of The Colbert Report upon its 2005 premiere were positive, although critics were generally skeptical that the character could extend beyond one season without growing tiresome. While positively reviewing the program as a whole, Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune echoed these sentiments: \"The biggest question hanging over The Colbert Report is whether the show’s sendup of the pomposity and fear-mongering of cable news blowhards will be as appealing in the long term.\"", "While positively reviewing the program as a whole, Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune echoed these sentiments: \"The biggest question hanging over The Colbert Report is whether the show’s sendup of the pomposity and fear-mongering of cable news blowhards will be as appealing in the long term.\" Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer summarized the show's early reaction: \"Critics and bloggers either loved the premiere or declared themselves to be unmoved, but that's the standard reaction after any late-night program's debut.", "Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer summarized the show's early reaction: \"Critics and bloggers either loved the premiere or declared themselves to be unmoved, but that's the standard reaction after any late-night program's debut. A truer measure will be seen in coming weeks, after the hype wears off and the ratings lose their exuberance.\"", "A truer measure will be seen in coming weeks, after the hype wears off and the ratings lose their exuberance.\" Gilbert Cruz of Entertainment Weekly noted that \"Colbert proves that the line between serious TV journalism and utter nonsense is a very thin one indeed.\"", "Gilbert Cruz of Entertainment Weekly noted that \"Colbert proves that the line between serious TV journalism and utter nonsense is a very thin one indeed.\" Heather Havrilesky of Salon was effusive, remarking, \"Not only does Colbert maintain his persona without skipping a beat throughout the entire show, but he’s got great comic timing, the show’s writers are brilliant, and the whole thing is pure foolish, bizarre, idiotic fun.\"", "Heather Havrilesky of Salon was effusive, remarking, \"Not only does Colbert maintain his persona without skipping a beat throughout the entire show, but he’s got great comic timing, the show’s writers are brilliant, and the whole thing is pure foolish, bizarre, idiotic fun.\" Barry Garron of The Hollywood Reporter dubbed it an \"auspicious debut\", writing, \"The new show dovetails nicely with its lead-in to present a solid hour of skewered news and punctured pomposity.\"", "Barry Garron of The Hollywood Reporter dubbed it an \"auspicious debut\", writing, \"The new show dovetails nicely with its lead-in to present a solid hour of skewered news and punctured pomposity.\" Variety Brian Lowry commented that the show had an \"impressive start with a topnotch premiere followed by a respectable second outing.\"", "Variety Brian Lowry commented that the show had an \"impressive start with a topnotch premiere followed by a respectable second outing.\" Paul Brownfield of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"In the run-up to the show it all sounded a bit hard to get your head around, but in the flesh the show zinged, at least this first week.\"", "Paul Brownfield of the Los Angeles Times wrote, \"In the run-up to the show it all sounded a bit hard to get your head around, but in the flesh the show zinged, at least this first week.\" The Boston Globe Matthew Gilbert praised the show's wordplay, summarizing, \"Colbert's a clever creation, and a necessary one, and he deserves an opportunity to offend as many people as possible with his pompous blather.\"", "The Boston Globe Matthew Gilbert praised the show's wordplay, summarizing, \"Colbert's a clever creation, and a necessary one, and he deserves an opportunity to offend as many people as possible with his pompous blather.\" Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times commented that the show was a welcome addition to the Comedy Central lineup, remarking, \"What puts Mr. Colbert over the top is that he is not just impersonating well known television personalities, he also uses parody to score larger points about politics and the press.\"", "Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times commented that the show was a welcome addition to the Comedy Central lineup, remarking, \"What puts Mr. Colbert over the top is that he is not just impersonating well known television personalities, he also uses parody to score larger points about politics and the press.\" Nevertheless, there were more negative reviews: USA Today Robert Bianco opined that the show \"tried too hard\", writing, \"Unfortunately, in just two weeks on the air, this half-hour spoof of a no-spin-zone type show has already stretched Colbert's character and the artifice that supports it past its natural breaking point.\"", "Nevertheless, there were more negative reviews: USA Today Robert Bianco opined that the show \"tried too hard\", writing, \"Unfortunately, in just two weeks on the air, this half-hour spoof of a no-spin-zone type show has already stretched Colbert's character and the artifice that supports it past its natural breaking point.\" Later reviews The New Yorker remarked that the show remained funny throughout its entire run.", "Later reviews The New Yorker remarked that the show remained funny throughout its entire run. The Colbert Report currently scores favorable reviews, with 65/100 on Metacritic (first season), while its viewers' ranking on the site is higher at 8.7/10.", "The Colbert Report currently scores favorable reviews, with 65/100 on Metacritic (first season), while its viewers' ranking on the site is higher at 8.7/10. In a 2009 academic analysis of the show's popularity, Temple University researcher, Heather LaMarre found that the show appealed to both liberals and conservatives, concluding, \"there was no significant difference between the groups in thinking Colbert was funny, but conservatives were more likely to report that Colbert only pretends to be joking and genuinely meant what he said while liberals were more likely to report that Colbert used satire and was not serious when offering political statements\".", "In a 2009 academic analysis of the show's popularity, Temple University researcher, Heather LaMarre found that the show appealed to both liberals and conservatives, concluding, \"there was no significant difference between the groups in thinking Colbert was funny, but conservatives were more likely to report that Colbert only pretends to be joking and genuinely meant what he said while liberals were more likely to report that Colbert used satire and was not serious when offering political statements\". Malcolm Gladwell discussed LaMarre's findings in his Revisionist History podcast, \"The Satire Paradox\" (2016).", "Malcolm Gladwell discussed LaMarre's findings in his Revisionist History podcast, \"The Satire Paradox\" (2016). Ratings The ratings of The Colbert Report, from its premiere, benefited from the lead-in The Daily Show provides, which at the time of the show's debut averaged 1.3 million viewers per night.", "Ratings The ratings of The Colbert Report, from its premiere, benefited from the lead-in The Daily Show provides, which at the time of the show's debut averaged 1.3 million viewers per night. Comedy Central had previously struggled to produce a hit program on par with The Daily Show, and were counting on Colbert after a string of failures.", "Comedy Central had previously struggled to produce a hit program on par with The Daily Show, and were counting on Colbert after a string of failures. The Colbert Report drew 1.13 million viewers for its premiere episode, 47 percent greater than the average for that time slot over the previous four weeks, and 98 percent of the viewership of The Daily Show, which had Comedy Central's second-largest viewership.", "The Colbert Report drew 1.13 million viewers for its premiere episode, 47 percent greater than the average for that time slot over the previous four weeks, and 98 percent of the viewership of The Daily Show, which had Comedy Central's second-largest viewership. Averaged over its opening week, The Report had 1.2 million viewers per episode, more than double the average for the same time the previous year, when the time slot was occupied by Too Late with Adam Carolla.", "Averaged over its opening week, The Report had 1.2 million viewers per episode, more than double the average for the same time the previous year, when the time slot was occupied by Too Late with Adam Carolla. The show regularly began attracting over one million viewers with near immediacy.", "The show regularly began attracting over one million viewers with near immediacy. The show also drew more young men, a powerful demographic, than other late-night hosts (at that time, Jay Leno, David Letterman, and Conan O'Brien). Within a year, The Colbert Report began averaging 1.5 million viewers per night.", "Within a year, The Colbert Report began averaging 1.5 million viewers per night. In early 2008, in the midst of the writer's strike, Colbert posted an eleven-percent gain over its averages from the following fall. From 2012 to 2013, viewership decreased from 1.2 million to 1.1 million.", "From 2012 to 2013, viewership decreased from 1.2 million to 1.1 million. In 2013, The Colbert Report was the second most-watched late-night talk show (behind The Daily Show) among the demographic of adults 18–49, beating competition The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in that demographic for the first time.", "In 2013, The Colbert Report was the second most-watched late-night talk show (behind The Daily Show) among the demographic of adults 18–49, beating competition The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in that demographic for the first time. That year, The Colbert Report attracted $52.1 million in advertising for an audience whose median age was 39.4, about a year younger than The Daily Show.", "That year, The Colbert Report attracted $52.1 million in advertising for an audience whose median age was 39.4, about a year younger than The Daily Show. In 2014, the final year of the show's run, ratings were down three percent (coinciding with a general ratings slide for cable television).", "In 2014, the final year of the show's run, ratings were down three percent (coinciding with a general ratings slide for cable television). The series finale on December 18, 2014 was watched by 2.4 million viewers, making it the most watched episode ever in the show's history.", "The series finale on December 18, 2014 was watched by 2.4 million viewers, making it the most watched episode ever in the show's history. The finale was the most watched cable program of the night in its time slot, beating The Daily Show which was seen by two million viewers.", "The finale was the most watched cable program of the night in its time slot, beating The Daily Show which was seen by two million viewers. Awards The Colbert Report received numerous awards and accolades throughout its run. The show was nominated for four Emmy Awards in its inaugural year, but lost to The Daily Show.", "The show was nominated for four Emmy Awards in its inaugural year, but lost to The Daily Show. The show was nominated each year for the rest of its run for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Series, but lost each time to The Daily Show until 2013, when it broke the latter program's winning streak, dubbed the longest in Emmy history.", "The show was nominated each year for the rest of its run for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Series, but lost each time to The Daily Show until 2013, when it broke the latter program's winning streak, dubbed the longest in Emmy history. Colbert subsequently referenced his win on his program as the conclusion of Stewart's \"reign of terror.\"", "Colbert subsequently referenced his win on his program as the conclusion of Stewart's \"reign of terror.\" It also won the award the following year, and was nominated in the same category in 2015. The show received two Peabody Awards, recognizing its excellence in news and entertainment.", "The show received two Peabody Awards, recognizing its excellence in news and entertainment. It also won two Grammy Awards, one for Best Comedy Album for the soundtrack to the special A Colbert Christmas, and later for Best Spoken Word Album for the audiobook to America Again.", "It also won two Grammy Awards, one for Best Comedy Album for the soundtrack to the special A Colbert Christmas, and later for Best Spoken Word Album for the audiobook to America Again. Colbert and Stewart's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was nominated for four Daytime Emmy awards in 2011, including the Outstanding Special Class Special category and the Outstanding Special Class Writing category.", "Colbert and Stewart's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear was nominated for four Daytime Emmy awards in 2011, including the Outstanding Special Class Special category and the Outstanding Special Class Writing category. Racism controversy In March 2014, the show attracted controversy when Colbert used a \"fatuously fake parody stereotype character, 'Ching-Chong Ding-Dong,'\" to \"satirize knee-jerk mockery\" of Asian dialect.", "Racism controversy In March 2014, the show attracted controversy when Colbert used a \"fatuously fake parody stereotype character, 'Ching-Chong Ding-Dong,'\" to \"satirize knee-jerk mockery\" of Asian dialect. The name had been used before without incident, but the show's official Twitter account — run by an unknown individual — tweeted the remarks without context, leading to wide outrage over social media, including a hashtag campaign, \"#CancelColbert\", that was a worldwide trending topic for over 24 hours, thanks in-part by Colbert himself helping make it go viral for his show.", "The name had been used before without incident, but the show's official Twitter account — run by an unknown individual — tweeted the remarks without context, leading to wide outrage over social media, including a hashtag campaign, \"#CancelColbert\", that was a worldwide trending topic for over 24 hours, thanks in-part by Colbert himself helping make it go viral for his show. Legacy The New Yorker wrote that \"Colbert has made vital observations about the American political system, particularly about the sordid role that money plays within it.", "Legacy The New Yorker wrote that \"Colbert has made vital observations about the American political system, particularly about the sordid role that money plays within it. The Colbert Report and the Daily Show [...] have changed the way that young liberals of a certain class think and talk about civic culture.\"", "The Colbert Report and the Daily Show [...] have changed the way that young liberals of a certain class think and talk about civic culture.\" The show also coined another word, wikiality, that means \"reality as decided on majority rule.\"", "The show also coined another word, wikiality, that means \"reality as decided on majority rule.\" Viewers of the show also coined a word, freem, based on its inclusion in the show's opening sequence; the word refers to \"'freedom' without having to 'do' anything — without any responsibility or action.\"", "Viewers of the show also coined a word, freem, based on its inclusion in the show's opening sequence; the word refers to \"'freedom' without having to 'do' anything — without any responsibility or action.\" In response to the \"Better Know a District\" segment, Rahm Emanuel, then the Democratic Caucus chair, instructed incoming freshmen not to do appearances on the show in 2007.", "In response to the \"Better Know a District\" segment, Rahm Emanuel, then the Democratic Caucus chair, instructed incoming freshmen not to do appearances on the show in 2007. In 2008, East Carolina University associate professor Jason Bond named a species of trapdoor spider Aptostichus stephencolberti in honor of Stephen Colbert.", "In 2008, East Carolina University associate professor Jason Bond named a species of trapdoor spider Aptostichus stephencolberti in honor of Stephen Colbert. The \"Colbert Bump\" is defined, connotatively by the Report, as an increase in popularity of a person (author, musician, politician, etc.) or thing (website, etc.)", "or thing (website, etc.) as a result of appearing as a guest on or (in the case of a thing) being mentioned on the show. For example, if a politician appears on The Colbert Report, they may become more popular with certain voters and thus are more likely to be elected.", "For example, if a politician appears on The Colbert Report, they may become more popular with certain voters and thus are more likely to be elected. According to the American Political Science Association, contributions to Democratic politicians rose 40% for 30 days after an appearance on the show.", "According to the American Political Science Association, contributions to Democratic politicians rose 40% for 30 days after an appearance on the show. Magazines such as GQ, Newsweek, and Sports Illustrated have all had sales spikes when Colbert appeared on their covers.", "Magazines such as GQ, Newsweek, and Sports Illustrated have all had sales spikes when Colbert appeared on their covers. Viewers of The Colbert Report were on numerous occasions cited as being more knowledgeable about current events than traditional news viewers.", "Viewers of The Colbert Report were on numerous occasions cited as being more knowledgeable about current events than traditional news viewers. In April 2007, a Pew Research Center report cited both Colbert and The Daily Show viewers as more well-informed than those who gathered their information via newspapers, television news and radio.", "In April 2007, a Pew Research Center report cited both Colbert and The Daily Show viewers as more well-informed than those who gathered their information via newspapers, television news and radio. Colbert's Super PAC coverage was widely lauded, and studies later found that this coverage was more effective than traditional news programs at educating the audience on campaign finance.", "Colbert's Super PAC coverage was widely lauded, and studies later found that this coverage was more effective than traditional news programs at educating the audience on campaign finance. He was awarded a Peabody Award for the parody, which was described as an \"innovative means of teaching American viewers about the landmark court decision\".", "He was awarded a Peabody Award for the parody, which was described as an \"innovative means of teaching American viewers about the landmark court decision\". The Annenberg Public Policy Center reported in 2014 that the Colbert Super PAC segments increased viewers' knowledge of PAC and 501(c)(4) campaign finance regulation more successfully than other types of news media.", "The Annenberg Public Policy Center reported in 2014 that the Colbert Super PAC segments increased viewers' knowledge of PAC and 501(c)(4) campaign finance regulation more successfully than other types of news media. International distribution Outside the United States, The Colbert Report was shown in Canada on the cable service The Comedy Network, simultaneously with its original U.S. broadcast (beginning a few weeks after the series debuted).", "International distribution Outside the United States, The Colbert Report was shown in Canada on the cable service The Comedy Network, simultaneously with its original U.S. broadcast (beginning a few weeks after the series debuted). Episodes would also air in Canada on traditional over-the-air broadcaster CTV, one hour after their appearance on The Comedy Network.", "Episodes would also air in Canada on traditional over-the-air broadcaster CTV, one hour after their appearance on The Comedy Network. On September 22, 2014, due to The Comedy Network's acquisition of Canadian rights to Jimmy Kimmel Live!, the program began airing on M3 and did so for the remainder of the show's run.", "On September 22, 2014, due to The Comedy Network's acquisition of Canadian rights to Jimmy Kimmel Live!, the program began airing on M3 and did so for the remainder of the show's run. It airs on The Comedy Channel in Australia, Comedy Central in New Zealand, and on Maxxx in the Philippines.", "It airs on The Comedy Channel in Australia, Comedy Central in New Zealand, and on Maxxx in the Philippines. , The Colbert Report has also been broadcast in Africa on DSTV's version of Comedy Central. It aired on FX in the United Kingdom until they decided not to renew their contract in May 2009.", "It aired on FX in the United Kingdom until they decided not to renew their contract in May 2009. In Portugal, it airs on Sic Radical.", "In Portugal, it airs on Sic Radical. Beginning June 3, 2008, The Colbert Report also aired on the ShowComedy channel of Showtime Arabia (Currently OSN First HD), a channel which broadcasts in the Middle East and North Africa. The show is transmitted on a one-day delay from original transmission in the US.", "The show is transmitted on a one-day delay from original transmission in the US. The show was shown during prime time on Australia's free-to-air ABC2 in 2010, however the channel was outbid for rights for 2011.", "The show was shown during prime time on Australia's free-to-air ABC2 in 2010, however the channel was outbid for rights for 2011. The show was available directly on the colbernation.com website for part of 2011, with Australian advertisements; however, Australian access is now blocked.", "The show was available directly on the colbernation.com website for part of 2011, with Australian advertisements; however, Australian access is now blocked. Several international markets also air The Colbert Report Global Edition, which shows highlights from the previous week's shows and includes a special introduction by Stephen Colbert at the start of the program.", "Several international markets also air The Colbert Report Global Edition, which shows highlights from the previous week's shows and includes a special introduction by Stephen Colbert at the start of the program. This means a new or newly repackaged episode can be screened every weekday.", "This means a new or newly repackaged episode can be screened every weekday. In addition, most recent episodes (usually 3 weeks back) would be available in full length on colbertnation.com. Some international audiences could not see such way. By the end of the series's run, the colbernation.com website was integrated into Comedy Central's website.", "By the end of the series's run, the colbernation.com website was integrated into Comedy Central's website. As of 2021, almost seven years after the show ended, many episodes are presented in individual clips there. Related multimedia The show spawned various merchandise and multimedia related to the show.", "Related multimedia The show spawned various merchandise and multimedia related to the show. Three books were released to accompany the show's humor, the first being I Am America (And So Can You! ), released both in print and as an audiobook in 2007. In 2012, two spinoff books of the show were released.", "In 2012, two spinoff books of the show were released. America Again is a sequel to the show's first book, and addresses topics including Wall Street, campaign finance, energy policy, healthcare, eating on the campaign trail, and the United States Constitution. Another book, I Am a Pole (And So Can You!", "Another book, I Am a Pole (And So Can You! ), was released the same year and purports to be a children's book telling the story of a fictional pole finding its purpose in life. Segments from the show were also released on DVD during its run.", "Segments from the show were also released on DVD during its run. The Best of The Colbert Report, released in 2007, contains several of the show's most memorable early moments. The show's Christmas special, A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!, was also released on DVD the following year.", "The show's Christmas special, A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!, was also released on DVD the following year. The soundtrack of that special also saw a digital release on the iTunes Store after its broadcast, and contains music from Feist, John Legend, Willie Nelson, Toby Keith, Jon Stewart, Elvis Costello, and Colbert himself.", "The soundtrack of that special also saw a digital release on the iTunes Store after its broadcast, and contains music from Feist, John Legend, Willie Nelson, Toby Keith, Jon Stewart, Elvis Costello, and Colbert himself. In 2011, Jack White's record label Third Man Records released a 7\" vinyl single of Stephen Colbert and The Black Belles performing \"Charlene II (I'm Over You)\", which they also performed together on the show.", "In 2011, Jack White's record label Third Man Records released a 7\" vinyl single of Stephen Colbert and The Black Belles performing \"Charlene II (I'm Over You)\", which they also performed together on the show. See also List of late-night American network TV programs CNNNN The Daily Show Newstopia Rick Mercer Report This Hour Has 22 Minutes The Beaverton Hot Seat Real Time with Bill Maher Inside Washington Washington Week References External links The Colbert Report Web site 2005 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings 2000s American late-night television series 2000s American political comedy television series 2000s American satirical television series 2000s American television news shows 2010s American late-night television series 2010s American political comedy television series 2010s American satirical television series 2010s American television news shows Comedy Central original programming Criticism of journalism English-language television shows American news parodies Peabody Award-winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series winners Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series Television series by Busboy Productions Television shows filmed in New York City American television spin-offs The Daily Show Comedy Central late-night programming Political satirical television series" ]

[ "Donnie Iris", "Donnie Iris and the Cruisers' peak years (1980-85)" ]

[ "Mark Avsec (born August 23, 1954) is an American rock keyboardist, songwriter, and producer. He was a member of the funk rock band Wild Cherry. \n\nAvsec was an original member of Donnie Iris & the Cruisers. He wrote or co-wrote all of the band's music, was its sole lyricist, and produced all of its albums.\n\nSince 1995, he has also been a copyright lawyer.\n\nBiography\nAvsec joined the band Wild Cherry immediately following the recording of the disco hit, \"Play That Funky Music\" (1976). He was brought in as a session keyboardist for two tracks on the band's debut album, and was then asked to join the group. He also toured with the band, performing \"Afternoon Delight\" at the 1976 Grammy Awards. During this period, he befriended Donnie Iris, with whom he composed Donnie Iris & The Cruisers' hits \"Ah! Leah!\" (#19 Billboard Mainstream Rock) and \"Love Is Like a Rock\" (#9 Billboard Mainstream Rock).\n\nIn 1980, Avsec wrote and produced the debut album for the band LaFlavour which garnered the hit single \"Mandolay,\" climbing to number 7 on Billboards Disco Chart. Avsec later released \"Mandolay\" himself under the artist name Art Attack'''. By the time Avsec composed LaFlavour's follow-up album, the band's label, MCA, had decided to change the band's name to \"Fair Warning,\" due to interest in disco music tapering off. The lead-off Fair Warning single composed by Avsec was called \"She Don't Know Me,\" which was taken by MCA from the Fair Warning debut album and given to New Jersey's Bon Jovi, who were preparing their debut album for PolyGram's Mercury label. The label felt Bon Jovi needed the song as a single, making Avsec one of the only outside songwriters to compose a song released by Bon Jovi. Avsec has played with other musicians such as Mason Ruffner and The James Gang featuring Joe Walsh, Jimmy Fox, and Dale Peters.\n\nIn addition to Donnie Iris & the Cruisers, Wild Cherry, and James Gang, Avsec was a member of the Cleveland, Ohio-based band, Breathless. He has also released material in collaboration with fellow Donnie Iris and the Cruisers member Kevin Valentine under the pseudonym Cellarful of Noise.\n\nIn 2010, \"Angel Love (Come For Me),\" a song Avsec co-wrote with Mason Ruffner and Alan Greene, was included on Carlos Santana's Supernatural (Legacy Edition) album. \n \nAvsec decided to become a lawyer because he was sued frivolously for the song \"Ah! Leah!\" He won the lawsuit but lost all of the royalties defending himself. Today Avsec has a successful practice specializing in intellectual property law based in Cleveland, Ohio, having graduated from Cleveland-Marshall College of Law in 1994 magna cum laude.\n\nSince 2003, Avsec has taught \"Law of the Music Industry\" at Case Western Reserve University School of Law, and he teaches \"Representing the Musical Artist\" through the Great Lakes Sports and Entertainment Law Academy, a program that Case Western Reserve University School of Law offers in affiliation with the Cleveland-Marshall College of Law. \n\nDiscography\n\nWild Cherry\n\nStudio albums\n Wild Cherry, 1976 (studio musician only)\n Electrified Funk, 1977\n I Love My Music, 1978\n Only the Wild Survive, 1979\n\nCompilations\n Play the Funk, 2000\n Super Hits, 2002\n\nBreathless\n Breathless, 1979\n Nobody Leaves This Song Alive, 1980\n\nDonnie Iris and the Cruisers\n\nStudio albums\n Back on the Streets, 1980\n King Cool, 1981\n The High and the Mighty, 1982\n Fortune 410, 1983 \n No Muss...No Fuss, 1985\n Out of the Blue, 1992\n Footsoldier in the Moonlight, 1993\n Poletown, 1997\n Together Alone, 1999\n Ellwood City, 2006\n Ah! Leluiah!, 2010\n\nLive albums\n Live! At Nick's Fat City, 1998\n Ah! Live!, 2009\n\nCompilation albums\n 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, 2001\n 25 Years, 2004\n\nEP\n You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, 2008\n\nCellarful of Noise\n Cellarful of Noise, 1985\n Magnificent Obsession'', 1988\n\nReferences\n\n1954 births\n21st-century American keyboardists\nLiving people\nCleveland–Marshall College of Law alumni\nCase Western Reserve University faculty\nAmerican rock keyboardists\nDonnie Iris and the Cruisers members\nMusicians from Pittsburgh\nWild Cherry (band) members\nPlace of birth missing (living people)\n20th-century American keyboardists", "Kevin Valentine is an American rock drummer who is best known for being a member of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers. Valentine played drums on all of the band's early albums during the 1980s.\nValentine has recorded as a member of Breathless, The Innocent, Godz, Rosie, Shadow King, The Lou Gramm Band and Neverland.\nHe also performed (on a session basis) on the Kiss albums Hot In The Shade, Psycho Circus and Revenge, playing on all tracks but one on Psycho Circus. The one track he did not play was \"Into the Void\", performed by Peter Criss. On Revenge, he played on one song, \"Take It Off\" and played on \"You Love Me to Hate You\" on Hot in the Shade. He was also a touring member of Cinderella. Valentine is also a sound mixer for many prominent TV shows, such as The Good Wife, Legion, Better Call Saul, El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie, Ozark, and The Nevers.\n\nDiscography\n\nWith Todd Tamanend Clark \n Two Thousand Light Years From Home (1975)\n\nWith Breathless \n Breathless (1979)\n Nobody Leaves This Song Alive (1980)\n The Best Of Breathless · Picture This (1993)\n\nWith Rosie \n Live (1988)\n\nWith Donnie Iris And The Cruisers \n Back on the Streets (1980)\n King Cool (1981)\n The High and the Mighty (1982)\n Fortune 410 (1983)\n No Muss...No Fuss (1985)\n Out of the Blue (1992)\n Poletown (1997)\n 20th Century Masters: The Best of Donnie Iris (2001)\n 25 Years (2004)\n Ellwood City (2006)\n\nWith Kiss \n Hot In The Shade (1989) Drums on \"You Love Me to Hate You\" and \"King of Hearts\".\n Revenge (1992) Drums on \"Take It Off\".\n Psycho Circus (1998) All Drums except for the song “Into The Void”.\n\nWith The Innocent \n Livin' In The Street (1985)\n\nWith Godz \n Mongolians (1987)\n\nWith Shadow King \n Shadow King (1991)\n Highlander II · The Quickening (soundtrack) (1991)\n\nWith Neverland \n Surreal World (1996)\n\nWith Graham Bonnet \n Underground (1997)\n The Day I Went Mad'' (1999)\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nLiving people\nAmerican rock drummers\nKiss (band) personnel\nDonnie Iris and the Cruisers members\nMusicians from Pittsburgh\nShadow King members\n1956 births\n20th-century American drummers\nAmerican male drummers\nThe Innocent (band) members" ]

[ "Donnie Iris (born Dominic Ierace, February 28, 1943) is an American rock musician known for his work with the Jaggerz and Wild Cherry during the 1970s, and for his solo career beginning in the 1980s with his band, the Cruisers. He wrote the #2 Billboard hit, \"The Rapper\", with the Jaggerz in 1970 and was a member of Wild Cherry after the group had a #1 hit with \"Play That Funky Music.\"", "He wrote the #2 Billboard hit, \"The Rapper\", with the Jaggerz in 1970 and was a member of Wild Cherry after the group had a #1 hit with \"Play That Funky Music.\" He also achieved fame as a solo artist in the early 1980s with the #29 hit \"Ah! Leah!\"", "Leah!\" Leah!\" and the #37 hit \"Love Is Like a Rock.\" In addition to performing on the first three Jaggerz albums and the fourth and final Wild Cherry album, Iris with his solo band has released eleven studio albums, one EP, two live albums, and two compilation albums.", "In addition to performing on the first three Jaggerz albums and the fourth and final Wild Cherry album, Iris with his solo band has released eleven studio albums, one EP, two live albums, and two compilation albums. He continues to intermittently release new material and tour throughout the greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Youngstown and Cleveland, Ohio areas.", "He continues to intermittently release new material and tour throughout the greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Youngstown and Cleveland, Ohio areas. Biography Early life and early career (1943–63) Dominic Ierace was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, but grew up in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania.", "Biography Early life and early career (1943–63) Dominic Ierace was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, but grew up in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. The son of Samuel and Carrie Ierace, young Dominic began to learn how to sing at an early age from his mother, who had sung in Curly Venezie's orchestra.", "The son of Samuel and Carrie Ierace, young Dominic began to learn how to sing at an early age from his mother, who had sung in Curly Venezie's orchestra. He practiced earlier on by singing along with his mother's favorite singers, Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett.", "He practiced earlier on by singing along with his mother's favorite singers, Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett. Per his mother's encouragement, Ierace began singing at weddings at age five, and by eight was performing on local television and entering talent contests.", "Per his mother's encouragement, Ierace began singing at weddings at age five, and by eight was performing on local television and entering talent contests. Over time, Ierace began to develop his own interests in music with the advent of rock music, drawing inspiration from Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly and later from the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and even R&B and soul artists Marvin Gaye and Ray Charles in addition to other Motown acts.", "Over time, Ierace began to develop his own interests in music with the advent of rock music, drawing inspiration from Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly and later from the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and even R&B and soul artists Marvin Gaye and Ray Charles in addition to other Motown acts. The popularity of rock and roll inspired Ierace to become a self-taught guitarist.", "The popularity of rock and roll inspired Ierace to become a self-taught guitarist. When his voice changed around age 12, he gave up singing and took up the drums. About the time he was a senior in high school (circa 1961), Ierace's voice changed again, and he got back into singing.", "About the time he was a senior in high school (circa 1961), Ierace's voice changed again, and he got back into singing. He formed a vocal doo-wop group called the Fabutons with Johnny Roth, Anthony Matteo, Lou Delessandro and Chuckie Hasson and performed gigs around Beaver and Lawrence counties in Pennsylvania.", "He formed a vocal doo-wop group called the Fabutons with Johnny Roth, Anthony Matteo, Lou Delessandro and Chuckie Hasson and performed gigs around Beaver and Lawrence counties in Pennsylvania. However, the group only performed a few times before they disbanded and Ierace went to college.", "However, the group only performed a few times before they disbanded and Ierace went to college. While attending Slippery Rock State College, Ierace formed a band called the Tri-Vels with guitarist Jim Evans and drummer Dave Amodie, two fellow students at Slippery Rock. With the addition of bassist Dave Reiser, they renamed themselves Donnie and the Donnells.", "With the addition of bassist Dave Reiser, they renamed themselves Donnie and the Donnells. This band in both incarnations played R&B and pop rock covers at fraternity parties and lasted from about 1961 to 1964.", "This band in both incarnations played R&B and pop rock covers at fraternity parties and lasted from about 1961 to 1964. The Jaggerz and Wild Cherry (1964–79) Around 1964, Ierace left Donnie and the Donnells to form the Jaggerz (originally the \"Jaggers\") with Benny Faiella of Gary and the Jewel Tones.", "The Jaggerz and Wild Cherry (1964–79) Around 1964, Ierace left Donnie and the Donnells to form the Jaggerz (originally the \"Jaggers\") with Benny Faiella of Gary and the Jewel Tones. After a few changes in line-up early on (including acquiring Jimmie Ross and Jim Pugliano from the Bell Boys), the group became popular playing R&B covers throughout western Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio.", "After a few changes in line-up early on (including acquiring Jimmie Ross and Jim Pugliano from the Bell Boys), the group became popular playing R&B covers throughout western Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio. Eventually, Ierace and the Jaggerz began to write their own material and secured a contract with Gamble Records.", "Eventually, Ierace and the Jaggerz began to write their own material and secured a contract with Gamble Records. Their first album, Introducing the Jaggerz, was released in 1969. The album was only a minor success, mainly receiving airplay in Iris' native Beaver County and the rest of the greater Pittsburgh area.", "The album was only a minor success, mainly receiving airplay in Iris' native Beaver County and the rest of the greater Pittsburgh area. Perhaps most importantly, it was the first album Ierace recorded on.", "Perhaps most importantly, it was the first album Ierace recorded on. Ierace and the Jaggerz first came to national prominence in 1970 for the #2 hit \"The Rapper,\" written by Ierace and included on their second album, We Went to Different Schools Together, released on the Kama Sutra label.", "Ierace and the Jaggerz first came to national prominence in 1970 for the #2 hit \"The Rapper,\" written by Ierace and included on their second album, We Went to Different Schools Together, released on the Kama Sutra label. The album itself reached #69 on the charts.", "The album itself reached #69 on the charts. The Jaggerz would go on to release one more album, Come Again, in 1975 when they were signed with Wooden Nickel Records. However, it failed to produce any more hits for the group.", "However, it failed to produce any more hits for the group. Between 1975 and 1976, most of the Jaggerz' longtime members left the group, including Ierace in 1976. The Jaggerz eventually broke up around 1977, but reunited in 1989 without Ierace, who by that point was well into his solo career.", "The Jaggerz eventually broke up around 1977, but reunited in 1989 without Ierace, who by that point was well into his solo career. After his departure from the Jaggerz, Ierace began to learn engineering at Jeree Recording in New Brighton, Pennsylvania.", "After his departure from the Jaggerz, Ierace began to learn engineering at Jeree Recording in New Brighton, Pennsylvania. Also, he did about a two-year stint (1976-1978) playing shows with B. E. Taylor.", "Also, he did about a two-year stint (1976-1978) playing shows with B. E. Taylor. While working at Jeree, the band Wild Cherry (a hot commodity because of their 1976 hit \"Play That Funky Music,\" which had been recorded there), was booked for a recording session.", "While working at Jeree, the band Wild Cherry (a hot commodity because of their 1976 hit \"Play That Funky Music,\" which had been recorded there), was booked for a recording session. Ierace helped to engineer their third album, I Love My Music.", "Ierace helped to engineer their third album, I Love My Music. The band was also looking for a new guitarist, and upon learning of Ierace and his association with \"The Rapper,\" he was recruited by frontman Rob Parissi.", "The band was also looking for a new guitarist, and upon learning of Ierace and his association with \"The Rapper,\" he was recruited by frontman Rob Parissi. Ierace went on the road with the group for about the next year and was featured on their 1979 album Only the Wild Survive.", "Ierace went on the road with the group for about the next year and was featured on their 1979 album Only the Wild Survive. Throughout the 1970s, Ierace was credited by various names on Jaggerz and Wild Cherry albums: by his birth name, Dominic Ierace; Don Ierace; and a stage name he had adopted to make it easier for people to remember his name, Don Iris.", "Throughout the 1970s, Ierace was credited by various names on Jaggerz and Wild Cherry albums: by his birth name, Dominic Ierace; Don Ierace; and a stage name he had adopted to make it easier for people to remember his name, Don Iris. By the end of the decade, as far as his music/public life went, he went by the name of Donnie Iris.", "By the end of the decade, as far as his music/public life went, he went by the name of Donnie Iris. It was during this period that he became acquainted with Mark Avsec, then playing keyboards for Wild Cherry.", "It was during this period that he became acquainted with Mark Avsec, then playing keyboards for Wild Cherry. Wild Cherry was unable to duplicate the success of \"Play That Funky Music\" and disbanded by the end of the decade.", "Wild Cherry was unable to duplicate the success of \"Play That Funky Music\" and disbanded by the end of the decade. Becoming good friends, Donnie and Mark decided to form a project together after Wild Cherry's breakup and the two began writing songs.", "Becoming good friends, Donnie and Mark decided to form a project together after Wild Cherry's breakup and the two began writing songs. Their first release saw the disco-influenced single \"Bring on the Eighties\" backed by a cover of \"Because of You\" in 1979; however it failed to garner attention.", "Their first release saw the disco-influenced single \"Bring on the Eighties\" backed by a cover of \"Because of You\" in 1979; however it failed to garner attention. Iris and Avsec decided to go in a harder direction for their next release and returned to the studio with guitarist Marty Lee Hoenes, bassist Albritton McClain and drummer Kevin Valentine, who at the time was in the band Breathless with Avsec, to record his first full-length album.", "Iris and Avsec decided to go in a harder direction for their next release and returned to the studio with guitarist Marty Lee Hoenes, bassist Albritton McClain and drummer Kevin Valentine, who at the time was in the band Breathless with Avsec, to record his first full-length album. This line-up would form to what would become known as Donnie Iris and the Cruisers.", "This line-up would form to what would become known as Donnie Iris and the Cruisers. Donnie Iris and the Cruisers' peak years (1980–85) Iris' first album, Back on the Streets, was released in July 1980 on the small Cleveland, Ohio-based Midwest Records. With the track \"Ah! Leah!\"", "With the track \"Ah! Leah!\" Leah!\" receiving airplay in Boston, Cleveland and Pittsburgh, MCA Records took notice and quickly signed Iris to a five-album deal and re-released the album nationally in October. The first single \"Ah! Leah!\"", "The first single \"Ah! Leah!\" Leah!\" peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #34 in Australia) in February 1981 and became one of the most frequently played AOR tracks of the year, and the album reached #57 on the Billboard 200.", "peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #34 in Australia) in February 1981 and became one of the most frequently played AOR tracks of the year, and the album reached #57 on the Billboard 200. In addition, the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981.", "In addition, the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981. The follow-up album, King Cool, credited to Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, was released in August 1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart.", "The follow-up album, King Cool, credited to Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, was released in August 1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart. Two other songs from the album received significant AOR airplay; \"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart.", "Two other songs from the album received significant AOR airplay; \"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart. In addition, he gained the nickname King Cool from this album in the later part of his career.", "In addition, he gained the nickname King Cool from this album in the later part of his career. However, the album itself charted less successfully, at #84. After the long tour promoting their two previous albums, the band continued songwriting and in the fall of 1982 released The High and the Mighty.", "After the long tour promoting their two previous albums, the band continued songwriting and in the fall of 1982 released The High and the Mighty. The album contained the single \"Tough World,\" but only charted at #180, marking a decline in his success, but the band still was determined to release new material.", "The album contained the single \"Tough World,\" but only charted at #180, marking a decline in his success, but the band still was determined to release new material. Their next album one year later, Fortune 410, contained the hit single \"Do You Compute?\"", "Their next album one year later, Fortune 410, contained the hit single \"Do You Compute?\" which was used by their label MCA and the computer company Atari to form a cross-marketing promotion.", "which was used by their label MCA and the computer company Atari to form a cross-marketing promotion. Because the promotional partnership was secured prior to release of the album, it was possible to use the Atari 1200 XL Home Computer in poster photography, as well as in the video clip for \"Do You Compute?", "Because the promotional partnership was secured prior to release of the album, it was possible to use the Atari 1200 XL Home Computer in poster photography, as well as in the video clip for \"Do You Compute? \", which aired on MTV.", "\", which aired on MTV. The title of the album is a reference to the trademark glasses Iris wears, Fortune 410's. The combination of marketing and the promotion for its hit single allowed the album to chart higher than its predecessor.", "The combination of marketing and the promotion for its hit single allowed the album to chart higher than its predecessor. Despite Fortune 410 charting higher than The High and the Mighty, MCA was displeased that both albums didn't chart as high as Back on the Streets and King Cool had.", "Despite Fortune 410 charting higher than The High and the Mighty, MCA was displeased that both albums didn't chart as high as Back on the Streets and King Cool had. The label suggested that the band allow them to bring in a new producer, displacing Mark Avsec, as well bring in new songwriters.", "The label suggested that the band allow them to bring in a new producer, displacing Mark Avsec, as well bring in new songwriters. Iris and the Cruisers, wanting to keep as much of their creative freedom and sound as they could, said no. As a result, MCA dropped the band in 1984.", "As a result, MCA dropped the band in 1984. Shortly after being let go from MCA, the band signed with the small HME Records label.", "Shortly after being let go from MCA, the band signed with the small HME Records label. Their next album, No Muss...No Fuss, released in 1985, continued the trend set by Fortune 410 by charting at #115 with the single \"Injured in the Game of Love\".", "Their next album, No Muss...No Fuss, released in 1985, continued the trend set by Fortune 410 by charting at #115 with the single \"Injured in the Game of Love\". Both of the aforementioned albums ended up being more critically acclaimed than The High and the Mighty.", "Both of the aforementioned albums ended up being more critically acclaimed than The High and the Mighty. New Cruisers lineups and different projects (1986–93) Just prior to the release of No Muss...No Fuss, the band began to split into different directions.", "New Cruisers lineups and different projects (1986–93) Just prior to the release of No Muss...No Fuss, the band began to split into different directions. Drummer Kevin Valentine and bassist Albritton McClain left to join a new group, the Innocent, whose members included future Nine Inch Nails main man Trent Reznor.", "Drummer Kevin Valentine and bassist Albritton McClain left to join a new group, the Innocent, whose members included future Nine Inch Nails main man Trent Reznor. The two were replaced by Scott Alan Williamson on bass and Tommy Rich on drums. That same year, keyboardist Mark Avsec released a solo project under the moniker Cellarful of Noise.", "That same year, keyboardist Mark Avsec released a solo project under the moniker Cellarful of Noise. Even after releasing the eponymous debut album that same year, Cellarful of Noise, Avsec and Iris maintained that Donnie Iris and the Cruisers was still their main focus, and that they wanted to continue to release new albums with the band and its new line-up.", "Even after releasing the eponymous debut album that same year, Cellarful of Noise, Avsec and Iris maintained that Donnie Iris and the Cruisers was still their main focus, and that they wanted to continue to release new albums with the band and its new line-up. The band returned to the studio in 1986 and recorded a new album titled Cruise Control; however, a lawsuit with the band's former label MCA resulted in the shelving of that album pending the resolution of the lawsuit.", "The band returned to the studio in 1986 and recorded a new album titled Cruise Control; however, a lawsuit with the band's former label MCA resulted in the shelving of that album pending the resolution of the lawsuit. The album itself has still not been released as of 2020, although six tracks from it appeared on 1992's Out of the Blue and a cover of \"Reach Out\" recorded during the Cruise Control sessions appeared on the 1989 compilation WDVE Pittsburgh Rock & Roll '89.", "The album itself has still not been released as of 2020, although six tracks from it appeared on 1992's Out of the Blue and a cover of \"Reach Out\" recorded during the Cruise Control sessions appeared on the 1989 compilation WDVE Pittsburgh Rock & Roll '89. Also around this time, the HME label that the band had signed with to record No Muss...No Fuss went out of business, leaving Donnie Iris and the Cruisers an unsigned act.", "Also around this time, the HME label that the band had signed with to record No Muss...No Fuss went out of business, leaving Donnie Iris and the Cruisers an unsigned act. Since the band seemed to have hit a road block, Iris partnered with Avsec on the second Cellarful of Noise album, Magnificent Obsession, which was released in 1988.", "Since the band seemed to have hit a road block, Iris partnered with Avsec on the second Cellarful of Noise album, Magnificent Obsession, which was released in 1988. The album produced a moderately successful single, \"Samantha (What You Gonna Do).\"", "The album produced a moderately successful single, \"Samantha (What You Gonna Do).\" In the early 1990s, Iris set up a mortgage company, SIMCorp, with partners Lynn Shelley and Priscilla Micinko, as a side business from the band.", "In the early 1990s, Iris set up a mortgage company, SIMCorp, with partners Lynn Shelley and Priscilla Micinko, as a side business from the band. SIMCorp, located in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, remained under Iris's ownership for nearly twenty years.", "SIMCorp, located in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, remained under Iris's ownership for nearly twenty years. Donnie Iris and the Cruisers returned to the studio in 1992 to release their first album containing new material since 1985. Titled Out of the Blue, the album was a compilation album containing older hits and new material.", "Titled Out of the Blue, the album was a compilation album containing older hits and new material. It failed to have any impact on the charts, however. Still, the band toured throughout the rest of the year around Pennsylvania and Ohio, and attracted newer and younger fans from the area.", "Still, the band toured throughout the rest of the year around Pennsylvania and Ohio, and attracted newer and younger fans from the area. The band released another album in 1993, Footsoldier in the Moonlight. At this point, the band underwent yet another line-up change as drummer Tommy Rich departed the group.", "At this point, the band underwent yet another line-up change as drummer Tommy Rich departed the group. His replacement, Steve McConnell, auditioned & was hired-on in the summer of 1992, long enough to record on and tour behind Footsoldier in the Moonlight and can be heard on live recordings from 1992 & 1993.", "His replacement, Steve McConnell, auditioned & was hired-on in the summer of 1992, long enough to record on and tour behind Footsoldier in the Moonlight and can be heard on live recordings from 1992 & 1993. Later in 1994, Rich rejoined the group.", "Later in 1994, Rich rejoined the group. Later endeavors and new albums (1994–2009) In the summer of 1994, original members Albritton McClain and Kevin Valentine temporarily reunited with Iris, Avsec and Hoenes to record the first album of all new material by the original line-up in nearly 10 years.", "Later endeavors and new albums (1994–2009) In the summer of 1994, original members Albritton McClain and Kevin Valentine temporarily reunited with Iris, Avsec and Hoenes to record the first album of all new material by the original line-up in nearly 10 years. During recording, the band performed one reunion show together at Conneaut Lake.", "During recording, the band performed one reunion show together at Conneaut Lake. The album Poletown was released in 1997. In 1998, the band released their first live album. A collection of tracks played at Nick's Fat City, a popular Pittsburgh nightclub, Live!", "A collection of tracks played at Nick's Fat City, a popular Pittsburgh nightclub, Live! At Nick's Fat City was the first release to feature bass guitarist Paul Goll, who had been touring with the band since 1993, along with drummer Tommy Rich.", "At Nick's Fat City was the first release to feature bass guitarist Paul Goll, who had been touring with the band since 1993, along with drummer Tommy Rich. 1999 saw the release of an Iris collaborative project entitled Together Alone, featuring contributions from other regionally popular artists like Michael Stanley, Scott Blasey, B. E. Taylor and Joe Grushecky.", "1999 saw the release of an Iris collaborative project entitled Together Alone, featuring contributions from other regionally popular artists like Michael Stanley, Scott Blasey, B. E. Taylor and Joe Grushecky. After Alone, which featured a softer side of Iris's vocals, the band took a break from releasing new material but continued to perform regularly through the decade.", "After Alone, which featured a softer side of Iris's vocals, the band took a break from releasing new material but continued to perform regularly through the decade. The first true compilation album from the band was released in 2001 by their former label at MCA: 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, featuring material from the band's four MCA-released albums from the early 1980s.", "The first true compilation album from the band was released in 2001 by their former label at MCA: 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, featuring material from the band's four MCA-released albums from the early 1980s. In 2004, the band celebrated its 25th anniversary with a new compilation album featuring their rarer material, 25 Years, and performed live at the Chevrolet Amphitheatre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for 4,000 people.", "In 2004, the band celebrated its 25th anniversary with a new compilation album featuring their rarer material, 25 Years, and performed live at the Chevrolet Amphitheatre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for 4,000 people. This concert was known for featuring a four drummer lineup of current and previous drummers for the band; Kevin Valentine, Tommy Rich, Brice Foster and Mark Avsec's daughter Danna Avsec, who was the guest drummer.", "This concert was known for featuring a four drummer lineup of current and previous drummers for the band; Kevin Valentine, Tommy Rich, Brice Foster and Mark Avsec's daughter Danna Avsec, who was the guest drummer. Since then, the band has used a three drummer line-up for several concerts.", "Since then, the band has used a three drummer line-up for several concerts. The band's 2006 album, Ellwood City, was a tribute to Iris's hometown, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania.", "The band's 2006 album, Ellwood City, was a tribute to Iris's hometown, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. June 17, 2006 was recognized throughout Lawrence County, Pennsylvania as Donnie Iris Day by Ellwood City Executive Council President Glenn Jones and Mayor Roy P. Meehan.", "June 17, 2006 was recognized throughout Lawrence County, Pennsylvania as Donnie Iris Day by Ellwood City Executive Council President Glenn Jones and Mayor Roy P. Meehan. Iris also received special commendations and awards from United States Congresswoman Melissa Hart and Pennsylvania state representative Frank LaGrotta.", "Iris also received special commendations and awards from United States Congresswoman Melissa Hart and Pennsylvania state representative Frank LaGrotta. In 2008 and 2009, King Cool Light was developed after Mark Avsec realized that \"King Cool\" sounded like the name of a refreshing beer.", "In 2008 and 2009, King Cool Light was developed after Mark Avsec realized that \"King Cool\" sounded like the name of a refreshing beer. He later approached Iris and Marty Lee Hoenes who both immediately liked the idea, giving birth to King Cool Limited.", "He later approached Iris and Marty Lee Hoenes who both immediately liked the idea, giving birth to King Cool Limited. King Cool Light was unveiled on November 20, 2009, at Club Diesel in Pittsburgh during the band's 30th anniversary concert.", "King Cool Light was unveiled on November 20, 2009, at Club Diesel in Pittsburgh during the band's 30th anniversary concert. Every case was sold out, but 25 more cases were brought in, which were also sold out.", "Every case was sold out, but 25 more cases were brought in, which were also sold out. The band's first EP, You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, was released in 2008. It was followed in 2009 with their second live album, Ah!", "It was followed in 2009 with their second live album, Ah! Live!, recorded at shows in Erie and Kittanning, Pennsylvania. Recent years (2010–present) In an interview with Cleveland Scene published on February 3, 2010, Mark Avsec announced that the band's next project would be a Christmas album. Ah! Leluiah!", "Ah! Leluiah! Leluiah! was released on November 18, 2010. Additionally, King Cool Light was released in the Youngstown, Ohio market in July of that same year. Also that year, Iris retired from the mortgage banking business and sold SIMCorp.", "Also that year, Iris retired from the mortgage banking business and sold SIMCorp. Avsec announced in a March 2012 interview that the band had begun working on their twelfth studio album, due out in 2013 to commemorate Iris's seventieth birthday.", "Avsec announced in a March 2012 interview that the band had begun working on their twelfth studio album, due out in 2013 to commemorate Iris's seventieth birthday. However, this project has turned into a special release to celebrate the thirty-fifth anniversary of the formation of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, which was expected to be released in 2014.", "However, this project has turned into a special release to celebrate the thirty-fifth anniversary of the formation of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, which was expected to be released in 2014. On June 17, 2014, Iris and the Cruisers leaked a new song, \"Sing the Songs of Summer (All Night Long),\" the first track to be released from the band's intermittent time in the studio in the previous two years.", "On June 17, 2014, Iris and the Cruisers leaked a new song, \"Sing the Songs of Summer (All Night Long),\" the first track to be released from the band's intermittent time in the studio in the previous two years. This was followed by \"Pittsburgh Made,\" released on Spotify and for free download in October 2016.", "This was followed by \"Pittsburgh Made,\" released on Spotify and for free download in October 2016. On the April 2, 2015 episode of Jim Krenn's No Restrictions podcast, Iris mentioned that he and the band hoped to have the often-delayed album out by the end of 2015.", "On the April 2, 2015 episode of Jim Krenn's No Restrictions podcast, Iris mentioned that he and the band hoped to have the often-delayed album out by the end of 2015. As of November 2018, there is still no release date known for the new album.", "As of November 2018, there is still no release date known for the new album. In February 2015, Iris was nominated for a Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Legends Award in the modern era category (artists with 20-plus years in music business).", "In February 2015, Iris was nominated for a Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Legends Award in the modern era category (artists with 20-plus years in music business). The awards, begun in 2014, honor those who have made significant contributions to the Pittsburgh rock scene.", "The awards, begun in 2014, honor those who have made significant contributions to the Pittsburgh rock scene. In his category, Iris went up against Joe Grushecky, Billy Price and Rusted Root.", "In his category, Iris went up against Joe Grushecky, Billy Price and Rusted Root. On March 19, it was announced that Iris had won the public voting process to be inducted for the Rock 'N Roll Legends in his category, along with Lou Christie (Legacy Legends category, 40-plus years in the business) and Porky Chedwick (non-performer/musical professional category, 20-plus years active).", "On March 19, it was announced that Iris had won the public voting process to be inducted for the Rock 'N Roll Legends in his category, along with Lou Christie (Legacy Legends category, 40-plus years in the business) and Porky Chedwick (non-performer/musical professional category, 20-plus years active). Iris was enshrined with a plaque at Pittsburgh's Hard Rock Cafe on April 23, 2015 and he performed a set with an all-star Pittsburgh band.", "Iris was enshrined with a plaque at Pittsburgh's Hard Rock Cafe on April 23, 2015 and he performed a set with an all-star Pittsburgh band. In July 2021, Iris's first four studio albums were reissued in remastered CD form by Rock Candy Records.", "In July 2021, Iris's first four studio albums were reissued in remastered CD form by Rock Candy Records. Each album contains one or more live bonus tracks taken from the 1981 Live at the Paradise, Boston promotional EP.", "Each album contains one or more live bonus tracks taken from the 1981 Live at the Paradise, Boston promotional EP. Discography As a member of the Jaggerz (1964–1976) As a member of Wild Cherry (1978–1979) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers (1979–present) Studio albums Live albums Live!", "Discography As a member of the Jaggerz (1964–1976) As a member of Wild Cherry (1978–1979) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers (1979–present) Studio albums Live albums Live! At Nick's Fat City, 1998 (Primary) Ah!", "At Nick's Fat City, 1998 (Primary) Ah! Live!, 2009 (Primary) Live Bootleg, 2014 (Primary) Compilation albums 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, 2001 (MCA) Donnie: 25 Years, 2004 (Primary) EP Live at the Paradise, Boston, 1981 (MCA) You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, 2008 (Primary) Other appearances WDVE Pittsburgh Rock 'n Roll '89, 1989 (WDVE-FM) on the song \"Reach Out\" Singles Videography Live at Blossom, 1981 King Cool: Ah!", "Live!, 2009 (Primary) Live Bootleg, 2014 (Primary) Compilation albums 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, 2001 (MCA) Donnie: 25 Years, 2004 (Primary) EP Live at the Paradise, Boston, 1981 (MCA) You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, 2008 (Primary) Other appearances WDVE Pittsburgh Rock 'n Roll '89, 1989 (WDVE-FM) on the song \"Reach Out\" Singles Videography Live at Blossom, 1981 King Cool: Ah! History of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, 2004 (documentary) Guest appearances Cellarful of Noise's album, Magnificent Obsession, 1988 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" (Nina Sainato) on the album Holly and Ivory, 2011 Other credits I Love My Music, 1978 (Epic, peaked at no.", "History of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, 2004 (documentary) Guest appearances Cellarful of Noise's album, Magnificent Obsession, 1988 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" (Nina Sainato) on the album Holly and Ivory, 2011 Other credits I Love My Music, 1978 (Epic, peaked at no. 84 on Billboard 200), engineering credit (Wild Cherry) Innermission, 1982 (MCA), producer (B. E. Taylor Group) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers members Current members Donnie Iris, lead vocals (1979–present) Mark Avsec, keyboards and background vocals (1979–present) Marty Lee Hoenes, guitar and background vocals (1979–present) Paul Goll, bass and background vocals (1993–present) Kevin Valentine, drums (1979–1985, 1994 reunion, 2003–present) Former members Albritton McClain, bass and background vocals (1979–1985, 1994 reunion) Scott Alan Williamson, bass and background vocals (1985–1993) Tommy Rich, drums (1985–1990, 1994–2003) Steve McConnell, drums (1990–1994) Brice Foster, drums (2004–2007) Touring member Mark Tirabassi, drums (2007–present) (fill-in when Kevin Valentine can't travel) Joe Vitale Jr, drums (2021–present) (fill-in when Kevin Valentine can't travel) Session musicians Kenny Blake, saxophone (1980–1981, 1993/Back on the Streets, King Cool and Footsoldier in the Moonlight) Robert Peckman, bass (1980/Back on the Streets) Rick Bell, saxophone (1983/Fortune 410) Dan McCarthy, horns (1983–1984/Fortune 410 and No Muss…No Fuss) Rodney Psyka, percussion (1985/No Muss…No Fuss) Pete Tokar, percussion (1993/Footsoldier in the Moonlight) Alan Green, guitar (2008/You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away) Further reading Ferris, D.X., The Story of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, (2017) References External links Official Website Living people People from Ellwood City, Pennsylvania American rock singers Musicians from Pittsburgh Donnie Iris and the Cruisers members The Jaggerz members Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania alumni Wild Cherry (band) members Singers from Pennsylvania Power pop musicians People from New Castle, Pennsylvania 1943 births MCA Records artists" ]

[ "Donnie Iris", "Donnie Iris and the Cruisers' peak years (1980-85)", "What was donnie's cruisers' peak years?", "1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart." ]

[ "American singer-songwriter Bruno Mars has released three studio albums, one collaborative studio albums, one EP, 30 singles (seven as a featured artist) and three promotional singles. With estimated sales of over 26 million albums and 200 million singles worldwide, Mars is one of the best-selling artists of all time. Six of his singles are among the best-selling singles of all time: in order of release date, \"Just the Way You Are\", \"Grenade\", \"The Lazy Song\", \"When I Was Your Man\", \"Uptown Funk\" and \"That's What I Like\". According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), he has sold 90.5 million copies in the United States. His first two albums have sold 5.04 million copies in the US alone. In 2012, Mars was named 2011's best selling music artist worldwide. In 2021, he became the first artist to receive five diamond certified songs in the United States.\n\nAfter he signed with Atlantic Records in 2009, he composed (as part of production group the Smeezingtons) and sang guest vocals on the debut singles of American rappers B.o.B (\"Nothin' on You\") (2009) and Travie McCoy (\"Billionaire\") (2010). The former single peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, in the Netherlands and in the United Kingdom, the latter also topped the Netherlands' singles chart. That year Mars released his debut album Doo-Wops & Hooligans. Its singles \"Just the Way You Are\" and \"Grenade\" topped the charts in the US, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, and have been certified 13 times platinum and diamond, respectively, by the RIAA. They were both certified seven and six times platinum, respectively, by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), with the former being certified diamond and the latter six times platinum by Music Canada (MC). \"The Lazy Song\", topped the charts in Denmark and the UK. It was certified seven times platinum by the RIAA. Doo-Wops & Hooligans topped the charts in Canada, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland, and the UK. In 2011, Mars recorded \"It Will Rain\" for the soundtrack of The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 and appeared on a number of collaborative singles.\n\nMars's second album, Unorthodox Jukebox (2012), reached number one in the US, Australia, Canada, Switzerland, and the UK. Two of its singles, \"Locked Out of Heaven\", certified nine times platinum by the RIAA and seven times by ARIA, and \"When I Was Your Man\", certified eleven times platinum by the RIAA, six times platinum by ARIA and nine times platinum by MC, topped the Billboard Hot 100. In 2014, Mars provided vocals on Mark Ronson's \"Uptown Funk\", a single which topped the US, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and UK music charts. It was certified 11 times platinum by the RIAA, 21 times platinum by the ARIA and diamond by MC. His third studio album, 24K Magic (2016) peaked within the top five in the US, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the UK. It spawned the internationally successful singles \"24K Magic\", \"That's What I Like\" and \"Finesse\", with \"24K Magic\" reaching number-one in New Zealand and being certified six times platinum by MC. \"That's What I Like\" topped the charts in the United States and was certified diamond by the RIAA and seven times platinum by MC. In 2021, Mars and Anderson .Paak, as Silk Sonic, released the collaborative album An Evening with Silk Sonic. The lead single, \"Leave the Door Open\", reached number one in the United States and New Zealand.\n\nStudio albums\n\nCollaborative albums\n\nExtended plays\n\nSingles\n\nAs lead artist\n\nAs featured artist\n\nPromotional singles\n\nOther charted songs\n\nGuest appearances\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n Bruno Mars Discography at AllMusic\n\nDiscography\nDiscographies of American artists\nPop music discographies", "\"The Spell\" is a song by Danish pop band Alphabeat, released as the lead single from their second studio album of the same name (2009). The song topped the Danish Singles Chart for four non-consecutive weeks and was certified platinum by IFPI Denmark on 4 January 2010, denoting sales in excess of 30,000 copies. The music video for \"The Spell\" was directed by Toben Seymour, who also directed the band's previous video, \"What Is Happening\".\n\nTrack listings\nDanish digital single\n\"The Spell\" – 3:39\n\nUK CD single and 7\" single\n\"The Spell\" – 3:37\n\"The Spell\" (Digital Dog Remix) – 2:49\n\nUK digital single\n\"The Spell\" – 3:37\n\"The Spell\" (Digital Dog Remix) – 2:49\n\"The Spell\" (Buzz Junkies Remix) – 3:27\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n2009 singles\n2009 songs\nAlphabeat songs\nFascination Records singles\nNumber-one singles in Denmark\nPolydor Records singles" ]

[ "Donnie Iris (born Dominic Ierace, February 28, 1943) is an American rock musician known for his work with the Jaggerz and Wild Cherry during the 1970s, and for his solo career beginning in the 1980s with his band, the Cruisers. He wrote the #2 Billboard hit, \"The Rapper\", with the Jaggerz in 1970 and was a member of Wild Cherry after the group had a #1 hit with \"Play That Funky Music.\"", "He wrote the #2 Billboard hit, \"The Rapper\", with the Jaggerz in 1970 and was a member of Wild Cherry after the group had a #1 hit with \"Play That Funky Music.\" He also achieved fame as a solo artist in the early 1980s with the #29 hit \"Ah! Leah!\"", "Leah!\" Leah!\" and the #37 hit \"Love Is Like a Rock.\" In addition to performing on the first three Jaggerz albums and the fourth and final Wild Cherry album, Iris with his solo band has released eleven studio albums, one EP, two live albums, and two compilation albums.", "In addition to performing on the first three Jaggerz albums and the fourth and final Wild Cherry album, Iris with his solo band has released eleven studio albums, one EP, two live albums, and two compilation albums. He continues to intermittently release new material and tour throughout the greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Youngstown and Cleveland, Ohio areas.", "He continues to intermittently release new material and tour throughout the greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Youngstown and Cleveland, Ohio areas. Biography Early life and early career (1943–63) Dominic Ierace was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, but grew up in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania.", "Biography Early life and early career (1943–63) Dominic Ierace was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, but grew up in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. The son of Samuel and Carrie Ierace, young Dominic began to learn how to sing at an early age from his mother, who had sung in Curly Venezie's orchestra.", "The son of Samuel and Carrie Ierace, young Dominic began to learn how to sing at an early age from his mother, who had sung in Curly Venezie's orchestra. He practiced earlier on by singing along with his mother's favorite singers, Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett.", "He practiced earlier on by singing along with his mother's favorite singers, Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett. Per his mother's encouragement, Ierace began singing at weddings at age five, and by eight was performing on local television and entering talent contests.", "Per his mother's encouragement, Ierace began singing at weddings at age five, and by eight was performing on local television and entering talent contests. Over time, Ierace began to develop his own interests in music with the advent of rock music, drawing inspiration from Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly and later from the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and even R&B and soul artists Marvin Gaye and Ray Charles in addition to other Motown acts.", "Over time, Ierace began to develop his own interests in music with the advent of rock music, drawing inspiration from Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly and later from the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and even R&B and soul artists Marvin Gaye and Ray Charles in addition to other Motown acts. The popularity of rock and roll inspired Ierace to become a self-taught guitarist.", "The popularity of rock and roll inspired Ierace to become a self-taught guitarist. When his voice changed around age 12, he gave up singing and took up the drums. About the time he was a senior in high school (circa 1961), Ierace's voice changed again, and he got back into singing.", "About the time he was a senior in high school (circa 1961), Ierace's voice changed again, and he got back into singing. He formed a vocal doo-wop group called the Fabutons with Johnny Roth, Anthony Matteo, Lou Delessandro and Chuckie Hasson and performed gigs around Beaver and Lawrence counties in Pennsylvania.", "He formed a vocal doo-wop group called the Fabutons with Johnny Roth, Anthony Matteo, Lou Delessandro and Chuckie Hasson and performed gigs around Beaver and Lawrence counties in Pennsylvania. However, the group only performed a few times before they disbanded and Ierace went to college.", "However, the group only performed a few times before they disbanded and Ierace went to college. While attending Slippery Rock State College, Ierace formed a band called the Tri-Vels with guitarist Jim Evans and drummer Dave Amodie, two fellow students at Slippery Rock. With the addition of bassist Dave Reiser, they renamed themselves Donnie and the Donnells.", "With the addition of bassist Dave Reiser, they renamed themselves Donnie and the Donnells. This band in both incarnations played R&B and pop rock covers at fraternity parties and lasted from about 1961 to 1964.", "This band in both incarnations played R&B and pop rock covers at fraternity parties and lasted from about 1961 to 1964. The Jaggerz and Wild Cherry (1964–79) Around 1964, Ierace left Donnie and the Donnells to form the Jaggerz (originally the \"Jaggers\") with Benny Faiella of Gary and the Jewel Tones.", "The Jaggerz and Wild Cherry (1964–79) Around 1964, Ierace left Donnie and the Donnells to form the Jaggerz (originally the \"Jaggers\") with Benny Faiella of Gary and the Jewel Tones. After a few changes in line-up early on (including acquiring Jimmie Ross and Jim Pugliano from the Bell Boys), the group became popular playing R&B covers throughout western Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio.", "After a few changes in line-up early on (including acquiring Jimmie Ross and Jim Pugliano from the Bell Boys), the group became popular playing R&B covers throughout western Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio. Eventually, Ierace and the Jaggerz began to write their own material and secured a contract with Gamble Records.", "Eventually, Ierace and the Jaggerz began to write their own material and secured a contract with Gamble Records. Their first album, Introducing the Jaggerz, was released in 1969. The album was only a minor success, mainly receiving airplay in Iris' native Beaver County and the rest of the greater Pittsburgh area.", "The album was only a minor success, mainly receiving airplay in Iris' native Beaver County and the rest of the greater Pittsburgh area. Perhaps most importantly, it was the first album Ierace recorded on.", "Perhaps most importantly, it was the first album Ierace recorded on. Ierace and the Jaggerz first came to national prominence in 1970 for the #2 hit \"The Rapper,\" written by Ierace and included on their second album, We Went to Different Schools Together, released on the Kama Sutra label.", "Ierace and the Jaggerz first came to national prominence in 1970 for the #2 hit \"The Rapper,\" written by Ierace and included on their second album, We Went to Different Schools Together, released on the Kama Sutra label. The album itself reached #69 on the charts.", "The album itself reached #69 on the charts. The Jaggerz would go on to release one more album, Come Again, in 1975 when they were signed with Wooden Nickel Records. However, it failed to produce any more hits for the group.", "However, it failed to produce any more hits for the group. Between 1975 and 1976, most of the Jaggerz' longtime members left the group, including Ierace in 1976. The Jaggerz eventually broke up around 1977, but reunited in 1989 without Ierace, who by that point was well into his solo career.", "The Jaggerz eventually broke up around 1977, but reunited in 1989 without Ierace, who by that point was well into his solo career. After his departure from the Jaggerz, Ierace began to learn engineering at Jeree Recording in New Brighton, Pennsylvania.", "After his departure from the Jaggerz, Ierace began to learn engineering at Jeree Recording in New Brighton, Pennsylvania. Also, he did about a two-year stint (1976-1978) playing shows with B. E. Taylor.", "Also, he did about a two-year stint (1976-1978) playing shows with B. E. Taylor. While working at Jeree, the band Wild Cherry (a hot commodity because of their 1976 hit \"Play That Funky Music,\" which had been recorded there), was booked for a recording session.", "While working at Jeree, the band Wild Cherry (a hot commodity because of their 1976 hit \"Play That Funky Music,\" which had been recorded there), was booked for a recording session. Ierace helped to engineer their third album, I Love My Music.", "Ierace helped to engineer their third album, I Love My Music. The band was also looking for a new guitarist, and upon learning of Ierace and his association with \"The Rapper,\" he was recruited by frontman Rob Parissi.", "The band was also looking for a new guitarist, and upon learning of Ierace and his association with \"The Rapper,\" he was recruited by frontman Rob Parissi. Ierace went on the road with the group for about the next year and was featured on their 1979 album Only the Wild Survive.", "Ierace went on the road with the group for about the next year and was featured on their 1979 album Only the Wild Survive. Throughout the 1970s, Ierace was credited by various names on Jaggerz and Wild Cherry albums: by his birth name, Dominic Ierace; Don Ierace; and a stage name he had adopted to make it easier for people to remember his name, Don Iris.", "Throughout the 1970s, Ierace was credited by various names on Jaggerz and Wild Cherry albums: by his birth name, Dominic Ierace; Don Ierace; and a stage name he had adopted to make it easier for people to remember his name, Don Iris. By the end of the decade, as far as his music/public life went, he went by the name of Donnie Iris.", "By the end of the decade, as far as his music/public life went, he went by the name of Donnie Iris. It was during this period that he became acquainted with Mark Avsec, then playing keyboards for Wild Cherry.", "It was during this period that he became acquainted with Mark Avsec, then playing keyboards for Wild Cherry. Wild Cherry was unable to duplicate the success of \"Play That Funky Music\" and disbanded by the end of the decade.", "Wild Cherry was unable to duplicate the success of \"Play That Funky Music\" and disbanded by the end of the decade. Becoming good friends, Donnie and Mark decided to form a project together after Wild Cherry's breakup and the two began writing songs.", "Becoming good friends, Donnie and Mark decided to form a project together after Wild Cherry's breakup and the two began writing songs. Their first release saw the disco-influenced single \"Bring on the Eighties\" backed by a cover of \"Because of You\" in 1979; however it failed to garner attention.", "Their first release saw the disco-influenced single \"Bring on the Eighties\" backed by a cover of \"Because of You\" in 1979; however it failed to garner attention. Iris and Avsec decided to go in a harder direction for their next release and returned to the studio with guitarist Marty Lee Hoenes, bassist Albritton McClain and drummer Kevin Valentine, who at the time was in the band Breathless with Avsec, to record his first full-length album.", "Iris and Avsec decided to go in a harder direction for their next release and returned to the studio with guitarist Marty Lee Hoenes, bassist Albritton McClain and drummer Kevin Valentine, who at the time was in the band Breathless with Avsec, to record his first full-length album. This line-up would form to what would become known as Donnie Iris and the Cruisers.", "This line-up would form to what would become known as Donnie Iris and the Cruisers. Donnie Iris and the Cruisers' peak years (1980–85) Iris' first album, Back on the Streets, was released in July 1980 on the small Cleveland, Ohio-based Midwest Records. With the track \"Ah! Leah!\"", "With the track \"Ah! Leah!\" Leah!\" receiving airplay in Boston, Cleveland and Pittsburgh, MCA Records took notice and quickly signed Iris to a five-album deal and re-released the album nationally in October. The first single \"Ah! Leah!\"", "The first single \"Ah! Leah!\" Leah!\" peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #34 in Australia) in February 1981 and became one of the most frequently played AOR tracks of the year, and the album reached #57 on the Billboard 200.", "peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #34 in Australia) in February 1981 and became one of the most frequently played AOR tracks of the year, and the album reached #57 on the Billboard 200. In addition, the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981.", "In addition, the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981. The follow-up album, King Cool, credited to Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, was released in August 1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart.", "The follow-up album, King Cool, credited to Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, was released in August 1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart. Two other songs from the album received significant AOR airplay; \"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart.", "Two other songs from the album received significant AOR airplay; \"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart. In addition, he gained the nickname King Cool from this album in the later part of his career.", "In addition, he gained the nickname King Cool from this album in the later part of his career. However, the album itself charted less successfully, at #84. After the long tour promoting their two previous albums, the band continued songwriting and in the fall of 1982 released The High and the Mighty.", "After the long tour promoting their two previous albums, the band continued songwriting and in the fall of 1982 released The High and the Mighty. The album contained the single \"Tough World,\" but only charted at #180, marking a decline in his success, but the band still was determined to release new material.", "The album contained the single \"Tough World,\" but only charted at #180, marking a decline in his success, but the band still was determined to release new material. Their next album one year later, Fortune 410, contained the hit single \"Do You Compute?\"", "Their next album one year later, Fortune 410, contained the hit single \"Do You Compute?\" which was used by their label MCA and the computer company Atari to form a cross-marketing promotion.", "which was used by their label MCA and the computer company Atari to form a cross-marketing promotion. Because the promotional partnership was secured prior to release of the album, it was possible to use the Atari 1200 XL Home Computer in poster photography, as well as in the video clip for \"Do You Compute?", "Because the promotional partnership was secured prior to release of the album, it was possible to use the Atari 1200 XL Home Computer in poster photography, as well as in the video clip for \"Do You Compute? \", which aired on MTV.", "\", which aired on MTV. The title of the album is a reference to the trademark glasses Iris wears, Fortune 410's. The combination of marketing and the promotion for its hit single allowed the album to chart higher than its predecessor.", "The combination of marketing and the promotion for its hit single allowed the album to chart higher than its predecessor. Despite Fortune 410 charting higher than The High and the Mighty, MCA was displeased that both albums didn't chart as high as Back on the Streets and King Cool had.", "Despite Fortune 410 charting higher than The High and the Mighty, MCA was displeased that both albums didn't chart as high as Back on the Streets and King Cool had. The label suggested that the band allow them to bring in a new producer, displacing Mark Avsec, as well bring in new songwriters.", "The label suggested that the band allow them to bring in a new producer, displacing Mark Avsec, as well bring in new songwriters. Iris and the Cruisers, wanting to keep as much of their creative freedom and sound as they could, said no. As a result, MCA dropped the band in 1984.", "As a result, MCA dropped the band in 1984. Shortly after being let go from MCA, the band signed with the small HME Records label.", "Shortly after being let go from MCA, the band signed with the small HME Records label. Their next album, No Muss...No Fuss, released in 1985, continued the trend set by Fortune 410 by charting at #115 with the single \"Injured in the Game of Love\".", "Their next album, No Muss...No Fuss, released in 1985, continued the trend set by Fortune 410 by charting at #115 with the single \"Injured in the Game of Love\". Both of the aforementioned albums ended up being more critically acclaimed than The High and the Mighty.", "Both of the aforementioned albums ended up being more critically acclaimed than The High and the Mighty. New Cruisers lineups and different projects (1986–93) Just prior to the release of No Muss...No Fuss, the band began to split into different directions.", "New Cruisers lineups and different projects (1986–93) Just prior to the release of No Muss...No Fuss, the band began to split into different directions. Drummer Kevin Valentine and bassist Albritton McClain left to join a new group, the Innocent, whose members included future Nine Inch Nails main man Trent Reznor.", "Drummer Kevin Valentine and bassist Albritton McClain left to join a new group, the Innocent, whose members included future Nine Inch Nails main man Trent Reznor. The two were replaced by Scott Alan Williamson on bass and Tommy Rich on drums. That same year, keyboardist Mark Avsec released a solo project under the moniker Cellarful of Noise.", "That same year, keyboardist Mark Avsec released a solo project under the moniker Cellarful of Noise. Even after releasing the eponymous debut album that same year, Cellarful of Noise, Avsec and Iris maintained that Donnie Iris and the Cruisers was still their main focus, and that they wanted to continue to release new albums with the band and its new line-up.", "Even after releasing the eponymous debut album that same year, Cellarful of Noise, Avsec and Iris maintained that Donnie Iris and the Cruisers was still their main focus, and that they wanted to continue to release new albums with the band and its new line-up. The band returned to the studio in 1986 and recorded a new album titled Cruise Control; however, a lawsuit with the band's former label MCA resulted in the shelving of that album pending the resolution of the lawsuit.", "The band returned to the studio in 1986 and recorded a new album titled Cruise Control; however, a lawsuit with the band's former label MCA resulted in the shelving of that album pending the resolution of the lawsuit. The album itself has still not been released as of 2020, although six tracks from it appeared on 1992's Out of the Blue and a cover of \"Reach Out\" recorded during the Cruise Control sessions appeared on the 1989 compilation WDVE Pittsburgh Rock & Roll '89.", "The album itself has still not been released as of 2020, although six tracks from it appeared on 1992's Out of the Blue and a cover of \"Reach Out\" recorded during the Cruise Control sessions appeared on the 1989 compilation WDVE Pittsburgh Rock & Roll '89. Also around this time, the HME label that the band had signed with to record No Muss...No Fuss went out of business, leaving Donnie Iris and the Cruisers an unsigned act.", "Also around this time, the HME label that the band had signed with to record No Muss...No Fuss went out of business, leaving Donnie Iris and the Cruisers an unsigned act. Since the band seemed to have hit a road block, Iris partnered with Avsec on the second Cellarful of Noise album, Magnificent Obsession, which was released in 1988.", "Since the band seemed to have hit a road block, Iris partnered with Avsec on the second Cellarful of Noise album, Magnificent Obsession, which was released in 1988. The album produced a moderately successful single, \"Samantha (What You Gonna Do).\"", "The album produced a moderately successful single, \"Samantha (What You Gonna Do).\" In the early 1990s, Iris set up a mortgage company, SIMCorp, with partners Lynn Shelley and Priscilla Micinko, as a side business from the band.", "In the early 1990s, Iris set up a mortgage company, SIMCorp, with partners Lynn Shelley and Priscilla Micinko, as a side business from the band. SIMCorp, located in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, remained under Iris's ownership for nearly twenty years.", "SIMCorp, located in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, remained under Iris's ownership for nearly twenty years. Donnie Iris and the Cruisers returned to the studio in 1992 to release their first album containing new material since 1985. Titled Out of the Blue, the album was a compilation album containing older hits and new material.", "Titled Out of the Blue, the album was a compilation album containing older hits and new material. It failed to have any impact on the charts, however. Still, the band toured throughout the rest of the year around Pennsylvania and Ohio, and attracted newer and younger fans from the area.", "Still, the band toured throughout the rest of the year around Pennsylvania and Ohio, and attracted newer and younger fans from the area. The band released another album in 1993, Footsoldier in the Moonlight. At this point, the band underwent yet another line-up change as drummer Tommy Rich departed the group.", "At this point, the band underwent yet another line-up change as drummer Tommy Rich departed the group. His replacement, Steve McConnell, auditioned & was hired-on in the summer of 1992, long enough to record on and tour behind Footsoldier in the Moonlight and can be heard on live recordings from 1992 & 1993.", "His replacement, Steve McConnell, auditioned & was hired-on in the summer of 1992, long enough to record on and tour behind Footsoldier in the Moonlight and can be heard on live recordings from 1992 & 1993. Later in 1994, Rich rejoined the group.", "Later in 1994, Rich rejoined the group. Later endeavors and new albums (1994–2009) In the summer of 1994, original members Albritton McClain and Kevin Valentine temporarily reunited with Iris, Avsec and Hoenes to record the first album of all new material by the original line-up in nearly 10 years.", "Later endeavors and new albums (1994–2009) In the summer of 1994, original members Albritton McClain and Kevin Valentine temporarily reunited with Iris, Avsec and Hoenes to record the first album of all new material by the original line-up in nearly 10 years. During recording, the band performed one reunion show together at Conneaut Lake.", "During recording, the band performed one reunion show together at Conneaut Lake. The album Poletown was released in 1997. In 1998, the band released their first live album. A collection of tracks played at Nick's Fat City, a popular Pittsburgh nightclub, Live!", "A collection of tracks played at Nick's Fat City, a popular Pittsburgh nightclub, Live! At Nick's Fat City was the first release to feature bass guitarist Paul Goll, who had been touring with the band since 1993, along with drummer Tommy Rich.", "At Nick's Fat City was the first release to feature bass guitarist Paul Goll, who had been touring with the band since 1993, along with drummer Tommy Rich. 1999 saw the release of an Iris collaborative project entitled Together Alone, featuring contributions from other regionally popular artists like Michael Stanley, Scott Blasey, B. E. Taylor and Joe Grushecky.", "1999 saw the release of an Iris collaborative project entitled Together Alone, featuring contributions from other regionally popular artists like Michael Stanley, Scott Blasey, B. E. Taylor and Joe Grushecky. After Alone, which featured a softer side of Iris's vocals, the band took a break from releasing new material but continued to perform regularly through the decade.", "After Alone, which featured a softer side of Iris's vocals, the band took a break from releasing new material but continued to perform regularly through the decade. The first true compilation album from the band was released in 2001 by their former label at MCA: 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, featuring material from the band's four MCA-released albums from the early 1980s.", "The first true compilation album from the band was released in 2001 by their former label at MCA: 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, featuring material from the band's four MCA-released albums from the early 1980s. In 2004, the band celebrated its 25th anniversary with a new compilation album featuring their rarer material, 25 Years, and performed live at the Chevrolet Amphitheatre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for 4,000 people.", "In 2004, the band celebrated its 25th anniversary with a new compilation album featuring their rarer material, 25 Years, and performed live at the Chevrolet Amphitheatre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for 4,000 people. This concert was known for featuring a four drummer lineup of current and previous drummers for the band; Kevin Valentine, Tommy Rich, Brice Foster and Mark Avsec's daughter Danna Avsec, who was the guest drummer.", "This concert was known for featuring a four drummer lineup of current and previous drummers for the band; Kevin Valentine, Tommy Rich, Brice Foster and Mark Avsec's daughter Danna Avsec, who was the guest drummer. Since then, the band has used a three drummer line-up for several concerts.", "Since then, the band has used a three drummer line-up for several concerts. The band's 2006 album, Ellwood City, was a tribute to Iris's hometown, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania.", "The band's 2006 album, Ellwood City, was a tribute to Iris's hometown, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. June 17, 2006 was recognized throughout Lawrence County, Pennsylvania as Donnie Iris Day by Ellwood City Executive Council President Glenn Jones and Mayor Roy P. Meehan.", "June 17, 2006 was recognized throughout Lawrence County, Pennsylvania as Donnie Iris Day by Ellwood City Executive Council President Glenn Jones and Mayor Roy P. Meehan. Iris also received special commendations and awards from United States Congresswoman Melissa Hart and Pennsylvania state representative Frank LaGrotta.", "Iris also received special commendations and awards from United States Congresswoman Melissa Hart and Pennsylvania state representative Frank LaGrotta. In 2008 and 2009, King Cool Light was developed after Mark Avsec realized that \"King Cool\" sounded like the name of a refreshing beer.", "In 2008 and 2009, King Cool Light was developed after Mark Avsec realized that \"King Cool\" sounded like the name of a refreshing beer. He later approached Iris and Marty Lee Hoenes who both immediately liked the idea, giving birth to King Cool Limited.", "He later approached Iris and Marty Lee Hoenes who both immediately liked the idea, giving birth to King Cool Limited. King Cool Light was unveiled on November 20, 2009, at Club Diesel in Pittsburgh during the band's 30th anniversary concert.", "King Cool Light was unveiled on November 20, 2009, at Club Diesel in Pittsburgh during the band's 30th anniversary concert. Every case was sold out, but 25 more cases were brought in, which were also sold out.", "Every case was sold out, but 25 more cases were brought in, which were also sold out. The band's first EP, You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, was released in 2008. It was followed in 2009 with their second live album, Ah!", "It was followed in 2009 with their second live album, Ah! Live!, recorded at shows in Erie and Kittanning, Pennsylvania. Recent years (2010–present) In an interview with Cleveland Scene published on February 3, 2010, Mark Avsec announced that the band's next project would be a Christmas album. Ah! Leluiah!", "Ah! Leluiah! Leluiah! was released on November 18, 2010. Additionally, King Cool Light was released in the Youngstown, Ohio market in July of that same year. Also that year, Iris retired from the mortgage banking business and sold SIMCorp.", "Also that year, Iris retired from the mortgage banking business and sold SIMCorp. Avsec announced in a March 2012 interview that the band had begun working on their twelfth studio album, due out in 2013 to commemorate Iris's seventieth birthday.", "Avsec announced in a March 2012 interview that the band had begun working on their twelfth studio album, due out in 2013 to commemorate Iris's seventieth birthday. However, this project has turned into a special release to celebrate the thirty-fifth anniversary of the formation of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, which was expected to be released in 2014.", "However, this project has turned into a special release to celebrate the thirty-fifth anniversary of the formation of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, which was expected to be released in 2014. On June 17, 2014, Iris and the Cruisers leaked a new song, \"Sing the Songs of Summer (All Night Long),\" the first track to be released from the band's intermittent time in the studio in the previous two years.", "On June 17, 2014, Iris and the Cruisers leaked a new song, \"Sing the Songs of Summer (All Night Long),\" the first track to be released from the band's intermittent time in the studio in the previous two years. This was followed by \"Pittsburgh Made,\" released on Spotify and for free download in October 2016.", "This was followed by \"Pittsburgh Made,\" released on Spotify and for free download in October 2016. On the April 2, 2015 episode of Jim Krenn's No Restrictions podcast, Iris mentioned that he and the band hoped to have the often-delayed album out by the end of 2015.", "On the April 2, 2015 episode of Jim Krenn's No Restrictions podcast, Iris mentioned that he and the band hoped to have the often-delayed album out by the end of 2015. As of November 2018, there is still no release date known for the new album.", "As of November 2018, there is still no release date known for the new album. In February 2015, Iris was nominated for a Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Legends Award in the modern era category (artists with 20-plus years in music business).", "In February 2015, Iris was nominated for a Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Legends Award in the modern era category (artists with 20-plus years in music business). The awards, begun in 2014, honor those who have made significant contributions to the Pittsburgh rock scene.", "The awards, begun in 2014, honor those who have made significant contributions to the Pittsburgh rock scene. In his category, Iris went up against Joe Grushecky, Billy Price and Rusted Root.", "In his category, Iris went up against Joe Grushecky, Billy Price and Rusted Root. On March 19, it was announced that Iris had won the public voting process to be inducted for the Rock 'N Roll Legends in his category, along with Lou Christie (Legacy Legends category, 40-plus years in the business) and Porky Chedwick (non-performer/musical professional category, 20-plus years active).", "On March 19, it was announced that Iris had won the public voting process to be inducted for the Rock 'N Roll Legends in his category, along with Lou Christie (Legacy Legends category, 40-plus years in the business) and Porky Chedwick (non-performer/musical professional category, 20-plus years active). Iris was enshrined with a plaque at Pittsburgh's Hard Rock Cafe on April 23, 2015 and he performed a set with an all-star Pittsburgh band.", "Iris was enshrined with a plaque at Pittsburgh's Hard Rock Cafe on April 23, 2015 and he performed a set with an all-star Pittsburgh band. In July 2021, Iris's first four studio albums were reissued in remastered CD form by Rock Candy Records.", "In July 2021, Iris's first four studio albums were reissued in remastered CD form by Rock Candy Records. Each album contains one or more live bonus tracks taken from the 1981 Live at the Paradise, Boston promotional EP.", "Each album contains one or more live bonus tracks taken from the 1981 Live at the Paradise, Boston promotional EP. Discography As a member of the Jaggerz (1964–1976) As a member of Wild Cherry (1978–1979) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers (1979–present) Studio albums Live albums Live!", "Discography As a member of the Jaggerz (1964–1976) As a member of Wild Cherry (1978–1979) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers (1979–present) Studio albums Live albums Live! At Nick's Fat City, 1998 (Primary) Ah!", "At Nick's Fat City, 1998 (Primary) Ah! Live!, 2009 (Primary) Live Bootleg, 2014 (Primary) Compilation albums 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, 2001 (MCA) Donnie: 25 Years, 2004 (Primary) EP Live at the Paradise, Boston, 1981 (MCA) You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, 2008 (Primary) Other appearances WDVE Pittsburgh Rock 'n Roll '89, 1989 (WDVE-FM) on the song \"Reach Out\" Singles Videography Live at Blossom, 1981 King Cool: Ah!", "Live!, 2009 (Primary) Live Bootleg, 2014 (Primary) Compilation albums 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, 2001 (MCA) Donnie: 25 Years, 2004 (Primary) EP Live at the Paradise, Boston, 1981 (MCA) You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, 2008 (Primary) Other appearances WDVE Pittsburgh Rock 'n Roll '89, 1989 (WDVE-FM) on the song \"Reach Out\" Singles Videography Live at Blossom, 1981 King Cool: Ah! History of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, 2004 (documentary) Guest appearances Cellarful of Noise's album, Magnificent Obsession, 1988 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" (Nina Sainato) on the album Holly and Ivory, 2011 Other credits I Love My Music, 1978 (Epic, peaked at no.", "History of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, 2004 (documentary) Guest appearances Cellarful of Noise's album, Magnificent Obsession, 1988 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" (Nina Sainato) on the album Holly and Ivory, 2011 Other credits I Love My Music, 1978 (Epic, peaked at no. 84 on Billboard 200), engineering credit (Wild Cherry) Innermission, 1982 (MCA), producer (B. E. Taylor Group) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers members Current members Donnie Iris, lead vocals (1979–present) Mark Avsec, keyboards and background vocals (1979–present) Marty Lee Hoenes, guitar and background vocals (1979–present) Paul Goll, bass and background vocals (1993–present) Kevin Valentine, drums (1979–1985, 1994 reunion, 2003–present) Former members Albritton McClain, bass and background vocals (1979–1985, 1994 reunion) Scott Alan Williamson, bass and background vocals (1985–1993) Tommy Rich, drums (1985–1990, 1994–2003) Steve McConnell, drums (1990–1994) Brice Foster, drums (2004–2007) Touring member Mark Tirabassi, drums (2007–present) (fill-in when Kevin Valentine can't travel) Joe Vitale Jr, drums (2021–present) (fill-in when Kevin Valentine can't travel) Session musicians Kenny Blake, saxophone (1980–1981, 1993/Back on the Streets, King Cool and Footsoldier in the Moonlight) Robert Peckman, bass (1980/Back on the Streets) Rick Bell, saxophone (1983/Fortune 410) Dan McCarthy, horns (1983–1984/Fortune 410 and No Muss…No Fuss) Rodney Psyka, percussion (1985/No Muss…No Fuss) Pete Tokar, percussion (1993/Footsoldier in the Moonlight) Alan Green, guitar (2008/You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away) Further reading Ferris, D.X., The Story of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, (2017) References External links Official Website Living people People from Ellwood City, Pennsylvania American rock singers Musicians from Pittsburgh Donnie Iris and the Cruisers members The Jaggerz members Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania alumni Wild Cherry (band) members Singers from Pennsylvania Power pop musicians People from New Castle, Pennsylvania 1943 births MCA Records artists" ]

[ "Donnie Iris", "Donnie Iris and the Cruisers' peak years (1980-85)", "What was donnie's cruisers' peak years?", "1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart.", "What other singles topped the charts?", "\"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart." ]

[ "Isaac Newton Harvey Beahm (May 14, 1859 – November 11, 1950) was the President of Elizabethtown College, in Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania, USA.\n\nThough president from 1900 until 1901, he did not perform any duties because of illness. He returned as president in 1904 and served until 1909.\n\nReferences\n\nPresidents of Elizabethtown College\n1950 deaths\n1859 births", "Talking Telephone Numbers is a British game show that aired on ITV from 28 February 1994 to 29 December 1997 and was hosted by Phillip Schofield and initially Emma Forbes, who was later replaced by Claudia Winkleman. The show's format features variety acts which will be used to generate numbers. Viewers will have the chance to win up to £25,000 if the five random numbers generated during the program match the last five digits of their telephone number in any order.\n\nFormat\nAn act would perform for everyone watching and play a short game that generated a number from 0 to 9. Five digits were selected in this manner, and these were meant to match the last five digits of a viewer's telephone number in any order. Viewers who did would call the show via an onscreen telephone number, and hopefully be answered by one of 96 telephonists. If one of the telephonists answered them, they would become a potential contestant. While the telephonists took in their calls, a pop singer would sing their latest single or a final act would perform.\n\nA phone line was then picked at random, and that viewer would have a chance to win money. They would then have to answer three questions with numerical answers. Getting them all right won the game; an incorrect answer, however, resulted in another line being picked. This went on until someone won the game.\n\nThe winner of the game would be given a choice to either take £10,000 or take a cash prize attached to their telephonist (ranging from £1,000 to £25,000); regardless of choice, the telephonist would reveal their value, which almost nobody took.\n\nInternational versions\n\nAustralia\nAn Australian version aired in early 1996 on the Seven Network hosted by Rob Elliott & Bridget Adams and was produced by Grundy and Celador (the show's format creator). It lasted three weeks before being cancelled due to low ratings.\n\nMalaysia\nIn Malaysia, Talking Telephone Numbers aired on TV3 in 2002 hosted by Khairil Rashid sponsored by TM.\n\nSerbia\nIn Serbia, Talking Telephone Numbers aired on RTS 1 in 2004-2005 hosted by Aleksandar Srećković & Nataša Pavlović.\n\nTransmissions\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1994 British television series debuts\n1997 British television series endings\n1990s British game shows\nBritish game shows\nCarlton Television\nTelevision series by ITV Studios\nEnglish-language television shows\nITV game shows" ]

[ "Donnie Iris (born Dominic Ierace, February 28, 1943) is an American rock musician known for his work with the Jaggerz and Wild Cherry during the 1970s, and for his solo career beginning in the 1980s with his band, the Cruisers. He wrote the #2 Billboard hit, \"The Rapper\", with the Jaggerz in 1970 and was a member of Wild Cherry after the group had a #1 hit with \"Play That Funky Music.\"", "He wrote the #2 Billboard hit, \"The Rapper\", with the Jaggerz in 1970 and was a member of Wild Cherry after the group had a #1 hit with \"Play That Funky Music.\" He also achieved fame as a solo artist in the early 1980s with the #29 hit \"Ah! Leah!\"", "Leah!\" Leah!\" and the #37 hit \"Love Is Like a Rock.\" In addition to performing on the first three Jaggerz albums and the fourth and final Wild Cherry album, Iris with his solo band has released eleven studio albums, one EP, two live albums, and two compilation albums.", "In addition to performing on the first three Jaggerz albums and the fourth and final Wild Cherry album, Iris with his solo band has released eleven studio albums, one EP, two live albums, and two compilation albums. He continues to intermittently release new material and tour throughout the greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Youngstown and Cleveland, Ohio areas.", "He continues to intermittently release new material and tour throughout the greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Youngstown and Cleveland, Ohio areas. Biography Early life and early career (1943–63) Dominic Ierace was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, but grew up in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania.", "Biography Early life and early career (1943–63) Dominic Ierace was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, but grew up in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. The son of Samuel and Carrie Ierace, young Dominic began to learn how to sing at an early age from his mother, who had sung in Curly Venezie's orchestra.", "The son of Samuel and Carrie Ierace, young Dominic began to learn how to sing at an early age from his mother, who had sung in Curly Venezie's orchestra. He practiced earlier on by singing along with his mother's favorite singers, Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett.", "He practiced earlier on by singing along with his mother's favorite singers, Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett. Per his mother's encouragement, Ierace began singing at weddings at age five, and by eight was performing on local television and entering talent contests.", "Per his mother's encouragement, Ierace began singing at weddings at age five, and by eight was performing on local television and entering talent contests. Over time, Ierace began to develop his own interests in music with the advent of rock music, drawing inspiration from Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly and later from the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and even R&B and soul artists Marvin Gaye and Ray Charles in addition to other Motown acts.", "Over time, Ierace began to develop his own interests in music with the advent of rock music, drawing inspiration from Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly and later from the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and even R&B and soul artists Marvin Gaye and Ray Charles in addition to other Motown acts. The popularity of rock and roll inspired Ierace to become a self-taught guitarist.", "The popularity of rock and roll inspired Ierace to become a self-taught guitarist. When his voice changed around age 12, he gave up singing and took up the drums. About the time he was a senior in high school (circa 1961), Ierace's voice changed again, and he got back into singing.", "About the time he was a senior in high school (circa 1961), Ierace's voice changed again, and he got back into singing. He formed a vocal doo-wop group called the Fabutons with Johnny Roth, Anthony Matteo, Lou Delessandro and Chuckie Hasson and performed gigs around Beaver and Lawrence counties in Pennsylvania.", "He formed a vocal doo-wop group called the Fabutons with Johnny Roth, Anthony Matteo, Lou Delessandro and Chuckie Hasson and performed gigs around Beaver and Lawrence counties in Pennsylvania. However, the group only performed a few times before they disbanded and Ierace went to college.", "However, the group only performed a few times before they disbanded and Ierace went to college. While attending Slippery Rock State College, Ierace formed a band called the Tri-Vels with guitarist Jim Evans and drummer Dave Amodie, two fellow students at Slippery Rock. With the addition of bassist Dave Reiser, they renamed themselves Donnie and the Donnells.", "With the addition of bassist Dave Reiser, they renamed themselves Donnie and the Donnells. This band in both incarnations played R&B and pop rock covers at fraternity parties and lasted from about 1961 to 1964.", "This band in both incarnations played R&B and pop rock covers at fraternity parties and lasted from about 1961 to 1964. The Jaggerz and Wild Cherry (1964–79) Around 1964, Ierace left Donnie and the Donnells to form the Jaggerz (originally the \"Jaggers\") with Benny Faiella of Gary and the Jewel Tones.", "The Jaggerz and Wild Cherry (1964–79) Around 1964, Ierace left Donnie and the Donnells to form the Jaggerz (originally the \"Jaggers\") with Benny Faiella of Gary and the Jewel Tones. After a few changes in line-up early on (including acquiring Jimmie Ross and Jim Pugliano from the Bell Boys), the group became popular playing R&B covers throughout western Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio.", "After a few changes in line-up early on (including acquiring Jimmie Ross and Jim Pugliano from the Bell Boys), the group became popular playing R&B covers throughout western Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio. Eventually, Ierace and the Jaggerz began to write their own material and secured a contract with Gamble Records.", "Eventually, Ierace and the Jaggerz began to write their own material and secured a contract with Gamble Records. Their first album, Introducing the Jaggerz, was released in 1969. The album was only a minor success, mainly receiving airplay in Iris' native Beaver County and the rest of the greater Pittsburgh area.", "The album was only a minor success, mainly receiving airplay in Iris' native Beaver County and the rest of the greater Pittsburgh area. Perhaps most importantly, it was the first album Ierace recorded on.", "Perhaps most importantly, it was the first album Ierace recorded on. Ierace and the Jaggerz first came to national prominence in 1970 for the #2 hit \"The Rapper,\" written by Ierace and included on their second album, We Went to Different Schools Together, released on the Kama Sutra label.", "Ierace and the Jaggerz first came to national prominence in 1970 for the #2 hit \"The Rapper,\" written by Ierace and included on their second album, We Went to Different Schools Together, released on the Kama Sutra label. The album itself reached #69 on the charts.", "The album itself reached #69 on the charts. The Jaggerz would go on to release one more album, Come Again, in 1975 when they were signed with Wooden Nickel Records. However, it failed to produce any more hits for the group.", "However, it failed to produce any more hits for the group. Between 1975 and 1976, most of the Jaggerz' longtime members left the group, including Ierace in 1976. The Jaggerz eventually broke up around 1977, but reunited in 1989 without Ierace, who by that point was well into his solo career.", "The Jaggerz eventually broke up around 1977, but reunited in 1989 without Ierace, who by that point was well into his solo career. After his departure from the Jaggerz, Ierace began to learn engineering at Jeree Recording in New Brighton, Pennsylvania.", "After his departure from the Jaggerz, Ierace began to learn engineering at Jeree Recording in New Brighton, Pennsylvania. Also, he did about a two-year stint (1976-1978) playing shows with B. E. Taylor.", "Also, he did about a two-year stint (1976-1978) playing shows with B. E. Taylor. While working at Jeree, the band Wild Cherry (a hot commodity because of their 1976 hit \"Play That Funky Music,\" which had been recorded there), was booked for a recording session.", "While working at Jeree, the band Wild Cherry (a hot commodity because of their 1976 hit \"Play That Funky Music,\" which had been recorded there), was booked for a recording session. Ierace helped to engineer their third album, I Love My Music.", "Ierace helped to engineer their third album, I Love My Music. The band was also looking for a new guitarist, and upon learning of Ierace and his association with \"The Rapper,\" he was recruited by frontman Rob Parissi.", "The band was also looking for a new guitarist, and upon learning of Ierace and his association with \"The Rapper,\" he was recruited by frontman Rob Parissi. Ierace went on the road with the group for about the next year and was featured on their 1979 album Only the Wild Survive.", "Ierace went on the road with the group for about the next year and was featured on their 1979 album Only the Wild Survive. Throughout the 1970s, Ierace was credited by various names on Jaggerz and Wild Cherry albums: by his birth name, Dominic Ierace; Don Ierace; and a stage name he had adopted to make it easier for people to remember his name, Don Iris.", "Throughout the 1970s, Ierace was credited by various names on Jaggerz and Wild Cherry albums: by his birth name, Dominic Ierace; Don Ierace; and a stage name he had adopted to make it easier for people to remember his name, Don Iris. By the end of the decade, as far as his music/public life went, he went by the name of Donnie Iris.", "By the end of the decade, as far as his music/public life went, he went by the name of Donnie Iris. It was during this period that he became acquainted with Mark Avsec, then playing keyboards for Wild Cherry.", "It was during this period that he became acquainted with Mark Avsec, then playing keyboards for Wild Cherry. Wild Cherry was unable to duplicate the success of \"Play That Funky Music\" and disbanded by the end of the decade.", "Wild Cherry was unable to duplicate the success of \"Play That Funky Music\" and disbanded by the end of the decade. Becoming good friends, Donnie and Mark decided to form a project together after Wild Cherry's breakup and the two began writing songs.", "Becoming good friends, Donnie and Mark decided to form a project together after Wild Cherry's breakup and the two began writing songs. Their first release saw the disco-influenced single \"Bring on the Eighties\" backed by a cover of \"Because of You\" in 1979; however it failed to garner attention.", "Their first release saw the disco-influenced single \"Bring on the Eighties\" backed by a cover of \"Because of You\" in 1979; however it failed to garner attention. Iris and Avsec decided to go in a harder direction for their next release and returned to the studio with guitarist Marty Lee Hoenes, bassist Albritton McClain and drummer Kevin Valentine, who at the time was in the band Breathless with Avsec, to record his first full-length album.", "Iris and Avsec decided to go in a harder direction for their next release and returned to the studio with guitarist Marty Lee Hoenes, bassist Albritton McClain and drummer Kevin Valentine, who at the time was in the band Breathless with Avsec, to record his first full-length album. This line-up would form to what would become known as Donnie Iris and the Cruisers.", "This line-up would form to what would become known as Donnie Iris and the Cruisers. Donnie Iris and the Cruisers' peak years (1980–85) Iris' first album, Back on the Streets, was released in July 1980 on the small Cleveland, Ohio-based Midwest Records. With the track \"Ah! Leah!\"", "With the track \"Ah! Leah!\" Leah!\" receiving airplay in Boston, Cleveland and Pittsburgh, MCA Records took notice and quickly signed Iris to a five-album deal and re-released the album nationally in October. The first single \"Ah! Leah!\"", "The first single \"Ah! Leah!\" Leah!\" peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #34 in Australia) in February 1981 and became one of the most frequently played AOR tracks of the year, and the album reached #57 on the Billboard 200.", "peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #34 in Australia) in February 1981 and became one of the most frequently played AOR tracks of the year, and the album reached #57 on the Billboard 200. In addition, the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981.", "In addition, the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981. The follow-up album, King Cool, credited to Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, was released in August 1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart.", "The follow-up album, King Cool, credited to Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, was released in August 1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart. Two other songs from the album received significant AOR airplay; \"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart.", "Two other songs from the album received significant AOR airplay; \"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart. In addition, he gained the nickname King Cool from this album in the later part of his career.", "In addition, he gained the nickname King Cool from this album in the later part of his career. However, the album itself charted less successfully, at #84. After the long tour promoting their two previous albums, the band continued songwriting and in the fall of 1982 released The High and the Mighty.", "After the long tour promoting their two previous albums, the band continued songwriting and in the fall of 1982 released The High and the Mighty. The album contained the single \"Tough World,\" but only charted at #180, marking a decline in his success, but the band still was determined to release new material.", "The album contained the single \"Tough World,\" but only charted at #180, marking a decline in his success, but the band still was determined to release new material. Their next album one year later, Fortune 410, contained the hit single \"Do You Compute?\"", "Their next album one year later, Fortune 410, contained the hit single \"Do You Compute?\" which was used by their label MCA and the computer company Atari to form a cross-marketing promotion.", "which was used by their label MCA and the computer company Atari to form a cross-marketing promotion. Because the promotional partnership was secured prior to release of the album, it was possible to use the Atari 1200 XL Home Computer in poster photography, as well as in the video clip for \"Do You Compute?", "Because the promotional partnership was secured prior to release of the album, it was possible to use the Atari 1200 XL Home Computer in poster photography, as well as in the video clip for \"Do You Compute? \", which aired on MTV.", "\", which aired on MTV. The title of the album is a reference to the trademark glasses Iris wears, Fortune 410's. The combination of marketing and the promotion for its hit single allowed the album to chart higher than its predecessor.", "The combination of marketing and the promotion for its hit single allowed the album to chart higher than its predecessor. Despite Fortune 410 charting higher than The High and the Mighty, MCA was displeased that both albums didn't chart as high as Back on the Streets and King Cool had.", "Despite Fortune 410 charting higher than The High and the Mighty, MCA was displeased that both albums didn't chart as high as Back on the Streets and King Cool had. The label suggested that the band allow them to bring in a new producer, displacing Mark Avsec, as well bring in new songwriters.", "The label suggested that the band allow them to bring in a new producer, displacing Mark Avsec, as well bring in new songwriters. Iris and the Cruisers, wanting to keep as much of their creative freedom and sound as they could, said no. As a result, MCA dropped the band in 1984.", "As a result, MCA dropped the band in 1984. Shortly after being let go from MCA, the band signed with the small HME Records label.", "Shortly after being let go from MCA, the band signed with the small HME Records label. Their next album, No Muss...No Fuss, released in 1985, continued the trend set by Fortune 410 by charting at #115 with the single \"Injured in the Game of Love\".", "Their next album, No Muss...No Fuss, released in 1985, continued the trend set by Fortune 410 by charting at #115 with the single \"Injured in the Game of Love\". Both of the aforementioned albums ended up being more critically acclaimed than The High and the Mighty.", "Both of the aforementioned albums ended up being more critically acclaimed than The High and the Mighty. New Cruisers lineups and different projects (1986–93) Just prior to the release of No Muss...No Fuss, the band began to split into different directions.", "New Cruisers lineups and different projects (1986–93) Just prior to the release of No Muss...No Fuss, the band began to split into different directions. Drummer Kevin Valentine and bassist Albritton McClain left to join a new group, the Innocent, whose members included future Nine Inch Nails main man Trent Reznor.", "Drummer Kevin Valentine and bassist Albritton McClain left to join a new group, the Innocent, whose members included future Nine Inch Nails main man Trent Reznor. The two were replaced by Scott Alan Williamson on bass and Tommy Rich on drums. That same year, keyboardist Mark Avsec released a solo project under the moniker Cellarful of Noise.", "That same year, keyboardist Mark Avsec released a solo project under the moniker Cellarful of Noise. Even after releasing the eponymous debut album that same year, Cellarful of Noise, Avsec and Iris maintained that Donnie Iris and the Cruisers was still their main focus, and that they wanted to continue to release new albums with the band and its new line-up.", "Even after releasing the eponymous debut album that same year, Cellarful of Noise, Avsec and Iris maintained that Donnie Iris and the Cruisers was still their main focus, and that they wanted to continue to release new albums with the band and its new line-up. The band returned to the studio in 1986 and recorded a new album titled Cruise Control; however, a lawsuit with the band's former label MCA resulted in the shelving of that album pending the resolution of the lawsuit.", "The band returned to the studio in 1986 and recorded a new album titled Cruise Control; however, a lawsuit with the band's former label MCA resulted in the shelving of that album pending the resolution of the lawsuit. The album itself has still not been released as of 2020, although six tracks from it appeared on 1992's Out of the Blue and a cover of \"Reach Out\" recorded during the Cruise Control sessions appeared on the 1989 compilation WDVE Pittsburgh Rock & Roll '89.", "The album itself has still not been released as of 2020, although six tracks from it appeared on 1992's Out of the Blue and a cover of \"Reach Out\" recorded during the Cruise Control sessions appeared on the 1989 compilation WDVE Pittsburgh Rock & Roll '89. Also around this time, the HME label that the band had signed with to record No Muss...No Fuss went out of business, leaving Donnie Iris and the Cruisers an unsigned act.", "Also around this time, the HME label that the band had signed with to record No Muss...No Fuss went out of business, leaving Donnie Iris and the Cruisers an unsigned act. Since the band seemed to have hit a road block, Iris partnered with Avsec on the second Cellarful of Noise album, Magnificent Obsession, which was released in 1988.", "Since the band seemed to have hit a road block, Iris partnered with Avsec on the second Cellarful of Noise album, Magnificent Obsession, which was released in 1988. The album produced a moderately successful single, \"Samantha (What You Gonna Do).\"", "The album produced a moderately successful single, \"Samantha (What You Gonna Do).\" In the early 1990s, Iris set up a mortgage company, SIMCorp, with partners Lynn Shelley and Priscilla Micinko, as a side business from the band.", "In the early 1990s, Iris set up a mortgage company, SIMCorp, with partners Lynn Shelley and Priscilla Micinko, as a side business from the band. SIMCorp, located in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, remained under Iris's ownership for nearly twenty years.", "SIMCorp, located in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, remained under Iris's ownership for nearly twenty years. Donnie Iris and the Cruisers returned to the studio in 1992 to release their first album containing new material since 1985. Titled Out of the Blue, the album was a compilation album containing older hits and new material.", "Titled Out of the Blue, the album was a compilation album containing older hits and new material. It failed to have any impact on the charts, however. Still, the band toured throughout the rest of the year around Pennsylvania and Ohio, and attracted newer and younger fans from the area.", "Still, the band toured throughout the rest of the year around Pennsylvania and Ohio, and attracted newer and younger fans from the area. The band released another album in 1993, Footsoldier in the Moonlight. At this point, the band underwent yet another line-up change as drummer Tommy Rich departed the group.", "At this point, the band underwent yet another line-up change as drummer Tommy Rich departed the group. His replacement, Steve McConnell, auditioned & was hired-on in the summer of 1992, long enough to record on and tour behind Footsoldier in the Moonlight and can be heard on live recordings from 1992 & 1993.", "His replacement, Steve McConnell, auditioned & was hired-on in the summer of 1992, long enough to record on and tour behind Footsoldier in the Moonlight and can be heard on live recordings from 1992 & 1993. Later in 1994, Rich rejoined the group.", "Later in 1994, Rich rejoined the group. Later endeavors and new albums (1994–2009) In the summer of 1994, original members Albritton McClain and Kevin Valentine temporarily reunited with Iris, Avsec and Hoenes to record the first album of all new material by the original line-up in nearly 10 years.", "Later endeavors and new albums (1994–2009) In the summer of 1994, original members Albritton McClain and Kevin Valentine temporarily reunited with Iris, Avsec and Hoenes to record the first album of all new material by the original line-up in nearly 10 years. During recording, the band performed one reunion show together at Conneaut Lake.", "During recording, the band performed one reunion show together at Conneaut Lake. The album Poletown was released in 1997. In 1998, the band released their first live album. A collection of tracks played at Nick's Fat City, a popular Pittsburgh nightclub, Live!", "A collection of tracks played at Nick's Fat City, a popular Pittsburgh nightclub, Live! At Nick's Fat City was the first release to feature bass guitarist Paul Goll, who had been touring with the band since 1993, along with drummer Tommy Rich.", "At Nick's Fat City was the first release to feature bass guitarist Paul Goll, who had been touring with the band since 1993, along with drummer Tommy Rich. 1999 saw the release of an Iris collaborative project entitled Together Alone, featuring contributions from other regionally popular artists like Michael Stanley, Scott Blasey, B. E. Taylor and Joe Grushecky.", "1999 saw the release of an Iris collaborative project entitled Together Alone, featuring contributions from other regionally popular artists like Michael Stanley, Scott Blasey, B. E. Taylor and Joe Grushecky. After Alone, which featured a softer side of Iris's vocals, the band took a break from releasing new material but continued to perform regularly through the decade.", "After Alone, which featured a softer side of Iris's vocals, the band took a break from releasing new material but continued to perform regularly through the decade. The first true compilation album from the band was released in 2001 by their former label at MCA: 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, featuring material from the band's four MCA-released albums from the early 1980s.", "The first true compilation album from the band was released in 2001 by their former label at MCA: 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, featuring material from the band's four MCA-released albums from the early 1980s. In 2004, the band celebrated its 25th anniversary with a new compilation album featuring their rarer material, 25 Years, and performed live at the Chevrolet Amphitheatre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for 4,000 people.", "In 2004, the band celebrated its 25th anniversary with a new compilation album featuring their rarer material, 25 Years, and performed live at the Chevrolet Amphitheatre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for 4,000 people. This concert was known for featuring a four drummer lineup of current and previous drummers for the band; Kevin Valentine, Tommy Rich, Brice Foster and Mark Avsec's daughter Danna Avsec, who was the guest drummer.", "This concert was known for featuring a four drummer lineup of current and previous drummers for the band; Kevin Valentine, Tommy Rich, Brice Foster and Mark Avsec's daughter Danna Avsec, who was the guest drummer. Since then, the band has used a three drummer line-up for several concerts.", "Since then, the band has used a three drummer line-up for several concerts. The band's 2006 album, Ellwood City, was a tribute to Iris's hometown, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania.", "The band's 2006 album, Ellwood City, was a tribute to Iris's hometown, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. June 17, 2006 was recognized throughout Lawrence County, Pennsylvania as Donnie Iris Day by Ellwood City Executive Council President Glenn Jones and Mayor Roy P. Meehan.", "June 17, 2006 was recognized throughout Lawrence County, Pennsylvania as Donnie Iris Day by Ellwood City Executive Council President Glenn Jones and Mayor Roy P. Meehan. Iris also received special commendations and awards from United States Congresswoman Melissa Hart and Pennsylvania state representative Frank LaGrotta.", "Iris also received special commendations and awards from United States Congresswoman Melissa Hart and Pennsylvania state representative Frank LaGrotta. In 2008 and 2009, King Cool Light was developed after Mark Avsec realized that \"King Cool\" sounded like the name of a refreshing beer.", "In 2008 and 2009, King Cool Light was developed after Mark Avsec realized that \"King Cool\" sounded like the name of a refreshing beer. He later approached Iris and Marty Lee Hoenes who both immediately liked the idea, giving birth to King Cool Limited.", "He later approached Iris and Marty Lee Hoenes who both immediately liked the idea, giving birth to King Cool Limited. King Cool Light was unveiled on November 20, 2009, at Club Diesel in Pittsburgh during the band's 30th anniversary concert.", "King Cool Light was unveiled on November 20, 2009, at Club Diesel in Pittsburgh during the band's 30th anniversary concert. Every case was sold out, but 25 more cases were brought in, which were also sold out.", "Every case was sold out, but 25 more cases were brought in, which were also sold out. The band's first EP, You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, was released in 2008. It was followed in 2009 with their second live album, Ah!", "It was followed in 2009 with their second live album, Ah! Live!, recorded at shows in Erie and Kittanning, Pennsylvania. Recent years (2010–present) In an interview with Cleveland Scene published on February 3, 2010, Mark Avsec announced that the band's next project would be a Christmas album. Ah! Leluiah!", "Ah! Leluiah! Leluiah! was released on November 18, 2010. Additionally, King Cool Light was released in the Youngstown, Ohio market in July of that same year. Also that year, Iris retired from the mortgage banking business and sold SIMCorp.", "Also that year, Iris retired from the mortgage banking business and sold SIMCorp. Avsec announced in a March 2012 interview that the band had begun working on their twelfth studio album, due out in 2013 to commemorate Iris's seventieth birthday.", "Avsec announced in a March 2012 interview that the band had begun working on their twelfth studio album, due out in 2013 to commemorate Iris's seventieth birthday. However, this project has turned into a special release to celebrate the thirty-fifth anniversary of the formation of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, which was expected to be released in 2014.", "However, this project has turned into a special release to celebrate the thirty-fifth anniversary of the formation of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, which was expected to be released in 2014. On June 17, 2014, Iris and the Cruisers leaked a new song, \"Sing the Songs of Summer (All Night Long),\" the first track to be released from the band's intermittent time in the studio in the previous two years.", "On June 17, 2014, Iris and the Cruisers leaked a new song, \"Sing the Songs of Summer (All Night Long),\" the first track to be released from the band's intermittent time in the studio in the previous two years. This was followed by \"Pittsburgh Made,\" released on Spotify and for free download in October 2016.", "This was followed by \"Pittsburgh Made,\" released on Spotify and for free download in October 2016. On the April 2, 2015 episode of Jim Krenn's No Restrictions podcast, Iris mentioned that he and the band hoped to have the often-delayed album out by the end of 2015.", "On the April 2, 2015 episode of Jim Krenn's No Restrictions podcast, Iris mentioned that he and the band hoped to have the often-delayed album out by the end of 2015. As of November 2018, there is still no release date known for the new album.", "As of November 2018, there is still no release date known for the new album. In February 2015, Iris was nominated for a Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Legends Award in the modern era category (artists with 20-plus years in music business).", "In February 2015, Iris was nominated for a Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Legends Award in the modern era category (artists with 20-plus years in music business). The awards, begun in 2014, honor those who have made significant contributions to the Pittsburgh rock scene.", "The awards, begun in 2014, honor those who have made significant contributions to the Pittsburgh rock scene. In his category, Iris went up against Joe Grushecky, Billy Price and Rusted Root.", "In his category, Iris went up against Joe Grushecky, Billy Price and Rusted Root. On March 19, it was announced that Iris had won the public voting process to be inducted for the Rock 'N Roll Legends in his category, along with Lou Christie (Legacy Legends category, 40-plus years in the business) and Porky Chedwick (non-performer/musical professional category, 20-plus years active).", "On March 19, it was announced that Iris had won the public voting process to be inducted for the Rock 'N Roll Legends in his category, along with Lou Christie (Legacy Legends category, 40-plus years in the business) and Porky Chedwick (non-performer/musical professional category, 20-plus years active). Iris was enshrined with a plaque at Pittsburgh's Hard Rock Cafe on April 23, 2015 and he performed a set with an all-star Pittsburgh band.", "Iris was enshrined with a plaque at Pittsburgh's Hard Rock Cafe on April 23, 2015 and he performed a set with an all-star Pittsburgh band. In July 2021, Iris's first four studio albums were reissued in remastered CD form by Rock Candy Records.", "In July 2021, Iris's first four studio albums were reissued in remastered CD form by Rock Candy Records. Each album contains one or more live bonus tracks taken from the 1981 Live at the Paradise, Boston promotional EP.", "Each album contains one or more live bonus tracks taken from the 1981 Live at the Paradise, Boston promotional EP. Discography As a member of the Jaggerz (1964–1976) As a member of Wild Cherry (1978–1979) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers (1979–present) Studio albums Live albums Live!", "Discography As a member of the Jaggerz (1964–1976) As a member of Wild Cherry (1978–1979) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers (1979–present) Studio albums Live albums Live! At Nick's Fat City, 1998 (Primary) Ah!", "At Nick's Fat City, 1998 (Primary) Ah! Live!, 2009 (Primary) Live Bootleg, 2014 (Primary) Compilation albums 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, 2001 (MCA) Donnie: 25 Years, 2004 (Primary) EP Live at the Paradise, Boston, 1981 (MCA) You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, 2008 (Primary) Other appearances WDVE Pittsburgh Rock 'n Roll '89, 1989 (WDVE-FM) on the song \"Reach Out\" Singles Videography Live at Blossom, 1981 King Cool: Ah!", "Live!, 2009 (Primary) Live Bootleg, 2014 (Primary) Compilation albums 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, 2001 (MCA) Donnie: 25 Years, 2004 (Primary) EP Live at the Paradise, Boston, 1981 (MCA) You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, 2008 (Primary) Other appearances WDVE Pittsburgh Rock 'n Roll '89, 1989 (WDVE-FM) on the song \"Reach Out\" Singles Videography Live at Blossom, 1981 King Cool: Ah! History of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, 2004 (documentary) Guest appearances Cellarful of Noise's album, Magnificent Obsession, 1988 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" (Nina Sainato) on the album Holly and Ivory, 2011 Other credits I Love My Music, 1978 (Epic, peaked at no.", "History of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, 2004 (documentary) Guest appearances Cellarful of Noise's album, Magnificent Obsession, 1988 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" (Nina Sainato) on the album Holly and Ivory, 2011 Other credits I Love My Music, 1978 (Epic, peaked at no. 84 on Billboard 200), engineering credit (Wild Cherry) Innermission, 1982 (MCA), producer (B. E. Taylor Group) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers members Current members Donnie Iris, lead vocals (1979–present) Mark Avsec, keyboards and background vocals (1979–present) Marty Lee Hoenes, guitar and background vocals (1979–present) Paul Goll, bass and background vocals (1993–present) Kevin Valentine, drums (1979–1985, 1994 reunion, 2003–present) Former members Albritton McClain, bass and background vocals (1979–1985, 1994 reunion) Scott Alan Williamson, bass and background vocals (1985–1993) Tommy Rich, drums (1985–1990, 1994–2003) Steve McConnell, drums (1990–1994) Brice Foster, drums (2004–2007) Touring member Mark Tirabassi, drums (2007–present) (fill-in when Kevin Valentine can't travel) Joe Vitale Jr, drums (2021–present) (fill-in when Kevin Valentine can't travel) Session musicians Kenny Blake, saxophone (1980–1981, 1993/Back on the Streets, King Cool and Footsoldier in the Moonlight) Robert Peckman, bass (1980/Back on the Streets) Rick Bell, saxophone (1983/Fortune 410) Dan McCarthy, horns (1983–1984/Fortune 410 and No Muss…No Fuss) Rodney Psyka, percussion (1985/No Muss…No Fuss) Pete Tokar, percussion (1993/Footsoldier in the Moonlight) Alan Green, guitar (2008/You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away) Further reading Ferris, D.X., The Story of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, (2017) References External links Official Website Living people People from Ellwood City, Pennsylvania American rock singers Musicians from Pittsburgh Donnie Iris and the Cruisers members The Jaggerz members Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania alumni Wild Cherry (band) members Singers from Pennsylvania Power pop musicians People from New Castle, Pennsylvania 1943 births MCA Records artists" ]

[ "Donnie Iris", "Donnie Iris and the Cruisers' peak years (1980-85)", "What was donnie's cruisers' peak years?", "1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart.", "What other singles topped the charts?", "\"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart.", "Did he perform any shows?", "the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981.", "How popular were they?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Marcia: Greatest Hits 1975–1983 is a compilation album released on 22 November 2004. \nIt was released just two months after the release of Hinesight.\n\nThe album contains tracks taken from the albums, Marcia Shines, Shining, Ladies and Gentlemen, Ooh Child, Take it From the Boys and Love Sides.\n\nIn 2020, the album was released digitally with a slightly altered track listing. The first 17 songs are the same, but tracks 18-27 were not on the original release.\n\nTrack listing\n Standard edition\n \"Fire and Rain\" (4:44)\n \"From the Inside\" (3:28)\n \"Trilogy\" (4:20)\n \"Don't Let the Grass Grow\" (2:59)\n \"I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself\" (3:08)\n \"Shining\" (3:41)\n \"(Until) Your Love Broke Through\" (3:17)\n \"Empty\" (2:35)\n \"A Love Story\" (3:33)\n \"I've Got the Music in Me\" (4:12)\n \"What I Did for Love\" (3:17)\n \"You\" (3:12)\n \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" (3:48)\n \"Music Is My Life\" (2:08)\n \"Let the Music Play\" (4:29)\n \"Something's Missing (In My Life)\" (4:38)\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\" (4:04)\n \"Your Love Still Brings Me to My Knees\" (3:33)\n \"What a Bitch Is Love\" (3:50)\n \"Heart Like a Radio\" (3:51)\n\n 2020 Digital Edition\n \"Fire and Rain\" (4:44)\n \"From the Inside\" (3:28)\n \"Trilogy\" (4:20)\n \"Don’t Let the Grass Grow\" (2:59)\n \"I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself\" (3:08)\n \"Shining\" (3:41)\n \"(Until) Your Love Broke Through\" (3:17)\n \"Empty\" (2:35)\n \"A Love Story\" (3:33)\n \"I've Got the Music In Me\" (4:12)\n \"What I Did for Love\" (3:17)\n \"You\" (3:12)\n \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" (3:48)\n \"Music Is My Life\" (2:08)\n \"Let the Music Play\" (4:29)\n \"Something's Missing (In My Life)\" (4:38)\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\" (4:04)\n \"You Gotta Go\" (3:30)\n \"Jumpin' Jack Flash\" (3:18)\n \"Dance You Fool Dance\" (5:19)\n \"Whatever Goes Around\" (2:58)\n \"Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours\" (3:30)\n \"In a Mellow Mood\" (2:38)\n \"Believe in Me\" (1:41)\n \"Moments\" (3:27)\n \"You\" (2005 remix) (3:24)\n \"April Sun in Cuba\" (3\"34\n\nWeekly charts\nMarcia: Greatest Hits 1975-1983 debuted at 92 and peaked at 67 on 13 December 2004.\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nMarcia Hines compilation albums\n2004 greatest hits albums\nAlbums produced by David Mackay (producer)\nSony Music Australia compilation albums", "E.G.O. (an acronym for Everybody Gets Off) is the fourth studio album by British singer-songwriter Lucie Silvas. It was released on 24 August 2018 through Furthest Point and distributed by Thirty Tigers. The album failed to chart.\n\nBackground\nGoing into the project, Silvas spoke about the album in an interview with The Boot: \"No one knew what the concept was, even my manager didn't really know. We just went ahead and did it, and the record label, Thirty Tigers, saw it afterwards. They had no idea what it was going to be. With fewer cooks in the kitchen, I feel like we could be really creative with it.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n2018 albums\nLucie Silvas albums" ]

[ "Donnie Iris (born Dominic Ierace, February 28, 1943) is an American rock musician known for his work with the Jaggerz and Wild Cherry during the 1970s, and for his solo career beginning in the 1980s with his band, the Cruisers. He wrote the #2 Billboard hit, \"The Rapper\", with the Jaggerz in 1970 and was a member of Wild Cherry after the group had a #1 hit with \"Play That Funky Music.\"", "He wrote the #2 Billboard hit, \"The Rapper\", with the Jaggerz in 1970 and was a member of Wild Cherry after the group had a #1 hit with \"Play That Funky Music.\" He also achieved fame as a solo artist in the early 1980s with the #29 hit \"Ah! Leah!\"", "Leah!\" Leah!\" and the #37 hit \"Love Is Like a Rock.\" In addition to performing on the first three Jaggerz albums and the fourth and final Wild Cherry album, Iris with his solo band has released eleven studio albums, one EP, two live albums, and two compilation albums.", "In addition to performing on the first three Jaggerz albums and the fourth and final Wild Cherry album, Iris with his solo band has released eleven studio albums, one EP, two live albums, and two compilation albums. He continues to intermittently release new material and tour throughout the greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Youngstown and Cleveland, Ohio areas.", "He continues to intermittently release new material and tour throughout the greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Youngstown and Cleveland, Ohio areas. Biography Early life and early career (1943–63) Dominic Ierace was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, but grew up in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania.", "Biography Early life and early career (1943–63) Dominic Ierace was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, but grew up in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. The son of Samuel and Carrie Ierace, young Dominic began to learn how to sing at an early age from his mother, who had sung in Curly Venezie's orchestra.", "The son of Samuel and Carrie Ierace, young Dominic began to learn how to sing at an early age from his mother, who had sung in Curly Venezie's orchestra. He practiced earlier on by singing along with his mother's favorite singers, Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett.", "He practiced earlier on by singing along with his mother's favorite singers, Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett. Per his mother's encouragement, Ierace began singing at weddings at age five, and by eight was performing on local television and entering talent contests.", "Per his mother's encouragement, Ierace began singing at weddings at age five, and by eight was performing on local television and entering talent contests. Over time, Ierace began to develop his own interests in music with the advent of rock music, drawing inspiration from Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly and later from the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and even R&B and soul artists Marvin Gaye and Ray Charles in addition to other Motown acts.", "Over time, Ierace began to develop his own interests in music with the advent of rock music, drawing inspiration from Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly and later from the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and even R&B and soul artists Marvin Gaye and Ray Charles in addition to other Motown acts. The popularity of rock and roll inspired Ierace to become a self-taught guitarist.", "The popularity of rock and roll inspired Ierace to become a self-taught guitarist. When his voice changed around age 12, he gave up singing and took up the drums. About the time he was a senior in high school (circa 1961), Ierace's voice changed again, and he got back into singing.", "About the time he was a senior in high school (circa 1961), Ierace's voice changed again, and he got back into singing. He formed a vocal doo-wop group called the Fabutons with Johnny Roth, Anthony Matteo, Lou Delessandro and Chuckie Hasson and performed gigs around Beaver and Lawrence counties in Pennsylvania.", "He formed a vocal doo-wop group called the Fabutons with Johnny Roth, Anthony Matteo, Lou Delessandro and Chuckie Hasson and performed gigs around Beaver and Lawrence counties in Pennsylvania. However, the group only performed a few times before they disbanded and Ierace went to college.", "However, the group only performed a few times before they disbanded and Ierace went to college. While attending Slippery Rock State College, Ierace formed a band called the Tri-Vels with guitarist Jim Evans and drummer Dave Amodie, two fellow students at Slippery Rock. With the addition of bassist Dave Reiser, they renamed themselves Donnie and the Donnells.", "With the addition of bassist Dave Reiser, they renamed themselves Donnie and the Donnells. This band in both incarnations played R&B and pop rock covers at fraternity parties and lasted from about 1961 to 1964.", "This band in both incarnations played R&B and pop rock covers at fraternity parties and lasted from about 1961 to 1964. The Jaggerz and Wild Cherry (1964–79) Around 1964, Ierace left Donnie and the Donnells to form the Jaggerz (originally the \"Jaggers\") with Benny Faiella of Gary and the Jewel Tones.", "The Jaggerz and Wild Cherry (1964–79) Around 1964, Ierace left Donnie and the Donnells to form the Jaggerz (originally the \"Jaggers\") with Benny Faiella of Gary and the Jewel Tones. After a few changes in line-up early on (including acquiring Jimmie Ross and Jim Pugliano from the Bell Boys), the group became popular playing R&B covers throughout western Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio.", "After a few changes in line-up early on (including acquiring Jimmie Ross and Jim Pugliano from the Bell Boys), the group became popular playing R&B covers throughout western Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio. Eventually, Ierace and the Jaggerz began to write their own material and secured a contract with Gamble Records.", "Eventually, Ierace and the Jaggerz began to write their own material and secured a contract with Gamble Records. Their first album, Introducing the Jaggerz, was released in 1969. The album was only a minor success, mainly receiving airplay in Iris' native Beaver County and the rest of the greater Pittsburgh area.", "The album was only a minor success, mainly receiving airplay in Iris' native Beaver County and the rest of the greater Pittsburgh area. Perhaps most importantly, it was the first album Ierace recorded on.", "Perhaps most importantly, it was the first album Ierace recorded on. Ierace and the Jaggerz first came to national prominence in 1970 for the #2 hit \"The Rapper,\" written by Ierace and included on their second album, We Went to Different Schools Together, released on the Kama Sutra label.", "Ierace and the Jaggerz first came to national prominence in 1970 for the #2 hit \"The Rapper,\" written by Ierace and included on their second album, We Went to Different Schools Together, released on the Kama Sutra label. The album itself reached #69 on the charts.", "The album itself reached #69 on the charts. The Jaggerz would go on to release one more album, Come Again, in 1975 when they were signed with Wooden Nickel Records. However, it failed to produce any more hits for the group.", "However, it failed to produce any more hits for the group. Between 1975 and 1976, most of the Jaggerz' longtime members left the group, including Ierace in 1976. The Jaggerz eventually broke up around 1977, but reunited in 1989 without Ierace, who by that point was well into his solo career.", "The Jaggerz eventually broke up around 1977, but reunited in 1989 without Ierace, who by that point was well into his solo career. After his departure from the Jaggerz, Ierace began to learn engineering at Jeree Recording in New Brighton, Pennsylvania.", "After his departure from the Jaggerz, Ierace began to learn engineering at Jeree Recording in New Brighton, Pennsylvania. Also, he did about a two-year stint (1976-1978) playing shows with B. E. Taylor.", "Also, he did about a two-year stint (1976-1978) playing shows with B. E. Taylor. While working at Jeree, the band Wild Cherry (a hot commodity because of their 1976 hit \"Play That Funky Music,\" which had been recorded there), was booked for a recording session.", "While working at Jeree, the band Wild Cherry (a hot commodity because of their 1976 hit \"Play That Funky Music,\" which had been recorded there), was booked for a recording session. Ierace helped to engineer their third album, I Love My Music.", "Ierace helped to engineer their third album, I Love My Music. The band was also looking for a new guitarist, and upon learning of Ierace and his association with \"The Rapper,\" he was recruited by frontman Rob Parissi.", "The band was also looking for a new guitarist, and upon learning of Ierace and his association with \"The Rapper,\" he was recruited by frontman Rob Parissi. Ierace went on the road with the group for about the next year and was featured on their 1979 album Only the Wild Survive.", "Ierace went on the road with the group for about the next year and was featured on their 1979 album Only the Wild Survive. Throughout the 1970s, Ierace was credited by various names on Jaggerz and Wild Cherry albums: by his birth name, Dominic Ierace; Don Ierace; and a stage name he had adopted to make it easier for people to remember his name, Don Iris.", "Throughout the 1970s, Ierace was credited by various names on Jaggerz and Wild Cherry albums: by his birth name, Dominic Ierace; Don Ierace; and a stage name he had adopted to make it easier for people to remember his name, Don Iris. By the end of the decade, as far as his music/public life went, he went by the name of Donnie Iris.", "By the end of the decade, as far as his music/public life went, he went by the name of Donnie Iris. It was during this period that he became acquainted with Mark Avsec, then playing keyboards for Wild Cherry.", "It was during this period that he became acquainted with Mark Avsec, then playing keyboards for Wild Cherry. Wild Cherry was unable to duplicate the success of \"Play That Funky Music\" and disbanded by the end of the decade.", "Wild Cherry was unable to duplicate the success of \"Play That Funky Music\" and disbanded by the end of the decade. Becoming good friends, Donnie and Mark decided to form a project together after Wild Cherry's breakup and the two began writing songs.", "Becoming good friends, Donnie and Mark decided to form a project together after Wild Cherry's breakup and the two began writing songs. Their first release saw the disco-influenced single \"Bring on the Eighties\" backed by a cover of \"Because of You\" in 1979; however it failed to garner attention.", "Their first release saw the disco-influenced single \"Bring on the Eighties\" backed by a cover of \"Because of You\" in 1979; however it failed to garner attention. Iris and Avsec decided to go in a harder direction for their next release and returned to the studio with guitarist Marty Lee Hoenes, bassist Albritton McClain and drummer Kevin Valentine, who at the time was in the band Breathless with Avsec, to record his first full-length album.", "Iris and Avsec decided to go in a harder direction for their next release and returned to the studio with guitarist Marty Lee Hoenes, bassist Albritton McClain and drummer Kevin Valentine, who at the time was in the band Breathless with Avsec, to record his first full-length album. This line-up would form to what would become known as Donnie Iris and the Cruisers.", "This line-up would form to what would become known as Donnie Iris and the Cruisers. Donnie Iris and the Cruisers' peak years (1980–85) Iris' first album, Back on the Streets, was released in July 1980 on the small Cleveland, Ohio-based Midwest Records. With the track \"Ah! Leah!\"", "With the track \"Ah! Leah!\" Leah!\" receiving airplay in Boston, Cleveland and Pittsburgh, MCA Records took notice and quickly signed Iris to a five-album deal and re-released the album nationally in October. The first single \"Ah! Leah!\"", "The first single \"Ah! Leah!\" Leah!\" peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #34 in Australia) in February 1981 and became one of the most frequently played AOR tracks of the year, and the album reached #57 on the Billboard 200.", "peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #34 in Australia) in February 1981 and became one of the most frequently played AOR tracks of the year, and the album reached #57 on the Billboard 200. In addition, the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981.", "In addition, the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981. The follow-up album, King Cool, credited to Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, was released in August 1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart.", "The follow-up album, King Cool, credited to Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, was released in August 1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart. Two other songs from the album received significant AOR airplay; \"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart.", "Two other songs from the album received significant AOR airplay; \"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart. In addition, he gained the nickname King Cool from this album in the later part of his career.", "In addition, he gained the nickname King Cool from this album in the later part of his career. However, the album itself charted less successfully, at #84. After the long tour promoting their two previous albums, the band continued songwriting and in the fall of 1982 released The High and the Mighty.", "After the long tour promoting their two previous albums, the band continued songwriting and in the fall of 1982 released The High and the Mighty. The album contained the single \"Tough World,\" but only charted at #180, marking a decline in his success, but the band still was determined to release new material.", "The album contained the single \"Tough World,\" but only charted at #180, marking a decline in his success, but the band still was determined to release new material. Their next album one year later, Fortune 410, contained the hit single \"Do You Compute?\"", "Their next album one year later, Fortune 410, contained the hit single \"Do You Compute?\" which was used by their label MCA and the computer company Atari to form a cross-marketing promotion.", "which was used by their label MCA and the computer company Atari to form a cross-marketing promotion. Because the promotional partnership was secured prior to release of the album, it was possible to use the Atari 1200 XL Home Computer in poster photography, as well as in the video clip for \"Do You Compute?", "Because the promotional partnership was secured prior to release of the album, it was possible to use the Atari 1200 XL Home Computer in poster photography, as well as in the video clip for \"Do You Compute? \", which aired on MTV.", "\", which aired on MTV. The title of the album is a reference to the trademark glasses Iris wears, Fortune 410's. The combination of marketing and the promotion for its hit single allowed the album to chart higher than its predecessor.", "The combination of marketing and the promotion for its hit single allowed the album to chart higher than its predecessor. Despite Fortune 410 charting higher than The High and the Mighty, MCA was displeased that both albums didn't chart as high as Back on the Streets and King Cool had.", "Despite Fortune 410 charting higher than The High and the Mighty, MCA was displeased that both albums didn't chart as high as Back on the Streets and King Cool had. The label suggested that the band allow them to bring in a new producer, displacing Mark Avsec, as well bring in new songwriters.", "The label suggested that the band allow them to bring in a new producer, displacing Mark Avsec, as well bring in new songwriters. Iris and the Cruisers, wanting to keep as much of their creative freedom and sound as they could, said no. As a result, MCA dropped the band in 1984.", "As a result, MCA dropped the band in 1984. Shortly after being let go from MCA, the band signed with the small HME Records label.", "Shortly after being let go from MCA, the band signed with the small HME Records label. Their next album, No Muss...No Fuss, released in 1985, continued the trend set by Fortune 410 by charting at #115 with the single \"Injured in the Game of Love\".", "Their next album, No Muss...No Fuss, released in 1985, continued the trend set by Fortune 410 by charting at #115 with the single \"Injured in the Game of Love\". Both of the aforementioned albums ended up being more critically acclaimed than The High and the Mighty.", "Both of the aforementioned albums ended up being more critically acclaimed than The High and the Mighty. New Cruisers lineups and different projects (1986–93) Just prior to the release of No Muss...No Fuss, the band began to split into different directions.", "New Cruisers lineups and different projects (1986–93) Just prior to the release of No Muss...No Fuss, the band began to split into different directions. Drummer Kevin Valentine and bassist Albritton McClain left to join a new group, the Innocent, whose members included future Nine Inch Nails main man Trent Reznor.", "Drummer Kevin Valentine and bassist Albritton McClain left to join a new group, the Innocent, whose members included future Nine Inch Nails main man Trent Reznor. The two were replaced by Scott Alan Williamson on bass and Tommy Rich on drums. That same year, keyboardist Mark Avsec released a solo project under the moniker Cellarful of Noise.", "That same year, keyboardist Mark Avsec released a solo project under the moniker Cellarful of Noise. Even after releasing the eponymous debut album that same year, Cellarful of Noise, Avsec and Iris maintained that Donnie Iris and the Cruisers was still their main focus, and that they wanted to continue to release new albums with the band and its new line-up.", "Even after releasing the eponymous debut album that same year, Cellarful of Noise, Avsec and Iris maintained that Donnie Iris and the Cruisers was still their main focus, and that they wanted to continue to release new albums with the band and its new line-up. The band returned to the studio in 1986 and recorded a new album titled Cruise Control; however, a lawsuit with the band's former label MCA resulted in the shelving of that album pending the resolution of the lawsuit.", "The band returned to the studio in 1986 and recorded a new album titled Cruise Control; however, a lawsuit with the band's former label MCA resulted in the shelving of that album pending the resolution of the lawsuit. The album itself has still not been released as of 2020, although six tracks from it appeared on 1992's Out of the Blue and a cover of \"Reach Out\" recorded during the Cruise Control sessions appeared on the 1989 compilation WDVE Pittsburgh Rock & Roll '89.", "The album itself has still not been released as of 2020, although six tracks from it appeared on 1992's Out of the Blue and a cover of \"Reach Out\" recorded during the Cruise Control sessions appeared on the 1989 compilation WDVE Pittsburgh Rock & Roll '89. Also around this time, the HME label that the band had signed with to record No Muss...No Fuss went out of business, leaving Donnie Iris and the Cruisers an unsigned act.", "Also around this time, the HME label that the band had signed with to record No Muss...No Fuss went out of business, leaving Donnie Iris and the Cruisers an unsigned act. Since the band seemed to have hit a road block, Iris partnered with Avsec on the second Cellarful of Noise album, Magnificent Obsession, which was released in 1988.", "Since the band seemed to have hit a road block, Iris partnered with Avsec on the second Cellarful of Noise album, Magnificent Obsession, which was released in 1988. The album produced a moderately successful single, \"Samantha (What You Gonna Do).\"", "The album produced a moderately successful single, \"Samantha (What You Gonna Do).\" In the early 1990s, Iris set up a mortgage company, SIMCorp, with partners Lynn Shelley and Priscilla Micinko, as a side business from the band.", "In the early 1990s, Iris set up a mortgage company, SIMCorp, with partners Lynn Shelley and Priscilla Micinko, as a side business from the band. SIMCorp, located in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, remained under Iris's ownership for nearly twenty years.", "SIMCorp, located in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, remained under Iris's ownership for nearly twenty years. Donnie Iris and the Cruisers returned to the studio in 1992 to release their first album containing new material since 1985. Titled Out of the Blue, the album was a compilation album containing older hits and new material.", "Titled Out of the Blue, the album was a compilation album containing older hits and new material. It failed to have any impact on the charts, however. Still, the band toured throughout the rest of the year around Pennsylvania and Ohio, and attracted newer and younger fans from the area.", "Still, the band toured throughout the rest of the year around Pennsylvania and Ohio, and attracted newer and younger fans from the area. The band released another album in 1993, Footsoldier in the Moonlight. At this point, the band underwent yet another line-up change as drummer Tommy Rich departed the group.", "At this point, the band underwent yet another line-up change as drummer Tommy Rich departed the group. His replacement, Steve McConnell, auditioned & was hired-on in the summer of 1992, long enough to record on and tour behind Footsoldier in the Moonlight and can be heard on live recordings from 1992 & 1993.", "His replacement, Steve McConnell, auditioned & was hired-on in the summer of 1992, long enough to record on and tour behind Footsoldier in the Moonlight and can be heard on live recordings from 1992 & 1993. Later in 1994, Rich rejoined the group.", "Later in 1994, Rich rejoined the group. Later endeavors and new albums (1994–2009) In the summer of 1994, original members Albritton McClain and Kevin Valentine temporarily reunited with Iris, Avsec and Hoenes to record the first album of all new material by the original line-up in nearly 10 years.", "Later endeavors and new albums (1994–2009) In the summer of 1994, original members Albritton McClain and Kevin Valentine temporarily reunited with Iris, Avsec and Hoenes to record the first album of all new material by the original line-up in nearly 10 years. During recording, the band performed one reunion show together at Conneaut Lake.", "During recording, the band performed one reunion show together at Conneaut Lake. The album Poletown was released in 1997. In 1998, the band released their first live album. A collection of tracks played at Nick's Fat City, a popular Pittsburgh nightclub, Live!", "A collection of tracks played at Nick's Fat City, a popular Pittsburgh nightclub, Live! At Nick's Fat City was the first release to feature bass guitarist Paul Goll, who had been touring with the band since 1993, along with drummer Tommy Rich.", "At Nick's Fat City was the first release to feature bass guitarist Paul Goll, who had been touring with the band since 1993, along with drummer Tommy Rich. 1999 saw the release of an Iris collaborative project entitled Together Alone, featuring contributions from other regionally popular artists like Michael Stanley, Scott Blasey, B. E. Taylor and Joe Grushecky.", "1999 saw the release of an Iris collaborative project entitled Together Alone, featuring contributions from other regionally popular artists like Michael Stanley, Scott Blasey, B. E. Taylor and Joe Grushecky. After Alone, which featured a softer side of Iris's vocals, the band took a break from releasing new material but continued to perform regularly through the decade.", "After Alone, which featured a softer side of Iris's vocals, the band took a break from releasing new material but continued to perform regularly through the decade. The first true compilation album from the band was released in 2001 by their former label at MCA: 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, featuring material from the band's four MCA-released albums from the early 1980s.", "The first true compilation album from the band was released in 2001 by their former label at MCA: 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, featuring material from the band's four MCA-released albums from the early 1980s. In 2004, the band celebrated its 25th anniversary with a new compilation album featuring their rarer material, 25 Years, and performed live at the Chevrolet Amphitheatre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for 4,000 people.", "In 2004, the band celebrated its 25th anniversary with a new compilation album featuring their rarer material, 25 Years, and performed live at the Chevrolet Amphitheatre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for 4,000 people. This concert was known for featuring a four drummer lineup of current and previous drummers for the band; Kevin Valentine, Tommy Rich, Brice Foster and Mark Avsec's daughter Danna Avsec, who was the guest drummer.", "This concert was known for featuring a four drummer lineup of current and previous drummers for the band; Kevin Valentine, Tommy Rich, Brice Foster and Mark Avsec's daughter Danna Avsec, who was the guest drummer. Since then, the band has used a three drummer line-up for several concerts.", "Since then, the band has used a three drummer line-up for several concerts. The band's 2006 album, Ellwood City, was a tribute to Iris's hometown, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania.", "The band's 2006 album, Ellwood City, was a tribute to Iris's hometown, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. June 17, 2006 was recognized throughout Lawrence County, Pennsylvania as Donnie Iris Day by Ellwood City Executive Council President Glenn Jones and Mayor Roy P. Meehan.", "June 17, 2006 was recognized throughout Lawrence County, Pennsylvania as Donnie Iris Day by Ellwood City Executive Council President Glenn Jones and Mayor Roy P. Meehan. Iris also received special commendations and awards from United States Congresswoman Melissa Hart and Pennsylvania state representative Frank LaGrotta.", "Iris also received special commendations and awards from United States Congresswoman Melissa Hart and Pennsylvania state representative Frank LaGrotta. In 2008 and 2009, King Cool Light was developed after Mark Avsec realized that \"King Cool\" sounded like the name of a refreshing beer.", "In 2008 and 2009, King Cool Light was developed after Mark Avsec realized that \"King Cool\" sounded like the name of a refreshing beer. He later approached Iris and Marty Lee Hoenes who both immediately liked the idea, giving birth to King Cool Limited.", "He later approached Iris and Marty Lee Hoenes who both immediately liked the idea, giving birth to King Cool Limited. King Cool Light was unveiled on November 20, 2009, at Club Diesel in Pittsburgh during the band's 30th anniversary concert.", "King Cool Light was unveiled on November 20, 2009, at Club Diesel in Pittsburgh during the band's 30th anniversary concert. Every case was sold out, but 25 more cases were brought in, which were also sold out.", "Every case was sold out, but 25 more cases were brought in, which were also sold out. The band's first EP, You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, was released in 2008. It was followed in 2009 with their second live album, Ah!", "It was followed in 2009 with their second live album, Ah! Live!, recorded at shows in Erie and Kittanning, Pennsylvania. Recent years (2010–present) In an interview with Cleveland Scene published on February 3, 2010, Mark Avsec announced that the band's next project would be a Christmas album. Ah! Leluiah!", "Ah! Leluiah! Leluiah! was released on November 18, 2010. Additionally, King Cool Light was released in the Youngstown, Ohio market in July of that same year. Also that year, Iris retired from the mortgage banking business and sold SIMCorp.", "Also that year, Iris retired from the mortgage banking business and sold SIMCorp. Avsec announced in a March 2012 interview that the band had begun working on their twelfth studio album, due out in 2013 to commemorate Iris's seventieth birthday.", "Avsec announced in a March 2012 interview that the band had begun working on their twelfth studio album, due out in 2013 to commemorate Iris's seventieth birthday. However, this project has turned into a special release to celebrate the thirty-fifth anniversary of the formation of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, which was expected to be released in 2014.", "However, this project has turned into a special release to celebrate the thirty-fifth anniversary of the formation of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, which was expected to be released in 2014. On June 17, 2014, Iris and the Cruisers leaked a new song, \"Sing the Songs of Summer (All Night Long),\" the first track to be released from the band's intermittent time in the studio in the previous two years.", "On June 17, 2014, Iris and the Cruisers leaked a new song, \"Sing the Songs of Summer (All Night Long),\" the first track to be released from the band's intermittent time in the studio in the previous two years. This was followed by \"Pittsburgh Made,\" released on Spotify and for free download in October 2016.", "This was followed by \"Pittsburgh Made,\" released on Spotify and for free download in October 2016. On the April 2, 2015 episode of Jim Krenn's No Restrictions podcast, Iris mentioned that he and the band hoped to have the often-delayed album out by the end of 2015.", "On the April 2, 2015 episode of Jim Krenn's No Restrictions podcast, Iris mentioned that he and the band hoped to have the often-delayed album out by the end of 2015. As of November 2018, there is still no release date known for the new album.", "As of November 2018, there is still no release date known for the new album. In February 2015, Iris was nominated for a Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Legends Award in the modern era category (artists with 20-plus years in music business).", "In February 2015, Iris was nominated for a Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Legends Award in the modern era category (artists with 20-plus years in music business). The awards, begun in 2014, honor those who have made significant contributions to the Pittsburgh rock scene.", "The awards, begun in 2014, honor those who have made significant contributions to the Pittsburgh rock scene. In his category, Iris went up against Joe Grushecky, Billy Price and Rusted Root.", "In his category, Iris went up against Joe Grushecky, Billy Price and Rusted Root. On March 19, it was announced that Iris had won the public voting process to be inducted for the Rock 'N Roll Legends in his category, along with Lou Christie (Legacy Legends category, 40-plus years in the business) and Porky Chedwick (non-performer/musical professional category, 20-plus years active).", "On March 19, it was announced that Iris had won the public voting process to be inducted for the Rock 'N Roll Legends in his category, along with Lou Christie (Legacy Legends category, 40-plus years in the business) and Porky Chedwick (non-performer/musical professional category, 20-plus years active). Iris was enshrined with a plaque at Pittsburgh's Hard Rock Cafe on April 23, 2015 and he performed a set with an all-star Pittsburgh band.", "Iris was enshrined with a plaque at Pittsburgh's Hard Rock Cafe on April 23, 2015 and he performed a set with an all-star Pittsburgh band. In July 2021, Iris's first four studio albums were reissued in remastered CD form by Rock Candy Records.", "In July 2021, Iris's first four studio albums were reissued in remastered CD form by Rock Candy Records. Each album contains one or more live bonus tracks taken from the 1981 Live at the Paradise, Boston promotional EP.", "Each album contains one or more live bonus tracks taken from the 1981 Live at the Paradise, Boston promotional EP. Discography As a member of the Jaggerz (1964–1976) As a member of Wild Cherry (1978–1979) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers (1979–present) Studio albums Live albums Live!", "Discography As a member of the Jaggerz (1964–1976) As a member of Wild Cherry (1978–1979) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers (1979–present) Studio albums Live albums Live! At Nick's Fat City, 1998 (Primary) Ah!", "At Nick's Fat City, 1998 (Primary) Ah! Live!, 2009 (Primary) Live Bootleg, 2014 (Primary) Compilation albums 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, 2001 (MCA) Donnie: 25 Years, 2004 (Primary) EP Live at the Paradise, Boston, 1981 (MCA) You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, 2008 (Primary) Other appearances WDVE Pittsburgh Rock 'n Roll '89, 1989 (WDVE-FM) on the song \"Reach Out\" Singles Videography Live at Blossom, 1981 King Cool: Ah!", "Live!, 2009 (Primary) Live Bootleg, 2014 (Primary) Compilation albums 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, 2001 (MCA) Donnie: 25 Years, 2004 (Primary) EP Live at the Paradise, Boston, 1981 (MCA) You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, 2008 (Primary) Other appearances WDVE Pittsburgh Rock 'n Roll '89, 1989 (WDVE-FM) on the song \"Reach Out\" Singles Videography Live at Blossom, 1981 King Cool: Ah! History of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, 2004 (documentary) Guest appearances Cellarful of Noise's album, Magnificent Obsession, 1988 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" (Nina Sainato) on the album Holly and Ivory, 2011 Other credits I Love My Music, 1978 (Epic, peaked at no.", "History of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, 2004 (documentary) Guest appearances Cellarful of Noise's album, Magnificent Obsession, 1988 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" (Nina Sainato) on the album Holly and Ivory, 2011 Other credits I Love My Music, 1978 (Epic, peaked at no. 84 on Billboard 200), engineering credit (Wild Cherry) Innermission, 1982 (MCA), producer (B. E. Taylor Group) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers members Current members Donnie Iris, lead vocals (1979–present) Mark Avsec, keyboards and background vocals (1979–present) Marty Lee Hoenes, guitar and background vocals (1979–present) Paul Goll, bass and background vocals (1993–present) Kevin Valentine, drums (1979–1985, 1994 reunion, 2003–present) Former members Albritton McClain, bass and background vocals (1979–1985, 1994 reunion) Scott Alan Williamson, bass and background vocals (1985–1993) Tommy Rich, drums (1985–1990, 1994–2003) Steve McConnell, drums (1990–1994) Brice Foster, drums (2004–2007) Touring member Mark Tirabassi, drums (2007–present) (fill-in when Kevin Valentine can't travel) Joe Vitale Jr, drums (2021–present) (fill-in when Kevin Valentine can't travel) Session musicians Kenny Blake, saxophone (1980–1981, 1993/Back on the Streets, King Cool and Footsoldier in the Moonlight) Robert Peckman, bass (1980/Back on the Streets) Rick Bell, saxophone (1983/Fortune 410) Dan McCarthy, horns (1983–1984/Fortune 410 and No Muss…No Fuss) Rodney Psyka, percussion (1985/No Muss…No Fuss) Pete Tokar, percussion (1993/Footsoldier in the Moonlight) Alan Green, guitar (2008/You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away) Further reading Ferris, D.X., The Story of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, (2017) References External links Official Website Living people People from Ellwood City, Pennsylvania American rock singers Musicians from Pittsburgh Donnie Iris and the Cruisers members The Jaggerz members Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania alumni Wild Cherry (band) members Singers from Pennsylvania Power pop musicians People from New Castle, Pennsylvania 1943 births MCA Records artists" ]

[ "Donnie Iris", "Donnie Iris and the Cruisers' peak years (1980-85)", "What was donnie's cruisers' peak years?", "1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart.", "What other singles topped the charts?", "\"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart.", "Did he perform any shows?", "the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981.", "How popular were they?", "I don't know.", "What albums did they release?", "Fortune 410 charting higher than The High and the Mighty, MCA was displeased that both albums didn't chart as high" ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Towards Artsakh () is an Armenian Entertainment television program. The series premiered on Armenia 1 on September 21, 2014.\nEach series of the TV program presents some area of life of today's hospitable Artsakh and reveals its most interesting aspects. What is Artsakh famous for? What has remained in the shadow up today? The program covers these questions as well as refers to the interests of young people and concerns of the older generation. \nArtsakh's legends and true stories are presented through the eyes of eyewitnesses.\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Towards Artsakh on Armenia 1\n\nArmenian-language television shows\nNonlinear narrative television series\nArmenia 1 television shows\nNagorno-Karabakh\n2010s Armenian television series" ]

[ "Donnie Iris (born Dominic Ierace, February 28, 1943) is an American rock musician known for his work with the Jaggerz and Wild Cherry during the 1970s, and for his solo career beginning in the 1980s with his band, the Cruisers. He wrote the #2 Billboard hit, \"The Rapper\", with the Jaggerz in 1970 and was a member of Wild Cherry after the group had a #1 hit with \"Play That Funky Music.\"", "He wrote the #2 Billboard hit, \"The Rapper\", with the Jaggerz in 1970 and was a member of Wild Cherry after the group had a #1 hit with \"Play That Funky Music.\" He also achieved fame as a solo artist in the early 1980s with the #29 hit \"Ah! Leah!\"", "Leah!\" Leah!\" and the #37 hit \"Love Is Like a Rock.\" In addition to performing on the first three Jaggerz albums and the fourth and final Wild Cherry album, Iris with his solo band has released eleven studio albums, one EP, two live albums, and two compilation albums.", "In addition to performing on the first three Jaggerz albums and the fourth and final Wild Cherry album, Iris with his solo band has released eleven studio albums, one EP, two live albums, and two compilation albums. He continues to intermittently release new material and tour throughout the greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Youngstown and Cleveland, Ohio areas.", "He continues to intermittently release new material and tour throughout the greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Youngstown and Cleveland, Ohio areas. Biography Early life and early career (1943–63) Dominic Ierace was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, but grew up in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania.", "Biography Early life and early career (1943–63) Dominic Ierace was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, but grew up in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. The son of Samuel and Carrie Ierace, young Dominic began to learn how to sing at an early age from his mother, who had sung in Curly Venezie's orchestra.", "The son of Samuel and Carrie Ierace, young Dominic began to learn how to sing at an early age from his mother, who had sung in Curly Venezie's orchestra. He practiced earlier on by singing along with his mother's favorite singers, Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett.", "He practiced earlier on by singing along with his mother's favorite singers, Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett. Per his mother's encouragement, Ierace began singing at weddings at age five, and by eight was performing on local television and entering talent contests.", "Per his mother's encouragement, Ierace began singing at weddings at age five, and by eight was performing on local television and entering talent contests. Over time, Ierace began to develop his own interests in music with the advent of rock music, drawing inspiration from Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly and later from the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and even R&B and soul artists Marvin Gaye and Ray Charles in addition to other Motown acts.", "Over time, Ierace began to develop his own interests in music with the advent of rock music, drawing inspiration from Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly and later from the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and even R&B and soul artists Marvin Gaye and Ray Charles in addition to other Motown acts. The popularity of rock and roll inspired Ierace to become a self-taught guitarist.", "The popularity of rock and roll inspired Ierace to become a self-taught guitarist. When his voice changed around age 12, he gave up singing and took up the drums. About the time he was a senior in high school (circa 1961), Ierace's voice changed again, and he got back into singing.", "About the time he was a senior in high school (circa 1961), Ierace's voice changed again, and he got back into singing. He formed a vocal doo-wop group called the Fabutons with Johnny Roth, Anthony Matteo, Lou Delessandro and Chuckie Hasson and performed gigs around Beaver and Lawrence counties in Pennsylvania.", "He formed a vocal doo-wop group called the Fabutons with Johnny Roth, Anthony Matteo, Lou Delessandro and Chuckie Hasson and performed gigs around Beaver and Lawrence counties in Pennsylvania. However, the group only performed a few times before they disbanded and Ierace went to college.", "However, the group only performed a few times before they disbanded and Ierace went to college. While attending Slippery Rock State College, Ierace formed a band called the Tri-Vels with guitarist Jim Evans and drummer Dave Amodie, two fellow students at Slippery Rock. With the addition of bassist Dave Reiser, they renamed themselves Donnie and the Donnells.", "With the addition of bassist Dave Reiser, they renamed themselves Donnie and the Donnells. This band in both incarnations played R&B and pop rock covers at fraternity parties and lasted from about 1961 to 1964.", "This band in both incarnations played R&B and pop rock covers at fraternity parties and lasted from about 1961 to 1964. The Jaggerz and Wild Cherry (1964–79) Around 1964, Ierace left Donnie and the Donnells to form the Jaggerz (originally the \"Jaggers\") with Benny Faiella of Gary and the Jewel Tones.", "The Jaggerz and Wild Cherry (1964–79) Around 1964, Ierace left Donnie and the Donnells to form the Jaggerz (originally the \"Jaggers\") with Benny Faiella of Gary and the Jewel Tones. After a few changes in line-up early on (including acquiring Jimmie Ross and Jim Pugliano from the Bell Boys), the group became popular playing R&B covers throughout western Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio.", "After a few changes in line-up early on (including acquiring Jimmie Ross and Jim Pugliano from the Bell Boys), the group became popular playing R&B covers throughout western Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio. Eventually, Ierace and the Jaggerz began to write their own material and secured a contract with Gamble Records.", "Eventually, Ierace and the Jaggerz began to write their own material and secured a contract with Gamble Records. Their first album, Introducing the Jaggerz, was released in 1969. The album was only a minor success, mainly receiving airplay in Iris' native Beaver County and the rest of the greater Pittsburgh area.", "The album was only a minor success, mainly receiving airplay in Iris' native Beaver County and the rest of the greater Pittsburgh area. Perhaps most importantly, it was the first album Ierace recorded on.", "Perhaps most importantly, it was the first album Ierace recorded on. Ierace and the Jaggerz first came to national prominence in 1970 for the #2 hit \"The Rapper,\" written by Ierace and included on their second album, We Went to Different Schools Together, released on the Kama Sutra label.", "Ierace and the Jaggerz first came to national prominence in 1970 for the #2 hit \"The Rapper,\" written by Ierace and included on their second album, We Went to Different Schools Together, released on the Kama Sutra label. The album itself reached #69 on the charts.", "The album itself reached #69 on the charts. The Jaggerz would go on to release one more album, Come Again, in 1975 when they were signed with Wooden Nickel Records. However, it failed to produce any more hits for the group.", "However, it failed to produce any more hits for the group. Between 1975 and 1976, most of the Jaggerz' longtime members left the group, including Ierace in 1976. The Jaggerz eventually broke up around 1977, but reunited in 1989 without Ierace, who by that point was well into his solo career.", "The Jaggerz eventually broke up around 1977, but reunited in 1989 without Ierace, who by that point was well into his solo career. After his departure from the Jaggerz, Ierace began to learn engineering at Jeree Recording in New Brighton, Pennsylvania.", "After his departure from the Jaggerz, Ierace began to learn engineering at Jeree Recording in New Brighton, Pennsylvania. Also, he did about a two-year stint (1976-1978) playing shows with B. E. Taylor.", "Also, he did about a two-year stint (1976-1978) playing shows with B. E. Taylor. While working at Jeree, the band Wild Cherry (a hot commodity because of their 1976 hit \"Play That Funky Music,\" which had been recorded there), was booked for a recording session.", "While working at Jeree, the band Wild Cherry (a hot commodity because of their 1976 hit \"Play That Funky Music,\" which had been recorded there), was booked for a recording session. Ierace helped to engineer their third album, I Love My Music.", "Ierace helped to engineer their third album, I Love My Music. The band was also looking for a new guitarist, and upon learning of Ierace and his association with \"The Rapper,\" he was recruited by frontman Rob Parissi.", "The band was also looking for a new guitarist, and upon learning of Ierace and his association with \"The Rapper,\" he was recruited by frontman Rob Parissi. Ierace went on the road with the group for about the next year and was featured on their 1979 album Only the Wild Survive.", "Ierace went on the road with the group for about the next year and was featured on their 1979 album Only the Wild Survive. Throughout the 1970s, Ierace was credited by various names on Jaggerz and Wild Cherry albums: by his birth name, Dominic Ierace; Don Ierace; and a stage name he had adopted to make it easier for people to remember his name, Don Iris.", "Throughout the 1970s, Ierace was credited by various names on Jaggerz and Wild Cherry albums: by his birth name, Dominic Ierace; Don Ierace; and a stage name he had adopted to make it easier for people to remember his name, Don Iris. By the end of the decade, as far as his music/public life went, he went by the name of Donnie Iris.", "By the end of the decade, as far as his music/public life went, he went by the name of Donnie Iris. It was during this period that he became acquainted with Mark Avsec, then playing keyboards for Wild Cherry.", "It was during this period that he became acquainted with Mark Avsec, then playing keyboards for Wild Cherry. Wild Cherry was unable to duplicate the success of \"Play That Funky Music\" and disbanded by the end of the decade.", "Wild Cherry was unable to duplicate the success of \"Play That Funky Music\" and disbanded by the end of the decade. Becoming good friends, Donnie and Mark decided to form a project together after Wild Cherry's breakup and the two began writing songs.", "Becoming good friends, Donnie and Mark decided to form a project together after Wild Cherry's breakup and the two began writing songs. Their first release saw the disco-influenced single \"Bring on the Eighties\" backed by a cover of \"Because of You\" in 1979; however it failed to garner attention.", "Their first release saw the disco-influenced single \"Bring on the Eighties\" backed by a cover of \"Because of You\" in 1979; however it failed to garner attention. Iris and Avsec decided to go in a harder direction for their next release and returned to the studio with guitarist Marty Lee Hoenes, bassist Albritton McClain and drummer Kevin Valentine, who at the time was in the band Breathless with Avsec, to record his first full-length album.", "Iris and Avsec decided to go in a harder direction for their next release and returned to the studio with guitarist Marty Lee Hoenes, bassist Albritton McClain and drummer Kevin Valentine, who at the time was in the band Breathless with Avsec, to record his first full-length album. This line-up would form to what would become known as Donnie Iris and the Cruisers.", "This line-up would form to what would become known as Donnie Iris and the Cruisers. Donnie Iris and the Cruisers' peak years (1980–85) Iris' first album, Back on the Streets, was released in July 1980 on the small Cleveland, Ohio-based Midwest Records. With the track \"Ah! Leah!\"", "With the track \"Ah! Leah!\" Leah!\" receiving airplay in Boston, Cleveland and Pittsburgh, MCA Records took notice and quickly signed Iris to a five-album deal and re-released the album nationally in October. The first single \"Ah! Leah!\"", "The first single \"Ah! Leah!\" Leah!\" peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #34 in Australia) in February 1981 and became one of the most frequently played AOR tracks of the year, and the album reached #57 on the Billboard 200.", "peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #34 in Australia) in February 1981 and became one of the most frequently played AOR tracks of the year, and the album reached #57 on the Billboard 200. In addition, the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981.", "In addition, the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981. The follow-up album, King Cool, credited to Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, was released in August 1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart.", "The follow-up album, King Cool, credited to Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, was released in August 1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart. Two other songs from the album received significant AOR airplay; \"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart.", "Two other songs from the album received significant AOR airplay; \"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart. In addition, he gained the nickname King Cool from this album in the later part of his career.", "In addition, he gained the nickname King Cool from this album in the later part of his career. However, the album itself charted less successfully, at #84. After the long tour promoting their two previous albums, the band continued songwriting and in the fall of 1982 released The High and the Mighty.", "After the long tour promoting their two previous albums, the band continued songwriting and in the fall of 1982 released The High and the Mighty. The album contained the single \"Tough World,\" but only charted at #180, marking a decline in his success, but the band still was determined to release new material.", "The album contained the single \"Tough World,\" but only charted at #180, marking a decline in his success, but the band still was determined to release new material. Their next album one year later, Fortune 410, contained the hit single \"Do You Compute?\"", "Their next album one year later, Fortune 410, contained the hit single \"Do You Compute?\" which was used by their label MCA and the computer company Atari to form a cross-marketing promotion.", "which was used by their label MCA and the computer company Atari to form a cross-marketing promotion. Because the promotional partnership was secured prior to release of the album, it was possible to use the Atari 1200 XL Home Computer in poster photography, as well as in the video clip for \"Do You Compute?", "Because the promotional partnership was secured prior to release of the album, it was possible to use the Atari 1200 XL Home Computer in poster photography, as well as in the video clip for \"Do You Compute? \", which aired on MTV.", "\", which aired on MTV. The title of the album is a reference to the trademark glasses Iris wears, Fortune 410's. The combination of marketing and the promotion for its hit single allowed the album to chart higher than its predecessor.", "The combination of marketing and the promotion for its hit single allowed the album to chart higher than its predecessor. Despite Fortune 410 charting higher than The High and the Mighty, MCA was displeased that both albums didn't chart as high as Back on the Streets and King Cool had.", "Despite Fortune 410 charting higher than The High and the Mighty, MCA was displeased that both albums didn't chart as high as Back on the Streets and King Cool had. The label suggested that the band allow them to bring in a new producer, displacing Mark Avsec, as well bring in new songwriters.", "The label suggested that the band allow them to bring in a new producer, displacing Mark Avsec, as well bring in new songwriters. Iris and the Cruisers, wanting to keep as much of their creative freedom and sound as they could, said no. As a result, MCA dropped the band in 1984.", "As a result, MCA dropped the band in 1984. Shortly after being let go from MCA, the band signed with the small HME Records label.", "Shortly after being let go from MCA, the band signed with the small HME Records label. Their next album, No Muss...No Fuss, released in 1985, continued the trend set by Fortune 410 by charting at #115 with the single \"Injured in the Game of Love\".", "Their next album, No Muss...No Fuss, released in 1985, continued the trend set by Fortune 410 by charting at #115 with the single \"Injured in the Game of Love\". Both of the aforementioned albums ended up being more critically acclaimed than The High and the Mighty.", "Both of the aforementioned albums ended up being more critically acclaimed than The High and the Mighty. New Cruisers lineups and different projects (1986–93) Just prior to the release of No Muss...No Fuss, the band began to split into different directions.", "New Cruisers lineups and different projects (1986–93) Just prior to the release of No Muss...No Fuss, the band began to split into different directions. Drummer Kevin Valentine and bassist Albritton McClain left to join a new group, the Innocent, whose members included future Nine Inch Nails main man Trent Reznor.", "Drummer Kevin Valentine and bassist Albritton McClain left to join a new group, the Innocent, whose members included future Nine Inch Nails main man Trent Reznor. The two were replaced by Scott Alan Williamson on bass and Tommy Rich on drums. That same year, keyboardist Mark Avsec released a solo project under the moniker Cellarful of Noise.", "That same year, keyboardist Mark Avsec released a solo project under the moniker Cellarful of Noise. Even after releasing the eponymous debut album that same year, Cellarful of Noise, Avsec and Iris maintained that Donnie Iris and the Cruisers was still their main focus, and that they wanted to continue to release new albums with the band and its new line-up.", "Even after releasing the eponymous debut album that same year, Cellarful of Noise, Avsec and Iris maintained that Donnie Iris and the Cruisers was still their main focus, and that they wanted to continue to release new albums with the band and its new line-up. The band returned to the studio in 1986 and recorded a new album titled Cruise Control; however, a lawsuit with the band's former label MCA resulted in the shelving of that album pending the resolution of the lawsuit.", "The band returned to the studio in 1986 and recorded a new album titled Cruise Control; however, a lawsuit with the band's former label MCA resulted in the shelving of that album pending the resolution of the lawsuit. The album itself has still not been released as of 2020, although six tracks from it appeared on 1992's Out of the Blue and a cover of \"Reach Out\" recorded during the Cruise Control sessions appeared on the 1989 compilation WDVE Pittsburgh Rock & Roll '89.", "The album itself has still not been released as of 2020, although six tracks from it appeared on 1992's Out of the Blue and a cover of \"Reach Out\" recorded during the Cruise Control sessions appeared on the 1989 compilation WDVE Pittsburgh Rock & Roll '89. Also around this time, the HME label that the band had signed with to record No Muss...No Fuss went out of business, leaving Donnie Iris and the Cruisers an unsigned act.", "Also around this time, the HME label that the band had signed with to record No Muss...No Fuss went out of business, leaving Donnie Iris and the Cruisers an unsigned act. Since the band seemed to have hit a road block, Iris partnered with Avsec on the second Cellarful of Noise album, Magnificent Obsession, which was released in 1988.", "Since the band seemed to have hit a road block, Iris partnered with Avsec on the second Cellarful of Noise album, Magnificent Obsession, which was released in 1988. The album produced a moderately successful single, \"Samantha (What You Gonna Do).\"", "The album produced a moderately successful single, \"Samantha (What You Gonna Do).\" In the early 1990s, Iris set up a mortgage company, SIMCorp, with partners Lynn Shelley and Priscilla Micinko, as a side business from the band.", "In the early 1990s, Iris set up a mortgage company, SIMCorp, with partners Lynn Shelley and Priscilla Micinko, as a side business from the band. SIMCorp, located in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, remained under Iris's ownership for nearly twenty years.", "SIMCorp, located in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, remained under Iris's ownership for nearly twenty years. Donnie Iris and the Cruisers returned to the studio in 1992 to release their first album containing new material since 1985. Titled Out of the Blue, the album was a compilation album containing older hits and new material.", "Titled Out of the Blue, the album was a compilation album containing older hits and new material. It failed to have any impact on the charts, however. Still, the band toured throughout the rest of the year around Pennsylvania and Ohio, and attracted newer and younger fans from the area.", "Still, the band toured throughout the rest of the year around Pennsylvania and Ohio, and attracted newer and younger fans from the area. The band released another album in 1993, Footsoldier in the Moonlight. At this point, the band underwent yet another line-up change as drummer Tommy Rich departed the group.", "At this point, the band underwent yet another line-up change as drummer Tommy Rich departed the group. His replacement, Steve McConnell, auditioned & was hired-on in the summer of 1992, long enough to record on and tour behind Footsoldier in the Moonlight and can be heard on live recordings from 1992 & 1993.", "His replacement, Steve McConnell, auditioned & was hired-on in the summer of 1992, long enough to record on and tour behind Footsoldier in the Moonlight and can be heard on live recordings from 1992 & 1993. Later in 1994, Rich rejoined the group.", "Later in 1994, Rich rejoined the group. Later endeavors and new albums (1994–2009) In the summer of 1994, original members Albritton McClain and Kevin Valentine temporarily reunited with Iris, Avsec and Hoenes to record the first album of all new material by the original line-up in nearly 10 years.", "Later endeavors and new albums (1994–2009) In the summer of 1994, original members Albritton McClain and Kevin Valentine temporarily reunited with Iris, Avsec and Hoenes to record the first album of all new material by the original line-up in nearly 10 years. During recording, the band performed one reunion show together at Conneaut Lake.", "During recording, the band performed one reunion show together at Conneaut Lake. The album Poletown was released in 1997. In 1998, the band released their first live album. A collection of tracks played at Nick's Fat City, a popular Pittsburgh nightclub, Live!", "A collection of tracks played at Nick's Fat City, a popular Pittsburgh nightclub, Live! At Nick's Fat City was the first release to feature bass guitarist Paul Goll, who had been touring with the band since 1993, along with drummer Tommy Rich.", "At Nick's Fat City was the first release to feature bass guitarist Paul Goll, who had been touring with the band since 1993, along with drummer Tommy Rich. 1999 saw the release of an Iris collaborative project entitled Together Alone, featuring contributions from other regionally popular artists like Michael Stanley, Scott Blasey, B. E. Taylor and Joe Grushecky.", "1999 saw the release of an Iris collaborative project entitled Together Alone, featuring contributions from other regionally popular artists like Michael Stanley, Scott Blasey, B. E. Taylor and Joe Grushecky. After Alone, which featured a softer side of Iris's vocals, the band took a break from releasing new material but continued to perform regularly through the decade.", "After Alone, which featured a softer side of Iris's vocals, the band took a break from releasing new material but continued to perform regularly through the decade. The first true compilation album from the band was released in 2001 by their former label at MCA: 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, featuring material from the band's four MCA-released albums from the early 1980s.", "The first true compilation album from the band was released in 2001 by their former label at MCA: 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, featuring material from the band's four MCA-released albums from the early 1980s. In 2004, the band celebrated its 25th anniversary with a new compilation album featuring their rarer material, 25 Years, and performed live at the Chevrolet Amphitheatre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for 4,000 people.", "In 2004, the band celebrated its 25th anniversary with a new compilation album featuring their rarer material, 25 Years, and performed live at the Chevrolet Amphitheatre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for 4,000 people. This concert was known for featuring a four drummer lineup of current and previous drummers for the band; Kevin Valentine, Tommy Rich, Brice Foster and Mark Avsec's daughter Danna Avsec, who was the guest drummer.", "This concert was known for featuring a four drummer lineup of current and previous drummers for the band; Kevin Valentine, Tommy Rich, Brice Foster and Mark Avsec's daughter Danna Avsec, who was the guest drummer. Since then, the band has used a three drummer line-up for several concerts.", "Since then, the band has used a three drummer line-up for several concerts. The band's 2006 album, Ellwood City, was a tribute to Iris's hometown, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania.", "The band's 2006 album, Ellwood City, was a tribute to Iris's hometown, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. June 17, 2006 was recognized throughout Lawrence County, Pennsylvania as Donnie Iris Day by Ellwood City Executive Council President Glenn Jones and Mayor Roy P. Meehan.", "June 17, 2006 was recognized throughout Lawrence County, Pennsylvania as Donnie Iris Day by Ellwood City Executive Council President Glenn Jones and Mayor Roy P. Meehan. Iris also received special commendations and awards from United States Congresswoman Melissa Hart and Pennsylvania state representative Frank LaGrotta.", "Iris also received special commendations and awards from United States Congresswoman Melissa Hart and Pennsylvania state representative Frank LaGrotta. In 2008 and 2009, King Cool Light was developed after Mark Avsec realized that \"King Cool\" sounded like the name of a refreshing beer.", "In 2008 and 2009, King Cool Light was developed after Mark Avsec realized that \"King Cool\" sounded like the name of a refreshing beer. He later approached Iris and Marty Lee Hoenes who both immediately liked the idea, giving birth to King Cool Limited.", "He later approached Iris and Marty Lee Hoenes who both immediately liked the idea, giving birth to King Cool Limited. King Cool Light was unveiled on November 20, 2009, at Club Diesel in Pittsburgh during the band's 30th anniversary concert.", "King Cool Light was unveiled on November 20, 2009, at Club Diesel in Pittsburgh during the band's 30th anniversary concert. Every case was sold out, but 25 more cases were brought in, which were also sold out.", "Every case was sold out, but 25 more cases were brought in, which were also sold out. The band's first EP, You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, was released in 2008. It was followed in 2009 with their second live album, Ah!", "It was followed in 2009 with their second live album, Ah! Live!, recorded at shows in Erie and Kittanning, Pennsylvania. Recent years (2010–present) In an interview with Cleveland Scene published on February 3, 2010, Mark Avsec announced that the band's next project would be a Christmas album. Ah! Leluiah!", "Ah! Leluiah! Leluiah! was released on November 18, 2010. Additionally, King Cool Light was released in the Youngstown, Ohio market in July of that same year. Also that year, Iris retired from the mortgage banking business and sold SIMCorp.", "Also that year, Iris retired from the mortgage banking business and sold SIMCorp. Avsec announced in a March 2012 interview that the band had begun working on their twelfth studio album, due out in 2013 to commemorate Iris's seventieth birthday.", "Avsec announced in a March 2012 interview that the band had begun working on their twelfth studio album, due out in 2013 to commemorate Iris's seventieth birthday. However, this project has turned into a special release to celebrate the thirty-fifth anniversary of the formation of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, which was expected to be released in 2014.", "However, this project has turned into a special release to celebrate the thirty-fifth anniversary of the formation of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, which was expected to be released in 2014. On June 17, 2014, Iris and the Cruisers leaked a new song, \"Sing the Songs of Summer (All Night Long),\" the first track to be released from the band's intermittent time in the studio in the previous two years.", "On June 17, 2014, Iris and the Cruisers leaked a new song, \"Sing the Songs of Summer (All Night Long),\" the first track to be released from the band's intermittent time in the studio in the previous two years. This was followed by \"Pittsburgh Made,\" released on Spotify and for free download in October 2016.", "This was followed by \"Pittsburgh Made,\" released on Spotify and for free download in October 2016. On the April 2, 2015 episode of Jim Krenn's No Restrictions podcast, Iris mentioned that he and the band hoped to have the often-delayed album out by the end of 2015.", "On the April 2, 2015 episode of Jim Krenn's No Restrictions podcast, Iris mentioned that he and the band hoped to have the often-delayed album out by the end of 2015. As of November 2018, there is still no release date known for the new album.", "As of November 2018, there is still no release date known for the new album. In February 2015, Iris was nominated for a Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Legends Award in the modern era category (artists with 20-plus years in music business).", "In February 2015, Iris was nominated for a Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Legends Award in the modern era category (artists with 20-plus years in music business). The awards, begun in 2014, honor those who have made significant contributions to the Pittsburgh rock scene.", "The awards, begun in 2014, honor those who have made significant contributions to the Pittsburgh rock scene. In his category, Iris went up against Joe Grushecky, Billy Price and Rusted Root.", "In his category, Iris went up against Joe Grushecky, Billy Price and Rusted Root. On March 19, it was announced that Iris had won the public voting process to be inducted for the Rock 'N Roll Legends in his category, along with Lou Christie (Legacy Legends category, 40-plus years in the business) and Porky Chedwick (non-performer/musical professional category, 20-plus years active).", "On March 19, it was announced that Iris had won the public voting process to be inducted for the Rock 'N Roll Legends in his category, along with Lou Christie (Legacy Legends category, 40-plus years in the business) and Porky Chedwick (non-performer/musical professional category, 20-plus years active). Iris was enshrined with a plaque at Pittsburgh's Hard Rock Cafe on April 23, 2015 and he performed a set with an all-star Pittsburgh band.", "Iris was enshrined with a plaque at Pittsburgh's Hard Rock Cafe on April 23, 2015 and he performed a set with an all-star Pittsburgh band. In July 2021, Iris's first four studio albums were reissued in remastered CD form by Rock Candy Records.", "In July 2021, Iris's first four studio albums were reissued in remastered CD form by Rock Candy Records. Each album contains one or more live bonus tracks taken from the 1981 Live at the Paradise, Boston promotional EP.", "Each album contains one or more live bonus tracks taken from the 1981 Live at the Paradise, Boston promotional EP. Discography As a member of the Jaggerz (1964–1976) As a member of Wild Cherry (1978–1979) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers (1979–present) Studio albums Live albums Live!", "Discography As a member of the Jaggerz (1964–1976) As a member of Wild Cherry (1978–1979) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers (1979–present) Studio albums Live albums Live! At Nick's Fat City, 1998 (Primary) Ah!", "At Nick's Fat City, 1998 (Primary) Ah! Live!, 2009 (Primary) Live Bootleg, 2014 (Primary) Compilation albums 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, 2001 (MCA) Donnie: 25 Years, 2004 (Primary) EP Live at the Paradise, Boston, 1981 (MCA) You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, 2008 (Primary) Other appearances WDVE Pittsburgh Rock 'n Roll '89, 1989 (WDVE-FM) on the song \"Reach Out\" Singles Videography Live at Blossom, 1981 King Cool: Ah!", "Live!, 2009 (Primary) Live Bootleg, 2014 (Primary) Compilation albums 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, 2001 (MCA) Donnie: 25 Years, 2004 (Primary) EP Live at the Paradise, Boston, 1981 (MCA) You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, 2008 (Primary) Other appearances WDVE Pittsburgh Rock 'n Roll '89, 1989 (WDVE-FM) on the song \"Reach Out\" Singles Videography Live at Blossom, 1981 King Cool: Ah! History of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, 2004 (documentary) Guest appearances Cellarful of Noise's album, Magnificent Obsession, 1988 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" (Nina Sainato) on the album Holly and Ivory, 2011 Other credits I Love My Music, 1978 (Epic, peaked at no.", "History of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, 2004 (documentary) Guest appearances Cellarful of Noise's album, Magnificent Obsession, 1988 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" (Nina Sainato) on the album Holly and Ivory, 2011 Other credits I Love My Music, 1978 (Epic, peaked at no. 84 on Billboard 200), engineering credit (Wild Cherry) Innermission, 1982 (MCA), producer (B. E. Taylor Group) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers members Current members Donnie Iris, lead vocals (1979–present) Mark Avsec, keyboards and background vocals (1979–present) Marty Lee Hoenes, guitar and background vocals (1979–present) Paul Goll, bass and background vocals (1993–present) Kevin Valentine, drums (1979–1985, 1994 reunion, 2003–present) Former members Albritton McClain, bass and background vocals (1979–1985, 1994 reunion) Scott Alan Williamson, bass and background vocals (1985–1993) Tommy Rich, drums (1985–1990, 1994–2003) Steve McConnell, drums (1990–1994) Brice Foster, drums (2004–2007) Touring member Mark Tirabassi, drums (2007–present) (fill-in when Kevin Valentine can't travel) Joe Vitale Jr, drums (2021–present) (fill-in when Kevin Valentine can't travel) Session musicians Kenny Blake, saxophone (1980–1981, 1993/Back on the Streets, King Cool and Footsoldier in the Moonlight) Robert Peckman, bass (1980/Back on the Streets) Rick Bell, saxophone (1983/Fortune 410) Dan McCarthy, horns (1983–1984/Fortune 410 and No Muss…No Fuss) Rodney Psyka, percussion (1985/No Muss…No Fuss) Pete Tokar, percussion (1993/Footsoldier in the Moonlight) Alan Green, guitar (2008/You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away) Further reading Ferris, D.X., The Story of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, (2017) References External links Official Website Living people People from Ellwood City, Pennsylvania American rock singers Musicians from Pittsburgh Donnie Iris and the Cruisers members The Jaggerz members Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania alumni Wild Cherry (band) members Singers from Pennsylvania Power pop musicians People from New Castle, Pennsylvania 1943 births MCA Records artists" ]

[ "Donnie Iris", "Donnie Iris and the Cruisers' peak years (1980-85)", "What was donnie's cruisers' peak years?", "1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart.", "What other singles topped the charts?", "\"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart.", "Did he perform any shows?", "the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981.", "How popular were they?", "I don't know.", "What albums did they release?", "Fortune 410 charting higher than The High and the Mighty, MCA was displeased that both albums didn't chart as high", "/what are some other interesting aspects of this article?", "MCA dropped the band in 1984." ]

[ "B. Brown Posse is a compilation album released in 1993 by Bobby Brown. The album features Brown on two of the eleven tracks, with the rest of the songs being sung (and sometimes rapped) by some of Bobby's friends.\n\nThe album features five artists, each of whom have a solo song.\n\nThe only single \"Drop It on the One\" featured all five artists, with the addition of Brown, but failed to make an impact on the charts.\n\nArtists\nThe following artists appear alongside Brown on the album: Harold Travis Smoothe Sylk Dede O'Neal Coop B Stylez\n\nTrack listing\nTrack listing\n\"Drop It on the One\" - B.Brown Posse\n\"It's My Life\" - Smoothe Sylk\n\"Your Love\" - Dede O'neal ft. Bobby Brown\n\"La La La\" - Harold Travis\n\"Let Me Touch You\" - Smoothe Sylk\n\"Where Did Love Go\" - Harold Travis\n\"Why'd U Hurt Me\" - Dede O'neal\n\"Bounce\" - Stylz\n\"Rollin' wit the Roughness\" - Coop B\n\"1 Thru 12\" - Stylz\n\"Nothing Comes for Free\" - Coop B\n\nReferences\n\n1993 albums\nBobby Brown albums\nMCA Records albums", "Zilch is the fourth studio album by Filipino alternative rock band Pupil, released on March 6, 2015. It is the band's first album released through MCA Music and their first one to feature guitarist Jerome Velasco.\n\nAccolades\nThe music videos for \"Out of Control\" and \"Why\" were nominated for Favorite Rock Video at the Myx Music Awards 2015 and 2016 respectively.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\n2015 albums\nPupil (band) albums" ]

[ "Donnie Iris (born Dominic Ierace, February 28, 1943) is an American rock musician known for his work with the Jaggerz and Wild Cherry during the 1970s, and for his solo career beginning in the 1980s with his band, the Cruisers. He wrote the #2 Billboard hit, \"The Rapper\", with the Jaggerz in 1970 and was a member of Wild Cherry after the group had a #1 hit with \"Play That Funky Music.\"", "He wrote the #2 Billboard hit, \"The Rapper\", with the Jaggerz in 1970 and was a member of Wild Cherry after the group had a #1 hit with \"Play That Funky Music.\" He also achieved fame as a solo artist in the early 1980s with the #29 hit \"Ah! Leah!\"", "Leah!\" Leah!\" and the #37 hit \"Love Is Like a Rock.\" In addition to performing on the first three Jaggerz albums and the fourth and final Wild Cherry album, Iris with his solo band has released eleven studio albums, one EP, two live albums, and two compilation albums.", "In addition to performing on the first three Jaggerz albums and the fourth and final Wild Cherry album, Iris with his solo band has released eleven studio albums, one EP, two live albums, and two compilation albums. He continues to intermittently release new material and tour throughout the greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Youngstown and Cleveland, Ohio areas.", "He continues to intermittently release new material and tour throughout the greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Youngstown and Cleveland, Ohio areas. Biography Early life and early career (1943–63) Dominic Ierace was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, but grew up in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania.", "Biography Early life and early career (1943–63) Dominic Ierace was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, but grew up in Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. The son of Samuel and Carrie Ierace, young Dominic began to learn how to sing at an early age from his mother, who had sung in Curly Venezie's orchestra.", "The son of Samuel and Carrie Ierace, young Dominic began to learn how to sing at an early age from his mother, who had sung in Curly Venezie's orchestra. He practiced earlier on by singing along with his mother's favorite singers, Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett.", "He practiced earlier on by singing along with his mother's favorite singers, Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett. Per his mother's encouragement, Ierace began singing at weddings at age five, and by eight was performing on local television and entering talent contests.", "Per his mother's encouragement, Ierace began singing at weddings at age five, and by eight was performing on local television and entering talent contests. Over time, Ierace began to develop his own interests in music with the advent of rock music, drawing inspiration from Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly and later from the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and even R&B and soul artists Marvin Gaye and Ray Charles in addition to other Motown acts.", "Over time, Ierace began to develop his own interests in music with the advent of rock music, drawing inspiration from Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly and later from the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and even R&B and soul artists Marvin Gaye and Ray Charles in addition to other Motown acts. The popularity of rock and roll inspired Ierace to become a self-taught guitarist.", "The popularity of rock and roll inspired Ierace to become a self-taught guitarist. When his voice changed around age 12, he gave up singing and took up the drums. About the time he was a senior in high school (circa 1961), Ierace's voice changed again, and he got back into singing.", "About the time he was a senior in high school (circa 1961), Ierace's voice changed again, and he got back into singing. He formed a vocal doo-wop group called the Fabutons with Johnny Roth, Anthony Matteo, Lou Delessandro and Chuckie Hasson and performed gigs around Beaver and Lawrence counties in Pennsylvania.", "He formed a vocal doo-wop group called the Fabutons with Johnny Roth, Anthony Matteo, Lou Delessandro and Chuckie Hasson and performed gigs around Beaver and Lawrence counties in Pennsylvania. However, the group only performed a few times before they disbanded and Ierace went to college.", "However, the group only performed a few times before they disbanded and Ierace went to college. While attending Slippery Rock State College, Ierace formed a band called the Tri-Vels with guitarist Jim Evans and drummer Dave Amodie, two fellow students at Slippery Rock. With the addition of bassist Dave Reiser, they renamed themselves Donnie and the Donnells.", "With the addition of bassist Dave Reiser, they renamed themselves Donnie and the Donnells. This band in both incarnations played R&B and pop rock covers at fraternity parties and lasted from about 1961 to 1964.", "This band in both incarnations played R&B and pop rock covers at fraternity parties and lasted from about 1961 to 1964. The Jaggerz and Wild Cherry (1964–79) Around 1964, Ierace left Donnie and the Donnells to form the Jaggerz (originally the \"Jaggers\") with Benny Faiella of Gary and the Jewel Tones.", "The Jaggerz and Wild Cherry (1964–79) Around 1964, Ierace left Donnie and the Donnells to form the Jaggerz (originally the \"Jaggers\") with Benny Faiella of Gary and the Jewel Tones. After a few changes in line-up early on (including acquiring Jimmie Ross and Jim Pugliano from the Bell Boys), the group became popular playing R&B covers throughout western Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio.", "After a few changes in line-up early on (including acquiring Jimmie Ross and Jim Pugliano from the Bell Boys), the group became popular playing R&B covers throughout western Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio. Eventually, Ierace and the Jaggerz began to write their own material and secured a contract with Gamble Records.", "Eventually, Ierace and the Jaggerz began to write their own material and secured a contract with Gamble Records. Their first album, Introducing the Jaggerz, was released in 1969. The album was only a minor success, mainly receiving airplay in Iris' native Beaver County and the rest of the greater Pittsburgh area.", "The album was only a minor success, mainly receiving airplay in Iris' native Beaver County and the rest of the greater Pittsburgh area. Perhaps most importantly, it was the first album Ierace recorded on.", "Perhaps most importantly, it was the first album Ierace recorded on. Ierace and the Jaggerz first came to national prominence in 1970 for the #2 hit \"The Rapper,\" written by Ierace and included on their second album, We Went to Different Schools Together, released on the Kama Sutra label.", "Ierace and the Jaggerz first came to national prominence in 1970 for the #2 hit \"The Rapper,\" written by Ierace and included on their second album, We Went to Different Schools Together, released on the Kama Sutra label. The album itself reached #69 on the charts.", "The album itself reached #69 on the charts. The Jaggerz would go on to release one more album, Come Again, in 1975 when they were signed with Wooden Nickel Records. However, it failed to produce any more hits for the group.", "However, it failed to produce any more hits for the group. Between 1975 and 1976, most of the Jaggerz' longtime members left the group, including Ierace in 1976. The Jaggerz eventually broke up around 1977, but reunited in 1989 without Ierace, who by that point was well into his solo career.", "The Jaggerz eventually broke up around 1977, but reunited in 1989 without Ierace, who by that point was well into his solo career. After his departure from the Jaggerz, Ierace began to learn engineering at Jeree Recording in New Brighton, Pennsylvania.", "After his departure from the Jaggerz, Ierace began to learn engineering at Jeree Recording in New Brighton, Pennsylvania. Also, he did about a two-year stint (1976-1978) playing shows with B. E. Taylor.", "Also, he did about a two-year stint (1976-1978) playing shows with B. E. Taylor. While working at Jeree, the band Wild Cherry (a hot commodity because of their 1976 hit \"Play That Funky Music,\" which had been recorded there), was booked for a recording session.", "While working at Jeree, the band Wild Cherry (a hot commodity because of their 1976 hit \"Play That Funky Music,\" which had been recorded there), was booked for a recording session. Ierace helped to engineer their third album, I Love My Music.", "Ierace helped to engineer their third album, I Love My Music. The band was also looking for a new guitarist, and upon learning of Ierace and his association with \"The Rapper,\" he was recruited by frontman Rob Parissi.", "The band was also looking for a new guitarist, and upon learning of Ierace and his association with \"The Rapper,\" he was recruited by frontman Rob Parissi. Ierace went on the road with the group for about the next year and was featured on their 1979 album Only the Wild Survive.", "Ierace went on the road with the group for about the next year and was featured on their 1979 album Only the Wild Survive. Throughout the 1970s, Ierace was credited by various names on Jaggerz and Wild Cherry albums: by his birth name, Dominic Ierace; Don Ierace; and a stage name he had adopted to make it easier for people to remember his name, Don Iris.", "Throughout the 1970s, Ierace was credited by various names on Jaggerz and Wild Cherry albums: by his birth name, Dominic Ierace; Don Ierace; and a stage name he had adopted to make it easier for people to remember his name, Don Iris. By the end of the decade, as far as his music/public life went, he went by the name of Donnie Iris.", "By the end of the decade, as far as his music/public life went, he went by the name of Donnie Iris. It was during this period that he became acquainted with Mark Avsec, then playing keyboards for Wild Cherry.", "It was during this period that he became acquainted with Mark Avsec, then playing keyboards for Wild Cherry. Wild Cherry was unable to duplicate the success of \"Play That Funky Music\" and disbanded by the end of the decade.", "Wild Cherry was unable to duplicate the success of \"Play That Funky Music\" and disbanded by the end of the decade. Becoming good friends, Donnie and Mark decided to form a project together after Wild Cherry's breakup and the two began writing songs.", "Becoming good friends, Donnie and Mark decided to form a project together after Wild Cherry's breakup and the two began writing songs. Their first release saw the disco-influenced single \"Bring on the Eighties\" backed by a cover of \"Because of You\" in 1979; however it failed to garner attention.", "Their first release saw the disco-influenced single \"Bring on the Eighties\" backed by a cover of \"Because of You\" in 1979; however it failed to garner attention. Iris and Avsec decided to go in a harder direction for their next release and returned to the studio with guitarist Marty Lee Hoenes, bassist Albritton McClain and drummer Kevin Valentine, who at the time was in the band Breathless with Avsec, to record his first full-length album.", "Iris and Avsec decided to go in a harder direction for their next release and returned to the studio with guitarist Marty Lee Hoenes, bassist Albritton McClain and drummer Kevin Valentine, who at the time was in the band Breathless with Avsec, to record his first full-length album. This line-up would form to what would become known as Donnie Iris and the Cruisers.", "This line-up would form to what would become known as Donnie Iris and the Cruisers. Donnie Iris and the Cruisers' peak years (1980–85) Iris' first album, Back on the Streets, was released in July 1980 on the small Cleveland, Ohio-based Midwest Records. With the track \"Ah! Leah!\"", "With the track \"Ah! Leah!\" Leah!\" receiving airplay in Boston, Cleveland and Pittsburgh, MCA Records took notice and quickly signed Iris to a five-album deal and re-released the album nationally in October. The first single \"Ah! Leah!\"", "The first single \"Ah! Leah!\" Leah!\" peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #34 in Australia) in February 1981 and became one of the most frequently played AOR tracks of the year, and the album reached #57 on the Billboard 200.", "peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #34 in Australia) in February 1981 and became one of the most frequently played AOR tracks of the year, and the album reached #57 on the Billboard 200. In addition, the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981.", "In addition, the band launched a national tour to promote the album and its follow-up during the summer of 1981. The follow-up album, King Cool, credited to Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, was released in August 1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart.", "The follow-up album, King Cool, credited to Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, was released in August 1981 and garnered the band more AOR success, with \"Love Is Like a Rock\" reaching #9 on Billboard's Top Tracks chart. Two other songs from the album received significant AOR airplay; \"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart.", "Two other songs from the album received significant AOR airplay; \"My Girl\" at #25 and \"Sweet Merilee\" at #31, charted on the Rock Tracks chart. In addition, he gained the nickname King Cool from this album in the later part of his career.", "In addition, he gained the nickname King Cool from this album in the later part of his career. However, the album itself charted less successfully, at #84. After the long tour promoting their two previous albums, the band continued songwriting and in the fall of 1982 released The High and the Mighty.", "After the long tour promoting their two previous albums, the band continued songwriting and in the fall of 1982 released The High and the Mighty. The album contained the single \"Tough World,\" but only charted at #180, marking a decline in his success, but the band still was determined to release new material.", "The album contained the single \"Tough World,\" but only charted at #180, marking a decline in his success, but the band still was determined to release new material. Their next album one year later, Fortune 410, contained the hit single \"Do You Compute?\"", "Their next album one year later, Fortune 410, contained the hit single \"Do You Compute?\" which was used by their label MCA and the computer company Atari to form a cross-marketing promotion.", "which was used by their label MCA and the computer company Atari to form a cross-marketing promotion. Because the promotional partnership was secured prior to release of the album, it was possible to use the Atari 1200 XL Home Computer in poster photography, as well as in the video clip for \"Do You Compute?", "Because the promotional partnership was secured prior to release of the album, it was possible to use the Atari 1200 XL Home Computer in poster photography, as well as in the video clip for \"Do You Compute? \", which aired on MTV.", "\", which aired on MTV. The title of the album is a reference to the trademark glasses Iris wears, Fortune 410's. The combination of marketing and the promotion for its hit single allowed the album to chart higher than its predecessor.", "The combination of marketing and the promotion for its hit single allowed the album to chart higher than its predecessor. Despite Fortune 410 charting higher than The High and the Mighty, MCA was displeased that both albums didn't chart as high as Back on the Streets and King Cool had.", "Despite Fortune 410 charting higher than The High and the Mighty, MCA was displeased that both albums didn't chart as high as Back on the Streets and King Cool had. The label suggested that the band allow them to bring in a new producer, displacing Mark Avsec, as well bring in new songwriters.", "The label suggested that the band allow them to bring in a new producer, displacing Mark Avsec, as well bring in new songwriters. Iris and the Cruisers, wanting to keep as much of their creative freedom and sound as they could, said no. As a result, MCA dropped the band in 1984.", "As a result, MCA dropped the band in 1984. Shortly after being let go from MCA, the band signed with the small HME Records label.", "Shortly after being let go from MCA, the band signed with the small HME Records label. Their next album, No Muss...No Fuss, released in 1985, continued the trend set by Fortune 410 by charting at #115 with the single \"Injured in the Game of Love\".", "Their next album, No Muss...No Fuss, released in 1985, continued the trend set by Fortune 410 by charting at #115 with the single \"Injured in the Game of Love\". Both of the aforementioned albums ended up being more critically acclaimed than The High and the Mighty.", "Both of the aforementioned albums ended up being more critically acclaimed than The High and the Mighty. New Cruisers lineups and different projects (1986–93) Just prior to the release of No Muss...No Fuss, the band began to split into different directions.", "New Cruisers lineups and different projects (1986–93) Just prior to the release of No Muss...No Fuss, the band began to split into different directions. Drummer Kevin Valentine and bassist Albritton McClain left to join a new group, the Innocent, whose members included future Nine Inch Nails main man Trent Reznor.", "Drummer Kevin Valentine and bassist Albritton McClain left to join a new group, the Innocent, whose members included future Nine Inch Nails main man Trent Reznor. The two were replaced by Scott Alan Williamson on bass and Tommy Rich on drums. That same year, keyboardist Mark Avsec released a solo project under the moniker Cellarful of Noise.", "That same year, keyboardist Mark Avsec released a solo project under the moniker Cellarful of Noise. Even after releasing the eponymous debut album that same year, Cellarful of Noise, Avsec and Iris maintained that Donnie Iris and the Cruisers was still their main focus, and that they wanted to continue to release new albums with the band and its new line-up.", "Even after releasing the eponymous debut album that same year, Cellarful of Noise, Avsec and Iris maintained that Donnie Iris and the Cruisers was still their main focus, and that they wanted to continue to release new albums with the band and its new line-up. The band returned to the studio in 1986 and recorded a new album titled Cruise Control; however, a lawsuit with the band's former label MCA resulted in the shelving of that album pending the resolution of the lawsuit.", "The band returned to the studio in 1986 and recorded a new album titled Cruise Control; however, a lawsuit with the band's former label MCA resulted in the shelving of that album pending the resolution of the lawsuit. The album itself has still not been released as of 2020, although six tracks from it appeared on 1992's Out of the Blue and a cover of \"Reach Out\" recorded during the Cruise Control sessions appeared on the 1989 compilation WDVE Pittsburgh Rock & Roll '89.", "The album itself has still not been released as of 2020, although six tracks from it appeared on 1992's Out of the Blue and a cover of \"Reach Out\" recorded during the Cruise Control sessions appeared on the 1989 compilation WDVE Pittsburgh Rock & Roll '89. Also around this time, the HME label that the band had signed with to record No Muss...No Fuss went out of business, leaving Donnie Iris and the Cruisers an unsigned act.", "Also around this time, the HME label that the band had signed with to record No Muss...No Fuss went out of business, leaving Donnie Iris and the Cruisers an unsigned act. Since the band seemed to have hit a road block, Iris partnered with Avsec on the second Cellarful of Noise album, Magnificent Obsession, which was released in 1988.", "Since the band seemed to have hit a road block, Iris partnered with Avsec on the second Cellarful of Noise album, Magnificent Obsession, which was released in 1988. The album produced a moderately successful single, \"Samantha (What You Gonna Do).\"", "The album produced a moderately successful single, \"Samantha (What You Gonna Do).\" In the early 1990s, Iris set up a mortgage company, SIMCorp, with partners Lynn Shelley and Priscilla Micinko, as a side business from the band.", "In the early 1990s, Iris set up a mortgage company, SIMCorp, with partners Lynn Shelley and Priscilla Micinko, as a side business from the band. SIMCorp, located in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, remained under Iris's ownership for nearly twenty years.", "SIMCorp, located in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, remained under Iris's ownership for nearly twenty years. Donnie Iris and the Cruisers returned to the studio in 1992 to release their first album containing new material since 1985. Titled Out of the Blue, the album was a compilation album containing older hits and new material.", "Titled Out of the Blue, the album was a compilation album containing older hits and new material. It failed to have any impact on the charts, however. Still, the band toured throughout the rest of the year around Pennsylvania and Ohio, and attracted newer and younger fans from the area.", "Still, the band toured throughout the rest of the year around Pennsylvania and Ohio, and attracted newer and younger fans from the area. The band released another album in 1993, Footsoldier in the Moonlight. At this point, the band underwent yet another line-up change as drummer Tommy Rich departed the group.", "At this point, the band underwent yet another line-up change as drummer Tommy Rich departed the group. His replacement, Steve McConnell, auditioned & was hired-on in the summer of 1992, long enough to record on and tour behind Footsoldier in the Moonlight and can be heard on live recordings from 1992 & 1993.", "His replacement, Steve McConnell, auditioned & was hired-on in the summer of 1992, long enough to record on and tour behind Footsoldier in the Moonlight and can be heard on live recordings from 1992 & 1993. Later in 1994, Rich rejoined the group.", "Later in 1994, Rich rejoined the group. Later endeavors and new albums (1994–2009) In the summer of 1994, original members Albritton McClain and Kevin Valentine temporarily reunited with Iris, Avsec and Hoenes to record the first album of all new material by the original line-up in nearly 10 years.", "Later endeavors and new albums (1994–2009) In the summer of 1994, original members Albritton McClain and Kevin Valentine temporarily reunited with Iris, Avsec and Hoenes to record the first album of all new material by the original line-up in nearly 10 years. During recording, the band performed one reunion show together at Conneaut Lake.", "During recording, the band performed one reunion show together at Conneaut Lake. The album Poletown was released in 1997. In 1998, the band released their first live album. A collection of tracks played at Nick's Fat City, a popular Pittsburgh nightclub, Live!", "A collection of tracks played at Nick's Fat City, a popular Pittsburgh nightclub, Live! At Nick's Fat City was the first release to feature bass guitarist Paul Goll, who had been touring with the band since 1993, along with drummer Tommy Rich.", "At Nick's Fat City was the first release to feature bass guitarist Paul Goll, who had been touring with the band since 1993, along with drummer Tommy Rich. 1999 saw the release of an Iris collaborative project entitled Together Alone, featuring contributions from other regionally popular artists like Michael Stanley, Scott Blasey, B. E. Taylor and Joe Grushecky.", "1999 saw the release of an Iris collaborative project entitled Together Alone, featuring contributions from other regionally popular artists like Michael Stanley, Scott Blasey, B. E. Taylor and Joe Grushecky. After Alone, which featured a softer side of Iris's vocals, the band took a break from releasing new material but continued to perform regularly through the decade.", "After Alone, which featured a softer side of Iris's vocals, the band took a break from releasing new material but continued to perform regularly through the decade. The first true compilation album from the band was released in 2001 by their former label at MCA: 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, featuring material from the band's four MCA-released albums from the early 1980s.", "The first true compilation album from the band was released in 2001 by their former label at MCA: 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, featuring material from the band's four MCA-released albums from the early 1980s. In 2004, the band celebrated its 25th anniversary with a new compilation album featuring their rarer material, 25 Years, and performed live at the Chevrolet Amphitheatre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for 4,000 people.", "In 2004, the band celebrated its 25th anniversary with a new compilation album featuring their rarer material, 25 Years, and performed live at the Chevrolet Amphitheatre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for 4,000 people. This concert was known for featuring a four drummer lineup of current and previous drummers for the band; Kevin Valentine, Tommy Rich, Brice Foster and Mark Avsec's daughter Danna Avsec, who was the guest drummer.", "This concert was known for featuring a four drummer lineup of current and previous drummers for the band; Kevin Valentine, Tommy Rich, Brice Foster and Mark Avsec's daughter Danna Avsec, who was the guest drummer. Since then, the band has used a three drummer line-up for several concerts.", "Since then, the band has used a three drummer line-up for several concerts. The band's 2006 album, Ellwood City, was a tribute to Iris's hometown, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania.", "The band's 2006 album, Ellwood City, was a tribute to Iris's hometown, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania. June 17, 2006 was recognized throughout Lawrence County, Pennsylvania as Donnie Iris Day by Ellwood City Executive Council President Glenn Jones and Mayor Roy P. Meehan.", "June 17, 2006 was recognized throughout Lawrence County, Pennsylvania as Donnie Iris Day by Ellwood City Executive Council President Glenn Jones and Mayor Roy P. Meehan. Iris also received special commendations and awards from United States Congresswoman Melissa Hart and Pennsylvania state representative Frank LaGrotta.", "Iris also received special commendations and awards from United States Congresswoman Melissa Hart and Pennsylvania state representative Frank LaGrotta. In 2008 and 2009, King Cool Light was developed after Mark Avsec realized that \"King Cool\" sounded like the name of a refreshing beer.", "In 2008 and 2009, King Cool Light was developed after Mark Avsec realized that \"King Cool\" sounded like the name of a refreshing beer. He later approached Iris and Marty Lee Hoenes who both immediately liked the idea, giving birth to King Cool Limited.", "He later approached Iris and Marty Lee Hoenes who both immediately liked the idea, giving birth to King Cool Limited. King Cool Light was unveiled on November 20, 2009, at Club Diesel in Pittsburgh during the band's 30th anniversary concert.", "King Cool Light was unveiled on November 20, 2009, at Club Diesel in Pittsburgh during the band's 30th anniversary concert. Every case was sold out, but 25 more cases were brought in, which were also sold out.", "Every case was sold out, but 25 more cases were brought in, which were also sold out. The band's first EP, You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, was released in 2008. It was followed in 2009 with their second live album, Ah!", "It was followed in 2009 with their second live album, Ah! Live!, recorded at shows in Erie and Kittanning, Pennsylvania. Recent years (2010–present) In an interview with Cleveland Scene published on February 3, 2010, Mark Avsec announced that the band's next project would be a Christmas album. Ah! Leluiah!", "Ah! Leluiah! Leluiah! was released on November 18, 2010. Additionally, King Cool Light was released in the Youngstown, Ohio market in July of that same year. Also that year, Iris retired from the mortgage banking business and sold SIMCorp.", "Also that year, Iris retired from the mortgage banking business and sold SIMCorp. Avsec announced in a March 2012 interview that the band had begun working on their twelfth studio album, due out in 2013 to commemorate Iris's seventieth birthday.", "Avsec announced in a March 2012 interview that the band had begun working on their twelfth studio album, due out in 2013 to commemorate Iris's seventieth birthday. However, this project has turned into a special release to celebrate the thirty-fifth anniversary of the formation of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, which was expected to be released in 2014.", "However, this project has turned into a special release to celebrate the thirty-fifth anniversary of the formation of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, which was expected to be released in 2014. On June 17, 2014, Iris and the Cruisers leaked a new song, \"Sing the Songs of Summer (All Night Long),\" the first track to be released from the band's intermittent time in the studio in the previous two years.", "On June 17, 2014, Iris and the Cruisers leaked a new song, \"Sing the Songs of Summer (All Night Long),\" the first track to be released from the band's intermittent time in the studio in the previous two years. This was followed by \"Pittsburgh Made,\" released on Spotify and for free download in October 2016.", "This was followed by \"Pittsburgh Made,\" released on Spotify and for free download in October 2016. On the April 2, 2015 episode of Jim Krenn's No Restrictions podcast, Iris mentioned that he and the band hoped to have the often-delayed album out by the end of 2015.", "On the April 2, 2015 episode of Jim Krenn's No Restrictions podcast, Iris mentioned that he and the band hoped to have the often-delayed album out by the end of 2015. As of November 2018, there is still no release date known for the new album.", "As of November 2018, there is still no release date known for the new album. In February 2015, Iris was nominated for a Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Legends Award in the modern era category (artists with 20-plus years in music business).", "In February 2015, Iris was nominated for a Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Legends Award in the modern era category (artists with 20-plus years in music business). The awards, begun in 2014, honor those who have made significant contributions to the Pittsburgh rock scene.", "The awards, begun in 2014, honor those who have made significant contributions to the Pittsburgh rock scene. In his category, Iris went up against Joe Grushecky, Billy Price and Rusted Root.", "In his category, Iris went up against Joe Grushecky, Billy Price and Rusted Root. On March 19, it was announced that Iris had won the public voting process to be inducted for the Rock 'N Roll Legends in his category, along with Lou Christie (Legacy Legends category, 40-plus years in the business) and Porky Chedwick (non-performer/musical professional category, 20-plus years active).", "On March 19, it was announced that Iris had won the public voting process to be inducted for the Rock 'N Roll Legends in his category, along with Lou Christie (Legacy Legends category, 40-plus years in the business) and Porky Chedwick (non-performer/musical professional category, 20-plus years active). Iris was enshrined with a plaque at Pittsburgh's Hard Rock Cafe on April 23, 2015 and he performed a set with an all-star Pittsburgh band.", "Iris was enshrined with a plaque at Pittsburgh's Hard Rock Cafe on April 23, 2015 and he performed a set with an all-star Pittsburgh band. In July 2021, Iris's first four studio albums were reissued in remastered CD form by Rock Candy Records.", "In July 2021, Iris's first four studio albums were reissued in remastered CD form by Rock Candy Records. Each album contains one or more live bonus tracks taken from the 1981 Live at the Paradise, Boston promotional EP.", "Each album contains one or more live bonus tracks taken from the 1981 Live at the Paradise, Boston promotional EP. Discography As a member of the Jaggerz (1964–1976) As a member of Wild Cherry (1978–1979) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers (1979–present) Studio albums Live albums Live!", "Discography As a member of the Jaggerz (1964–1976) As a member of Wild Cherry (1978–1979) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers (1979–present) Studio albums Live albums Live! At Nick's Fat City, 1998 (Primary) Ah!", "At Nick's Fat City, 1998 (Primary) Ah! Live!, 2009 (Primary) Live Bootleg, 2014 (Primary) Compilation albums 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, 2001 (MCA) Donnie: 25 Years, 2004 (Primary) EP Live at the Paradise, Boston, 1981 (MCA) You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, 2008 (Primary) Other appearances WDVE Pittsburgh Rock 'n Roll '89, 1989 (WDVE-FM) on the song \"Reach Out\" Singles Videography Live at Blossom, 1981 King Cool: Ah!", "Live!, 2009 (Primary) Live Bootleg, 2014 (Primary) Compilation albums 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Donnie Iris, 2001 (MCA) Donnie: 25 Years, 2004 (Primary) EP Live at the Paradise, Boston, 1981 (MCA) You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away, 2008 (Primary) Other appearances WDVE Pittsburgh Rock 'n Roll '89, 1989 (WDVE-FM) on the song \"Reach Out\" Singles Videography Live at Blossom, 1981 King Cool: Ah! History of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, 2004 (documentary) Guest appearances Cellarful of Noise's album, Magnificent Obsession, 1988 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" (Nina Sainato) on the album Holly and Ivory, 2011 Other credits I Love My Music, 1978 (Epic, peaked at no.", "History of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, 2004 (documentary) Guest appearances Cellarful of Noise's album, Magnificent Obsession, 1988 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" (Nina Sainato) on the album Holly and Ivory, 2011 Other credits I Love My Music, 1978 (Epic, peaked at no. 84 on Billboard 200), engineering credit (Wild Cherry) Innermission, 1982 (MCA), producer (B. E. Taylor Group) Donnie Iris and the Cruisers members Current members Donnie Iris, lead vocals (1979–present) Mark Avsec, keyboards and background vocals (1979–present) Marty Lee Hoenes, guitar and background vocals (1979–present) Paul Goll, bass and background vocals (1993–present) Kevin Valentine, drums (1979–1985, 1994 reunion, 2003–present) Former members Albritton McClain, bass and background vocals (1979–1985, 1994 reunion) Scott Alan Williamson, bass and background vocals (1985–1993) Tommy Rich, drums (1985–1990, 1994–2003) Steve McConnell, drums (1990–1994) Brice Foster, drums (2004–2007) Touring member Mark Tirabassi, drums (2007–present) (fill-in when Kevin Valentine can't travel) Joe Vitale Jr, drums (2021–present) (fill-in when Kevin Valentine can't travel) Session musicians Kenny Blake, saxophone (1980–1981, 1993/Back on the Streets, King Cool and Footsoldier in the Moonlight) Robert Peckman, bass (1980/Back on the Streets) Rick Bell, saxophone (1983/Fortune 410) Dan McCarthy, horns (1983–1984/Fortune 410 and No Muss…No Fuss) Rodney Psyka, percussion (1985/No Muss…No Fuss) Pete Tokar, percussion (1993/Footsoldier in the Moonlight) Alan Green, guitar (2008/You Can't Really Miss Me If I Never Go Away) Further reading Ferris, D.X., The Story of Donnie Iris and the Cruisers, (2017) References External links Official Website Living people People from Ellwood City, Pennsylvania American rock singers Musicians from Pittsburgh Donnie Iris and the Cruisers members The Jaggerz members Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania alumni Wild Cherry (band) members Singers from Pennsylvania Power pop musicians People from New Castle, Pennsylvania 1943 births MCA Records artists" ]

[ "Harold Ramis", "Illness and death" ]

[ "Pantai Remis is a coastal town in Manjung District, Perak, Malaysia. It is situated in between Simpang (near Taiping) and Sitiawan.\n\nHistory\nThe town was founded in the late 1940s. The name is probably derived from a type of sea shell, Remis, which has a greyish shell and is easily crushed. It lies on the estuary of the Bruas River, and it is believed that the once prosperous Hindu Kingdom of Gangga Negara's port of entry was here. The Bruas tree which is no longer found in Bruas can still be found growing in Pengkalan Baru.\n\nEconomy\nPantai Remis is a commercial district that serves as the heartland for the surrounding towns as far north as Terong on Highway A101; to the south to Segari on Highway 60; to the south-east to Kampong Baru Sungai Batu, Kampong Batu Dua Belas, Kampong Melayu and Changkat Keruing on Highway A12. Rubber, palm oil, rice, sugar cane and fishing are the major industries in this town.\n\nEducation\nPantai Remis has an independent Chinese secondary school. Yik Ching High School is a community funded not-for-profit secondary school. It also consists of a government funded national public secondary school—Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan (SMK) Pantai Remis. Yik Ching High School 班台育青中学 accepts students from SRJK (Chinese) Tit Bin (semi-government funded primary school) and other semi-government funded Chinese primary schools. SMK Pantai Remis accepts students from SRJK (Chinese) Tit Bin and Sekolah Rendah Kebangsaan (Government funded National Primary School).\n\nSekolah Menengah Dato' Idris (Dato' Idris Secondary School) is located in the nearby Pengkalan Baru town. It was the only national public secondary before Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Pantai Remis was established in Taman Bintang (Star Garden).\n\nTourist attractions\nIt is also the location of the Third Beach Tin mine landslide filmed in 1993. Starting from Pantai Remis, stretching southward, the coast has up to seven beautiful sandy beaches before the Seventh Beach Damai Laut Resort. Second Beach (Teluk Akuan) is frequented by the locals via fishing boats. The third beach had the landslide. The Fourth Beach was a beautiful beach and had been extensively mined and later transformed into an independently run power generation plant. The plant is operated by Malakoff. The Fifth Beach survived from the onslaught of local tin mining industry and was saved by two government related projects built at the beach front.\n\nExternal links\nFifth Beach sunset starts at 1:21\nYouTube Video of Third Beach Tin Mine Landslide\nPantai Remis as of July 2011\n\nTowns in Perak", "Nicole Remis (born 28 January 1980) is an Austrian former professional tennis player.\n\nBorn in Stockerau, Remis reached a best ranking on tour of 283 in the world. She won an ITF tournament in Lecce in 1997 and featured in the main draw of the 2001 Austrian Open.\n\nITF finals\n\nSingles: 3 (1–2)\n\nDoubles: 6 (3–3)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n1980 births\nLiving people\nAustrian female tennis players\nPeople from Stockerau\nSportspeople from Lower Austria" ]

[ "Harold Allen Ramis (; November 21, 1944 – February 24, 2014) was an American actor, comedian, director and writer. His best-known film acting roles were as Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters (1984) and Ghostbusters II (1989), and as Russell Ziskey in Stripes (1981); he also co-wrote those films.", "His best-known film acting roles were as Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters (1984) and Ghostbusters II (1989), and as Russell Ziskey in Stripes (1981); he also co-wrote those films. As a director, his films include the comedies Caddyshack (1980), National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Groundhog Day (1993), Analyze This (1999) and Analyze That (2002).", "As a director, his films include the comedies Caddyshack (1980), National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Groundhog Day (1993), Analyze This (1999) and Analyze That (2002). Ramis was the original head writer of the television series SCTV, on which he also performed, as well as a co-writer of Groundhog Day and National Lampoon's Animal House (1978).", "Ramis was the original head writer of the television series SCTV, on which he also performed, as well as a co-writer of Groundhog Day and National Lampoon's Animal House (1978). The final film that he wrote, produced, directed, and acted in was Year One (2009).", "The final film that he wrote, produced, directed, and acted in was Year One (2009). Ramis's films influenced subsequent generations of comedians, comedy writers and actors. Filmmakers and actors including Jay Roach, Jake Kasdan, Adam Sandler, and Peter and Bobby Farrelly have cited his films as among their favorites.", "Filmmakers and actors including Jay Roach, Jake Kasdan, Adam Sandler, and Peter and Bobby Farrelly have cited his films as among their favorites. Along with Danny Rubin, he won the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay for Groundhog Day.", "Along with Danny Rubin, he won the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay for Groundhog Day. Early life Ramis was born on November 21, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ruth (née Cokee) (1919-2001) and Nathan Ramis (1915-2009), who owned the Ace Food & Liquor Mart on the city's far North Side.", "Early life Ramis was born on November 21, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ruth (née Cokee) (1919-2001) and Nathan Ramis (1915-2009), who owned the Ace Food & Liquor Mart on the city's far North Side. Ramis had a Jewish upbringing.", "Ramis had a Jewish upbringing. Ramis had a Jewish upbringing. In his adult life, he did not practice any religion.", "In his adult life, he did not practice any religion. He graduated from Stephen K. Hayt Elementary School in June 1958 and Nicholas Senn High School in 1962, both Chicago public schools, and in 1966 from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity.", "He graduated from Stephen K. Hayt Elementary School in June 1958 and Nicholas Senn High School in 1962, both Chicago public schools, and in 1966 from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity. Afterward, Ramis worked in a mental institution in St. Louis for seven months.", "Afterward, Ramis worked in a mental institution in St. Louis for seven months. He later said of his time working there that it: Career Early years Ramis began writing parodic plays in college, saying years later, \"In my heart, I felt I was a combination of Groucho and Harpo Marx, of Groucho using his wit as a weapon against the upper classes, and of Harpo's antic charm and the fact that he was oddly sexy—he grabs women, pulls their skirts off, and gets away with it.\"", "He later said of his time working there that it: Career Early years Ramis began writing parodic plays in college, saying years later, \"In my heart, I felt I was a combination of Groucho and Harpo Marx, of Groucho using his wit as a weapon against the upper classes, and of Harpo's antic charm and the fact that he was oddly sexy—he grabs women, pulls their skirts off, and gets away with it.\" He avoided the Vietnam War military draft by taking methamphetamine to fail his draft physical.", "He avoided the Vietnam War military draft by taking methamphetamine to fail his draft physical. Following his work in St. Louis, Ramis returned to Chicago, where by 1968, he was a substitute teacher at schools serving the inner-city Robert Taylor Homes.", "Following his work in St. Louis, Ramis returned to Chicago, where by 1968, he was a substitute teacher at schools serving the inner-city Robert Taylor Homes. He also became associated with the guerrilla television collective TVTV, headed by his college friend Michael Shamberg, and wrote freelance for the Chicago Daily News.", "He also became associated with the guerrilla television collective TVTV, headed by his college friend Michael Shamberg, and wrote freelance for the Chicago Daily News. \"Michael Shamberg, right out of college, had started freelancing for newspapers and got on as a stringer for a local paper, and I thought, 'Well, if Michael can do that, I can do that.'", "\"Michael Shamberg, right out of college, had started freelancing for newspapers and got on as a stringer for a local paper, and I thought, 'Well, if Michael can do that, I can do that.' I wrote a spec piece and submitted it to the Chicago Daily News, the Arts & Leisure section, and they started giving me assignments [for] entertainment features.\"", "I wrote a spec piece and submitted it to the Chicago Daily News, the Arts & Leisure section, and they started giving me assignments [for] entertainment features.\" Additionally, Ramis had begun studying and performing with Chicago's Second City improvisational comedy troupe. Ramis's newspaper writing led to him becoming joke editor at Playboy magazine.", "Ramis's newspaper writing led to him becoming joke editor at Playboy magazine. \"I called…just cold and said I had written several pieces freelance and did they have any openings. And they happened to have their entry-level job, party jokes editor, open.", "And they happened to have their entry-level job, party jokes editor, open. He liked my stuff and he gave me a stack of jokes that readers had sent in and asked me to rewrite them. I had been in Second City in the workshops already and Michael Shamberg and I had written comedy shows in college.\"", "I had been in Second City in the workshops already and Michael Shamberg and I had written comedy shows in college.\" Ramis was eventually promoted to associate editor.", "Ramis was eventually promoted to associate editor. National Lampoon, SCTV, and The Top After leaving Second City for a time and returning in 1972, having been replaced in the main cast by John Belushi, Ramis worked his way back as Belushi's deadpan foil.", "National Lampoon, SCTV, and The Top After leaving Second City for a time and returning in 1972, having been replaced in the main cast by John Belushi, Ramis worked his way back as Belushi's deadpan foil. In 1974, Belushi brought Ramis and other Second City performers, including Ramis's frequent future collaborator Bill Murray, to New York City to work on The National Lampoon Radio Hour.", "In 1974, Belushi brought Ramis and other Second City performers, including Ramis's frequent future collaborator Bill Murray, to New York City to work on The National Lampoon Radio Hour. During this time, Ramis, Belushi, Murray, Joe Flaherty, Christopher Guest, and Gilda Radner starred in the revue The National Lampoon Show, the successor to National Lampoon's Lemmings.", "During this time, Ramis, Belushi, Murray, Joe Flaherty, Christopher Guest, and Gilda Radner starred in the revue The National Lampoon Show, the successor to National Lampoon's Lemmings. Later, Ramis became a performer on, and head writer of, the late-night sketch-comedy television series SCTV during its first three years (1976–1979).", "Later, Ramis became a performer on, and head writer of, the late-night sketch-comedy television series SCTV during its first three years (1976–1979). He was soon offered work as a writer at Saturday Night Live but chose to continue with SCTV.", "He was soon offered work as a writer at Saturday Night Live but chose to continue with SCTV. Characterizations by Ramis on SCTV include corrupt Dialing for Dollars host/SCTV station manager Maurice \"Moe\" Green, amiable cop Officer Friendly, exercise guru Swami Bananananda, board chairman Allan \"Crazy Legs\" Hirschman and home dentist Mort Finkel.", "Characterizations by Ramis on SCTV include corrupt Dialing for Dollars host/SCTV station manager Maurice \"Moe\" Green, amiable cop Officer Friendly, exercise guru Swami Bananananda, board chairman Allan \"Crazy Legs\" Hirschman and home dentist Mort Finkel. His celebrity impressions on SCTV included Kenneth Clark and Leonard Nimoy.", "His celebrity impressions on SCTV included Kenneth Clark and Leonard Nimoy. In 1984, Ramis executive produced a music/comedy/variety television show called The Top. The producer was Paul Flattery and the director was David Jove. Ramis got involved after the mysterious death of his friend Peter Ivers who had hosted Jove's underground show \"New Wave Theater.\"", "Ramis got involved after the mysterious death of his friend Peter Ivers who had hosted Jove's underground show \"New Wave Theater.\" He called Jove and offered to help. Flattery and Jove pitched him the idea for The Top, and Ramis was instrumental in getting it on the air.", "Flattery and Jove pitched him the idea for The Top, and Ramis was instrumental in getting it on the air. The show was a mixture of live music, videos, and humor.", "The show was a mixture of live music, videos, and humor. Performers on the show included Cyndi Lauper, who performed \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\" and \"True Colors\"; the Hollies, who performed \"Stop in the Name of Love\"; and the Romantics, who performed their two hits at the time, \"Talking in Your Sleep\" and \"What I Like About You.\"", "Performers on the show included Cyndi Lauper, who performed \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\" and \"True Colors\"; the Hollies, who performed \"Stop in the Name of Love\"; and the Romantics, who performed their two hits at the time, \"Talking in Your Sleep\" and \"What I Like About You.\" Guest stars included Rodney Dangerfield, Chevy Chase, and Dan Aykroyd.", "Guest stars included Rodney Dangerfield, Chevy Chase, and Dan Aykroyd. Ramis got Bill Murray to host but, because Ghostbusters filming ran late, he did not make it to the taping.", "Ramis got Bill Murray to host but, because Ghostbusters filming ran late, he did not make it to the taping. Chase came out dressed as a \"punk\" of the time and somehow got into a physical altercation with an audience member (also a punk) during the opening monologue. He immediately left the taping.", "He immediately left the taping. He immediately left the taping. Flattery and Jove carried on with the show. Ramis then got Andy Kaufman to fill in for Chase and recorded the host segments at a separate, later, session; it would be Kaufman's final professional appearance.", "Ramis then got Andy Kaufman to fill in for Chase and recorded the host segments at a separate, later, session; it would be Kaufman's final professional appearance. The Top aired on Friday, January 27, 1984, at 7 p.m. It scored a 7.7% rating and a 14% share.", "It scored a 7.7% rating and a 14% share. This represented a 28% rating increase and a 27% share increase over KTLA's regularly scheduled Happy Days/Laverne and Shirley.", "This represented a 28% rating increase and a 27% share increase over KTLA's regularly scheduled Happy Days/Laverne and Shirley. Film career Ramis left SCTV to pursue a film career and wrote a script with National Lampoon magazine's Douglas Kenney, which eventually became National Lampoon's Animal House.", "Film career Ramis left SCTV to pursue a film career and wrote a script with National Lampoon magazine's Douglas Kenney, which eventually became National Lampoon's Animal House. They were later joined by a third collaborator, Chris Miller. The 1978 film followed the struggle between a rowdy college fraternity house and the college dean.", "The 1978 film followed the struggle between a rowdy college fraternity house and the college dean. The film's humor was raunchy for its time. Animal House \"broke all box-office records for comedies\" and earned $141 million.", "Animal House \"broke all box-office records for comedies\" and earned $141 million. He also had a voice part as Zeke in the \"So Beautiful & So Dangerous\" segment of Heavy Metal in 1981. Ramis next co-wrote the comedy Meatballs, starring Bill Murray.", "Ramis next co-wrote the comedy Meatballs, starring Bill Murray. The movie was a commercial success and became the first of six film collaborations between Murray and Ramis. His third film and his directorial debut was Caddyshack, which he wrote with Kenney and Brian Doyle-Murray. It starred Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, and Bill Murray.", "It starred Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, and Bill Murray. Like Ramis's previous two films, Caddyshack was a commercial success. In 1982, Ramis was attached to direct the film adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning book A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole.", "In 1982, Ramis was attached to direct the film adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning book A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole. The film was to star John Belushi and Richard Pryor, but the project was aborted.", "The film was to star John Belushi and Richard Pryor, but the project was aborted. In 1984, Ramis collaborated with Dan Aykroyd on the screenplay for Ghostbusters, which became one of the biggest comedy hits of all time, in which he also starred as Dr. Egon Spengler.", "In 1984, Ramis collaborated with Dan Aykroyd on the screenplay for Ghostbusters, which became one of the biggest comedy hits of all time, in which he also starred as Dr. Egon Spengler. He reprised the role for the 1989 sequel, Ghostbusters II (which he also co-wrote with Aykroyd).", "He reprised the role for the 1989 sequel, Ghostbusters II (which he also co-wrote with Aykroyd). His later film Groundhog Day has been called his \"masterpiece.\" His films have been noted for attacking \"the smugness of institutional life…with an impish good [will] that is unmistakably American.\"", "His films have been noted for attacking \"the smugness of institutional life…with an impish good [will] that is unmistakably American.\" They are also noted for \"Ramis's signature tongue-in-cheek pep talks.\" Sloppiness and improv were also important aspects of his work.", "Sloppiness and improv were also important aspects of his work. Ramis frequently depicted the qualities of \"anger, curiosity, laziness, and woolly idealism\" in \"a hyper-articulate voice.\"", "Ramis frequently depicted the qualities of \"anger, curiosity, laziness, and woolly idealism\" in \"a hyper-articulate voice.\" Ramis also occasionally acted in supporting roles in acclaimed films that he did not write or direct, such as James L. Brooks's Academy Award-winning As Good as It Gets (1997) and Judd Apatow's hit comedy Knocked Up (2007).", "Ramis also occasionally acted in supporting roles in acclaimed films that he did not write or direct, such as James L. Brooks's Academy Award-winning As Good as It Gets (1997) and Judd Apatow's hit comedy Knocked Up (2007). In 2004, Ramis turned down the opportunity to direct the Bernie Mac-Ashton Kutcher film Guess Who, then under the working title \"The Dinner Party,\" because he considered it poorly written.", "In 2004, Ramis turned down the opportunity to direct the Bernie Mac-Ashton Kutcher film Guess Who, then under the working title \"The Dinner Party,\" because he considered it poorly written. That same year, he began filming the low-budget The Ice Harvest, \"his first attempt to make a comic film noir.\"", "That same year, he began filming the low-budget The Ice Harvest, \"his first attempt to make a comic film noir.\" Ramis spent six weeks trying to get the film greenlit because he had difficulty reaching an agreement about stars John Cusack's and Billy Bob Thornton's salaries. The film received mixed reviews.", "The film received mixed reviews. The film received mixed reviews. In 2004, Ramis's typical directing fee was $5 million.", "In 2004, Ramis's typical directing fee was $5 million. In an interview in the documentary American Storytellers, Ramis said he hoped to make a film about Emma Goldman (even pitching Disney with the idea of having Bette Midler star) but that none of the film studios were interested and that it would have been difficult to raise the funding.", "In an interview in the documentary American Storytellers, Ramis said he hoped to make a film about Emma Goldman (even pitching Disney with the idea of having Bette Midler star) but that none of the film studios were interested and that it would have been difficult to raise the funding. Ramis said in 2009 that he planned to make a third Ghostbusters film for release either in mid-2011 or for Christmas 2012.", "Ramis said in 2009 that he planned to make a third Ghostbusters film for release either in mid-2011 or for Christmas 2012. A reboot to the franchise, also called Ghostbusters, was eventually made and released in 2016, directed and co-written by Paul Feig.", "A reboot to the franchise, also called Ghostbusters, was eventually made and released in 2016, directed and co-written by Paul Feig. In this film, a bronze bust of Ramis can be seen when Erin Gilbert leaves her office at Columbia University. Personal life Ramis was married twice and had four children.", "Personal life Ramis was married twice and had four children. On July 2, 1967, he married San Francisco artist Anne Plotkin, with whom he had a daughter, Violet Ramis Stiel. Actor and Ghostbusters co-star Bill Murray is Violet's godfather. Ramis and Plotkin separated in 1984 and later divorced.", "Ramis and Plotkin separated in 1984 and later divorced. Ramis' daughter Mollie Heckerling was born in 1985 and Mollie Heckerling's mother is Amy Heckerling, a director. In 1989, Ramis married Erica Mann, daughter of director Daniel Mann and actress Mary Kathleen Williams.", "In 1989, Ramis married Erica Mann, daughter of director Daniel Mann and actress Mary Kathleen Williams. Together they had two sons, Julian Arthur and Daniel Hayes in 1990 and 1994.", "Together they had two sons, Julian Arthur and Daniel Hayes in 1990 and 1994. Although Ramis maintained humanist beliefs, Erica's Buddhist upbringing greatly influenced his philosophies for the rest of his life, and he became friends with the Dalai Lama.", "Although Ramis maintained humanist beliefs, Erica's Buddhist upbringing greatly influenced his philosophies for the rest of his life, and he became friends with the Dalai Lama. Ramis was a Chicago Cubs fan and attended games every year to conduct the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field.", "Ramis was a Chicago Cubs fan and attended games every year to conduct the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field. His pastimes included fencing, ritual drumming, acoustic guitar, and making hats from felted fleece; additionally, he taught himself to ski by watching skiers on television.", "His pastimes included fencing, ritual drumming, acoustic guitar, and making hats from felted fleece; additionally, he taught himself to ski by watching skiers on television. Illness and death In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk.", "Illness and death In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk. After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011.", "After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011. He died of complications of the disease on February 24, 2014, at his home on Chicago's North Shore, at age 69.", "He died of complications of the disease on February 24, 2014, at his home on Chicago's North Shore, at age 69. A private funeral was held for him two days later with family, friends, and several collaborators in attendance, including Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, Eugene Levy, Dave Thomas, David Pasquesi, Andrew Alexander, and the widows of John Belushi and Bernard Sahlins.", "A private funeral was held for him two days later with family, friends, and several collaborators in attendance, including Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, Eugene Levy, Dave Thomas, David Pasquesi, Andrew Alexander, and the widows of John Belushi and Bernard Sahlins. He is buried at Shalom Memorial Park in Arlington Heights.", "He is buried at Shalom Memorial Park in Arlington Heights. Upon Ramis's death, President Barack Obama released a statement, saying, \"When we watched his movies—from Animal House and Caddyshack to Ghostbusters and Groundhog Day—we didn't just laugh until it hurt. We questioned authority. We identified with the outsider. We rooted for the underdog.", "We rooted for the underdog. We rooted for the underdog. And through it all, we never lost our faith in happy endings.\" He ended his statement by saying he hoped Ramis \"received total consciousness,\" in reference to a line from Caddyshack.", "He ended his statement by saying he hoped Ramis \"received total consciousness,\" in reference to a line from Caddyshack. Ramis and longtime collaborator Bill Murray had a falling out during the filming of Groundhog Day, which Ramis attributed to problems that Murray had in his own life at the time.", "Ramis and longtime collaborator Bill Murray had a falling out during the filming of Groundhog Day, which Ramis attributed to problems that Murray had in his own life at the time. They did not speak for more than 20 years.", "They did not speak for more than 20 years. Shortly before Ramis's death, Murray, encouraged by his brother Brian Doyle-Murray, visited him to make amends with a box of donuts and a police escort, according to Ramis's daughter Violet.", "Shortly before Ramis's death, Murray, encouraged by his brother Brian Doyle-Murray, visited him to make amends with a box of donuts and a police escort, according to Ramis's daughter Violet. At that point, Ramis had lost most of his ability to speak, so Murray did most of the talking over several hours.", "At that point, Ramis had lost most of his ability to speak, so Murray did most of the talking over several hours. Murray gave a tribute to Ramis at the 86th Academy Awards. Stephen Colbert paid tribute to Ramis on an episode of his show The Colbert Report.", "Stephen Colbert paid tribute to Ramis on an episode of his show The Colbert Report. Colbert said that \"as a young, bookish man with glasses looking for a role model, I might have picked Harold Ramis.\" He ended the show by thanking him.", "He ended the show by thanking him. Awards and honors In 2004, Ramis was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. In 2005, he received the Austin Film Festival's Distinguished Screenwriter Award. In 2010, he received a lifetime achievement award from the Chicago Improv Festival.", "In 2010, he received a lifetime achievement award from the Chicago Improv Festival. In 2015, the Writers Guild of America posthumously honored him with their lifetime achievement award, the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement.", "In 2015, the Writers Guild of America posthumously honored him with their lifetime achievement award, the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement. In 2016, two years after his death, The Second City founded the Harold Ramis Film School, the first film school to focus solely on film comedy, in his honor.", "In 2016, two years after his death, The Second City founded the Harold Ramis Film School, the first film school to focus solely on film comedy, in his honor. The 2016 film Ghostbusters, a reboot of the series Ramis co-created and starred in, was posthumously dedicated to him.", "The 2016 film Ghostbusters, a reboot of the series Ramis co-created and starred in, was posthumously dedicated to him. A bust of Ramis appears in the film.", "A bust of Ramis appears in the film. In the 2021 movie Ghostbusters: Afterlife, the age-progressed image of Ramis appears as the ghost of Egon Spengler; a dedication before the end credits also reads \"for Harold.\" Collaborations Ramis frequently collaborated with Ivan Reitman.", "Collaborations Ramis frequently collaborated with Ivan Reitman. He co-wrote National Lampoon's Animal House, which Reitman produced, then co-wrote the Reitman-directed comedy Meatballs; he co-wrote and appeared in the Reitman-directed films Stripes, Ghostbusters, and Ghostbusters II. Filmography Films Television Acting roles Video games Archival appearances References Further reading External links Henkel, Guido.", "Filmography Films Television Acting roles Video games Archival appearances References Further reading External links Henkel, Guido. \"Anatomy of a Comedian: Harold Ramis\", DVD Review, August 6, 1999 Garfinkel, Perry.", "\"Anatomy of a Comedian: Harold Ramis\", DVD Review, August 6, 1999 Garfinkel, Perry. \"And If He Sees His Shadow...\", Lion's Roar, July 2009 Meatballs Movie Website The films of Harold Ramis, Hell Is For Hyphenates, April 30, 2014 1944 births 2014 deaths 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors 20th-century American screenwriters 21st-century American screenwriters American people of Jewish descent American male comedians American male film actors American male screenwriters American male television actors American television writers Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award winners Comedy film directors Deaths from vasculitis Jewish American male actors Male actors from Chicago Washington University in St. Louis alumni Jewish American writers Film directors from Illinois American male television writers Comedians from Illinois Writers from Chicago Screenwriters from Illinois Jewish American male comedians 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers" ]

[ "Harold Ramis", "Illness and death", "What health problems did Remis had?", "In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk." ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "Rift Fournier (May 16, 1936 – October 6, 2013) was an American writer, screenwriter and television producer. Fournier, who lost the ability to walk at 17 years old due to polio, had a long and diverse career in television. He wrote episodes of numerous television series, including Baretta, Charlie's Angels, Highway to Heaven, Hell Town, Kojak, Matlock, Charley Hannah, High Mountain Rangers and NYPD Blue.\n\nFournier was born in 1936 in Wichita, Kansas, and raised in both Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. His parents decided to call him \"Rift\" after a dispute over what they would name their son. Fournier was acting and screenwriting at the Omaha Community Playhouse by the time he was 13 years old. He attended a Jesuit school, where he excelled as an athlete.\n\nFournier contracted polio during his junior year in high school. On a Sunday morning in 1953, Fournier collapsed while getting out of bed to answer the telephone. He never regained his ability to walk and remained in a wheelchair for the rest of his life. Rift Fournier never let his disability dissuade him from pursuing his career. In a 1986 interview with the Los Angeles Times, he said, \"I didn't know [polio] was supposed to stop me from doing something,...You've heard the joke. ‘I never knew I was poor.… ’ Well, I never knew I was handicapped.\"\n\nIn 1963, Fournier began co-producing The Mike Douglas Show, which was created in Cleveland, Ohio, for syndication.\n\nHe died in St. Louis, Missouri, on October 6, 2013, at the age of 77. Cause of death was cancer.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1936 births\n2013 deaths\nAmerican male screenwriters\nAmerican television writers\nPeople with polio\nAmerican male television writers" ]

[ "Harold Allen Ramis (; November 21, 1944 – February 24, 2014) was an American actor, comedian, director and writer. His best-known film acting roles were as Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters (1984) and Ghostbusters II (1989), and as Russell Ziskey in Stripes (1981); he also co-wrote those films.", "His best-known film acting roles were as Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters (1984) and Ghostbusters II (1989), and as Russell Ziskey in Stripes (1981); he also co-wrote those films. As a director, his films include the comedies Caddyshack (1980), National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Groundhog Day (1993), Analyze This (1999) and Analyze That (2002).", "As a director, his films include the comedies Caddyshack (1980), National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Groundhog Day (1993), Analyze This (1999) and Analyze That (2002). Ramis was the original head writer of the television series SCTV, on which he also performed, as well as a co-writer of Groundhog Day and National Lampoon's Animal House (1978).", "Ramis was the original head writer of the television series SCTV, on which he also performed, as well as a co-writer of Groundhog Day and National Lampoon's Animal House (1978). The final film that he wrote, produced, directed, and acted in was Year One (2009).", "The final film that he wrote, produced, directed, and acted in was Year One (2009). Ramis's films influenced subsequent generations of comedians, comedy writers and actors. Filmmakers and actors including Jay Roach, Jake Kasdan, Adam Sandler, and Peter and Bobby Farrelly have cited his films as among their favorites.", "Filmmakers and actors including Jay Roach, Jake Kasdan, Adam Sandler, and Peter and Bobby Farrelly have cited his films as among their favorites. Along with Danny Rubin, he won the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay for Groundhog Day.", "Along with Danny Rubin, he won the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay for Groundhog Day. Early life Ramis was born on November 21, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ruth (née Cokee) (1919-2001) and Nathan Ramis (1915-2009), who owned the Ace Food & Liquor Mart on the city's far North Side.", "Early life Ramis was born on November 21, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ruth (née Cokee) (1919-2001) and Nathan Ramis (1915-2009), who owned the Ace Food & Liquor Mart on the city's far North Side. Ramis had a Jewish upbringing.", "Ramis had a Jewish upbringing. Ramis had a Jewish upbringing. In his adult life, he did not practice any religion.", "In his adult life, he did not practice any religion. He graduated from Stephen K. Hayt Elementary School in June 1958 and Nicholas Senn High School in 1962, both Chicago public schools, and in 1966 from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity.", "He graduated from Stephen K. Hayt Elementary School in June 1958 and Nicholas Senn High School in 1962, both Chicago public schools, and in 1966 from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity. Afterward, Ramis worked in a mental institution in St. Louis for seven months.", "Afterward, Ramis worked in a mental institution in St. Louis for seven months. He later said of his time working there that it: Career Early years Ramis began writing parodic plays in college, saying years later, \"In my heart, I felt I was a combination of Groucho and Harpo Marx, of Groucho using his wit as a weapon against the upper classes, and of Harpo's antic charm and the fact that he was oddly sexy—he grabs women, pulls their skirts off, and gets away with it.\"", "He later said of his time working there that it: Career Early years Ramis began writing parodic plays in college, saying years later, \"In my heart, I felt I was a combination of Groucho and Harpo Marx, of Groucho using his wit as a weapon against the upper classes, and of Harpo's antic charm and the fact that he was oddly sexy—he grabs women, pulls their skirts off, and gets away with it.\" He avoided the Vietnam War military draft by taking methamphetamine to fail his draft physical.", "He avoided the Vietnam War military draft by taking methamphetamine to fail his draft physical. Following his work in St. Louis, Ramis returned to Chicago, where by 1968, he was a substitute teacher at schools serving the inner-city Robert Taylor Homes.", "Following his work in St. Louis, Ramis returned to Chicago, where by 1968, he was a substitute teacher at schools serving the inner-city Robert Taylor Homes. He also became associated with the guerrilla television collective TVTV, headed by his college friend Michael Shamberg, and wrote freelance for the Chicago Daily News.", "He also became associated with the guerrilla television collective TVTV, headed by his college friend Michael Shamberg, and wrote freelance for the Chicago Daily News. \"Michael Shamberg, right out of college, had started freelancing for newspapers and got on as a stringer for a local paper, and I thought, 'Well, if Michael can do that, I can do that.'", "\"Michael Shamberg, right out of college, had started freelancing for newspapers and got on as a stringer for a local paper, and I thought, 'Well, if Michael can do that, I can do that.' I wrote a spec piece and submitted it to the Chicago Daily News, the Arts & Leisure section, and they started giving me assignments [for] entertainment features.\"", "I wrote a spec piece and submitted it to the Chicago Daily News, the Arts & Leisure section, and they started giving me assignments [for] entertainment features.\" Additionally, Ramis had begun studying and performing with Chicago's Second City improvisational comedy troupe. Ramis's newspaper writing led to him becoming joke editor at Playboy magazine.", "Ramis's newspaper writing led to him becoming joke editor at Playboy magazine. \"I called…just cold and said I had written several pieces freelance and did they have any openings. And they happened to have their entry-level job, party jokes editor, open.", "And they happened to have their entry-level job, party jokes editor, open. He liked my stuff and he gave me a stack of jokes that readers had sent in and asked me to rewrite them. I had been in Second City in the workshops already and Michael Shamberg and I had written comedy shows in college.\"", "I had been in Second City in the workshops already and Michael Shamberg and I had written comedy shows in college.\" Ramis was eventually promoted to associate editor.", "Ramis was eventually promoted to associate editor. National Lampoon, SCTV, and The Top After leaving Second City for a time and returning in 1972, having been replaced in the main cast by John Belushi, Ramis worked his way back as Belushi's deadpan foil.", "National Lampoon, SCTV, and The Top After leaving Second City for a time and returning in 1972, having been replaced in the main cast by John Belushi, Ramis worked his way back as Belushi's deadpan foil. In 1974, Belushi brought Ramis and other Second City performers, including Ramis's frequent future collaborator Bill Murray, to New York City to work on The National Lampoon Radio Hour.", "In 1974, Belushi brought Ramis and other Second City performers, including Ramis's frequent future collaborator Bill Murray, to New York City to work on The National Lampoon Radio Hour. During this time, Ramis, Belushi, Murray, Joe Flaherty, Christopher Guest, and Gilda Radner starred in the revue The National Lampoon Show, the successor to National Lampoon's Lemmings.", "During this time, Ramis, Belushi, Murray, Joe Flaherty, Christopher Guest, and Gilda Radner starred in the revue The National Lampoon Show, the successor to National Lampoon's Lemmings. Later, Ramis became a performer on, and head writer of, the late-night sketch-comedy television series SCTV during its first three years (1976–1979).", "Later, Ramis became a performer on, and head writer of, the late-night sketch-comedy television series SCTV during its first three years (1976–1979). He was soon offered work as a writer at Saturday Night Live but chose to continue with SCTV.", "He was soon offered work as a writer at Saturday Night Live but chose to continue with SCTV. Characterizations by Ramis on SCTV include corrupt Dialing for Dollars host/SCTV station manager Maurice \"Moe\" Green, amiable cop Officer Friendly, exercise guru Swami Bananananda, board chairman Allan \"Crazy Legs\" Hirschman and home dentist Mort Finkel.", "Characterizations by Ramis on SCTV include corrupt Dialing for Dollars host/SCTV station manager Maurice \"Moe\" Green, amiable cop Officer Friendly, exercise guru Swami Bananananda, board chairman Allan \"Crazy Legs\" Hirschman and home dentist Mort Finkel. His celebrity impressions on SCTV included Kenneth Clark and Leonard Nimoy.", "His celebrity impressions on SCTV included Kenneth Clark and Leonard Nimoy. In 1984, Ramis executive produced a music/comedy/variety television show called The Top. The producer was Paul Flattery and the director was David Jove. Ramis got involved after the mysterious death of his friend Peter Ivers who had hosted Jove's underground show \"New Wave Theater.\"", "Ramis got involved after the mysterious death of his friend Peter Ivers who had hosted Jove's underground show \"New Wave Theater.\" He called Jove and offered to help. Flattery and Jove pitched him the idea for The Top, and Ramis was instrumental in getting it on the air.", "Flattery and Jove pitched him the idea for The Top, and Ramis was instrumental in getting it on the air. The show was a mixture of live music, videos, and humor.", "The show was a mixture of live music, videos, and humor. Performers on the show included Cyndi Lauper, who performed \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\" and \"True Colors\"; the Hollies, who performed \"Stop in the Name of Love\"; and the Romantics, who performed their two hits at the time, \"Talking in Your Sleep\" and \"What I Like About You.\"", "Performers on the show included Cyndi Lauper, who performed \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\" and \"True Colors\"; the Hollies, who performed \"Stop in the Name of Love\"; and the Romantics, who performed their two hits at the time, \"Talking in Your Sleep\" and \"What I Like About You.\" Guest stars included Rodney Dangerfield, Chevy Chase, and Dan Aykroyd.", "Guest stars included Rodney Dangerfield, Chevy Chase, and Dan Aykroyd. Ramis got Bill Murray to host but, because Ghostbusters filming ran late, he did not make it to the taping.", "Ramis got Bill Murray to host but, because Ghostbusters filming ran late, he did not make it to the taping. Chase came out dressed as a \"punk\" of the time and somehow got into a physical altercation with an audience member (also a punk) during the opening monologue. He immediately left the taping.", "He immediately left the taping. He immediately left the taping. Flattery and Jove carried on with the show. Ramis then got Andy Kaufman to fill in for Chase and recorded the host segments at a separate, later, session; it would be Kaufman's final professional appearance.", "Ramis then got Andy Kaufman to fill in for Chase and recorded the host segments at a separate, later, session; it would be Kaufman's final professional appearance. The Top aired on Friday, January 27, 1984, at 7 p.m. It scored a 7.7% rating and a 14% share.", "It scored a 7.7% rating and a 14% share. This represented a 28% rating increase and a 27% share increase over KTLA's regularly scheduled Happy Days/Laverne and Shirley.", "This represented a 28% rating increase and a 27% share increase over KTLA's regularly scheduled Happy Days/Laverne and Shirley. Film career Ramis left SCTV to pursue a film career and wrote a script with National Lampoon magazine's Douglas Kenney, which eventually became National Lampoon's Animal House.", "Film career Ramis left SCTV to pursue a film career and wrote a script with National Lampoon magazine's Douglas Kenney, which eventually became National Lampoon's Animal House. They were later joined by a third collaborator, Chris Miller. The 1978 film followed the struggle between a rowdy college fraternity house and the college dean.", "The 1978 film followed the struggle between a rowdy college fraternity house and the college dean. The film's humor was raunchy for its time. Animal House \"broke all box-office records for comedies\" and earned $141 million.", "Animal House \"broke all box-office records for comedies\" and earned $141 million. He also had a voice part as Zeke in the \"So Beautiful & So Dangerous\" segment of Heavy Metal in 1981. Ramis next co-wrote the comedy Meatballs, starring Bill Murray.", "Ramis next co-wrote the comedy Meatballs, starring Bill Murray. The movie was a commercial success and became the first of six film collaborations between Murray and Ramis. His third film and his directorial debut was Caddyshack, which he wrote with Kenney and Brian Doyle-Murray. It starred Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, and Bill Murray.", "It starred Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, and Bill Murray. Like Ramis's previous two films, Caddyshack was a commercial success. In 1982, Ramis was attached to direct the film adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning book A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole.", "In 1982, Ramis was attached to direct the film adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning book A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole. The film was to star John Belushi and Richard Pryor, but the project was aborted.", "The film was to star John Belushi and Richard Pryor, but the project was aborted. In 1984, Ramis collaborated with Dan Aykroyd on the screenplay for Ghostbusters, which became one of the biggest comedy hits of all time, in which he also starred as Dr. Egon Spengler.", "In 1984, Ramis collaborated with Dan Aykroyd on the screenplay for Ghostbusters, which became one of the biggest comedy hits of all time, in which he also starred as Dr. Egon Spengler. He reprised the role for the 1989 sequel, Ghostbusters II (which he also co-wrote with Aykroyd).", "He reprised the role for the 1989 sequel, Ghostbusters II (which he also co-wrote with Aykroyd). His later film Groundhog Day has been called his \"masterpiece.\" His films have been noted for attacking \"the smugness of institutional life…with an impish good [will] that is unmistakably American.\"", "His films have been noted for attacking \"the smugness of institutional life…with an impish good [will] that is unmistakably American.\" They are also noted for \"Ramis's signature tongue-in-cheek pep talks.\" Sloppiness and improv were also important aspects of his work.", "Sloppiness and improv were also important aspects of his work. Ramis frequently depicted the qualities of \"anger, curiosity, laziness, and woolly idealism\" in \"a hyper-articulate voice.\"", "Ramis frequently depicted the qualities of \"anger, curiosity, laziness, and woolly idealism\" in \"a hyper-articulate voice.\" Ramis also occasionally acted in supporting roles in acclaimed films that he did not write or direct, such as James L. Brooks's Academy Award-winning As Good as It Gets (1997) and Judd Apatow's hit comedy Knocked Up (2007).", "Ramis also occasionally acted in supporting roles in acclaimed films that he did not write or direct, such as James L. Brooks's Academy Award-winning As Good as It Gets (1997) and Judd Apatow's hit comedy Knocked Up (2007). In 2004, Ramis turned down the opportunity to direct the Bernie Mac-Ashton Kutcher film Guess Who, then under the working title \"The Dinner Party,\" because he considered it poorly written.", "In 2004, Ramis turned down the opportunity to direct the Bernie Mac-Ashton Kutcher film Guess Who, then under the working title \"The Dinner Party,\" because he considered it poorly written. That same year, he began filming the low-budget The Ice Harvest, \"his first attempt to make a comic film noir.\"", "That same year, he began filming the low-budget The Ice Harvest, \"his first attempt to make a comic film noir.\" Ramis spent six weeks trying to get the film greenlit because he had difficulty reaching an agreement about stars John Cusack's and Billy Bob Thornton's salaries. The film received mixed reviews.", "The film received mixed reviews. The film received mixed reviews. In 2004, Ramis's typical directing fee was $5 million.", "In 2004, Ramis's typical directing fee was $5 million. In an interview in the documentary American Storytellers, Ramis said he hoped to make a film about Emma Goldman (even pitching Disney with the idea of having Bette Midler star) but that none of the film studios were interested and that it would have been difficult to raise the funding.", "In an interview in the documentary American Storytellers, Ramis said he hoped to make a film about Emma Goldman (even pitching Disney with the idea of having Bette Midler star) but that none of the film studios were interested and that it would have been difficult to raise the funding. Ramis said in 2009 that he planned to make a third Ghostbusters film for release either in mid-2011 or for Christmas 2012.", "Ramis said in 2009 that he planned to make a third Ghostbusters film for release either in mid-2011 or for Christmas 2012. A reboot to the franchise, also called Ghostbusters, was eventually made and released in 2016, directed and co-written by Paul Feig.", "A reboot to the franchise, also called Ghostbusters, was eventually made and released in 2016, directed and co-written by Paul Feig. In this film, a bronze bust of Ramis can be seen when Erin Gilbert leaves her office at Columbia University. Personal life Ramis was married twice and had four children.", "Personal life Ramis was married twice and had four children. On July 2, 1967, he married San Francisco artist Anne Plotkin, with whom he had a daughter, Violet Ramis Stiel. Actor and Ghostbusters co-star Bill Murray is Violet's godfather. Ramis and Plotkin separated in 1984 and later divorced.", "Ramis and Plotkin separated in 1984 and later divorced. Ramis' daughter Mollie Heckerling was born in 1985 and Mollie Heckerling's mother is Amy Heckerling, a director. In 1989, Ramis married Erica Mann, daughter of director Daniel Mann and actress Mary Kathleen Williams.", "In 1989, Ramis married Erica Mann, daughter of director Daniel Mann and actress Mary Kathleen Williams. Together they had two sons, Julian Arthur and Daniel Hayes in 1990 and 1994.", "Together they had two sons, Julian Arthur and Daniel Hayes in 1990 and 1994. Although Ramis maintained humanist beliefs, Erica's Buddhist upbringing greatly influenced his philosophies for the rest of his life, and he became friends with the Dalai Lama.", "Although Ramis maintained humanist beliefs, Erica's Buddhist upbringing greatly influenced his philosophies for the rest of his life, and he became friends with the Dalai Lama. Ramis was a Chicago Cubs fan and attended games every year to conduct the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field.", "Ramis was a Chicago Cubs fan and attended games every year to conduct the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field. His pastimes included fencing, ritual drumming, acoustic guitar, and making hats from felted fleece; additionally, he taught himself to ski by watching skiers on television.", "His pastimes included fencing, ritual drumming, acoustic guitar, and making hats from felted fleece; additionally, he taught himself to ski by watching skiers on television. Illness and death In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk.", "Illness and death In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk. After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011.", "After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011. He died of complications of the disease on February 24, 2014, at his home on Chicago's North Shore, at age 69.", "He died of complications of the disease on February 24, 2014, at his home on Chicago's North Shore, at age 69. A private funeral was held for him two days later with family, friends, and several collaborators in attendance, including Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, Eugene Levy, Dave Thomas, David Pasquesi, Andrew Alexander, and the widows of John Belushi and Bernard Sahlins.", "A private funeral was held for him two days later with family, friends, and several collaborators in attendance, including Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, Eugene Levy, Dave Thomas, David Pasquesi, Andrew Alexander, and the widows of John Belushi and Bernard Sahlins. He is buried at Shalom Memorial Park in Arlington Heights.", "He is buried at Shalom Memorial Park in Arlington Heights. Upon Ramis's death, President Barack Obama released a statement, saying, \"When we watched his movies—from Animal House and Caddyshack to Ghostbusters and Groundhog Day—we didn't just laugh until it hurt. We questioned authority. We identified with the outsider. We rooted for the underdog.", "We rooted for the underdog. We rooted for the underdog. And through it all, we never lost our faith in happy endings.\" He ended his statement by saying he hoped Ramis \"received total consciousness,\" in reference to a line from Caddyshack.", "He ended his statement by saying he hoped Ramis \"received total consciousness,\" in reference to a line from Caddyshack. Ramis and longtime collaborator Bill Murray had a falling out during the filming of Groundhog Day, which Ramis attributed to problems that Murray had in his own life at the time.", "Ramis and longtime collaborator Bill Murray had a falling out during the filming of Groundhog Day, which Ramis attributed to problems that Murray had in his own life at the time. They did not speak for more than 20 years.", "They did not speak for more than 20 years. Shortly before Ramis's death, Murray, encouraged by his brother Brian Doyle-Murray, visited him to make amends with a box of donuts and a police escort, according to Ramis's daughter Violet.", "Shortly before Ramis's death, Murray, encouraged by his brother Brian Doyle-Murray, visited him to make amends with a box of donuts and a police escort, according to Ramis's daughter Violet. At that point, Ramis had lost most of his ability to speak, so Murray did most of the talking over several hours.", "At that point, Ramis had lost most of his ability to speak, so Murray did most of the talking over several hours. Murray gave a tribute to Ramis at the 86th Academy Awards. Stephen Colbert paid tribute to Ramis on an episode of his show The Colbert Report.", "Stephen Colbert paid tribute to Ramis on an episode of his show The Colbert Report. Colbert said that \"as a young, bookish man with glasses looking for a role model, I might have picked Harold Ramis.\" He ended the show by thanking him.", "He ended the show by thanking him. Awards and honors In 2004, Ramis was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. In 2005, he received the Austin Film Festival's Distinguished Screenwriter Award. In 2010, he received a lifetime achievement award from the Chicago Improv Festival.", "In 2010, he received a lifetime achievement award from the Chicago Improv Festival. In 2015, the Writers Guild of America posthumously honored him with their lifetime achievement award, the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement.", "In 2015, the Writers Guild of America posthumously honored him with their lifetime achievement award, the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement. In 2016, two years after his death, The Second City founded the Harold Ramis Film School, the first film school to focus solely on film comedy, in his honor.", "In 2016, two years after his death, The Second City founded the Harold Ramis Film School, the first film school to focus solely on film comedy, in his honor. The 2016 film Ghostbusters, a reboot of the series Ramis co-created and starred in, was posthumously dedicated to him.", "The 2016 film Ghostbusters, a reboot of the series Ramis co-created and starred in, was posthumously dedicated to him. A bust of Ramis appears in the film.", "A bust of Ramis appears in the film. In the 2021 movie Ghostbusters: Afterlife, the age-progressed image of Ramis appears as the ghost of Egon Spengler; a dedication before the end credits also reads \"for Harold.\" Collaborations Ramis frequently collaborated with Ivan Reitman.", "Collaborations Ramis frequently collaborated with Ivan Reitman. He co-wrote National Lampoon's Animal House, which Reitman produced, then co-wrote the Reitman-directed comedy Meatballs; he co-wrote and appeared in the Reitman-directed films Stripes, Ghostbusters, and Ghostbusters II. Filmography Films Television Acting roles Video games Archival appearances References Further reading External links Henkel, Guido.", "Filmography Films Television Acting roles Video games Archival appearances References Further reading External links Henkel, Guido. \"Anatomy of a Comedian: Harold Ramis\", DVD Review, August 6, 1999 Garfinkel, Perry.", "\"Anatomy of a Comedian: Harold Ramis\", DVD Review, August 6, 1999 Garfinkel, Perry. \"And If He Sees His Shadow...\", Lion's Roar, July 2009 Meatballs Movie Website The films of Harold Ramis, Hell Is For Hyphenates, April 30, 2014 1944 births 2014 deaths 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors 20th-century American screenwriters 21st-century American screenwriters American people of Jewish descent American male comedians American male film actors American male screenwriters American male television actors American television writers Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award winners Comedy film directors Deaths from vasculitis Jewish American male actors Male actors from Chicago Washington University in St. Louis alumni Jewish American writers Film directors from Illinois American male television writers Comedians from Illinois Writers from Chicago Screenwriters from Illinois Jewish American male comedians 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers" ]

[ "Harold Ramis", "Illness and death", "What health problems did Remis had?", "In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk.", "What happened after he lost the ability to walk?", "After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011." ]

[ "Relapse is the twelfth studio album by industrial metal band Ministry, which was released on March 23, 2012 through 13th Planet Records. It was recorded in the wake of their three-year hiatus from November 2008 to August 2011 and Al Jourgensen's near-death experience in 2010. Relapse is also the last Ministry album released during guitarist Mike Scaccia's lifetime, although he appeared posthumously on the band's next album, From Beer to Eternity.\n\nBackground\nRelapse is Ministry's first studio album featuring original material since 2007's The Last Sucker, marking the longest gap, to date, between their studio albums. The band previously broke up in 2008 and Jourgensen had since stated that a reunion would never happen. In the November 2008 issue of Hustler Magazine, Jourgensen said that the reason they were breaking up was that they \"take up so much time\" as well as the hassle of getting out new albums. He also said he was responsible for six other bands and can get seven albums done a year while not working on new Ministry material.\n\nMinistry ended their hiatus on August 7, 2011, when it was announced that they were going to play at Germany's Wacken Open Air festival, set to take place August 2–4, 2012. Later that month, Jourgensen told Metal Hammer that Ministry had begun work on Relapse, which they hope to release by Christmas. Regarding the sound of the new material, he explained, \"We've only got five songs to go. I've been listening to it the last couple of weeks and I wasn't really in the mood, I was just taking it as a joke. Just to pass the time at first but [Mikey's] raving about it. It's like, dude c'mon, this is not about Bush, so… that parts over. The ulcers are gone and Bush is gone so it's time for something new. I think this is actually gonna wind up being the fastest and heaviest record I've ever done. Just because we did it as anti-therapy therapy against the country music we would just take days off and thrash faster than I've done in a long time, faster than Mikey's done in a long time. He just did a Rigor Mortis tour and said it was easy compared to this Ministry stuff so it's gonna be brutal and it's gonna freak a lot of people out.\"\n\nMinistry announced on their website that they entered the studio on September 1, 2011 with engineer Sammy D'Ambruoso to begin recording Relapse. The song \"Ghouldiggers\" explains Al Jourgensen's belief on the way the music industry capitalizes on a musician's death.\n\nThe cover art was revealed on December 19, 2011. \"99 Percenters\" was released a single to promote Relapse. The band released it on iTunes on December 23, 2011, and two days later, began streaming it on their Facebook page. On January 20, 2012, it was announced that \"Double Tap\" would be released as a maxi-single on February 24.\n\nReception\n\nCritical reception to Relapse has been mostly positive. At Metacritic, the album was given a score of 68 out of 100 based on \"generally favorable reviews\". AllMusic reviewer David Jeffries called it \"a harder and faster-than-usual album from the group, and yet there's also a heavier element of control throughout, as Jourgensen holds the reigns tighter, guiding this industrial-thrash monster down a speedy track without going over the edge\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\nAl Jourgensen – vocals, keyboards, guitars, backing vocals\nMike Scaccia – guitars (1, 5, 8)\nSin Quirin – guitar (2)\nTommy Victor – guitars (4, 6, 9, 10)\nCasey Orr – bass (1), keyboards (1)\nTony Campos – bass\nSamuel D'Ambruoso – drum programming, vocals (8)\nAngelina Jourgensen – additional vocals\nHector Munoz – additional vocals\nMarty Lopez – additional vocals\n\nChart positions\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n2012 albums\nAlbums produced by Al Jourgensen\nMinistry (band) albums", "Iron Reagan is an American crossover thrash supergroup from Richmond, Virginia, consisting of Municipal Waste vocalist Tony Foresta, Cannabis Corpse and Municipal Waste bassist Phil \"LandPhil\" Hall, former A.N.S. guitarist Mark Bronzino, former Darkest Hour drummer Ryan Parrish, and Hellbear bassist Rob Skotis. Since their formation in 2012, they have released three full-length albums, one EP and two split EPs. Their 2014 album The Tyranny of Will peaked at 22 on the Billboard 200.\n\nHistory\n\n2012–2013: Formation, Demo 2012 and Worse Than Dead \nIron Reagan originally formed in 2012 and consisted of members Tony Foresta of Municipal Waste, Paul Burnette formerly of Darkest Hour, Phil Hall of Cannabis Corpse and Municipal Waste, Mark Bronzino formerly of A.N.S., and Ryan Parrish also formerly of Darkest Hour. The name of the band is a pun on the heavy metal band Iron Maiden and the 40th president of the United States, Ronald Reagan.\n\nThat year, the group released their first demo, Demo 2012, through Tankcrimes Records which featured the tracks \"Pay Check\", \"Eat Shit and Live\", \"Artificial Saints\", \"Running Out of Time\" and \"Walking Out\". The first two tracks went on to be featured in their debut full-length album.\n\nOn March 20, 2013, the band released their debut studio album Worse Than Dead through the record label A389 Recordings. It was produced by guitarist Phil Hall. The album received a score of 5 out of 10 by Exclaim!, saying, \"they're basically indistinguishable from their singer and guitarist's main band. Iron Reagan are rounded out by ex-members of Darkest Hour, but their influence isn't nearly as prominent as the crossover thrash of Municipal Waste.\"\n\nBassist Paul Burnette left the band and was replaced by bassist Rob Skotis of Hellbear.\n\n2014–2015: Spoiled Identity EP, Tyranny of Will and split EPs \nOn January 7, 2014, Iron Reagan and death metal band Exhumed released a split EP entitled Exhumed/Iron Reagan on Tankcrimes. The first side of the record contained four tracks by Exhumed, while the second side contained four tracks by Iron Reagan.\n\nThe band independently released their first extended play, Spoiled Identity EP, on April 1, 2014, as a free online download. The EP featured 13 tracks and was under five minutes in total length. A 2015 limited edition re-release on vinyl included two bonus tracks.\n\nIron Reagan signed onto Relapse Records and released their second full-length studio album on September 16, 2014. The Tyranny of Will received generally better reviews than their previous studio album. Like that album, this one was also produced by Phil Hall.\n\nIn 2015, Iron Reagan released another split EP, this time with Toxic Shock through Reflections Records. The first side of the record featured three tracks by Iron Reagan and the second side featured three tracks by Toxic Shock.\n\n2016–present: Crossover Ministry \nThe band began recording of their third full-length album in summer 2016. The album was announced through Relapse and was released on February 3, 2017. It received positive reviews on release. Exclaim! gave the album and 8 out of 10 and stated in their review, \"Overall though, Crossover Ministry is a well-made crossover thrash album that's sure to be a hit with fans of the genre, and could be the selling point for people just getting into it.\" As with the previous releases, Phil Hall produced the album.\n\nOn January 14, 2020, it was announced the band had parted ways with bassist Rob Skotis over sexual misconduct allegations.\n\nMembers\n\nCurrent\n Tony Foresta – vocals (2012–present)\n Mark Bronzino – lead guitar (2012–present)\n Phil \"LandPhil\" Hall – rhythm guitar (2012–present)\n Ryan Parrish – drums (2012–present)\n\nFormer \n Paul Burnette – bass (2012–2013)\n Rob Skotis – bass (2013–2020)\n\nTimeline\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\nWorse Than Dead (2013, A389 Recordings)\nThe Tyranny of Will (2014, Relapse Records)\nCrossover Ministry (2017, Relapse Records)\n\nDemos\n Demo 2012 (2012, Tankcrimes)\n\nEPs\nSpoiled Identity EP (2014, Independent)\nDark Days Ahead EP (2018, Pop Wig Records)\n\nSplits\nExhumed/Iron Reagan (2014, Tankcrimes)\nIron Reagan/Toxic Shock (2015, Reflections Records)\nIron Reagan/Gatecreeper (2018, Relapse Records)\n\nSee also\n Ronald Reagan in music\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Iron Reagan on BandCamp\n \n\nCrossover thrash groups\nAmerican thrash metal musical groups\nHeavy metal musical groups from Virginia\n2012 establishments in Virginia\nMusical groups established in 2012\nHardcore punk groups from Virginia\nMusical quintets\nHeavy metal supergroups" ]

[ "Harold Allen Ramis (; November 21, 1944 – February 24, 2014) was an American actor, comedian, director and writer. His best-known film acting roles were as Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters (1984) and Ghostbusters II (1989), and as Russell Ziskey in Stripes (1981); he also co-wrote those films.", "His best-known film acting roles were as Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters (1984) and Ghostbusters II (1989), and as Russell Ziskey in Stripes (1981); he also co-wrote those films. As a director, his films include the comedies Caddyshack (1980), National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Groundhog Day (1993), Analyze This (1999) and Analyze That (2002).", "As a director, his films include the comedies Caddyshack (1980), National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Groundhog Day (1993), Analyze This (1999) and Analyze That (2002). Ramis was the original head writer of the television series SCTV, on which he also performed, as well as a co-writer of Groundhog Day and National Lampoon's Animal House (1978).", "Ramis was the original head writer of the television series SCTV, on which he also performed, as well as a co-writer of Groundhog Day and National Lampoon's Animal House (1978). The final film that he wrote, produced, directed, and acted in was Year One (2009).", "The final film that he wrote, produced, directed, and acted in was Year One (2009). Ramis's films influenced subsequent generations of comedians, comedy writers and actors. Filmmakers and actors including Jay Roach, Jake Kasdan, Adam Sandler, and Peter and Bobby Farrelly have cited his films as among their favorites.", "Filmmakers and actors including Jay Roach, Jake Kasdan, Adam Sandler, and Peter and Bobby Farrelly have cited his films as among their favorites. Along with Danny Rubin, he won the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay for Groundhog Day.", "Along with Danny Rubin, he won the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay for Groundhog Day. Early life Ramis was born on November 21, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ruth (née Cokee) (1919-2001) and Nathan Ramis (1915-2009), who owned the Ace Food & Liquor Mart on the city's far North Side.", "Early life Ramis was born on November 21, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ruth (née Cokee) (1919-2001) and Nathan Ramis (1915-2009), who owned the Ace Food & Liquor Mart on the city's far North Side. Ramis had a Jewish upbringing.", "Ramis had a Jewish upbringing. Ramis had a Jewish upbringing. In his adult life, he did not practice any religion.", "In his adult life, he did not practice any religion. He graduated from Stephen K. Hayt Elementary School in June 1958 and Nicholas Senn High School in 1962, both Chicago public schools, and in 1966 from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity.", "He graduated from Stephen K. Hayt Elementary School in June 1958 and Nicholas Senn High School in 1962, both Chicago public schools, and in 1966 from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity. Afterward, Ramis worked in a mental institution in St. Louis for seven months.", "Afterward, Ramis worked in a mental institution in St. Louis for seven months. He later said of his time working there that it: Career Early years Ramis began writing parodic plays in college, saying years later, \"In my heart, I felt I was a combination of Groucho and Harpo Marx, of Groucho using his wit as a weapon against the upper classes, and of Harpo's antic charm and the fact that he was oddly sexy—he grabs women, pulls their skirts off, and gets away with it.\"", "He later said of his time working there that it: Career Early years Ramis began writing parodic plays in college, saying years later, \"In my heart, I felt I was a combination of Groucho and Harpo Marx, of Groucho using his wit as a weapon against the upper classes, and of Harpo's antic charm and the fact that he was oddly sexy—he grabs women, pulls their skirts off, and gets away with it.\" He avoided the Vietnam War military draft by taking methamphetamine to fail his draft physical.", "He avoided the Vietnam War military draft by taking methamphetamine to fail his draft physical. Following his work in St. Louis, Ramis returned to Chicago, where by 1968, he was a substitute teacher at schools serving the inner-city Robert Taylor Homes.", "Following his work in St. Louis, Ramis returned to Chicago, where by 1968, he was a substitute teacher at schools serving the inner-city Robert Taylor Homes. He also became associated with the guerrilla television collective TVTV, headed by his college friend Michael Shamberg, and wrote freelance for the Chicago Daily News.", "He also became associated with the guerrilla television collective TVTV, headed by his college friend Michael Shamberg, and wrote freelance for the Chicago Daily News. \"Michael Shamberg, right out of college, had started freelancing for newspapers and got on as a stringer for a local paper, and I thought, 'Well, if Michael can do that, I can do that.'", "\"Michael Shamberg, right out of college, had started freelancing for newspapers and got on as a stringer for a local paper, and I thought, 'Well, if Michael can do that, I can do that.' I wrote a spec piece and submitted it to the Chicago Daily News, the Arts & Leisure section, and they started giving me assignments [for] entertainment features.\"", "I wrote a spec piece and submitted it to the Chicago Daily News, the Arts & Leisure section, and they started giving me assignments [for] entertainment features.\" Additionally, Ramis had begun studying and performing with Chicago's Second City improvisational comedy troupe. Ramis's newspaper writing led to him becoming joke editor at Playboy magazine.", "Ramis's newspaper writing led to him becoming joke editor at Playboy magazine. \"I called…just cold and said I had written several pieces freelance and did they have any openings. And they happened to have their entry-level job, party jokes editor, open.", "And they happened to have their entry-level job, party jokes editor, open. He liked my stuff and he gave me a stack of jokes that readers had sent in and asked me to rewrite them. I had been in Second City in the workshops already and Michael Shamberg and I had written comedy shows in college.\"", "I had been in Second City in the workshops already and Michael Shamberg and I had written comedy shows in college.\" Ramis was eventually promoted to associate editor.", "Ramis was eventually promoted to associate editor. National Lampoon, SCTV, and The Top After leaving Second City for a time and returning in 1972, having been replaced in the main cast by John Belushi, Ramis worked his way back as Belushi's deadpan foil.", "National Lampoon, SCTV, and The Top After leaving Second City for a time and returning in 1972, having been replaced in the main cast by John Belushi, Ramis worked his way back as Belushi's deadpan foil. In 1974, Belushi brought Ramis and other Second City performers, including Ramis's frequent future collaborator Bill Murray, to New York City to work on The National Lampoon Radio Hour.", "In 1974, Belushi brought Ramis and other Second City performers, including Ramis's frequent future collaborator Bill Murray, to New York City to work on The National Lampoon Radio Hour. During this time, Ramis, Belushi, Murray, Joe Flaherty, Christopher Guest, and Gilda Radner starred in the revue The National Lampoon Show, the successor to National Lampoon's Lemmings.", "During this time, Ramis, Belushi, Murray, Joe Flaherty, Christopher Guest, and Gilda Radner starred in the revue The National Lampoon Show, the successor to National Lampoon's Lemmings. Later, Ramis became a performer on, and head writer of, the late-night sketch-comedy television series SCTV during its first three years (1976–1979).", "Later, Ramis became a performer on, and head writer of, the late-night sketch-comedy television series SCTV during its first three years (1976–1979). He was soon offered work as a writer at Saturday Night Live but chose to continue with SCTV.", "He was soon offered work as a writer at Saturday Night Live but chose to continue with SCTV. Characterizations by Ramis on SCTV include corrupt Dialing for Dollars host/SCTV station manager Maurice \"Moe\" Green, amiable cop Officer Friendly, exercise guru Swami Bananananda, board chairman Allan \"Crazy Legs\" Hirschman and home dentist Mort Finkel.", "Characterizations by Ramis on SCTV include corrupt Dialing for Dollars host/SCTV station manager Maurice \"Moe\" Green, amiable cop Officer Friendly, exercise guru Swami Bananananda, board chairman Allan \"Crazy Legs\" Hirschman and home dentist Mort Finkel. His celebrity impressions on SCTV included Kenneth Clark and Leonard Nimoy.", "His celebrity impressions on SCTV included Kenneth Clark and Leonard Nimoy. In 1984, Ramis executive produced a music/comedy/variety television show called The Top. The producer was Paul Flattery and the director was David Jove. Ramis got involved after the mysterious death of his friend Peter Ivers who had hosted Jove's underground show \"New Wave Theater.\"", "Ramis got involved after the mysterious death of his friend Peter Ivers who had hosted Jove's underground show \"New Wave Theater.\" He called Jove and offered to help. Flattery and Jove pitched him the idea for The Top, and Ramis was instrumental in getting it on the air.", "Flattery and Jove pitched him the idea for The Top, and Ramis was instrumental in getting it on the air. The show was a mixture of live music, videos, and humor.", "The show was a mixture of live music, videos, and humor. Performers on the show included Cyndi Lauper, who performed \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\" and \"True Colors\"; the Hollies, who performed \"Stop in the Name of Love\"; and the Romantics, who performed their two hits at the time, \"Talking in Your Sleep\" and \"What I Like About You.\"", "Performers on the show included Cyndi Lauper, who performed \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\" and \"True Colors\"; the Hollies, who performed \"Stop in the Name of Love\"; and the Romantics, who performed their two hits at the time, \"Talking in Your Sleep\" and \"What I Like About You.\" Guest stars included Rodney Dangerfield, Chevy Chase, and Dan Aykroyd.", "Guest stars included Rodney Dangerfield, Chevy Chase, and Dan Aykroyd. Ramis got Bill Murray to host but, because Ghostbusters filming ran late, he did not make it to the taping.", "Ramis got Bill Murray to host but, because Ghostbusters filming ran late, he did not make it to the taping. Chase came out dressed as a \"punk\" of the time and somehow got into a physical altercation with an audience member (also a punk) during the opening monologue. He immediately left the taping.", "He immediately left the taping. He immediately left the taping. Flattery and Jove carried on with the show. Ramis then got Andy Kaufman to fill in for Chase and recorded the host segments at a separate, later, session; it would be Kaufman's final professional appearance.", "Ramis then got Andy Kaufman to fill in for Chase and recorded the host segments at a separate, later, session; it would be Kaufman's final professional appearance. The Top aired on Friday, January 27, 1984, at 7 p.m. It scored a 7.7% rating and a 14% share.", "It scored a 7.7% rating and a 14% share. This represented a 28% rating increase and a 27% share increase over KTLA's regularly scheduled Happy Days/Laverne and Shirley.", "This represented a 28% rating increase and a 27% share increase over KTLA's regularly scheduled Happy Days/Laverne and Shirley. Film career Ramis left SCTV to pursue a film career and wrote a script with National Lampoon magazine's Douglas Kenney, which eventually became National Lampoon's Animal House.", "Film career Ramis left SCTV to pursue a film career and wrote a script with National Lampoon magazine's Douglas Kenney, which eventually became National Lampoon's Animal House. They were later joined by a third collaborator, Chris Miller. The 1978 film followed the struggle between a rowdy college fraternity house and the college dean.", "The 1978 film followed the struggle between a rowdy college fraternity house and the college dean. The film's humor was raunchy for its time. Animal House \"broke all box-office records for comedies\" and earned $141 million.", "Animal House \"broke all box-office records for comedies\" and earned $141 million. He also had a voice part as Zeke in the \"So Beautiful & So Dangerous\" segment of Heavy Metal in 1981. Ramis next co-wrote the comedy Meatballs, starring Bill Murray.", "Ramis next co-wrote the comedy Meatballs, starring Bill Murray. The movie was a commercial success and became the first of six film collaborations between Murray and Ramis. His third film and his directorial debut was Caddyshack, which he wrote with Kenney and Brian Doyle-Murray. It starred Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, and Bill Murray.", "It starred Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, and Bill Murray. Like Ramis's previous two films, Caddyshack was a commercial success. In 1982, Ramis was attached to direct the film adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning book A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole.", "In 1982, Ramis was attached to direct the film adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning book A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole. The film was to star John Belushi and Richard Pryor, but the project was aborted.", "The film was to star John Belushi and Richard Pryor, but the project was aborted. In 1984, Ramis collaborated with Dan Aykroyd on the screenplay for Ghostbusters, which became one of the biggest comedy hits of all time, in which he also starred as Dr. Egon Spengler.", "In 1984, Ramis collaborated with Dan Aykroyd on the screenplay for Ghostbusters, which became one of the biggest comedy hits of all time, in which he also starred as Dr. Egon Spengler. He reprised the role for the 1989 sequel, Ghostbusters II (which he also co-wrote with Aykroyd).", "He reprised the role for the 1989 sequel, Ghostbusters II (which he also co-wrote with Aykroyd). His later film Groundhog Day has been called his \"masterpiece.\" His films have been noted for attacking \"the smugness of institutional life…with an impish good [will] that is unmistakably American.\"", "His films have been noted for attacking \"the smugness of institutional life…with an impish good [will] that is unmistakably American.\" They are also noted for \"Ramis's signature tongue-in-cheek pep talks.\" Sloppiness and improv were also important aspects of his work.", "Sloppiness and improv were also important aspects of his work. Ramis frequently depicted the qualities of \"anger, curiosity, laziness, and woolly idealism\" in \"a hyper-articulate voice.\"", "Ramis frequently depicted the qualities of \"anger, curiosity, laziness, and woolly idealism\" in \"a hyper-articulate voice.\" Ramis also occasionally acted in supporting roles in acclaimed films that he did not write or direct, such as James L. Brooks's Academy Award-winning As Good as It Gets (1997) and Judd Apatow's hit comedy Knocked Up (2007).", "Ramis also occasionally acted in supporting roles in acclaimed films that he did not write or direct, such as James L. Brooks's Academy Award-winning As Good as It Gets (1997) and Judd Apatow's hit comedy Knocked Up (2007). In 2004, Ramis turned down the opportunity to direct the Bernie Mac-Ashton Kutcher film Guess Who, then under the working title \"The Dinner Party,\" because he considered it poorly written.", "In 2004, Ramis turned down the opportunity to direct the Bernie Mac-Ashton Kutcher film Guess Who, then under the working title \"The Dinner Party,\" because he considered it poorly written. That same year, he began filming the low-budget The Ice Harvest, \"his first attempt to make a comic film noir.\"", "That same year, he began filming the low-budget The Ice Harvest, \"his first attempt to make a comic film noir.\" Ramis spent six weeks trying to get the film greenlit because he had difficulty reaching an agreement about stars John Cusack's and Billy Bob Thornton's salaries. The film received mixed reviews.", "The film received mixed reviews. The film received mixed reviews. In 2004, Ramis's typical directing fee was $5 million.", "In 2004, Ramis's typical directing fee was $5 million. In an interview in the documentary American Storytellers, Ramis said he hoped to make a film about Emma Goldman (even pitching Disney with the idea of having Bette Midler star) but that none of the film studios were interested and that it would have been difficult to raise the funding.", "In an interview in the documentary American Storytellers, Ramis said he hoped to make a film about Emma Goldman (even pitching Disney with the idea of having Bette Midler star) but that none of the film studios were interested and that it would have been difficult to raise the funding. Ramis said in 2009 that he planned to make a third Ghostbusters film for release either in mid-2011 or for Christmas 2012.", "Ramis said in 2009 that he planned to make a third Ghostbusters film for release either in mid-2011 or for Christmas 2012. A reboot to the franchise, also called Ghostbusters, was eventually made and released in 2016, directed and co-written by Paul Feig.", "A reboot to the franchise, also called Ghostbusters, was eventually made and released in 2016, directed and co-written by Paul Feig. In this film, a bronze bust of Ramis can be seen when Erin Gilbert leaves her office at Columbia University. Personal life Ramis was married twice and had four children.", "Personal life Ramis was married twice and had four children. On July 2, 1967, he married San Francisco artist Anne Plotkin, with whom he had a daughter, Violet Ramis Stiel. Actor and Ghostbusters co-star Bill Murray is Violet's godfather. Ramis and Plotkin separated in 1984 and later divorced.", "Ramis and Plotkin separated in 1984 and later divorced. Ramis' daughter Mollie Heckerling was born in 1985 and Mollie Heckerling's mother is Amy Heckerling, a director. In 1989, Ramis married Erica Mann, daughter of director Daniel Mann and actress Mary Kathleen Williams.", "In 1989, Ramis married Erica Mann, daughter of director Daniel Mann and actress Mary Kathleen Williams. Together they had two sons, Julian Arthur and Daniel Hayes in 1990 and 1994.", "Together they had two sons, Julian Arthur and Daniel Hayes in 1990 and 1994. Although Ramis maintained humanist beliefs, Erica's Buddhist upbringing greatly influenced his philosophies for the rest of his life, and he became friends with the Dalai Lama.", "Although Ramis maintained humanist beliefs, Erica's Buddhist upbringing greatly influenced his philosophies for the rest of his life, and he became friends with the Dalai Lama. Ramis was a Chicago Cubs fan and attended games every year to conduct the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field.", "Ramis was a Chicago Cubs fan and attended games every year to conduct the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field. His pastimes included fencing, ritual drumming, acoustic guitar, and making hats from felted fleece; additionally, he taught himself to ski by watching skiers on television.", "His pastimes included fencing, ritual drumming, acoustic guitar, and making hats from felted fleece; additionally, he taught himself to ski by watching skiers on television. Illness and death In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk.", "Illness and death In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk. After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011.", "After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011. He died of complications of the disease on February 24, 2014, at his home on Chicago's North Shore, at age 69.", "He died of complications of the disease on February 24, 2014, at his home on Chicago's North Shore, at age 69. A private funeral was held for him two days later with family, friends, and several collaborators in attendance, including Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, Eugene Levy, Dave Thomas, David Pasquesi, Andrew Alexander, and the widows of John Belushi and Bernard Sahlins.", "A private funeral was held for him two days later with family, friends, and several collaborators in attendance, including Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, Eugene Levy, Dave Thomas, David Pasquesi, Andrew Alexander, and the widows of John Belushi and Bernard Sahlins. He is buried at Shalom Memorial Park in Arlington Heights.", "He is buried at Shalom Memorial Park in Arlington Heights. Upon Ramis's death, President Barack Obama released a statement, saying, \"When we watched his movies—from Animal House and Caddyshack to Ghostbusters and Groundhog Day—we didn't just laugh until it hurt. We questioned authority. We identified with the outsider. We rooted for the underdog.", "We rooted for the underdog. We rooted for the underdog. And through it all, we never lost our faith in happy endings.\" He ended his statement by saying he hoped Ramis \"received total consciousness,\" in reference to a line from Caddyshack.", "He ended his statement by saying he hoped Ramis \"received total consciousness,\" in reference to a line from Caddyshack. Ramis and longtime collaborator Bill Murray had a falling out during the filming of Groundhog Day, which Ramis attributed to problems that Murray had in his own life at the time.", "Ramis and longtime collaborator Bill Murray had a falling out during the filming of Groundhog Day, which Ramis attributed to problems that Murray had in his own life at the time. They did not speak for more than 20 years.", "They did not speak for more than 20 years. Shortly before Ramis's death, Murray, encouraged by his brother Brian Doyle-Murray, visited him to make amends with a box of donuts and a police escort, according to Ramis's daughter Violet.", "Shortly before Ramis's death, Murray, encouraged by his brother Brian Doyle-Murray, visited him to make amends with a box of donuts and a police escort, according to Ramis's daughter Violet. At that point, Ramis had lost most of his ability to speak, so Murray did most of the talking over several hours.", "At that point, Ramis had lost most of his ability to speak, so Murray did most of the talking over several hours. Murray gave a tribute to Ramis at the 86th Academy Awards. Stephen Colbert paid tribute to Ramis on an episode of his show The Colbert Report.", "Stephen Colbert paid tribute to Ramis on an episode of his show The Colbert Report. Colbert said that \"as a young, bookish man with glasses looking for a role model, I might have picked Harold Ramis.\" He ended the show by thanking him.", "He ended the show by thanking him. Awards and honors In 2004, Ramis was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. In 2005, he received the Austin Film Festival's Distinguished Screenwriter Award. In 2010, he received a lifetime achievement award from the Chicago Improv Festival.", "In 2010, he received a lifetime achievement award from the Chicago Improv Festival. In 2015, the Writers Guild of America posthumously honored him with their lifetime achievement award, the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement.", "In 2015, the Writers Guild of America posthumously honored him with their lifetime achievement award, the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement. In 2016, two years after his death, The Second City founded the Harold Ramis Film School, the first film school to focus solely on film comedy, in his honor.", "In 2016, two years after his death, The Second City founded the Harold Ramis Film School, the first film school to focus solely on film comedy, in his honor. The 2016 film Ghostbusters, a reboot of the series Ramis co-created and starred in, was posthumously dedicated to him.", "The 2016 film Ghostbusters, a reboot of the series Ramis co-created and starred in, was posthumously dedicated to him. A bust of Ramis appears in the film.", "A bust of Ramis appears in the film. In the 2021 movie Ghostbusters: Afterlife, the age-progressed image of Ramis appears as the ghost of Egon Spengler; a dedication before the end credits also reads \"for Harold.\" Collaborations Ramis frequently collaborated with Ivan Reitman.", "Collaborations Ramis frequently collaborated with Ivan Reitman. He co-wrote National Lampoon's Animal House, which Reitman produced, then co-wrote the Reitman-directed comedy Meatballs; he co-wrote and appeared in the Reitman-directed films Stripes, Ghostbusters, and Ghostbusters II. Filmography Films Television Acting roles Video games Archival appearances References Further reading External links Henkel, Guido.", "Filmography Films Television Acting roles Video games Archival appearances References Further reading External links Henkel, Guido. \"Anatomy of a Comedian: Harold Ramis\", DVD Review, August 6, 1999 Garfinkel, Perry.", "\"Anatomy of a Comedian: Harold Ramis\", DVD Review, August 6, 1999 Garfinkel, Perry. \"And If He Sees His Shadow...\", Lion's Roar, July 2009 Meatballs Movie Website The films of Harold Ramis, Hell Is For Hyphenates, April 30, 2014 1944 births 2014 deaths 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors 20th-century American screenwriters 21st-century American screenwriters American people of Jewish descent American male comedians American male film actors American male screenwriters American male television actors American television writers Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award winners Comedy film directors Deaths from vasculitis Jewish American male actors Male actors from Chicago Washington University in St. Louis alumni Jewish American writers Film directors from Illinois American male television writers Comedians from Illinois Writers from Chicago Screenwriters from Illinois Jewish American male comedians 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers" ]

[ "Harold Ramis", "Illness and death", "What health problems did Remis had?", "In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk.", "What happened after he lost the ability to walk?", "After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011.", "Was this relapse worse than the original time he faced the illness?", "He died of complications of the disease on February 24, 2014" ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "What Happened to Jones may refer to:\n What Happened to Jones (1897 play), a play by George Broadhurst\n What Happened to Jones (1915 film), a lost silent film\n What Happened to Jones (1920 film), a lost silent film\n What Happened to Jones (1926 film), a silent film comedy" ]

[ "Harold Allen Ramis (; November 21, 1944 – February 24, 2014) was an American actor, comedian, director and writer. His best-known film acting roles were as Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters (1984) and Ghostbusters II (1989), and as Russell Ziskey in Stripes (1981); he also co-wrote those films.", "His best-known film acting roles were as Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters (1984) and Ghostbusters II (1989), and as Russell Ziskey in Stripes (1981); he also co-wrote those films. As a director, his films include the comedies Caddyshack (1980), National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Groundhog Day (1993), Analyze This (1999) and Analyze That (2002).", "As a director, his films include the comedies Caddyshack (1980), National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Groundhog Day (1993), Analyze This (1999) and Analyze That (2002). Ramis was the original head writer of the television series SCTV, on which he also performed, as well as a co-writer of Groundhog Day and National Lampoon's Animal House (1978).", "Ramis was the original head writer of the television series SCTV, on which he also performed, as well as a co-writer of Groundhog Day and National Lampoon's Animal House (1978). The final film that he wrote, produced, directed, and acted in was Year One (2009).", "The final film that he wrote, produced, directed, and acted in was Year One (2009). Ramis's films influenced subsequent generations of comedians, comedy writers and actors. Filmmakers and actors including Jay Roach, Jake Kasdan, Adam Sandler, and Peter and Bobby Farrelly have cited his films as among their favorites.", "Filmmakers and actors including Jay Roach, Jake Kasdan, Adam Sandler, and Peter and Bobby Farrelly have cited his films as among their favorites. Along with Danny Rubin, he won the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay for Groundhog Day.", "Along with Danny Rubin, he won the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay for Groundhog Day. Early life Ramis was born on November 21, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ruth (née Cokee) (1919-2001) and Nathan Ramis (1915-2009), who owned the Ace Food & Liquor Mart on the city's far North Side.", "Early life Ramis was born on November 21, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ruth (née Cokee) (1919-2001) and Nathan Ramis (1915-2009), who owned the Ace Food & Liquor Mart on the city's far North Side. Ramis had a Jewish upbringing.", "Ramis had a Jewish upbringing. Ramis had a Jewish upbringing. In his adult life, he did not practice any religion.", "In his adult life, he did not practice any religion. He graduated from Stephen K. Hayt Elementary School in June 1958 and Nicholas Senn High School in 1962, both Chicago public schools, and in 1966 from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity.", "He graduated from Stephen K. Hayt Elementary School in June 1958 and Nicholas Senn High School in 1962, both Chicago public schools, and in 1966 from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity. Afterward, Ramis worked in a mental institution in St. Louis for seven months.", "Afterward, Ramis worked in a mental institution in St. Louis for seven months. He later said of his time working there that it: Career Early years Ramis began writing parodic plays in college, saying years later, \"In my heart, I felt I was a combination of Groucho and Harpo Marx, of Groucho using his wit as a weapon against the upper classes, and of Harpo's antic charm and the fact that he was oddly sexy—he grabs women, pulls their skirts off, and gets away with it.\"", "He later said of his time working there that it: Career Early years Ramis began writing parodic plays in college, saying years later, \"In my heart, I felt I was a combination of Groucho and Harpo Marx, of Groucho using his wit as a weapon against the upper classes, and of Harpo's antic charm and the fact that he was oddly sexy—he grabs women, pulls their skirts off, and gets away with it.\" He avoided the Vietnam War military draft by taking methamphetamine to fail his draft physical.", "He avoided the Vietnam War military draft by taking methamphetamine to fail his draft physical. Following his work in St. Louis, Ramis returned to Chicago, where by 1968, he was a substitute teacher at schools serving the inner-city Robert Taylor Homes.", "Following his work in St. Louis, Ramis returned to Chicago, where by 1968, he was a substitute teacher at schools serving the inner-city Robert Taylor Homes. He also became associated with the guerrilla television collective TVTV, headed by his college friend Michael Shamberg, and wrote freelance for the Chicago Daily News.", "He also became associated with the guerrilla television collective TVTV, headed by his college friend Michael Shamberg, and wrote freelance for the Chicago Daily News. \"Michael Shamberg, right out of college, had started freelancing for newspapers and got on as a stringer for a local paper, and I thought, 'Well, if Michael can do that, I can do that.'", "\"Michael Shamberg, right out of college, had started freelancing for newspapers and got on as a stringer for a local paper, and I thought, 'Well, if Michael can do that, I can do that.' I wrote a spec piece and submitted it to the Chicago Daily News, the Arts & Leisure section, and they started giving me assignments [for] entertainment features.\"", "I wrote a spec piece and submitted it to the Chicago Daily News, the Arts & Leisure section, and they started giving me assignments [for] entertainment features.\" Additionally, Ramis had begun studying and performing with Chicago's Second City improvisational comedy troupe. Ramis's newspaper writing led to him becoming joke editor at Playboy magazine.", "Ramis's newspaper writing led to him becoming joke editor at Playboy magazine. \"I called…just cold and said I had written several pieces freelance and did they have any openings. And they happened to have their entry-level job, party jokes editor, open.", "And they happened to have their entry-level job, party jokes editor, open. He liked my stuff and he gave me a stack of jokes that readers had sent in and asked me to rewrite them. I had been in Second City in the workshops already and Michael Shamberg and I had written comedy shows in college.\"", "I had been in Second City in the workshops already and Michael Shamberg and I had written comedy shows in college.\" Ramis was eventually promoted to associate editor.", "Ramis was eventually promoted to associate editor. National Lampoon, SCTV, and The Top After leaving Second City for a time and returning in 1972, having been replaced in the main cast by John Belushi, Ramis worked his way back as Belushi's deadpan foil.", "National Lampoon, SCTV, and The Top After leaving Second City for a time and returning in 1972, having been replaced in the main cast by John Belushi, Ramis worked his way back as Belushi's deadpan foil. In 1974, Belushi brought Ramis and other Second City performers, including Ramis's frequent future collaborator Bill Murray, to New York City to work on The National Lampoon Radio Hour.", "In 1974, Belushi brought Ramis and other Second City performers, including Ramis's frequent future collaborator Bill Murray, to New York City to work on The National Lampoon Radio Hour. During this time, Ramis, Belushi, Murray, Joe Flaherty, Christopher Guest, and Gilda Radner starred in the revue The National Lampoon Show, the successor to National Lampoon's Lemmings.", "During this time, Ramis, Belushi, Murray, Joe Flaherty, Christopher Guest, and Gilda Radner starred in the revue The National Lampoon Show, the successor to National Lampoon's Lemmings. Later, Ramis became a performer on, and head writer of, the late-night sketch-comedy television series SCTV during its first three years (1976–1979).", "Later, Ramis became a performer on, and head writer of, the late-night sketch-comedy television series SCTV during its first three years (1976–1979). He was soon offered work as a writer at Saturday Night Live but chose to continue with SCTV.", "He was soon offered work as a writer at Saturday Night Live but chose to continue with SCTV. Characterizations by Ramis on SCTV include corrupt Dialing for Dollars host/SCTV station manager Maurice \"Moe\" Green, amiable cop Officer Friendly, exercise guru Swami Bananananda, board chairman Allan \"Crazy Legs\" Hirschman and home dentist Mort Finkel.", "Characterizations by Ramis on SCTV include corrupt Dialing for Dollars host/SCTV station manager Maurice \"Moe\" Green, amiable cop Officer Friendly, exercise guru Swami Bananananda, board chairman Allan \"Crazy Legs\" Hirschman and home dentist Mort Finkel. His celebrity impressions on SCTV included Kenneth Clark and Leonard Nimoy.", "His celebrity impressions on SCTV included Kenneth Clark and Leonard Nimoy. In 1984, Ramis executive produced a music/comedy/variety television show called The Top. The producer was Paul Flattery and the director was David Jove. Ramis got involved after the mysterious death of his friend Peter Ivers who had hosted Jove's underground show \"New Wave Theater.\"", "Ramis got involved after the mysterious death of his friend Peter Ivers who had hosted Jove's underground show \"New Wave Theater.\" He called Jove and offered to help. Flattery and Jove pitched him the idea for The Top, and Ramis was instrumental in getting it on the air.", "Flattery and Jove pitched him the idea for The Top, and Ramis was instrumental in getting it on the air. The show was a mixture of live music, videos, and humor.", "The show was a mixture of live music, videos, and humor. Performers on the show included Cyndi Lauper, who performed \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\" and \"True Colors\"; the Hollies, who performed \"Stop in the Name of Love\"; and the Romantics, who performed their two hits at the time, \"Talking in Your Sleep\" and \"What I Like About You.\"", "Performers on the show included Cyndi Lauper, who performed \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\" and \"True Colors\"; the Hollies, who performed \"Stop in the Name of Love\"; and the Romantics, who performed their two hits at the time, \"Talking in Your Sleep\" and \"What I Like About You.\" Guest stars included Rodney Dangerfield, Chevy Chase, and Dan Aykroyd.", "Guest stars included Rodney Dangerfield, Chevy Chase, and Dan Aykroyd. Ramis got Bill Murray to host but, because Ghostbusters filming ran late, he did not make it to the taping.", "Ramis got Bill Murray to host but, because Ghostbusters filming ran late, he did not make it to the taping. Chase came out dressed as a \"punk\" of the time and somehow got into a physical altercation with an audience member (also a punk) during the opening monologue. He immediately left the taping.", "He immediately left the taping. He immediately left the taping. Flattery and Jove carried on with the show. Ramis then got Andy Kaufman to fill in for Chase and recorded the host segments at a separate, later, session; it would be Kaufman's final professional appearance.", "Ramis then got Andy Kaufman to fill in for Chase and recorded the host segments at a separate, later, session; it would be Kaufman's final professional appearance. The Top aired on Friday, January 27, 1984, at 7 p.m. It scored a 7.7% rating and a 14% share.", "It scored a 7.7% rating and a 14% share. This represented a 28% rating increase and a 27% share increase over KTLA's regularly scheduled Happy Days/Laverne and Shirley.", "This represented a 28% rating increase and a 27% share increase over KTLA's regularly scheduled Happy Days/Laverne and Shirley. Film career Ramis left SCTV to pursue a film career and wrote a script with National Lampoon magazine's Douglas Kenney, which eventually became National Lampoon's Animal House.", "Film career Ramis left SCTV to pursue a film career and wrote a script with National Lampoon magazine's Douglas Kenney, which eventually became National Lampoon's Animal House. They were later joined by a third collaborator, Chris Miller. The 1978 film followed the struggle between a rowdy college fraternity house and the college dean.", "The 1978 film followed the struggle between a rowdy college fraternity house and the college dean. The film's humor was raunchy for its time. Animal House \"broke all box-office records for comedies\" and earned $141 million.", "Animal House \"broke all box-office records for comedies\" and earned $141 million. He also had a voice part as Zeke in the \"So Beautiful & So Dangerous\" segment of Heavy Metal in 1981. Ramis next co-wrote the comedy Meatballs, starring Bill Murray.", "Ramis next co-wrote the comedy Meatballs, starring Bill Murray. The movie was a commercial success and became the first of six film collaborations between Murray and Ramis. His third film and his directorial debut was Caddyshack, which he wrote with Kenney and Brian Doyle-Murray. It starred Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, and Bill Murray.", "It starred Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, and Bill Murray. Like Ramis's previous two films, Caddyshack was a commercial success. In 1982, Ramis was attached to direct the film adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning book A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole.", "In 1982, Ramis was attached to direct the film adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning book A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole. The film was to star John Belushi and Richard Pryor, but the project was aborted.", "The film was to star John Belushi and Richard Pryor, but the project was aborted. In 1984, Ramis collaborated with Dan Aykroyd on the screenplay for Ghostbusters, which became one of the biggest comedy hits of all time, in which he also starred as Dr. Egon Spengler.", "In 1984, Ramis collaborated with Dan Aykroyd on the screenplay for Ghostbusters, which became one of the biggest comedy hits of all time, in which he also starred as Dr. Egon Spengler. He reprised the role for the 1989 sequel, Ghostbusters II (which he also co-wrote with Aykroyd).", "He reprised the role for the 1989 sequel, Ghostbusters II (which he also co-wrote with Aykroyd). His later film Groundhog Day has been called his \"masterpiece.\" His films have been noted for attacking \"the smugness of institutional life…with an impish good [will] that is unmistakably American.\"", "His films have been noted for attacking \"the smugness of institutional life…with an impish good [will] that is unmistakably American.\" They are also noted for \"Ramis's signature tongue-in-cheek pep talks.\" Sloppiness and improv were also important aspects of his work.", "Sloppiness and improv were also important aspects of his work. Ramis frequently depicted the qualities of \"anger, curiosity, laziness, and woolly idealism\" in \"a hyper-articulate voice.\"", "Ramis frequently depicted the qualities of \"anger, curiosity, laziness, and woolly idealism\" in \"a hyper-articulate voice.\" Ramis also occasionally acted in supporting roles in acclaimed films that he did not write or direct, such as James L. Brooks's Academy Award-winning As Good as It Gets (1997) and Judd Apatow's hit comedy Knocked Up (2007).", "Ramis also occasionally acted in supporting roles in acclaimed films that he did not write or direct, such as James L. Brooks's Academy Award-winning As Good as It Gets (1997) and Judd Apatow's hit comedy Knocked Up (2007). In 2004, Ramis turned down the opportunity to direct the Bernie Mac-Ashton Kutcher film Guess Who, then under the working title \"The Dinner Party,\" because he considered it poorly written.", "In 2004, Ramis turned down the opportunity to direct the Bernie Mac-Ashton Kutcher film Guess Who, then under the working title \"The Dinner Party,\" because he considered it poorly written. That same year, he began filming the low-budget The Ice Harvest, \"his first attempt to make a comic film noir.\"", "That same year, he began filming the low-budget The Ice Harvest, \"his first attempt to make a comic film noir.\" Ramis spent six weeks trying to get the film greenlit because he had difficulty reaching an agreement about stars John Cusack's and Billy Bob Thornton's salaries. The film received mixed reviews.", "The film received mixed reviews. The film received mixed reviews. In 2004, Ramis's typical directing fee was $5 million.", "In 2004, Ramis's typical directing fee was $5 million. In an interview in the documentary American Storytellers, Ramis said he hoped to make a film about Emma Goldman (even pitching Disney with the idea of having Bette Midler star) but that none of the film studios were interested and that it would have been difficult to raise the funding.", "In an interview in the documentary American Storytellers, Ramis said he hoped to make a film about Emma Goldman (even pitching Disney with the idea of having Bette Midler star) but that none of the film studios were interested and that it would have been difficult to raise the funding. Ramis said in 2009 that he planned to make a third Ghostbusters film for release either in mid-2011 or for Christmas 2012.", "Ramis said in 2009 that he planned to make a third Ghostbusters film for release either in mid-2011 or for Christmas 2012. A reboot to the franchise, also called Ghostbusters, was eventually made and released in 2016, directed and co-written by Paul Feig.", "A reboot to the franchise, also called Ghostbusters, was eventually made and released in 2016, directed and co-written by Paul Feig. In this film, a bronze bust of Ramis can be seen when Erin Gilbert leaves her office at Columbia University. Personal life Ramis was married twice and had four children.", "Personal life Ramis was married twice and had four children. On July 2, 1967, he married San Francisco artist Anne Plotkin, with whom he had a daughter, Violet Ramis Stiel. Actor and Ghostbusters co-star Bill Murray is Violet's godfather. Ramis and Plotkin separated in 1984 and later divorced.", "Ramis and Plotkin separated in 1984 and later divorced. Ramis' daughter Mollie Heckerling was born in 1985 and Mollie Heckerling's mother is Amy Heckerling, a director. In 1989, Ramis married Erica Mann, daughter of director Daniel Mann and actress Mary Kathleen Williams.", "In 1989, Ramis married Erica Mann, daughter of director Daniel Mann and actress Mary Kathleen Williams. Together they had two sons, Julian Arthur and Daniel Hayes in 1990 and 1994.", "Together they had two sons, Julian Arthur and Daniel Hayes in 1990 and 1994. Although Ramis maintained humanist beliefs, Erica's Buddhist upbringing greatly influenced his philosophies for the rest of his life, and he became friends with the Dalai Lama.", "Although Ramis maintained humanist beliefs, Erica's Buddhist upbringing greatly influenced his philosophies for the rest of his life, and he became friends with the Dalai Lama. Ramis was a Chicago Cubs fan and attended games every year to conduct the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field.", "Ramis was a Chicago Cubs fan and attended games every year to conduct the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field. His pastimes included fencing, ritual drumming, acoustic guitar, and making hats from felted fleece; additionally, he taught himself to ski by watching skiers on television.", "His pastimes included fencing, ritual drumming, acoustic guitar, and making hats from felted fleece; additionally, he taught himself to ski by watching skiers on television. Illness and death In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk.", "Illness and death In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk. After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011.", "After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011. He died of complications of the disease on February 24, 2014, at his home on Chicago's North Shore, at age 69.", "He died of complications of the disease on February 24, 2014, at his home on Chicago's North Shore, at age 69. A private funeral was held for him two days later with family, friends, and several collaborators in attendance, including Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, Eugene Levy, Dave Thomas, David Pasquesi, Andrew Alexander, and the widows of John Belushi and Bernard Sahlins.", "A private funeral was held for him two days later with family, friends, and several collaborators in attendance, including Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, Eugene Levy, Dave Thomas, David Pasquesi, Andrew Alexander, and the widows of John Belushi and Bernard Sahlins. He is buried at Shalom Memorial Park in Arlington Heights.", "He is buried at Shalom Memorial Park in Arlington Heights. Upon Ramis's death, President Barack Obama released a statement, saying, \"When we watched his movies—from Animal House and Caddyshack to Ghostbusters and Groundhog Day—we didn't just laugh until it hurt. We questioned authority. We identified with the outsider. We rooted for the underdog.", "We rooted for the underdog. We rooted for the underdog. And through it all, we never lost our faith in happy endings.\" He ended his statement by saying he hoped Ramis \"received total consciousness,\" in reference to a line from Caddyshack.", "He ended his statement by saying he hoped Ramis \"received total consciousness,\" in reference to a line from Caddyshack. Ramis and longtime collaborator Bill Murray had a falling out during the filming of Groundhog Day, which Ramis attributed to problems that Murray had in his own life at the time.", "Ramis and longtime collaborator Bill Murray had a falling out during the filming of Groundhog Day, which Ramis attributed to problems that Murray had in his own life at the time. They did not speak for more than 20 years.", "They did not speak for more than 20 years. Shortly before Ramis's death, Murray, encouraged by his brother Brian Doyle-Murray, visited him to make amends with a box of donuts and a police escort, according to Ramis's daughter Violet.", "Shortly before Ramis's death, Murray, encouraged by his brother Brian Doyle-Murray, visited him to make amends with a box of donuts and a police escort, according to Ramis's daughter Violet. At that point, Ramis had lost most of his ability to speak, so Murray did most of the talking over several hours.", "At that point, Ramis had lost most of his ability to speak, so Murray did most of the talking over several hours. Murray gave a tribute to Ramis at the 86th Academy Awards. Stephen Colbert paid tribute to Ramis on an episode of his show The Colbert Report.", "Stephen Colbert paid tribute to Ramis on an episode of his show The Colbert Report. Colbert said that \"as a young, bookish man with glasses looking for a role model, I might have picked Harold Ramis.\" He ended the show by thanking him.", "He ended the show by thanking him. Awards and honors In 2004, Ramis was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. In 2005, he received the Austin Film Festival's Distinguished Screenwriter Award. In 2010, he received a lifetime achievement award from the Chicago Improv Festival.", "In 2010, he received a lifetime achievement award from the Chicago Improv Festival. In 2015, the Writers Guild of America posthumously honored him with their lifetime achievement award, the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement.", "In 2015, the Writers Guild of America posthumously honored him with their lifetime achievement award, the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement. In 2016, two years after his death, The Second City founded the Harold Ramis Film School, the first film school to focus solely on film comedy, in his honor.", "In 2016, two years after his death, The Second City founded the Harold Ramis Film School, the first film school to focus solely on film comedy, in his honor. The 2016 film Ghostbusters, a reboot of the series Ramis co-created and starred in, was posthumously dedicated to him.", "The 2016 film Ghostbusters, a reboot of the series Ramis co-created and starred in, was posthumously dedicated to him. A bust of Ramis appears in the film.", "A bust of Ramis appears in the film. In the 2021 movie Ghostbusters: Afterlife, the age-progressed image of Ramis appears as the ghost of Egon Spengler; a dedication before the end credits also reads \"for Harold.\" Collaborations Ramis frequently collaborated with Ivan Reitman.", "Collaborations Ramis frequently collaborated with Ivan Reitman. He co-wrote National Lampoon's Animal House, which Reitman produced, then co-wrote the Reitman-directed comedy Meatballs; he co-wrote and appeared in the Reitman-directed films Stripes, Ghostbusters, and Ghostbusters II. Filmography Films Television Acting roles Video games Archival appearances References Further reading External links Henkel, Guido.", "Filmography Films Television Acting roles Video games Archival appearances References Further reading External links Henkel, Guido. \"Anatomy of a Comedian: Harold Ramis\", DVD Review, August 6, 1999 Garfinkel, Perry.", "\"Anatomy of a Comedian: Harold Ramis\", DVD Review, August 6, 1999 Garfinkel, Perry. \"And If He Sees His Shadow...\", Lion's Roar, July 2009 Meatballs Movie Website The films of Harold Ramis, Hell Is For Hyphenates, April 30, 2014 1944 births 2014 deaths 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors 20th-century American screenwriters 21st-century American screenwriters American people of Jewish descent American male comedians American male film actors American male screenwriters American male television actors American television writers Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award winners Comedy film directors Deaths from vasculitis Jewish American male actors Male actors from Chicago Washington University in St. Louis alumni Jewish American writers Film directors from Illinois American male television writers Comedians from Illinois Writers from Chicago Screenwriters from Illinois Jewish American male comedians 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers" ]

[ "Harold Ramis", "Illness and death", "What health problems did Remis had?", "In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk.", "What happened after he lost the ability to walk?", "After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011.", "Was this relapse worse than the original time he faced the illness?", "He died of complications of the disease on February 24, 2014", "What happened after he died?", "A private funeral was held for him two days later with family, friends, and several collaborators in attendance", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Upon Ramis' death, President Barack Obama released a statement, saying: \"when we watched his movies--from Animal House and Caddyshack to Ghostbusters and Groundhog Day", "How did his fans react to his death?", "Murray gave tribute to Ramis at the 86th Academy Awards." ]

[ "Rámi Méir (Ра́ми Ме́ир), full name Rahamim Nuvahovich Migirov – is an Israeli artist who was born in Azerbaijan 11 April 1962. He is also a poet, singer, author of song lyrics, idioms and parables. Nowadays he lives and works in Moscow. Rami Meir is the chairman of Russia's Mountain Jewish Union of Artists. Many of his paintings are in private hands in Russia, the United States and Israel.\n\nEarly years \nRami Meir was born in a Mountain Jewish family on 11 April 1962 in Baku – capital city of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. In the 1990s he immigrated with his family to Israel, where he started learning Hebrew and other ancient languages to be able to read religious texts in the original: he thoroughly studied world religions including such books as Torah, the Quran, the Old and New Testaments, Kabbalah; he got acquainted with Hindu and Greek mythologies. Besides that, he began putting lost parables of different peoples into written form as well as creating parables, philosophical lyrics and idioms of his own.\n\nPainting \nRami Meir took up painting at vocational school. He was taught the skills of engraver of artistic goods and jewellery creating piece works on metal. During his first year of studying he was elected by students to the internal school's commission focused on selecting students’ artworks for exhibitions of different level. All commission members were supposed to professionally appreciate arts. Those new responsibilities made him try to work in various artistic fields with the use of all kinds of techniques. That is how Rami Meir started painting pictures. Now painting is one of the most important things in artist's life and creativity.\n\nStyles and features in painting \nRami Meir makes paintings of realism, symbolism, impressionism, etc. The plots of some of his pictures are realistic, but set out by means of profound characters and symbols. That is the language Rami Meir uses to share with audience his great life experience and accumulated knowledge about the world including the role of human being in the entire Universe.\n\nWorking in realistic figurative style of painting he built up his own art language, that involves the use of a unique technique of 3-D strokes based on classic methods in combination with glazeglazing. The exclusive artist's feature of \"golden stroke\", with which each artwork by Rami Meir begins, reflects his special relationship to the creative process. Drawing paintings the artist tends to saturate them with a range of bright colors, which both imparts a positive sense and fills his works with high philosophical meaning. All of this allows us to consider Rami Meir as one of the most prominent figures in contemporary art in Russia and Israel.\n\nJewish studies and culture are one of the remarkable themes in his artworks. With the help of historical records, old postcards and photos he managed to explore main industrial arts, everyday life and traditional clothing of Mountain Jews from the Caucasus and South Caucasus regions and addressed all of that to his canvases, which formed a unique series of paintings called Mountain Jews.\n\nThe creativity of Rami Meir is not intuitive, it's the expression of author's rich knowledge acquired after many years of: studying world religions, wisdoms of great thinkers and religious figures, exploring the laws of the Universe as well as the laws and principles of the existence of any form of life. Rami Meir's artworks reflect the knowledge empowered with earth's energy to the globe.\n\n3D strokes \nThe innovative approach in Rami Meir's art is using the technique of ЗD strokes when making paintings, the result of being educated as engraver of artistic goods and jewellery.\n\nHe has developed a unique technique of Golden stroke and introduced it to creating painting process. This technique represents a sort of performancee for contemporary art.\n\nGolden stroke \nThe key secret about Rami Meir's pictorial artworks is the way of \"golden stroke\" «founding\" before he starts writing each painting. The symbolism of the word \"to found\" perfectly captures the essence that the artist makes on canvas with first stroke. Rami Meir has created a system where the first brush on painting founds the content of the artwork being created in matter by the artist at that very moment, and fills it with living spirit. The main special thing of the technique is that the \"golden stroke\" must be founded by a female person on Rami Meir's canvas.\n\nRami Meir Art Studio in Moscow \nToday Rami Meir has his own gallery at Grand Furniture mall. Rami Meir Art Studio offers a collection of artworks: more than 60 paintings, chased items, sculptures made of wood and marble. There are about 180 canvases in total.\n\nMusic \nRami Meir took a great interest in music during his school years when he was 11 years old: he started taking guitar and piano lessons at one of Baku's musical workshops. At the same age Rami Meir began writing poems and even then he made his first attempts to set the ones on music. But he made his career as author of song lyrics and singer in his mature years.\n\nRami Meir has released two studio albums in collaboration with Igor Timakov, – music maker and author of music to songs. They are working on their third record in 2020.\n\nSpecial project: postcards with paintings \nIn 2019 Rami Meir introduced a series of postcards with plots of his paintings just before the New Year. Some parts of them represent faces, handicrafts and clothing of Azerbaijan's Mountain Jews. The back side of postcards contains fragments from parables and idioms by Rami Meir. There are 21 postcards in this series totally. The author explained the message of it in the following way: I wish people would send postcards all over again! And through these postcards I want to make people have warm feelings and understanding of one thing: the dear and loved should be appreciated during their lifetime. I could help them express that wonderful feeling that they have inside them.\n\nCreativity\n\nReviews \nThe presentation of Hudo Kumek! Tiro Kumek! (God speed you! Torah speed you! ) music album as well as the exhibition of Rami Meir's paintings took place at Radisson Collection Hotel (Hotel Ukraina, Moscow) in 2019. The event was attended by Moscow's elite of Azerbaijani and Mountain Jewish ethnicities. Nisu Nisuev an artist and member of Moscow Union of Artists, thinks that Rami Meir is a very Multifarious person. A lot of his works have something in common with the style of first impressionists. The artist skillfully conveys his wealth of life experience into the language of fine art. His series of painting Mountain Jews is particularly impressive.Ephraim Amiramov, a singer, mentioned: Rami is a man of great talent. He is a poet, singer and artist. I'm inspired by everything he creates. Garri Kanaev, a music maker, stated: All what we saw and listened to performed by our friend Rami Meir at Hotel Ukraina in Moscow is a real feast of creative work.\n\nGoals of creativity \nThis is how Rami Meir explains the key goal of his creativity: I want to embellish the lives of others, to give them the light. I don't only mean the top layer of joy and impression out of nice image and well-done job, the main goal is very integral: to reflect how wonderful the world around us, how heavenly everything around us. It happens when a person comes up to the painting and sees that it lights up with a kind of internal warmth, which is put into the canvas by the artist. The energy of painting is the energy of artist. It makes you smile and feel the excitement of joy, it brings positive thoughts to your mind.\n\nFallout \nRami Meir performed his service in the Soviet Army. Having found out his professional qualification, his commander ship introduced a new appointment called regimental engraver. In these two years of military service he created about 40 unique objects of art. Unfortunately, in 1983 the majority of those artworks were irretrievably lost during the transportation to all union exhibition held at VDNH (Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy).\n\nHonours \nRami Meir was elected as chairman of Russia's Mountain Jewish Union of Artists.\n\nFamily \nRami Meir is married and has two children. His family lives in Israel.\n\nReferences\n\nSources \n Major forms, themes and motifs of the creativity of Rami Meir by Natalia Ivanova, PhD in Political Science, Winner of Tvardovsky National Literary Award Новости «Основные направления, темы и мотивы творчества Rami Meir» от автора Rami Meir\n Review of artworks by Rami Meir (an Israeli artist of Russian origin) by Vera Pereyatenets, fine art expert (certified by the Ministry of culture of the Russian Federation with the right to report on works of painting, graphics and applied art (17–20 centuries, Russia) Новости «Рецензия на творчество Rami Meir искусствоведа-эксперта В. И. Переятенец» от автора Rami Meir\n\nExternal links \n Official website Rami Meir\n Official page Rami Meir. Instagram\n Official page Rami Meir. FaceBook\n Rami Meir: Bakuvians are multinational aristocrats of the Caucasus\n Rami Meir – art creator: I am proud of being from Baku!\n Russia’s Mountain Jewish Union of Artists has been established\n Rami Meir, Mountain Jewish music star, presents his new album\n Mountain Jews in the art of Rami Meir\n The Bakuvian Rami Meir: I wish people would send postcards all over again!\n İncəsənət xadimi Rami Meir: Fəxr edirəm ki, bakılıyam!\n\n1962 births\nLiving people\nAzerbaijani emigrants to Israel\nIsraeli painters", "Ahmed Rami (; born 12 December 1946) is a Moroccan-Swedish writer, political activist, coup d'etat participant, military officer, political scientist, and Holocaust denier. He gained attention as the founder of the radio station Radio Islam, which now functions as a website.\n\nBiography\nRami was born in Tafraout, Morocco, the son of a Berber sheikh. While attending the école normale supérieure in Casablanca, Rami joined the National Union of Popular Forces. After graduating in June 1963, Rami taught history, geography, French and Arabic at secondary schools in Casablanca. In autumn 1965, Rami enrolled in the Royal Military Academy in Meknes with the intention — as an officer — of becoming more effective in his opposition to the regime. Following the arrest and disappearance of Mehdi Ben Barka, Rami became resolved \"to enter the system in order to destroy it.\" Rami became a tank lieutenant in the Royal Moroccan Army and claims to have had close ties with general Mohamed Oufkir. Convinced that the King of Morocco Hassan II was a puppet of Jews and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Rami participated in the 1972 Moroccan coup attempt. He sought and obtained political asylum in Sweden in 1973.\n\nIn 1987, Rami began using a public access Swedish radio station to broadcast Radio Islam, ostensibly a public relations program for Sweden's Muslims. The content of the shows, however, focused on Jews, and the station was accused of being a vehicle for antisemitism. In 1989, \"Rami was charged by the Swedish Chancellor of Justice with hate speech (hets mot folkgrupp).\" The charge was based in particular on programs aired on Radio Islam but also on passages of his book Vad är Israel? (\"What is Israel?\"). Rami was sentenced to six months imprisonment in 1990, and Radio Islam's transmission permit was revoked for a year. The station resumed broadcasting in 1991 under the direction of David Janzon; however, in 1993, Janzon was convicted of the same crime. In March 1992, Robert Faurisson visited Sweden at the invitation of Rami and was interviewed in two Radio Islam broadcasts. Rami was a featured speaker at the annual conference of the Institute for Historical Review, a \"revisionist\" organisation, in 1992. Radio Islam was off the air from 1993 to 1995, but the program returned in 1996 under Rami's direction, the same year that he established the Radio Islam website.\n\nIn October 2000, Rami was again convicted and fined by a Swedish court. Rami has been investigated for hate crimes in France and Sweden for his role in maintaining the Radio Islam website. The latest investigation ended in 2004 when the Swedish prosecutor was unable to prove that Rami was responsible for the content. According to Rami a \"group of youngsters\" was in charge of the website. He did not provide any names. On 25 November 2006, Rami was a guest lecturer at a convention of the Swedish National Socialist Front and the group distributed his books on their website. Rami also distributed NSF's own pamphlets and books.\n\nBibliography\n Vad är Israel? (\"What is Israel?\") (1988) \n Ett liv för frihet (\"A life for freedom\") (1989), autobiography \n Israels makt i Sverige (\"Israel's power in Sweden\") (1989) \n Judisk häxprocess i Sverige (\"Jewish witch hunt in Sweden\") (1990) \n Tabubelagda tankar (\"Tabooed thoughts\") (2005)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Ahmed Rami´s personal homepage, and own publishing company Kultur Förlag\n Radio Islam´s website\n Radio Islam different website\n Holocaust Denial— Ahmed Rami, from Poisoning the Web: Hatred Online by the Anti-Defamation League\n\n1946 births\nSwedish Holocaust deniers\nLiving people\nBerber writers\nMoroccan emigrants to Sweden\nPeople convicted of hate crimes\nPeople from Tafraout\nMoroccan Army officers\nMoroccan exiles\nBerber Moroccans\n20th-century Moroccan people\n21st-century Moroccan people\n21st-century Moroccan writers\n21st-century Swedish writers\nNational Union of Popular Forces politicians\nMoroccan military officers\nSwedish Muslims\nSwedish people of Moroccan-Berber descent\nShilha people\nAntisemitism in Sweden" ]

[ "Harold Allen Ramis (; November 21, 1944 – February 24, 2014) was an American actor, comedian, director and writer. His best-known film acting roles were as Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters (1984) and Ghostbusters II (1989), and as Russell Ziskey in Stripes (1981); he also co-wrote those films.", "His best-known film acting roles were as Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters (1984) and Ghostbusters II (1989), and as Russell Ziskey in Stripes (1981); he also co-wrote those films. As a director, his films include the comedies Caddyshack (1980), National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Groundhog Day (1993), Analyze This (1999) and Analyze That (2002).", "As a director, his films include the comedies Caddyshack (1980), National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Groundhog Day (1993), Analyze This (1999) and Analyze That (2002). Ramis was the original head writer of the television series SCTV, on which he also performed, as well as a co-writer of Groundhog Day and National Lampoon's Animal House (1978).", "Ramis was the original head writer of the television series SCTV, on which he also performed, as well as a co-writer of Groundhog Day and National Lampoon's Animal House (1978). The final film that he wrote, produced, directed, and acted in was Year One (2009).", "The final film that he wrote, produced, directed, and acted in was Year One (2009). Ramis's films influenced subsequent generations of comedians, comedy writers and actors. Filmmakers and actors including Jay Roach, Jake Kasdan, Adam Sandler, and Peter and Bobby Farrelly have cited his films as among their favorites.", "Filmmakers and actors including Jay Roach, Jake Kasdan, Adam Sandler, and Peter and Bobby Farrelly have cited his films as among their favorites. Along with Danny Rubin, he won the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay for Groundhog Day.", "Along with Danny Rubin, he won the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay for Groundhog Day. Early life Ramis was born on November 21, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ruth (née Cokee) (1919-2001) and Nathan Ramis (1915-2009), who owned the Ace Food & Liquor Mart on the city's far North Side.", "Early life Ramis was born on November 21, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ruth (née Cokee) (1919-2001) and Nathan Ramis (1915-2009), who owned the Ace Food & Liquor Mart on the city's far North Side. Ramis had a Jewish upbringing.", "Ramis had a Jewish upbringing. Ramis had a Jewish upbringing. In his adult life, he did not practice any religion.", "In his adult life, he did not practice any religion. He graduated from Stephen K. Hayt Elementary School in June 1958 and Nicholas Senn High School in 1962, both Chicago public schools, and in 1966 from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity.", "He graduated from Stephen K. Hayt Elementary School in June 1958 and Nicholas Senn High School in 1962, both Chicago public schools, and in 1966 from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity. Afterward, Ramis worked in a mental institution in St. Louis for seven months.", "Afterward, Ramis worked in a mental institution in St. Louis for seven months. He later said of his time working there that it: Career Early years Ramis began writing parodic plays in college, saying years later, \"In my heart, I felt I was a combination of Groucho and Harpo Marx, of Groucho using his wit as a weapon against the upper classes, and of Harpo's antic charm and the fact that he was oddly sexy—he grabs women, pulls their skirts off, and gets away with it.\"", "He later said of his time working there that it: Career Early years Ramis began writing parodic plays in college, saying years later, \"In my heart, I felt I was a combination of Groucho and Harpo Marx, of Groucho using his wit as a weapon against the upper classes, and of Harpo's antic charm and the fact that he was oddly sexy—he grabs women, pulls their skirts off, and gets away with it.\" He avoided the Vietnam War military draft by taking methamphetamine to fail his draft physical.", "He avoided the Vietnam War military draft by taking methamphetamine to fail his draft physical. Following his work in St. Louis, Ramis returned to Chicago, where by 1968, he was a substitute teacher at schools serving the inner-city Robert Taylor Homes.", "Following his work in St. Louis, Ramis returned to Chicago, where by 1968, he was a substitute teacher at schools serving the inner-city Robert Taylor Homes. He also became associated with the guerrilla television collective TVTV, headed by his college friend Michael Shamberg, and wrote freelance for the Chicago Daily News.", "He also became associated with the guerrilla television collective TVTV, headed by his college friend Michael Shamberg, and wrote freelance for the Chicago Daily News. \"Michael Shamberg, right out of college, had started freelancing for newspapers and got on as a stringer for a local paper, and I thought, 'Well, if Michael can do that, I can do that.'", "\"Michael Shamberg, right out of college, had started freelancing for newspapers and got on as a stringer for a local paper, and I thought, 'Well, if Michael can do that, I can do that.' I wrote a spec piece and submitted it to the Chicago Daily News, the Arts & Leisure section, and they started giving me assignments [for] entertainment features.\"", "I wrote a spec piece and submitted it to the Chicago Daily News, the Arts & Leisure section, and they started giving me assignments [for] entertainment features.\" Additionally, Ramis had begun studying and performing with Chicago's Second City improvisational comedy troupe. Ramis's newspaper writing led to him becoming joke editor at Playboy magazine.", "Ramis's newspaper writing led to him becoming joke editor at Playboy magazine. \"I called…just cold and said I had written several pieces freelance and did they have any openings. And they happened to have their entry-level job, party jokes editor, open.", "And they happened to have their entry-level job, party jokes editor, open. He liked my stuff and he gave me a stack of jokes that readers had sent in and asked me to rewrite them. I had been in Second City in the workshops already and Michael Shamberg and I had written comedy shows in college.\"", "I had been in Second City in the workshops already and Michael Shamberg and I had written comedy shows in college.\" Ramis was eventually promoted to associate editor.", "Ramis was eventually promoted to associate editor. National Lampoon, SCTV, and The Top After leaving Second City for a time and returning in 1972, having been replaced in the main cast by John Belushi, Ramis worked his way back as Belushi's deadpan foil.", "National Lampoon, SCTV, and The Top After leaving Second City for a time and returning in 1972, having been replaced in the main cast by John Belushi, Ramis worked his way back as Belushi's deadpan foil. In 1974, Belushi brought Ramis and other Second City performers, including Ramis's frequent future collaborator Bill Murray, to New York City to work on The National Lampoon Radio Hour.", "In 1974, Belushi brought Ramis and other Second City performers, including Ramis's frequent future collaborator Bill Murray, to New York City to work on The National Lampoon Radio Hour. During this time, Ramis, Belushi, Murray, Joe Flaherty, Christopher Guest, and Gilda Radner starred in the revue The National Lampoon Show, the successor to National Lampoon's Lemmings.", "During this time, Ramis, Belushi, Murray, Joe Flaherty, Christopher Guest, and Gilda Radner starred in the revue The National Lampoon Show, the successor to National Lampoon's Lemmings. Later, Ramis became a performer on, and head writer of, the late-night sketch-comedy television series SCTV during its first three years (1976–1979).", "Later, Ramis became a performer on, and head writer of, the late-night sketch-comedy television series SCTV during its first three years (1976–1979). He was soon offered work as a writer at Saturday Night Live but chose to continue with SCTV.", "He was soon offered work as a writer at Saturday Night Live but chose to continue with SCTV. Characterizations by Ramis on SCTV include corrupt Dialing for Dollars host/SCTV station manager Maurice \"Moe\" Green, amiable cop Officer Friendly, exercise guru Swami Bananananda, board chairman Allan \"Crazy Legs\" Hirschman and home dentist Mort Finkel.", "Characterizations by Ramis on SCTV include corrupt Dialing for Dollars host/SCTV station manager Maurice \"Moe\" Green, amiable cop Officer Friendly, exercise guru Swami Bananananda, board chairman Allan \"Crazy Legs\" Hirschman and home dentist Mort Finkel. His celebrity impressions on SCTV included Kenneth Clark and Leonard Nimoy.", "His celebrity impressions on SCTV included Kenneth Clark and Leonard Nimoy. In 1984, Ramis executive produced a music/comedy/variety television show called The Top. The producer was Paul Flattery and the director was David Jove. Ramis got involved after the mysterious death of his friend Peter Ivers who had hosted Jove's underground show \"New Wave Theater.\"", "Ramis got involved after the mysterious death of his friend Peter Ivers who had hosted Jove's underground show \"New Wave Theater.\" He called Jove and offered to help. Flattery and Jove pitched him the idea for The Top, and Ramis was instrumental in getting it on the air.", "Flattery and Jove pitched him the idea for The Top, and Ramis was instrumental in getting it on the air. The show was a mixture of live music, videos, and humor.", "The show was a mixture of live music, videos, and humor. Performers on the show included Cyndi Lauper, who performed \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\" and \"True Colors\"; the Hollies, who performed \"Stop in the Name of Love\"; and the Romantics, who performed their two hits at the time, \"Talking in Your Sleep\" and \"What I Like About You.\"", "Performers on the show included Cyndi Lauper, who performed \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\" and \"True Colors\"; the Hollies, who performed \"Stop in the Name of Love\"; and the Romantics, who performed their two hits at the time, \"Talking in Your Sleep\" and \"What I Like About You.\" Guest stars included Rodney Dangerfield, Chevy Chase, and Dan Aykroyd.", "Guest stars included Rodney Dangerfield, Chevy Chase, and Dan Aykroyd. Ramis got Bill Murray to host but, because Ghostbusters filming ran late, he did not make it to the taping.", "Ramis got Bill Murray to host but, because Ghostbusters filming ran late, he did not make it to the taping. Chase came out dressed as a \"punk\" of the time and somehow got into a physical altercation with an audience member (also a punk) during the opening monologue. He immediately left the taping.", "He immediately left the taping. He immediately left the taping. Flattery and Jove carried on with the show. Ramis then got Andy Kaufman to fill in for Chase and recorded the host segments at a separate, later, session; it would be Kaufman's final professional appearance.", "Ramis then got Andy Kaufman to fill in for Chase and recorded the host segments at a separate, later, session; it would be Kaufman's final professional appearance. The Top aired on Friday, January 27, 1984, at 7 p.m. It scored a 7.7% rating and a 14% share.", "It scored a 7.7% rating and a 14% share. This represented a 28% rating increase and a 27% share increase over KTLA's regularly scheduled Happy Days/Laverne and Shirley.", "This represented a 28% rating increase and a 27% share increase over KTLA's regularly scheduled Happy Days/Laverne and Shirley. Film career Ramis left SCTV to pursue a film career and wrote a script with National Lampoon magazine's Douglas Kenney, which eventually became National Lampoon's Animal House.", "Film career Ramis left SCTV to pursue a film career and wrote a script with National Lampoon magazine's Douglas Kenney, which eventually became National Lampoon's Animal House. They were later joined by a third collaborator, Chris Miller. The 1978 film followed the struggle between a rowdy college fraternity house and the college dean.", "The 1978 film followed the struggle between a rowdy college fraternity house and the college dean. The film's humor was raunchy for its time. Animal House \"broke all box-office records for comedies\" and earned $141 million.", "Animal House \"broke all box-office records for comedies\" and earned $141 million. He also had a voice part as Zeke in the \"So Beautiful & So Dangerous\" segment of Heavy Metal in 1981. Ramis next co-wrote the comedy Meatballs, starring Bill Murray.", "Ramis next co-wrote the comedy Meatballs, starring Bill Murray. The movie was a commercial success and became the first of six film collaborations between Murray and Ramis. His third film and his directorial debut was Caddyshack, which he wrote with Kenney and Brian Doyle-Murray. It starred Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, and Bill Murray.", "It starred Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, and Bill Murray. Like Ramis's previous two films, Caddyshack was a commercial success. In 1982, Ramis was attached to direct the film adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning book A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole.", "In 1982, Ramis was attached to direct the film adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning book A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole. The film was to star John Belushi and Richard Pryor, but the project was aborted.", "The film was to star John Belushi and Richard Pryor, but the project was aborted. In 1984, Ramis collaborated with Dan Aykroyd on the screenplay for Ghostbusters, which became one of the biggest comedy hits of all time, in which he also starred as Dr. Egon Spengler.", "In 1984, Ramis collaborated with Dan Aykroyd on the screenplay for Ghostbusters, which became one of the biggest comedy hits of all time, in which he also starred as Dr. Egon Spengler. He reprised the role for the 1989 sequel, Ghostbusters II (which he also co-wrote with Aykroyd).", "He reprised the role for the 1989 sequel, Ghostbusters II (which he also co-wrote with Aykroyd). His later film Groundhog Day has been called his \"masterpiece.\" His films have been noted for attacking \"the smugness of institutional life…with an impish good [will] that is unmistakably American.\"", "His films have been noted for attacking \"the smugness of institutional life…with an impish good [will] that is unmistakably American.\" They are also noted for \"Ramis's signature tongue-in-cheek pep talks.\" Sloppiness and improv were also important aspects of his work.", "Sloppiness and improv were also important aspects of his work. Ramis frequently depicted the qualities of \"anger, curiosity, laziness, and woolly idealism\" in \"a hyper-articulate voice.\"", "Ramis frequently depicted the qualities of \"anger, curiosity, laziness, and woolly idealism\" in \"a hyper-articulate voice.\" Ramis also occasionally acted in supporting roles in acclaimed films that he did not write or direct, such as James L. Brooks's Academy Award-winning As Good as It Gets (1997) and Judd Apatow's hit comedy Knocked Up (2007).", "Ramis also occasionally acted in supporting roles in acclaimed films that he did not write or direct, such as James L. Brooks's Academy Award-winning As Good as It Gets (1997) and Judd Apatow's hit comedy Knocked Up (2007). In 2004, Ramis turned down the opportunity to direct the Bernie Mac-Ashton Kutcher film Guess Who, then under the working title \"The Dinner Party,\" because he considered it poorly written.", "In 2004, Ramis turned down the opportunity to direct the Bernie Mac-Ashton Kutcher film Guess Who, then under the working title \"The Dinner Party,\" because he considered it poorly written. That same year, he began filming the low-budget The Ice Harvest, \"his first attempt to make a comic film noir.\"", "That same year, he began filming the low-budget The Ice Harvest, \"his first attempt to make a comic film noir.\" Ramis spent six weeks trying to get the film greenlit because he had difficulty reaching an agreement about stars John Cusack's and Billy Bob Thornton's salaries. The film received mixed reviews.", "The film received mixed reviews. The film received mixed reviews. In 2004, Ramis's typical directing fee was $5 million.", "In 2004, Ramis's typical directing fee was $5 million. In an interview in the documentary American Storytellers, Ramis said he hoped to make a film about Emma Goldman (even pitching Disney with the idea of having Bette Midler star) but that none of the film studios were interested and that it would have been difficult to raise the funding.", "In an interview in the documentary American Storytellers, Ramis said he hoped to make a film about Emma Goldman (even pitching Disney with the idea of having Bette Midler star) but that none of the film studios were interested and that it would have been difficult to raise the funding. Ramis said in 2009 that he planned to make a third Ghostbusters film for release either in mid-2011 or for Christmas 2012.", "Ramis said in 2009 that he planned to make a third Ghostbusters film for release either in mid-2011 or for Christmas 2012. A reboot to the franchise, also called Ghostbusters, was eventually made and released in 2016, directed and co-written by Paul Feig.", "A reboot to the franchise, also called Ghostbusters, was eventually made and released in 2016, directed and co-written by Paul Feig. In this film, a bronze bust of Ramis can be seen when Erin Gilbert leaves her office at Columbia University. Personal life Ramis was married twice and had four children.", "Personal life Ramis was married twice and had four children. On July 2, 1967, he married San Francisco artist Anne Plotkin, with whom he had a daughter, Violet Ramis Stiel. Actor and Ghostbusters co-star Bill Murray is Violet's godfather. Ramis and Plotkin separated in 1984 and later divorced.", "Ramis and Plotkin separated in 1984 and later divorced. Ramis' daughter Mollie Heckerling was born in 1985 and Mollie Heckerling's mother is Amy Heckerling, a director. In 1989, Ramis married Erica Mann, daughter of director Daniel Mann and actress Mary Kathleen Williams.", "In 1989, Ramis married Erica Mann, daughter of director Daniel Mann and actress Mary Kathleen Williams. Together they had two sons, Julian Arthur and Daniel Hayes in 1990 and 1994.", "Together they had two sons, Julian Arthur and Daniel Hayes in 1990 and 1994. Although Ramis maintained humanist beliefs, Erica's Buddhist upbringing greatly influenced his philosophies for the rest of his life, and he became friends with the Dalai Lama.", "Although Ramis maintained humanist beliefs, Erica's Buddhist upbringing greatly influenced his philosophies for the rest of his life, and he became friends with the Dalai Lama. Ramis was a Chicago Cubs fan and attended games every year to conduct the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field.", "Ramis was a Chicago Cubs fan and attended games every year to conduct the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field. His pastimes included fencing, ritual drumming, acoustic guitar, and making hats from felted fleece; additionally, he taught himself to ski by watching skiers on television.", "His pastimes included fencing, ritual drumming, acoustic guitar, and making hats from felted fleece; additionally, he taught himself to ski by watching skiers on television. Illness and death In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk.", "Illness and death In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk. After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011.", "After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011. He died of complications of the disease on February 24, 2014, at his home on Chicago's North Shore, at age 69.", "He died of complications of the disease on February 24, 2014, at his home on Chicago's North Shore, at age 69. A private funeral was held for him two days later with family, friends, and several collaborators in attendance, including Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, Eugene Levy, Dave Thomas, David Pasquesi, Andrew Alexander, and the widows of John Belushi and Bernard Sahlins.", "A private funeral was held for him two days later with family, friends, and several collaborators in attendance, including Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, Eugene Levy, Dave Thomas, David Pasquesi, Andrew Alexander, and the widows of John Belushi and Bernard Sahlins. He is buried at Shalom Memorial Park in Arlington Heights.", "He is buried at Shalom Memorial Park in Arlington Heights. Upon Ramis's death, President Barack Obama released a statement, saying, \"When we watched his movies—from Animal House and Caddyshack to Ghostbusters and Groundhog Day—we didn't just laugh until it hurt. We questioned authority. We identified with the outsider. We rooted for the underdog.", "We rooted for the underdog. We rooted for the underdog. And through it all, we never lost our faith in happy endings.\" He ended his statement by saying he hoped Ramis \"received total consciousness,\" in reference to a line from Caddyshack.", "He ended his statement by saying he hoped Ramis \"received total consciousness,\" in reference to a line from Caddyshack. Ramis and longtime collaborator Bill Murray had a falling out during the filming of Groundhog Day, which Ramis attributed to problems that Murray had in his own life at the time.", "Ramis and longtime collaborator Bill Murray had a falling out during the filming of Groundhog Day, which Ramis attributed to problems that Murray had in his own life at the time. They did not speak for more than 20 years.", "They did not speak for more than 20 years. Shortly before Ramis's death, Murray, encouraged by his brother Brian Doyle-Murray, visited him to make amends with a box of donuts and a police escort, according to Ramis's daughter Violet.", "Shortly before Ramis's death, Murray, encouraged by his brother Brian Doyle-Murray, visited him to make amends with a box of donuts and a police escort, according to Ramis's daughter Violet. At that point, Ramis had lost most of his ability to speak, so Murray did most of the talking over several hours.", "At that point, Ramis had lost most of his ability to speak, so Murray did most of the talking over several hours. Murray gave a tribute to Ramis at the 86th Academy Awards. Stephen Colbert paid tribute to Ramis on an episode of his show The Colbert Report.", "Stephen Colbert paid tribute to Ramis on an episode of his show The Colbert Report. Colbert said that \"as a young, bookish man with glasses looking for a role model, I might have picked Harold Ramis.\" He ended the show by thanking him.", "He ended the show by thanking him. Awards and honors In 2004, Ramis was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. In 2005, he received the Austin Film Festival's Distinguished Screenwriter Award. In 2010, he received a lifetime achievement award from the Chicago Improv Festival.", "In 2010, he received a lifetime achievement award from the Chicago Improv Festival. In 2015, the Writers Guild of America posthumously honored him with their lifetime achievement award, the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement.", "In 2015, the Writers Guild of America posthumously honored him with their lifetime achievement award, the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement. In 2016, two years after his death, The Second City founded the Harold Ramis Film School, the first film school to focus solely on film comedy, in his honor.", "In 2016, two years after his death, The Second City founded the Harold Ramis Film School, the first film school to focus solely on film comedy, in his honor. The 2016 film Ghostbusters, a reboot of the series Ramis co-created and starred in, was posthumously dedicated to him.", "The 2016 film Ghostbusters, a reboot of the series Ramis co-created and starred in, was posthumously dedicated to him. A bust of Ramis appears in the film.", "A bust of Ramis appears in the film. In the 2021 movie Ghostbusters: Afterlife, the age-progressed image of Ramis appears as the ghost of Egon Spengler; a dedication before the end credits also reads \"for Harold.\" Collaborations Ramis frequently collaborated with Ivan Reitman.", "Collaborations Ramis frequently collaborated with Ivan Reitman. He co-wrote National Lampoon's Animal House, which Reitman produced, then co-wrote the Reitman-directed comedy Meatballs; he co-wrote and appeared in the Reitman-directed films Stripes, Ghostbusters, and Ghostbusters II. Filmography Films Television Acting roles Video games Archival appearances References Further reading External links Henkel, Guido.", "Filmography Films Television Acting roles Video games Archival appearances References Further reading External links Henkel, Guido. \"Anatomy of a Comedian: Harold Ramis\", DVD Review, August 6, 1999 Garfinkel, Perry.", "\"Anatomy of a Comedian: Harold Ramis\", DVD Review, August 6, 1999 Garfinkel, Perry. \"And If He Sees His Shadow...\", Lion's Roar, July 2009 Meatballs Movie Website The films of Harold Ramis, Hell Is For Hyphenates, April 30, 2014 1944 births 2014 deaths 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors 20th-century American screenwriters 21st-century American screenwriters American people of Jewish descent American male comedians American male film actors American male screenwriters American male television actors American television writers Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award winners Comedy film directors Deaths from vasculitis Jewish American male actors Male actors from Chicago Washington University in St. Louis alumni Jewish American writers Film directors from Illinois American male television writers Comedians from Illinois Writers from Chicago Screenwriters from Illinois Jewish American male comedians 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Music" ]

[ "\"Patience\" is a song written by Henry Krieger and Willie Reale for the 2006 film Dreamgirls. The movie is an adaption of the musical of the same name, which made its debut on Broadway in December 1981. The R&B track has been incorporated to more recent revivals of the stage drama, with \"Patience\" being one of several elements crossing from the adaption to its parent production.\n\nWithin the context of the film, the social protest song is spearheaded by star performer James \"Thunder\" Early (played by Eddie Murphy) only for its release to get killed by the hustling record business figure Curtis Taylor, Jr. (played by Jamie Foxx). Movie critic Peter Rainer of the Christian Science Monitor remarked that the emotional scene displayed \"Murphy at his best.\" Similar praise came from David Rooney of Variety.\n\nAlthough nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 79th Academy Awards, \"Patience\" ultimately lost the Oscar to \"I Need to Wake Up\" by Melissa Etheridge, which the songwriter created for An Inconvenient Truth.\n\nBackground and critical responses \n\"Patience\" didn't exist during the creation of the original Dreamgirls musical, a stage drama which made its debut on Broadway in December 1981. Songwriters Henry Krieger and Willie Reale devised \"Patience\" for the musical's 2006 movie adaption, which also featured the title Dreamgirls. The r&b track has been incorporated to more recent revivals of the stage drama, with \"Patience\" being one of several elements crossing from the adaption to its parent production.\n\nThe socially-charged lyrics and impassioned singing behind the song make it an inspirational piece of protest music meant to evoke the 70s-era musical work of artists such as Donny Hathaway, Marvin Gaye, and Stevie Wonder. \"Patience\" is performed both in the film and on its related soundtrack by the trio of Eddie Murphy, Anika Noni Rose, and Keith Robinson. It was Record producer by The Underdogs.\n\nIn the context of the film, \"Patience\" is a politically-charged piece written by talented singer-songwriter C.C. White (played by Robinson) and recorded by star performer James \"Thunder\" Early (played by Murphy) coupled with vocalist Lorrell Robinson (played by Rose) and a gospel choir. In a scene set in 1973, the song comes into being after Early seeks to develop his public image while being under the thumb of manipulative, shady record business figure Curtis Taylor, Jr. (played by Jamie Foxx). Much to the chagrin of his employees, Foxx's character axes the song's release. This feeds into the flashes of anxiety and depression suffered by Murphy's character, which he self-medicates through illicit drug use.\n\n\"Patience\" was one of three Dreamgirls songs nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 79th Academy Awards. The others were \"Love You I Do\" and \"Listen\". All three Dreamgirls songs (as well as the piece \"Our Town\" that Randy Newman penned for Cars) lost the Oscar to \"I Need to Wake Up\" by Melissa Etheridge, which the songwriter created for An Inconvenient Truth.\n\nAt the 2007 Academy Awards ceremony, \"Patience\" was performed by Rose and Robinson along with a gospel choir and their co-stars Beyoncé Knowles and Jennifer Hudson.\n\nFilm critics who viewed the song's creation and use in Dreamgirls as a highlight of the movie include Peter Rainer of the Christian Science Monitor and David Rooney of Variety. Rainer commented that the emotional scene displayed \"Murphy at his best.\"\n\nSee also \n Social protest music\n \"A Change Is Gonna Come\"\n \"Heaven Help Us All\"\n \"Someday We'll All Be Free\"\n \"What's Going On\"\n\nReferences \n\n2006 songs\nEddie Murphy songs\nProtest songs\nSongs from Dreamgirls\nSongs written by Henry Krieger\nSongs written for films", "\"I Am Changing\" is a song from the second act of the long-running Broadway musical Dreamgirls. Written by Henry Krieger and Tom Eyen, the song was performed by the character Effie White, originally portrayed on Broadway by Jennifer Holliday.\n\nHistory\n\"I Am Changing\" tells the story of a woman who wants to leave behind the mistakes of her past and \"change her life\"—she sings, \"I need you, I need a hand\" and \"I need a friend to help me start all over again\". After the unexpected success of Holliday's first single, \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", \"I Am Changing\" was released as the second single from the Dreamgirls cast album.\n \nHowever, the song didn't perform as well as \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", peaking at #22 on Billboard's Black Singles Chart and failing to chart on Billboard's Pop Singles Chart.\n\nCover versions\n\"I Am Changing\" has been covered several times. Whitney Houston performed the song at the 10th Anniversary of Arista Records ceremony in 1984. This performance is included on her 2010 CD/DVD reissue of Whitney Houston – The Deluxe Anniversary Edition. She also performed the song during the duration of her Greatest Love World Tour in 1986 in a slower, soulful version, influenced by gospel music.\n\nEx-Supreme Mary Wilson included it in her album Walk the Line, and in a compilation of her solo singles.\n\nLillias White, who was Holliday's original understudy, has performed the song in concert. Jennifer Hudson performs the song as Effie White in the 2006 DreamWorks/Paramount Dreamgirls motion picture adaptation.\n\nThe song was performed by Bianca Ryan on the first season of NBC's America's Got Talent, a reality show which Ryan became the winner of that year. The eleven-year-old's performance of \"I Am Changing\" prompted show judge (and onetime teen star) Brandy to shake her head and proclaim that Ryan \"makes me want to go practice … that's how good you are.\"\n\nIn 2014, the song was performed in the Glee episode \"New Directions\" by Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) and Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley).\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n1981 songs\n1982 singles\nSongs from Dreamgirls\nJennifer Hudson songs\nSongs written by Henry Krieger\nSongs with lyrics by Tom Eyen\nSong recordings produced by David Foster" ]

[ "Dreamgirls is a 2006 American musical drama film written and directed by Bill Condon and jointly produced and released by DreamWorks Pictures and Paramount Pictures. Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes.", "Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes. The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive.", "The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive. The film adaptation stars Jamie Foxx, Beyoncé Knowles and Eddie Murphy, and also features Jennifer Hudson, Danny Glover, Anika Noni Rose and Keith Robinson.", "The film adaptation stars Jamie Foxx, Beyoncé Knowles and Eddie Murphy, and also features Jennifer Hudson, Danny Glover, Anika Noni Rose and Keith Robinson. In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film.", "In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film. The film marks the acting debut of Hudson, a former American Idol contestant.", "The film marks the acting debut of Hudson, a former American Idol contestant. Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006.", "Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006. With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history.", "With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history. Upon its release, the film garnered positive reviews from critics, who particularly praised Condon's direction, the soundtrack, costume design, production design, and performances of the cast (in particular of Hudson, which many deemed a standout performance).", "Upon its release, the film garnered positive reviews from critics, who particularly praised Condon's direction, the soundtrack, costume design, production design, and performances of the cast (in particular of Hudson, which many deemed a standout performance). The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office.", "The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office. At the 79th Academy Awards, the film received a leading eight nominations, winning Best Supporting Actress (for Hudson), and Best Sound Mixing.", "At the 79th Academy Awards, the film received a leading eight nominations, winning Best Supporting Actress (for Hudson), and Best Sound Mixing. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.", "At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre.", "Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre. Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early.", "Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early. Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter.", "Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter. When their first single \"Cadillac Car\" fails after a white pop group named Dave and the Sweethearts releases a cover version, Curtis, C.C., and their producer Wayne turn to payola to make \"Jimmy Early & The Dreamettes\" mainstream pop stars.", "When their first single \"Cadillac Car\" fails after a white pop group named Dave and the Sweethearts releases a cover version, Curtis, C.C., and their producer Wayne turn to payola to make \"Jimmy Early & The Dreamettes\" mainstream pop stars. Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell.", "Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell. Jimmy's manager, Marty Madison, grows weary of Curtis' plans to make his client more pop-friendly and walks out.", "Jimmy's manager, Marty Madison, grows weary of Curtis' plans to make his client more pop-friendly and walks out. When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place.", "When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place. Feeling that Effie's figure and distinctive, soulful voice will not attract white audiences, Curtis appoints the slimmer, more conventionally attractive Deena (who has a more basic, generic, and marketable voice) as the new lead singer, renaming the group \"The Dreams\".", "Feeling that Effie's figure and distinctive, soulful voice will not attract white audiences, Curtis appoints the slimmer, more conventionally attractive Deena (who has a more basic, generic, and marketable voice) as the new lead singer, renaming the group \"The Dreams\". Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C.", "Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C. transform The Dreams into a top-selling mainstream pop group. By 1965, however, Effie begins acting out, particularly when Curtis' affections also turn towards Deena.", "By 1965, however, Effie begins acting out, particularly when Curtis' affections also turn towards Deena. Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\"", "Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\" Though Effie defiantly and desperately appeals to Curtis, he, C.C., and The Dreams abandon her, forging ahead to stardom.", "Though Effie defiantly and desperately appeals to Curtis, he, C.C., and The Dreams abandon her, forging ahead to stardom. By 1973, Effie has become an impoverished welfare mother living in Detroit with her daughter Magic. To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club.", "To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club. Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife.", "Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife. The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special.", "The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special. Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair.", "Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair. Sometime later, C.C., who feels Curtis is undermining the artistic merit of his songs by making them into disco music, quits the label, only for everyone to then learn of Jimmy's unexpected death from a heroin overdose, which greatly upsets Lorrell.", "Sometime later, C.C., who feels Curtis is undermining the artistic merit of his songs by making them into disco music, quits the label, only for everyone to then learn of Jimmy's unexpected death from a heroin overdose, which greatly upsets Lorrell. Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C.", "Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C. travels to Detroit and reconciles with Effie, for whom he writes and produces a comeback single, \"One Night Only\".", "travels to Detroit and reconciles with Effie, for whom he writes and produces a comeback single, \"One Night Only\". Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song.", "Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song. The plan falls apart, however, when Deena, angry over how Curtis controls her career, discovers his schemes and contacts Effie, who arrives in Los Angeles with C.C., Marty, and a lawyer.", "The plan falls apart, however, when Deena, angry over how Curtis controls her career, discovers his schemes and contacts Effie, who arrives in Los Angeles with C.C., Marty, and a lawyer. Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI.", "Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI. Inspired by Effie's victory and realizing Curtis' true character, Deena leaves him.", "Inspired by Effie's victory and realizing Curtis' true character, Deena leaves him. By 1975, The Dreams give a farewell performance at the Detroit Theater, inviting Effie for the final song. Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter.", "Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter. Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether.", "Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether. With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis.", "With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis. Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences.", "Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences. At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place.", "At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place. Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams.", "Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams. This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband.", "This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband. Anika Noni Rose as Lorrell Robinson; inspired by Supremes member Mary Wilson, is a good-natured background singer with the Dreams who falls deeply in love with the married Jimmy Early and becomes his mistress.", "Anika Noni Rose as Lorrell Robinson; inspired by Supremes member Mary Wilson, is a good-natured background singer with the Dreams who falls deeply in love with the married Jimmy Early and becomes his mistress. Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.)", "Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.) White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster.", "White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster. Eddie Murphy as James (Jimmy) \"Thunder\" Early; inspired by R&B/soul singers such as James Brown, Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye, is a raucous performer on the Rainbow label engaged in an adulterous affair with Dreams member Lorrell.", "Eddie Murphy as James (Jimmy) \"Thunder\" Early; inspired by R&B/soul singers such as James Brown, Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye, is a raucous performer on the Rainbow label engaged in an adulterous affair with Dreams member Lorrell. Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer.", "Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer. Jimmy's stardom fades as the Dreams' stardom rises, and as a result – he falls into depression (which he copes with through drug abuse).", "Jimmy's stardom fades as the Dreams' stardom rises, and as a result – he falls into depression (which he copes with through drug abuse). Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well.", "Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well. Sharon Leal as Michelle Morris; based upon Supremes members Cindy Birdsong and Susaye Greene, Curtis' secretary who replaces Effie in the Dreams and begins dating C.C.", "Sharon Leal as Michelle Morris; based upon Supremes members Cindy Birdsong and Susaye Greene, Curtis' secretary who replaces Effie in the Dreams and begins dating C.C. Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman.", "Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman. Yvette Cason as May, Deena's mother Loretta Devine as Jazz Singer. Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production.", "Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production. Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982.", "Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982. David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen.", "David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen. He cited a need to preserve the integrity of Dreamgirls stage director Michael Bennett's work after his death in 1987.", "He cited a need to preserve the integrity of Dreamgirls stage director Michael Bennett's work after his death in 1987. That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena.", "That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena. The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned.", "The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned. When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It.", "When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It. Schumacher planned to have Lauryn Hill portray Deena and Kelly Price play Effie.", "Schumacher planned to have Lauryn Hill portray Deena and Kelly Price play Effie. After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls.", "After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls. DreamWorks' Dreamgirls adaptation came about after the film version of the Broadway musical Chicago was a success at both the box office and the Academy Awards.", "DreamWorks' Dreamgirls adaptation came about after the film version of the Broadway musical Chicago was a success at both the box office and the Academy Awards. Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen.", "Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen. The two had dinner with Geffen and successfully convinced him to allow Condon to write a screenplay for Dreamgirls.", "The two had dinner with Geffen and successfully convinced him to allow Condon to write a screenplay for Dreamgirls. Condon did not start work on the Dreamgirls script until after making the Alfred Kinsey biographical film Kinsey (2004). After sending Geffen the first draft of his screenplay in January 2005, Condon's adaptation of Dreamgirls was greenlit.", "After sending Geffen the first draft of his screenplay in January 2005, Condon's adaptation of Dreamgirls was greenlit. Stage to script changes While much of the stage musical's story remains intact, a number of significant changes were made.", "Stage to script changes While much of the stage musical's story remains intact, a number of significant changes were made. The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records.", "The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records. The roles of many of the characters were related more closely to their real-life inspirations, following a suggestion by Geffen.", "The roles of many of the characters were related more closely to their real-life inspirations, following a suggestion by Geffen. Warner Bros. had retained the film rights to Dreamgirls, and agreed to co-produce with DreamWorks. However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production.", "However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production. Geffen, taking the role of co-producer, brought Paramount Pictures in to co-finance and release Dreamgirls.", "Geffen, taking the role of co-producer, brought Paramount Pictures in to co-finance and release Dreamgirls. During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks).", "During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks). The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history.", "The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history. Casting and rehearsal Mark and Condon began pre-production with the intentions of casting Jamie Foxx and Eddie Murphy, both actors with record industry experience, as Curtis Taylor, Jr. and James \"Thunder\" Early, respectively.", "Casting and rehearsal Mark and Condon began pre-production with the intentions of casting Jamie Foxx and Eddie Murphy, both actors with record industry experience, as Curtis Taylor, Jr. and James \"Thunder\" Early, respectively. When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands.", "When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands. Denzel Washington, Will Smith, and Terrence Howard were among the other actors also approached to play Curtis. Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg.", "Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg. While Condon had intended to cast relatively unknown actresses as all three Dreams, R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles lobbied for the part of Deena Jones, and was cast after a successful screen test.", "While Condon had intended to cast relatively unknown actresses as all three Dreams, R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles lobbied for the part of Deena Jones, and was cast after a successful screen test. Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary.", "Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary. R&B star Usher was to have been cast as C.C. White, but contract negotiations failed; Usher was unable to dedicate half a year to the project.", "White, but contract negotiations failed; Usher was unable to dedicate half a year to the project. André 3000 of Outkast was also offered the role, but declined. After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role.", "After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role. Anika Noni Rose, a Broadway veteran and a Tony Award winner, won the part of Lorrell Robinson after an extensive auditioning process.", "Anika Noni Rose, a Broadway veteran and a Tony Award winner, won the part of Lorrell Robinson after an extensive auditioning process. Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort.", "Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort. The most crucial casting decision involved the role of Effie White, the emotional center of the story.", "The most crucial casting decision involved the role of Effie White, the emotional center of the story. The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production.", "The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production. A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller.", "A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller. Though Barrino emerged as an early frontrunner for the part, Hudson was eventually selected to play Effie, leading Barrino to telephone Hudson and jokingly complain that Hudson \"stole [Barrino's] part.\"", "Though Barrino emerged as an early frontrunner for the part, Hudson was eventually selected to play Effie, leading Barrino to telephone Hudson and jokingly complain that Hudson \"stole [Barrino's] part.\" Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance.", "Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance. In casting Hudson, Condon recalled that he initially was not confident he'd made the right decision, but instinctively cast Hudson after she'd auditioned several times because he \"just didn't believe any of the others.\"", "In casting Hudson, Condon recalled that he initially was not confident he'd made the right decision, but instinctively cast Hudson after she'd auditioned several times because he \"just didn't believe any of the others.\" After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry.", "After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry. Meanwhile, the music production crew began work with the actors and studio musicians recording the songs for the film.", "Meanwhile, the music production crew began work with the actors and studio musicians recording the songs for the film. Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie.", "Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie. Hudson was required to be rude and come in late both on set and off, and she and Condon went over Effie's lines and scenes throughout the week.", "Hudson was required to be rude and come in late both on set and off, and she and Condon went over Effie's lines and scenes throughout the week. Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\"", "Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\" Another Dreamgirls veteran present in the film is Hinton Battle, who was a summer replacement for James \"Thunder\" Early onstage and here portrays Curtis' aide-de-camp Wayne.", "Another Dreamgirls veteran present in the film is Hinton Battle, who was a summer replacement for James \"Thunder\" Early onstage and here portrays Curtis' aide-de-camp Wayne. Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film.", "Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film. The film was primarily shot on soundstages at the Los Angeles Center Studios and on location in the Los Angeles area, with some second unit footage shot in Detroit, Miami, and New York City.", "The film was primarily shot on soundstages at the Los Angeles Center Studios and on location in the Los Angeles area, with some second unit footage shot in Detroit, Miami, and New York City. The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers.", "The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers. Beyoncé Knowles elected to lose weight to give the mature Deena Jones of the 1970s a different look than the younger version of the character.", "Beyoncé Knowles elected to lose weight to give the mature Deena Jones of the 1970s a different look than the younger version of the character. By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended.", "By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended. Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot.", "Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot. Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse.", "Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse. The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical.", "The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical. Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities.", "Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities. During post-production, composer Stephen Trask was contracted to provide additional score material for the film.", "During post-production, composer Stephen Trask was contracted to provide additional score material for the film. Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\".", "Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\". Four new songs were added for the film: \"Love You I Do\", \"Patience\", \"Perfect World,\" and \"Listen.\"", "Four new songs were added for the film: \"Love You I Do\", \"Patience\", \"Perfect World,\" and \"Listen.\" All of the new songs feature music composed by original Dreamgirls stage composer Henry Krieger.", "All of the new songs feature music composed by original Dreamgirls stage composer Henry Krieger. With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs.", "With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs. \"Love You I Do,\" with lyrics by Siedah Garrett, is performed in the film by Effie during a rehearsal at the Rainbow Records studio.", "\"Love You I Do,\" with lyrics by Siedah Garrett, is performed in the film by Effie during a rehearsal at the Rainbow Records studio. Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy.", "Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy. \"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection.", "\"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection. \"Listen\", with additional music by Scott Cutler and Beyoncé, and lyrics by Anne Preven, is presented as a defining moment for Deena's character late in the film.", "\"Listen\", with additional music by Scott Cutler and Beyoncé, and lyrics by Anne Preven, is presented as a defining moment for Deena's character late in the film. After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music.", "After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music. Among this footage was one whole musical number, C.C. and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version.", "and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version. The Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album was released on December 5 by Music World Entertainment/Columbia Records, in both a single-disc version containing highlights and a double-disc \"Deluxe Version\" containing all of the film's songs.", "The Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album was released on December 5 by Music World Entertainment/Columbia Records, in both a single-disc version containing highlights and a double-disc \"Deluxe Version\" containing all of the film's songs. The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007.", "The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007. \"Listen\" was the first official single from the soundtrack, supported by a music video featuring Beyoncé. \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was the Dreamgirls soundtrack's second single.", "\"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was the Dreamgirls soundtrack's second single. Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film.", "Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film. Release Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, where it received a standing ovation.", "Release Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, where it received a standing ovation. The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills.", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills. Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco.", "Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco. Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph.", "Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph. This release made Dreamgirls the first American feature film to have a roadshow release since Man of La Mancha in 1972.", "This release made Dreamgirls the first American feature film to have a roadshow release since Man of La Mancha in 1972. Dreamgirls earned a total of $851,664 from the roadshow engagements, playing to sold-out houses on the weekends. The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25.", "The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25. Outside of the U.S., Dreamgirls opened in Australia on January 18, and in the United Kingdom on February 2. Releases in other countries began on various dates between January and early March.", "Releases in other countries began on various dates between January and early March. Dreamgirls eventually grossed $103 million in North America, and almost $155 million worldwide. DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats.", "DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats. The DVD version was issued in two editions: a one-disc standard version and a two-disc \"Showstopper Edition\".", "The DVD version was issued in two editions: a one-disc standard version and a two-disc \"Showstopper Edition\". The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork.", "The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork. Both DVD versions featured alternative and extended versions of the musical numbers from the film as extras, including the \"Effie, Sing My Song\" scene deleted during previews.", "Both DVD versions featured alternative and extended versions of the musical numbers from the film as extras, including the \"Effie, Sing My Song\" scene deleted during previews. Both the Blu-ray and HD DVD versions were issued in two-disc formats. Dreamgirls was the first DreamWorks film to be issued in a high definition home entertainment format.", "Dreamgirls was the first DreamWorks film to be issued in a high definition home entertainment format. , total domestic video sales to date are at $95.1 million. A \"Director's Extended Edition\" of Dreamgirls was released on Blu-ray and Digital HD on October 10, 2017 by Paramount Home Media Distribution.", "A \"Director's Extended Edition\" of Dreamgirls was released on Blu-ray and Digital HD on October 10, 2017 by Paramount Home Media Distribution. This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes.", "This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes. Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10.", "Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10. The site's critics consensus states: \"Dreamgirls simple characters and plot hardly detract from the movie's real feats: the electrifying performances and the dazzling musical numbers.\"", "The site's critics consensus states: \"Dreamgirls simple characters and plot hardly detract from the movie's real feats: the electrifying performances and the dazzling musical numbers.\" Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.", "Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\".", "Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\". David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\"", "David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\" On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\".", "On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\". Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\"", "Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\" Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\".", "Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\". Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\".", "Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\". University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\".", "University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\". Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\"", "Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\" Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\".", "Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\". A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\"", "A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\" Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews.", "Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews. Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began.", "Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began. Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production.", "Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production. Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production.", "Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production. In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast.", "In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast. Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance.", "Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance. The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well.", "The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well. Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards.", "Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards. By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award.", "By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award. The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself.", "The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself. Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories.", "Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories. The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\").", "The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\"). Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat.", "Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat. In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture.", "In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture. The film's failure to gain a Best Picture or Best Director nod was widely viewed by the entertainment press as a \"snub\" by the Academy.", "The film's failure to gain a Best Picture or Best Director nod was widely viewed by the entertainment press as a \"snub\" by the Academy. Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007).", "Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007). \"[http://austinweeklynews.1upsoftware.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=1101&TM=82934.76 Dreamgirls' Best Picture snub and Oscar night thud] \". Austin Weekly News.", "Austin Weekly News. Austin Weekly News. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> On the other hand, director Bill Condon stated that \"I think academy members just liked the other movies better\" and that he believed that \"we were never going to win even if we were nominated.\"", "Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> On the other hand, director Bill Condon stated that \"I think academy members just liked the other movies better\" and that he believed that \"we were never going to win even if we were nominated.\" Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign.", "Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign. At the Academy Awards ceremony on February 25, 2007, Dreamgirls won Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Sound Mixing.", "At the Academy Awards ceremony on February 25, 2007, Dreamgirls won Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Sound Mixing. As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance.", "As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance. In what was considered an upset, Murphy lost the Best Supporting Actor award to Alan Arkin for Little Miss Sunshine.", "In what was considered an upset, Murphy lost the Best Supporting Actor award to Alan Arkin for Little Miss Sunshine. Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth.", "Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth. For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\").", "For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\"). The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress.", "The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress. Dreamgirls received eight NAACP Image Award nominations, winning for Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Outstanding Album (the soundtrack LP).", "Dreamgirls received eight NAACP Image Award nominations, winning for Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Outstanding Album (the soundtrack LP). It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast.", "It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast. The film was also nominated by the Producers Guild of America for Best Picture and the Directors Guild of America for Bill Condon's directing.", "The film was also nominated by the Producers Guild of America for Best Picture and the Directors Guild of America for Bill Condon's directing. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger).", "The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger). Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing).", "Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing). Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film.", "Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film. At the 50th Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Love You I Do\" won the award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.", "At the 50th Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Love You I Do\" won the award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album.", "The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album. For the opening performance at the 2007 BET Awards on June 26 of that year, Hudson performed a duet of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" with her predecessor, Jennifer Holliday.", "For the opening performance at the 2007 BET Awards on June 26 of that year, Hudson performed a duet of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" with her predecessor, Jennifer Holliday. Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress.", "Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress. In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest.", "In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest. Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006.", "Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006. DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play.", "DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play. As a result, more than fifty high schools, colleges, community theaters, and other non-commercial theater entities staged productions of Dreamgirls in 2006, and DreamWorks spent up to $250,000 subsidizing the licensing.", "As a result, more than fifty high schools, colleges, community theaters, and other non-commercial theater entities staged productions of Dreamgirls in 2006, and DreamWorks spent up to $250,000 subsidizing the licensing. The Dreamgirls novelization was written by African-American novelist Denene Millner, and adapts the film's official script in chapter form, along with fourteen pages of photographs from the film.", "The Dreamgirls novelization was written by African-American novelist Denene Millner, and adapts the film's official script in chapter form, along with fourteen pages of photographs from the film. The book was released on October 31, 2006. A scrapbook, entitled Dreamgirls: The Movie Musical, was released on March 27, 2007.", "A scrapbook, entitled Dreamgirls: The Movie Musical, was released on March 27, 2007. The limited edition program guide accompanying the Dreamgirls road show release was made available for retail purchase in February.", "The limited edition program guide accompanying the Dreamgirls road show release was made available for retail purchase in February. In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film.", "In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film. Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film.", "Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film. In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr.", "In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. This LP is an authentic Motown release, issued as Gordy 906 in June 1963.Edwards, David and Callahan, Mike (1999).", "This LP is an authentic Motown release, issued as Gordy 906 in June 1963.Edwards, David and Callahan, Mike (1999). \"Gordy Album Discography, Part 1 (1962–1981)\". Retrieved Feb. 3, 2007. A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside.", "A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside. By comparison, Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. studio remained open and active during Detroit's 12th Street Riot in July 1967.Posner, Gerald (2002). Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power. New York: Random House. .", "New York: Random House. . . Pg. 173.", ". Pg. 173. 173. The photo shoot montage which accompanies \"When I First Saw You\", as well as the subplot of Deena being forced to star in Curtis' Cleopatra film against her will, reflect both scenes from and the production of Mahogany, a 1975 Motown film starring Diana Ross and directed by Motown CEO Berry Gordy.", "The photo shoot montage which accompanies \"When I First Saw You\", as well as the subplot of Deena being forced to star in Curtis' Cleopatra film against her will, reflect both scenes from and the production of Mahogany, a 1975 Motown film starring Diana Ross and directed by Motown CEO Berry Gordy. In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show.", "In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show. Among the more direct references are the uses of adapted Supremes album cover designs for albums recorded in the film by the Dreams.", "Among the more direct references are the uses of adapted Supremes album cover designs for albums recorded in the film by the Dreams. Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams.", "Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams. Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go.", "Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go. There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne.", "There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne. Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version.", "Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version. On the other hand, Mary Wilson attended the film's Los Angeles premiere, later stating that Dreamgirls moved her to tears and that it was \"closer to the truth than they even know\".", "On the other hand, Mary Wilson attended the film's Los Angeles premiere, later stating that Dreamgirls moved her to tears and that it was \"closer to the truth than they even know\". However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history.", "However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history. In a January 25, 2007 interview with NPR, Robinson expressed offense at the film's portrayal of its Berry Gordy analogue, Curtis Taylor Jr., as a \"villainous character\" who deals in payola and other illegal activities.", "In a January 25, 2007 interview with NPR, Robinson expressed offense at the film's portrayal of its Berry Gordy analogue, Curtis Taylor Jr., as a \"villainous character\" who deals in payola and other illegal activities. He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology.", "He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology. On February 23, a week before the Oscars ceremony, DreamWorks and Paramount issued an apology to Gordy and the other Motown alumni. Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology.", "Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology. The payola scheme used in the film's script, to which Robinson took offense, is identical to the payola scheme allegedly used by Gordy and the other Motown executives, according to sworn court depositions from Motown executive Michael Lushka, offered during the litigation between the label and its chief creative team, Holland–Dozier–Holland.", "The payola scheme used in the film's script, to which Robinson took offense, is identical to the payola scheme allegedly used by Gordy and the other Motown executives, according to sworn court depositions from Motown executive Michael Lushka, offered during the litigation between the label and its chief creative team, Holland–Dozier–Holland. Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records.", "Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records. Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years.", "Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years. References External links Dreamgirls Blu-ray Disc review Dreamgirls 2000s historical romance films 2000s musical drama films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s romantic musical films 2006 films Adultery in films African-American drama films African-American musical films American films American films based on plays American historical romance films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films BAFTA winners (films) Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners DreamWorks Pictures films 2000s English-language films Films à clef Films about musical groups Films about race and ethnicity Films based on musicals Films directed by Bill Condon Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance Films produced by Laurence Mark Films scored by Stephen Trask Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in Detroit Films shot in Michigan Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films with screenplays by Bill Condon Paramount Pictures films 2006 drama films" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Music", "What are the names of some of the songs from Dreamgirls?", "Four new songs were added for the film: \"Love You I Do\", \"Patience\", \"Perfect World,\" and \"Listen.\"" ]

[ "American singer and actress Jennifer Hudson has released three studio albums, sixteen singles (including two as a featured artist), five promotional singles and ten music videos. She has also made various contributions to other artist's albums and has appeared on the soundtrack for the 2006 musical film, Dreamgirls.\n\nHudson's music incorporates a range of musical genres such as soul and R&B. Motown is often seen as an influence on Hudson's music. Hudson rose to fame as a contestant on the third series of American Idol, however being eliminated at the \"Top 7\" stage. Hudson went on to perform as \"Effie White\" in the 2006 film adaptation of the original production of Broadway musical, Dreamgirls. Hudson won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance, becoming one of the few people to win an award at the ceremony for a debut performance. The soundtrack of the film was again a huge success, reaching number one on the Billboard 200. One of Hudson's performances, \"Love You I Do\", was nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song, and won the 2008 Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.\n\nFollowing Hudson's success on Dreamgirls, her self-titled debut album, Jennifer Hudson was released in 2008, to commercial success, debuting at number two on the Billboard 200. Hudson's first single from the album, \"Spotlight\" was a success around the world, reaching number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as 11 on its British counterpart. The song also reached number-one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Jennifer Hudson has since been certified Gold in the U.S. Hudson was nominated for three Grammy Awards for Jennifer Hudson, collecting the award for \"Best R&B Album\" at the 51st Awards Ceremony. Her second album, I Remember Me (2011), also debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 selling 165,000 copies in its first week. The first single, \"Where You At\", was an R&B hit, reaching the top ten at the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.\n\nStudio albums\n\nSoundtracks\n\nSingles\n\nAs lead artist\n\nAs featured artist\n\nPromotional singles\n\nOther charted songs\n\nGuest appearances\n\nSoundtrack appearances\n\nMusic videos\n\nNotes\nCharts and sales\n\nReferences\nGeneral\n\nSpecific\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\nDiscographies of American artists\nRhythm and blues discographies\nAmerican Idol discographies\nSoul music discographies", "Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture is a soundtrack album for the 2006 film Dreamgirls. The album was released by Music World Entertainment and Columbia Records on December 5, 2006 in two versions: a single-disc standard release, and a two-disc deluxe edition. The one-disc version includes highlights from the film's songs, including \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", \"One Night Only\", and \"Listen\", while the two disc version includes all songs present in the film alongside several bonus tracks.\n\nBackground\nHarvey Mason Jr. and Damon Thomas of the production team The Underdogs served as producers and arrangers for the film's soundtrack, which is performed by the actors in the film, including Jamie Foxx, Beyoncé Knowles, Eddie Murphy, Jennifer Hudson, Anika Noni Rose, Sharon Leal, Keith Robinson, and others. The soundtrack includes four new songs not present in the stage version of Dreamgirls: \"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", \"Patience\", and \"Perfect World\". \"Listen\" was released to radio the week of October 16 as the first official Dreamgirls soundtrack single; the disco version of \"One Night Only\" was issued in late summer as a 12\" club single and as an exclusive download on iTunes.\n\nCritical reception\nThe Dreamgirls soundtrack was nominated for the 2008 Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media, losing to The Beatles' Love. \"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\" were all nominated for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Original Song. However, \"Love You I Do\" won the Grammy that same year for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.\n\nCommercial performance\n\nThe one-disc version of Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture debuted at number 20 on the US Billboard 200, with sales of 92,000 units. In its fifth week of release, the soundtrack reached the top of the Billboard 200 with a sales week of 68,000 units. The following week, the soundtrack broke its own all-time low record, holding on to the number one spot with a sales decrease of 9% good for 60,000.\nThis record was later broken by Taylor Swift selling 52,000 copies of her album Speak Now.\n\nTrack listing\nAll tracks produced by The Underdogs (Harvey Mason Jr. and Damon Thomas) and supervised by Matt Sullivan and Randy Spendlove except for the dance mixes on the Deluxe set (remixed by Eric Kupper & Richie Jones).\n\nDeluxe Edition\n\nNotes\n 1 Additional song on this track: \"Love Love You Baby\" performed by Knowles, Rose and Agron .\n 2 Track also includes a medley of \"Move\", \"Love Love You Baby\" and \"Heavy\".\n 3 Present in the musical, \"Effie, Sing My Song\" was recorded and shot for the film, but cut after early previews and replaced with an alternate dialogue version of the corresponding scene. It was included in the director's cut released on Blu-ray in 2017.\n 4 Contains instrumental versions of \"Dreamgirls\", \"Dreamgirls (Finale)\" and \"Love You I Do\".\n 5 Hidden song on this track: \"Effie White's Gonna Win\" performed by Hudson.\n\nPersonnel\nCredits are adapted from the album's booklet.\n\nTechnical and production\n\nProducer: Damon Thomas and Harvey Mason Jr. (The Underdogs)\nMusic supervised by: Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan\nEngineer: Chris Spilfogel and Dabling Harward from the Underlab in Los Angeles, California, USA\nMixed by: Manny Marroquin, Aaron Renner, and Chris Spilfogel\nAssistant Engineers: Aaron Renner and Riley Mackin\nMastered by: Vlado Meller at Sony Music Studios in New York City, New York, USA\nVocals supervised by: Paul Bogaev\nArt direction: Erwin Gorostiza, Fusako Chubachi\nAlbum design: Fusako Chubachi\nPhotography: David James\nPackage coordinators: Tom Choi and Steven Jacobson\nExecutive producers: Bill Condon, Mathew Knowles, and Glen Brunman\nArrangements by: The Underdogs, Randy Spendlove, David Campbell, Matt Sullivan, Damon Intrabartolo, Deborah Lurie, Bill Condon, Henry Krieger, Jerry Hey, and Tim Carmon\n\nMusic editor: Paul Rabjohns\nOrchestal contractors: Jolie Levine and Ivy Skoff\nCopyists: Mark Graham, Jo Anne Kane Music\nStrings recorded by: Jess Sutcliffe at Capitol Studios in Los Angeles, California, USA\n(Assistant engineers: Paul Smith, Aaron Walk, Bryan Walk)\nStrings recorded by: Scott Campbell at Henson Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California, USA\n(Assistant engineer: Kevin Mills)\nStrings recorded by: Troy Halderson at Clinton Studios in New York City, New York, USA\n(Assistant engineers: Sheldon Yellowhair, Bryan Smith)\nAdditional recording done at the Record Plant in Los Angeles, California, USA\n\nOrchestra\n\nOrchestra Conducted by Henry Krieger\nPiano: John Beasley, Tim Carmon, Eric Griggs, Greg Phillinganes, Kevin Randolph\nSaxophones: Frederick Fiddmont, Daniel Higgins Mark Rivera\nGuitars: Mike Delguidice, Eric Jackson, Michael Thompson, Randy Spendlove\nTrumpets: Wayne Bergeron, Gary Grant, Jerry Hey\nBass: Nathan East, James Johnson, Harvey Mason Jr.\nTrombones: Steve Holtman, William Reichenbach\nDrums: Glendon Campbell, Gordon Campbell, Ricky Lawson, Harvey Mason Jr., Harvey Mason Sr., Anthony Moore\nHarp: Gayle Levant\nPercussion: Harvey Mason Sr., Harvey Mason Jr.\nKeyboards: Harvey Mason Jr., Kevin Randolph, Randy Spendlove, Damon Thomas\n\nCelli: Larry Corbett, Steve Erdody, Suzie Katamaya, Daniel Smith, Jennifer Kuhn, Vanessa Freebairn-Smith, Rudolph Stein\nBackground vocals: Melissa Bereal, Richard Bowers, Raven Dillard, Natalie Ganther, Nicole Ganther, Larry Greene, Camile Grigsby, Cassandra Grigsby, Chara Hammond, Eric King, Erica King, Kalia Rafa, Kevin Shannon, Nicole Thrash, Robert Thrash\nViolas: Robert Becker, Denyse Buffum, Andrew Duckles, John Hayhurst, David Stenske, Shalini Vijayan, Kristin Wilkinson\nViolins: Roberto Cani, Darius Campo, Susan Chatman, Daphne Chen, Mario Deleon, Armen Garabedian, Berj Garabedian, Endre Granat, Alan Grunfeld, Julian Hallmark, Neil Hammond, Geraldo Hilera, Sharon Jackson, Peter Kent, Songa Lee-Kitto, Natalia Leggett, Demitri Leivici, Cynthia Moussas, Alyssa Park, Sara Parkins, Michele Richards, Anatoly Rosinsky, Haim Shtrum, Tereza Stanislav, Josefena Vergera, John Wittenberg, Kenneth Yerke\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nSee also\nList of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2007\n\nReferences\n\n2006 soundtrack albums\nAlbums produced by Beyoncé\nAlbums produced by the Underdogs (production team)\nDrama film soundtracks\nDreamgirls\nMusical film soundtracks\nPop soundtracks\nRhythm and blues soundtracks\nSoul soundtracks" ]

[ "Dreamgirls is a 2006 American musical drama film written and directed by Bill Condon and jointly produced and released by DreamWorks Pictures and Paramount Pictures. Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes.", "Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes. The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive.", "The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive. The film adaptation stars Jamie Foxx, Beyoncé Knowles and Eddie Murphy, and also features Jennifer Hudson, Danny Glover, Anika Noni Rose and Keith Robinson.", "The film adaptation stars Jamie Foxx, Beyoncé Knowles and Eddie Murphy, and also features Jennifer Hudson, Danny Glover, Anika Noni Rose and Keith Robinson. In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film.", "In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film. The film marks the acting debut of Hudson, a former American Idol contestant.", "The film marks the acting debut of Hudson, a former American Idol contestant. Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006.", "Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006. With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history.", "With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history. Upon its release, the film garnered positive reviews from critics, who particularly praised Condon's direction, the soundtrack, costume design, production design, and performances of the cast (in particular of Hudson, which many deemed a standout performance).", "Upon its release, the film garnered positive reviews from critics, who particularly praised Condon's direction, the soundtrack, costume design, production design, and performances of the cast (in particular of Hudson, which many deemed a standout performance). The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office.", "The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office. At the 79th Academy Awards, the film received a leading eight nominations, winning Best Supporting Actress (for Hudson), and Best Sound Mixing.", "At the 79th Academy Awards, the film received a leading eight nominations, winning Best Supporting Actress (for Hudson), and Best Sound Mixing. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.", "At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre.", "Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre. Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early.", "Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early. Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter.", "Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter. When their first single \"Cadillac Car\" fails after a white pop group named Dave and the Sweethearts releases a cover version, Curtis, C.C., and their producer Wayne turn to payola to make \"Jimmy Early & The Dreamettes\" mainstream pop stars.", "When their first single \"Cadillac Car\" fails after a white pop group named Dave and the Sweethearts releases a cover version, Curtis, C.C., and their producer Wayne turn to payola to make \"Jimmy Early & The Dreamettes\" mainstream pop stars. Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell.", "Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell. Jimmy's manager, Marty Madison, grows weary of Curtis' plans to make his client more pop-friendly and walks out.", "Jimmy's manager, Marty Madison, grows weary of Curtis' plans to make his client more pop-friendly and walks out. When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place.", "When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place. Feeling that Effie's figure and distinctive, soulful voice will not attract white audiences, Curtis appoints the slimmer, more conventionally attractive Deena (who has a more basic, generic, and marketable voice) as the new lead singer, renaming the group \"The Dreams\".", "Feeling that Effie's figure and distinctive, soulful voice will not attract white audiences, Curtis appoints the slimmer, more conventionally attractive Deena (who has a more basic, generic, and marketable voice) as the new lead singer, renaming the group \"The Dreams\". Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C.", "Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C. transform The Dreams into a top-selling mainstream pop group. By 1965, however, Effie begins acting out, particularly when Curtis' affections also turn towards Deena.", "By 1965, however, Effie begins acting out, particularly when Curtis' affections also turn towards Deena. Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\"", "Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\" Though Effie defiantly and desperately appeals to Curtis, he, C.C., and The Dreams abandon her, forging ahead to stardom.", "Though Effie defiantly and desperately appeals to Curtis, he, C.C., and The Dreams abandon her, forging ahead to stardom. By 1973, Effie has become an impoverished welfare mother living in Detroit with her daughter Magic. To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club.", "To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club. Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife.", "Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife. The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special.", "The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special. Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair.", "Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair. Sometime later, C.C., who feels Curtis is undermining the artistic merit of his songs by making them into disco music, quits the label, only for everyone to then learn of Jimmy's unexpected death from a heroin overdose, which greatly upsets Lorrell.", "Sometime later, C.C., who feels Curtis is undermining the artistic merit of his songs by making them into disco music, quits the label, only for everyone to then learn of Jimmy's unexpected death from a heroin overdose, which greatly upsets Lorrell. Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C.", "Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C. travels to Detroit and reconciles with Effie, for whom he writes and produces a comeback single, \"One Night Only\".", "travels to Detroit and reconciles with Effie, for whom he writes and produces a comeback single, \"One Night Only\". Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song.", "Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song. The plan falls apart, however, when Deena, angry over how Curtis controls her career, discovers his schemes and contacts Effie, who arrives in Los Angeles with C.C., Marty, and a lawyer.", "The plan falls apart, however, when Deena, angry over how Curtis controls her career, discovers his schemes and contacts Effie, who arrives in Los Angeles with C.C., Marty, and a lawyer. Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI.", "Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI. Inspired by Effie's victory and realizing Curtis' true character, Deena leaves him.", "Inspired by Effie's victory and realizing Curtis' true character, Deena leaves him. By 1975, The Dreams give a farewell performance at the Detroit Theater, inviting Effie for the final song. Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter.", "Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter. Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether.", "Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether. With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis.", "With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis. Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences.", "Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences. At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place.", "At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place. Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams.", "Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams. This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband.", "This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband. Anika Noni Rose as Lorrell Robinson; inspired by Supremes member Mary Wilson, is a good-natured background singer with the Dreams who falls deeply in love with the married Jimmy Early and becomes his mistress.", "Anika Noni Rose as Lorrell Robinson; inspired by Supremes member Mary Wilson, is a good-natured background singer with the Dreams who falls deeply in love with the married Jimmy Early and becomes his mistress. Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.)", "Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.) White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster.", "White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster. Eddie Murphy as James (Jimmy) \"Thunder\" Early; inspired by R&B/soul singers such as James Brown, Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye, is a raucous performer on the Rainbow label engaged in an adulterous affair with Dreams member Lorrell.", "Eddie Murphy as James (Jimmy) \"Thunder\" Early; inspired by R&B/soul singers such as James Brown, Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye, is a raucous performer on the Rainbow label engaged in an adulterous affair with Dreams member Lorrell. Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer.", "Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer. Jimmy's stardom fades as the Dreams' stardom rises, and as a result – he falls into depression (which he copes with through drug abuse).", "Jimmy's stardom fades as the Dreams' stardom rises, and as a result – he falls into depression (which he copes with through drug abuse). Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well.", "Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well. Sharon Leal as Michelle Morris; based upon Supremes members Cindy Birdsong and Susaye Greene, Curtis' secretary who replaces Effie in the Dreams and begins dating C.C.", "Sharon Leal as Michelle Morris; based upon Supremes members Cindy Birdsong and Susaye Greene, Curtis' secretary who replaces Effie in the Dreams and begins dating C.C. Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman.", "Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman. Yvette Cason as May, Deena's mother Loretta Devine as Jazz Singer. Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production.", "Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production. Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982.", "Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982. David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen.", "David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen. He cited a need to preserve the integrity of Dreamgirls stage director Michael Bennett's work after his death in 1987.", "He cited a need to preserve the integrity of Dreamgirls stage director Michael Bennett's work after his death in 1987. That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena.", "That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena. The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned.", "The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned. When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It.", "When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It. Schumacher planned to have Lauryn Hill portray Deena and Kelly Price play Effie.", "Schumacher planned to have Lauryn Hill portray Deena and Kelly Price play Effie. After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls.", "After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls. DreamWorks' Dreamgirls adaptation came about after the film version of the Broadway musical Chicago was a success at both the box office and the Academy Awards.", "DreamWorks' Dreamgirls adaptation came about after the film version of the Broadway musical Chicago was a success at both the box office and the Academy Awards. Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen.", "Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen. The two had dinner with Geffen and successfully convinced him to allow Condon to write a screenplay for Dreamgirls.", "The two had dinner with Geffen and successfully convinced him to allow Condon to write a screenplay for Dreamgirls. Condon did not start work on the Dreamgirls script until after making the Alfred Kinsey biographical film Kinsey (2004). After sending Geffen the first draft of his screenplay in January 2005, Condon's adaptation of Dreamgirls was greenlit.", "After sending Geffen the first draft of his screenplay in January 2005, Condon's adaptation of Dreamgirls was greenlit. Stage to script changes While much of the stage musical's story remains intact, a number of significant changes were made.", "Stage to script changes While much of the stage musical's story remains intact, a number of significant changes were made. The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records.", "The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records. The roles of many of the characters were related more closely to their real-life inspirations, following a suggestion by Geffen.", "The roles of many of the characters were related more closely to their real-life inspirations, following a suggestion by Geffen. Warner Bros. had retained the film rights to Dreamgirls, and agreed to co-produce with DreamWorks. However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production.", "However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production. Geffen, taking the role of co-producer, brought Paramount Pictures in to co-finance and release Dreamgirls.", "Geffen, taking the role of co-producer, brought Paramount Pictures in to co-finance and release Dreamgirls. During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks).", "During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks). The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history.", "The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history. Casting and rehearsal Mark and Condon began pre-production with the intentions of casting Jamie Foxx and Eddie Murphy, both actors with record industry experience, as Curtis Taylor, Jr. and James \"Thunder\" Early, respectively.", "Casting and rehearsal Mark and Condon began pre-production with the intentions of casting Jamie Foxx and Eddie Murphy, both actors with record industry experience, as Curtis Taylor, Jr. and James \"Thunder\" Early, respectively. When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands.", "When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands. Denzel Washington, Will Smith, and Terrence Howard were among the other actors also approached to play Curtis. Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg.", "Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg. While Condon had intended to cast relatively unknown actresses as all three Dreams, R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles lobbied for the part of Deena Jones, and was cast after a successful screen test.", "While Condon had intended to cast relatively unknown actresses as all three Dreams, R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles lobbied for the part of Deena Jones, and was cast after a successful screen test. Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary.", "Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary. R&B star Usher was to have been cast as C.C. White, but contract negotiations failed; Usher was unable to dedicate half a year to the project.", "White, but contract negotiations failed; Usher was unable to dedicate half a year to the project. André 3000 of Outkast was also offered the role, but declined. After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role.", "After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role. Anika Noni Rose, a Broadway veteran and a Tony Award winner, won the part of Lorrell Robinson after an extensive auditioning process.", "Anika Noni Rose, a Broadway veteran and a Tony Award winner, won the part of Lorrell Robinson after an extensive auditioning process. Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort.", "Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort. The most crucial casting decision involved the role of Effie White, the emotional center of the story.", "The most crucial casting decision involved the role of Effie White, the emotional center of the story. The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production.", "The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production. A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller.", "A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller. Though Barrino emerged as an early frontrunner for the part, Hudson was eventually selected to play Effie, leading Barrino to telephone Hudson and jokingly complain that Hudson \"stole [Barrino's] part.\"", "Though Barrino emerged as an early frontrunner for the part, Hudson was eventually selected to play Effie, leading Barrino to telephone Hudson and jokingly complain that Hudson \"stole [Barrino's] part.\" Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance.", "Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance. In casting Hudson, Condon recalled that he initially was not confident he'd made the right decision, but instinctively cast Hudson after she'd auditioned several times because he \"just didn't believe any of the others.\"", "In casting Hudson, Condon recalled that he initially was not confident he'd made the right decision, but instinctively cast Hudson after she'd auditioned several times because he \"just didn't believe any of the others.\" After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry.", "After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry. Meanwhile, the music production crew began work with the actors and studio musicians recording the songs for the film.", "Meanwhile, the music production crew began work with the actors and studio musicians recording the songs for the film. Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie.", "Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie. Hudson was required to be rude and come in late both on set and off, and she and Condon went over Effie's lines and scenes throughout the week.", "Hudson was required to be rude and come in late both on set and off, and she and Condon went over Effie's lines and scenes throughout the week. Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\"", "Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\" Another Dreamgirls veteran present in the film is Hinton Battle, who was a summer replacement for James \"Thunder\" Early onstage and here portrays Curtis' aide-de-camp Wayne.", "Another Dreamgirls veteran present in the film is Hinton Battle, who was a summer replacement for James \"Thunder\" Early onstage and here portrays Curtis' aide-de-camp Wayne. Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film.", "Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film. The film was primarily shot on soundstages at the Los Angeles Center Studios and on location in the Los Angeles area, with some second unit footage shot in Detroit, Miami, and New York City.", "The film was primarily shot on soundstages at the Los Angeles Center Studios and on location in the Los Angeles area, with some second unit footage shot in Detroit, Miami, and New York City. The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers.", "The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers. Beyoncé Knowles elected to lose weight to give the mature Deena Jones of the 1970s a different look than the younger version of the character.", "Beyoncé Knowles elected to lose weight to give the mature Deena Jones of the 1970s a different look than the younger version of the character. By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended.", "By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended. Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot.", "Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot. Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse.", "Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse. The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical.", "The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical. Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities.", "Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities. During post-production, composer Stephen Trask was contracted to provide additional score material for the film.", "During post-production, composer Stephen Trask was contracted to provide additional score material for the film. Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\".", "Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\". Four new songs were added for the film: \"Love You I Do\", \"Patience\", \"Perfect World,\" and \"Listen.\"", "Four new songs were added for the film: \"Love You I Do\", \"Patience\", \"Perfect World,\" and \"Listen.\" All of the new songs feature music composed by original Dreamgirls stage composer Henry Krieger.", "All of the new songs feature music composed by original Dreamgirls stage composer Henry Krieger. With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs.", "With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs. \"Love You I Do,\" with lyrics by Siedah Garrett, is performed in the film by Effie during a rehearsal at the Rainbow Records studio.", "\"Love You I Do,\" with lyrics by Siedah Garrett, is performed in the film by Effie during a rehearsal at the Rainbow Records studio. Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy.", "Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy. \"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection.", "\"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection. \"Listen\", with additional music by Scott Cutler and Beyoncé, and lyrics by Anne Preven, is presented as a defining moment for Deena's character late in the film.", "\"Listen\", with additional music by Scott Cutler and Beyoncé, and lyrics by Anne Preven, is presented as a defining moment for Deena's character late in the film. After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music.", "After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music. Among this footage was one whole musical number, C.C. and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version.", "and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version. The Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album was released on December 5 by Music World Entertainment/Columbia Records, in both a single-disc version containing highlights and a double-disc \"Deluxe Version\" containing all of the film's songs.", "The Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album was released on December 5 by Music World Entertainment/Columbia Records, in both a single-disc version containing highlights and a double-disc \"Deluxe Version\" containing all of the film's songs. The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007.", "The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007. \"Listen\" was the first official single from the soundtrack, supported by a music video featuring Beyoncé. \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was the Dreamgirls soundtrack's second single.", "\"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was the Dreamgirls soundtrack's second single. Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film.", "Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film. Release Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, where it received a standing ovation.", "Release Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, where it received a standing ovation. The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills.", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills. Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco.", "Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco. Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph.", "Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph. This release made Dreamgirls the first American feature film to have a roadshow release since Man of La Mancha in 1972.", "This release made Dreamgirls the first American feature film to have a roadshow release since Man of La Mancha in 1972. Dreamgirls earned a total of $851,664 from the roadshow engagements, playing to sold-out houses on the weekends. The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25.", "The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25. Outside of the U.S., Dreamgirls opened in Australia on January 18, and in the United Kingdom on February 2. Releases in other countries began on various dates between January and early March.", "Releases in other countries began on various dates between January and early March. Dreamgirls eventually grossed $103 million in North America, and almost $155 million worldwide. DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats.", "DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats. The DVD version was issued in two editions: a one-disc standard version and a two-disc \"Showstopper Edition\".", "The DVD version was issued in two editions: a one-disc standard version and a two-disc \"Showstopper Edition\". The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork.", "The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork. Both DVD versions featured alternative and extended versions of the musical numbers from the film as extras, including the \"Effie, Sing My Song\" scene deleted during previews.", "Both DVD versions featured alternative and extended versions of the musical numbers from the film as extras, including the \"Effie, Sing My Song\" scene deleted during previews. Both the Blu-ray and HD DVD versions were issued in two-disc formats. Dreamgirls was the first DreamWorks film to be issued in a high definition home entertainment format.", "Dreamgirls was the first DreamWorks film to be issued in a high definition home entertainment format. , total domestic video sales to date are at $95.1 million. A \"Director's Extended Edition\" of Dreamgirls was released on Blu-ray and Digital HD on October 10, 2017 by Paramount Home Media Distribution.", "A \"Director's Extended Edition\" of Dreamgirls was released on Blu-ray and Digital HD on October 10, 2017 by Paramount Home Media Distribution. This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes.", "This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes. Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10.", "Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10. The site's critics consensus states: \"Dreamgirls simple characters and plot hardly detract from the movie's real feats: the electrifying performances and the dazzling musical numbers.\"", "The site's critics consensus states: \"Dreamgirls simple characters and plot hardly detract from the movie's real feats: the electrifying performances and the dazzling musical numbers.\" Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.", "Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\".", "Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\". David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\"", "David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\" On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\".", "On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\". Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\"", "Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\" Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\".", "Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\". Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\".", "Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\". University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\".", "University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\". Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\"", "Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\" Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\".", "Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\". A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\"", "A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\" Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews.", "Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews. Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began.", "Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began. Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production.", "Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production. Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production.", "Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production. In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast.", "In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast. Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance.", "Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance. The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well.", "The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well. Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards.", "Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards. By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award.", "By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award. The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself.", "The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself. Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories.", "Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories. The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\").", "The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\"). Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat.", "Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat. In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture.", "In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture. The film's failure to gain a Best Picture or Best Director nod was widely viewed by the entertainment press as a \"snub\" by the Academy.", "The film's failure to gain a Best Picture or Best Director nod was widely viewed by the entertainment press as a \"snub\" by the Academy. Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007).", "Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007). \"[http://austinweeklynews.1upsoftware.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=1101&TM=82934.76 Dreamgirls' Best Picture snub and Oscar night thud] \". Austin Weekly News.", "Austin Weekly News. Austin Weekly News. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> On the other hand, director Bill Condon stated that \"I think academy members just liked the other movies better\" and that he believed that \"we were never going to win even if we were nominated.\"", "Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> On the other hand, director Bill Condon stated that \"I think academy members just liked the other movies better\" and that he believed that \"we were never going to win even if we were nominated.\" Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign.", "Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign. At the Academy Awards ceremony on February 25, 2007, Dreamgirls won Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Sound Mixing.", "At the Academy Awards ceremony on February 25, 2007, Dreamgirls won Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Sound Mixing. As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance.", "As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance. In what was considered an upset, Murphy lost the Best Supporting Actor award to Alan Arkin for Little Miss Sunshine.", "In what was considered an upset, Murphy lost the Best Supporting Actor award to Alan Arkin for Little Miss Sunshine. Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth.", "Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth. For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\").", "For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\"). The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress.", "The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress. Dreamgirls received eight NAACP Image Award nominations, winning for Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Outstanding Album (the soundtrack LP).", "Dreamgirls received eight NAACP Image Award nominations, winning for Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Outstanding Album (the soundtrack LP). It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast.", "It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast. The film was also nominated by the Producers Guild of America for Best Picture and the Directors Guild of America for Bill Condon's directing.", "The film was also nominated by the Producers Guild of America for Best Picture and the Directors Guild of America for Bill Condon's directing. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger).", "The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger). Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing).", "Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing). Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film.", "Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film. At the 50th Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Love You I Do\" won the award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.", "At the 50th Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Love You I Do\" won the award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album.", "The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album. For the opening performance at the 2007 BET Awards on June 26 of that year, Hudson performed a duet of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" with her predecessor, Jennifer Holliday.", "For the opening performance at the 2007 BET Awards on June 26 of that year, Hudson performed a duet of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" with her predecessor, Jennifer Holliday. Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress.", "Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress. In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest.", "In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest. Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006.", "Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006. DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play.", "DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play. As a result, more than fifty high schools, colleges, community theaters, and other non-commercial theater entities staged productions of Dreamgirls in 2006, and DreamWorks spent up to $250,000 subsidizing the licensing.", "As a result, more than fifty high schools, colleges, community theaters, and other non-commercial theater entities staged productions of Dreamgirls in 2006, and DreamWorks spent up to $250,000 subsidizing the licensing. The Dreamgirls novelization was written by African-American novelist Denene Millner, and adapts the film's official script in chapter form, along with fourteen pages of photographs from the film.", "The Dreamgirls novelization was written by African-American novelist Denene Millner, and adapts the film's official script in chapter form, along with fourteen pages of photographs from the film. The book was released on October 31, 2006. A scrapbook, entitled Dreamgirls: The Movie Musical, was released on March 27, 2007.", "A scrapbook, entitled Dreamgirls: The Movie Musical, was released on March 27, 2007. The limited edition program guide accompanying the Dreamgirls road show release was made available for retail purchase in February.", "The limited edition program guide accompanying the Dreamgirls road show release was made available for retail purchase in February. In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film.", "In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film. Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film.", "Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film. In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr.", "In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. This LP is an authentic Motown release, issued as Gordy 906 in June 1963.Edwards, David and Callahan, Mike (1999).", "This LP is an authentic Motown release, issued as Gordy 906 in June 1963.Edwards, David and Callahan, Mike (1999). \"Gordy Album Discography, Part 1 (1962–1981)\". Retrieved Feb. 3, 2007. A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside.", "A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside. By comparison, Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. studio remained open and active during Detroit's 12th Street Riot in July 1967.Posner, Gerald (2002). Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power. New York: Random House. .", "New York: Random House. . . Pg. 173.", ". Pg. 173. 173. The photo shoot montage which accompanies \"When I First Saw You\", as well as the subplot of Deena being forced to star in Curtis' Cleopatra film against her will, reflect both scenes from and the production of Mahogany, a 1975 Motown film starring Diana Ross and directed by Motown CEO Berry Gordy.", "The photo shoot montage which accompanies \"When I First Saw You\", as well as the subplot of Deena being forced to star in Curtis' Cleopatra film against her will, reflect both scenes from and the production of Mahogany, a 1975 Motown film starring Diana Ross and directed by Motown CEO Berry Gordy. In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show.", "In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show. Among the more direct references are the uses of adapted Supremes album cover designs for albums recorded in the film by the Dreams.", "Among the more direct references are the uses of adapted Supremes album cover designs for albums recorded in the film by the Dreams. Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams.", "Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams. Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go.", "Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go. There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne.", "There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne. Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version.", "Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version. On the other hand, Mary Wilson attended the film's Los Angeles premiere, later stating that Dreamgirls moved her to tears and that it was \"closer to the truth than they even know\".", "On the other hand, Mary Wilson attended the film's Los Angeles premiere, later stating that Dreamgirls moved her to tears and that it was \"closer to the truth than they even know\". However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history.", "However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history. In a January 25, 2007 interview with NPR, Robinson expressed offense at the film's portrayal of its Berry Gordy analogue, Curtis Taylor Jr., as a \"villainous character\" who deals in payola and other illegal activities.", "In a January 25, 2007 interview with NPR, Robinson expressed offense at the film's portrayal of its Berry Gordy analogue, Curtis Taylor Jr., as a \"villainous character\" who deals in payola and other illegal activities. He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology.", "He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology. On February 23, a week before the Oscars ceremony, DreamWorks and Paramount issued an apology to Gordy and the other Motown alumni. Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology.", "Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology. The payola scheme used in the film's script, to which Robinson took offense, is identical to the payola scheme allegedly used by Gordy and the other Motown executives, according to sworn court depositions from Motown executive Michael Lushka, offered during the litigation between the label and its chief creative team, Holland–Dozier–Holland.", "The payola scheme used in the film's script, to which Robinson took offense, is identical to the payola scheme allegedly used by Gordy and the other Motown executives, according to sworn court depositions from Motown executive Michael Lushka, offered during the litigation between the label and its chief creative team, Holland–Dozier–Holland. Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records.", "Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records. Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years.", "Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years. References External links Dreamgirls Blu-ray Disc review Dreamgirls 2000s historical romance films 2000s musical drama films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s romantic musical films 2006 films Adultery in films African-American drama films African-American musical films American films American films based on plays American historical romance films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films BAFTA winners (films) Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners DreamWorks Pictures films 2000s English-language films Films à clef Films about musical groups Films about race and ethnicity Films based on musicals Films directed by Bill Condon Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance Films produced by Laurence Mark Films scored by Stephen Trask Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in Detroit Films shot in Michigan Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films with screenplays by Bill Condon Paramount Pictures films 2006 drama films" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Music", "What are the names of some of the songs from Dreamgirls?", "Four new songs were added for the film: \"Love You I Do\", \"Patience\", \"Perfect World,\" and \"Listen.\"", "Was there a soundtrack released for Dreamgirls?", "The Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album was released on December 5" ]

[ "Princess and I, marketed as Love Songs from Princess and I, is the soundtrack album for the ABS-CBN Philippine drama of the same name. It was released in late June 2012 from Star Music. The soundtrack features songs performed by the series stars Kathryn Bernardo, Daniel Padilla, Khalil Ramos and Enrique Gil.\n\nPrincess and I Soundtrack is the third teleserye soundtrack released by Star Records in 2012 after the success of Walang Hanggan and Dahil Sa Pag-ibig.\n\nAlbum information\nThe official soundtrack album features the romantic theme songs like \"Mula Noon Hanggang Ngayon\" sung by Kathryn Bernardo, \"Hinahanap-hanap Kita\" by Daniel Padilla, \"Kung Ako Ba Siya\" and \"Now We’re Together\" by Khalil Ramos, \"Tunay Na Ligaya\" by Enrique Gil, and the versions of \"Nag-iisang Bituin\" by Christian Bautista and Angeline Quinto.\n\nSingles\n\"Nagiisang Bituin\" was the lead single off the soundtrack and the main theme of the series. The song is sung by Christian Bautista and later by Angeline Quinto. The song is also the first promotional single of the soundtrack.\n\n\"Hinahanap Hanap Kita\" was the second single from the soundtrack, sung by Daniel Padilla.\n\n\"Kung Ako ba Siya?\" was the third single from the soundtrack, sung by Khalil Ramos.\n\nReception\nDue to success of the show, the album was also certified Gold according to Star Music.\n\nSee also\nPrincess and I\nList of programs broadcast by ABS-CBN\nList of telenovelas of ABS-CBN\n\nReferences\n\n2012 soundtrack albums\nStar Music albums", "Adukku Malli () is a 1979 Indian Tamil-language film directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan. The film stars Vijayakumar, Sujatha and Thengai Srinivasan. It was released on 20 October 1979, and became a success.\n\nPlot\n\nCast \n Vijayakumar\n Sujatha\n Thengai Srinivasan\n\nProduction \nAdukku Malli was directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan, who also wrote the screenplay. The film was produced by Naseem Begum and S. Alamelu of Meena Art Pictures. Cinematography was handled by Dutt, and editing by R. Devarajan.\n\nSoundtrack \nThe soundtrack was composed by Shankar–Ganesh.\n\nRelease and reception \nAdukku Malli was released on 20 October 1979 and became a success.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links" ]

[ "Dreamgirls is a 2006 American musical drama film written and directed by Bill Condon and jointly produced and released by DreamWorks Pictures and Paramount Pictures. Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes.", "Adapted from the 1981 Broadway musical of the same name, Dreamgirls is a film à clef, a work of fiction taking strong inspiration from the history of the Motown record label and one of its acts, The Supremes. The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive.", "The story follows the history and evolution of American R&B music during the 1960s and 1970s through the eyes of a Detroit girl group known as \"The Dreams\" and their manipulative record executive. The film adaptation stars Jamie Foxx, Beyoncé Knowles and Eddie Murphy, and also features Jennifer Hudson, Danny Glover, Anika Noni Rose and Keith Robinson.", "The film adaptation stars Jamie Foxx, Beyoncé Knowles and Eddie Murphy, and also features Jennifer Hudson, Danny Glover, Anika Noni Rose and Keith Robinson. In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film.", "In addition to the original compositions by composer Henry Krieger and lyricist/librettist Tom Eyen, four new songs, composed by Krieger with various lyricists, were added for the film. The film marks the acting debut of Hudson, a former American Idol contestant.", "The film marks the acting debut of Hudson, a former American Idol contestant. Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006.", "Dreamgirls debuted in four special road show engagements starting on December 15, 2006, before its nationwide release on December 25, 2006. With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history.", "With a production budget of $80 million, Dreamgirls is one of the most expensive films to feature a predominant African-American starring cast in American film history. Upon its release, the film garnered positive reviews from critics, who particularly praised Condon's direction, the soundtrack, costume design, production design, and performances of the cast (in particular of Hudson, which many deemed a standout performance).", "Upon its release, the film garnered positive reviews from critics, who particularly praised Condon's direction, the soundtrack, costume design, production design, and performances of the cast (in particular of Hudson, which many deemed a standout performance). The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office.", "The film was a commercial success, grossing over $155 million at the international box office. At the 79th Academy Awards, the film received a leading eight nominations, winning Best Supporting Actress (for Hudson), and Best Sound Mixing.", "At the 79th Academy Awards, the film received a leading eight nominations, winning Best Supporting Actress (for Hudson), and Best Sound Mixing. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.", "At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards, including for the Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre.", "Plot In 1962 Detroit, Michigan, young car salesman Curtis Taylor Jr. meets a Black girl group known as \"The Dreamettes\", which consists of lead singer Effie White and backup singers Deena Jones and Lorrell Robinson, at an R&B amateur talent show at the Detroit Theatre. Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early.", "Presenting himself as their new manager, he hires the girls as backup singers for Chitlin' Circuit R&B star Jimmy \"Thunder\" Early. Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter.", "Curtis soon starts his own record label, Rainbow Records, out of his Detroit car dealership, and appoints Effie's brother, C.C., as his head songwriter. When their first single \"Cadillac Car\" fails after a white pop group named Dave and the Sweethearts releases a cover version, Curtis, C.C., and their producer Wayne turn to payola to make \"Jimmy Early & The Dreamettes\" mainstream pop stars.", "When their first single \"Cadillac Car\" fails after a white pop group named Dave and the Sweethearts releases a cover version, Curtis, C.C., and their producer Wayne turn to payola to make \"Jimmy Early & The Dreamettes\" mainstream pop stars. Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell.", "Offstage, Effie falls in love with Curtis while the married Jimmy does likewise with Lorrell. Jimmy's manager, Marty Madison, grows weary of Curtis' plans to make his client more pop-friendly and walks out.", "Jimmy's manager, Marty Madison, grows weary of Curtis' plans to make his client more pop-friendly and walks out. When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place.", "When Jimmy bombs in front of an all-white Miami Beach supper club audience, Curtis sends Jimmy out on the road alone, keeping The Dreamettes behind to headline in his place. Feeling that Effie's figure and distinctive, soulful voice will not attract white audiences, Curtis appoints the slimmer, more conventionally attractive Deena (who has a more basic, generic, and marketable voice) as the new lead singer, renaming the group \"The Dreams\".", "Feeling that Effie's figure and distinctive, soulful voice will not attract white audiences, Curtis appoints the slimmer, more conventionally attractive Deena (who has a more basic, generic, and marketable voice) as the new lead singer, renaming the group \"The Dreams\". Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C.", "Aided by new songs and a new image, Curtis and C.C. transform The Dreams into a top-selling mainstream pop group. By 1965, however, Effie begins acting out, particularly when Curtis' affections also turn towards Deena.", "By 1965, however, Effie begins acting out, particularly when Curtis' affections also turn towards Deena. Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\"", "Curtis eventually drops Effie, hiring his secretary Michelle Morris to replace her beginning with their 1966 New Year's Eve debut in Las Vegas as \"Deena Jones & the Dreams.\" Though Effie defiantly and desperately appeals to Curtis, he, C.C., and The Dreams abandon her, forging ahead to stardom.", "Though Effie defiantly and desperately appeals to Curtis, he, C.C., and The Dreams abandon her, forging ahead to stardom. By 1973, Effie has become an impoverished welfare mother living in Detroit with her daughter Magic. To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club.", "To restart her music career, she hires Marty as her manager and begins performing at a local club. Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife.", "Meanwhile, with The Dreams superstars and Rainbow, having moved to Los Angeles, now the biggest pop business in the country, Curtis attempts to produce a film about Cleopatra starring an unwilling Deena, now his wife. The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special.", "The following year, Jimmy, who has descended into drug addiction due to Curtis' preoccupation with Deena, along with the rejection of the charity single he recorded, does an improvised rap and drops his pants during Rainbow Records' tenth-anniversary television special. Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair.", "Curtis promptly drops him from the label and Lorrell ends their affair. Sometime later, C.C., who feels Curtis is undermining the artistic merit of his songs by making them into disco music, quits the label, only for everyone to then learn of Jimmy's unexpected death from a heroin overdose, which greatly upsets Lorrell.", "Sometime later, C.C., who feels Curtis is undermining the artistic merit of his songs by making them into disco music, quits the label, only for everyone to then learn of Jimmy's unexpected death from a heroin overdose, which greatly upsets Lorrell. Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C.", "Disillusioned by Jimmy's death and Curtis' cold reaction to the news, C.C. travels to Detroit and reconciles with Effie, for whom he writes and produces a comeback single, \"One Night Only\".", "travels to Detroit and reconciles with Effie, for whom he writes and produces a comeback single, \"One Night Only\". Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song.", "Just as it begins gaining local radio play, Curtis uses payola to force radio stations to play The Dreams' disco cover of the song. The plan falls apart, however, when Deena, angry over how Curtis controls her career, discovers his schemes and contacts Effie, who arrives in Los Angeles with C.C., Marty, and a lawyer.", "The plan falls apart, however, when Deena, angry over how Curtis controls her career, discovers his schemes and contacts Effie, who arrives in Los Angeles with C.C., Marty, and a lawyer. Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI.", "Deena and Effie reconcile, with Effie telling Deena that Curtis is Magic's father, while Curtis agrees to nationally distribute Effie's record to avoid being reported to the FBI. Inspired by Effie's victory and realizing Curtis' true character, Deena leaves him.", "Inspired by Effie's victory and realizing Curtis' true character, Deena leaves him. By 1975, The Dreams give a farewell performance at the Detroit Theater, inviting Effie for the final song. Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter.", "Towards the end, Curtis notices Magic in the front row, realizing she is his daughter. Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether.", "Cast Jennifer Hudson as Effie White; inspired by Supremes member Florence Ballard, Effie is a talented yet temperamental singer who suffers when Curtis, the man she loves, replaces her as lead singer of the Dreams and his love interest, and later drops her altogether. With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis.", "With the help of Jimmy's old manager Marty, Effie begins to resurrect her career a decade later, while raising her daughter Magic, the offspring of her union with Curtis. Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences.", "Jamie Foxx as Curtis Taylor, Jr.; based upon Motown founder Berry Gordy, Jr., Curtis is a slick Cadillac dealer-turned-record executive who founds the Rainbow Records label and shows ruthless ambition in his quest to make his black artists household names with white audiences. At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place.", "At first romantically involved with Effie, Curtis takes a professional and personal interest in Deena after appointing her lead singer of the Dreams in Effie's place. Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams.", "Beyoncé Knowles-Carter as Deena Jones; based upon Motown star and lead Supremes member Diana Ross and two former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne, Deena is a very shy young woman who becomes a star after Curtis makes her lead singer of the Dreams. This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband.", "This, as well as her romantic involvement and later marriage to Curtis, draw Effie's ire, though Deena realizes over time she is a puppet for her controlling husband. Anika Noni Rose as Lorrell Robinson; inspired by Supremes member Mary Wilson, is a good-natured background singer with the Dreams who falls deeply in love with the married Jimmy Early and becomes his mistress.", "Anika Noni Rose as Lorrell Robinson; inspired by Supremes member Mary Wilson, is a good-natured background singer with the Dreams who falls deeply in love with the married Jimmy Early and becomes his mistress. Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.)", "Keith Robinson as Clarence Conrad (C.C.) White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster.", "White; inspired by Motown vice president, artist, producer, and songwriter Smokey Robinson, Effie's soft-spoken younger brother serves as the main songwriter for first the Dreams and later the entire Rainbow roster. Eddie Murphy as James (Jimmy) \"Thunder\" Early; inspired by R&B/soul singers such as James Brown, Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye, is a raucous performer on the Rainbow label engaged in an adulterous affair with Dreams member Lorrell.", "Eddie Murphy as James (Jimmy) \"Thunder\" Early; inspired by R&B/soul singers such as James Brown, Jackie Wilson and Marvin Gaye, is a raucous performer on the Rainbow label engaged in an adulterous affair with Dreams member Lorrell. Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer.", "Curtis attempts to repackage Early as a pop-friendly balladeer. Jimmy's stardom fades as the Dreams' stardom rises, and as a result – he falls into depression (which he copes with through drug abuse).", "Jimmy's stardom fades as the Dreams' stardom rises, and as a result – he falls into depression (which he copes with through drug abuse). Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well.", "Danny Glover as Marty Madison, Jimmy's original manager before Curtis steps into the picture; Marty serves as both counsel and confidant to Jimmy, and later to Effie as well. Sharon Leal as Michelle Morris; based upon Supremes members Cindy Birdsong and Susaye Greene, Curtis' secretary who replaces Effie in the Dreams and begins dating C.C.", "Sharon Leal as Michelle Morris; based upon Supremes members Cindy Birdsong and Susaye Greene, Curtis' secretary who replaces Effie in the Dreams and begins dating C.C. Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman.", "Hinton Battle as Wayne, a salesman at Curtis' Cadillac dealership who becomes Rainbow's first record producer and Curtis' henchman. Yvette Cason as May, Deena's mother Loretta Devine as Jazz Singer. Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production.", "Devine originated the role of Lorrell in the 1981 stage production. Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982.", "Dawnn Lewis as Melba Early, James' wife John Lithgow as Jerry Harris, a film producer looking to cast Deena John Krasinski as Sam Walsh, Jerry Harris' screenwriter/film director Jaleel White as Talent Booker at the Detroit Theatre talent show Cleo King as Janice Robert Cicchini as Nicky Cassaro Yvette Nicole Brown as Curtis' Secretary Mariah I. Wilson as Magic White, Effie's daughter Paul Kirby as Promo Film Narrator (voice) Musical numbers Production Pre-production In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to produce a film adaptation of Dreamgirls, a Broadway musical loosely based upon the story of The Supremes and Motown Records, which won six Tony Awards in 1982. David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen.", "David Geffen, the stage musical's co-financier, retained the film rights to Dreamgirls and turned down many offers to adapt the story for the screen. He cited a need to preserve the integrity of Dreamgirls stage director Michael Bennett's work after his death in 1987.", "He cited a need to preserve the integrity of Dreamgirls stage director Michael Bennett's work after his death in 1987. That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena.", "That same year, Geffen, who ran his Warner Bros.-associated Geffen Pictures film production company at the time, began talks with Broadway lyricist and producer Howard Ashman to adapt it as a star vehicle for Whitney Houston, who was to portray Deena. The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned.", "The production ran into problems when Houston wanted to sing both Deena and Effie's songs (particularly \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\"), and the film was eventually abandoned. When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It.", "When Geffen co-founded DreamWorks in 1994 and dissolved Geffen Pictures, the rights to Dreamgirls remained with Warner Bros. Warner planned to go ahead with the film with director Joel Schumacher and screenwriter Tina Andrews in the late 1990s, following the success of Touchstone Pictures's Tina Turner biopic What's Love Got to Do with It. Schumacher planned to have Lauryn Hill portray Deena and Kelly Price play Effie.", "Schumacher planned to have Lauryn Hill portray Deena and Kelly Price play Effie. After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls.", "After Warner's Frankie Lymon biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love failed at the box office, the studio shut down development on Dreamgirls. DreamWorks' Dreamgirls adaptation came about after the film version of the Broadway musical Chicago was a success at both the box office and the Academy Awards.", "DreamWorks' Dreamgirls adaptation came about after the film version of the Broadway musical Chicago was a success at both the box office and the Academy Awards. Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen.", "Screenwriter and director Bill Condon, who wrote Chicagos screenplay, met producer Laurence Mark at a Hollywood holiday party in late 2002, where the two discussed a long-held \"dream project\" of Condon's – adapting Dreamgirls for the screen. The two had dinner with Geffen and successfully convinced him to allow Condon to write a screenplay for Dreamgirls.", "The two had dinner with Geffen and successfully convinced him to allow Condon to write a screenplay for Dreamgirls. Condon did not start work on the Dreamgirls script until after making the Alfred Kinsey biographical film Kinsey (2004). After sending Geffen the first draft of his screenplay in January 2005, Condon's adaptation of Dreamgirls was greenlit.", "After sending Geffen the first draft of his screenplay in January 2005, Condon's adaptation of Dreamgirls was greenlit. Stage to script changes While much of the stage musical's story remains intact, a number of significant changes were made.", "Stage to script changes While much of the stage musical's story remains intact, a number of significant changes were made. The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records.", "The Dreams' hometown—the setting for much of the action—was moved from Chicago to Detroit, the real-life hometown of The Supremes and Motown Records. The roles of many of the characters were related more closely to their real-life inspirations, following a suggestion by Geffen.", "The roles of many of the characters were related more closely to their real-life inspirations, following a suggestion by Geffen. Warner Bros. had retained the film rights to Dreamgirls, and agreed to co-produce with DreamWorks. However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production.", "However, after casting was completed, the film was budgeted at $73 million and Warner backed out of the production. Geffen, taking the role of co-producer, brought Paramount Pictures in to co-finance and release Dreamgirls.", "Geffen, taking the role of co-producer, brought Paramount Pictures in to co-finance and release Dreamgirls. During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks).", "During the course of production, Paramount's parent company, Viacom, would purchase DreamWorks, aligning the two studios under one umbrella (and giving the senior studio US distribution rights on behalf of DreamWorks). The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history.", "The completed film had a production budget of $75 million, making Dreamgirls the most expensive film with an all-black starring cast in cinema history. Casting and rehearsal Mark and Condon began pre-production with the intentions of casting Jamie Foxx and Eddie Murphy, both actors with record industry experience, as Curtis Taylor, Jr. and James \"Thunder\" Early, respectively.", "Casting and rehearsal Mark and Condon began pre-production with the intentions of casting Jamie Foxx and Eddie Murphy, both actors with record industry experience, as Curtis Taylor, Jr. and James \"Thunder\" Early, respectively. When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands.", "When offered the part of Curtis, Foxx initially declined because DreamWorks could not meet his salary demands. Denzel Washington, Will Smith, and Terrence Howard were among the other actors also approached to play Curtis. Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg.", "Murphy, on the other hand, accepted the role of Jimmy Early after being convinced to do so by DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg. While Condon had intended to cast relatively unknown actresses as all three Dreams, R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles lobbied for the part of Deena Jones, and was cast after a successful screen test.", "While Condon had intended to cast relatively unknown actresses as all three Dreams, R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles lobbied for the part of Deena Jones, and was cast after a successful screen test. Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary.", "Upon learning that Knowles and Murphy had signed on, Foxx rethought his original decision and accepted the Curtis role at DreamWorks' lower salary. R&B star Usher was to have been cast as C.C. White, but contract negotiations failed; Usher was unable to dedicate half a year to the project.", "White, but contract negotiations failed; Usher was unable to dedicate half a year to the project. André 3000 of Outkast was also offered the role, but declined. After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role.", "After briefly considering R&B singer Omarion, singer/actor Keith Robinson was eventually cast in the role. Anika Noni Rose, a Broadway veteran and a Tony Award winner, won the part of Lorrell Robinson after an extensive auditioning process.", "Anika Noni Rose, a Broadway veteran and a Tony Award winner, won the part of Lorrell Robinson after an extensive auditioning process. Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort.", "Rose, significantly shorter than most of her co-stars at five feet and two inches (157 cm), was required to wear (and dance in) four and five-inch (127 mm) heels for much of the picture, which she later stated caused her discomfort. The most crucial casting decision involved the role of Effie White, the emotional center of the story.", "The most crucial casting decision involved the role of Effie White, the emotional center of the story. The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production.", "The filmmakers insisted on casting a relative unknown in the role, paralleling the casting of then-21-year-old Jennifer Holliday in that role for the original Broadway production. A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller.", "A total of 783 singing actresses auditioned for the role of Effie White, among them American Idol alumnae Fantasia Barrino and Jennifer Hudson, former Disney star Raven-Symoné, and Broadway stars Capathia Jenkins and Patina Miller. Though Barrino emerged as an early frontrunner for the part, Hudson was eventually selected to play Effie, leading Barrino to telephone Hudson and jokingly complain that Hudson \"stole [Barrino's] part.\"", "Though Barrino emerged as an early frontrunner for the part, Hudson was eventually selected to play Effie, leading Barrino to telephone Hudson and jokingly complain that Hudson \"stole [Barrino's] part.\" Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance.", "Hudson was required to gain twenty pounds for the role, which marked her debut film performance. In casting Hudson, Condon recalled that he initially was not confident he'd made the right decision, but instinctively cast Hudson after she'd auditioned several times because he \"just didn't believe any of the others.\"", "In casting Hudson, Condon recalled that he initially was not confident he'd made the right decision, but instinctively cast Hudson after she'd auditioned several times because he \"just didn't believe any of the others.\" After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry.", "After Hudson was cast in November 2005, the Dreamgirls cast began extensive rehearsals with Condon and choreographers Fatima Robinson and Aakomon \"AJ\" Jones, veterans of the music video industry. Meanwhile, the music production crew began work with the actors and studio musicians recording the songs for the film.", "Meanwhile, the music production crew began work with the actors and studio musicians recording the songs for the film. Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie.", "Although rehearsals ended just before Christmas 2005, Condon called Hudson back for a week of one-on-one rehearsals, to help her more fully become the \"diva\" character of Effie. Hudson was required to be rude and come in late both on set and off, and she and Condon went over Effie's lines and scenes throughout the week.", "Hudson was required to be rude and come in late both on set and off, and she and Condon went over Effie's lines and scenes throughout the week. Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\"", "Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song \"I Miss You Old Friend.\" Another Dreamgirls veteran present in the film is Hinton Battle, who was a summer replacement for James \"Thunder\" Early onstage and here portrays Curtis' aide-de-camp Wayne.", "Another Dreamgirls veteran present in the film is Hinton Battle, who was a summer replacement for James \"Thunder\" Early onstage and here portrays Curtis' aide-de-camp Wayne. Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film.", "Principal photography Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side,\" footage later deleted from the film. The film was primarily shot on soundstages at the Los Angeles Center Studios and on location in the Los Angeles area, with some second unit footage shot in Detroit, Miami, and New York City.", "The film was primarily shot on soundstages at the Los Angeles Center Studios and on location in the Los Angeles area, with some second unit footage shot in Detroit, Miami, and New York City. The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers.", "The award-winning Broadway lighting team of Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer were brought in to create theatrical lighting techniques for the film's musical numbers. Beyoncé Knowles elected to lose weight to give the mature Deena Jones of the 1970s a different look than the younger version of the character.", "Beyoncé Knowles elected to lose weight to give the mature Deena Jones of the 1970s a different look than the younger version of the character. By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended.", "By sticking to a highly publicized diet of water, lemons, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper (also known as the Master Cleanse), Knowles rapidly lost twenty pounds, which she gained back once production ended. Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot.", "Shooting was completed in the early-morning hours of April 8, 2006, after four days were spent shooting Jennifer Hudson's musical number \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\", which had purposefully been saved until the end of the shoot. Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse.", "Originally scheduled to be shot in one day, Condon was forced to ask for extra time and money to finish shooting the \"And I Am Telling You\" scene, as Hudson's voice would give out after four hours of shooting the musical number, and she was unable to plausibly lip-sync while hoarse. The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical.", "The scene was felt by everyone involved to be pivotal to the film, as \"And I Am Telling You\" was Jennifer Holliday's show-stopping number in the original Broadway musical. Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities.", "Music Dreamgirls musical supervisors Randy Spendlove and Matt Sullivan hired R&B production team The Underdogs — Harvey Mason, Jr. and Damon Thomas — to restructure and rearrange the Henry Krieger/Tom Eyen Dreamgirls score so that it better reflected its proper time period, yet also reflected then-modern R&B/pop sensibilities. During post-production, composer Stephen Trask was contracted to provide additional score material for the film.", "During post-production, composer Stephen Trask was contracted to provide additional score material for the film. Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\".", "Several musical numbers from the Broadway score were not included in the film version, in particular Lorrell's solo \"Ain't No Party\". Four new songs were added for the film: \"Love You I Do\", \"Patience\", \"Perfect World,\" and \"Listen.\"", "Four new songs were added for the film: \"Love You I Do\", \"Patience\", \"Perfect World,\" and \"Listen.\" All of the new songs feature music composed by original Dreamgirls stage composer Henry Krieger.", "All of the new songs feature music composed by original Dreamgirls stage composer Henry Krieger. With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs.", "With Tom Eyen having died in 1991, various lyricists were brought in by Krieger to co-author the new songs. \"Love You I Do,\" with lyrics by Siedah Garrett, is performed in the film by Effie during a rehearsal at the Rainbow Records studio.", "\"Love You I Do,\" with lyrics by Siedah Garrett, is performed in the film by Effie during a rehearsal at the Rainbow Records studio. Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy.", "Willie Reale wrote the lyrics for \"Patience,\" a song performed in the film by Jimmy, Lorrell, C.C., and a gospel choir, as the characters attempt to record a message song for Jimmy. \"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection.", "\"Perfect World,\" also featuring lyrics by Garrett, is performed during the Rainbow 10th anniversary special sequence by Jackson 5 doppelgängers The Campbell Connection. \"Listen\", with additional music by Scott Cutler and Beyoncé, and lyrics by Anne Preven, is presented as a defining moment for Deena's character late in the film.", "\"Listen\", with additional music by Scott Cutler and Beyoncé, and lyrics by Anne Preven, is presented as a defining moment for Deena's character late in the film. After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music.", "After preview screenings during the summer of 2006, several minutes worth of musical footage were deleted from the film due to negative audience reactions to the amount of music. Among this footage was one whole musical number, C.C. and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version.", "and Effie's sung reunion \"Effie, Sing My Song\", which was replaced with an alternative spoken version. The Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album was released on December 5 by Music World Entertainment/Columbia Records, in both a single-disc version containing highlights and a double-disc \"Deluxe Version\" containing all of the film's songs.", "The Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album was released on December 5 by Music World Entertainment/Columbia Records, in both a single-disc version containing highlights and a double-disc \"Deluxe Version\" containing all of the film's songs. The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007.", "The single-disc version of the soundtrack peaked at number-one on the Billboard 200 during a slow sales week in early January 2007. \"Listen\" was the first official single from the soundtrack, supported by a music video featuring Beyoncé. \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was the Dreamgirls soundtrack's second single.", "\"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was the Dreamgirls soundtrack's second single. Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film.", "Though a music video with all-original footage was once planned, the video eventually released for \"And I Am Telling You\" comprised the entire corresponding scene in the actual film. Release Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, where it received a standing ovation.", "Release Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, where it received a standing ovation. The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills.", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills. Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco.", "Similar to the releases of older Hollywood musicals such as The Sound of Music, My Fair Lady, and West Side Story, Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles, and the AMC Metreon 15 in San Francisco. Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph.", "Tickets for the reserved seats were $25 each; the premium price included a forty-eight page full-color program and a limited-print lithograph. This release made Dreamgirls the first American feature film to have a roadshow release since Man of La Mancha in 1972.", "This release made Dreamgirls the first American feature film to have a roadshow release since Man of La Mancha in 1972. Dreamgirls earned a total of $851,664 from the roadshow engagements, playing to sold-out houses on the weekends. The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25.", "The film's national release, at regular prices, began on December 25. Outside of the U.S., Dreamgirls opened in Australia on January 18, and in the United Kingdom on February 2. Releases in other countries began on various dates between January and early March.", "Releases in other countries began on various dates between January and early March. Dreamgirls eventually grossed $103 million in North America, and almost $155 million worldwide. DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats.", "DreamWorks Home Entertainment released Dreamgirls to home video on May 1, 2007 in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats. The DVD version was issued in two editions: a one-disc standard version and a two-disc \"Showstopper Edition\".", "The DVD version was issued in two editions: a one-disc standard version and a two-disc \"Showstopper Edition\". The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork.", "The two-disc version also included a feature-length production documentary, production featurettes, screen tests, animatics, and other previsualization materials and artwork. Both DVD versions featured alternative and extended versions of the musical numbers from the film as extras, including the \"Effie, Sing My Song\" scene deleted during previews.", "Both DVD versions featured alternative and extended versions of the musical numbers from the film as extras, including the \"Effie, Sing My Song\" scene deleted during previews. Both the Blu-ray and HD DVD versions were issued in two-disc formats. Dreamgirls was the first DreamWorks film to be issued in a high definition home entertainment format.", "Dreamgirls was the first DreamWorks film to be issued in a high definition home entertainment format. , total domestic video sales to date are at $95.1 million. A \"Director's Extended Edition\" of Dreamgirls was released on Blu-ray and Digital HD on October 10, 2017 by Paramount Home Media Distribution.", "A \"Director's Extended Edition\" of Dreamgirls was released on Blu-ray and Digital HD on October 10, 2017 by Paramount Home Media Distribution. This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes.", "This version, based on edits done for preview screenings before the film's release, runs ten minutes longer than the theatrical version and features longer musical numbers (including songs and verses cut during previews) and additional scenes. Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10.", "Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 208 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10. The site's critics consensus states: \"Dreamgirls simple characters and plot hardly detract from the movie's real feats: the electrifying performances and the dazzling musical numbers.\"", "The site's critics consensus states: \"Dreamgirls simple characters and plot hardly detract from the movie's real feats: the electrifying performances and the dazzling musical numbers.\" Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "Metacritic reports a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 rating, based on 37 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.", "Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\".", "Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film three and a half stars (out of four) and the number-two position on his \"best of 2006\" list, stating that \"despite transitional bumps, Condon does Dreamgirls proud\". David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\"", "David Rooney of Variety reported that the film featured \"tremendously exciting musical sequences\" and that \"after The Phantom of the Opera, Rent and The Producers botched the transfer from stage to screen, Dreamgirls gets it right.\" On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\".", "On the December 10, 2006 episode of the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper and guest critic Aisha Tyler (filling in for Roger Ebert, who was recovering from cancer-related surgery) gave the film \"two thumbs up\", with Roeper's reservations that it was \"a little short on heart and soul\" and \"deeply conventional\". Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\"", "Roeper still enjoyed the film, noting that Jennifer Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" as the \"show-stopping moment of any film of 2006\" and very much enjoyed Murphy's performance as well, remarking that \"people are going to love this film.\" Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\".", "Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter was less enthusiastic, stating that while the film was \"a damn good commercial movie, it is not the film that will revive the musical or win over the world\". Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\".", "Ed Gonzales of Slant magazine found the entire picture too glossy, and declared that \"the film doesn't care to articulate the emotions that haunt its characters\". University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\".", "University of Sydney academic Timothy Laurie was critical of the film's social message, noting that \"the worthy receive just deserts by working even harder for the industries that marginalise them\". Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\"", "Many reviews, regardless of their overall opinion of the film, cited Hudson's and Murphy's performances as standouts, with Travers proclaiming Murphy's performance of \"Jimmy's Rap\" as \"his finest screen moment.\" Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\".", "Television host Oprah Winfrey saw the film during a November 15 press screening, and telephoned Hudson on the Oprah episode airing the next day, praising her performance as \"a religious experience\" and \"a transcendent performance\". A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\"", "A review for The Celebrity Cafe echoes that Hudson's voice \"is like nothing we’ve heard in a long time, and her acting is a great match for that power-house sound.\" Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews.", "Jennifer Holliday, who originated the role of Effie onstage, expressed her disappointment at not being involved in the film project in several TV, radio, and print interviews. Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began.", "Holliday in particular objected to the fact that her 1982 recording of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was used in an early Dreamgirls film teaser trailer created before production began. Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production.", "Many of the other original Dreamgirls Broadway cast members, among them Obba Babatundé, Vondie Curtis-Hall, and Cleavant Derricks, were interviewed for a Jet magazine article in which they discussed their varying opinions of both the Dreamgirls film's script and production. Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production.", "Awards and nominations DreamWorks and Paramount began a significant awards campaign for Dreamgirls while the film was still in production. In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast.", "In February 2006, the press was invited on set to a special live event showcasing the making of the film, including a live performance of \"Steppin' to the Bad Side\" by the cast. Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance.", "Three months later, twenty minutes of the film — specifically, the musical sequences \"Fake Your Way to the Top\", \"Family\", \"When I First Saw You\", and \"Dreamgirls\" – were screened at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, with most of the cast and crew in attendance. The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well.", "The resulting positive buzz earned Dreamgirls the status of \"front-runner\" for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture and several of the other Oscars as well. Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards.", "Following the success of the Cannes screening, DreamWorks and Paramount began a widespread \"For Your Consideration\" advertisement campaign, raising several eyebrows by demoting Jennifer Hudson to consideration for Best Supporting Actress and presenting Beyoncé Knowles as the sole Best Actress candidate, as opposed to having both compete for Best Actress awards. By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award.", "By contrast, the actresses who originated Hudson's and Knowles' roles on Broadway, Jennifer Holliday and Sheryl Lee Ralph, respectively, were both nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actress, with Holliday winning the award. The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself.", "The presentation of Knowles over Hudson as the sole Best Actress candidate had interesting parallels with the film itself. Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories.", "Dreamgirls received eight 2007 Academy Award nominations covering six categories, the most of any film for the year, although it was not nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, or either of the lead acting categories. The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\").", "The film's nominations included Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), Best Achievement in Costume Design, Best Achievement in Art Direction, Best Achievement in Sound Mixing, and three nominations for Best Song (\"Listen\", \"Love You I Do\", and \"Patience\"). Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat.", "Dreamgirls is the first live-action film to receive three nominations for Best Song; previously the Disney animated features Beauty and the Beast (1991) and The Lion King (1994) had each received three Academy Award nominations for Best Song; Enchanted (2007) has since repeated the feat. In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture.", "In addition, Dreamgirls was the first film in Academy Award history to receive the highest number of nominations for the year, yet not be nominated for Best Picture. The film's failure to gain a Best Picture or Best Director nod was widely viewed by the entertainment press as a \"snub\" by the Academy.", "The film's failure to gain a Best Picture or Best Director nod was widely viewed by the entertainment press as a \"snub\" by the Academy. Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007).", "Some journalists registered shock, while others cited a \"backlash\".<ref>Felton, Robert (Feb. 28, 2007). \"[http://austinweeklynews.1upsoftware.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=1101&TM=82934.76 Dreamgirls' Best Picture snub and Oscar night thud] \". Austin Weekly News.", "Austin Weekly News. Austin Weekly News. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> On the other hand, director Bill Condon stated that \"I think academy members just liked the other movies better\" and that he believed that \"we were never going to win even if we were nominated.\"", "Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> On the other hand, director Bill Condon stated that \"I think academy members just liked the other movies better\" and that he believed that \"we were never going to win even if we were nominated.\" Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign.", "Reports emerged of significant behind-the-scenes in-fighting between the DreamWorks and Paramount camps, in particular between DreamWorks' David Geffen and Paramount CEO Brad Grey, over decision making and credit-claiming during the Dreamgirls awards campaign. At the Academy Awards ceremony on February 25, 2007, Dreamgirls won Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Sound Mixing.", "At the Academy Awards ceremony on February 25, 2007, Dreamgirls won Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Sound Mixing. As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance.", "As such, Hudson became one of the few actresses ever to win an Oscar for a film debut performance. In what was considered an upset, Murphy lost the Best Supporting Actor award to Alan Arkin for Little Miss Sunshine.", "In what was considered an upset, Murphy lost the Best Supporting Actor award to Alan Arkin for Little Miss Sunshine. Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth.", "Knowles, Hudson, Rose, and Robinson performed a medley of the three Dreamgirls songs nominated for Best Original Song, although all three songs lost the award to \"I Need to Wake Up\" from An Inconvenient Truth. For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\").", "For the 2007 Golden Globe Awards, Dreamgirls was nominated in five categories: Best Picture – Comedy or Musical, Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical (Beyoncé Knowles), Best Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Original Song (\"Listen\"). The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress.", "The film won the awards for Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress. Dreamgirls received eight NAACP Image Award nominations, winning for Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Outstanding Album (the soundtrack LP).", "Dreamgirls received eight NAACP Image Award nominations, winning for Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Outstanding Album (the soundtrack LP). It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast.", "It was also named as one of the American Film Institute's top ten films of 2006.Dreamgirls also garnered Screen Actors Guild Awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Supporting Actor (Eddie Murphy), as well as a nomination for its ensemble cast. The film was also nominated by the Producers Guild of America for Best Picture and the Directors Guild of America for Bill Condon's directing.", "The film was also nominated by the Producers Guild of America for Best Picture and the Directors Guild of America for Bill Condon's directing. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger).", "The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film awards for Supporting Actress (Jennifer Hudson) and Music (Henry Krieger). Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing).", "Furthermore, Dreamgirls was nominated for eleven 2007 International Press Academy Satellite Awards, and won four of the awards: Best Picture — Comedy or Musical, Best Director (Bill Condon), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jennifer Hudson), and Best Sound (Mixing & Editing). Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film.", "Dreamgirls also received a record eleven Black Reel Award nominations, and won six of the awards, among them Best Film. At the 50th Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Love You I Do\" won the award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.", "At the 50th Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Love You I Do\" won the award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album.", "The Dreamgirls soundtrack was also nominated for the Grammy for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album. For the opening performance at the 2007 BET Awards on June 26 of that year, Hudson performed a duet of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" with her predecessor, Jennifer Holliday.", "For the opening performance at the 2007 BET Awards on June 26 of that year, Hudson performed a duet of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" with her predecessor, Jennifer Holliday. Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress.", "Later that night, Hudson won the BET Award for Best Actress. In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest.", "In February 2022, Hudson's rendition of \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' \"Oscars Fan Favorite\" contest. Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006.", "Accolades Related promotions and products To give the story more exposure for the upcoming film release, DreamWorks and the licenser of the original play, The Tams-Witmark Music Library, announced that they would pay the licensing fees for all non-professional stage performances of Dreamgirls for the calendar year of 2006. DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play.", "DreamWorks hoped to encourage amateur productions of Dreamgirls, and familiarize a wider audience with the play. As a result, more than fifty high schools, colleges, community theaters, and other non-commercial theater entities staged productions of Dreamgirls in 2006, and DreamWorks spent up to $250,000 subsidizing the licensing.", "As a result, more than fifty high schools, colleges, community theaters, and other non-commercial theater entities staged productions of Dreamgirls in 2006, and DreamWorks spent up to $250,000 subsidizing the licensing. The Dreamgirls novelization was written by African-American novelist Denene Millner, and adapts the film's official script in chapter form, along with fourteen pages of photographs from the film.", "The Dreamgirls novelization was written by African-American novelist Denene Millner, and adapts the film's official script in chapter form, along with fourteen pages of photographs from the film. The book was released on October 31, 2006. A scrapbook, entitled Dreamgirls: The Movie Musical, was released on March 27, 2007.", "A scrapbook, entitled Dreamgirls: The Movie Musical, was released on March 27, 2007. The limited edition program guide accompanying the Dreamgirls road show release was made available for retail purchase in February.", "The limited edition program guide accompanying the Dreamgirls road show release was made available for retail purchase in February. In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film.", "In addition, the Tonnor Doll Company released \"The Dreamettes\" collection, featuring dolls of the characters Deena, Lorrell, and Effie, to coincide with the release of the film. Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film.", "Allusions to actual events Aside from the overall plot of the film and elements already present in the stage musical, many direct references to The Supremes, Motown, or R&B/soul history in general are included in the film. In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr.", "In one scene, Effie saunters into Curtis' office and discusses Rainbow Records' latest LP, The Great March to Freedom, a spoken word album featuring speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. This LP is an authentic Motown release, issued as Gordy 906 in June 1963.Edwards, David and Callahan, Mike (1999).", "This LP is an authentic Motown release, issued as Gordy 906 in June 1963.Edwards, David and Callahan, Mike (1999). \"Gordy Album Discography, Part 1 (1962–1981)\". Retrieved Feb. 3, 2007. A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside.", "A later scene features Curtis and the Dreams recording in the studio, while a riot rages outside. By comparison, Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. studio remained open and active during Detroit's 12th Street Riot in July 1967.Posner, Gerald (2002). Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power. New York: Random House. .", "New York: Random House. . . Pg. 173.", ". Pg. 173. 173. The photo shoot montage which accompanies \"When I First Saw You\", as well as the subplot of Deena being forced to star in Curtis' Cleopatra film against her will, reflect both scenes from and the production of Mahogany, a 1975 Motown film starring Diana Ross and directed by Motown CEO Berry Gordy.", "The photo shoot montage which accompanies \"When I First Saw You\", as well as the subplot of Deena being forced to star in Curtis' Cleopatra film against her will, reflect both scenes from and the production of Mahogany, a 1975 Motown film starring Diana Ross and directed by Motown CEO Berry Gordy. In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show.", "In a snapshot, Ed Sullivan appears presenting the real Supremes on his show. Among the more direct references are the uses of adapted Supremes album cover designs for albums recorded in the film by the Dreams.", "Among the more direct references are the uses of adapted Supremes album cover designs for albums recorded in the film by the Dreams. Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams.", "Three Supremes albums – Let the Sunshine In, Cream of the Crop, and Touch – were reworked into Deena Jones & The Dreams album designs, with the only differences in the designs being the substitution of the names and images of the Supremes with those of Deena Jones & the Dreams. Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go.", "Another Dreams LP seen in the film, Meet the Dreams, is represented by an album cover derived from the designs for the Supremes LPs Meet The Supremes, More Hits by The Supremes and The Supremes A' Go-Go. There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne.", "There is also a solo album, Just In Time, recorded by Deena Jones shown in the film, the album cover for which is based on Dionne Warwick's 1970 album, Very Dionne. Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version.", "Diana Ross, long a critic of the Broadway version of Dreamgirls for what she saw as an appropriation of her life story, denied having seen the film version. On the other hand, Mary Wilson attended the film's Los Angeles premiere, later stating that Dreamgirls moved her to tears and that it was \"closer to the truth than they even know\".", "On the other hand, Mary Wilson attended the film's Los Angeles premiere, later stating that Dreamgirls moved her to tears and that it was \"closer to the truth than they even know\". However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history.", "However, Smokey Robinson was less than pleased about the film's allusions to Motown history. In a January 25, 2007 interview with NPR, Robinson expressed offense at the film's portrayal of its Berry Gordy analogue, Curtis Taylor Jr., as a \"villainous character\" who deals in payola and other illegal activities.", "In a January 25, 2007 interview with NPR, Robinson expressed offense at the film's portrayal of its Berry Gordy analogue, Curtis Taylor Jr., as a \"villainous character\" who deals in payola and other illegal activities. He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology.", "He repeated these concerns in a later interview with Access Hollywood'', adding that he felt DreamWorks and Paramount owed Gordy an apology. On February 23, a week before the Oscars ceremony, DreamWorks and Paramount issued an apology to Gordy and the other Motown alumni. Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology.", "Gordy issued a statement shortly afterwards expressing his acceptance of the apology. The payola scheme used in the film's script, to which Robinson took offense, is identical to the payola scheme allegedly used by Gordy and the other Motown executives, according to sworn court depositions from Motown executive Michael Lushka, offered during the litigation between the label and its chief creative team, Holland–Dozier–Holland.", "The payola scheme used in the film's script, to which Robinson took offense, is identical to the payola scheme allegedly used by Gordy and the other Motown executives, according to sworn court depositions from Motown executive Michael Lushka, offered during the litigation between the label and its chief creative team, Holland–Dozier–Holland. Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records.", "Several references are also made to Mafia-backed loans Curtis uses to fund Rainbow Records. Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years.", "Gordy was highly suspected, though never proven, to have used Mafia-backed loans to finance Motown during its later years. References External links Dreamgirls Blu-ray Disc review Dreamgirls 2000s historical romance films 2000s musical drama films 2000s romantic drama films 2000s romantic musical films 2006 films Adultery in films African-American drama films African-American musical films American films American films based on plays American historical romance films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films BAFTA winners (films) Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners DreamWorks Pictures films 2000s English-language films Films à clef Films about musical groups Films about race and ethnicity Films based on musicals Films directed by Bill Condon Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance Films produced by Laurence Mark Films scored by Stephen Trask Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in Detroit Films shot in Michigan Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films with screenplays by Bill Condon Paramount Pictures films 2006 drama films" ]

[ "Todd Bertuzzi", "New York Islanders (1995-98)" ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Todd Bertuzzi (born February 2, 1975) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger of the National Hockey League (NHL). Known as a power forward, he has played in the NHL for the New York Islanders, Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers, Anaheim Ducks, Calgary Flames and Detroit Red Wings.", "Known as a power forward, he has played in the NHL for the New York Islanders, Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers, Anaheim Ducks, Calgary Flames and Detroit Red Wings. He is widely known for his role in the Todd Bertuzzi–Steve Moore incident, for which he was suspended by the NHL and IIHF, and criminally charged.", "He is widely known for his role in the Todd Bertuzzi–Steve Moore incident, for which he was suspended by the NHL and IIHF, and criminally charged. Selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, he played at the junior level with the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) for four seasons.", "Selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, he played at the junior level with the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) for four seasons. In 1995–96, he played his rookie season with the Islanders. After two-and-a-half seasons with the Islanders, he was traded to the Vancouver Canucks.", "After two-and-a-half seasons with the Islanders, he was traded to the Vancouver Canucks. Bertuzzi enjoyed the most successful seasons of his career with the Canucks—his longest tenured team in the NHL—including NHL First Team All-Star honours in 2003.", "Bertuzzi enjoyed the most successful seasons of his career with the Canucks—his longest tenured team in the NHL—including NHL First Team All-Star honours in 2003. In 2006, after seven-and-a-half seasons with Vancouver, Bertuzzi was dealt to the Florida Panthers, with whom he briefly played for until being traded again to the Red Wings.", "In 2006, after seven-and-a-half seasons with Vancouver, Bertuzzi was dealt to the Florida Panthers, with whom he briefly played for until being traded again to the Red Wings. He then played single seasons with the Anaheim Ducks and the Calgary Flames before returning to Detroit in 2009 and finishing his career there.", "He then played single seasons with the Anaheim Ducks and the Calgary Flames before returning to Detroit in 2009 and finishing his career there. Internationally, Bertuzzi has competed for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, as well as the 1998 and 2000 World Championships.", "Internationally, Bertuzzi has competed for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, as well as the 1998 and 2000 World Championships. He is the uncle of Tyler Bertuzzi who currently plays for the Detroit Red Wings.", "He is the uncle of Tyler Bertuzzi who currently plays for the Detroit Red Wings. Playing career Guelph Storm (1991–95) After playing for two minor hockey teams based out of Sudbury, Ontario in 1990–91, Bertuzzi was selected in the first round (fifth overall) by the Guelph Storm in the 1991 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection.", "Playing career Guelph Storm (1991–95) After playing for two minor hockey teams based out of Sudbury, Ontario in 1990–91, Bertuzzi was selected in the first round (fifth overall) by the Guelph Storm in the 1991 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection. His future coach with the Vancouver Canucks, Marc Crawford, passed on Bertuzzi during the draft while he was general manager of the Cornwall Royals; he has recalled not selecting him due to \"maturity issues\" and that he was \"a big kid who hadn't grown into his body yet.\"", "His future coach with the Vancouver Canucks, Marc Crawford, passed on Bertuzzi during the draft while he was general manager of the Cornwall Royals; he has recalled not selecting him due to \"maturity issues\" and that he was \"a big kid who hadn't grown into his body yet.\" Bertuzzi started his OHL career for Guelph in 1991–92, recording 21 points over 42 games as a rookie.", "Bertuzzi started his OHL career for Guelph in 1991–92, recording 21 points over 42 games as a rookie. He missed the last 15 games of the regular season due to suspension as a result of kicking opposing defenceman Brad Barton during a contest between the Storm and Kitchener Rangers.", "He missed the last 15 games of the regular season due to suspension as a result of kicking opposing defenceman Brad Barton during a contest between the Storm and Kitchener Rangers. After improving to 58 points over 60 games in 1992–93, he was selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft.", "After improving to 58 points over 60 games in 1992–93, he was selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. The NHL Central Scouting Bureau described Bertuzzi as a physical and strong player with good skating who checks hard and is offensively effective in close proximity to the net.", "The NHL Central Scouting Bureau described Bertuzzi as a physical and strong player with good skating who checks hard and is offensively effective in close proximity to the net. Following his NHL draft, he underwent surgery for chipped bones in his left elbow in August 1993.", "Following his NHL draft, he underwent surgery for chipped bones in his left elbow in August 1993. As a result, he was unable to participate in the Islanders' training camp in September and was returned to the OHL. Playing in his third season for Guelph, he improved to 28 goals and 82 points over 61 games.", "Playing in his third season for Guelph, he improved to 28 goals and 82 points over 61 games. Bertuzzi competed for an Islanders' roster spot at their 1994 training camp, but was sent back to his junior team after going scoreless in three exhibition games.", "Bertuzzi competed for an Islanders' roster spot at their 1994 training camp, but was sent back to his junior team after going scoreless in three exhibition games. During his last campaign with Guelph in 1994–95, he recorded 119 points – sixth overall in the league.", "During his last campaign with Guelph in 1994–95, he recorded 119 points – sixth overall in the league. His 54 goals established a single-season team record, beating Mike Prokopec's mark, set the previous year, by two goals.", "His 54 goals established a single-season team record, beating Mike Prokopec's mark, set the previous year, by two goals. The Storm's forward tandem of Bertuzzi and Jeff O'Neill, who finished fourth in league scoring, led the club to the best regular season record in the league.", "The Storm's forward tandem of Bertuzzi and Jeff O'Neill, who finished fourth in league scoring, led the club to the best regular season record in the league. He went on to add a team-leading 33 points in 14 playoff games, en route to an OHL Finals loss to the Detroit Junior Red Wings.", "He went on to add a team-leading 33 points in 14 playoff games, en route to an OHL Finals loss to the Detroit Junior Red Wings. After four seasons with Guelph, he left the club ranked third all-time in career points with 280, behind O'Neill and Martin St. Pierre.", "After four seasons with Guelph, he left the club ranked third all-time in career points with 280, behind O'Neill and Martin St. Pierre. New York Islanders (1995–98) Two years after his draft, Bertuzzi and the Islanders had not yet been agreed to a contract.", "New York Islanders (1995–98) Two years after his draft, Bertuzzi and the Islanders had not yet been agreed to a contract. With Bertuzzi eligible to re-enter the draft if the Islanders did not sign him by July 7, 1995, general manager Don Maloney made it apparent that he would use the team's second overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft to select him again if a contract could not be agreed upon by the required date.", "With Bertuzzi eligible to re-enter the draft if the Islanders did not sign him by July 7, 1995, general manager Don Maloney made it apparent that he would use the team's second overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft to select him again if a contract could not be agreed upon by the required date. Moments before the midnight deadline, the Islanders were able to sign Bertuzzi to a four-year, US$4.6 million contract.", "Moments before the midnight deadline, the Islanders were able to sign Bertuzzi to a four-year, US$4.6 million contract. His agent, Pat Morris, had reportedly wanted a similar deal to that of fellow Islanders prospect Brett Lindros – a five-year, $6.7 million contract signed the previous summer.", "His agent, Pat Morris, had reportedly wanted a similar deal to that of fellow Islanders prospect Brett Lindros – a five-year, $6.7 million contract signed the previous summer. During training camp in September 1995, Islanders head coach Mike Milbury heralded Bertuzzi as the team's best performing forward.", "During training camp in September 1995, Islanders head coach Mike Milbury heralded Bertuzzi as the team's best performing forward. Making his NHL debut on October 7, 1995, he scored a wrap around goal against goaltender Blaine Lacher in a 4–4 tie with the Boston Bruins.", "Making his NHL debut on October 7, 1995, he scored a wrap around goal against goaltender Blaine Lacher in a 4–4 tie with the Boston Bruins. Beginning the season on the team's top line with Žigmund Pálffy and Travis Green, Bertuzzi finished his rookie year with 18 goals and 39 points over 76 games.", "Beginning the season on the team's top line with Žigmund Pálffy and Travis Green, Bertuzzi finished his rookie year with 18 goals and 39 points over 76 games. The following season, Bertuzzi recorded 23 points in 64 games.", "The following season, Bertuzzi recorded 23 points in 64 games. The Islanders did not qualify for the playoffs in either of his two full seasons with the club, ranking second-last in the Eastern Conference in 1995–96 and 1996–97. Bertuzzi's playing style as a power forward resulted in comparisons to former Islander Clark Gillies.", "Bertuzzi's playing style as a power forward resulted in comparisons to former Islander Clark Gillies. As a result, the club hired Gillies to personally mentor Bertuzzi.", "As a result, the club hired Gillies to personally mentor Bertuzzi. Failing to meet lofty expectations from the club, Gillies once said of Bertuzzi, \"If you're built like a freight train, you can't drive around like a Volkswagen.\"", "Failing to meet lofty expectations from the club, Gillies once said of Bertuzzi, \"If you're built like a freight train, you can't drive around like a Volkswagen.\" Feeling burdened with the pressure of playing up to the club's expectations while his offensive production diminished, he requested to be traded away at one point during the 1996–97 season.", "Feeling burdened with the pressure of playing up to the club's expectations while his offensive production diminished, he requested to be traded away at one point during the 1996–97 season. In response, Milbury, who had also taken over general manager duties the previous season, demoted Bertuzzi to the Islanders' minor league affiliate, the Utah Grizzlies of the International Hockey League (IHL).", "In response, Milbury, who had also taken over general manager duties the previous season, demoted Bertuzzi to the Islanders' minor league affiliate, the Utah Grizzlies of the International Hockey League (IHL). Playing 13 games in the minors, he registered 10 points before being called back up to the NHL.", "Playing 13 games in the minors, he registered 10 points before being called back up to the NHL. During the 1997–98 campaign, he continued to score below his pace as a rookie.", "During the 1997–98 campaign, he continued to score below his pace as a rookie. On February 6, 1998, he was traded along with defenceman Bryan McCabe and a third-round selection in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft (Jarkko Ruutu) to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for veteran forward Trevor Linden.", "On February 6, 1998, he was traded along with defenceman Bryan McCabe and a third-round selection in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft (Jarkko Ruutu) to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for veteran forward Trevor Linden. The deal was made prior to the NHL's roster freeze in preparation for the 1998 Winter Olympics.", "The deal was made prior to the NHL's roster freeze in preparation for the 1998 Winter Olympics. Bertuzzi and McCabe had both been widely regarded as the players of the future for New York after their respective drafts in 1993. While Milbury expressed regret at having to trade McCabe, relations between Bertuzzi and the club were strained.", "While Milbury expressed regret at having to trade McCabe, relations between Bertuzzi and the club were strained. Welcoming the trade, Bertuzzi commented that \"things weren't working out [in New York].\" Vancouver Canucks (1998–2006) Bertuzzi immediately began producing with Vancouver, tallying 15 points in 22 games after the trade.", "Vancouver Canucks (1998–2006) Bertuzzi immediately began producing with Vancouver, tallying 15 points in 22 games after the trade. Combined with his totals from New York, he finished with 33 points over 74 games in 1997–98.", "Combined with his totals from New York, he finished with 33 points over 74 games in 1997–98. Contrasting his strained relationship with Milbury in New York, Canucks head coach Mike Keenan has recalled his experience with Bertuzzi upon his arrival as positive: \"He came as a young player and he was very open-minded about learning about the game.\"", "Contrasting his strained relationship with Milbury in New York, Canucks head coach Mike Keenan has recalled his experience with Bertuzzi upon his arrival as positive: \"He came as a young player and he was very open-minded about learning about the game.\" Similar to the Islanders, Bertuzzi joined a struggling club in Vancouver; the team finished last in the Western Conference in his first two seasons after the trade.", "Similar to the Islanders, Bertuzzi joined a struggling club in Vancouver; the team finished last in the Western Conference in his first two seasons after the trade. After beginning the 1998–99 season on the Canucks' top line, Bertuzzi was limited to 32 games due to injuries, the first of which was a fractured tibia.", "After beginning the 1998–99 season on the Canucks' top line, Bertuzzi was limited to 32 games due to injuries, the first of which was a fractured tibia. He suffered the injury on November 1, 1998, after a shot by teammate Mattias Öhlund hit him in the leg.", "He suffered the injury on November 1, 1998, after a shot by teammate Mattias Öhlund hit him in the leg. His season was later ended with a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in his left knee, suffered during a game on March 5, 1999. He recorded 8 goals and 16 points in 1998–99.", "He recorded 8 goals and 16 points in 1998–99. In the off-season, Bertuzzi became a restricted free agent and was re-signed by the Canucks to a two-year contract in September 1999. The deal was reported by The Vancouver Sun to be worth a little over $2 million.", "The deal was reported by The Vancouver Sun to be worth a little over $2 million. Returning from injury the following season, Bertuzzi emerged as one of the Canucks' best offensive contributors, finishing with 25 goals (second on the team to Markus Näslund) and 50 points in 1999–2000.", "Returning from injury the following season, Bertuzzi emerged as one of the Canucks' best offensive contributors, finishing with 25 goals (second on the team to Markus Näslund) and 50 points in 1999–2000. At the end of the season, he received the team's Most Exciting Player Award, as voted by the fans.", "At the end of the season, he received the team's Most Exciting Player Award, as voted by the fans. He received the distinction three more times during his career with the Canucks from 2002 to 2004).", "He received the distinction three more times during his career with the Canucks from 2002 to 2004). Meanwhile, the Canucks began improving as a team, finishing four points out of a playoff spot in the West in 2000.", "Meanwhile, the Canucks began improving as a team, finishing four points out of a playoff spot in the West in 2000. The following season, Bertuzzi recorded his first career NHL hat trick, recording all three goals on the power play against San Jose Sharks goaltender Evgeni Nabokov in a 6–3 win on December 30, 2000.", "The following season, Bertuzzi recorded his first career NHL hat trick, recording all three goals on the power play against San Jose Sharks goaltender Evgeni Nabokov in a 6–3 win on December 30, 2000. Bertuzzi recorded a second consecutive 25-goal season in 2000–01, adding 30 assists for 55 points, third in team scoring behind Näslund and Andrew Cassels.", "Bertuzzi recorded a second consecutive 25-goal season in 2000–01, adding 30 assists for 55 points, third in team scoring behind Näslund and Andrew Cassels. His -18 plus-minus rating, however, was a team-worst. The Canucks continued to improve, qualifying for the post-season for the first time in five years.", "The Canucks continued to improve, qualifying for the post-season for the first time in five years. Entering the 2001 playoffs as the final and eighth seed in the West, they were eliminated in the first round by the Colorado Avalanche. Bertuzzi scored two goals and two assists over four games in his first NHL post-season appearance.", "Bertuzzi scored two goals and two assists over four games in his first NHL post-season appearance. In the off-season, Bertuzzi filed for salary arbitration after initially failing to come to terms on a new contract with the Canucks. Both sides avoided arbitration by agreeing to a three-year deal on July 26, 2001.", "Both sides avoided arbitration by agreeing to a three-year deal on July 26, 2001. In the first month of the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi received an automatic 10-game suspension from the league (forfeiting $118,557 in salary) after leaving the bench to help teammate Ed Jovanovski in a fight.", "In the first month of the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi received an automatic 10-game suspension from the league (forfeiting $118,557 in salary) after leaving the bench to help teammate Ed Jovanovski in a fight. The incident occurred during a game against the Colorado Avalanche in which opposing coach Bob Hartley sent enforcer Scott Parker onto the ice as the extra attacker during a delayed penalty.", "The incident occurred during a game against the Colorado Avalanche in which opposing coach Bob Hartley sent enforcer Scott Parker onto the ice as the extra attacker during a delayed penalty. Parker proceeded to physically engage Jovanovski, at which point Bertuzzi left the bench to help his teammate.", "Parker proceeded to physically engage Jovanovski, at which point Bertuzzi left the bench to help his teammate. Vancouver struggled with him out of the lineup, winning 3 games during the 10-game span.", "Vancouver struggled with him out of the lineup, winning 3 games during the 10-game span. Two months after returning from suspension, Bertuzzi went 15 consecutive games with at least a point, scoring 7 goals and 12 assists from January 3 – February 4, 2002. The streak tied Petr Nedvěd for the longest in Canucks history.", "The streak tied Petr Nedvěd for the longest in Canucks history. During that span, in a game on January 9, Canucks head coach Marc Crawford replaced Andrew Cassels with Brendan Morrison, marking the beginning of what was considered by many to be the most effective line combination in the league for several seasons.", "During that span, in a game on January 9, Canucks head coach Marc Crawford replaced Andrew Cassels with Brendan Morrison, marking the beginning of what was considered by many to be the most effective line combination in the league for several seasons. Bertuzzi had emerged as an effective power forward, able to use his size and strength to position himself in front of the net, with good stickhandling ability.", "Bertuzzi had emerged as an effective power forward, able to use his size and strength to position himself in front of the net, with good stickhandling ability. According to Canucks assistant coach Jack McIlhargey, Bertuzzi's skill set favourably complemented Näslund's goal-scoring and Morrison's playmaking abilities.", "According to Canucks assistant coach Jack McIlhargey, Bertuzzi's skill set favourably complemented Näslund's goal-scoring and Morrison's playmaking abilities. The trio were dubbed by Vancouver media as the \"West Coast Express\", named after the city's commuter rail service of the same name.", "The trio were dubbed by Vancouver media as the \"West Coast Express\", named after the city's commuter rail service of the same name. Late in the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi recorded his second career hat-trick on March 19, 2002, during a win against the New York Rangers.", "Late in the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi recorded his second career hat-trick on March 19, 2002, during a win against the New York Rangers. He scored his first two goals of the game against Dan Blackburn and his third into an empty net.", "He scored his first two goals of the game against Dan Blackburn and his third into an empty net. Despite missing ten games from his suspension, Bertuzzi finished the 2001–02 season third in league-scoring with 85 points, behind Näslund and Calgary Flames forward Jarome Iginla.", "Despite missing ten games from his suspension, Bertuzzi finished the 2001–02 season third in league-scoring with 85 points, behind Näslund and Calgary Flames forward Jarome Iginla. His 1.18 points-per-game average ranked second in the NHL behind Mario Lemieux, who played 48 fewer games than Bertuzzi.", "His 1.18 points-per-game average ranked second in the NHL behind Mario Lemieux, who played 48 fewer games than Bertuzzi. He also improved his plus-minus rating by 39 points from the previous season, finishing a career-high +21.", "He also improved his plus-minus rating by 39 points from the previous season, finishing a career-high +21. Although the Canucks were the league's highest scoring team, they finished with the final seed in the West for the 2002 playoffs, ranking eighth in their conference.", "Although the Canucks were the league's highest scoring team, they finished with the final seed in the West for the 2002 playoffs, ranking eighth in their conference. Facing the Detroit Red Wings in the opening round, they were eliminated in six games. Bertuzzi recorded four points in the series.", "Bertuzzi recorded four points in the series. The following season, Bertuzzi appeared in his first NHL All-Star Game. He was joined by fellow Canucks Markus Näslund, defenceman Ed Jovanovski and head coach Marc Crawford, helping the Western Conference to a 6–5 shootout win against the East. He played on a line with Näslund and Peter Forsberg.", "He played on a line with Näslund and Peter Forsberg. Later in the season, he scored his third career hat-trick on March 17, 2003, scoring three goals against Ron Tugnutt in a game against the Dallas Stars.", "Later in the season, he scored his third career hat-trick on March 17, 2003, scoring three goals against Ron Tugnutt in a game against the Dallas Stars. He finished the season with career-highs of 46 goals (third in the league), 51 assists and 97 points (fifth in the league).", "He finished the season with career-highs of 46 goals (third in the league), 51 assists and 97 points (fifth in the league). His 25 power play goals led the NHL and tied Pavel Bure for the Canucks' single-season record. Linemates Näslund and Morrison also recorded personal bests with 104 and 71 points, respectively.", "Linemates Näslund and Morrison also recorded personal bests with 104 and 71 points, respectively. Meanwhile, the Canucks emerged as a top team in the West. Losing the Northwest Division title to the Avalanche by one point in the regular season, they finished as the fourth seed in their conference.", "Losing the Northwest Division title to the Avalanche by one point in the regular season, they finished as the fourth seed in their conference. After going down three-games-to-one in the opening round against the St. Louis Blues, Vancouver won three straight games to advance to the second round.", "After going down three-games-to-one in the opening round against the St. Louis Blues, Vancouver won three straight games to advance to the second round. Facing the Minnesota Wild, the Canucks gave up their own three-games-to-one series lead and were eliminated in seven games.", "Facing the Minnesota Wild, the Canucks gave up their own three-games-to-one series lead and were eliminated in seven games. During the series, Bertuzzi had reportedly walked by the Xcel Energy Center box office and told Wild fans they would not need their Game 6 tickets because Minnesota would be eliminated by then.", "During the series, Bertuzzi had reportedly walked by the Xcel Energy Center box office and told Wild fans they would not need their Game 6 tickets because Minnesota would be eliminated by then. In another on-ice incident, he skated by the opposing bench during Game 7 when the Canucks were winning 2–0, telling Wild players to \"get [their] golf clubs\".", "In another on-ice incident, he skated by the opposing bench during Game 7 when the Canucks were winning 2–0, telling Wild players to \"get [their] golf clubs\". Despite his successful regular season, Bertuzzi struggled to score in the playoffs, recording 6 points in 14 games.", "Despite his successful regular season, Bertuzzi struggled to score in the playoffs, recording 6 points in 14 games. In the off-season, Bertuzzi was named with Näslund to the NHL First All-Star Team. With Bertuzzi entering the final year of his contract, the Canucks began negotiating a contract extension prior to the 2003–04 season.", "With Bertuzzi entering the final year of his contract, the Canucks began negotiating a contract extension prior to the 2003–04 season. Despite Bertuzzi's agent, Pat Morris, declaring that they would cease negotiations once the season began, Bertuzzi signed a four-year, $27.8 million deal with the Canucks on October 23, 2003.", "Despite Bertuzzi's agent, Pat Morris, declaring that they would cease negotiations once the season began, Bertuzzi signed a four-year, $27.8 million deal with the Canucks on October 23, 2003. The contract took effect immediately, erasing the last year on his previous contract, and included a $3 million signing bonus ($2.5 million paid in the first year and $500,000 in the second).", "The contract took effect immediately, erasing the last year on his previous contract, and included a $3 million signing bonus ($2.5 million paid in the first year and $500,000 in the second). The deal paid him $4.3 million the first year, $6.633 million the second year and $6.933 million for the third and fourth years.", "The deal paid him $4.3 million the first year, $6.633 million the second year and $6.933 million for the third and fourth years. In January 2004, Bertuzzi was voted by league fans to the starting lineup of the NHL All-Star Game.", "In January 2004, Bertuzzi was voted by league fans to the starting lineup of the NHL All-Star Game. Representing the Western Conference alongside Näslund and Canucks head coach Marc Crawford, they were defeated by the East 6–4. Bertuzzi had two assists while playing on a line with Näslund and Joe Sakic.", "Bertuzzi had two assists while playing on a line with Näslund and Joe Sakic. Nearing the end of the 2003–04 season, Bertuzzi was indefinitely suspended by the NHL for punching Colorado Avalanche forward Steve Moore from behind and driving his head into the ice during a game on March 8, 2004.", "Nearing the end of the 2003–04 season, Bertuzzi was indefinitely suspended by the NHL for punching Colorado Avalanche forward Steve Moore from behind and driving his head into the ice during a game on March 8, 2004. His actions were a retaliation to a hit from Moore on Näslund during a previous game.", "His actions were a retaliation to a hit from Moore on Näslund during a previous game. Sitting out the remainder of the regular season and playoffs due to his suspension, he finished 2003–04 with 60 points over 69 games.", "Sitting out the remainder of the regular season and playoffs due to his suspension, he finished 2003–04 with 60 points over 69 games. Vancouver replaced Bertuzzi on the team's top line with Matt Cooke and went on to their first Northwest Division title, before being eliminated in the first round of the 2004 playoffs by the Calgary Flames.", "Vancouver replaced Bertuzzi on the team's top line with Matt Cooke and went on to their first Northwest Division title, before being eliminated in the first round of the 2004 playoffs by the Calgary Flames. Inactive in 2004–05 due to the players lockout and his ongoing suspension, which had been extended internationally, Bertuzzi returned to the Canucks in 2005–06, as the league ended his playing ban.", "Inactive in 2004–05 due to the players lockout and his ongoing suspension, which had been extended internationally, Bertuzzi returned to the Canucks in 2005–06, as the league ended his playing ban. He recorded 25 goals and 71 points, including two hat tricks (November 13, 2005, against the Detroit Red Wings and January 14, 2006, against the New York Islanders).", "He recorded 25 goals and 71 points, including two hat tricks (November 13, 2005, against the Detroit Red Wings and January 14, 2006, against the New York Islanders). Though he ranked third in team scoring, Crawford has recalled that by the end of the season, Näslund and Bertuzzi had been eclipsed by Daniel and Henrik Sedin as the team's offensive leaders.", "Though he ranked third in team scoring, Crawford has recalled that by the end of the season, Näslund and Bertuzzi had been eclipsed by Daniel and Henrik Sedin as the team's offensive leaders. There was speculation that the effects of the Steve Moore incident, which included assault charges and constant media coverage, were negatively affecting his play.", "There was speculation that the effects of the Steve Moore incident, which included assault charges and constant media coverage, were negatively affecting his play. While on the road, he was consistently heckled and booed by fans throughout the NHL.", "While on the road, he was consistently heckled and booed by fans throughout the NHL. Näslund, a close friend of Bertuzzi's, later expressed sympathy for him, saying in a 2008 interview, \"It still bothers me what Todd has had to go through...There's no question he was standing up for me...it all went too far.\"", "Näslund, a close friend of Bertuzzi's, later expressed sympathy for him, saying in a 2008 interview, \"It still bothers me what Todd has had to go through...There's no question he was standing up for me...it all went too far.\" Beyond the negative impact on Bertuzzi's individual play, the media speculated that the fallout from the Moore incident had become a distraction to the organization as a whole.", "Beyond the negative impact on Bertuzzi's individual play, the media speculated that the fallout from the Moore incident had become a distraction to the organization as a whole. Compounding the situation in Vancouver, the Canucks had missed the playoffs for the first time in four years.", "Compounding the situation in Vancouver, the Canucks had missed the playoffs for the first time in four years. As such, general manager Dave Nonis spent the off-season making significant changes to the Canucks lineup.", "As such, general manager Dave Nonis spent the off-season making significant changes to the Canucks lineup. On June 23, 2006, he traded Bertuzzi to the Florida Panthers, along with goaltender Alex Auld and defenceman Bryan Allen, in exchange for goaltender Roberto Luongo, defenceman Lukáš Krajíček and a sixth-round selection in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft (Sergei Shirokov).", "On June 23, 2006, he traded Bertuzzi to the Florida Panthers, along with goaltender Alex Auld and defenceman Bryan Allen, in exchange for goaltender Roberto Luongo, defenceman Lukáš Krajíček and a sixth-round selection in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft (Sergei Shirokov). After seven-and-a-half seasons with the Canucks, Bertuzzi left the club ranked seventh all-time among franchise scoring leaders with 449 points.", "After seven-and-a-half seasons with the Canucks, Bertuzzi left the club ranked seventh all-time among franchise scoring leaders with 449 points. Florida, Detroit, and Anaheim (2006–08) Instrumental in facilitating the trade to Florida was Bertuzzi's positive relationship with Panthers general manager Mike Keenan, who was his first coach in Vancouver.", "Florida, Detroit, and Anaheim (2006–08) Instrumental in facilitating the trade to Florida was Bertuzzi's positive relationship with Panthers general manager Mike Keenan, who was his first coach in Vancouver. Debuting with the Panthers on October 6, 2006, Bertuzzi scored a goal and three assists in an 8–3 win against the Boston Bruins.", "Debuting with the Panthers on October 6, 2006, Bertuzzi scored a goal and three assists in an 8–3 win against the Boston Bruins. He appeared in six more games for Florida, notching seven points total, before being sidelined with back spasms.", "He appeared in six more games for Florida, notching seven points total, before being sidelined with back spasms. After being diagnosed with a herniated disc in early-November, Bertuzzi opted for surgery, which kept him out of the lineup for five months.", "After being diagnosed with a herniated disc in early-November, Bertuzzi opted for surgery, which kept him out of the lineup for five months. While recovering, the Panthers dealt him to the Detroit Red Wings at the trade deadline in exchange for forward prospect Shawn Matthias and conditional draft picks.", "While recovering, the Panthers dealt him to the Detroit Red Wings at the trade deadline in exchange for forward prospect Shawn Matthias and conditional draft picks. Bertuzzi was in the last year of his contract with no guarantee he would re-sign with Florida in the off-season.", "Bertuzzi was in the last year of his contract with no guarantee he would re-sign with Florida in the off-season. Bertuzzi returned to action on March 22, 2007, debuting with his new team in a 2–1 shootout loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets.", "Bertuzzi returned to action on March 22, 2007, debuting with his new team in a 2–1 shootout loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets. Eight days later, he scored his first goal as a Red Wing in a 4–3 shootout loss to the Dallas Stars.", "Eight days later, he scored his first goal as a Red Wing in a 4–3 shootout loss to the Dallas Stars. On April 7, he suffered a neck injury that kept him out of the lineup for the last game of the regular season and the first two games of the 2007 playoffs.", "On April 7, he suffered a neck injury that kept him out of the lineup for the last game of the regular season and the first two games of the 2007 playoffs. He finished the campaign with 11 points in 15 games split between Florida and Detroit.", "He finished the campaign with 11 points in 15 games split between Florida and Detroit. During the playoffs, the Red Wings advanced to the Western Conference Finals, where they lost in six games to the Anaheim Ducks, who went on to win the Stanley Cup. Bertuzzi recorded 7 points in 16 playoff games.", "Bertuzzi recorded 7 points in 16 playoff games. Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off-season, Bertuzzi agreed to a two-year, $8 million contract with the Anaheim Ducks on July 2, 2007. Signing him was Ducks general manager Brian Burke, who had served as the Canucks general manager during Bertuzzi's time in Vancouver.", "Signing him was Ducks general manager Brian Burke, who had served as the Canucks general manager during Bertuzzi's time in Vancouver. Bertuzzi had reportedly been in negotiations to re-sign with Detroit, but the club only wanted a one-year deal.", "Bertuzzi had reportedly been in negotiations to re-sign with Detroit, but the club only wanted a one-year deal. Playing the Red Wings in the Ducks' first game of the regular season on October 3, 2007, he registered a goal and an assist in a 3–2 shootout loss.", "Playing the Red Wings in the Ducks' first game of the regular season on October 3, 2007, he registered a goal and an assist in a 3–2 shootout loss. In the first month of the 2007–08 campaign, he suffered a concussion and was sidelined for 14 games in October and November 2007.", "In the first month of the 2007–08 campaign, he suffered a concussion and was sidelined for 14 games in October and November 2007. Bertuzzi returned to the lineup in time for the Ducks' away game against the Canucks on November 27, which marked his first NHL game in Vancouver since being traded away.", "Bertuzzi returned to the lineup in time for the Ducks' away game against the Canucks on November 27, which marked his first NHL game in Vancouver since being traded away. Bertuzzi was received warmly by Canucks fans, as the Ducks lost the game 4–0. Playing in 68 contests over the season, he registered 40 points with Anaheim.", "Playing in 68 contests over the season, he registered 40 points with Anaheim. Entering the 2008 playoffs as the defending champions, the Ducks were eliminated in the first round four games to two by the Dallas Stars. In six playoff contests, Bertuzzi recorded two assists.", "In six playoff contests, Bertuzzi recorded two assists. Calgary Flames (2008–09) During the subsequent summer, several Ducks players were set to become free agents, including high-profile forward Corey Perry.", "Calgary Flames (2008–09) During the subsequent summer, several Ducks players were set to become free agents, including high-profile forward Corey Perry. Requiring additional salary cap space to make room for defenceman Scott Niedermayer, who announced he was returning for another season, Bertuzzi was placed on unconditional waivers with the intention of buying out the remaining year on his contract.", "Requiring additional salary cap space to make room for defenceman Scott Niedermayer, who announced he was returning for another season, Bertuzzi was placed on unconditional waivers with the intention of buying out the remaining year on his contract. Addressing Bertuzzi's buy out with the media, Burke asserted that he \"believe[d] [Bertuzzi] can still play at the NHL level,\" and that the Ducks were merely \"handcuffed by [their] salary cap situation.\"", "Addressing Bertuzzi's buy out with the media, Burke asserted that he \"believe[d] [Bertuzzi] can still play at the NHL level,\" and that the Ducks were merely \"handcuffed by [their] salary cap situation.\" Bertuzzi once again became an unrestricted free agent and signed a one-year, $1.95 million contract with the Calgary Flames on July 7, 2008.", "Bertuzzi once again became an unrestricted free agent and signed a one-year, $1.95 million contract with the Calgary Flames on July 7, 2008. Joining Calgary, he was reunited with Flames coach Mike Keenan.", "Joining Calgary, he was reunited with Flames coach Mike Keenan. Before the start of the 2008–09 season, Bertuzzi switched jersey numbers from 4 to 7, in honour of his boyhood idol, Phil Esposito.", "Before the start of the 2008–09 season, Bertuzzi switched jersey numbers from 4 to 7, in honour of his boyhood idol, Phil Esposito. The numbers 44, which Bertuzzi wore in New York, Vancouver and Detroit, and 4, which he wore in Anaheim, were already taken in Calgary.", "The numbers 44, which Bertuzzi wore in New York, Vancouver and Detroit, and 4, which he wore in Anaheim, were already taken in Calgary. Bertuzzi scored his first goal with the Flames, deflecting a Dion Phaneuf shot, on October 11, 2008, in a 5–4 overtime loss to the Vancouver Canucks.", "Bertuzzi scored his first goal with the Flames, deflecting a Dion Phaneuf shot, on October 11, 2008, in a 5–4 overtime loss to the Vancouver Canucks. While initial fan reaction to Bertuzzi was negative due to his previous role with the division-rival Canucks, as well as his reputation following the Steve Moore incident, he was eventually accepted in Calgary.", "While initial fan reaction to Bertuzzi was negative due to his previous role with the division-rival Canucks, as well as his reputation following the Steve Moore incident, he was eventually accepted in Calgary. In January 2009, he missed five games due to a back injury.", "In January 2009, he missed five games due to a back injury. Several months later, he was sidelined again with a knee injury and underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair damaged cartilage on March 3, 2009.", "Several months later, he was sidelined again with a knee injury and underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair damaged cartilage on March 3, 2009. Missing 11 games, he returned in time for the 2009 playoffs, where the Flames were eliminated by the Chicago Blackhawks in the opening round.", "Missing 11 games, he returned in time for the 2009 playoffs, where the Flames were eliminated by the Chicago Blackhawks in the opening round. He finished his only season in Calgary with 44 points in 66 regular season games, while adding a goal and an assist in six playoff contests.", "He finished his only season in Calgary with 44 points in 66 regular season games, while adding a goal and an assist in six playoff contests. Return to Detroit (2009–2014) On August 18, 2009, Bertuzzi re-joined the Red Wings by accepting a one-year contract with the club worth $1.5 million.", "Return to Detroit (2009–2014) On August 18, 2009, Bertuzzi re-joined the Red Wings by accepting a one-year contract with the club worth $1.5 million. He recorded 44 points (18 goals and 26 assists) in 2009–10, ranking fifth in team scoring.", "He recorded 44 points (18 goals and 26 assists) in 2009–10, ranking fifth in team scoring. During the second round of the 2010 playoffs, Bertuzzi recorded a career-high five-point contest (a goal and four assists) in a Game 4 victory against the San Jose Sharks.", "During the second round of the 2010 playoffs, Bertuzzi recorded a career-high five-point contest (a goal and four assists) in a Game 4 victory against the San Jose Sharks. Bertuzzi finished with a playoffs career-high 11 points in 12 games.", "Bertuzzi finished with a playoffs career-high 11 points in 12 games. In the off-season, Bertuzzi signed a two-year, $3.875 million contract extension with the Red Wings on June 16, 2010. During the 2010–11 season, he appeared in his 1,000th NHL game on February 20, 2011, against the Minnesota Wild.", "During the 2010–11 season, he appeared in his 1,000th NHL game on February 20, 2011, against the Minnesota Wild. Bertuzzi scored a shootout goal to help Detroit win the game 2–1. Dressing for 81 games that season, he ranked seventh in team scoring with 45 points (16 goals and 29 assists).", "Dressing for 81 games that season, he ranked seventh in team scoring with 45 points (16 goals and 29 assists). During the 2011 playoffs, he added 6 points (2 goals and 4 assists) over 11 games as the Red Wings were eliminated in the second round by the San Jose Sharks.", "During the 2011 playoffs, he added 6 points (2 goals and 4 assists) over 11 games as the Red Wings were eliminated in the second round by the San Jose Sharks. On February 23, 2012 Bertuzzi re-signed with the Red Wings for $4.15 million over two years.", "On February 23, 2012 Bertuzzi re-signed with the Red Wings for $4.15 million over two years. He dressed for seven games in the lockout-shortened 2012-2013 regular season due to injuries, producing three points, and was held pointless over six games in the playoffs.", "He dressed for seven games in the lockout-shortened 2012-2013 regular season due to injuries, producing three points, and was held pointless over six games in the playoffs. In the 2013–2014 season he played 59 games and produced 16 points, but was a healthy scratch 15 times; he played one playoff game without a point.", "In the 2013–2014 season he played 59 games and produced 16 points, but was a healthy scratch 15 times; he played one playoff game without a point. During his time with Detroit, he earned praise from head coach Mike Babcock and teammates for adapting his playing style to be more defensively responsible.", "During his time with Detroit, he earned praise from head coach Mike Babcock and teammates for adapting his playing style to be more defensively responsible. Bertuzzi credited the influence of teammates Pavel Datsyuk and Henrik Zetterberg, both successful two-way players in the league.", "Bertuzzi credited the influence of teammates Pavel Datsyuk and Henrik Zetterberg, both successful two-way players in the league. Binghamton Senators tryout and retirement (2015) On January 9, 2015 he signed a professional tryout contract with the Ottawa Senators AHL affiliate the Binghamton Senators in hopes to get a contract with Ottawa.", "Binghamton Senators tryout and retirement (2015) On January 9, 2015 he signed a professional tryout contract with the Ottawa Senators AHL affiliate the Binghamton Senators in hopes to get a contract with Ottawa. Bertuzzi was released from his professional tryout offer with Binghamton on January 21, 2015, after posting no points and a minus-3 rating in his 2 games played with the Senators.", "Bertuzzi was released from his professional tryout offer with Binghamton on January 21, 2015, after posting no points and a minus-3 rating in his 2 games played with the Senators. He subsequently retired that year. International play Bertuzzi debuted internationally for Team Canada at the 1998 World Championships in Switzerland.", "International play Bertuzzi debuted internationally for Team Canada at the 1998 World Championships in Switzerland. He was among the youngest players selected to the team, along with Canucks teammate Bryan McCabe and Chicago Blackhawks forward Eric Dazé, who were all born in 1975 (third-string goaltender Christian Bronsard was two years younger, but did not play in any games).", "He was among the youngest players selected to the team, along with Canucks teammate Bryan McCabe and Chicago Blackhawks forward Eric Dazé, who were all born in 1975 (third-string goaltender Christian Bronsard was two years younger, but did not play in any games). In six games, he recorded three points, as Canada failed to qualify for the medal rounds.", "In six games, he recorded three points, as Canada failed to qualify for the medal rounds. Two years later, Bertuzzi competed at the 2000 World Championships in St. Petersburg, Russia. One of five Canucks players chosen to the national team, he was joined by Adrian Aucoin, Ed Jovanovski, Brendan Morrison and Peter Schaefer.", "One of five Canucks players chosen to the national team, he was joined by Adrian Aucoin, Ed Jovanovski, Brendan Morrison and Peter Schaefer. His second tournament appearance was more productive, as he scored nine points in nine games – first among Canadian players and fourth overall – while also leading the tournament in penalty minutes with 47.", "His second tournament appearance was more productive, as he scored nine points in nine games – first among Canadian players and fourth overall – while also leading the tournament in penalty minutes with 47. Canada did not medal, losing to Finland in the bronze medal game by a 2–1 score.", "Canada did not medal, losing to Finland in the bronze medal game by a 2–1 score. His 63 total penalty minutes from both tournament appearances set an all-time Canadian record for World Championship competitors since 1977 (when Canada resumed competing in the tournament).", "His 63 total penalty minutes from both tournament appearances set an all-time Canadian record for World Championship competitors since 1977 (when Canada resumed competing in the tournament). In December 2005, Bertuzzi was controversially selected to play for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.", "In December 2005, Bertuzzi was controversially selected to play for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. His inclusion, along with that of Dany Heatley and Shane Doan, was discussed at length by the Canadian Olympic Committee (COC).", "His inclusion, along with that of Dany Heatley and Shane Doan, was discussed at length by the Canadian Olympic Committee (COC). The committee had concerns stemming from the Steve Moore incident and Bertuzzi's probationary status, but subsequently approved his representation of Canada at the Olympics.", "The committee had concerns stemming from the Steve Moore incident and Bertuzzi's probationary status, but subsequently approved his representation of Canada at the Olympics. According to a Canadian Press article, \"[COC president] Chambers said the [unusual meeting] was prompted by some media concerns raised over the three athletes participating in the Games.", "According to a Canadian Press article, \"[COC president] Chambers said the [unusual meeting] was prompted by some media concerns raised over the three athletes participating in the Games. The fact it took the committee so long to approve the list means there was some debate.\"", "The fact it took the committee so long to approve the list means there was some debate.\" Bertuzzi went on to post three points (all assists) at the 2006 Olympics, tying for second in team scoring with nine other players. Canada failed to advance past the quarterfinal, losing to Russia by a 2–0 score.", "Canada failed to advance past the quarterfinal, losing to Russia by a 2–0 score. They finished in seventh place overall after winning gold at the previous Winter Olympics in 2002.", "They finished in seventh place overall after winning gold at the previous Winter Olympics in 2002. Steve Moore Incident On February 16, 2004, during a game between Vancouver and Colorado, Avalanche center Steve Moore checked Markus Näslund in the head, causing a minor concussion and a bone chip in his elbow.", "Steve Moore Incident On February 16, 2004, during a game between Vancouver and Colorado, Avalanche center Steve Moore checked Markus Näslund in the head, causing a minor concussion and a bone chip in his elbow. No penalty was assessed, and the league decided not to fine or suspend Moore, ruling the hit legal.", "No penalty was assessed, and the league decided not to fine or suspend Moore, ruling the hit legal. Näslund missed three games as a result of the hit. In a rematch, with the Canucks trailing the Avalanche 8–2 in the third period, Bertuzzi began following Moore around the ice, attempting to provoke him into another fight.", "In a rematch, with the Canucks trailing the Avalanche 8–2 in the third period, Bertuzzi began following Moore around the ice, attempting to provoke him into another fight. With Moore ignoring him, Bertuzzi grabbed Moore's jersey from behind and punched him in the side of the face from behind, with Moore's face hitting the ice as Bertuzzi pushed him, already out cold, into the ice, breaking his neck.", "With Moore ignoring him, Bertuzzi grabbed Moore's jersey from behind and punched him in the side of the face from behind, with Moore's face hitting the ice as Bertuzzi pushed him, already out cold, into the ice, breaking his neck. Bertuzzi, as well as several other players from both teams, landed atop Moore as he fell to the ice.", "Bertuzzi, as well as several other players from both teams, landed atop Moore as he fell to the ice. Bertuzzi was assessed a match penalty and ejected from the game. Per league rules, he was also suspended indefinitely pending a ruling from league commissioner Gary Bettman.", "Per league rules, he was also suspended indefinitely pending a ruling from league commissioner Gary Bettman. After lying on the ice for approximately 10 minutes, Moore was removed from the playing surface on a stretcher.", "After lying on the ice for approximately 10 minutes, Moore was removed from the playing surface on a stretcher. He was treated for three fractured vertebrae in his neck, a grade three concussion, vertebral ligament damage, stretching of the brachial plexus nerves, and facial lacerations. He was also suffering from amnesia.", "He was also suffering from amnesia. Bertuzzi apologized to Moore and his family, as well as to Burke, Canucks owner John McCaw, Jr., the Canucks organization, his teammates, and the fans in a press conference two days later.", "Bertuzzi apologized to Moore and his family, as well as to Burke, Canucks owner John McCaw, Jr., the Canucks organization, his teammates, and the fans in a press conference two days later. On March 11, 2004, the league ruled he would remain suspended for at least the remainder of the Canucks' season, which ultimately cost him the final 13 games of the regular season plus seven playoff games.", "On March 11, 2004, the league ruled he would remain suspended for at least the remainder of the Canucks' season, which ultimately cost him the final 13 games of the regular season plus seven playoff games. The Canucks were additionally fined $250,000.", "The Canucks were additionally fined $250,000. While the following NHL season was suspended due to the 2004–05 lockout, Bertuzzi intended to play in Europe, but the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) extended his NHL suspension to cover their jurisdiction. Bertuzzi remained professionally inactive during the 2004–05 season.", "Bertuzzi remained professionally inactive during the 2004–05 season. The IIHF's sanction also kept him from representing Canada in the 2004 and 2005 World Championships, as well as the 2004 World Cup. Bettman scheduled a reinstatement hearing for Bertuzzi on April 26, 2005. The hearing was attended separately by Bertuzzi and Moore.", "The hearing was attended separately by Bertuzzi and Moore. Prior to the 2005–06 season, Bettman announced Bertuzzi's reinstatement on August 8, citing that \"Mr. Bertuzzi had paid a very significant price for his conduct,\" adding that he felt Bertuzzi was \"genuinely remorseful and apologetic.\"", "Prior to the 2005–06 season, Bettman announced Bertuzzi's reinstatement on August 8, citing that \"Mr. Bertuzzi had paid a very significant price for his conduct,\" adding that he felt Bertuzzi was \"genuinely remorseful and apologetic.\" Bertuzzi's 17-month suspension caused him to miss a total of 20 games—the fourth-longest suspension in NHL history at the time.", "Bertuzzi's 17-month suspension caused him to miss a total of 20 games—the fourth-longest suspension in NHL history at the time. The suspension accounted for $501,926.39 in forfeited salary, as well as an approximate $350,000 in lost endorsements.", "The suspension accounted for $501,926.39 in forfeited salary, as well as an approximate $350,000 in lost endorsements. On the day of his reinstatement, Team Canada's executive director, Wayne Gretzky, offered him a spot on the national team's summer orientation camp in preparation for the 2006 Winter Olympics.", "On the day of his reinstatement, Team Canada's executive director, Wayne Gretzky, offered him a spot on the national team's summer orientation camp in preparation for the 2006 Winter Olympics. Legal actions After a four-month investigation, the criminal justice branch of the Attorney General of British Columbia announced formal charges of assault causing bodily harm against Bertuzzi on June 24, 2004.", "Legal actions After a four-month investigation, the criminal justice branch of the Attorney General of British Columbia announced formal charges of assault causing bodily harm against Bertuzzi on June 24, 2004. With the charge, Bertuzzi faced up to one-and-a-half years in prison.", "With the charge, Bertuzzi faced up to one-and-a-half years in prison. Bertuzzi pleaded guilty to the assault charge on December 22 after arranging a plea bargain with prosecutors. He was given a conditional discharge requiring 80 hours of community service and one year's probation that additionally prohibited him from playing in any hockey game Moore was competing in.", "He was given a conditional discharge requiring 80 hours of community service and one year's probation that additionally prohibited him from playing in any hockey game Moore was competing in. Under Canadian law, Bertuzzi's successful completion of his probationary period precluded him from a criminal record.", "Under Canadian law, Bertuzzi's successful completion of his probationary period precluded him from a criminal record. Moore expressed disappointment regarding Bertuzzi's discharge and was upset that he was unable to attend the court date, having to issue a written victim statement instead.", "Moore expressed disappointment regarding Bertuzzi's discharge and was upset that he was unable to attend the court date, having to issue a written victim statement instead. Moore's lawyer, Tim Danson, was given one day's notice of the court date following Bertuzzi's plea bargain, which he said was insufficient time for Moore to travel to Vancouver.", "Moore's lawyer, Tim Danson, was given one day's notice of the court date following Bertuzzi's plea bargain, which he said was insufficient time for Moore to travel to Vancouver. On February 17, 2005, Moore filed a lawsuit in a Colorado court against Bertuzzi, numerous individuals within the Canucks organization, including Brad May (Bertuzzi's teammate at the time who was quoted as saying that there would \"definitely be a price on Moore's head\" after Moore's hit on Näslund), Brian Burke, Marc Crawford, as well as the Canucks organization as a whole and the Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment company that owned the team.", "On February 17, 2005, Moore filed a lawsuit in a Colorado court against Bertuzzi, numerous individuals within the Canucks organization, including Brad May (Bertuzzi's teammate at the time who was quoted as saying that there would \"definitely be a price on Moore's head\" after Moore's hit on Näslund), Brian Burke, Marc Crawford, as well as the Canucks organization as a whole and the Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment company that owned the team. The lawsuit was thrown out in October 2005, as the Colorado judge ruled the case was better suited for Canadian courts, as Moore and all the defendants were Canadian citizens.", "The lawsuit was thrown out in October 2005, as the Colorado judge ruled the case was better suited for Canadian courts, as Moore and all the defendants were Canadian citizens. Planning to appeal the decision, Danson stated publicly the following month that Moore had begun skating and doing regular workouts, but continued to suffer concussion-related symptoms.", "Planning to appeal the decision, Danson stated publicly the following month that Moore had begun skating and doing regular workouts, but continued to suffer concussion-related symptoms. On February 16, 2006, Moore filed another lawsuit in the Ontario Superior Court against Bertuzzi, the Canucks, and Orca Bay, seeking CAD$15 million in pecuniary damages for loss of income, CAD$1 million for aggravated damages, and CAD$2 million for punitive damages.", "On February 16, 2006, Moore filed another lawsuit in the Ontario Superior Court against Bertuzzi, the Canucks, and Orca Bay, seeking CAD$15 million in pecuniary damages for loss of income, CAD$1 million for aggravated damages, and CAD$2 million for punitive damages. Moore's parents, who were watching their son on television when the attack happened, also sued, seeking CAD$1.5 million for \"negligent infliction of nervous shock and mental distress\".", "Moore's parents, who were watching their son on television when the attack happened, also sued, seeking CAD$1.5 million for \"negligent infliction of nervous shock and mental distress\". In December 2006, Bettman and top lieutenant Bill Daly facilitated a meeting between Moore's representatives and the defendants in hopes of agreeing on an out-of-court settlement.", "In December 2006, Bettman and top lieutenant Bill Daly facilitated a meeting between Moore's representatives and the defendants in hopes of agreeing on an out-of-court settlement. An out-of-court settlement was reached in Moore's lawsuit in October 2014. Terms of the settlement are confidential. Personal life Bertuzzi was born and raised in Sudbury, Ontario.", "Personal life Bertuzzi was born and raised in Sudbury, Ontario. His father, Albert Bertuzzi, is an Italian-Canadian who worked in the window-washing business. When Bertuzzi was a teenager, Albert survived a near-fatal car accident in which he was thrown from the vehicle through the windshield.", "When Bertuzzi was a teenager, Albert survived a near-fatal car accident in which he was thrown from the vehicle through the windshield. His father has stated that he was proud of his own local reputation as a \"dirty player\" and referred to it as a \"Bertuzzi trait\".", "His father has stated that he was proud of his own local reputation as a \"dirty player\" and referred to it as a \"Bertuzzi trait\". He has said that Bertuzzi takes after him in regards to his toughness and aggression.", "He has said that Bertuzzi takes after him in regards to his toughness and aggression. Bertuzzi's great-uncle, Larry Bertuzzi, is a Toronto-based lawyer who has done arbitration work for the NHL, including on the Eric Lindros trade. Growing up, Bertuzzi played minor hockey with the Nickel Centre and Sudbury Minor Hockey programs.", "Growing up, Bertuzzi played minor hockey with the Nickel Centre and Sudbury Minor Hockey programs. In 1990–91, Bertuzzi played as an underaged player in the major midget ranks with the Sudbury Capitals AAA team.", "In 1990–91, Bertuzzi played as an underaged player in the major midget ranks with the Sudbury Capitals AAA team. Physically built as a power forward throughout his youth, he stood 6 feet and 2 inches (1.88 metres) and weighed 195 pounds (88.5 kilograms) by age 15.", "Physically built as a power forward throughout his youth, he stood 6 feet and 2 inches (1.88 metres) and weighed 195 pounds (88.5 kilograms) by age 15. Bertuzzi and his wife, Julie, were married in July 1996.", "Bertuzzi and his wife, Julie, were married in July 1996. They have two children born one-and-a-half years apart in Vancouver, a son named Tag and a daughter named Jaden. His son, Tag Bertuzzi, was drafted into the OHL by the Guelph Storm, 2nd overall in 2017.", "His son, Tag Bertuzzi, was drafted into the OHL by the Guelph Storm, 2nd overall in 2017. Bertuzzi is a recreational golfer and has credited the sport with allowing him to relax more as a hockey player. During his 10-game suspension from the NHL in October and November 2001, he played golf to focus his energy.", "During his 10-game suspension from the NHL in October and November 2001, he played golf to focus his energy. Afterwards, he made it a custom to go to the driving range before every game. Bertuzzi's nephew Tyler Bertuzzi plays hockey for the Detroit Red Wings.", "Bertuzzi's nephew Tyler Bertuzzi plays hockey for the Detroit Red Wings. Bertuzzi was arrested on February 27, 2021, and was detained at the Oakland County Jail in Michigan on suspicion of DUI.", "Bertuzzi was arrested on February 27, 2021, and was detained at the Oakland County Jail in Michigan on suspicion of DUI. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International Awards Records Guelph Storm team record; most goals, single season—54 in 1994–95 (surpassed Mike Prokopec, 52 goals in 1992–93) Vancouver Canucks team record; longest point-scoring streak—15 games (7 goals, 12 assists; January 3 – February 4, 2003) (tied with Petr Nedved; November 19 – December 27, 1992) Vancouver Canucks team record; most powerplay goals, single season—25 in 2002–03 (tied with Pavel Bure) Transactions June 26, 1993: Drafted 23rd overall by the New York Islanders July 6, 1995: Signed to a four-year, $4.6 million contract with the New York Islanders February 6, 1998: Traded to the Vancouver Canucks from the New York Islanders with Bryan McCabe and a 3rd round choice in 1998 (Jarkko Ruutu) for Trevor Linden September 1999: Re-signed to a two-year contract with the Vancouver Canucks October 27, 2003: Signed a four-year, $27.9 million contract extension with the Vancouver Canucks March 11, 2004: Suspended indefinitely by the NHL for deliberate injury to Steve Moore in a game versus the Colorado Avalanche August 8, 2005: Officially reinstated by the NHL June 23, 2006: Traded to the Florida Panthers by the Vancouver Canucks with Bryan Allen and Alex Auld for Roberto Luongo, Lukas Krajicek and a sixth-round draft choice in 2006 (Sergei Shirokov) February 27, 2007: Traded to the Detroit Red Wings by the Florida Panthers for prospect Shawn Matthias and conditional draft picks July 2, 2007: Signed a two-year, $8 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Anaheim Ducks June 28, 2008: Placed on waivers by the Anaheim Ducks; subsequently bought out July 7, 2008: Signed a one-year $1.95 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Calgary Flames August 18, 2009: Signed a one-year $1.5 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Detroit Red Wings May 10, 2010: Signed a two-year, $3.85 million contract extension with the Detroit Red Wings February 23, 2012: Signed a two-year, $4.15 million contract extension with the Detroit Red Wings See also List of NHL players with 1000 games played References Footnotes Citations External links 1975 births Anaheim Ducks players Binghamton Senators players Calgary Flames players Canadian ice hockey right wingers Detroit Red Wings players Florida Panthers players Guelph Storm players Ice hockey people from Ontario Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics Living people National Hockey League All-Stars National Hockey League first round draft picks New York Islanders draft picks New York Islanders players Olympic ice hockey players of Canada Sportspeople from Greater Sudbury Utah Grizzlies (IHL) players Vancouver Canucks players Violence in sports Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States Canadian people of Italian descent" ]

[ "Todd Bertuzzi", "New York Islanders (1995-98)", "What happened in 1995", "Two years after his draft, Bertuzzi and the Islanders had not yet been agreed to a contract." ]

[ "Horace Finaly (30 May 1871, Budapest – 19 May 1945, New York City) French banker, was director general of the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (Paribas) between 1919 and 1937. It imposed its policy and philosophy of its business by the enormous power which had directed the bank.\n\nBiography \n\nHe was born on 30 May 1871 in Budapest and studied at the Lycée Condorcet and passed a law degree in Paris University. He died in New York on 19 May 1945, but his remains are to Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, not far from where he was one of the gentlemen of the time.\n\nSee also \n John Pierpont \"J.P.\" Morgan (17 April 1837 – 31 March 1913)\n Henri Wilhelm August Deterding KBE (Hon), (19 April 1866, Amsterdam – 4 February 1939, St. Moritz)\n\nReferences \n\n Alfred Colling, Banque et banquiers : de Babylone à Wall Street, Paris, Plon, 1962, Notice sur Horace Finaly\n Horace Finaly, the banker, from 1871 to 1945. Bussière, Eric.\n\n Advanced search BNP Paribas Well of History\n Jean-Claude Daumas, Alain Chatriot, Danièle Fraboulet, Hervé Joly (dir.), Dictionnaire historique des patrons français, Paris, Flammarion, 2010.\n\nExternal links \n\n Horace Finaly, a banker who made his mark\n BNP Paribas – History: two centuries of banking\n Plutarchy and other tales\n 1920 – 1945 Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas\n Horace Finaly, an exceptional banker – Banque Paribas' history\n École Horace Finaly – Horace Finaly\n Horace Finaly «Le banquier du front populaire»\n Villa Finaly\n\nFrench bankers\nBNP Paribas people\nPeople from Budapest\nFrench art collectors\nFrench philanthropists\n1871 births\n1945 deaths", "Pierre Finaly (1889–1937) was a French stage and film actor.\n\nFinaly was born into a family with Hungarian Jewish roots and died in Paris.\n\nSelected filmography\n The Darling of Paris (1931)\n Maurin of the Moors (1932)\n Companion Wanted (1932)\n Billeting Order (1932)\n Heart of Paris (1932)\n Poliche (1934)\n Gold in the Street (1934)\n Jeanne (1934)\n Antonia (1935)\n Disk 413 (1936)\n The Brighton Twins (1936)\n The Tender Enemy (1936)\n Culprit (1937)\n The Red Dancer (1937)\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.\n\nExternal links\n\n1889 births\n1937 deaths\nFrench male stage actors\nFrench male film actors\nFrench male silent film actors\n20th-century French male actors\nMale actors from Paris\nJewish French male actors" ]

[ "Todd Bertuzzi (born February 2, 1975) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger of the National Hockey League (NHL). Known as a power forward, he has played in the NHL for the New York Islanders, Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers, Anaheim Ducks, Calgary Flames and Detroit Red Wings.", "Known as a power forward, he has played in the NHL for the New York Islanders, Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers, Anaheim Ducks, Calgary Flames and Detroit Red Wings. He is widely known for his role in the Todd Bertuzzi–Steve Moore incident, for which he was suspended by the NHL and IIHF, and criminally charged.", "He is widely known for his role in the Todd Bertuzzi–Steve Moore incident, for which he was suspended by the NHL and IIHF, and criminally charged. Selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, he played at the junior level with the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) for four seasons.", "Selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, he played at the junior level with the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) for four seasons. In 1995–96, he played his rookie season with the Islanders. After two-and-a-half seasons with the Islanders, he was traded to the Vancouver Canucks.", "After two-and-a-half seasons with the Islanders, he was traded to the Vancouver Canucks. Bertuzzi enjoyed the most successful seasons of his career with the Canucks—his longest tenured team in the NHL—including NHL First Team All-Star honours in 2003.", "Bertuzzi enjoyed the most successful seasons of his career with the Canucks—his longest tenured team in the NHL—including NHL First Team All-Star honours in 2003. In 2006, after seven-and-a-half seasons with Vancouver, Bertuzzi was dealt to the Florida Panthers, with whom he briefly played for until being traded again to the Red Wings.", "In 2006, after seven-and-a-half seasons with Vancouver, Bertuzzi was dealt to the Florida Panthers, with whom he briefly played for until being traded again to the Red Wings. He then played single seasons with the Anaheim Ducks and the Calgary Flames before returning to Detroit in 2009 and finishing his career there.", "He then played single seasons with the Anaheim Ducks and the Calgary Flames before returning to Detroit in 2009 and finishing his career there. Internationally, Bertuzzi has competed for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, as well as the 1998 and 2000 World Championships.", "Internationally, Bertuzzi has competed for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, as well as the 1998 and 2000 World Championships. He is the uncle of Tyler Bertuzzi who currently plays for the Detroit Red Wings.", "He is the uncle of Tyler Bertuzzi who currently plays for the Detroit Red Wings. Playing career Guelph Storm (1991–95) After playing for two minor hockey teams based out of Sudbury, Ontario in 1990–91, Bertuzzi was selected in the first round (fifth overall) by the Guelph Storm in the 1991 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection.", "Playing career Guelph Storm (1991–95) After playing for two minor hockey teams based out of Sudbury, Ontario in 1990–91, Bertuzzi was selected in the first round (fifth overall) by the Guelph Storm in the 1991 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection. His future coach with the Vancouver Canucks, Marc Crawford, passed on Bertuzzi during the draft while he was general manager of the Cornwall Royals; he has recalled not selecting him due to \"maturity issues\" and that he was \"a big kid who hadn't grown into his body yet.\"", "His future coach with the Vancouver Canucks, Marc Crawford, passed on Bertuzzi during the draft while he was general manager of the Cornwall Royals; he has recalled not selecting him due to \"maturity issues\" and that he was \"a big kid who hadn't grown into his body yet.\" Bertuzzi started his OHL career for Guelph in 1991–92, recording 21 points over 42 games as a rookie.", "Bertuzzi started his OHL career for Guelph in 1991–92, recording 21 points over 42 games as a rookie. He missed the last 15 games of the regular season due to suspension as a result of kicking opposing defenceman Brad Barton during a contest between the Storm and Kitchener Rangers.", "He missed the last 15 games of the regular season due to suspension as a result of kicking opposing defenceman Brad Barton during a contest between the Storm and Kitchener Rangers. After improving to 58 points over 60 games in 1992–93, he was selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft.", "After improving to 58 points over 60 games in 1992–93, he was selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. The NHL Central Scouting Bureau described Bertuzzi as a physical and strong player with good skating who checks hard and is offensively effective in close proximity to the net.", "The NHL Central Scouting Bureau described Bertuzzi as a physical and strong player with good skating who checks hard and is offensively effective in close proximity to the net. Following his NHL draft, he underwent surgery for chipped bones in his left elbow in August 1993.", "Following his NHL draft, he underwent surgery for chipped bones in his left elbow in August 1993. As a result, he was unable to participate in the Islanders' training camp in September and was returned to the OHL. Playing in his third season for Guelph, he improved to 28 goals and 82 points over 61 games.", "Playing in his third season for Guelph, he improved to 28 goals and 82 points over 61 games. Bertuzzi competed for an Islanders' roster spot at their 1994 training camp, but was sent back to his junior team after going scoreless in three exhibition games.", "Bertuzzi competed for an Islanders' roster spot at their 1994 training camp, but was sent back to his junior team after going scoreless in three exhibition games. During his last campaign with Guelph in 1994–95, he recorded 119 points – sixth overall in the league.", "During his last campaign with Guelph in 1994–95, he recorded 119 points – sixth overall in the league. His 54 goals established a single-season team record, beating Mike Prokopec's mark, set the previous year, by two goals.", "His 54 goals established a single-season team record, beating Mike Prokopec's mark, set the previous year, by two goals. The Storm's forward tandem of Bertuzzi and Jeff O'Neill, who finished fourth in league scoring, led the club to the best regular season record in the league.", "The Storm's forward tandem of Bertuzzi and Jeff O'Neill, who finished fourth in league scoring, led the club to the best regular season record in the league. He went on to add a team-leading 33 points in 14 playoff games, en route to an OHL Finals loss to the Detroit Junior Red Wings.", "He went on to add a team-leading 33 points in 14 playoff games, en route to an OHL Finals loss to the Detroit Junior Red Wings. After four seasons with Guelph, he left the club ranked third all-time in career points with 280, behind O'Neill and Martin St. Pierre.", "After four seasons with Guelph, he left the club ranked third all-time in career points with 280, behind O'Neill and Martin St. Pierre. New York Islanders (1995–98) Two years after his draft, Bertuzzi and the Islanders had not yet been agreed to a contract.", "New York Islanders (1995–98) Two years after his draft, Bertuzzi and the Islanders had not yet been agreed to a contract. With Bertuzzi eligible to re-enter the draft if the Islanders did not sign him by July 7, 1995, general manager Don Maloney made it apparent that he would use the team's second overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft to select him again if a contract could not be agreed upon by the required date.", "With Bertuzzi eligible to re-enter the draft if the Islanders did not sign him by July 7, 1995, general manager Don Maloney made it apparent that he would use the team's second overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft to select him again if a contract could not be agreed upon by the required date. Moments before the midnight deadline, the Islanders were able to sign Bertuzzi to a four-year, US$4.6 million contract.", "Moments before the midnight deadline, the Islanders were able to sign Bertuzzi to a four-year, US$4.6 million contract. His agent, Pat Morris, had reportedly wanted a similar deal to that of fellow Islanders prospect Brett Lindros – a five-year, $6.7 million contract signed the previous summer.", "His agent, Pat Morris, had reportedly wanted a similar deal to that of fellow Islanders prospect Brett Lindros – a five-year, $6.7 million contract signed the previous summer. During training camp in September 1995, Islanders head coach Mike Milbury heralded Bertuzzi as the team's best performing forward.", "During training camp in September 1995, Islanders head coach Mike Milbury heralded Bertuzzi as the team's best performing forward. Making his NHL debut on October 7, 1995, he scored a wrap around goal against goaltender Blaine Lacher in a 4–4 tie with the Boston Bruins.", "Making his NHL debut on October 7, 1995, he scored a wrap around goal against goaltender Blaine Lacher in a 4–4 tie with the Boston Bruins. Beginning the season on the team's top line with Žigmund Pálffy and Travis Green, Bertuzzi finished his rookie year with 18 goals and 39 points over 76 games.", "Beginning the season on the team's top line with Žigmund Pálffy and Travis Green, Bertuzzi finished his rookie year with 18 goals and 39 points over 76 games. The following season, Bertuzzi recorded 23 points in 64 games.", "The following season, Bertuzzi recorded 23 points in 64 games. The Islanders did not qualify for the playoffs in either of his two full seasons with the club, ranking second-last in the Eastern Conference in 1995–96 and 1996–97. Bertuzzi's playing style as a power forward resulted in comparisons to former Islander Clark Gillies.", "Bertuzzi's playing style as a power forward resulted in comparisons to former Islander Clark Gillies. As a result, the club hired Gillies to personally mentor Bertuzzi.", "As a result, the club hired Gillies to personally mentor Bertuzzi. Failing to meet lofty expectations from the club, Gillies once said of Bertuzzi, \"If you're built like a freight train, you can't drive around like a Volkswagen.\"", "Failing to meet lofty expectations from the club, Gillies once said of Bertuzzi, \"If you're built like a freight train, you can't drive around like a Volkswagen.\" Feeling burdened with the pressure of playing up to the club's expectations while his offensive production diminished, he requested to be traded away at one point during the 1996–97 season.", "Feeling burdened with the pressure of playing up to the club's expectations while his offensive production diminished, he requested to be traded away at one point during the 1996–97 season. In response, Milbury, who had also taken over general manager duties the previous season, demoted Bertuzzi to the Islanders' minor league affiliate, the Utah Grizzlies of the International Hockey League (IHL).", "In response, Milbury, who had also taken over general manager duties the previous season, demoted Bertuzzi to the Islanders' minor league affiliate, the Utah Grizzlies of the International Hockey League (IHL). Playing 13 games in the minors, he registered 10 points before being called back up to the NHL.", "Playing 13 games in the minors, he registered 10 points before being called back up to the NHL. During the 1997–98 campaign, he continued to score below his pace as a rookie.", "During the 1997–98 campaign, he continued to score below his pace as a rookie. On February 6, 1998, he was traded along with defenceman Bryan McCabe and a third-round selection in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft (Jarkko Ruutu) to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for veteran forward Trevor Linden.", "On February 6, 1998, he was traded along with defenceman Bryan McCabe and a third-round selection in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft (Jarkko Ruutu) to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for veteran forward Trevor Linden. The deal was made prior to the NHL's roster freeze in preparation for the 1998 Winter Olympics.", "The deal was made prior to the NHL's roster freeze in preparation for the 1998 Winter Olympics. Bertuzzi and McCabe had both been widely regarded as the players of the future for New York after their respective drafts in 1993. While Milbury expressed regret at having to trade McCabe, relations between Bertuzzi and the club were strained.", "While Milbury expressed regret at having to trade McCabe, relations between Bertuzzi and the club were strained. Welcoming the trade, Bertuzzi commented that \"things weren't working out [in New York].\" Vancouver Canucks (1998–2006) Bertuzzi immediately began producing with Vancouver, tallying 15 points in 22 games after the trade.", "Vancouver Canucks (1998–2006) Bertuzzi immediately began producing with Vancouver, tallying 15 points in 22 games after the trade. Combined with his totals from New York, he finished with 33 points over 74 games in 1997–98.", "Combined with his totals from New York, he finished with 33 points over 74 games in 1997–98. Contrasting his strained relationship with Milbury in New York, Canucks head coach Mike Keenan has recalled his experience with Bertuzzi upon his arrival as positive: \"He came as a young player and he was very open-minded about learning about the game.\"", "Contrasting his strained relationship with Milbury in New York, Canucks head coach Mike Keenan has recalled his experience with Bertuzzi upon his arrival as positive: \"He came as a young player and he was very open-minded about learning about the game.\" Similar to the Islanders, Bertuzzi joined a struggling club in Vancouver; the team finished last in the Western Conference in his first two seasons after the trade.", "Similar to the Islanders, Bertuzzi joined a struggling club in Vancouver; the team finished last in the Western Conference in his first two seasons after the trade. After beginning the 1998–99 season on the Canucks' top line, Bertuzzi was limited to 32 games due to injuries, the first of which was a fractured tibia.", "After beginning the 1998–99 season on the Canucks' top line, Bertuzzi was limited to 32 games due to injuries, the first of which was a fractured tibia. He suffered the injury on November 1, 1998, after a shot by teammate Mattias Öhlund hit him in the leg.", "He suffered the injury on November 1, 1998, after a shot by teammate Mattias Öhlund hit him in the leg. His season was later ended with a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in his left knee, suffered during a game on March 5, 1999. He recorded 8 goals and 16 points in 1998–99.", "He recorded 8 goals and 16 points in 1998–99. In the off-season, Bertuzzi became a restricted free agent and was re-signed by the Canucks to a two-year contract in September 1999. The deal was reported by The Vancouver Sun to be worth a little over $2 million.", "The deal was reported by The Vancouver Sun to be worth a little over $2 million. Returning from injury the following season, Bertuzzi emerged as one of the Canucks' best offensive contributors, finishing with 25 goals (second on the team to Markus Näslund) and 50 points in 1999–2000.", "Returning from injury the following season, Bertuzzi emerged as one of the Canucks' best offensive contributors, finishing with 25 goals (second on the team to Markus Näslund) and 50 points in 1999–2000. At the end of the season, he received the team's Most Exciting Player Award, as voted by the fans.", "At the end of the season, he received the team's Most Exciting Player Award, as voted by the fans. He received the distinction three more times during his career with the Canucks from 2002 to 2004).", "He received the distinction three more times during his career with the Canucks from 2002 to 2004). Meanwhile, the Canucks began improving as a team, finishing four points out of a playoff spot in the West in 2000.", "Meanwhile, the Canucks began improving as a team, finishing four points out of a playoff spot in the West in 2000. The following season, Bertuzzi recorded his first career NHL hat trick, recording all three goals on the power play against San Jose Sharks goaltender Evgeni Nabokov in a 6–3 win on December 30, 2000.", "The following season, Bertuzzi recorded his first career NHL hat trick, recording all three goals on the power play against San Jose Sharks goaltender Evgeni Nabokov in a 6–3 win on December 30, 2000. Bertuzzi recorded a second consecutive 25-goal season in 2000–01, adding 30 assists for 55 points, third in team scoring behind Näslund and Andrew Cassels.", "Bertuzzi recorded a second consecutive 25-goal season in 2000–01, adding 30 assists for 55 points, third in team scoring behind Näslund and Andrew Cassels. His -18 plus-minus rating, however, was a team-worst. The Canucks continued to improve, qualifying for the post-season for the first time in five years.", "The Canucks continued to improve, qualifying for the post-season for the first time in five years. Entering the 2001 playoffs as the final and eighth seed in the West, they were eliminated in the first round by the Colorado Avalanche. Bertuzzi scored two goals and two assists over four games in his first NHL post-season appearance.", "Bertuzzi scored two goals and two assists over four games in his first NHL post-season appearance. In the off-season, Bertuzzi filed for salary arbitration after initially failing to come to terms on a new contract with the Canucks. Both sides avoided arbitration by agreeing to a three-year deal on July 26, 2001.", "Both sides avoided arbitration by agreeing to a three-year deal on July 26, 2001. In the first month of the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi received an automatic 10-game suspension from the league (forfeiting $118,557 in salary) after leaving the bench to help teammate Ed Jovanovski in a fight.", "In the first month of the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi received an automatic 10-game suspension from the league (forfeiting $118,557 in salary) after leaving the bench to help teammate Ed Jovanovski in a fight. The incident occurred during a game against the Colorado Avalanche in which opposing coach Bob Hartley sent enforcer Scott Parker onto the ice as the extra attacker during a delayed penalty.", "The incident occurred during a game against the Colorado Avalanche in which opposing coach Bob Hartley sent enforcer Scott Parker onto the ice as the extra attacker during a delayed penalty. Parker proceeded to physically engage Jovanovski, at which point Bertuzzi left the bench to help his teammate.", "Parker proceeded to physically engage Jovanovski, at which point Bertuzzi left the bench to help his teammate. Vancouver struggled with him out of the lineup, winning 3 games during the 10-game span.", "Vancouver struggled with him out of the lineup, winning 3 games during the 10-game span. Two months after returning from suspension, Bertuzzi went 15 consecutive games with at least a point, scoring 7 goals and 12 assists from January 3 – February 4, 2002. The streak tied Petr Nedvěd for the longest in Canucks history.", "The streak tied Petr Nedvěd for the longest in Canucks history. During that span, in a game on January 9, Canucks head coach Marc Crawford replaced Andrew Cassels with Brendan Morrison, marking the beginning of what was considered by many to be the most effective line combination in the league for several seasons.", "During that span, in a game on January 9, Canucks head coach Marc Crawford replaced Andrew Cassels with Brendan Morrison, marking the beginning of what was considered by many to be the most effective line combination in the league for several seasons. Bertuzzi had emerged as an effective power forward, able to use his size and strength to position himself in front of the net, with good stickhandling ability.", "Bertuzzi had emerged as an effective power forward, able to use his size and strength to position himself in front of the net, with good stickhandling ability. According to Canucks assistant coach Jack McIlhargey, Bertuzzi's skill set favourably complemented Näslund's goal-scoring and Morrison's playmaking abilities.", "According to Canucks assistant coach Jack McIlhargey, Bertuzzi's skill set favourably complemented Näslund's goal-scoring and Morrison's playmaking abilities. The trio were dubbed by Vancouver media as the \"West Coast Express\", named after the city's commuter rail service of the same name.", "The trio were dubbed by Vancouver media as the \"West Coast Express\", named after the city's commuter rail service of the same name. Late in the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi recorded his second career hat-trick on March 19, 2002, during a win against the New York Rangers.", "Late in the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi recorded his second career hat-trick on March 19, 2002, during a win against the New York Rangers. He scored his first two goals of the game against Dan Blackburn and his third into an empty net.", "He scored his first two goals of the game against Dan Blackburn and his third into an empty net. Despite missing ten games from his suspension, Bertuzzi finished the 2001–02 season third in league-scoring with 85 points, behind Näslund and Calgary Flames forward Jarome Iginla.", "Despite missing ten games from his suspension, Bertuzzi finished the 2001–02 season third in league-scoring with 85 points, behind Näslund and Calgary Flames forward Jarome Iginla. His 1.18 points-per-game average ranked second in the NHL behind Mario Lemieux, who played 48 fewer games than Bertuzzi.", "His 1.18 points-per-game average ranked second in the NHL behind Mario Lemieux, who played 48 fewer games than Bertuzzi. He also improved his plus-minus rating by 39 points from the previous season, finishing a career-high +21.", "He also improved his plus-minus rating by 39 points from the previous season, finishing a career-high +21. Although the Canucks were the league's highest scoring team, they finished with the final seed in the West for the 2002 playoffs, ranking eighth in their conference.", "Although the Canucks were the league's highest scoring team, they finished with the final seed in the West for the 2002 playoffs, ranking eighth in their conference. Facing the Detroit Red Wings in the opening round, they were eliminated in six games. Bertuzzi recorded four points in the series.", "Bertuzzi recorded four points in the series. The following season, Bertuzzi appeared in his first NHL All-Star Game. He was joined by fellow Canucks Markus Näslund, defenceman Ed Jovanovski and head coach Marc Crawford, helping the Western Conference to a 6–5 shootout win against the East. He played on a line with Näslund and Peter Forsberg.", "He played on a line with Näslund and Peter Forsberg. Later in the season, he scored his third career hat-trick on March 17, 2003, scoring three goals against Ron Tugnutt in a game against the Dallas Stars.", "Later in the season, he scored his third career hat-trick on March 17, 2003, scoring three goals against Ron Tugnutt in a game against the Dallas Stars. He finished the season with career-highs of 46 goals (third in the league), 51 assists and 97 points (fifth in the league).", "He finished the season with career-highs of 46 goals (third in the league), 51 assists and 97 points (fifth in the league). His 25 power play goals led the NHL and tied Pavel Bure for the Canucks' single-season record. Linemates Näslund and Morrison also recorded personal bests with 104 and 71 points, respectively.", "Linemates Näslund and Morrison also recorded personal bests with 104 and 71 points, respectively. Meanwhile, the Canucks emerged as a top team in the West. Losing the Northwest Division title to the Avalanche by one point in the regular season, they finished as the fourth seed in their conference.", "Losing the Northwest Division title to the Avalanche by one point in the regular season, they finished as the fourth seed in their conference. After going down three-games-to-one in the opening round against the St. Louis Blues, Vancouver won three straight games to advance to the second round.", "After going down three-games-to-one in the opening round against the St. Louis Blues, Vancouver won three straight games to advance to the second round. Facing the Minnesota Wild, the Canucks gave up their own three-games-to-one series lead and were eliminated in seven games.", "Facing the Minnesota Wild, the Canucks gave up their own three-games-to-one series lead and were eliminated in seven games. During the series, Bertuzzi had reportedly walked by the Xcel Energy Center box office and told Wild fans they would not need their Game 6 tickets because Minnesota would be eliminated by then.", "During the series, Bertuzzi had reportedly walked by the Xcel Energy Center box office and told Wild fans they would not need their Game 6 tickets because Minnesota would be eliminated by then. In another on-ice incident, he skated by the opposing bench during Game 7 when the Canucks were winning 2–0, telling Wild players to \"get [their] golf clubs\".", "In another on-ice incident, he skated by the opposing bench during Game 7 when the Canucks were winning 2–0, telling Wild players to \"get [their] golf clubs\". Despite his successful regular season, Bertuzzi struggled to score in the playoffs, recording 6 points in 14 games.", "Despite his successful regular season, Bertuzzi struggled to score in the playoffs, recording 6 points in 14 games. In the off-season, Bertuzzi was named with Näslund to the NHL First All-Star Team. With Bertuzzi entering the final year of his contract, the Canucks began negotiating a contract extension prior to the 2003–04 season.", "With Bertuzzi entering the final year of his contract, the Canucks began negotiating a contract extension prior to the 2003–04 season. Despite Bertuzzi's agent, Pat Morris, declaring that they would cease negotiations once the season began, Bertuzzi signed a four-year, $27.8 million deal with the Canucks on October 23, 2003.", "Despite Bertuzzi's agent, Pat Morris, declaring that they would cease negotiations once the season began, Bertuzzi signed a four-year, $27.8 million deal with the Canucks on October 23, 2003. The contract took effect immediately, erasing the last year on his previous contract, and included a $3 million signing bonus ($2.5 million paid in the first year and $500,000 in the second).", "The contract took effect immediately, erasing the last year on his previous contract, and included a $3 million signing bonus ($2.5 million paid in the first year and $500,000 in the second). The deal paid him $4.3 million the first year, $6.633 million the second year and $6.933 million for the third and fourth years.", "The deal paid him $4.3 million the first year, $6.633 million the second year and $6.933 million for the third and fourth years. In January 2004, Bertuzzi was voted by league fans to the starting lineup of the NHL All-Star Game.", "In January 2004, Bertuzzi was voted by league fans to the starting lineup of the NHL All-Star Game. Representing the Western Conference alongside Näslund and Canucks head coach Marc Crawford, they were defeated by the East 6–4. Bertuzzi had two assists while playing on a line with Näslund and Joe Sakic.", "Bertuzzi had two assists while playing on a line with Näslund and Joe Sakic. Nearing the end of the 2003–04 season, Bertuzzi was indefinitely suspended by the NHL for punching Colorado Avalanche forward Steve Moore from behind and driving his head into the ice during a game on March 8, 2004.", "Nearing the end of the 2003–04 season, Bertuzzi was indefinitely suspended by the NHL for punching Colorado Avalanche forward Steve Moore from behind and driving his head into the ice during a game on March 8, 2004. His actions were a retaliation to a hit from Moore on Näslund during a previous game.", "His actions were a retaliation to a hit from Moore on Näslund during a previous game. Sitting out the remainder of the regular season and playoffs due to his suspension, he finished 2003–04 with 60 points over 69 games.", "Sitting out the remainder of the regular season and playoffs due to his suspension, he finished 2003–04 with 60 points over 69 games. Vancouver replaced Bertuzzi on the team's top line with Matt Cooke and went on to their first Northwest Division title, before being eliminated in the first round of the 2004 playoffs by the Calgary Flames.", "Vancouver replaced Bertuzzi on the team's top line with Matt Cooke and went on to their first Northwest Division title, before being eliminated in the first round of the 2004 playoffs by the Calgary Flames. Inactive in 2004–05 due to the players lockout and his ongoing suspension, which had been extended internationally, Bertuzzi returned to the Canucks in 2005–06, as the league ended his playing ban.", "Inactive in 2004–05 due to the players lockout and his ongoing suspension, which had been extended internationally, Bertuzzi returned to the Canucks in 2005–06, as the league ended his playing ban. He recorded 25 goals and 71 points, including two hat tricks (November 13, 2005, against the Detroit Red Wings and January 14, 2006, against the New York Islanders).", "He recorded 25 goals and 71 points, including two hat tricks (November 13, 2005, against the Detroit Red Wings and January 14, 2006, against the New York Islanders). Though he ranked third in team scoring, Crawford has recalled that by the end of the season, Näslund and Bertuzzi had been eclipsed by Daniel and Henrik Sedin as the team's offensive leaders.", "Though he ranked third in team scoring, Crawford has recalled that by the end of the season, Näslund and Bertuzzi had been eclipsed by Daniel and Henrik Sedin as the team's offensive leaders. There was speculation that the effects of the Steve Moore incident, which included assault charges and constant media coverage, were negatively affecting his play.", "There was speculation that the effects of the Steve Moore incident, which included assault charges and constant media coverage, were negatively affecting his play. While on the road, he was consistently heckled and booed by fans throughout the NHL.", "While on the road, he was consistently heckled and booed by fans throughout the NHL. Näslund, a close friend of Bertuzzi's, later expressed sympathy for him, saying in a 2008 interview, \"It still bothers me what Todd has had to go through...There's no question he was standing up for me...it all went too far.\"", "Näslund, a close friend of Bertuzzi's, later expressed sympathy for him, saying in a 2008 interview, \"It still bothers me what Todd has had to go through...There's no question he was standing up for me...it all went too far.\" Beyond the negative impact on Bertuzzi's individual play, the media speculated that the fallout from the Moore incident had become a distraction to the organization as a whole.", "Beyond the negative impact on Bertuzzi's individual play, the media speculated that the fallout from the Moore incident had become a distraction to the organization as a whole. Compounding the situation in Vancouver, the Canucks had missed the playoffs for the first time in four years.", "Compounding the situation in Vancouver, the Canucks had missed the playoffs for the first time in four years. As such, general manager Dave Nonis spent the off-season making significant changes to the Canucks lineup.", "As such, general manager Dave Nonis spent the off-season making significant changes to the Canucks lineup. On June 23, 2006, he traded Bertuzzi to the Florida Panthers, along with goaltender Alex Auld and defenceman Bryan Allen, in exchange for goaltender Roberto Luongo, defenceman Lukáš Krajíček and a sixth-round selection in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft (Sergei Shirokov).", "On June 23, 2006, he traded Bertuzzi to the Florida Panthers, along with goaltender Alex Auld and defenceman Bryan Allen, in exchange for goaltender Roberto Luongo, defenceman Lukáš Krajíček and a sixth-round selection in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft (Sergei Shirokov). After seven-and-a-half seasons with the Canucks, Bertuzzi left the club ranked seventh all-time among franchise scoring leaders with 449 points.", "After seven-and-a-half seasons with the Canucks, Bertuzzi left the club ranked seventh all-time among franchise scoring leaders with 449 points. Florida, Detroit, and Anaheim (2006–08) Instrumental in facilitating the trade to Florida was Bertuzzi's positive relationship with Panthers general manager Mike Keenan, who was his first coach in Vancouver.", "Florida, Detroit, and Anaheim (2006–08) Instrumental in facilitating the trade to Florida was Bertuzzi's positive relationship with Panthers general manager Mike Keenan, who was his first coach in Vancouver. Debuting with the Panthers on October 6, 2006, Bertuzzi scored a goal and three assists in an 8–3 win against the Boston Bruins.", "Debuting with the Panthers on October 6, 2006, Bertuzzi scored a goal and three assists in an 8–3 win against the Boston Bruins. He appeared in six more games for Florida, notching seven points total, before being sidelined with back spasms.", "He appeared in six more games for Florida, notching seven points total, before being sidelined with back spasms. After being diagnosed with a herniated disc in early-November, Bertuzzi opted for surgery, which kept him out of the lineup for five months.", "After being diagnosed with a herniated disc in early-November, Bertuzzi opted for surgery, which kept him out of the lineup for five months. While recovering, the Panthers dealt him to the Detroit Red Wings at the trade deadline in exchange for forward prospect Shawn Matthias and conditional draft picks.", "While recovering, the Panthers dealt him to the Detroit Red Wings at the trade deadline in exchange for forward prospect Shawn Matthias and conditional draft picks. Bertuzzi was in the last year of his contract with no guarantee he would re-sign with Florida in the off-season.", "Bertuzzi was in the last year of his contract with no guarantee he would re-sign with Florida in the off-season. Bertuzzi returned to action on March 22, 2007, debuting with his new team in a 2–1 shootout loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets.", "Bertuzzi returned to action on March 22, 2007, debuting with his new team in a 2–1 shootout loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets. Eight days later, he scored his first goal as a Red Wing in a 4–3 shootout loss to the Dallas Stars.", "Eight days later, he scored his first goal as a Red Wing in a 4–3 shootout loss to the Dallas Stars. On April 7, he suffered a neck injury that kept him out of the lineup for the last game of the regular season and the first two games of the 2007 playoffs.", "On April 7, he suffered a neck injury that kept him out of the lineup for the last game of the regular season and the first two games of the 2007 playoffs. He finished the campaign with 11 points in 15 games split between Florida and Detroit.", "He finished the campaign with 11 points in 15 games split between Florida and Detroit. During the playoffs, the Red Wings advanced to the Western Conference Finals, where they lost in six games to the Anaheim Ducks, who went on to win the Stanley Cup. Bertuzzi recorded 7 points in 16 playoff games.", "Bertuzzi recorded 7 points in 16 playoff games. Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off-season, Bertuzzi agreed to a two-year, $8 million contract with the Anaheim Ducks on July 2, 2007. Signing him was Ducks general manager Brian Burke, who had served as the Canucks general manager during Bertuzzi's time in Vancouver.", "Signing him was Ducks general manager Brian Burke, who had served as the Canucks general manager during Bertuzzi's time in Vancouver. Bertuzzi had reportedly been in negotiations to re-sign with Detroit, but the club only wanted a one-year deal.", "Bertuzzi had reportedly been in negotiations to re-sign with Detroit, but the club only wanted a one-year deal. Playing the Red Wings in the Ducks' first game of the regular season on October 3, 2007, he registered a goal and an assist in a 3–2 shootout loss.", "Playing the Red Wings in the Ducks' first game of the regular season on October 3, 2007, he registered a goal and an assist in a 3–2 shootout loss. In the first month of the 2007–08 campaign, he suffered a concussion and was sidelined for 14 games in October and November 2007.", "In the first month of the 2007–08 campaign, he suffered a concussion and was sidelined for 14 games in October and November 2007. Bertuzzi returned to the lineup in time for the Ducks' away game against the Canucks on November 27, which marked his first NHL game in Vancouver since being traded away.", "Bertuzzi returned to the lineup in time for the Ducks' away game against the Canucks on November 27, which marked his first NHL game in Vancouver since being traded away. Bertuzzi was received warmly by Canucks fans, as the Ducks lost the game 4–0. Playing in 68 contests over the season, he registered 40 points with Anaheim.", "Playing in 68 contests over the season, he registered 40 points with Anaheim. Entering the 2008 playoffs as the defending champions, the Ducks were eliminated in the first round four games to two by the Dallas Stars. In six playoff contests, Bertuzzi recorded two assists.", "In six playoff contests, Bertuzzi recorded two assists. Calgary Flames (2008–09) During the subsequent summer, several Ducks players were set to become free agents, including high-profile forward Corey Perry.", "Calgary Flames (2008–09) During the subsequent summer, several Ducks players were set to become free agents, including high-profile forward Corey Perry. Requiring additional salary cap space to make room for defenceman Scott Niedermayer, who announced he was returning for another season, Bertuzzi was placed on unconditional waivers with the intention of buying out the remaining year on his contract.", "Requiring additional salary cap space to make room for defenceman Scott Niedermayer, who announced he was returning for another season, Bertuzzi was placed on unconditional waivers with the intention of buying out the remaining year on his contract. Addressing Bertuzzi's buy out with the media, Burke asserted that he \"believe[d] [Bertuzzi] can still play at the NHL level,\" and that the Ducks were merely \"handcuffed by [their] salary cap situation.\"", "Addressing Bertuzzi's buy out with the media, Burke asserted that he \"believe[d] [Bertuzzi] can still play at the NHL level,\" and that the Ducks were merely \"handcuffed by [their] salary cap situation.\" Bertuzzi once again became an unrestricted free agent and signed a one-year, $1.95 million contract with the Calgary Flames on July 7, 2008.", "Bertuzzi once again became an unrestricted free agent and signed a one-year, $1.95 million contract with the Calgary Flames on July 7, 2008. Joining Calgary, he was reunited with Flames coach Mike Keenan.", "Joining Calgary, he was reunited with Flames coach Mike Keenan. Before the start of the 2008–09 season, Bertuzzi switched jersey numbers from 4 to 7, in honour of his boyhood idol, Phil Esposito.", "Before the start of the 2008–09 season, Bertuzzi switched jersey numbers from 4 to 7, in honour of his boyhood idol, Phil Esposito. The numbers 44, which Bertuzzi wore in New York, Vancouver and Detroit, and 4, which he wore in Anaheim, were already taken in Calgary.", "The numbers 44, which Bertuzzi wore in New York, Vancouver and Detroit, and 4, which he wore in Anaheim, were already taken in Calgary. Bertuzzi scored his first goal with the Flames, deflecting a Dion Phaneuf shot, on October 11, 2008, in a 5–4 overtime loss to the Vancouver Canucks.", "Bertuzzi scored his first goal with the Flames, deflecting a Dion Phaneuf shot, on October 11, 2008, in a 5–4 overtime loss to the Vancouver Canucks. While initial fan reaction to Bertuzzi was negative due to his previous role with the division-rival Canucks, as well as his reputation following the Steve Moore incident, he was eventually accepted in Calgary.", "While initial fan reaction to Bertuzzi was negative due to his previous role with the division-rival Canucks, as well as his reputation following the Steve Moore incident, he was eventually accepted in Calgary. In January 2009, he missed five games due to a back injury.", "In January 2009, he missed five games due to a back injury. Several months later, he was sidelined again with a knee injury and underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair damaged cartilage on March 3, 2009.", "Several months later, he was sidelined again with a knee injury and underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair damaged cartilage on March 3, 2009. Missing 11 games, he returned in time for the 2009 playoffs, where the Flames were eliminated by the Chicago Blackhawks in the opening round.", "Missing 11 games, he returned in time for the 2009 playoffs, where the Flames were eliminated by the Chicago Blackhawks in the opening round. He finished his only season in Calgary with 44 points in 66 regular season games, while adding a goal and an assist in six playoff contests.", "He finished his only season in Calgary with 44 points in 66 regular season games, while adding a goal and an assist in six playoff contests. Return to Detroit (2009–2014) On August 18, 2009, Bertuzzi re-joined the Red Wings by accepting a one-year contract with the club worth $1.5 million.", "Return to Detroit (2009–2014) On August 18, 2009, Bertuzzi re-joined the Red Wings by accepting a one-year contract with the club worth $1.5 million. He recorded 44 points (18 goals and 26 assists) in 2009–10, ranking fifth in team scoring.", "He recorded 44 points (18 goals and 26 assists) in 2009–10, ranking fifth in team scoring. During the second round of the 2010 playoffs, Bertuzzi recorded a career-high five-point contest (a goal and four assists) in a Game 4 victory against the San Jose Sharks.", "During the second round of the 2010 playoffs, Bertuzzi recorded a career-high five-point contest (a goal and four assists) in a Game 4 victory against the San Jose Sharks. Bertuzzi finished with a playoffs career-high 11 points in 12 games.", "Bertuzzi finished with a playoffs career-high 11 points in 12 games. In the off-season, Bertuzzi signed a two-year, $3.875 million contract extension with the Red Wings on June 16, 2010. During the 2010–11 season, he appeared in his 1,000th NHL game on February 20, 2011, against the Minnesota Wild.", "During the 2010–11 season, he appeared in his 1,000th NHL game on February 20, 2011, against the Minnesota Wild. Bertuzzi scored a shootout goal to help Detroit win the game 2–1. Dressing for 81 games that season, he ranked seventh in team scoring with 45 points (16 goals and 29 assists).", "Dressing for 81 games that season, he ranked seventh in team scoring with 45 points (16 goals and 29 assists). During the 2011 playoffs, he added 6 points (2 goals and 4 assists) over 11 games as the Red Wings were eliminated in the second round by the San Jose Sharks.", "During the 2011 playoffs, he added 6 points (2 goals and 4 assists) over 11 games as the Red Wings were eliminated in the second round by the San Jose Sharks. On February 23, 2012 Bertuzzi re-signed with the Red Wings for $4.15 million over two years.", "On February 23, 2012 Bertuzzi re-signed with the Red Wings for $4.15 million over two years. He dressed for seven games in the lockout-shortened 2012-2013 regular season due to injuries, producing three points, and was held pointless over six games in the playoffs.", "He dressed for seven games in the lockout-shortened 2012-2013 regular season due to injuries, producing three points, and was held pointless over six games in the playoffs. In the 2013–2014 season he played 59 games and produced 16 points, but was a healthy scratch 15 times; he played one playoff game without a point.", "In the 2013–2014 season he played 59 games and produced 16 points, but was a healthy scratch 15 times; he played one playoff game without a point. During his time with Detroit, he earned praise from head coach Mike Babcock and teammates for adapting his playing style to be more defensively responsible.", "During his time with Detroit, he earned praise from head coach Mike Babcock and teammates for adapting his playing style to be more defensively responsible. Bertuzzi credited the influence of teammates Pavel Datsyuk and Henrik Zetterberg, both successful two-way players in the league.", "Bertuzzi credited the influence of teammates Pavel Datsyuk and Henrik Zetterberg, both successful two-way players in the league. Binghamton Senators tryout and retirement (2015) On January 9, 2015 he signed a professional tryout contract with the Ottawa Senators AHL affiliate the Binghamton Senators in hopes to get a contract with Ottawa.", "Binghamton Senators tryout and retirement (2015) On January 9, 2015 he signed a professional tryout contract with the Ottawa Senators AHL affiliate the Binghamton Senators in hopes to get a contract with Ottawa. Bertuzzi was released from his professional tryout offer with Binghamton on January 21, 2015, after posting no points and a minus-3 rating in his 2 games played with the Senators.", "Bertuzzi was released from his professional tryout offer with Binghamton on January 21, 2015, after posting no points and a minus-3 rating in his 2 games played with the Senators. He subsequently retired that year. International play Bertuzzi debuted internationally for Team Canada at the 1998 World Championships in Switzerland.", "International play Bertuzzi debuted internationally for Team Canada at the 1998 World Championships in Switzerland. He was among the youngest players selected to the team, along with Canucks teammate Bryan McCabe and Chicago Blackhawks forward Eric Dazé, who were all born in 1975 (third-string goaltender Christian Bronsard was two years younger, but did not play in any games).", "He was among the youngest players selected to the team, along with Canucks teammate Bryan McCabe and Chicago Blackhawks forward Eric Dazé, who were all born in 1975 (third-string goaltender Christian Bronsard was two years younger, but did not play in any games). In six games, he recorded three points, as Canada failed to qualify for the medal rounds.", "In six games, he recorded three points, as Canada failed to qualify for the medal rounds. Two years later, Bertuzzi competed at the 2000 World Championships in St. Petersburg, Russia. One of five Canucks players chosen to the national team, he was joined by Adrian Aucoin, Ed Jovanovski, Brendan Morrison and Peter Schaefer.", "One of five Canucks players chosen to the national team, he was joined by Adrian Aucoin, Ed Jovanovski, Brendan Morrison and Peter Schaefer. His second tournament appearance was more productive, as he scored nine points in nine games – first among Canadian players and fourth overall – while also leading the tournament in penalty minutes with 47.", "His second tournament appearance was more productive, as he scored nine points in nine games – first among Canadian players and fourth overall – while also leading the tournament in penalty minutes with 47. Canada did not medal, losing to Finland in the bronze medal game by a 2–1 score.", "Canada did not medal, losing to Finland in the bronze medal game by a 2–1 score. His 63 total penalty minutes from both tournament appearances set an all-time Canadian record for World Championship competitors since 1977 (when Canada resumed competing in the tournament).", "His 63 total penalty minutes from both tournament appearances set an all-time Canadian record for World Championship competitors since 1977 (when Canada resumed competing in the tournament). In December 2005, Bertuzzi was controversially selected to play for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.", "In December 2005, Bertuzzi was controversially selected to play for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. His inclusion, along with that of Dany Heatley and Shane Doan, was discussed at length by the Canadian Olympic Committee (COC).", "His inclusion, along with that of Dany Heatley and Shane Doan, was discussed at length by the Canadian Olympic Committee (COC). The committee had concerns stemming from the Steve Moore incident and Bertuzzi's probationary status, but subsequently approved his representation of Canada at the Olympics.", "The committee had concerns stemming from the Steve Moore incident and Bertuzzi's probationary status, but subsequently approved his representation of Canada at the Olympics. According to a Canadian Press article, \"[COC president] Chambers said the [unusual meeting] was prompted by some media concerns raised over the three athletes participating in the Games.", "According to a Canadian Press article, \"[COC president] Chambers said the [unusual meeting] was prompted by some media concerns raised over the three athletes participating in the Games. The fact it took the committee so long to approve the list means there was some debate.\"", "The fact it took the committee so long to approve the list means there was some debate.\" Bertuzzi went on to post three points (all assists) at the 2006 Olympics, tying for second in team scoring with nine other players. Canada failed to advance past the quarterfinal, losing to Russia by a 2–0 score.", "Canada failed to advance past the quarterfinal, losing to Russia by a 2–0 score. They finished in seventh place overall after winning gold at the previous Winter Olympics in 2002.", "They finished in seventh place overall after winning gold at the previous Winter Olympics in 2002. Steve Moore Incident On February 16, 2004, during a game between Vancouver and Colorado, Avalanche center Steve Moore checked Markus Näslund in the head, causing a minor concussion and a bone chip in his elbow.", "Steve Moore Incident On February 16, 2004, during a game between Vancouver and Colorado, Avalanche center Steve Moore checked Markus Näslund in the head, causing a minor concussion and a bone chip in his elbow. No penalty was assessed, and the league decided not to fine or suspend Moore, ruling the hit legal.", "No penalty was assessed, and the league decided not to fine or suspend Moore, ruling the hit legal. Näslund missed three games as a result of the hit. In a rematch, with the Canucks trailing the Avalanche 8–2 in the third period, Bertuzzi began following Moore around the ice, attempting to provoke him into another fight.", "In a rematch, with the Canucks trailing the Avalanche 8–2 in the third period, Bertuzzi began following Moore around the ice, attempting to provoke him into another fight. With Moore ignoring him, Bertuzzi grabbed Moore's jersey from behind and punched him in the side of the face from behind, with Moore's face hitting the ice as Bertuzzi pushed him, already out cold, into the ice, breaking his neck.", "With Moore ignoring him, Bertuzzi grabbed Moore's jersey from behind and punched him in the side of the face from behind, with Moore's face hitting the ice as Bertuzzi pushed him, already out cold, into the ice, breaking his neck. Bertuzzi, as well as several other players from both teams, landed atop Moore as he fell to the ice.", "Bertuzzi, as well as several other players from both teams, landed atop Moore as he fell to the ice. Bertuzzi was assessed a match penalty and ejected from the game. Per league rules, he was also suspended indefinitely pending a ruling from league commissioner Gary Bettman.", "Per league rules, he was also suspended indefinitely pending a ruling from league commissioner Gary Bettman. After lying on the ice for approximately 10 minutes, Moore was removed from the playing surface on a stretcher.", "After lying on the ice for approximately 10 minutes, Moore was removed from the playing surface on a stretcher. He was treated for three fractured vertebrae in his neck, a grade three concussion, vertebral ligament damage, stretching of the brachial plexus nerves, and facial lacerations. He was also suffering from amnesia.", "He was also suffering from amnesia. Bertuzzi apologized to Moore and his family, as well as to Burke, Canucks owner John McCaw, Jr., the Canucks organization, his teammates, and the fans in a press conference two days later.", "Bertuzzi apologized to Moore and his family, as well as to Burke, Canucks owner John McCaw, Jr., the Canucks organization, his teammates, and the fans in a press conference two days later. On March 11, 2004, the league ruled he would remain suspended for at least the remainder of the Canucks' season, which ultimately cost him the final 13 games of the regular season plus seven playoff games.", "On March 11, 2004, the league ruled he would remain suspended for at least the remainder of the Canucks' season, which ultimately cost him the final 13 games of the regular season plus seven playoff games. The Canucks were additionally fined $250,000.", "The Canucks were additionally fined $250,000. While the following NHL season was suspended due to the 2004–05 lockout, Bertuzzi intended to play in Europe, but the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) extended his NHL suspension to cover their jurisdiction. Bertuzzi remained professionally inactive during the 2004–05 season.", "Bertuzzi remained professionally inactive during the 2004–05 season. The IIHF's sanction also kept him from representing Canada in the 2004 and 2005 World Championships, as well as the 2004 World Cup. Bettman scheduled a reinstatement hearing for Bertuzzi on April 26, 2005. The hearing was attended separately by Bertuzzi and Moore.", "The hearing was attended separately by Bertuzzi and Moore. Prior to the 2005–06 season, Bettman announced Bertuzzi's reinstatement on August 8, citing that \"Mr. Bertuzzi had paid a very significant price for his conduct,\" adding that he felt Bertuzzi was \"genuinely remorseful and apologetic.\"", "Prior to the 2005–06 season, Bettman announced Bertuzzi's reinstatement on August 8, citing that \"Mr. Bertuzzi had paid a very significant price for his conduct,\" adding that he felt Bertuzzi was \"genuinely remorseful and apologetic.\" Bertuzzi's 17-month suspension caused him to miss a total of 20 games—the fourth-longest suspension in NHL history at the time.", "Bertuzzi's 17-month suspension caused him to miss a total of 20 games—the fourth-longest suspension in NHL history at the time. The suspension accounted for $501,926.39 in forfeited salary, as well as an approximate $350,000 in lost endorsements.", "The suspension accounted for $501,926.39 in forfeited salary, as well as an approximate $350,000 in lost endorsements. On the day of his reinstatement, Team Canada's executive director, Wayne Gretzky, offered him a spot on the national team's summer orientation camp in preparation for the 2006 Winter Olympics.", "On the day of his reinstatement, Team Canada's executive director, Wayne Gretzky, offered him a spot on the national team's summer orientation camp in preparation for the 2006 Winter Olympics. Legal actions After a four-month investigation, the criminal justice branch of the Attorney General of British Columbia announced formal charges of assault causing bodily harm against Bertuzzi on June 24, 2004.", "Legal actions After a four-month investigation, the criminal justice branch of the Attorney General of British Columbia announced formal charges of assault causing bodily harm against Bertuzzi on June 24, 2004. With the charge, Bertuzzi faced up to one-and-a-half years in prison.", "With the charge, Bertuzzi faced up to one-and-a-half years in prison. Bertuzzi pleaded guilty to the assault charge on December 22 after arranging a plea bargain with prosecutors. He was given a conditional discharge requiring 80 hours of community service and one year's probation that additionally prohibited him from playing in any hockey game Moore was competing in.", "He was given a conditional discharge requiring 80 hours of community service and one year's probation that additionally prohibited him from playing in any hockey game Moore was competing in. Under Canadian law, Bertuzzi's successful completion of his probationary period precluded him from a criminal record.", "Under Canadian law, Bertuzzi's successful completion of his probationary period precluded him from a criminal record. Moore expressed disappointment regarding Bertuzzi's discharge and was upset that he was unable to attend the court date, having to issue a written victim statement instead.", "Moore expressed disappointment regarding Bertuzzi's discharge and was upset that he was unable to attend the court date, having to issue a written victim statement instead. Moore's lawyer, Tim Danson, was given one day's notice of the court date following Bertuzzi's plea bargain, which he said was insufficient time for Moore to travel to Vancouver.", "Moore's lawyer, Tim Danson, was given one day's notice of the court date following Bertuzzi's plea bargain, which he said was insufficient time for Moore to travel to Vancouver. On February 17, 2005, Moore filed a lawsuit in a Colorado court against Bertuzzi, numerous individuals within the Canucks organization, including Brad May (Bertuzzi's teammate at the time who was quoted as saying that there would \"definitely be a price on Moore's head\" after Moore's hit on Näslund), Brian Burke, Marc Crawford, as well as the Canucks organization as a whole and the Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment company that owned the team.", "On February 17, 2005, Moore filed a lawsuit in a Colorado court against Bertuzzi, numerous individuals within the Canucks organization, including Brad May (Bertuzzi's teammate at the time who was quoted as saying that there would \"definitely be a price on Moore's head\" after Moore's hit on Näslund), Brian Burke, Marc Crawford, as well as the Canucks organization as a whole and the Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment company that owned the team. The lawsuit was thrown out in October 2005, as the Colorado judge ruled the case was better suited for Canadian courts, as Moore and all the defendants were Canadian citizens.", "The lawsuit was thrown out in October 2005, as the Colorado judge ruled the case was better suited for Canadian courts, as Moore and all the defendants were Canadian citizens. Planning to appeal the decision, Danson stated publicly the following month that Moore had begun skating and doing regular workouts, but continued to suffer concussion-related symptoms.", "Planning to appeal the decision, Danson stated publicly the following month that Moore had begun skating and doing regular workouts, but continued to suffer concussion-related symptoms. On February 16, 2006, Moore filed another lawsuit in the Ontario Superior Court against Bertuzzi, the Canucks, and Orca Bay, seeking CAD$15 million in pecuniary damages for loss of income, CAD$1 million for aggravated damages, and CAD$2 million for punitive damages.", "On February 16, 2006, Moore filed another lawsuit in the Ontario Superior Court against Bertuzzi, the Canucks, and Orca Bay, seeking CAD$15 million in pecuniary damages for loss of income, CAD$1 million for aggravated damages, and CAD$2 million for punitive damages. Moore's parents, who were watching their son on television when the attack happened, also sued, seeking CAD$1.5 million for \"negligent infliction of nervous shock and mental distress\".", "Moore's parents, who were watching their son on television when the attack happened, also sued, seeking CAD$1.5 million for \"negligent infliction of nervous shock and mental distress\". In December 2006, Bettman and top lieutenant Bill Daly facilitated a meeting between Moore's representatives and the defendants in hopes of agreeing on an out-of-court settlement.", "In December 2006, Bettman and top lieutenant Bill Daly facilitated a meeting between Moore's representatives and the defendants in hopes of agreeing on an out-of-court settlement. An out-of-court settlement was reached in Moore's lawsuit in October 2014. Terms of the settlement are confidential. Personal life Bertuzzi was born and raised in Sudbury, Ontario.", "Personal life Bertuzzi was born and raised in Sudbury, Ontario. His father, Albert Bertuzzi, is an Italian-Canadian who worked in the window-washing business. When Bertuzzi was a teenager, Albert survived a near-fatal car accident in which he was thrown from the vehicle through the windshield.", "When Bertuzzi was a teenager, Albert survived a near-fatal car accident in which he was thrown from the vehicle through the windshield. His father has stated that he was proud of his own local reputation as a \"dirty player\" and referred to it as a \"Bertuzzi trait\".", "His father has stated that he was proud of his own local reputation as a \"dirty player\" and referred to it as a \"Bertuzzi trait\". He has said that Bertuzzi takes after him in regards to his toughness and aggression.", "He has said that Bertuzzi takes after him in regards to his toughness and aggression. Bertuzzi's great-uncle, Larry Bertuzzi, is a Toronto-based lawyer who has done arbitration work for the NHL, including on the Eric Lindros trade. Growing up, Bertuzzi played minor hockey with the Nickel Centre and Sudbury Minor Hockey programs.", "Growing up, Bertuzzi played minor hockey with the Nickel Centre and Sudbury Minor Hockey programs. In 1990–91, Bertuzzi played as an underaged player in the major midget ranks with the Sudbury Capitals AAA team.", "In 1990–91, Bertuzzi played as an underaged player in the major midget ranks with the Sudbury Capitals AAA team. Physically built as a power forward throughout his youth, he stood 6 feet and 2 inches (1.88 metres) and weighed 195 pounds (88.5 kilograms) by age 15.", "Physically built as a power forward throughout his youth, he stood 6 feet and 2 inches (1.88 metres) and weighed 195 pounds (88.5 kilograms) by age 15. Bertuzzi and his wife, Julie, were married in July 1996.", "Bertuzzi and his wife, Julie, were married in July 1996. They have two children born one-and-a-half years apart in Vancouver, a son named Tag and a daughter named Jaden. His son, Tag Bertuzzi, was drafted into the OHL by the Guelph Storm, 2nd overall in 2017.", "His son, Tag Bertuzzi, was drafted into the OHL by the Guelph Storm, 2nd overall in 2017. Bertuzzi is a recreational golfer and has credited the sport with allowing him to relax more as a hockey player. During his 10-game suspension from the NHL in October and November 2001, he played golf to focus his energy.", "During his 10-game suspension from the NHL in October and November 2001, he played golf to focus his energy. Afterwards, he made it a custom to go to the driving range before every game. Bertuzzi's nephew Tyler Bertuzzi plays hockey for the Detroit Red Wings.", "Bertuzzi's nephew Tyler Bertuzzi plays hockey for the Detroit Red Wings. Bertuzzi was arrested on February 27, 2021, and was detained at the Oakland County Jail in Michigan on suspicion of DUI.", "Bertuzzi was arrested on February 27, 2021, and was detained at the Oakland County Jail in Michigan on suspicion of DUI. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International Awards Records Guelph Storm team record; most goals, single season—54 in 1994–95 (surpassed Mike Prokopec, 52 goals in 1992–93) Vancouver Canucks team record; longest point-scoring streak—15 games (7 goals, 12 assists; January 3 – February 4, 2003) (tied with Petr Nedved; November 19 – December 27, 1992) Vancouver Canucks team record; most powerplay goals, single season—25 in 2002–03 (tied with Pavel Bure) Transactions June 26, 1993: Drafted 23rd overall by the New York Islanders July 6, 1995: Signed to a four-year, $4.6 million contract with the New York Islanders February 6, 1998: Traded to the Vancouver Canucks from the New York Islanders with Bryan McCabe and a 3rd round choice in 1998 (Jarkko Ruutu) for Trevor Linden September 1999: Re-signed to a two-year contract with the Vancouver Canucks October 27, 2003: Signed a four-year, $27.9 million contract extension with the Vancouver Canucks March 11, 2004: Suspended indefinitely by the NHL for deliberate injury to Steve Moore in a game versus the Colorado Avalanche August 8, 2005: Officially reinstated by the NHL June 23, 2006: Traded to the Florida Panthers by the Vancouver Canucks with Bryan Allen and Alex Auld for Roberto Luongo, Lukas Krajicek and a sixth-round draft choice in 2006 (Sergei Shirokov) February 27, 2007: Traded to the Detroit Red Wings by the Florida Panthers for prospect Shawn Matthias and conditional draft picks July 2, 2007: Signed a two-year, $8 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Anaheim Ducks June 28, 2008: Placed on waivers by the Anaheim Ducks; subsequently bought out July 7, 2008: Signed a one-year $1.95 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Calgary Flames August 18, 2009: Signed a one-year $1.5 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Detroit Red Wings May 10, 2010: Signed a two-year, $3.85 million contract extension with the Detroit Red Wings February 23, 2012: Signed a two-year, $4.15 million contract extension with the Detroit Red Wings See also List of NHL players with 1000 games played References Footnotes Citations External links 1975 births Anaheim Ducks players Binghamton Senators players Calgary Flames players Canadian ice hockey right wingers Detroit Red Wings players Florida Panthers players Guelph Storm players Ice hockey people from Ontario Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics Living people National Hockey League All-Stars National Hockey League first round draft picks New York Islanders draft picks New York Islanders players Olympic ice hockey players of Canada Sportspeople from Greater Sudbury Utah Grizzlies (IHL) players Vancouver Canucks players Violence in sports Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States Canadian people of Italian descent" ]

[ "Todd Bertuzzi", "New York Islanders (1995-98)", "What happened in 1995", "Two years after his draft, Bertuzzi and the Islanders had not yet been agreed to a contract.", "did they finaly agree?", "Moments before the midnight deadline, the Islanders were able to sign Bertuzzi to a four-year, US$4.6 million contract.", "did he set any records?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Todd Bertuzzi (born February 2, 1975) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger of the National Hockey League (NHL). Known as a power forward, he has played in the NHL for the New York Islanders, Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers, Anaheim Ducks, Calgary Flames and Detroit Red Wings.", "Known as a power forward, he has played in the NHL for the New York Islanders, Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers, Anaheim Ducks, Calgary Flames and Detroit Red Wings. He is widely known for his role in the Todd Bertuzzi–Steve Moore incident, for which he was suspended by the NHL and IIHF, and criminally charged.", "He is widely known for his role in the Todd Bertuzzi–Steve Moore incident, for which he was suspended by the NHL and IIHF, and criminally charged. Selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, he played at the junior level with the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) for four seasons.", "Selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, he played at the junior level with the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) for four seasons. In 1995–96, he played his rookie season with the Islanders. After two-and-a-half seasons with the Islanders, he was traded to the Vancouver Canucks.", "After two-and-a-half seasons with the Islanders, he was traded to the Vancouver Canucks. Bertuzzi enjoyed the most successful seasons of his career with the Canucks—his longest tenured team in the NHL—including NHL First Team All-Star honours in 2003.", "Bertuzzi enjoyed the most successful seasons of his career with the Canucks—his longest tenured team in the NHL—including NHL First Team All-Star honours in 2003. In 2006, after seven-and-a-half seasons with Vancouver, Bertuzzi was dealt to the Florida Panthers, with whom he briefly played for until being traded again to the Red Wings.", "In 2006, after seven-and-a-half seasons with Vancouver, Bertuzzi was dealt to the Florida Panthers, with whom he briefly played for until being traded again to the Red Wings. He then played single seasons with the Anaheim Ducks and the Calgary Flames before returning to Detroit in 2009 and finishing his career there.", "He then played single seasons with the Anaheim Ducks and the Calgary Flames before returning to Detroit in 2009 and finishing his career there. Internationally, Bertuzzi has competed for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, as well as the 1998 and 2000 World Championships.", "Internationally, Bertuzzi has competed for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, as well as the 1998 and 2000 World Championships. He is the uncle of Tyler Bertuzzi who currently plays for the Detroit Red Wings.", "He is the uncle of Tyler Bertuzzi who currently plays for the Detroit Red Wings. Playing career Guelph Storm (1991–95) After playing for two minor hockey teams based out of Sudbury, Ontario in 1990–91, Bertuzzi was selected in the first round (fifth overall) by the Guelph Storm in the 1991 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection.", "Playing career Guelph Storm (1991–95) After playing for two minor hockey teams based out of Sudbury, Ontario in 1990–91, Bertuzzi was selected in the first round (fifth overall) by the Guelph Storm in the 1991 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection. His future coach with the Vancouver Canucks, Marc Crawford, passed on Bertuzzi during the draft while he was general manager of the Cornwall Royals; he has recalled not selecting him due to \"maturity issues\" and that he was \"a big kid who hadn't grown into his body yet.\"", "His future coach with the Vancouver Canucks, Marc Crawford, passed on Bertuzzi during the draft while he was general manager of the Cornwall Royals; he has recalled not selecting him due to \"maturity issues\" and that he was \"a big kid who hadn't grown into his body yet.\" Bertuzzi started his OHL career for Guelph in 1991–92, recording 21 points over 42 games as a rookie.", "Bertuzzi started his OHL career for Guelph in 1991–92, recording 21 points over 42 games as a rookie. He missed the last 15 games of the regular season due to suspension as a result of kicking opposing defenceman Brad Barton during a contest between the Storm and Kitchener Rangers.", "He missed the last 15 games of the regular season due to suspension as a result of kicking opposing defenceman Brad Barton during a contest between the Storm and Kitchener Rangers. After improving to 58 points over 60 games in 1992–93, he was selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft.", "After improving to 58 points over 60 games in 1992–93, he was selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. The NHL Central Scouting Bureau described Bertuzzi as a physical and strong player with good skating who checks hard and is offensively effective in close proximity to the net.", "The NHL Central Scouting Bureau described Bertuzzi as a physical and strong player with good skating who checks hard and is offensively effective in close proximity to the net. Following his NHL draft, he underwent surgery for chipped bones in his left elbow in August 1993.", "Following his NHL draft, he underwent surgery for chipped bones in his left elbow in August 1993. As a result, he was unable to participate in the Islanders' training camp in September and was returned to the OHL. Playing in his third season for Guelph, he improved to 28 goals and 82 points over 61 games.", "Playing in his third season for Guelph, he improved to 28 goals and 82 points over 61 games. Bertuzzi competed for an Islanders' roster spot at their 1994 training camp, but was sent back to his junior team after going scoreless in three exhibition games.", "Bertuzzi competed for an Islanders' roster spot at their 1994 training camp, but was sent back to his junior team after going scoreless in three exhibition games. During his last campaign with Guelph in 1994–95, he recorded 119 points – sixth overall in the league.", "During his last campaign with Guelph in 1994–95, he recorded 119 points – sixth overall in the league. His 54 goals established a single-season team record, beating Mike Prokopec's mark, set the previous year, by two goals.", "His 54 goals established a single-season team record, beating Mike Prokopec's mark, set the previous year, by two goals. The Storm's forward tandem of Bertuzzi and Jeff O'Neill, who finished fourth in league scoring, led the club to the best regular season record in the league.", "The Storm's forward tandem of Bertuzzi and Jeff O'Neill, who finished fourth in league scoring, led the club to the best regular season record in the league. He went on to add a team-leading 33 points in 14 playoff games, en route to an OHL Finals loss to the Detroit Junior Red Wings.", "He went on to add a team-leading 33 points in 14 playoff games, en route to an OHL Finals loss to the Detroit Junior Red Wings. After four seasons with Guelph, he left the club ranked third all-time in career points with 280, behind O'Neill and Martin St. Pierre.", "After four seasons with Guelph, he left the club ranked third all-time in career points with 280, behind O'Neill and Martin St. Pierre. New York Islanders (1995–98) Two years after his draft, Bertuzzi and the Islanders had not yet been agreed to a contract.", "New York Islanders (1995–98) Two years after his draft, Bertuzzi and the Islanders had not yet been agreed to a contract. With Bertuzzi eligible to re-enter the draft if the Islanders did not sign him by July 7, 1995, general manager Don Maloney made it apparent that he would use the team's second overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft to select him again if a contract could not be agreed upon by the required date.", "With Bertuzzi eligible to re-enter the draft if the Islanders did not sign him by July 7, 1995, general manager Don Maloney made it apparent that he would use the team's second overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft to select him again if a contract could not be agreed upon by the required date. Moments before the midnight deadline, the Islanders were able to sign Bertuzzi to a four-year, US$4.6 million contract.", "Moments before the midnight deadline, the Islanders were able to sign Bertuzzi to a four-year, US$4.6 million contract. His agent, Pat Morris, had reportedly wanted a similar deal to that of fellow Islanders prospect Brett Lindros – a five-year, $6.7 million contract signed the previous summer.", "His agent, Pat Morris, had reportedly wanted a similar deal to that of fellow Islanders prospect Brett Lindros – a five-year, $6.7 million contract signed the previous summer. During training camp in September 1995, Islanders head coach Mike Milbury heralded Bertuzzi as the team's best performing forward.", "During training camp in September 1995, Islanders head coach Mike Milbury heralded Bertuzzi as the team's best performing forward. Making his NHL debut on October 7, 1995, he scored a wrap around goal against goaltender Blaine Lacher in a 4–4 tie with the Boston Bruins.", "Making his NHL debut on October 7, 1995, he scored a wrap around goal against goaltender Blaine Lacher in a 4–4 tie with the Boston Bruins. Beginning the season on the team's top line with Žigmund Pálffy and Travis Green, Bertuzzi finished his rookie year with 18 goals and 39 points over 76 games.", "Beginning the season on the team's top line with Žigmund Pálffy and Travis Green, Bertuzzi finished his rookie year with 18 goals and 39 points over 76 games. The following season, Bertuzzi recorded 23 points in 64 games.", "The following season, Bertuzzi recorded 23 points in 64 games. The Islanders did not qualify for the playoffs in either of his two full seasons with the club, ranking second-last in the Eastern Conference in 1995–96 and 1996–97. Bertuzzi's playing style as a power forward resulted in comparisons to former Islander Clark Gillies.", "Bertuzzi's playing style as a power forward resulted in comparisons to former Islander Clark Gillies. As a result, the club hired Gillies to personally mentor Bertuzzi.", "As a result, the club hired Gillies to personally mentor Bertuzzi. Failing to meet lofty expectations from the club, Gillies once said of Bertuzzi, \"If you're built like a freight train, you can't drive around like a Volkswagen.\"", "Failing to meet lofty expectations from the club, Gillies once said of Bertuzzi, \"If you're built like a freight train, you can't drive around like a Volkswagen.\" Feeling burdened with the pressure of playing up to the club's expectations while his offensive production diminished, he requested to be traded away at one point during the 1996–97 season.", "Feeling burdened with the pressure of playing up to the club's expectations while his offensive production diminished, he requested to be traded away at one point during the 1996–97 season. In response, Milbury, who had also taken over general manager duties the previous season, demoted Bertuzzi to the Islanders' minor league affiliate, the Utah Grizzlies of the International Hockey League (IHL).", "In response, Milbury, who had also taken over general manager duties the previous season, demoted Bertuzzi to the Islanders' minor league affiliate, the Utah Grizzlies of the International Hockey League (IHL). Playing 13 games in the minors, he registered 10 points before being called back up to the NHL.", "Playing 13 games in the minors, he registered 10 points before being called back up to the NHL. During the 1997–98 campaign, he continued to score below his pace as a rookie.", "During the 1997–98 campaign, he continued to score below his pace as a rookie. On February 6, 1998, he was traded along with defenceman Bryan McCabe and a third-round selection in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft (Jarkko Ruutu) to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for veteran forward Trevor Linden.", "On February 6, 1998, he was traded along with defenceman Bryan McCabe and a third-round selection in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft (Jarkko Ruutu) to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for veteran forward Trevor Linden. The deal was made prior to the NHL's roster freeze in preparation for the 1998 Winter Olympics.", "The deal was made prior to the NHL's roster freeze in preparation for the 1998 Winter Olympics. Bertuzzi and McCabe had both been widely regarded as the players of the future for New York after their respective drafts in 1993. While Milbury expressed regret at having to trade McCabe, relations between Bertuzzi and the club were strained.", "While Milbury expressed regret at having to trade McCabe, relations between Bertuzzi and the club were strained. Welcoming the trade, Bertuzzi commented that \"things weren't working out [in New York].\" Vancouver Canucks (1998–2006) Bertuzzi immediately began producing with Vancouver, tallying 15 points in 22 games after the trade.", "Vancouver Canucks (1998–2006) Bertuzzi immediately began producing with Vancouver, tallying 15 points in 22 games after the trade. Combined with his totals from New York, he finished with 33 points over 74 games in 1997–98.", "Combined with his totals from New York, he finished with 33 points over 74 games in 1997–98. Contrasting his strained relationship with Milbury in New York, Canucks head coach Mike Keenan has recalled his experience with Bertuzzi upon his arrival as positive: \"He came as a young player and he was very open-minded about learning about the game.\"", "Contrasting his strained relationship with Milbury in New York, Canucks head coach Mike Keenan has recalled his experience with Bertuzzi upon his arrival as positive: \"He came as a young player and he was very open-minded about learning about the game.\" Similar to the Islanders, Bertuzzi joined a struggling club in Vancouver; the team finished last in the Western Conference in his first two seasons after the trade.", "Similar to the Islanders, Bertuzzi joined a struggling club in Vancouver; the team finished last in the Western Conference in his first two seasons after the trade. After beginning the 1998–99 season on the Canucks' top line, Bertuzzi was limited to 32 games due to injuries, the first of which was a fractured tibia.", "After beginning the 1998–99 season on the Canucks' top line, Bertuzzi was limited to 32 games due to injuries, the first of which was a fractured tibia. He suffered the injury on November 1, 1998, after a shot by teammate Mattias Öhlund hit him in the leg.", "He suffered the injury on November 1, 1998, after a shot by teammate Mattias Öhlund hit him in the leg. His season was later ended with a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in his left knee, suffered during a game on March 5, 1999. He recorded 8 goals and 16 points in 1998–99.", "He recorded 8 goals and 16 points in 1998–99. In the off-season, Bertuzzi became a restricted free agent and was re-signed by the Canucks to a two-year contract in September 1999. The deal was reported by The Vancouver Sun to be worth a little over $2 million.", "The deal was reported by The Vancouver Sun to be worth a little over $2 million. Returning from injury the following season, Bertuzzi emerged as one of the Canucks' best offensive contributors, finishing with 25 goals (second on the team to Markus Näslund) and 50 points in 1999–2000.", "Returning from injury the following season, Bertuzzi emerged as one of the Canucks' best offensive contributors, finishing with 25 goals (second on the team to Markus Näslund) and 50 points in 1999–2000. At the end of the season, he received the team's Most Exciting Player Award, as voted by the fans.", "At the end of the season, he received the team's Most Exciting Player Award, as voted by the fans. He received the distinction three more times during his career with the Canucks from 2002 to 2004).", "He received the distinction three more times during his career with the Canucks from 2002 to 2004). Meanwhile, the Canucks began improving as a team, finishing four points out of a playoff spot in the West in 2000.", "Meanwhile, the Canucks began improving as a team, finishing four points out of a playoff spot in the West in 2000. The following season, Bertuzzi recorded his first career NHL hat trick, recording all three goals on the power play against San Jose Sharks goaltender Evgeni Nabokov in a 6–3 win on December 30, 2000.", "The following season, Bertuzzi recorded his first career NHL hat trick, recording all three goals on the power play against San Jose Sharks goaltender Evgeni Nabokov in a 6–3 win on December 30, 2000. Bertuzzi recorded a second consecutive 25-goal season in 2000–01, adding 30 assists for 55 points, third in team scoring behind Näslund and Andrew Cassels.", "Bertuzzi recorded a second consecutive 25-goal season in 2000–01, adding 30 assists for 55 points, third in team scoring behind Näslund and Andrew Cassels. His -18 plus-minus rating, however, was a team-worst. The Canucks continued to improve, qualifying for the post-season for the first time in five years.", "The Canucks continued to improve, qualifying for the post-season for the first time in five years. Entering the 2001 playoffs as the final and eighth seed in the West, they were eliminated in the first round by the Colorado Avalanche. Bertuzzi scored two goals and two assists over four games in his first NHL post-season appearance.", "Bertuzzi scored two goals and two assists over four games in his first NHL post-season appearance. In the off-season, Bertuzzi filed for salary arbitration after initially failing to come to terms on a new contract with the Canucks. Both sides avoided arbitration by agreeing to a three-year deal on July 26, 2001.", "Both sides avoided arbitration by agreeing to a three-year deal on July 26, 2001. In the first month of the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi received an automatic 10-game suspension from the league (forfeiting $118,557 in salary) after leaving the bench to help teammate Ed Jovanovski in a fight.", "In the first month of the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi received an automatic 10-game suspension from the league (forfeiting $118,557 in salary) after leaving the bench to help teammate Ed Jovanovski in a fight. The incident occurred during a game against the Colorado Avalanche in which opposing coach Bob Hartley sent enforcer Scott Parker onto the ice as the extra attacker during a delayed penalty.", "The incident occurred during a game against the Colorado Avalanche in which opposing coach Bob Hartley sent enforcer Scott Parker onto the ice as the extra attacker during a delayed penalty. Parker proceeded to physically engage Jovanovski, at which point Bertuzzi left the bench to help his teammate.", "Parker proceeded to physically engage Jovanovski, at which point Bertuzzi left the bench to help his teammate. Vancouver struggled with him out of the lineup, winning 3 games during the 10-game span.", "Vancouver struggled with him out of the lineup, winning 3 games during the 10-game span. Two months after returning from suspension, Bertuzzi went 15 consecutive games with at least a point, scoring 7 goals and 12 assists from January 3 – February 4, 2002. The streak tied Petr Nedvěd for the longest in Canucks history.", "The streak tied Petr Nedvěd for the longest in Canucks history. During that span, in a game on January 9, Canucks head coach Marc Crawford replaced Andrew Cassels with Brendan Morrison, marking the beginning of what was considered by many to be the most effective line combination in the league for several seasons.", "During that span, in a game on January 9, Canucks head coach Marc Crawford replaced Andrew Cassels with Brendan Morrison, marking the beginning of what was considered by many to be the most effective line combination in the league for several seasons. Bertuzzi had emerged as an effective power forward, able to use his size and strength to position himself in front of the net, with good stickhandling ability.", "Bertuzzi had emerged as an effective power forward, able to use his size and strength to position himself in front of the net, with good stickhandling ability. According to Canucks assistant coach Jack McIlhargey, Bertuzzi's skill set favourably complemented Näslund's goal-scoring and Morrison's playmaking abilities.", "According to Canucks assistant coach Jack McIlhargey, Bertuzzi's skill set favourably complemented Näslund's goal-scoring and Morrison's playmaking abilities. The trio were dubbed by Vancouver media as the \"West Coast Express\", named after the city's commuter rail service of the same name.", "The trio were dubbed by Vancouver media as the \"West Coast Express\", named after the city's commuter rail service of the same name. Late in the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi recorded his second career hat-trick on March 19, 2002, during a win against the New York Rangers.", "Late in the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi recorded his second career hat-trick on March 19, 2002, during a win against the New York Rangers. He scored his first two goals of the game against Dan Blackburn and his third into an empty net.", "He scored his first two goals of the game against Dan Blackburn and his third into an empty net. Despite missing ten games from his suspension, Bertuzzi finished the 2001–02 season third in league-scoring with 85 points, behind Näslund and Calgary Flames forward Jarome Iginla.", "Despite missing ten games from his suspension, Bertuzzi finished the 2001–02 season third in league-scoring with 85 points, behind Näslund and Calgary Flames forward Jarome Iginla. His 1.18 points-per-game average ranked second in the NHL behind Mario Lemieux, who played 48 fewer games than Bertuzzi.", "His 1.18 points-per-game average ranked second in the NHL behind Mario Lemieux, who played 48 fewer games than Bertuzzi. He also improved his plus-minus rating by 39 points from the previous season, finishing a career-high +21.", "He also improved his plus-minus rating by 39 points from the previous season, finishing a career-high +21. Although the Canucks were the league's highest scoring team, they finished with the final seed in the West for the 2002 playoffs, ranking eighth in their conference.", "Although the Canucks were the league's highest scoring team, they finished with the final seed in the West for the 2002 playoffs, ranking eighth in their conference. Facing the Detroit Red Wings in the opening round, they were eliminated in six games. Bertuzzi recorded four points in the series.", "Bertuzzi recorded four points in the series. The following season, Bertuzzi appeared in his first NHL All-Star Game. He was joined by fellow Canucks Markus Näslund, defenceman Ed Jovanovski and head coach Marc Crawford, helping the Western Conference to a 6–5 shootout win against the East. He played on a line with Näslund and Peter Forsberg.", "He played on a line with Näslund and Peter Forsberg. Later in the season, he scored his third career hat-trick on March 17, 2003, scoring three goals against Ron Tugnutt in a game against the Dallas Stars.", "Later in the season, he scored his third career hat-trick on March 17, 2003, scoring three goals against Ron Tugnutt in a game against the Dallas Stars. He finished the season with career-highs of 46 goals (third in the league), 51 assists and 97 points (fifth in the league).", "He finished the season with career-highs of 46 goals (third in the league), 51 assists and 97 points (fifth in the league). His 25 power play goals led the NHL and tied Pavel Bure for the Canucks' single-season record. Linemates Näslund and Morrison also recorded personal bests with 104 and 71 points, respectively.", "Linemates Näslund and Morrison also recorded personal bests with 104 and 71 points, respectively. Meanwhile, the Canucks emerged as a top team in the West. Losing the Northwest Division title to the Avalanche by one point in the regular season, they finished as the fourth seed in their conference.", "Losing the Northwest Division title to the Avalanche by one point in the regular season, they finished as the fourth seed in their conference. After going down three-games-to-one in the opening round against the St. Louis Blues, Vancouver won three straight games to advance to the second round.", "After going down three-games-to-one in the opening round against the St. Louis Blues, Vancouver won three straight games to advance to the second round. Facing the Minnesota Wild, the Canucks gave up their own three-games-to-one series lead and were eliminated in seven games.", "Facing the Minnesota Wild, the Canucks gave up their own three-games-to-one series lead and were eliminated in seven games. During the series, Bertuzzi had reportedly walked by the Xcel Energy Center box office and told Wild fans they would not need their Game 6 tickets because Minnesota would be eliminated by then.", "During the series, Bertuzzi had reportedly walked by the Xcel Energy Center box office and told Wild fans they would not need their Game 6 tickets because Minnesota would be eliminated by then. In another on-ice incident, he skated by the opposing bench during Game 7 when the Canucks were winning 2–0, telling Wild players to \"get [their] golf clubs\".", "In another on-ice incident, he skated by the opposing bench during Game 7 when the Canucks were winning 2–0, telling Wild players to \"get [their] golf clubs\". Despite his successful regular season, Bertuzzi struggled to score in the playoffs, recording 6 points in 14 games.", "Despite his successful regular season, Bertuzzi struggled to score in the playoffs, recording 6 points in 14 games. In the off-season, Bertuzzi was named with Näslund to the NHL First All-Star Team. With Bertuzzi entering the final year of his contract, the Canucks began negotiating a contract extension prior to the 2003–04 season.", "With Bertuzzi entering the final year of his contract, the Canucks began negotiating a contract extension prior to the 2003–04 season. Despite Bertuzzi's agent, Pat Morris, declaring that they would cease negotiations once the season began, Bertuzzi signed a four-year, $27.8 million deal with the Canucks on October 23, 2003.", "Despite Bertuzzi's agent, Pat Morris, declaring that they would cease negotiations once the season began, Bertuzzi signed a four-year, $27.8 million deal with the Canucks on October 23, 2003. The contract took effect immediately, erasing the last year on his previous contract, and included a $3 million signing bonus ($2.5 million paid in the first year and $500,000 in the second).", "The contract took effect immediately, erasing the last year on his previous contract, and included a $3 million signing bonus ($2.5 million paid in the first year and $500,000 in the second). The deal paid him $4.3 million the first year, $6.633 million the second year and $6.933 million for the third and fourth years.", "The deal paid him $4.3 million the first year, $6.633 million the second year and $6.933 million for the third and fourth years. In January 2004, Bertuzzi was voted by league fans to the starting lineup of the NHL All-Star Game.", "In January 2004, Bertuzzi was voted by league fans to the starting lineup of the NHL All-Star Game. Representing the Western Conference alongside Näslund and Canucks head coach Marc Crawford, they were defeated by the East 6–4. Bertuzzi had two assists while playing on a line with Näslund and Joe Sakic.", "Bertuzzi had two assists while playing on a line with Näslund and Joe Sakic. Nearing the end of the 2003–04 season, Bertuzzi was indefinitely suspended by the NHL for punching Colorado Avalanche forward Steve Moore from behind and driving his head into the ice during a game on March 8, 2004.", "Nearing the end of the 2003–04 season, Bertuzzi was indefinitely suspended by the NHL for punching Colorado Avalanche forward Steve Moore from behind and driving his head into the ice during a game on March 8, 2004. His actions were a retaliation to a hit from Moore on Näslund during a previous game.", "His actions were a retaliation to a hit from Moore on Näslund during a previous game. Sitting out the remainder of the regular season and playoffs due to his suspension, he finished 2003–04 with 60 points over 69 games.", "Sitting out the remainder of the regular season and playoffs due to his suspension, he finished 2003–04 with 60 points over 69 games. Vancouver replaced Bertuzzi on the team's top line with Matt Cooke and went on to their first Northwest Division title, before being eliminated in the first round of the 2004 playoffs by the Calgary Flames.", "Vancouver replaced Bertuzzi on the team's top line with Matt Cooke and went on to their first Northwest Division title, before being eliminated in the first round of the 2004 playoffs by the Calgary Flames. Inactive in 2004–05 due to the players lockout and his ongoing suspension, which had been extended internationally, Bertuzzi returned to the Canucks in 2005–06, as the league ended his playing ban.", "Inactive in 2004–05 due to the players lockout and his ongoing suspension, which had been extended internationally, Bertuzzi returned to the Canucks in 2005–06, as the league ended his playing ban. He recorded 25 goals and 71 points, including two hat tricks (November 13, 2005, against the Detroit Red Wings and January 14, 2006, against the New York Islanders).", "He recorded 25 goals and 71 points, including two hat tricks (November 13, 2005, against the Detroit Red Wings and January 14, 2006, against the New York Islanders). Though he ranked third in team scoring, Crawford has recalled that by the end of the season, Näslund and Bertuzzi had been eclipsed by Daniel and Henrik Sedin as the team's offensive leaders.", "Though he ranked third in team scoring, Crawford has recalled that by the end of the season, Näslund and Bertuzzi had been eclipsed by Daniel and Henrik Sedin as the team's offensive leaders. There was speculation that the effects of the Steve Moore incident, which included assault charges and constant media coverage, were negatively affecting his play.", "There was speculation that the effects of the Steve Moore incident, which included assault charges and constant media coverage, were negatively affecting his play. While on the road, he was consistently heckled and booed by fans throughout the NHL.", "While on the road, he was consistently heckled and booed by fans throughout the NHL. Näslund, a close friend of Bertuzzi's, later expressed sympathy for him, saying in a 2008 interview, \"It still bothers me what Todd has had to go through...There's no question he was standing up for me...it all went too far.\"", "Näslund, a close friend of Bertuzzi's, later expressed sympathy for him, saying in a 2008 interview, \"It still bothers me what Todd has had to go through...There's no question he was standing up for me...it all went too far.\" Beyond the negative impact on Bertuzzi's individual play, the media speculated that the fallout from the Moore incident had become a distraction to the organization as a whole.", "Beyond the negative impact on Bertuzzi's individual play, the media speculated that the fallout from the Moore incident had become a distraction to the organization as a whole. Compounding the situation in Vancouver, the Canucks had missed the playoffs for the first time in four years.", "Compounding the situation in Vancouver, the Canucks had missed the playoffs for the first time in four years. As such, general manager Dave Nonis spent the off-season making significant changes to the Canucks lineup.", "As such, general manager Dave Nonis spent the off-season making significant changes to the Canucks lineup. On June 23, 2006, he traded Bertuzzi to the Florida Panthers, along with goaltender Alex Auld and defenceman Bryan Allen, in exchange for goaltender Roberto Luongo, defenceman Lukáš Krajíček and a sixth-round selection in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft (Sergei Shirokov).", "On June 23, 2006, he traded Bertuzzi to the Florida Panthers, along with goaltender Alex Auld and defenceman Bryan Allen, in exchange for goaltender Roberto Luongo, defenceman Lukáš Krajíček and a sixth-round selection in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft (Sergei Shirokov). After seven-and-a-half seasons with the Canucks, Bertuzzi left the club ranked seventh all-time among franchise scoring leaders with 449 points.", "After seven-and-a-half seasons with the Canucks, Bertuzzi left the club ranked seventh all-time among franchise scoring leaders with 449 points. Florida, Detroit, and Anaheim (2006–08) Instrumental in facilitating the trade to Florida was Bertuzzi's positive relationship with Panthers general manager Mike Keenan, who was his first coach in Vancouver.", "Florida, Detroit, and Anaheim (2006–08) Instrumental in facilitating the trade to Florida was Bertuzzi's positive relationship with Panthers general manager Mike Keenan, who was his first coach in Vancouver. Debuting with the Panthers on October 6, 2006, Bertuzzi scored a goal and three assists in an 8–3 win against the Boston Bruins.", "Debuting with the Panthers on October 6, 2006, Bertuzzi scored a goal and three assists in an 8–3 win against the Boston Bruins. He appeared in six more games for Florida, notching seven points total, before being sidelined with back spasms.", "He appeared in six more games for Florida, notching seven points total, before being sidelined with back spasms. After being diagnosed with a herniated disc in early-November, Bertuzzi opted for surgery, which kept him out of the lineup for five months.", "After being diagnosed with a herniated disc in early-November, Bertuzzi opted for surgery, which kept him out of the lineup for five months. While recovering, the Panthers dealt him to the Detroit Red Wings at the trade deadline in exchange for forward prospect Shawn Matthias and conditional draft picks.", "While recovering, the Panthers dealt him to the Detroit Red Wings at the trade deadline in exchange for forward prospect Shawn Matthias and conditional draft picks. Bertuzzi was in the last year of his contract with no guarantee he would re-sign with Florida in the off-season.", "Bertuzzi was in the last year of his contract with no guarantee he would re-sign with Florida in the off-season. Bertuzzi returned to action on March 22, 2007, debuting with his new team in a 2–1 shootout loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets.", "Bertuzzi returned to action on March 22, 2007, debuting with his new team in a 2–1 shootout loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets. Eight days later, he scored his first goal as a Red Wing in a 4–3 shootout loss to the Dallas Stars.", "Eight days later, he scored his first goal as a Red Wing in a 4–3 shootout loss to the Dallas Stars. On April 7, he suffered a neck injury that kept him out of the lineup for the last game of the regular season and the first two games of the 2007 playoffs.", "On April 7, he suffered a neck injury that kept him out of the lineup for the last game of the regular season and the first two games of the 2007 playoffs. He finished the campaign with 11 points in 15 games split between Florida and Detroit.", "He finished the campaign with 11 points in 15 games split between Florida and Detroit. During the playoffs, the Red Wings advanced to the Western Conference Finals, where they lost in six games to the Anaheim Ducks, who went on to win the Stanley Cup. Bertuzzi recorded 7 points in 16 playoff games.", "Bertuzzi recorded 7 points in 16 playoff games. Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off-season, Bertuzzi agreed to a two-year, $8 million contract with the Anaheim Ducks on July 2, 2007. Signing him was Ducks general manager Brian Burke, who had served as the Canucks general manager during Bertuzzi's time in Vancouver.", "Signing him was Ducks general manager Brian Burke, who had served as the Canucks general manager during Bertuzzi's time in Vancouver. Bertuzzi had reportedly been in negotiations to re-sign with Detroit, but the club only wanted a one-year deal.", "Bertuzzi had reportedly been in negotiations to re-sign with Detroit, but the club only wanted a one-year deal. Playing the Red Wings in the Ducks' first game of the regular season on October 3, 2007, he registered a goal and an assist in a 3–2 shootout loss.", "Playing the Red Wings in the Ducks' first game of the regular season on October 3, 2007, he registered a goal and an assist in a 3–2 shootout loss. In the first month of the 2007–08 campaign, he suffered a concussion and was sidelined for 14 games in October and November 2007.", "In the first month of the 2007–08 campaign, he suffered a concussion and was sidelined for 14 games in October and November 2007. Bertuzzi returned to the lineup in time for the Ducks' away game against the Canucks on November 27, which marked his first NHL game in Vancouver since being traded away.", "Bertuzzi returned to the lineup in time for the Ducks' away game against the Canucks on November 27, which marked his first NHL game in Vancouver since being traded away. Bertuzzi was received warmly by Canucks fans, as the Ducks lost the game 4–0. Playing in 68 contests over the season, he registered 40 points with Anaheim.", "Playing in 68 contests over the season, he registered 40 points with Anaheim. Entering the 2008 playoffs as the defending champions, the Ducks were eliminated in the first round four games to two by the Dallas Stars. In six playoff contests, Bertuzzi recorded two assists.", "In six playoff contests, Bertuzzi recorded two assists. Calgary Flames (2008–09) During the subsequent summer, several Ducks players were set to become free agents, including high-profile forward Corey Perry.", "Calgary Flames (2008–09) During the subsequent summer, several Ducks players were set to become free agents, including high-profile forward Corey Perry. Requiring additional salary cap space to make room for defenceman Scott Niedermayer, who announced he was returning for another season, Bertuzzi was placed on unconditional waivers with the intention of buying out the remaining year on his contract.", "Requiring additional salary cap space to make room for defenceman Scott Niedermayer, who announced he was returning for another season, Bertuzzi was placed on unconditional waivers with the intention of buying out the remaining year on his contract. Addressing Bertuzzi's buy out with the media, Burke asserted that he \"believe[d] [Bertuzzi] can still play at the NHL level,\" and that the Ducks were merely \"handcuffed by [their] salary cap situation.\"", "Addressing Bertuzzi's buy out with the media, Burke asserted that he \"believe[d] [Bertuzzi] can still play at the NHL level,\" and that the Ducks were merely \"handcuffed by [their] salary cap situation.\" Bertuzzi once again became an unrestricted free agent and signed a one-year, $1.95 million contract with the Calgary Flames on July 7, 2008.", "Bertuzzi once again became an unrestricted free agent and signed a one-year, $1.95 million contract with the Calgary Flames on July 7, 2008. Joining Calgary, he was reunited with Flames coach Mike Keenan.", "Joining Calgary, he was reunited with Flames coach Mike Keenan. Before the start of the 2008–09 season, Bertuzzi switched jersey numbers from 4 to 7, in honour of his boyhood idol, Phil Esposito.", "Before the start of the 2008–09 season, Bertuzzi switched jersey numbers from 4 to 7, in honour of his boyhood idol, Phil Esposito. The numbers 44, which Bertuzzi wore in New York, Vancouver and Detroit, and 4, which he wore in Anaheim, were already taken in Calgary.", "The numbers 44, which Bertuzzi wore in New York, Vancouver and Detroit, and 4, which he wore in Anaheim, were already taken in Calgary. Bertuzzi scored his first goal with the Flames, deflecting a Dion Phaneuf shot, on October 11, 2008, in a 5–4 overtime loss to the Vancouver Canucks.", "Bertuzzi scored his first goal with the Flames, deflecting a Dion Phaneuf shot, on October 11, 2008, in a 5–4 overtime loss to the Vancouver Canucks. While initial fan reaction to Bertuzzi was negative due to his previous role with the division-rival Canucks, as well as his reputation following the Steve Moore incident, he was eventually accepted in Calgary.", "While initial fan reaction to Bertuzzi was negative due to his previous role with the division-rival Canucks, as well as his reputation following the Steve Moore incident, he was eventually accepted in Calgary. In January 2009, he missed five games due to a back injury.", "In January 2009, he missed five games due to a back injury. Several months later, he was sidelined again with a knee injury and underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair damaged cartilage on March 3, 2009.", "Several months later, he was sidelined again with a knee injury and underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair damaged cartilage on March 3, 2009. Missing 11 games, he returned in time for the 2009 playoffs, where the Flames were eliminated by the Chicago Blackhawks in the opening round.", "Missing 11 games, he returned in time for the 2009 playoffs, where the Flames were eliminated by the Chicago Blackhawks in the opening round. He finished his only season in Calgary with 44 points in 66 regular season games, while adding a goal and an assist in six playoff contests.", "He finished his only season in Calgary with 44 points in 66 regular season games, while adding a goal and an assist in six playoff contests. Return to Detroit (2009–2014) On August 18, 2009, Bertuzzi re-joined the Red Wings by accepting a one-year contract with the club worth $1.5 million.", "Return to Detroit (2009–2014) On August 18, 2009, Bertuzzi re-joined the Red Wings by accepting a one-year contract with the club worth $1.5 million. He recorded 44 points (18 goals and 26 assists) in 2009–10, ranking fifth in team scoring.", "He recorded 44 points (18 goals and 26 assists) in 2009–10, ranking fifth in team scoring. During the second round of the 2010 playoffs, Bertuzzi recorded a career-high five-point contest (a goal and four assists) in a Game 4 victory against the San Jose Sharks.", "During the second round of the 2010 playoffs, Bertuzzi recorded a career-high five-point contest (a goal and four assists) in a Game 4 victory against the San Jose Sharks. Bertuzzi finished with a playoffs career-high 11 points in 12 games.", "Bertuzzi finished with a playoffs career-high 11 points in 12 games. In the off-season, Bertuzzi signed a two-year, $3.875 million contract extension with the Red Wings on June 16, 2010. During the 2010–11 season, he appeared in his 1,000th NHL game on February 20, 2011, against the Minnesota Wild.", "During the 2010–11 season, he appeared in his 1,000th NHL game on February 20, 2011, against the Minnesota Wild. Bertuzzi scored a shootout goal to help Detroit win the game 2–1. Dressing for 81 games that season, he ranked seventh in team scoring with 45 points (16 goals and 29 assists).", "Dressing for 81 games that season, he ranked seventh in team scoring with 45 points (16 goals and 29 assists). During the 2011 playoffs, he added 6 points (2 goals and 4 assists) over 11 games as the Red Wings were eliminated in the second round by the San Jose Sharks.", "During the 2011 playoffs, he added 6 points (2 goals and 4 assists) over 11 games as the Red Wings were eliminated in the second round by the San Jose Sharks. On February 23, 2012 Bertuzzi re-signed with the Red Wings for $4.15 million over two years.", "On February 23, 2012 Bertuzzi re-signed with the Red Wings for $4.15 million over two years. He dressed for seven games in the lockout-shortened 2012-2013 regular season due to injuries, producing three points, and was held pointless over six games in the playoffs.", "He dressed for seven games in the lockout-shortened 2012-2013 regular season due to injuries, producing three points, and was held pointless over six games in the playoffs. In the 2013–2014 season he played 59 games and produced 16 points, but was a healthy scratch 15 times; he played one playoff game without a point.", "In the 2013–2014 season he played 59 games and produced 16 points, but was a healthy scratch 15 times; he played one playoff game without a point. During his time with Detroit, he earned praise from head coach Mike Babcock and teammates for adapting his playing style to be more defensively responsible.", "During his time with Detroit, he earned praise from head coach Mike Babcock and teammates for adapting his playing style to be more defensively responsible. Bertuzzi credited the influence of teammates Pavel Datsyuk and Henrik Zetterberg, both successful two-way players in the league.", "Bertuzzi credited the influence of teammates Pavel Datsyuk and Henrik Zetterberg, both successful two-way players in the league. Binghamton Senators tryout and retirement (2015) On January 9, 2015 he signed a professional tryout contract with the Ottawa Senators AHL affiliate the Binghamton Senators in hopes to get a contract with Ottawa.", "Binghamton Senators tryout and retirement (2015) On January 9, 2015 he signed a professional tryout contract with the Ottawa Senators AHL affiliate the Binghamton Senators in hopes to get a contract with Ottawa. Bertuzzi was released from his professional tryout offer with Binghamton on January 21, 2015, after posting no points and a minus-3 rating in his 2 games played with the Senators.", "Bertuzzi was released from his professional tryout offer with Binghamton on January 21, 2015, after posting no points and a minus-3 rating in his 2 games played with the Senators. He subsequently retired that year. International play Bertuzzi debuted internationally for Team Canada at the 1998 World Championships in Switzerland.", "International play Bertuzzi debuted internationally for Team Canada at the 1998 World Championships in Switzerland. He was among the youngest players selected to the team, along with Canucks teammate Bryan McCabe and Chicago Blackhawks forward Eric Dazé, who were all born in 1975 (third-string goaltender Christian Bronsard was two years younger, but did not play in any games).", "He was among the youngest players selected to the team, along with Canucks teammate Bryan McCabe and Chicago Blackhawks forward Eric Dazé, who were all born in 1975 (third-string goaltender Christian Bronsard was two years younger, but did not play in any games). In six games, he recorded three points, as Canada failed to qualify for the medal rounds.", "In six games, he recorded three points, as Canada failed to qualify for the medal rounds. Two years later, Bertuzzi competed at the 2000 World Championships in St. Petersburg, Russia. One of five Canucks players chosen to the national team, he was joined by Adrian Aucoin, Ed Jovanovski, Brendan Morrison and Peter Schaefer.", "One of five Canucks players chosen to the national team, he was joined by Adrian Aucoin, Ed Jovanovski, Brendan Morrison and Peter Schaefer. His second tournament appearance was more productive, as he scored nine points in nine games – first among Canadian players and fourth overall – while also leading the tournament in penalty minutes with 47.", "His second tournament appearance was more productive, as he scored nine points in nine games – first among Canadian players and fourth overall – while also leading the tournament in penalty minutes with 47. Canada did not medal, losing to Finland in the bronze medal game by a 2–1 score.", "Canada did not medal, losing to Finland in the bronze medal game by a 2–1 score. His 63 total penalty minutes from both tournament appearances set an all-time Canadian record for World Championship competitors since 1977 (when Canada resumed competing in the tournament).", "His 63 total penalty minutes from both tournament appearances set an all-time Canadian record for World Championship competitors since 1977 (when Canada resumed competing in the tournament). In December 2005, Bertuzzi was controversially selected to play for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.", "In December 2005, Bertuzzi was controversially selected to play for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. His inclusion, along with that of Dany Heatley and Shane Doan, was discussed at length by the Canadian Olympic Committee (COC).", "His inclusion, along with that of Dany Heatley and Shane Doan, was discussed at length by the Canadian Olympic Committee (COC). The committee had concerns stemming from the Steve Moore incident and Bertuzzi's probationary status, but subsequently approved his representation of Canada at the Olympics.", "The committee had concerns stemming from the Steve Moore incident and Bertuzzi's probationary status, but subsequently approved his representation of Canada at the Olympics. According to a Canadian Press article, \"[COC president] Chambers said the [unusual meeting] was prompted by some media concerns raised over the three athletes participating in the Games.", "According to a Canadian Press article, \"[COC president] Chambers said the [unusual meeting] was prompted by some media concerns raised over the three athletes participating in the Games. The fact it took the committee so long to approve the list means there was some debate.\"", "The fact it took the committee so long to approve the list means there was some debate.\" Bertuzzi went on to post three points (all assists) at the 2006 Olympics, tying for second in team scoring with nine other players. Canada failed to advance past the quarterfinal, losing to Russia by a 2–0 score.", "Canada failed to advance past the quarterfinal, losing to Russia by a 2–0 score. They finished in seventh place overall after winning gold at the previous Winter Olympics in 2002.", "They finished in seventh place overall after winning gold at the previous Winter Olympics in 2002. Steve Moore Incident On February 16, 2004, during a game between Vancouver and Colorado, Avalanche center Steve Moore checked Markus Näslund in the head, causing a minor concussion and a bone chip in his elbow.", "Steve Moore Incident On February 16, 2004, during a game between Vancouver and Colorado, Avalanche center Steve Moore checked Markus Näslund in the head, causing a minor concussion and a bone chip in his elbow. No penalty was assessed, and the league decided not to fine or suspend Moore, ruling the hit legal.", "No penalty was assessed, and the league decided not to fine or suspend Moore, ruling the hit legal. Näslund missed three games as a result of the hit. In a rematch, with the Canucks trailing the Avalanche 8–2 in the third period, Bertuzzi began following Moore around the ice, attempting to provoke him into another fight.", "In a rematch, with the Canucks trailing the Avalanche 8–2 in the third period, Bertuzzi began following Moore around the ice, attempting to provoke him into another fight. With Moore ignoring him, Bertuzzi grabbed Moore's jersey from behind and punched him in the side of the face from behind, with Moore's face hitting the ice as Bertuzzi pushed him, already out cold, into the ice, breaking his neck.", "With Moore ignoring him, Bertuzzi grabbed Moore's jersey from behind and punched him in the side of the face from behind, with Moore's face hitting the ice as Bertuzzi pushed him, already out cold, into the ice, breaking his neck. Bertuzzi, as well as several other players from both teams, landed atop Moore as he fell to the ice.", "Bertuzzi, as well as several other players from both teams, landed atop Moore as he fell to the ice. Bertuzzi was assessed a match penalty and ejected from the game. Per league rules, he was also suspended indefinitely pending a ruling from league commissioner Gary Bettman.", "Per league rules, he was also suspended indefinitely pending a ruling from league commissioner Gary Bettman. After lying on the ice for approximately 10 minutes, Moore was removed from the playing surface on a stretcher.", "After lying on the ice for approximately 10 minutes, Moore was removed from the playing surface on a stretcher. He was treated for three fractured vertebrae in his neck, a grade three concussion, vertebral ligament damage, stretching of the brachial plexus nerves, and facial lacerations. He was also suffering from amnesia.", "He was also suffering from amnesia. Bertuzzi apologized to Moore and his family, as well as to Burke, Canucks owner John McCaw, Jr., the Canucks organization, his teammates, and the fans in a press conference two days later.", "Bertuzzi apologized to Moore and his family, as well as to Burke, Canucks owner John McCaw, Jr., the Canucks organization, his teammates, and the fans in a press conference two days later. On March 11, 2004, the league ruled he would remain suspended for at least the remainder of the Canucks' season, which ultimately cost him the final 13 games of the regular season plus seven playoff games.", "On March 11, 2004, the league ruled he would remain suspended for at least the remainder of the Canucks' season, which ultimately cost him the final 13 games of the regular season plus seven playoff games. The Canucks were additionally fined $250,000.", "The Canucks were additionally fined $250,000. While the following NHL season was suspended due to the 2004–05 lockout, Bertuzzi intended to play in Europe, but the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) extended his NHL suspension to cover their jurisdiction. Bertuzzi remained professionally inactive during the 2004–05 season.", "Bertuzzi remained professionally inactive during the 2004–05 season. The IIHF's sanction also kept him from representing Canada in the 2004 and 2005 World Championships, as well as the 2004 World Cup. Bettman scheduled a reinstatement hearing for Bertuzzi on April 26, 2005. The hearing was attended separately by Bertuzzi and Moore.", "The hearing was attended separately by Bertuzzi and Moore. Prior to the 2005–06 season, Bettman announced Bertuzzi's reinstatement on August 8, citing that \"Mr. Bertuzzi had paid a very significant price for his conduct,\" adding that he felt Bertuzzi was \"genuinely remorseful and apologetic.\"", "Prior to the 2005–06 season, Bettman announced Bertuzzi's reinstatement on August 8, citing that \"Mr. Bertuzzi had paid a very significant price for his conduct,\" adding that he felt Bertuzzi was \"genuinely remorseful and apologetic.\" Bertuzzi's 17-month suspension caused him to miss a total of 20 games—the fourth-longest suspension in NHL history at the time.", "Bertuzzi's 17-month suspension caused him to miss a total of 20 games—the fourth-longest suspension in NHL history at the time. The suspension accounted for $501,926.39 in forfeited salary, as well as an approximate $350,000 in lost endorsements.", "The suspension accounted for $501,926.39 in forfeited salary, as well as an approximate $350,000 in lost endorsements. On the day of his reinstatement, Team Canada's executive director, Wayne Gretzky, offered him a spot on the national team's summer orientation camp in preparation for the 2006 Winter Olympics.", "On the day of his reinstatement, Team Canada's executive director, Wayne Gretzky, offered him a spot on the national team's summer orientation camp in preparation for the 2006 Winter Olympics. Legal actions After a four-month investigation, the criminal justice branch of the Attorney General of British Columbia announced formal charges of assault causing bodily harm against Bertuzzi on June 24, 2004.", "Legal actions After a four-month investigation, the criminal justice branch of the Attorney General of British Columbia announced formal charges of assault causing bodily harm against Bertuzzi on June 24, 2004. With the charge, Bertuzzi faced up to one-and-a-half years in prison.", "With the charge, Bertuzzi faced up to one-and-a-half years in prison. Bertuzzi pleaded guilty to the assault charge on December 22 after arranging a plea bargain with prosecutors. He was given a conditional discharge requiring 80 hours of community service and one year's probation that additionally prohibited him from playing in any hockey game Moore was competing in.", "He was given a conditional discharge requiring 80 hours of community service and one year's probation that additionally prohibited him from playing in any hockey game Moore was competing in. Under Canadian law, Bertuzzi's successful completion of his probationary period precluded him from a criminal record.", "Under Canadian law, Bertuzzi's successful completion of his probationary period precluded him from a criminal record. Moore expressed disappointment regarding Bertuzzi's discharge and was upset that he was unable to attend the court date, having to issue a written victim statement instead.", "Moore expressed disappointment regarding Bertuzzi's discharge and was upset that he was unable to attend the court date, having to issue a written victim statement instead. Moore's lawyer, Tim Danson, was given one day's notice of the court date following Bertuzzi's plea bargain, which he said was insufficient time for Moore to travel to Vancouver.", "Moore's lawyer, Tim Danson, was given one day's notice of the court date following Bertuzzi's plea bargain, which he said was insufficient time for Moore to travel to Vancouver. On February 17, 2005, Moore filed a lawsuit in a Colorado court against Bertuzzi, numerous individuals within the Canucks organization, including Brad May (Bertuzzi's teammate at the time who was quoted as saying that there would \"definitely be a price on Moore's head\" after Moore's hit on Näslund), Brian Burke, Marc Crawford, as well as the Canucks organization as a whole and the Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment company that owned the team.", "On February 17, 2005, Moore filed a lawsuit in a Colorado court against Bertuzzi, numerous individuals within the Canucks organization, including Brad May (Bertuzzi's teammate at the time who was quoted as saying that there would \"definitely be a price on Moore's head\" after Moore's hit on Näslund), Brian Burke, Marc Crawford, as well as the Canucks organization as a whole and the Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment company that owned the team. The lawsuit was thrown out in October 2005, as the Colorado judge ruled the case was better suited for Canadian courts, as Moore and all the defendants were Canadian citizens.", "The lawsuit was thrown out in October 2005, as the Colorado judge ruled the case was better suited for Canadian courts, as Moore and all the defendants were Canadian citizens. Planning to appeal the decision, Danson stated publicly the following month that Moore had begun skating and doing regular workouts, but continued to suffer concussion-related symptoms.", "Planning to appeal the decision, Danson stated publicly the following month that Moore had begun skating and doing regular workouts, but continued to suffer concussion-related symptoms. On February 16, 2006, Moore filed another lawsuit in the Ontario Superior Court against Bertuzzi, the Canucks, and Orca Bay, seeking CAD$15 million in pecuniary damages for loss of income, CAD$1 million for aggravated damages, and CAD$2 million for punitive damages.", "On February 16, 2006, Moore filed another lawsuit in the Ontario Superior Court against Bertuzzi, the Canucks, and Orca Bay, seeking CAD$15 million in pecuniary damages for loss of income, CAD$1 million for aggravated damages, and CAD$2 million for punitive damages. Moore's parents, who were watching their son on television when the attack happened, also sued, seeking CAD$1.5 million for \"negligent infliction of nervous shock and mental distress\".", "Moore's parents, who were watching their son on television when the attack happened, also sued, seeking CAD$1.5 million for \"negligent infliction of nervous shock and mental distress\". In December 2006, Bettman and top lieutenant Bill Daly facilitated a meeting between Moore's representatives and the defendants in hopes of agreeing on an out-of-court settlement.", "In December 2006, Bettman and top lieutenant Bill Daly facilitated a meeting between Moore's representatives and the defendants in hopes of agreeing on an out-of-court settlement. An out-of-court settlement was reached in Moore's lawsuit in October 2014. Terms of the settlement are confidential. Personal life Bertuzzi was born and raised in Sudbury, Ontario.", "Personal life Bertuzzi was born and raised in Sudbury, Ontario. His father, Albert Bertuzzi, is an Italian-Canadian who worked in the window-washing business. When Bertuzzi was a teenager, Albert survived a near-fatal car accident in which he was thrown from the vehicle through the windshield.", "When Bertuzzi was a teenager, Albert survived a near-fatal car accident in which he was thrown from the vehicle through the windshield. His father has stated that he was proud of his own local reputation as a \"dirty player\" and referred to it as a \"Bertuzzi trait\".", "His father has stated that he was proud of his own local reputation as a \"dirty player\" and referred to it as a \"Bertuzzi trait\". He has said that Bertuzzi takes after him in regards to his toughness and aggression.", "He has said that Bertuzzi takes after him in regards to his toughness and aggression. Bertuzzi's great-uncle, Larry Bertuzzi, is a Toronto-based lawyer who has done arbitration work for the NHL, including on the Eric Lindros trade. Growing up, Bertuzzi played minor hockey with the Nickel Centre and Sudbury Minor Hockey programs.", "Growing up, Bertuzzi played minor hockey with the Nickel Centre and Sudbury Minor Hockey programs. In 1990–91, Bertuzzi played as an underaged player in the major midget ranks with the Sudbury Capitals AAA team.", "In 1990–91, Bertuzzi played as an underaged player in the major midget ranks with the Sudbury Capitals AAA team. Physically built as a power forward throughout his youth, he stood 6 feet and 2 inches (1.88 metres) and weighed 195 pounds (88.5 kilograms) by age 15.", "Physically built as a power forward throughout his youth, he stood 6 feet and 2 inches (1.88 metres) and weighed 195 pounds (88.5 kilograms) by age 15. Bertuzzi and his wife, Julie, were married in July 1996.", "Bertuzzi and his wife, Julie, were married in July 1996. They have two children born one-and-a-half years apart in Vancouver, a son named Tag and a daughter named Jaden. His son, Tag Bertuzzi, was drafted into the OHL by the Guelph Storm, 2nd overall in 2017.", "His son, Tag Bertuzzi, was drafted into the OHL by the Guelph Storm, 2nd overall in 2017. Bertuzzi is a recreational golfer and has credited the sport with allowing him to relax more as a hockey player. During his 10-game suspension from the NHL in October and November 2001, he played golf to focus his energy.", "During his 10-game suspension from the NHL in October and November 2001, he played golf to focus his energy. Afterwards, he made it a custom to go to the driving range before every game. Bertuzzi's nephew Tyler Bertuzzi plays hockey for the Detroit Red Wings.", "Bertuzzi's nephew Tyler Bertuzzi plays hockey for the Detroit Red Wings. Bertuzzi was arrested on February 27, 2021, and was detained at the Oakland County Jail in Michigan on suspicion of DUI.", "Bertuzzi was arrested on February 27, 2021, and was detained at the Oakland County Jail in Michigan on suspicion of DUI. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International Awards Records Guelph Storm team record; most goals, single season—54 in 1994–95 (surpassed Mike Prokopec, 52 goals in 1992–93) Vancouver Canucks team record; longest point-scoring streak—15 games (7 goals, 12 assists; January 3 – February 4, 2003) (tied with Petr Nedved; November 19 – December 27, 1992) Vancouver Canucks team record; most powerplay goals, single season—25 in 2002–03 (tied with Pavel Bure) Transactions June 26, 1993: Drafted 23rd overall by the New York Islanders July 6, 1995: Signed to a four-year, $4.6 million contract with the New York Islanders February 6, 1998: Traded to the Vancouver Canucks from the New York Islanders with Bryan McCabe and a 3rd round choice in 1998 (Jarkko Ruutu) for Trevor Linden September 1999: Re-signed to a two-year contract with the Vancouver Canucks October 27, 2003: Signed a four-year, $27.9 million contract extension with the Vancouver Canucks March 11, 2004: Suspended indefinitely by the NHL for deliberate injury to Steve Moore in a game versus the Colorado Avalanche August 8, 2005: Officially reinstated by the NHL June 23, 2006: Traded to the Florida Panthers by the Vancouver Canucks with Bryan Allen and Alex Auld for Roberto Luongo, Lukas Krajicek and a sixth-round draft choice in 2006 (Sergei Shirokov) February 27, 2007: Traded to the Detroit Red Wings by the Florida Panthers for prospect Shawn Matthias and conditional draft picks July 2, 2007: Signed a two-year, $8 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Anaheim Ducks June 28, 2008: Placed on waivers by the Anaheim Ducks; subsequently bought out July 7, 2008: Signed a one-year $1.95 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Calgary Flames August 18, 2009: Signed a one-year $1.5 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Detroit Red Wings May 10, 2010: Signed a two-year, $3.85 million contract extension with the Detroit Red Wings February 23, 2012: Signed a two-year, $4.15 million contract extension with the Detroit Red Wings See also List of NHL players with 1000 games played References Footnotes Citations External links 1975 births Anaheim Ducks players Binghamton Senators players Calgary Flames players Canadian ice hockey right wingers Detroit Red Wings players Florida Panthers players Guelph Storm players Ice hockey people from Ontario Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics Living people National Hockey League All-Stars National Hockey League first round draft picks New York Islanders draft picks New York Islanders players Olympic ice hockey players of Canada Sportspeople from Greater Sudbury Utah Grizzlies (IHL) players Vancouver Canucks players Violence in sports Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States Canadian people of Italian descent" ]

[ "Todd Bertuzzi", "New York Islanders (1995-98)", "What happened in 1995", "Two years after his draft, Bertuzzi and the Islanders had not yet been agreed to a contract.", "did they finaly agree?", "Moments before the midnight deadline, the Islanders were able to sign Bertuzzi to a four-year, US$4.6 million contract.", "did he set any records?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Bertuzzi's playing style as a power forward resulted in comparisons to former Islander Clark Gillies. As a result, the club hired Gillies to personally mentor Bertuzzi.", "how did he mentor him?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Todd Bertuzzi (born February 2, 1975) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger of the National Hockey League (NHL). Known as a power forward, he has played in the NHL for the New York Islanders, Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers, Anaheim Ducks, Calgary Flames and Detroit Red Wings.", "Known as a power forward, he has played in the NHL for the New York Islanders, Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers, Anaheim Ducks, Calgary Flames and Detroit Red Wings. He is widely known for his role in the Todd Bertuzzi–Steve Moore incident, for which he was suspended by the NHL and IIHF, and criminally charged.", "He is widely known for his role in the Todd Bertuzzi–Steve Moore incident, for which he was suspended by the NHL and IIHF, and criminally charged. Selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, he played at the junior level with the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) for four seasons.", "Selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, he played at the junior level with the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) for four seasons. In 1995–96, he played his rookie season with the Islanders. After two-and-a-half seasons with the Islanders, he was traded to the Vancouver Canucks.", "After two-and-a-half seasons with the Islanders, he was traded to the Vancouver Canucks. Bertuzzi enjoyed the most successful seasons of his career with the Canucks—his longest tenured team in the NHL—including NHL First Team All-Star honours in 2003.", "Bertuzzi enjoyed the most successful seasons of his career with the Canucks—his longest tenured team in the NHL—including NHL First Team All-Star honours in 2003. In 2006, after seven-and-a-half seasons with Vancouver, Bertuzzi was dealt to the Florida Panthers, with whom he briefly played for until being traded again to the Red Wings.", "In 2006, after seven-and-a-half seasons with Vancouver, Bertuzzi was dealt to the Florida Panthers, with whom he briefly played for until being traded again to the Red Wings. He then played single seasons with the Anaheim Ducks and the Calgary Flames before returning to Detroit in 2009 and finishing his career there.", "He then played single seasons with the Anaheim Ducks and the Calgary Flames before returning to Detroit in 2009 and finishing his career there. Internationally, Bertuzzi has competed for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, as well as the 1998 and 2000 World Championships.", "Internationally, Bertuzzi has competed for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, as well as the 1998 and 2000 World Championships. He is the uncle of Tyler Bertuzzi who currently plays for the Detroit Red Wings.", "He is the uncle of Tyler Bertuzzi who currently plays for the Detroit Red Wings. Playing career Guelph Storm (1991–95) After playing for two minor hockey teams based out of Sudbury, Ontario in 1990–91, Bertuzzi was selected in the first round (fifth overall) by the Guelph Storm in the 1991 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection.", "Playing career Guelph Storm (1991–95) After playing for two minor hockey teams based out of Sudbury, Ontario in 1990–91, Bertuzzi was selected in the first round (fifth overall) by the Guelph Storm in the 1991 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection. His future coach with the Vancouver Canucks, Marc Crawford, passed on Bertuzzi during the draft while he was general manager of the Cornwall Royals; he has recalled not selecting him due to \"maturity issues\" and that he was \"a big kid who hadn't grown into his body yet.\"", "His future coach with the Vancouver Canucks, Marc Crawford, passed on Bertuzzi during the draft while he was general manager of the Cornwall Royals; he has recalled not selecting him due to \"maturity issues\" and that he was \"a big kid who hadn't grown into his body yet.\" Bertuzzi started his OHL career for Guelph in 1991–92, recording 21 points over 42 games as a rookie.", "Bertuzzi started his OHL career for Guelph in 1991–92, recording 21 points over 42 games as a rookie. He missed the last 15 games of the regular season due to suspension as a result of kicking opposing defenceman Brad Barton during a contest between the Storm and Kitchener Rangers.", "He missed the last 15 games of the regular season due to suspension as a result of kicking opposing defenceman Brad Barton during a contest between the Storm and Kitchener Rangers. After improving to 58 points over 60 games in 1992–93, he was selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft.", "After improving to 58 points over 60 games in 1992–93, he was selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. The NHL Central Scouting Bureau described Bertuzzi as a physical and strong player with good skating who checks hard and is offensively effective in close proximity to the net.", "The NHL Central Scouting Bureau described Bertuzzi as a physical and strong player with good skating who checks hard and is offensively effective in close proximity to the net. Following his NHL draft, he underwent surgery for chipped bones in his left elbow in August 1993.", "Following his NHL draft, he underwent surgery for chipped bones in his left elbow in August 1993. As a result, he was unable to participate in the Islanders' training camp in September and was returned to the OHL. Playing in his third season for Guelph, he improved to 28 goals and 82 points over 61 games.", "Playing in his third season for Guelph, he improved to 28 goals and 82 points over 61 games. Bertuzzi competed for an Islanders' roster spot at their 1994 training camp, but was sent back to his junior team after going scoreless in three exhibition games.", "Bertuzzi competed for an Islanders' roster spot at their 1994 training camp, but was sent back to his junior team after going scoreless in three exhibition games. During his last campaign with Guelph in 1994–95, he recorded 119 points – sixth overall in the league.", "During his last campaign with Guelph in 1994–95, he recorded 119 points – sixth overall in the league. His 54 goals established a single-season team record, beating Mike Prokopec's mark, set the previous year, by two goals.", "His 54 goals established a single-season team record, beating Mike Prokopec's mark, set the previous year, by two goals. The Storm's forward tandem of Bertuzzi and Jeff O'Neill, who finished fourth in league scoring, led the club to the best regular season record in the league.", "The Storm's forward tandem of Bertuzzi and Jeff O'Neill, who finished fourth in league scoring, led the club to the best regular season record in the league. He went on to add a team-leading 33 points in 14 playoff games, en route to an OHL Finals loss to the Detroit Junior Red Wings.", "He went on to add a team-leading 33 points in 14 playoff games, en route to an OHL Finals loss to the Detroit Junior Red Wings. After four seasons with Guelph, he left the club ranked third all-time in career points with 280, behind O'Neill and Martin St. Pierre.", "After four seasons with Guelph, he left the club ranked third all-time in career points with 280, behind O'Neill and Martin St. Pierre. New York Islanders (1995–98) Two years after his draft, Bertuzzi and the Islanders had not yet been agreed to a contract.", "New York Islanders (1995–98) Two years after his draft, Bertuzzi and the Islanders had not yet been agreed to a contract. With Bertuzzi eligible to re-enter the draft if the Islanders did not sign him by July 7, 1995, general manager Don Maloney made it apparent that he would use the team's second overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft to select him again if a contract could not be agreed upon by the required date.", "With Bertuzzi eligible to re-enter the draft if the Islanders did not sign him by July 7, 1995, general manager Don Maloney made it apparent that he would use the team's second overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft to select him again if a contract could not be agreed upon by the required date. Moments before the midnight deadline, the Islanders were able to sign Bertuzzi to a four-year, US$4.6 million contract.", "Moments before the midnight deadline, the Islanders were able to sign Bertuzzi to a four-year, US$4.6 million contract. His agent, Pat Morris, had reportedly wanted a similar deal to that of fellow Islanders prospect Brett Lindros – a five-year, $6.7 million contract signed the previous summer.", "His agent, Pat Morris, had reportedly wanted a similar deal to that of fellow Islanders prospect Brett Lindros – a five-year, $6.7 million contract signed the previous summer. During training camp in September 1995, Islanders head coach Mike Milbury heralded Bertuzzi as the team's best performing forward.", "During training camp in September 1995, Islanders head coach Mike Milbury heralded Bertuzzi as the team's best performing forward. Making his NHL debut on October 7, 1995, he scored a wrap around goal against goaltender Blaine Lacher in a 4–4 tie with the Boston Bruins.", "Making his NHL debut on October 7, 1995, he scored a wrap around goal against goaltender Blaine Lacher in a 4–4 tie with the Boston Bruins. Beginning the season on the team's top line with Žigmund Pálffy and Travis Green, Bertuzzi finished his rookie year with 18 goals and 39 points over 76 games.", "Beginning the season on the team's top line with Žigmund Pálffy and Travis Green, Bertuzzi finished his rookie year with 18 goals and 39 points over 76 games. The following season, Bertuzzi recorded 23 points in 64 games.", "The following season, Bertuzzi recorded 23 points in 64 games. The Islanders did not qualify for the playoffs in either of his two full seasons with the club, ranking second-last in the Eastern Conference in 1995–96 and 1996–97. Bertuzzi's playing style as a power forward resulted in comparisons to former Islander Clark Gillies.", "Bertuzzi's playing style as a power forward resulted in comparisons to former Islander Clark Gillies. As a result, the club hired Gillies to personally mentor Bertuzzi.", "As a result, the club hired Gillies to personally mentor Bertuzzi. Failing to meet lofty expectations from the club, Gillies once said of Bertuzzi, \"If you're built like a freight train, you can't drive around like a Volkswagen.\"", "Failing to meet lofty expectations from the club, Gillies once said of Bertuzzi, \"If you're built like a freight train, you can't drive around like a Volkswagen.\" Feeling burdened with the pressure of playing up to the club's expectations while his offensive production diminished, he requested to be traded away at one point during the 1996–97 season.", "Feeling burdened with the pressure of playing up to the club's expectations while his offensive production diminished, he requested to be traded away at one point during the 1996–97 season. In response, Milbury, who had also taken over general manager duties the previous season, demoted Bertuzzi to the Islanders' minor league affiliate, the Utah Grizzlies of the International Hockey League (IHL).", "In response, Milbury, who had also taken over general manager duties the previous season, demoted Bertuzzi to the Islanders' minor league affiliate, the Utah Grizzlies of the International Hockey League (IHL). Playing 13 games in the minors, he registered 10 points before being called back up to the NHL.", "Playing 13 games in the minors, he registered 10 points before being called back up to the NHL. During the 1997–98 campaign, he continued to score below his pace as a rookie.", "During the 1997–98 campaign, he continued to score below his pace as a rookie. On February 6, 1998, he was traded along with defenceman Bryan McCabe and a third-round selection in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft (Jarkko Ruutu) to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for veteran forward Trevor Linden.", "On February 6, 1998, he was traded along with defenceman Bryan McCabe and a third-round selection in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft (Jarkko Ruutu) to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for veteran forward Trevor Linden. The deal was made prior to the NHL's roster freeze in preparation for the 1998 Winter Olympics.", "The deal was made prior to the NHL's roster freeze in preparation for the 1998 Winter Olympics. Bertuzzi and McCabe had both been widely regarded as the players of the future for New York after their respective drafts in 1993. While Milbury expressed regret at having to trade McCabe, relations between Bertuzzi and the club were strained.", "While Milbury expressed regret at having to trade McCabe, relations between Bertuzzi and the club were strained. Welcoming the trade, Bertuzzi commented that \"things weren't working out [in New York].\" Vancouver Canucks (1998–2006) Bertuzzi immediately began producing with Vancouver, tallying 15 points in 22 games after the trade.", "Vancouver Canucks (1998–2006) Bertuzzi immediately began producing with Vancouver, tallying 15 points in 22 games after the trade. Combined with his totals from New York, he finished with 33 points over 74 games in 1997–98.", "Combined with his totals from New York, he finished with 33 points over 74 games in 1997–98. Contrasting his strained relationship with Milbury in New York, Canucks head coach Mike Keenan has recalled his experience with Bertuzzi upon his arrival as positive: \"He came as a young player and he was very open-minded about learning about the game.\"", "Contrasting his strained relationship with Milbury in New York, Canucks head coach Mike Keenan has recalled his experience with Bertuzzi upon his arrival as positive: \"He came as a young player and he was very open-minded about learning about the game.\" Similar to the Islanders, Bertuzzi joined a struggling club in Vancouver; the team finished last in the Western Conference in his first two seasons after the trade.", "Similar to the Islanders, Bertuzzi joined a struggling club in Vancouver; the team finished last in the Western Conference in his first two seasons after the trade. After beginning the 1998–99 season on the Canucks' top line, Bertuzzi was limited to 32 games due to injuries, the first of which was a fractured tibia.", "After beginning the 1998–99 season on the Canucks' top line, Bertuzzi was limited to 32 games due to injuries, the first of which was a fractured tibia. He suffered the injury on November 1, 1998, after a shot by teammate Mattias Öhlund hit him in the leg.", "He suffered the injury on November 1, 1998, after a shot by teammate Mattias Öhlund hit him in the leg. His season was later ended with a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in his left knee, suffered during a game on March 5, 1999. He recorded 8 goals and 16 points in 1998–99.", "He recorded 8 goals and 16 points in 1998–99. In the off-season, Bertuzzi became a restricted free agent and was re-signed by the Canucks to a two-year contract in September 1999. The deal was reported by The Vancouver Sun to be worth a little over $2 million.", "The deal was reported by The Vancouver Sun to be worth a little over $2 million. Returning from injury the following season, Bertuzzi emerged as one of the Canucks' best offensive contributors, finishing with 25 goals (second on the team to Markus Näslund) and 50 points in 1999–2000.", "Returning from injury the following season, Bertuzzi emerged as one of the Canucks' best offensive contributors, finishing with 25 goals (second on the team to Markus Näslund) and 50 points in 1999–2000. At the end of the season, he received the team's Most Exciting Player Award, as voted by the fans.", "At the end of the season, he received the team's Most Exciting Player Award, as voted by the fans. He received the distinction three more times during his career with the Canucks from 2002 to 2004).", "He received the distinction three more times during his career with the Canucks from 2002 to 2004). Meanwhile, the Canucks began improving as a team, finishing four points out of a playoff spot in the West in 2000.", "Meanwhile, the Canucks began improving as a team, finishing four points out of a playoff spot in the West in 2000. The following season, Bertuzzi recorded his first career NHL hat trick, recording all three goals on the power play against San Jose Sharks goaltender Evgeni Nabokov in a 6–3 win on December 30, 2000.", "The following season, Bertuzzi recorded his first career NHL hat trick, recording all three goals on the power play against San Jose Sharks goaltender Evgeni Nabokov in a 6–3 win on December 30, 2000. Bertuzzi recorded a second consecutive 25-goal season in 2000–01, adding 30 assists for 55 points, third in team scoring behind Näslund and Andrew Cassels.", "Bertuzzi recorded a second consecutive 25-goal season in 2000–01, adding 30 assists for 55 points, third in team scoring behind Näslund and Andrew Cassels. His -18 plus-minus rating, however, was a team-worst. The Canucks continued to improve, qualifying for the post-season for the first time in five years.", "The Canucks continued to improve, qualifying for the post-season for the first time in five years. Entering the 2001 playoffs as the final and eighth seed in the West, they were eliminated in the first round by the Colorado Avalanche. Bertuzzi scored two goals and two assists over four games in his first NHL post-season appearance.", "Bertuzzi scored two goals and two assists over four games in his first NHL post-season appearance. In the off-season, Bertuzzi filed for salary arbitration after initially failing to come to terms on a new contract with the Canucks. Both sides avoided arbitration by agreeing to a three-year deal on July 26, 2001.", "Both sides avoided arbitration by agreeing to a three-year deal on July 26, 2001. In the first month of the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi received an automatic 10-game suspension from the league (forfeiting $118,557 in salary) after leaving the bench to help teammate Ed Jovanovski in a fight.", "In the first month of the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi received an automatic 10-game suspension from the league (forfeiting $118,557 in salary) after leaving the bench to help teammate Ed Jovanovski in a fight. The incident occurred during a game against the Colorado Avalanche in which opposing coach Bob Hartley sent enforcer Scott Parker onto the ice as the extra attacker during a delayed penalty.", "The incident occurred during a game against the Colorado Avalanche in which opposing coach Bob Hartley sent enforcer Scott Parker onto the ice as the extra attacker during a delayed penalty. Parker proceeded to physically engage Jovanovski, at which point Bertuzzi left the bench to help his teammate.", "Parker proceeded to physically engage Jovanovski, at which point Bertuzzi left the bench to help his teammate. Vancouver struggled with him out of the lineup, winning 3 games during the 10-game span.", "Vancouver struggled with him out of the lineup, winning 3 games during the 10-game span. Two months after returning from suspension, Bertuzzi went 15 consecutive games with at least a point, scoring 7 goals and 12 assists from January 3 – February 4, 2002. The streak tied Petr Nedvěd for the longest in Canucks history.", "The streak tied Petr Nedvěd for the longest in Canucks history. During that span, in a game on January 9, Canucks head coach Marc Crawford replaced Andrew Cassels with Brendan Morrison, marking the beginning of what was considered by many to be the most effective line combination in the league for several seasons.", "During that span, in a game on January 9, Canucks head coach Marc Crawford replaced Andrew Cassels with Brendan Morrison, marking the beginning of what was considered by many to be the most effective line combination in the league for several seasons. Bertuzzi had emerged as an effective power forward, able to use his size and strength to position himself in front of the net, with good stickhandling ability.", "Bertuzzi had emerged as an effective power forward, able to use his size and strength to position himself in front of the net, with good stickhandling ability. According to Canucks assistant coach Jack McIlhargey, Bertuzzi's skill set favourably complemented Näslund's goal-scoring and Morrison's playmaking abilities.", "According to Canucks assistant coach Jack McIlhargey, Bertuzzi's skill set favourably complemented Näslund's goal-scoring and Morrison's playmaking abilities. The trio were dubbed by Vancouver media as the \"West Coast Express\", named after the city's commuter rail service of the same name.", "The trio were dubbed by Vancouver media as the \"West Coast Express\", named after the city's commuter rail service of the same name. Late in the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi recorded his second career hat-trick on March 19, 2002, during a win against the New York Rangers.", "Late in the 2001–02 season, Bertuzzi recorded his second career hat-trick on March 19, 2002, during a win against the New York Rangers. He scored his first two goals of the game against Dan Blackburn and his third into an empty net.", "He scored his first two goals of the game against Dan Blackburn and his third into an empty net. Despite missing ten games from his suspension, Bertuzzi finished the 2001–02 season third in league-scoring with 85 points, behind Näslund and Calgary Flames forward Jarome Iginla.", "Despite missing ten games from his suspension, Bertuzzi finished the 2001–02 season third in league-scoring with 85 points, behind Näslund and Calgary Flames forward Jarome Iginla. His 1.18 points-per-game average ranked second in the NHL behind Mario Lemieux, who played 48 fewer games than Bertuzzi.", "His 1.18 points-per-game average ranked second in the NHL behind Mario Lemieux, who played 48 fewer games than Bertuzzi. He also improved his plus-minus rating by 39 points from the previous season, finishing a career-high +21.", "He also improved his plus-minus rating by 39 points from the previous season, finishing a career-high +21. Although the Canucks were the league's highest scoring team, they finished with the final seed in the West for the 2002 playoffs, ranking eighth in their conference.", "Although the Canucks were the league's highest scoring team, they finished with the final seed in the West for the 2002 playoffs, ranking eighth in their conference. Facing the Detroit Red Wings in the opening round, they were eliminated in six games. Bertuzzi recorded four points in the series.", "Bertuzzi recorded four points in the series. The following season, Bertuzzi appeared in his first NHL All-Star Game. He was joined by fellow Canucks Markus Näslund, defenceman Ed Jovanovski and head coach Marc Crawford, helping the Western Conference to a 6–5 shootout win against the East. He played on a line with Näslund and Peter Forsberg.", "He played on a line with Näslund and Peter Forsberg. Later in the season, he scored his third career hat-trick on March 17, 2003, scoring three goals against Ron Tugnutt in a game against the Dallas Stars.", "Later in the season, he scored his third career hat-trick on March 17, 2003, scoring three goals against Ron Tugnutt in a game against the Dallas Stars. He finished the season with career-highs of 46 goals (third in the league), 51 assists and 97 points (fifth in the league).", "He finished the season with career-highs of 46 goals (third in the league), 51 assists and 97 points (fifth in the league). His 25 power play goals led the NHL and tied Pavel Bure for the Canucks' single-season record. Linemates Näslund and Morrison also recorded personal bests with 104 and 71 points, respectively.", "Linemates Näslund and Morrison also recorded personal bests with 104 and 71 points, respectively. Meanwhile, the Canucks emerged as a top team in the West. Losing the Northwest Division title to the Avalanche by one point in the regular season, they finished as the fourth seed in their conference.", "Losing the Northwest Division title to the Avalanche by one point in the regular season, they finished as the fourth seed in their conference. After going down three-games-to-one in the opening round against the St. Louis Blues, Vancouver won three straight games to advance to the second round.", "After going down three-games-to-one in the opening round against the St. Louis Blues, Vancouver won three straight games to advance to the second round. Facing the Minnesota Wild, the Canucks gave up their own three-games-to-one series lead and were eliminated in seven games.", "Facing the Minnesota Wild, the Canucks gave up their own three-games-to-one series lead and were eliminated in seven games. During the series, Bertuzzi had reportedly walked by the Xcel Energy Center box office and told Wild fans they would not need their Game 6 tickets because Minnesota would be eliminated by then.", "During the series, Bertuzzi had reportedly walked by the Xcel Energy Center box office and told Wild fans they would not need their Game 6 tickets because Minnesota would be eliminated by then. In another on-ice incident, he skated by the opposing bench during Game 7 when the Canucks were winning 2–0, telling Wild players to \"get [their] golf clubs\".", "In another on-ice incident, he skated by the opposing bench during Game 7 when the Canucks were winning 2–0, telling Wild players to \"get [their] golf clubs\". Despite his successful regular season, Bertuzzi struggled to score in the playoffs, recording 6 points in 14 games.", "Despite his successful regular season, Bertuzzi struggled to score in the playoffs, recording 6 points in 14 games. In the off-season, Bertuzzi was named with Näslund to the NHL First All-Star Team. With Bertuzzi entering the final year of his contract, the Canucks began negotiating a contract extension prior to the 2003–04 season.", "With Bertuzzi entering the final year of his contract, the Canucks began negotiating a contract extension prior to the 2003–04 season. Despite Bertuzzi's agent, Pat Morris, declaring that they would cease negotiations once the season began, Bertuzzi signed a four-year, $27.8 million deal with the Canucks on October 23, 2003.", "Despite Bertuzzi's agent, Pat Morris, declaring that they would cease negotiations once the season began, Bertuzzi signed a four-year, $27.8 million deal with the Canucks on October 23, 2003. The contract took effect immediately, erasing the last year on his previous contract, and included a $3 million signing bonus ($2.5 million paid in the first year and $500,000 in the second).", "The contract took effect immediately, erasing the last year on his previous contract, and included a $3 million signing bonus ($2.5 million paid in the first year and $500,000 in the second). The deal paid him $4.3 million the first year, $6.633 million the second year and $6.933 million for the third and fourth years.", "The deal paid him $4.3 million the first year, $6.633 million the second year and $6.933 million for the third and fourth years. In January 2004, Bertuzzi was voted by league fans to the starting lineup of the NHL All-Star Game.", "In January 2004, Bertuzzi was voted by league fans to the starting lineup of the NHL All-Star Game. Representing the Western Conference alongside Näslund and Canucks head coach Marc Crawford, they were defeated by the East 6–4. Bertuzzi had two assists while playing on a line with Näslund and Joe Sakic.", "Bertuzzi had two assists while playing on a line with Näslund and Joe Sakic. Nearing the end of the 2003–04 season, Bertuzzi was indefinitely suspended by the NHL for punching Colorado Avalanche forward Steve Moore from behind and driving his head into the ice during a game on March 8, 2004.", "Nearing the end of the 2003–04 season, Bertuzzi was indefinitely suspended by the NHL for punching Colorado Avalanche forward Steve Moore from behind and driving his head into the ice during a game on March 8, 2004. His actions were a retaliation to a hit from Moore on Näslund during a previous game.", "His actions were a retaliation to a hit from Moore on Näslund during a previous game. Sitting out the remainder of the regular season and playoffs due to his suspension, he finished 2003–04 with 60 points over 69 games.", "Sitting out the remainder of the regular season and playoffs due to his suspension, he finished 2003–04 with 60 points over 69 games. Vancouver replaced Bertuzzi on the team's top line with Matt Cooke and went on to their first Northwest Division title, before being eliminated in the first round of the 2004 playoffs by the Calgary Flames.", "Vancouver replaced Bertuzzi on the team's top line with Matt Cooke and went on to their first Northwest Division title, before being eliminated in the first round of the 2004 playoffs by the Calgary Flames. Inactive in 2004–05 due to the players lockout and his ongoing suspension, which had been extended internationally, Bertuzzi returned to the Canucks in 2005–06, as the league ended his playing ban.", "Inactive in 2004–05 due to the players lockout and his ongoing suspension, which had been extended internationally, Bertuzzi returned to the Canucks in 2005–06, as the league ended his playing ban. He recorded 25 goals and 71 points, including two hat tricks (November 13, 2005, against the Detroit Red Wings and January 14, 2006, against the New York Islanders).", "He recorded 25 goals and 71 points, including two hat tricks (November 13, 2005, against the Detroit Red Wings and January 14, 2006, against the New York Islanders). Though he ranked third in team scoring, Crawford has recalled that by the end of the season, Näslund and Bertuzzi had been eclipsed by Daniel and Henrik Sedin as the team's offensive leaders.", "Though he ranked third in team scoring, Crawford has recalled that by the end of the season, Näslund and Bertuzzi had been eclipsed by Daniel and Henrik Sedin as the team's offensive leaders. There was speculation that the effects of the Steve Moore incident, which included assault charges and constant media coverage, were negatively affecting his play.", "There was speculation that the effects of the Steve Moore incident, which included assault charges and constant media coverage, were negatively affecting his play. While on the road, he was consistently heckled and booed by fans throughout the NHL.", "While on the road, he was consistently heckled and booed by fans throughout the NHL. Näslund, a close friend of Bertuzzi's, later expressed sympathy for him, saying in a 2008 interview, \"It still bothers me what Todd has had to go through...There's no question he was standing up for me...it all went too far.\"", "Näslund, a close friend of Bertuzzi's, later expressed sympathy for him, saying in a 2008 interview, \"It still bothers me what Todd has had to go through...There's no question he was standing up for me...it all went too far.\" Beyond the negative impact on Bertuzzi's individual play, the media speculated that the fallout from the Moore incident had become a distraction to the organization as a whole.", "Beyond the negative impact on Bertuzzi's individual play, the media speculated that the fallout from the Moore incident had become a distraction to the organization as a whole. Compounding the situation in Vancouver, the Canucks had missed the playoffs for the first time in four years.", "Compounding the situation in Vancouver, the Canucks had missed the playoffs for the first time in four years. As such, general manager Dave Nonis spent the off-season making significant changes to the Canucks lineup.", "As such, general manager Dave Nonis spent the off-season making significant changes to the Canucks lineup. On June 23, 2006, he traded Bertuzzi to the Florida Panthers, along with goaltender Alex Auld and defenceman Bryan Allen, in exchange for goaltender Roberto Luongo, defenceman Lukáš Krajíček and a sixth-round selection in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft (Sergei Shirokov).", "On June 23, 2006, he traded Bertuzzi to the Florida Panthers, along with goaltender Alex Auld and defenceman Bryan Allen, in exchange for goaltender Roberto Luongo, defenceman Lukáš Krajíček and a sixth-round selection in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft (Sergei Shirokov). After seven-and-a-half seasons with the Canucks, Bertuzzi left the club ranked seventh all-time among franchise scoring leaders with 449 points.", "After seven-and-a-half seasons with the Canucks, Bertuzzi left the club ranked seventh all-time among franchise scoring leaders with 449 points. Florida, Detroit, and Anaheim (2006–08) Instrumental in facilitating the trade to Florida was Bertuzzi's positive relationship with Panthers general manager Mike Keenan, who was his first coach in Vancouver.", "Florida, Detroit, and Anaheim (2006–08) Instrumental in facilitating the trade to Florida was Bertuzzi's positive relationship with Panthers general manager Mike Keenan, who was his first coach in Vancouver. Debuting with the Panthers on October 6, 2006, Bertuzzi scored a goal and three assists in an 8–3 win against the Boston Bruins.", "Debuting with the Panthers on October 6, 2006, Bertuzzi scored a goal and three assists in an 8–3 win against the Boston Bruins. He appeared in six more games for Florida, notching seven points total, before being sidelined with back spasms.", "He appeared in six more games for Florida, notching seven points total, before being sidelined with back spasms. After being diagnosed with a herniated disc in early-November, Bertuzzi opted for surgery, which kept him out of the lineup for five months.", "After being diagnosed with a herniated disc in early-November, Bertuzzi opted for surgery, which kept him out of the lineup for five months. While recovering, the Panthers dealt him to the Detroit Red Wings at the trade deadline in exchange for forward prospect Shawn Matthias and conditional draft picks.", "While recovering, the Panthers dealt him to the Detroit Red Wings at the trade deadline in exchange for forward prospect Shawn Matthias and conditional draft picks. Bertuzzi was in the last year of his contract with no guarantee he would re-sign with Florida in the off-season.", "Bertuzzi was in the last year of his contract with no guarantee he would re-sign with Florida in the off-season. Bertuzzi returned to action on March 22, 2007, debuting with his new team in a 2–1 shootout loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets.", "Bertuzzi returned to action on March 22, 2007, debuting with his new team in a 2–1 shootout loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets. Eight days later, he scored his first goal as a Red Wing in a 4–3 shootout loss to the Dallas Stars.", "Eight days later, he scored his first goal as a Red Wing in a 4–3 shootout loss to the Dallas Stars. On April 7, he suffered a neck injury that kept him out of the lineup for the last game of the regular season and the first two games of the 2007 playoffs.", "On April 7, he suffered a neck injury that kept him out of the lineup for the last game of the regular season and the first two games of the 2007 playoffs. He finished the campaign with 11 points in 15 games split between Florida and Detroit.", "He finished the campaign with 11 points in 15 games split between Florida and Detroit. During the playoffs, the Red Wings advanced to the Western Conference Finals, where they lost in six games to the Anaheim Ducks, who went on to win the Stanley Cup. Bertuzzi recorded 7 points in 16 playoff games.", "Bertuzzi recorded 7 points in 16 playoff games. Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off-season, Bertuzzi agreed to a two-year, $8 million contract with the Anaheim Ducks on July 2, 2007. Signing him was Ducks general manager Brian Burke, who had served as the Canucks general manager during Bertuzzi's time in Vancouver.", "Signing him was Ducks general manager Brian Burke, who had served as the Canucks general manager during Bertuzzi's time in Vancouver. Bertuzzi had reportedly been in negotiations to re-sign with Detroit, but the club only wanted a one-year deal.", "Bertuzzi had reportedly been in negotiations to re-sign with Detroit, but the club only wanted a one-year deal. Playing the Red Wings in the Ducks' first game of the regular season on October 3, 2007, he registered a goal and an assist in a 3–2 shootout loss.", "Playing the Red Wings in the Ducks' first game of the regular season on October 3, 2007, he registered a goal and an assist in a 3–2 shootout loss. In the first month of the 2007–08 campaign, he suffered a concussion and was sidelined for 14 games in October and November 2007.", "In the first month of the 2007–08 campaign, he suffered a concussion and was sidelined for 14 games in October and November 2007. Bertuzzi returned to the lineup in time for the Ducks' away game against the Canucks on November 27, which marked his first NHL game in Vancouver since being traded away.", "Bertuzzi returned to the lineup in time for the Ducks' away game against the Canucks on November 27, which marked his first NHL game in Vancouver since being traded away. Bertuzzi was received warmly by Canucks fans, as the Ducks lost the game 4–0. Playing in 68 contests over the season, he registered 40 points with Anaheim.", "Playing in 68 contests over the season, he registered 40 points with Anaheim. Entering the 2008 playoffs as the defending champions, the Ducks were eliminated in the first round four games to two by the Dallas Stars. In six playoff contests, Bertuzzi recorded two assists.", "In six playoff contests, Bertuzzi recorded two assists. Calgary Flames (2008–09) During the subsequent summer, several Ducks players were set to become free agents, including high-profile forward Corey Perry.", "Calgary Flames (2008–09) During the subsequent summer, several Ducks players were set to become free agents, including high-profile forward Corey Perry. Requiring additional salary cap space to make room for defenceman Scott Niedermayer, who announced he was returning for another season, Bertuzzi was placed on unconditional waivers with the intention of buying out the remaining year on his contract.", "Requiring additional salary cap space to make room for defenceman Scott Niedermayer, who announced he was returning for another season, Bertuzzi was placed on unconditional waivers with the intention of buying out the remaining year on his contract. Addressing Bertuzzi's buy out with the media, Burke asserted that he \"believe[d] [Bertuzzi] can still play at the NHL level,\" and that the Ducks were merely \"handcuffed by [their] salary cap situation.\"", "Addressing Bertuzzi's buy out with the media, Burke asserted that he \"believe[d] [Bertuzzi] can still play at the NHL level,\" and that the Ducks were merely \"handcuffed by [their] salary cap situation.\" Bertuzzi once again became an unrestricted free agent and signed a one-year, $1.95 million contract with the Calgary Flames on July 7, 2008.", "Bertuzzi once again became an unrestricted free agent and signed a one-year, $1.95 million contract with the Calgary Flames on July 7, 2008. Joining Calgary, he was reunited with Flames coach Mike Keenan.", "Joining Calgary, he was reunited with Flames coach Mike Keenan. Before the start of the 2008–09 season, Bertuzzi switched jersey numbers from 4 to 7, in honour of his boyhood idol, Phil Esposito.", "Before the start of the 2008–09 season, Bertuzzi switched jersey numbers from 4 to 7, in honour of his boyhood idol, Phil Esposito. The numbers 44, which Bertuzzi wore in New York, Vancouver and Detroit, and 4, which he wore in Anaheim, were already taken in Calgary.", "The numbers 44, which Bertuzzi wore in New York, Vancouver and Detroit, and 4, which he wore in Anaheim, were already taken in Calgary. Bertuzzi scored his first goal with the Flames, deflecting a Dion Phaneuf shot, on October 11, 2008, in a 5–4 overtime loss to the Vancouver Canucks.", "Bertuzzi scored his first goal with the Flames, deflecting a Dion Phaneuf shot, on October 11, 2008, in a 5–4 overtime loss to the Vancouver Canucks. While initial fan reaction to Bertuzzi was negative due to his previous role with the division-rival Canucks, as well as his reputation following the Steve Moore incident, he was eventually accepted in Calgary.", "While initial fan reaction to Bertuzzi was negative due to his previous role with the division-rival Canucks, as well as his reputation following the Steve Moore incident, he was eventually accepted in Calgary. In January 2009, he missed five games due to a back injury.", "In January 2009, he missed five games due to a back injury. Several months later, he was sidelined again with a knee injury and underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair damaged cartilage on March 3, 2009.", "Several months later, he was sidelined again with a knee injury and underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair damaged cartilage on March 3, 2009. Missing 11 games, he returned in time for the 2009 playoffs, where the Flames were eliminated by the Chicago Blackhawks in the opening round.", "Missing 11 games, he returned in time for the 2009 playoffs, where the Flames were eliminated by the Chicago Blackhawks in the opening round. He finished his only season in Calgary with 44 points in 66 regular season games, while adding a goal and an assist in six playoff contests.", "He finished his only season in Calgary with 44 points in 66 regular season games, while adding a goal and an assist in six playoff contests. Return to Detroit (2009–2014) On August 18, 2009, Bertuzzi re-joined the Red Wings by accepting a one-year contract with the club worth $1.5 million.", "Return to Detroit (2009–2014) On August 18, 2009, Bertuzzi re-joined the Red Wings by accepting a one-year contract with the club worth $1.5 million. He recorded 44 points (18 goals and 26 assists) in 2009–10, ranking fifth in team scoring.", "He recorded 44 points (18 goals and 26 assists) in 2009–10, ranking fifth in team scoring. During the second round of the 2010 playoffs, Bertuzzi recorded a career-high five-point contest (a goal and four assists) in a Game 4 victory against the San Jose Sharks.", "During the second round of the 2010 playoffs, Bertuzzi recorded a career-high five-point contest (a goal and four assists) in a Game 4 victory against the San Jose Sharks. Bertuzzi finished with a playoffs career-high 11 points in 12 games.", "Bertuzzi finished with a playoffs career-high 11 points in 12 games. In the off-season, Bertuzzi signed a two-year, $3.875 million contract extension with the Red Wings on June 16, 2010. During the 2010–11 season, he appeared in his 1,000th NHL game on February 20, 2011, against the Minnesota Wild.", "During the 2010–11 season, he appeared in his 1,000th NHL game on February 20, 2011, against the Minnesota Wild. Bertuzzi scored a shootout goal to help Detroit win the game 2–1. Dressing for 81 games that season, he ranked seventh in team scoring with 45 points (16 goals and 29 assists).", "Dressing for 81 games that season, he ranked seventh in team scoring with 45 points (16 goals and 29 assists). During the 2011 playoffs, he added 6 points (2 goals and 4 assists) over 11 games as the Red Wings were eliminated in the second round by the San Jose Sharks.", "During the 2011 playoffs, he added 6 points (2 goals and 4 assists) over 11 games as the Red Wings were eliminated in the second round by the San Jose Sharks. On February 23, 2012 Bertuzzi re-signed with the Red Wings for $4.15 million over two years.", "On February 23, 2012 Bertuzzi re-signed with the Red Wings for $4.15 million over two years. He dressed for seven games in the lockout-shortened 2012-2013 regular season due to injuries, producing three points, and was held pointless over six games in the playoffs.", "He dressed for seven games in the lockout-shortened 2012-2013 regular season due to injuries, producing three points, and was held pointless over six games in the playoffs. In the 2013–2014 season he played 59 games and produced 16 points, but was a healthy scratch 15 times; he played one playoff game without a point.", "In the 2013–2014 season he played 59 games and produced 16 points, but was a healthy scratch 15 times; he played one playoff game without a point. During his time with Detroit, he earned praise from head coach Mike Babcock and teammates for adapting his playing style to be more defensively responsible.", "During his time with Detroit, he earned praise from head coach Mike Babcock and teammates for adapting his playing style to be more defensively responsible. Bertuzzi credited the influence of teammates Pavel Datsyuk and Henrik Zetterberg, both successful two-way players in the league.", "Bertuzzi credited the influence of teammates Pavel Datsyuk and Henrik Zetterberg, both successful two-way players in the league. Binghamton Senators tryout and retirement (2015) On January 9, 2015 he signed a professional tryout contract with the Ottawa Senators AHL affiliate the Binghamton Senators in hopes to get a contract with Ottawa.", "Binghamton Senators tryout and retirement (2015) On January 9, 2015 he signed a professional tryout contract with the Ottawa Senators AHL affiliate the Binghamton Senators in hopes to get a contract with Ottawa. Bertuzzi was released from his professional tryout offer with Binghamton on January 21, 2015, after posting no points and a minus-3 rating in his 2 games played with the Senators.", "Bertuzzi was released from his professional tryout offer with Binghamton on January 21, 2015, after posting no points and a minus-3 rating in his 2 games played with the Senators. He subsequently retired that year. International play Bertuzzi debuted internationally for Team Canada at the 1998 World Championships in Switzerland.", "International play Bertuzzi debuted internationally for Team Canada at the 1998 World Championships in Switzerland. He was among the youngest players selected to the team, along with Canucks teammate Bryan McCabe and Chicago Blackhawks forward Eric Dazé, who were all born in 1975 (third-string goaltender Christian Bronsard was two years younger, but did not play in any games).", "He was among the youngest players selected to the team, along with Canucks teammate Bryan McCabe and Chicago Blackhawks forward Eric Dazé, who were all born in 1975 (third-string goaltender Christian Bronsard was two years younger, but did not play in any games). In six games, he recorded three points, as Canada failed to qualify for the medal rounds.", "In six games, he recorded three points, as Canada failed to qualify for the medal rounds. Two years later, Bertuzzi competed at the 2000 World Championships in St. Petersburg, Russia. One of five Canucks players chosen to the national team, he was joined by Adrian Aucoin, Ed Jovanovski, Brendan Morrison and Peter Schaefer.", "One of five Canucks players chosen to the national team, he was joined by Adrian Aucoin, Ed Jovanovski, Brendan Morrison and Peter Schaefer. His second tournament appearance was more productive, as he scored nine points in nine games – first among Canadian players and fourth overall – while also leading the tournament in penalty minutes with 47.", "His second tournament appearance was more productive, as he scored nine points in nine games – first among Canadian players and fourth overall – while also leading the tournament in penalty minutes with 47. Canada did not medal, losing to Finland in the bronze medal game by a 2–1 score.", "Canada did not medal, losing to Finland in the bronze medal game by a 2–1 score. His 63 total penalty minutes from both tournament appearances set an all-time Canadian record for World Championship competitors since 1977 (when Canada resumed competing in the tournament).", "His 63 total penalty minutes from both tournament appearances set an all-time Canadian record for World Championship competitors since 1977 (when Canada resumed competing in the tournament). In December 2005, Bertuzzi was controversially selected to play for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.", "In December 2005, Bertuzzi was controversially selected to play for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. His inclusion, along with that of Dany Heatley and Shane Doan, was discussed at length by the Canadian Olympic Committee (COC).", "His inclusion, along with that of Dany Heatley and Shane Doan, was discussed at length by the Canadian Olympic Committee (COC). The committee had concerns stemming from the Steve Moore incident and Bertuzzi's probationary status, but subsequently approved his representation of Canada at the Olympics.", "The committee had concerns stemming from the Steve Moore incident and Bertuzzi's probationary status, but subsequently approved his representation of Canada at the Olympics. According to a Canadian Press article, \"[COC president] Chambers said the [unusual meeting] was prompted by some media concerns raised over the three athletes participating in the Games.", "According to a Canadian Press article, \"[COC president] Chambers said the [unusual meeting] was prompted by some media concerns raised over the three athletes participating in the Games. The fact it took the committee so long to approve the list means there was some debate.\"", "The fact it took the committee so long to approve the list means there was some debate.\" Bertuzzi went on to post three points (all assists) at the 2006 Olympics, tying for second in team scoring with nine other players. Canada failed to advance past the quarterfinal, losing to Russia by a 2–0 score.", "Canada failed to advance past the quarterfinal, losing to Russia by a 2–0 score. They finished in seventh place overall after winning gold at the previous Winter Olympics in 2002.", "They finished in seventh place overall after winning gold at the previous Winter Olympics in 2002. Steve Moore Incident On February 16, 2004, during a game between Vancouver and Colorado, Avalanche center Steve Moore checked Markus Näslund in the head, causing a minor concussion and a bone chip in his elbow.", "Steve Moore Incident On February 16, 2004, during a game between Vancouver and Colorado, Avalanche center Steve Moore checked Markus Näslund in the head, causing a minor concussion and a bone chip in his elbow. No penalty was assessed, and the league decided not to fine or suspend Moore, ruling the hit legal.", "No penalty was assessed, and the league decided not to fine or suspend Moore, ruling the hit legal. Näslund missed three games as a result of the hit. In a rematch, with the Canucks trailing the Avalanche 8–2 in the third period, Bertuzzi began following Moore around the ice, attempting to provoke him into another fight.", "In a rematch, with the Canucks trailing the Avalanche 8–2 in the third period, Bertuzzi began following Moore around the ice, attempting to provoke him into another fight. With Moore ignoring him, Bertuzzi grabbed Moore's jersey from behind and punched him in the side of the face from behind, with Moore's face hitting the ice as Bertuzzi pushed him, already out cold, into the ice, breaking his neck.", "With Moore ignoring him, Bertuzzi grabbed Moore's jersey from behind and punched him in the side of the face from behind, with Moore's face hitting the ice as Bertuzzi pushed him, already out cold, into the ice, breaking his neck. Bertuzzi, as well as several other players from both teams, landed atop Moore as he fell to the ice.", "Bertuzzi, as well as several other players from both teams, landed atop Moore as he fell to the ice. Bertuzzi was assessed a match penalty and ejected from the game. Per league rules, he was also suspended indefinitely pending a ruling from league commissioner Gary Bettman.", "Per league rules, he was also suspended indefinitely pending a ruling from league commissioner Gary Bettman. After lying on the ice for approximately 10 minutes, Moore was removed from the playing surface on a stretcher.", "After lying on the ice for approximately 10 minutes, Moore was removed from the playing surface on a stretcher. He was treated for three fractured vertebrae in his neck, a grade three concussion, vertebral ligament damage, stretching of the brachial plexus nerves, and facial lacerations. He was also suffering from amnesia.", "He was also suffering from amnesia. Bertuzzi apologized to Moore and his family, as well as to Burke, Canucks owner John McCaw, Jr., the Canucks organization, his teammates, and the fans in a press conference two days later.", "Bertuzzi apologized to Moore and his family, as well as to Burke, Canucks owner John McCaw, Jr., the Canucks organization, his teammates, and the fans in a press conference two days later. On March 11, 2004, the league ruled he would remain suspended for at least the remainder of the Canucks' season, which ultimately cost him the final 13 games of the regular season plus seven playoff games.", "On March 11, 2004, the league ruled he would remain suspended for at least the remainder of the Canucks' season, which ultimately cost him the final 13 games of the regular season plus seven playoff games. The Canucks were additionally fined $250,000.", "The Canucks were additionally fined $250,000. While the following NHL season was suspended due to the 2004–05 lockout, Bertuzzi intended to play in Europe, but the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) extended his NHL suspension to cover their jurisdiction. Bertuzzi remained professionally inactive during the 2004–05 season.", "Bertuzzi remained professionally inactive during the 2004–05 season. The IIHF's sanction also kept him from representing Canada in the 2004 and 2005 World Championships, as well as the 2004 World Cup. Bettman scheduled a reinstatement hearing for Bertuzzi on April 26, 2005. The hearing was attended separately by Bertuzzi and Moore.", "The hearing was attended separately by Bertuzzi and Moore. Prior to the 2005–06 season, Bettman announced Bertuzzi's reinstatement on August 8, citing that \"Mr. Bertuzzi had paid a very significant price for his conduct,\" adding that he felt Bertuzzi was \"genuinely remorseful and apologetic.\"", "Prior to the 2005–06 season, Bettman announced Bertuzzi's reinstatement on August 8, citing that \"Mr. Bertuzzi had paid a very significant price for his conduct,\" adding that he felt Bertuzzi was \"genuinely remorseful and apologetic.\" Bertuzzi's 17-month suspension caused him to miss a total of 20 games—the fourth-longest suspension in NHL history at the time.", "Bertuzzi's 17-month suspension caused him to miss a total of 20 games—the fourth-longest suspension in NHL history at the time. The suspension accounted for $501,926.39 in forfeited salary, as well as an approximate $350,000 in lost endorsements.", "The suspension accounted for $501,926.39 in forfeited salary, as well as an approximate $350,000 in lost endorsements. On the day of his reinstatement, Team Canada's executive director, Wayne Gretzky, offered him a spot on the national team's summer orientation camp in preparation for the 2006 Winter Olympics.", "On the day of his reinstatement, Team Canada's executive director, Wayne Gretzky, offered him a spot on the national team's summer orientation camp in preparation for the 2006 Winter Olympics. Legal actions After a four-month investigation, the criminal justice branch of the Attorney General of British Columbia announced formal charges of assault causing bodily harm against Bertuzzi on June 24, 2004.", "Legal actions After a four-month investigation, the criminal justice branch of the Attorney General of British Columbia announced formal charges of assault causing bodily harm against Bertuzzi on June 24, 2004. With the charge, Bertuzzi faced up to one-and-a-half years in prison.", "With the charge, Bertuzzi faced up to one-and-a-half years in prison. Bertuzzi pleaded guilty to the assault charge on December 22 after arranging a plea bargain with prosecutors. He was given a conditional discharge requiring 80 hours of community service and one year's probation that additionally prohibited him from playing in any hockey game Moore was competing in.", "He was given a conditional discharge requiring 80 hours of community service and one year's probation that additionally prohibited him from playing in any hockey game Moore was competing in. Under Canadian law, Bertuzzi's successful completion of his probationary period precluded him from a criminal record.", "Under Canadian law, Bertuzzi's successful completion of his probationary period precluded him from a criminal record. Moore expressed disappointment regarding Bertuzzi's discharge and was upset that he was unable to attend the court date, having to issue a written victim statement instead.", "Moore expressed disappointment regarding Bertuzzi's discharge and was upset that he was unable to attend the court date, having to issue a written victim statement instead. Moore's lawyer, Tim Danson, was given one day's notice of the court date following Bertuzzi's plea bargain, which he said was insufficient time for Moore to travel to Vancouver.", "Moore's lawyer, Tim Danson, was given one day's notice of the court date following Bertuzzi's plea bargain, which he said was insufficient time for Moore to travel to Vancouver. On February 17, 2005, Moore filed a lawsuit in a Colorado court against Bertuzzi, numerous individuals within the Canucks organization, including Brad May (Bertuzzi's teammate at the time who was quoted as saying that there would \"definitely be a price on Moore's head\" after Moore's hit on Näslund), Brian Burke, Marc Crawford, as well as the Canucks organization as a whole and the Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment company that owned the team.", "On February 17, 2005, Moore filed a lawsuit in a Colorado court against Bertuzzi, numerous individuals within the Canucks organization, including Brad May (Bertuzzi's teammate at the time who was quoted as saying that there would \"definitely be a price on Moore's head\" after Moore's hit on Näslund), Brian Burke, Marc Crawford, as well as the Canucks organization as a whole and the Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment company that owned the team. The lawsuit was thrown out in October 2005, as the Colorado judge ruled the case was better suited for Canadian courts, as Moore and all the defendants were Canadian citizens.", "The lawsuit was thrown out in October 2005, as the Colorado judge ruled the case was better suited for Canadian courts, as Moore and all the defendants were Canadian citizens. Planning to appeal the decision, Danson stated publicly the following month that Moore had begun skating and doing regular workouts, but continued to suffer concussion-related symptoms.", "Planning to appeal the decision, Danson stated publicly the following month that Moore had begun skating and doing regular workouts, but continued to suffer concussion-related symptoms. On February 16, 2006, Moore filed another lawsuit in the Ontario Superior Court against Bertuzzi, the Canucks, and Orca Bay, seeking CAD$15 million in pecuniary damages for loss of income, CAD$1 million for aggravated damages, and CAD$2 million for punitive damages.", "On February 16, 2006, Moore filed another lawsuit in the Ontario Superior Court against Bertuzzi, the Canucks, and Orca Bay, seeking CAD$15 million in pecuniary damages for loss of income, CAD$1 million for aggravated damages, and CAD$2 million for punitive damages. Moore's parents, who were watching their son on television when the attack happened, also sued, seeking CAD$1.5 million for \"negligent infliction of nervous shock and mental distress\".", "Moore's parents, who were watching their son on television when the attack happened, also sued, seeking CAD$1.5 million for \"negligent infliction of nervous shock and mental distress\". In December 2006, Bettman and top lieutenant Bill Daly facilitated a meeting between Moore's representatives and the defendants in hopes of agreeing on an out-of-court settlement.", "In December 2006, Bettman and top lieutenant Bill Daly facilitated a meeting between Moore's representatives and the defendants in hopes of agreeing on an out-of-court settlement. An out-of-court settlement was reached in Moore's lawsuit in October 2014. Terms of the settlement are confidential. Personal life Bertuzzi was born and raised in Sudbury, Ontario.", "Personal life Bertuzzi was born and raised in Sudbury, Ontario. His father, Albert Bertuzzi, is an Italian-Canadian who worked in the window-washing business. When Bertuzzi was a teenager, Albert survived a near-fatal car accident in which he was thrown from the vehicle through the windshield.", "When Bertuzzi was a teenager, Albert survived a near-fatal car accident in which he was thrown from the vehicle through the windshield. His father has stated that he was proud of his own local reputation as a \"dirty player\" and referred to it as a \"Bertuzzi trait\".", "His father has stated that he was proud of his own local reputation as a \"dirty player\" and referred to it as a \"Bertuzzi trait\". He has said that Bertuzzi takes after him in regards to his toughness and aggression.", "He has said that Bertuzzi takes after him in regards to his toughness and aggression. Bertuzzi's great-uncle, Larry Bertuzzi, is a Toronto-based lawyer who has done arbitration work for the NHL, including on the Eric Lindros trade. Growing up, Bertuzzi played minor hockey with the Nickel Centre and Sudbury Minor Hockey programs.", "Growing up, Bertuzzi played minor hockey with the Nickel Centre and Sudbury Minor Hockey programs. In 1990–91, Bertuzzi played as an underaged player in the major midget ranks with the Sudbury Capitals AAA team.", "In 1990–91, Bertuzzi played as an underaged player in the major midget ranks with the Sudbury Capitals AAA team. Physically built as a power forward throughout his youth, he stood 6 feet and 2 inches (1.88 metres) and weighed 195 pounds (88.5 kilograms) by age 15.", "Physically built as a power forward throughout his youth, he stood 6 feet and 2 inches (1.88 metres) and weighed 195 pounds (88.5 kilograms) by age 15. Bertuzzi and his wife, Julie, were married in July 1996.", "Bertuzzi and his wife, Julie, were married in July 1996. They have two children born one-and-a-half years apart in Vancouver, a son named Tag and a daughter named Jaden. His son, Tag Bertuzzi, was drafted into the OHL by the Guelph Storm, 2nd overall in 2017.", "His son, Tag Bertuzzi, was drafted into the OHL by the Guelph Storm, 2nd overall in 2017. Bertuzzi is a recreational golfer and has credited the sport with allowing him to relax more as a hockey player. During his 10-game suspension from the NHL in October and November 2001, he played golf to focus his energy.", "During his 10-game suspension from the NHL in October and November 2001, he played golf to focus his energy. Afterwards, he made it a custom to go to the driving range before every game. Bertuzzi's nephew Tyler Bertuzzi plays hockey for the Detroit Red Wings.", "Bertuzzi's nephew Tyler Bertuzzi plays hockey for the Detroit Red Wings. Bertuzzi was arrested on February 27, 2021, and was detained at the Oakland County Jail in Michigan on suspicion of DUI.", "Bertuzzi was arrested on February 27, 2021, and was detained at the Oakland County Jail in Michigan on suspicion of DUI. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International Awards Records Guelph Storm team record; most goals, single season—54 in 1994–95 (surpassed Mike Prokopec, 52 goals in 1992–93) Vancouver Canucks team record; longest point-scoring streak—15 games (7 goals, 12 assists; January 3 – February 4, 2003) (tied with Petr Nedved; November 19 – December 27, 1992) Vancouver Canucks team record; most powerplay goals, single season—25 in 2002–03 (tied with Pavel Bure) Transactions June 26, 1993: Drafted 23rd overall by the New York Islanders July 6, 1995: Signed to a four-year, $4.6 million contract with the New York Islanders February 6, 1998: Traded to the Vancouver Canucks from the New York Islanders with Bryan McCabe and a 3rd round choice in 1998 (Jarkko Ruutu) for Trevor Linden September 1999: Re-signed to a two-year contract with the Vancouver Canucks October 27, 2003: Signed a four-year, $27.9 million contract extension with the Vancouver Canucks March 11, 2004: Suspended indefinitely by the NHL for deliberate injury to Steve Moore in a game versus the Colorado Avalanche August 8, 2005: Officially reinstated by the NHL June 23, 2006: Traded to the Florida Panthers by the Vancouver Canucks with Bryan Allen and Alex Auld for Roberto Luongo, Lukas Krajicek and a sixth-round draft choice in 2006 (Sergei Shirokov) February 27, 2007: Traded to the Detroit Red Wings by the Florida Panthers for prospect Shawn Matthias and conditional draft picks July 2, 2007: Signed a two-year, $8 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Anaheim Ducks June 28, 2008: Placed on waivers by the Anaheim Ducks; subsequently bought out July 7, 2008: Signed a one-year $1.95 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Calgary Flames August 18, 2009: Signed a one-year $1.5 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Detroit Red Wings May 10, 2010: Signed a two-year, $3.85 million contract extension with the Detroit Red Wings February 23, 2012: Signed a two-year, $4.15 million contract extension with the Detroit Red Wings See also List of NHL players with 1000 games played References Footnotes Citations External links 1975 births Anaheim Ducks players Binghamton Senators players Calgary Flames players Canadian ice hockey right wingers Detroit Red Wings players Florida Panthers players Guelph Storm players Ice hockey people from Ontario Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics Living people National Hockey League All-Stars National Hockey League first round draft picks New York Islanders draft picks New York Islanders players Olympic ice hockey players of Canada Sportspeople from Greater Sudbury Utah Grizzlies (IHL) players Vancouver Canucks players Violence in sports Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States Canadian people of Italian descent" ]

[ "Mark Ronson", "2010-12: Record Collection" ]

[ "Record Collection is an independent Los Angeles, California-based creative music studio founded by Jordan Tappis. Record Collection is home to a diverse roster which includes music from current Red Hot Chili Peppers' guitarist John Frusciante, The Walkmen, Blake Mills, Dawes, Murs, Black Knights and management clients Blake Mills, Matt Sweeney and Fiona Apple.\n\nNotable releases\nBetween June 2004 and February 2005, the label released a series of six albums by John Frusciante. One album, Automatic Writing (album), was released under the band name Ataxia (which was composed of Frusciante, Joe Lally and Josh Klinghoffer). The album A Sphere in the Heart of Silence was released with Josh Klinghoffer. The records each show a different side of Frusciante's musical style, going from crude rock (Inside of Emptiness) to Pop (DC EP) and even electronic music (A Sphere in the Heart of Silence). In 2007, Record Collection released the follow-up to Automatic Writing by Ataxia, named AW II.\n\nIn 2005, Record Collection released the Caveat Emptor EP by the Arizona-based post-hardcore/metalcore band Greeley Estates.\n\nIn 2006, Record Collection released Greeley Estates' second studio album Far From The Lies.\n\nIn 2007, Record Collection released the Spider-Man 3 soundtrack which featured all new music from artists such as The Flaming Lips, The Killers and The Yeah Yeah Yeahs.\n\nIn 2009, Record Collection released Frusciante's acclaimed album The Empyrean as well as Dawes breakthrough album North Hills.\n\nIn 2010, Record Collection released the debut single from LA punk outfit Funeral Party and Break Mirrors the critically acclaimed debut album from producer/singer-songwriter Blake Mills.\n\nIn 2012, Record Collection released two new albums from Frusciante, an EP called Letur Lefr and an LP called PBX Funicular Intaglio Zone and the debut self-titled 7\" from LA band Buckaroo.\n\nIn 2013 Record Collection released Outsides from Frusciante, Continuation Day from Tom Gallo, Year of the Dragon from yMusic and more.\n\nIn 2014, Record Collection released Medieval Chamber, the comeback album from Wu-Tang Clan affiliates Black Knights, produced by John Frusciante. Upcoming releases include Frusciante's Enclosure as well as new releases from Blake Mills and Tom Gallo.\n\nIn 2015, Record Collection released \"Year of the Dragon,\" an EP from avant-garde classical music ensemble YMusic, \"The Almighty\" the critically acclaimed follow up to Black Knights breakout LP \"Medieval Chamber\" and \"Heigh Ho\", the long-awaited sophomore album from Blake Mills.\n\nProduction\n\nIn 2011, Record Collection produced God Bless Ozzy Osbourne a feature documentary about Ozzy Osbourne.\n\nIn 2012 Record Collection created the music documentary mini series Sound & Vision featuring artists such as Jeff the Brotherhood, Haim and Detroit hip hop group Clear Soul Forces. In April 2013, Sound & Vision, a co-production between Red Bull and Record Collection and directed by Jordan Tappis and Mike Piscitelli, was nominated for a Webby Award under the category best online film & video: music.\n\nManagement\n\nRecord Collection management clients include Blake Mills, Matt Sweeney, John Frusciante.\n\nRoster\n 21 motion picture score\n Fiona Apple\n Ataxia\n Bonnie \"Prince\" Billy\n Brother Reade\n Buckaroo\n The Cubical\n Dawes\n Simon Dawes\n Kate Earl \n John Frusciante\n Tom Gallo\n Funeral Party\n Danielle Haim\n Hot Hot Heat\n Jesca Hoop\n Dan Malloy\n Cass Mccombs\n Blake Mills\n Greeley Estates\n Mt. Egypt\n Murs\n Spider-Man 3 soundtrack\n Supreeme\n The Walkmen\n Wassup Rockers soundtrack\n yMusic\n\nProductions\nGod Bless Ozzy Osbourne\nSound & Vision Seasons 1 and 2\nRed Bull On Boarding\nThe Odyssey\nWesterly\nAnything We Want\n\nSee also\n List of record labels\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Site\n\nAlternative rock record labels\nAmerican independent record labels\nRecord labels established in 2002\n2002 establishments in California", "UNESCO Collection is a world music record label, under the aegis of UNESCO.\nThe full title of the series was UNESCO Collection of Traditional Music of the World.\n\nStarting in 1961, the label, created in collaboration with Alain Daniélou, has recorded and issued recordings of traditional world music. Its recording activity was mainly in the 1960s and 1970s. It was composed of a number of subseries of recordings: Musical Sources (Philips 6586 001 — Philips 6586 045), Musical Atlas (EMI/Odeon), A Musical Anthology of the Orient (Bärenreiter/Musicaphon BM 30 2001 — BM 30 2032), An Anthology of African Music (Bärenreiter/Musicaphon BM 30 2301 — BM 30 2314), and An Anthology of North Indian Classical Music (Bärenreiter/Musicaphon BM 30 SL 2051 — BM 30 SL 2054; reissued by Rounder as CD 5101-5104.) It was a pioneer in documenting authentic, traditional world music.\n\nFrom the 1990s, titles were reissued by Naïve/Auvidis under new subcollections, as well as some new issues and compilations. However, the partnership with Naïve/Auvidis ended in 2005. Recently some titles have been reissued by Rounder Records. From 2014 to 2015, Smithsonian Folkways re-released the portion of the collection formerly released by Naïve/Auvidis, and also released 12 previously unpublished albums.\n\nSee also\nUNESCO Collection of Representative Works, the equivalent for books\nWorld music\nList of record labels\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nUNESCO Collection of Traditional Music of the World, archived catalog of the label, as of 2004\nUNESCO Collection of Traditional Music of the World, new planned releases as of 2004, at ICTM\nUNESCO Collection of Traditional Music of the World, current page at UNESCO\n\nWorld music record labels" ]

[ "Mark Daniel Ronson (born 4 September 1975) is an English-American DJ, songwriter, record producer, and record executive. He is best known for his collaborations with artists such as Duran Duran, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Lady Gaga, Lily Allen, Robbie Williams, Miley Cyrus, Queens of the Stone Age, Kevin Parker and Bruno Mars.", "He is best known for his collaborations with artists such as Duran Duran, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Lady Gaga, Lily Allen, Robbie Williams, Miley Cyrus, Queens of the Stone Age, Kevin Parker and Bruno Mars. He has received seven Grammy Awards, including Producer of the Year for Winehouse's album Back to Black and two for Record of the Year singles \"Rehab\" and \"Uptown Funk\".", "He has received seven Grammy Awards, including Producer of the Year for Winehouse's album Back to Black and two for Record of the Year singles \"Rehab\" and \"Uptown Funk\". He received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Grammy Award for co-writing the song \"Shallow\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper) for the film A Star is Born (2018).", "He received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Grammy Award for co-writing the song \"Shallow\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper) for the film A Star is Born (2018). Ronson was born in London and raised in New York City.", "Ronson was born in London and raised in New York City. His stepfather is Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones, which contributed to a childhood surrounded by music. While attending New York University, Ronson became a popular DJ in the hip-hop scene. His debut album Here Comes the Fuzz failed to have an effect on the charts.", "His debut album Here Comes the Fuzz failed to have an effect on the charts. In 2006, he received acclaim for producing albums for Lily Allen, Christina Aguilera, and Amy Winehouse. In 2007, Ronson released his second album, Version.", "In 2007, Ronson released his second album, Version. The album reached number two in the UK and included three top ten singles and earned him the Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist. He subsequently released his third studio album, Record Collection, peaking at number two in the UK.", "He subsequently released his third studio album, Record Collection, peaking at number two in the UK. In 2014, Ronson released his single \"Uptown Funk\" featuring vocals from Bruno Mars. The single spent 14 consecutive weeks at number one on the U.S.", "The single spent 14 consecutive weeks at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, seven non-consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart and became one of the best-selling singles of all-time. His fourth studio album, Uptown Special, became his most successful album to date.", "His fourth studio album, Uptown Special, became his most successful album to date. In 2018, he founded his own label, Zelig Records (an imprint of Columbia Records), and formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo, they released their debut single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa for which he received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording.", "In 2018, he founded his own label, Zelig Records (an imprint of Columbia Records), and formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo, they released their debut single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa for which he received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording. In 2015, he became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation, which helps disadvantaged youth through music.", "In 2015, he became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation, which helps disadvantaged youth through music. He has also worked with the End the Silence campaign to raise money and awareness for the Hope and Homes for Children charity and served as an artist mentor at Turnaround Arts, a national program of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which helped low-performing schools through arts education.", "He has also worked with the End the Silence campaign to raise money and awareness for the Hope and Homes for Children charity and served as an artist mentor at Turnaround Arts, a national program of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which helped low-performing schools through arts education. Early life Mark Daniel Ronson was born in Notting Hill, London, England, to Laurence Ronson, a then music manager and publisher, now real estate developer, and Ann Dexter-Jones (née Dexter), a writer, jewelry designer, and socialite.", "Early life Mark Daniel Ronson was born in Notting Hill, London, England, to Laurence Ronson, a then music manager and publisher, now real estate developer, and Ann Dexter-Jones (née Dexter), a writer, jewelry designer, and socialite. His Ashkenazi Jewish ancestors emigrated from Austria, Lithuania, and Russia.", "His Ashkenazi Jewish ancestors emigrated from Austria, Lithuania, and Russia. He was brought up in a Conservative Jewish household and celebrated his Bar Mitzvah. After his parents' divorce, his mother married Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones.", "After his parents' divorce, his mother married Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones. Of note, Jones wrote Foreigner's hit song \"I Want to Know What Love Is\" about his burgeoning relationship with Dexter-Jones. Ronson, along with his mother, stepfather, and sisters, moved to New York City when he was eight years old.", "Ronson, along with his mother, stepfather, and sisters, moved to New York City when he was eight years old. Living on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, he counted Sean Lennon among his childhood friends.", "Living on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, he counted Sean Lennon among his childhood friends. At twelve, being a self-described music nerd, he pestered Rolling Stone founder Jann Wenner into an internship at the magazine. He attended high school at the private Collegiate School in Manhattan before attending Vassar College and then New York University.", "He attended high school at the private Collegiate School in Manhattan before attending Vassar College and then New York University. In 2008, he obtained American citizenship so that he could vote in that year's election.", "In 2008, he obtained American citizenship so that he could vote in that year's election. Family He was born into the Ronson family, formerly one of Britain's wealthiest families and founders of Heron International; following success in the 1980s, they lost $1 billion of their wealth in the property crash of the early 1990s.", "Family He was born into the Ronson family, formerly one of Britain's wealthiest families and founders of Heron International; following success in the 1980s, they lost $1 billion of their wealth in the property crash of the early 1990s. He is the nephew of businessman Gerald Ronson.", "He is the nephew of businessman Gerald Ronson. Through his mother, he is distantly related to British Conservative politicians Sir Malcolm Rifkind and Leon Brittan, and Odeon Cinemas founder Oscar Deutsch. Ronson's has two younger sisters, twins Charlotte Ronson, a fashion designer, and Samantha Ronson, a singer and DJ.", "Ronson's has two younger sisters, twins Charlotte Ronson, a fashion designer, and Samantha Ronson, a singer and DJ. Through his mother's second marriage to Mick Jones he has two elder step-siblings and two half-siblings, including actress Annabelle Dexter-Jones. Through his father's second marriage, he has three other half-siblings.", "Through his father's second marriage, he has three other half-siblings. Career While attending New York University, Ronson became a regular in the downtown hip hop night life. He became known as a DJ on the New York club scene by 1993, charging $50 per job. He was known for his diverse, genre-spanning selection.", "He was known for his diverse, genre-spanning selection. He attracted a wide audience by fusing funk, hip hop, and rock and roll into his setlists, and playing songs that were popular in both the United States and the United Kingdom.", "He attracted a wide audience by fusing funk, hip hop, and rock and roll into his setlists, and playing songs that were popular in both the United States and the United Kingdom. He was soon popular and sought-after DJ in New York City, frequently booked for high-profile events and private parties.", "He was soon popular and sought-after DJ in New York City, frequently booked for high-profile events and private parties. In 1999, Ronson was featured in an ad wearing Tommy Hilfiger denim in the recording studio for an ad campaign for the company.", "In 1999, Ronson was featured in an ad wearing Tommy Hilfiger denim in the recording studio for an ad campaign for the company. 2001–05: Here Comes the Fuzz and initial producing Mark made the leap from DJ to producer after Nikka Costa's manager, Dominique Trenier, heard one of his sets and introduced the musicians.", "2001–05: Here Comes the Fuzz and initial producing Mark made the leap from DJ to producer after Nikka Costa's manager, Dominique Trenier, heard one of his sets and introduced the musicians. Ronson produced Costa's song \"Everybody Got Their Something,\" and Ronson soon signed a record contract with Elektra Records.", "Ronson produced Costa's song \"Everybody Got Their Something,\" and Ronson soon signed a record contract with Elektra Records. He had already produced tracks for Hilfiger ads and, in 2001, used the connection to have Costa's single \"Like a Feather\" used in an advertisement.", "He had already produced tracks for Hilfiger ads and, in 2001, used the connection to have Costa's single \"Like a Feather\" used in an advertisement. Ronson's debut album, Here Comes the Fuzz, was released in 2003. Despite poor initial sales, it was generally well received by critics.", "Despite poor initial sales, it was generally well received by critics. As well as writing the songs on the album, Ronson created the beats, played guitar, keyboards, and bass. The album featured performances from artists from diverse genres, including Mos Def, Jack White, Sean Paul, Nappy Roots and Rivers Cuomo.", "The album featured performances from artists from diverse genres, including Mos Def, Jack White, Sean Paul, Nappy Roots and Rivers Cuomo. The lead single and best known song from the album, \"Ooh Wee,\" samples \"Sunny\" by Boney M and features the rappers Nate Dogg, Ghostface Killah, Trife Da God, and Saigon.", "The lead single and best known song from the album, \"Ooh Wee,\" samples \"Sunny\" by Boney M and features the rappers Nate Dogg, Ghostface Killah, Trife Da God, and Saigon. The song charted at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart and was used in a number of films, including in Honey (2003) and on its soundtrack.", "The song charted at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart and was used in a number of films, including in Honey (2003) and on its soundtrack. Two weeks after releasing Here Comes the Fuzz, Elektra Records dropped him.", "Two weeks after releasing Here Comes the Fuzz, Elektra Records dropped him. In 2004, Ronson formed his own record label, Allido Records, a subsidiary of Sony BMG's J Records, along with his longtime manager Rich Kleiman.", "In 2004, Ronson formed his own record label, Allido Records, a subsidiary of Sony BMG's J Records, along with his longtime manager Rich Kleiman. The first artist he signed to Allido was rapper Saigon, who later left to sign with Just Blaze's Fort Knox Entertainment.", "The first artist he signed to Allido was rapper Saigon, who later left to sign with Just Blaze's Fort Knox Entertainment. He has signed Rhymefest, most well known for winning the Grammy for co-writing Kanye West's \"Jesus Walks.\"", "He has signed Rhymefest, most well known for winning the Grammy for co-writing Kanye West's \"Jesus Walks.\" 2006–09: Version On 2 April 2007, Ronson released a cover of The Smiths' track \"Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before\" under the title \"Stop Me\", featuring singer Daniel Merriweather.", "2006–09: Version On 2 April 2007, Ronson released a cover of The Smiths' track \"Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before\" under the title \"Stop Me\", featuring singer Daniel Merriweather. It reached number 2 in the UK singles charts, giving Ronson his highest-peaking single until 2014's \"Uptown Funk\".", "It reached number 2 in the UK singles charts, giving Ronson his highest-peaking single until 2014's \"Uptown Funk\". Ronson remixed the Bob Dylan song \"Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine\" in promotion for the three-disc Bob Dylan set titled Dylan released October 2007.", "Ronson remixed the Bob Dylan song \"Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine\" in promotion for the three-disc Bob Dylan set titled Dylan released October 2007. Ronson has also produced Candie Payne's \"One More Chance (Ronson mix)\" in 2007.", "Ronson has also produced Candie Payne's \"One More Chance (Ronson mix)\" in 2007. The album Version was well received by critics particularly in the UK and US. In May 2007 it was awarded the title Album of the Month by the British dance music magazine, Mixmag.", "In May 2007 it was awarded the title Album of the Month by the British dance music magazine, Mixmag. On 23 June, Ronson made the cover of The Guardian newspaper's Guide magazine, alongside singer Lily Allen. In June 2007, Ronson signed DC hip hop artist Wale to Allido Records.", "In June 2007, Ronson signed DC hip hop artist Wale to Allido Records. In late 2007, he focused on production, working with Daniel Merriweather on his debut album, and recording again with Amy Winehouse and Robbie Williams.", "In late 2007, he focused on production, working with Daniel Merriweather on his debut album, and recording again with Amy Winehouse and Robbie Williams. On 24 October 2007, Ronson performed a one-off set at The Roundhouse in Camden, London as part of the BBC Electric Proms 2007.", "On 24 October 2007, Ronson performed a one-off set at The Roundhouse in Camden, London as part of the BBC Electric Proms 2007. The performance featured the BBC Concert Orchestra and included special guests Terry Hall, Sean Lennon, Tim Burgess, Alex Greenwald, Ricky Wilson, Charlie Waller, Adele and Kyle Falconer.", "The performance featured the BBC Concert Orchestra and included special guests Terry Hall, Sean Lennon, Tim Burgess, Alex Greenwald, Ricky Wilson, Charlie Waller, Adele and Kyle Falconer. In December 2007, Ronson received his first Grammy Award nomination, for 'Producer of the Year, Non-Classical'.", "In December 2007, Ronson received his first Grammy Award nomination, for 'Producer of the Year, Non-Classical'. Ronson's work with Amy Winehouse also received substantial accolades, gaining 6 nominations.", "Ronson's work with Amy Winehouse also received substantial accolades, gaining 6 nominations. Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" album, mostly produced by Ronson, was nominated for 'Album of the Year' and 'Best Pop Vocal Album'.", "Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" album, mostly produced by Ronson, was nominated for 'Album of the Year' and 'Best Pop Vocal Album'. Her song \"Rehab\" received nods for 'Best Female Pop Vocal Performance', 'Song of the Year' and 'Record of the Year'.", "Her song \"Rehab\" received nods for 'Best Female Pop Vocal Performance', 'Song of the Year' and 'Record of the Year'. Ronson would go on to win three Grammys: 'Producer of the Year' as well as 'Best Pop Vocal Album' and 'Record of the Year' (the latter two of which he shared with Amy Winehouse) in early February 2008.", "Ronson would go on to win three Grammys: 'Producer of the Year' as well as 'Best Pop Vocal Album' and 'Record of the Year' (the latter two of which he shared with Amy Winehouse) in early February 2008. Ronson is credited as producer on a mixtape album called Man in the Mirror, released in January 2008 by the rapper Rhymefest which is a tribute to the pop star Michael Jackson.", "Ronson is credited as producer on a mixtape album called Man in the Mirror, released in January 2008 by the rapper Rhymefest which is a tribute to the pop star Michael Jackson. The album features Rhymefest appearing to speak to Michael Jackson using archive audio from interviews with the pop star.", "The album features Rhymefest appearing to speak to Michael Jackson using archive audio from interviews with the pop star. The same month Ronson received three nominations for the Brit Awards, including 'Best Male Solo Artist,' 'Best Album' (Version) and 'Song of the Year' (\"Valerie\").", "The same month Ronson received three nominations for the Brit Awards, including 'Best Male Solo Artist,' 'Best Album' (Version) and 'Song of the Year' (\"Valerie\"). Ronson won his first Brit for 'Best Male Solo Artist' in mid-February 2008 over favourite Mika.", "Ronson won his first Brit for 'Best Male Solo Artist' in mid-February 2008 over favourite Mika. He also performed a medley of Coldplay's \"God Put a Smile upon Your Face\" with Adele, \"Stop Me\" with Daniel Merriweather, and \"Valerie\" with Amy Winehouse.", "He also performed a medley of Coldplay's \"God Put a Smile upon Your Face\" with Adele, \"Stop Me\" with Daniel Merriweather, and \"Valerie\" with Amy Winehouse. The performance allowed for a large boost in sales in the iTunes UK Top 100.", "The performance allowed for a large boost in sales in the iTunes UK Top 100. \"Valerie\" would jump almost 30 spots in the days after the event, while \"Just\", \"Stop Me\" and \"Oh My God\" all appeared in the chart as well.", "\"Valerie\" would jump almost 30 spots in the days after the event, while \"Just\", \"Stop Me\" and \"Oh My God\" all appeared in the chart as well. That same week, Ronson appeared twice in the UK Top 40, with \"Valerie\" rebounding to number 13 and \"Just\" at number 31, his fourth Top 40 entry from \"Version\".", "That same week, Ronson appeared twice in the UK Top 40, with \"Valerie\" rebounding to number 13 and \"Just\" at number 31, his fourth Top 40 entry from \"Version\". The Brits performance also allowed for \"Version\" to climb 18 spots to number 4.", "The Brits performance also allowed for \"Version\" to climb 18 spots to number 4. Around this time, Ronson received his first number one on an international chart (Dutch Top 40) for \"Valerie,\" which spent four consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. He collaborated with Kaiser Chiefs on their third album.", "He collaborated with Kaiser Chiefs on their third album. Ronson toured the album \"Version\" extensively through both the UK and Europe during 2008. Notable sold-out performances at The Hammersmith Apollo and Brixton Academy. Ronson is known to champion new upcoming artists on the road with him, such as Sam Sparro and Julian Perretta.", "Ronson is known to champion new upcoming artists on the road with him, such as Sam Sparro and Julian Perretta. Ronson's string backing was provided by the all-female string quartet Demon Strings. On 2 July 2008, in Paris, Mark Ronson performed live with Duran Duran for an invited audience.", "On 2 July 2008, in Paris, Mark Ronson performed live with Duran Duran for an invited audience. They played new arrangements by Ronson of some Duran Duran songs, along with tracks from the band's new album, Red Carpet Massacre. Ronson & the Version Players also performed songs from his album Version. Simon LeBon sang.", "Simon LeBon sang. Simon LeBon sang. As of March 2009, Ronson was working with the group on their 13th album. The Album, titled All You Need Is Now, was released digitally exclusively via Apple's iTunes on 21 December 2010, while the physical CD was released in March 2011 with additional tracks.", "The Album, titled All You Need Is Now, was released digitally exclusively via Apple's iTunes on 21 December 2010, while the physical CD was released in March 2011 with additional tracks. In 2013–14 Ronson was once again in the studio producing Duran Duran's 14th album, Paper Gods, making it the first time the band has worked with the same producer on consecutive albums since Colin Thurston produced their first two albums in the 1980s.", "In 2013–14 Ronson was once again in the studio producing Duran Duran's 14th album, Paper Gods, making it the first time the band has worked with the same producer on consecutive albums since Colin Thurston produced their first two albums in the 1980s. 2010–12: Record Collection In the Spring of 2010, Ronson confirmed the name of his new album Record Collection, and said that he hoped to have it out by September 2010.", "2010–12: Record Collection In the Spring of 2010, Ronson confirmed the name of his new album Record Collection, and said that he hoped to have it out by September 2010. Additionally, Ronson announced the name of his new band, \"The Business Intl.", "Additionally, Ronson announced the name of his new band, \"The Business Intl. '\", which is the alias adopted by Ronson on the third studio album. The first single \"Bang Bang Bang\".", "The first single \"Bang Bang Bang\". which featured rapper Q-Tip and singer MNDR was released on 12 July 2010, where it peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart, giving Ronson his fourth Top 10 single. The single also entered the Irish Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 18.", "The single also entered the Irish Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 18. The second single from the album, \"The Bike Song\", was released on 19 September 2010, and features Kyle Falconer from The View and Spank Rock. The album was released on 27 September 2010.", "The album was released on 27 September 2010. This is the first Ronson album on which he features as a singer. Although Ronson had never met Michael Jackson he was given the vocal track to a song titled \"Lovely Way\", sung by Michael Jackson, in 2010 to produce for Jackson's posthumous album Michael.", "Although Ronson had never met Michael Jackson he was given the vocal track to a song titled \"Lovely Way\", sung by Michael Jackson, in 2010 to produce for Jackson's posthumous album Michael. He submitted the track, but it did not make the tracklisting for Michael.", "He submitted the track, but it did not make the tracklisting for Michael. Ronson said about the rumours surrounding the vocals on the track (due to the controversy surrounding the Cascio tracks on that same album), \"It was definitely him singing. I was given a vocal track to work with but I never actually met Michael.", "I was given a vocal track to work with but I never actually met Michael. [...] It's in the vein of Elton John's 'Goodbye Yellow Brick Road' and John Lennon's 'Imagine'.\" He provided the score for the 2011 film Arthur.", "He provided the score for the 2011 film Arthur. Ronson was one of the artists featured in the 2012 documentary Re:GENERATION Music Project. His song \"A La Modeliste\" features Mos Def, Erykah Badu, Trombone Shorty, members of The Dap-Kings, and Zigaboo Modeliste.", "His song \"A La Modeliste\" features Mos Def, Erykah Badu, Trombone Shorty, members of The Dap-Kings, and Zigaboo Modeliste. 2013–2017: Uptown Special and Amy On 30 October 2014, Ronson announced, via Twitter, a new single from his upcoming album, to be released on 10 November 2014.", "2013–2017: Uptown Special and Amy On 30 October 2014, Ronson announced, via Twitter, a new single from his upcoming album, to be released on 10 November 2014. The single, \"Uptown Funk,\" features Bruno Mars on vocals.", "The single, \"Uptown Funk,\" features Bruno Mars on vocals. On 22 November 2014, Ronson and Mars appeared as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live performing \"Uptown Funk\" and \"Feel Right\" (featuring Mystikal).", "On 22 November 2014, Ronson and Mars appeared as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live performing \"Uptown Funk\" and \"Feel Right\" (featuring Mystikal). \"Uptown Funk\" reached number one in the UK and US singles charts, and also became the all-time most streamed track in a single week in the UK, having been streamed a record 2.49 million times in a week.", "\"Uptown Funk\" reached number one in the UK and US singles charts, and also became the all-time most streamed track in a single week in the UK, having been streamed a record 2.49 million times in a week. \"Uptown Funk\" reached the top 10 in nearly every country it charted; it spent fifteen weeks at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, fourteen weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and seven weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart.", "\"Uptown Funk\" reached the top 10 in nearly every country it charted; it spent fifteen weeks at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, fourteen weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and seven weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart. In February 2015 the song won Ronson the Brit Award for British Single of the Year.", "In February 2015 the song won Ronson the Brit Award for British Single of the Year. As of November 2021, the song's music video on YouTube has amassed over 4.3 billion views. In 2015, Ronson starred in the documentary film Amy about his late friend Amy Winehouse.", "In 2015, Ronson starred in the documentary film Amy about his late friend Amy Winehouse. His voice features in the film where he talks about his career and relationship with Winehouse and there is footage of Ronson from the recording session of the single \"Back to Black\" from March 2006 and also at Winehouse's funeral in London in July 2011.", "His voice features in the film where he talks about his career and relationship with Winehouse and there is footage of Ronson from the recording session of the single \"Back to Black\" from March 2006 and also at Winehouse's funeral in London in July 2011. On 16 October 2015, Ronson became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation.", "On 16 October 2015, Ronson became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation. In January 2016, Ronson was nominated for two Brit Awards; Best British Male Solo Artist, and British Producer of the Year, at the 2016 Brit Awards.", "In January 2016, Ronson was nominated for two Brit Awards; Best British Male Solo Artist, and British Producer of the Year, at the 2016 Brit Awards. At the 2016 Grammy Awards Ronson won two awards for \"Uptown Funk\", including Record of the Year.", "At the 2016 Grammy Awards Ronson won two awards for \"Uptown Funk\", including Record of the Year. Jason Iley, the head of Sony Music UK and Ronson's UK label Columbia Records, hailed Ronson as \"a true gentleman\" and \"one of the most considerate, kind and humble artists in our industry.\"", "Jason Iley, the head of Sony Music UK and Ronson's UK label Columbia Records, hailed Ronson as \"a true gentleman\" and \"one of the most considerate, kind and humble artists in our industry.\" He added, \"the monumental success of Uptown Funk is so thoroughly deserved and has established itself as, not only one of the Records of the Year but of our lifetime.\"", "He added, \"the monumental success of Uptown Funk is so thoroughly deserved and has established itself as, not only one of the Records of the Year but of our lifetime.\" He went on to executive produce Lady Gaga's fifth album Joanne. Ronson produced the Queens of the Stone Age's 2017 album Villains.", "Ronson produced the Queens of the Stone Age's 2017 album Villains. 2018–present: Silk City, \"Shallow\" and Late Night Feelings In 2018, Ronson founded his own label, Zelig Records, an imprint of Columbia Records and the first artist he signed was singer King Princess.", "2018–present: Silk City, \"Shallow\" and Late Night Feelings In 2018, Ronson founded his own label, Zelig Records, an imprint of Columbia Records and the first artist he signed was singer King Princess. He also formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo.", "He also formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo. Their first single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa was released on 6 September and peaked at the US Dance Club Songs and received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards.", "Their first single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa was released on 6 September and peaked at the US Dance Club Songs and received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards. In May 2018, it was revealed that Ronson was working with Miley Cyrus in the studio.", "In May 2018, it was revealed that Ronson was working with Miley Cyrus in the studio. Their first collaboration \"Nothing Breaks Like a Heart\" was released in November 2018. Ronson also co-wrote the song \"Shallow\" for the film A Star Is Born with his frequent collaborators Lady Gaga, Andrew Wyatt, and Anthony Rossomando.", "Ronson also co-wrote the song \"Shallow\" for the film A Star Is Born with his frequent collaborators Lady Gaga, Andrew Wyatt, and Anthony Rossomando. The song earned Ronson an Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, as well as two Grammy nominations, winning the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media.", "The song earned Ronson an Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, as well as two Grammy nominations, winning the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media. On 12 April 2019, it was announced that Mark Ronson would release his fifth album Late Night Feelings, on 26 June 2019.", "On 12 April 2019, it was announced that Mark Ronson would release his fifth album Late Night Feelings, on 26 June 2019. The album features Miley Cyrus, Angel Olsen, Lykke Li and Camila Cabello.", "The album features Miley Cyrus, Angel Olsen, Lykke Li and Camila Cabello. Ronson has described the album as a collection of \"sad bangers,\" with the title track laying down a warm mid-tempo dance groove under Li's melancholy vocals.", "Ronson has described the album as a collection of \"sad bangers,\" with the title track laying down a warm mid-tempo dance groove under Li's melancholy vocals. On 12 October 2019, BBC Two broadcast the documentary Mark Ronson: From the Heart, directed by Carl Hindmarch.", "On 12 October 2019, BBC Two broadcast the documentary Mark Ronson: From the Heart, directed by Carl Hindmarch. In June of 2021, Ronson, along with Foo Fighters shared a \"re-verson\" of the Foo Fighters then latest single Making a Fire.", "In June of 2021, Ronson, along with Foo Fighters shared a \"re-verson\" of the Foo Fighters then latest single Making a Fire. Personal life Ronson divides his time between London, Los Angeles, and New York. Since childhood, he has been a fan of English Premier League football club Chelsea F.C.", "Since childhood, he has been a fan of English Premier League football club Chelsea F.C. and is also a fan of the New York Knicks basketball team. In 2009, Ronson was voted the most stylish man in the UK by GQ magazine.", "In 2009, Ronson was voted the most stylish man in the UK by GQ magazine. In 2011, a portrait of Ronson was painted by British artist Joe Simpson; the painting was exhibited around the UK, including a solo exhibition at the Royal Albert Hall in London.", "In 2011, a portrait of Ronson was painted by British artist Joe Simpson; the painting was exhibited around the UK, including a solo exhibition at the Royal Albert Hall in London. In 2015 he was named one of the magazine's 50 best dressed British men.", "In 2015 he was named one of the magazine's 50 best dressed British men. > On 20 August 2019, Ronson, along with several other celebrities, invested in a funding round for Lowell Herb Co, a California cannabis brand. He is known to be \"a dedicated cannabis consumer\".", "He is known to be \"a dedicated cannabis consumer\". Relationships In 2002, Ronson began dating the actress-singer Rashida Jones. They became engaged in March 2003, with Ronson proposing by creating a crossword puzzle with the message \"Will you marry me.\" Their relationship ended approximately one year later.", "Their relationship ended approximately one year later. On 3 September 2011, Ronson married French actress and singer Joséphine de La Baume, who had previously appeared in the music video for \"The Bike Song\".", "On 3 September 2011, Ronson married French actress and singer Joséphine de La Baume, who had previously appeared in the music video for \"The Bike Song\". On 16 May 2017, it was reported that de La Baume had filed for divorce from Ronson, listing the separation date as 21 April 2017.", "On 16 May 2017, it was reported that de La Baume had filed for divorce from Ronson, listing the separation date as 21 April 2017. The divorce was finalized in October 2018. On 4 September 2021, Ronson announced his marriage to actress Grace Gummer, after a year of dating.", "On 4 September 2021, Ronson announced his marriage to actress Grace Gummer, after a year of dating. Lawsuit In 2017, Lastrada Entertainment claimed that \"Uptown Funk\" infringed the copyright of Zapp & Roger's 1980 hit song \"More Bounce to the Ounce\". A total of three lawsuits had been filed by different parties.", "A total of three lawsuits had been filed by different parties. Discography Here Comes the Fuzz (2003) Version (2007) Record Collection (with The Business Intl.)", "Discography Here Comes the Fuzz (2003) Version (2007) Record Collection (with The Business Intl.) (2010) Uptown Special (2015) Late Night Feelings (2019) Filmography Zoolander (2001) – Himself Amy (2015) – Himself Gaga: Five Foot Two (2017) – Himself Spies in Disguise (2019) – Agency Control Room Technician (cameo) Videos Ronson created a video, along with directors Gary Breslin and Jordan Galland, called Circuit Breaker, which was an homage to the video game The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past.", "(2010) Uptown Special (2015) Late Night Feelings (2019) Filmography Zoolander (2001) – Himself Amy (2015) – Himself Gaga: Five Foot Two (2017) – Himself Spies in Disguise (2019) – Agency Control Room Technician (cameo) Videos Ronson created a video, along with directors Gary Breslin and Jordan Galland, called Circuit Breaker, which was an homage to the video game The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past. In 2001, Ronson appeared in the Aaliyah music video \"More Than a Woman\" as a DJ.", "In 2001, Ronson appeared in the Aaliyah music video \"More Than a Woman\" as a DJ. On 30 July 2021, the documentary series Watch the Sound with Mark Ronson was released on Apple TV+. Production discography Adapted from AllMusic. Bold denotes a commercial single.", "Bold denotes a commercial single. Bold denotes a commercial single. Other singles 1997: Posse-O – \"It's Up to You...\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Heatin' Up\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Rhymes to Bust\" / \"It's Your Right\"* 2002: J-Live – \"School's In\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"City Rules\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"She's Got Me\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"These Days\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"Brand New\"* 2007: Candie Payne – \"One More Chance\"* 2007: Bob Dylan – \"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) (Mark Ronson Re-version)\"* 2008: Leon Jean-Marie – \"Bed of Nails\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Never Miss a Beat\"* 2008: Wiley – \"Cash in My Pocket\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Good Days Bad Days\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Change\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Red\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Impossible\" 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Out of the Game\"* 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Jericho\"* 2013: Giggs – \"(Is It Gangsta?)", "Other singles 1997: Posse-O – \"It's Up to You...\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Heatin' Up\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Rhymes to Bust\" / \"It's Your Right\"* 2002: J-Live – \"School's In\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"City Rules\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"She's Got Me\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"These Days\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"Brand New\"* 2007: Candie Payne – \"One More Chance\"* 2007: Bob Dylan – \"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) (Mark Ronson Re-version)\"* 2008: Leon Jean-Marie – \"Bed of Nails\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Never Miss a Beat\"* 2008: Wiley – \"Cash in My Pocket\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Good Days Bad Days\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Change\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Red\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Impossible\" 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Out of the Game\"* 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Jericho\"* 2013: Giggs – \"(Is It Gangsta?) Yes Yes Yes\"* 2015: Duran Duran featuring Janelle Monáe and Nile Rodgers – \"Pressure Off\"* 2016: Various Artists – \"Hands\"* 2018: Michael Jackson - \"Diamonds Are Invincible\"* (Mash-Up) 2018: Silk City - \"Electricity\"* featuring Dua Lipa, Diplo and Mark Ronson 2018: Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper – \"Shallow\"* 2020: Troye Sivan featuring Kacey Musgraves and Mark Ronson - \"Easy\"* Awards and nominations References External links Mark Ronson and Boy George 1975 births 20th-century English musicians 21st-century English musicians Allido Records artists APRA Award winners British Ashkenazi Jews Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters Brit Award winners British alternative rock musicians British hip hop DJs Collegiate School (New York) alumni English DJs DJs from London English emigrants to the United States English people of Austrian-Jewish descent English people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent English people of Russian-Jewish descent English multi-instrumentalists English record producers English songwriters Golden Globe Award-winning musicians Grammy Award winners Hip hop record producers Jewish English musicians Jewish hip hop record producers Jewish singers Living people People from Notting Hill People from the Upper West Side M Mark Ronson Silk City (duo) members Sony Music UK artists The Flip Squad members Tisch School of the Arts alumni" ]

[ "Mark Ronson", "2010-12: Record Collection", "When was the Record Collection released?", "September 2010." ]

[ "This Is... may refer to:\n\n This Is... (book series), a series of children's travel books by Miroslav Sasek\n This Is... (TV series), a British entertainment show\n This Is... Icona Pop, an album by Icona Pop\n This Is...24-7 Spyz!, an EP by 24-7 Spyz\n This Is...Brenda, an album by Brenda Lee\n This Is...TAT, an EP by TAT", "Special Herbs, Vols. 7 & 8 is an instrumental album released by MF Doom under the moniker Metal Fingers. As with all volumes of Special Herbs released by Metal Fingers, each track is named after a herb or similar flora. Although being an instrumental album, some tracks contain sampled speech.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Safed Musli\" – 3:15\n \"Emblica Officinalis\" – 4:50\n \"Licorice\" – 3:05\n \"Sarsaparilla\" – 3:39\n \"Fo Ti\" – 2:49\n \"Camphor\" – 1:50\n \"High John\" – 4:31\n \"Mandrake\" – 2:34 \n \"Devil's Shoestring\" – 4:25\n \"Wormwood\" – 3:19\n \"Cedar\" – 3:35\n \"Buckeyes\" – 3:04\n \"Chrysanthemum Flowers\" – 3:54\n\nOther versions\n \"Safed Musli\" is an instrumental version of \"Slow Down\" by Masta Ace, from the album MA Doom: Son of Yvonne, and of \"Oh Dear\" by Joey Bada$$, from the album Rejex.\n \"Emblica Officinalis\" is an instrumental version of a section of \"Anarchist Bookstore Pt. 2\" by MC Paul Barman, from the album Paullelujah!.\n \"Licorice\" is an instrumental version of \"Sorcerers\" by KMD, from the Shaman Works label compilation Shaman Work: Family Files.\n \"Sarsaparilla\" is an instrumental version of \"Anti-Matter\" by King Geedorah featuring MF Doom and Mr. Fantastik, from the album Take Me to Your Leader.\n \"Fo Ti\" is an instrumental version of \"Coming For You\" by NehruvianDOOM, from their self-titled album.\n \"Camphor\" is an instrumental version of \"Intro Outside Perspective\" by John Robinson from the album Who Is This Man?\n \"High John\" is an instrumental version of \"95\" by Isaiah Rashad from the album Welcome To The Game.\n \"Mandrake\" is an instrumental version of \"Perfect Day\" by Dem Atlas, from the album mF deM.\n \"Wormwood\" is an instrumental version of \"Lockjaw\" by King Geedorah featuring Trunks, and of \"One Smart Nigger\" by King Geedorah, both from the album Take Me to Your Leader.\n \"Cedar\" is an instrumental version of \"The Replenish\" by John Robinson from the album Who Is This Man?\n \"Buckeyes\" is an instrumental version of \"Fazers\" by King Geedorah, from the album Take Me to Your Leader.\n \"Chrysanthemum Flowers\" is an instrumental version of MF DOOM's \"Outro\" to the compilation Spitkicker Presents: The Next Spit Vol. 3 as well as being an instrumental version of \"Expressions\" featuring Tiffany Paige by John Robinson from the album Who Is This Man?.\n\nExternal links\n Special herbs guide\n\nMF Doom albums\n2004 albums\nInstrumental hip hop albums" ]

[ "Mark Daniel Ronson (born 4 September 1975) is an English-American DJ, songwriter, record producer, and record executive. He is best known for his collaborations with artists such as Duran Duran, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Lady Gaga, Lily Allen, Robbie Williams, Miley Cyrus, Queens of the Stone Age, Kevin Parker and Bruno Mars.", "He is best known for his collaborations with artists such as Duran Duran, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Lady Gaga, Lily Allen, Robbie Williams, Miley Cyrus, Queens of the Stone Age, Kevin Parker and Bruno Mars. He has received seven Grammy Awards, including Producer of the Year for Winehouse's album Back to Black and two for Record of the Year singles \"Rehab\" and \"Uptown Funk\".", "He has received seven Grammy Awards, including Producer of the Year for Winehouse's album Back to Black and two for Record of the Year singles \"Rehab\" and \"Uptown Funk\". He received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Grammy Award for co-writing the song \"Shallow\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper) for the film A Star is Born (2018).", "He received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Grammy Award for co-writing the song \"Shallow\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper) for the film A Star is Born (2018). Ronson was born in London and raised in New York City.", "Ronson was born in London and raised in New York City. His stepfather is Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones, which contributed to a childhood surrounded by music. While attending New York University, Ronson became a popular DJ in the hip-hop scene. His debut album Here Comes the Fuzz failed to have an effect on the charts.", "His debut album Here Comes the Fuzz failed to have an effect on the charts. In 2006, he received acclaim for producing albums for Lily Allen, Christina Aguilera, and Amy Winehouse. In 2007, Ronson released his second album, Version.", "In 2007, Ronson released his second album, Version. The album reached number two in the UK and included three top ten singles and earned him the Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist. He subsequently released his third studio album, Record Collection, peaking at number two in the UK.", "He subsequently released his third studio album, Record Collection, peaking at number two in the UK. In 2014, Ronson released his single \"Uptown Funk\" featuring vocals from Bruno Mars. The single spent 14 consecutive weeks at number one on the U.S.", "The single spent 14 consecutive weeks at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, seven non-consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart and became one of the best-selling singles of all-time. His fourth studio album, Uptown Special, became his most successful album to date.", "His fourth studio album, Uptown Special, became his most successful album to date. In 2018, he founded his own label, Zelig Records (an imprint of Columbia Records), and formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo, they released their debut single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa for which he received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording.", "In 2018, he founded his own label, Zelig Records (an imprint of Columbia Records), and formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo, they released their debut single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa for which he received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording. In 2015, he became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation, which helps disadvantaged youth through music.", "In 2015, he became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation, which helps disadvantaged youth through music. He has also worked with the End the Silence campaign to raise money and awareness for the Hope and Homes for Children charity and served as an artist mentor at Turnaround Arts, a national program of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which helped low-performing schools through arts education.", "He has also worked with the End the Silence campaign to raise money and awareness for the Hope and Homes for Children charity and served as an artist mentor at Turnaround Arts, a national program of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which helped low-performing schools through arts education. Early life Mark Daniel Ronson was born in Notting Hill, London, England, to Laurence Ronson, a then music manager and publisher, now real estate developer, and Ann Dexter-Jones (née Dexter), a writer, jewelry designer, and socialite.", "Early life Mark Daniel Ronson was born in Notting Hill, London, England, to Laurence Ronson, a then music manager and publisher, now real estate developer, and Ann Dexter-Jones (née Dexter), a writer, jewelry designer, and socialite. His Ashkenazi Jewish ancestors emigrated from Austria, Lithuania, and Russia.", "His Ashkenazi Jewish ancestors emigrated from Austria, Lithuania, and Russia. He was brought up in a Conservative Jewish household and celebrated his Bar Mitzvah. After his parents' divorce, his mother married Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones.", "After his parents' divorce, his mother married Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones. Of note, Jones wrote Foreigner's hit song \"I Want to Know What Love Is\" about his burgeoning relationship with Dexter-Jones. Ronson, along with his mother, stepfather, and sisters, moved to New York City when he was eight years old.", "Ronson, along with his mother, stepfather, and sisters, moved to New York City when he was eight years old. Living on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, he counted Sean Lennon among his childhood friends.", "Living on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, he counted Sean Lennon among his childhood friends. At twelve, being a self-described music nerd, he pestered Rolling Stone founder Jann Wenner into an internship at the magazine. He attended high school at the private Collegiate School in Manhattan before attending Vassar College and then New York University.", "He attended high school at the private Collegiate School in Manhattan before attending Vassar College and then New York University. In 2008, he obtained American citizenship so that he could vote in that year's election.", "In 2008, he obtained American citizenship so that he could vote in that year's election. Family He was born into the Ronson family, formerly one of Britain's wealthiest families and founders of Heron International; following success in the 1980s, they lost $1 billion of their wealth in the property crash of the early 1990s.", "Family He was born into the Ronson family, formerly one of Britain's wealthiest families and founders of Heron International; following success in the 1980s, they lost $1 billion of their wealth in the property crash of the early 1990s. He is the nephew of businessman Gerald Ronson.", "He is the nephew of businessman Gerald Ronson. Through his mother, he is distantly related to British Conservative politicians Sir Malcolm Rifkind and Leon Brittan, and Odeon Cinemas founder Oscar Deutsch. Ronson's has two younger sisters, twins Charlotte Ronson, a fashion designer, and Samantha Ronson, a singer and DJ.", "Ronson's has two younger sisters, twins Charlotte Ronson, a fashion designer, and Samantha Ronson, a singer and DJ. Through his mother's second marriage to Mick Jones he has two elder step-siblings and two half-siblings, including actress Annabelle Dexter-Jones. Through his father's second marriage, he has three other half-siblings.", "Through his father's second marriage, he has three other half-siblings. Career While attending New York University, Ronson became a regular in the downtown hip hop night life. He became known as a DJ on the New York club scene by 1993, charging $50 per job. He was known for his diverse, genre-spanning selection.", "He was known for his diverse, genre-spanning selection. He attracted a wide audience by fusing funk, hip hop, and rock and roll into his setlists, and playing songs that were popular in both the United States and the United Kingdom.", "He attracted a wide audience by fusing funk, hip hop, and rock and roll into his setlists, and playing songs that were popular in both the United States and the United Kingdom. He was soon popular and sought-after DJ in New York City, frequently booked for high-profile events and private parties.", "He was soon popular and sought-after DJ in New York City, frequently booked for high-profile events and private parties. In 1999, Ronson was featured in an ad wearing Tommy Hilfiger denim in the recording studio for an ad campaign for the company.", "In 1999, Ronson was featured in an ad wearing Tommy Hilfiger denim in the recording studio for an ad campaign for the company. 2001–05: Here Comes the Fuzz and initial producing Mark made the leap from DJ to producer after Nikka Costa's manager, Dominique Trenier, heard one of his sets and introduced the musicians.", "2001–05: Here Comes the Fuzz and initial producing Mark made the leap from DJ to producer after Nikka Costa's manager, Dominique Trenier, heard one of his sets and introduced the musicians. Ronson produced Costa's song \"Everybody Got Their Something,\" and Ronson soon signed a record contract with Elektra Records.", "Ronson produced Costa's song \"Everybody Got Their Something,\" and Ronson soon signed a record contract with Elektra Records. He had already produced tracks for Hilfiger ads and, in 2001, used the connection to have Costa's single \"Like a Feather\" used in an advertisement.", "He had already produced tracks for Hilfiger ads and, in 2001, used the connection to have Costa's single \"Like a Feather\" used in an advertisement. Ronson's debut album, Here Comes the Fuzz, was released in 2003. Despite poor initial sales, it was generally well received by critics.", "Despite poor initial sales, it was generally well received by critics. As well as writing the songs on the album, Ronson created the beats, played guitar, keyboards, and bass. The album featured performances from artists from diverse genres, including Mos Def, Jack White, Sean Paul, Nappy Roots and Rivers Cuomo.", "The album featured performances from artists from diverse genres, including Mos Def, Jack White, Sean Paul, Nappy Roots and Rivers Cuomo. The lead single and best known song from the album, \"Ooh Wee,\" samples \"Sunny\" by Boney M and features the rappers Nate Dogg, Ghostface Killah, Trife Da God, and Saigon.", "The lead single and best known song from the album, \"Ooh Wee,\" samples \"Sunny\" by Boney M and features the rappers Nate Dogg, Ghostface Killah, Trife Da God, and Saigon. The song charted at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart and was used in a number of films, including in Honey (2003) and on its soundtrack.", "The song charted at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart and was used in a number of films, including in Honey (2003) and on its soundtrack. Two weeks after releasing Here Comes the Fuzz, Elektra Records dropped him.", "Two weeks after releasing Here Comes the Fuzz, Elektra Records dropped him. In 2004, Ronson formed his own record label, Allido Records, a subsidiary of Sony BMG's J Records, along with his longtime manager Rich Kleiman.", "In 2004, Ronson formed his own record label, Allido Records, a subsidiary of Sony BMG's J Records, along with his longtime manager Rich Kleiman. The first artist he signed to Allido was rapper Saigon, who later left to sign with Just Blaze's Fort Knox Entertainment.", "The first artist he signed to Allido was rapper Saigon, who later left to sign with Just Blaze's Fort Knox Entertainment. He has signed Rhymefest, most well known for winning the Grammy for co-writing Kanye West's \"Jesus Walks.\"", "He has signed Rhymefest, most well known for winning the Grammy for co-writing Kanye West's \"Jesus Walks.\" 2006–09: Version On 2 April 2007, Ronson released a cover of The Smiths' track \"Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before\" under the title \"Stop Me\", featuring singer Daniel Merriweather.", "2006–09: Version On 2 April 2007, Ronson released a cover of The Smiths' track \"Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before\" under the title \"Stop Me\", featuring singer Daniel Merriweather. It reached number 2 in the UK singles charts, giving Ronson his highest-peaking single until 2014's \"Uptown Funk\".", "It reached number 2 in the UK singles charts, giving Ronson his highest-peaking single until 2014's \"Uptown Funk\". Ronson remixed the Bob Dylan song \"Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine\" in promotion for the three-disc Bob Dylan set titled Dylan released October 2007.", "Ronson remixed the Bob Dylan song \"Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine\" in promotion for the three-disc Bob Dylan set titled Dylan released October 2007. Ronson has also produced Candie Payne's \"One More Chance (Ronson mix)\" in 2007.", "Ronson has also produced Candie Payne's \"One More Chance (Ronson mix)\" in 2007. The album Version was well received by critics particularly in the UK and US. In May 2007 it was awarded the title Album of the Month by the British dance music magazine, Mixmag.", "In May 2007 it was awarded the title Album of the Month by the British dance music magazine, Mixmag. On 23 June, Ronson made the cover of The Guardian newspaper's Guide magazine, alongside singer Lily Allen. In June 2007, Ronson signed DC hip hop artist Wale to Allido Records.", "In June 2007, Ronson signed DC hip hop artist Wale to Allido Records. In late 2007, he focused on production, working with Daniel Merriweather on his debut album, and recording again with Amy Winehouse and Robbie Williams.", "In late 2007, he focused on production, working with Daniel Merriweather on his debut album, and recording again with Amy Winehouse and Robbie Williams. On 24 October 2007, Ronson performed a one-off set at The Roundhouse in Camden, London as part of the BBC Electric Proms 2007.", "On 24 October 2007, Ronson performed a one-off set at The Roundhouse in Camden, London as part of the BBC Electric Proms 2007. The performance featured the BBC Concert Orchestra and included special guests Terry Hall, Sean Lennon, Tim Burgess, Alex Greenwald, Ricky Wilson, Charlie Waller, Adele and Kyle Falconer.", "The performance featured the BBC Concert Orchestra and included special guests Terry Hall, Sean Lennon, Tim Burgess, Alex Greenwald, Ricky Wilson, Charlie Waller, Adele and Kyle Falconer. In December 2007, Ronson received his first Grammy Award nomination, for 'Producer of the Year, Non-Classical'.", "In December 2007, Ronson received his first Grammy Award nomination, for 'Producer of the Year, Non-Classical'. Ronson's work with Amy Winehouse also received substantial accolades, gaining 6 nominations.", "Ronson's work with Amy Winehouse also received substantial accolades, gaining 6 nominations. Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" album, mostly produced by Ronson, was nominated for 'Album of the Year' and 'Best Pop Vocal Album'.", "Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" album, mostly produced by Ronson, was nominated for 'Album of the Year' and 'Best Pop Vocal Album'. Her song \"Rehab\" received nods for 'Best Female Pop Vocal Performance', 'Song of the Year' and 'Record of the Year'.", "Her song \"Rehab\" received nods for 'Best Female Pop Vocal Performance', 'Song of the Year' and 'Record of the Year'. Ronson would go on to win three Grammys: 'Producer of the Year' as well as 'Best Pop Vocal Album' and 'Record of the Year' (the latter two of which he shared with Amy Winehouse) in early February 2008.", "Ronson would go on to win three Grammys: 'Producer of the Year' as well as 'Best Pop Vocal Album' and 'Record of the Year' (the latter two of which he shared with Amy Winehouse) in early February 2008. Ronson is credited as producer on a mixtape album called Man in the Mirror, released in January 2008 by the rapper Rhymefest which is a tribute to the pop star Michael Jackson.", "Ronson is credited as producer on a mixtape album called Man in the Mirror, released in January 2008 by the rapper Rhymefest which is a tribute to the pop star Michael Jackson. The album features Rhymefest appearing to speak to Michael Jackson using archive audio from interviews with the pop star.", "The album features Rhymefest appearing to speak to Michael Jackson using archive audio from interviews with the pop star. The same month Ronson received three nominations for the Brit Awards, including 'Best Male Solo Artist,' 'Best Album' (Version) and 'Song of the Year' (\"Valerie\").", "The same month Ronson received three nominations for the Brit Awards, including 'Best Male Solo Artist,' 'Best Album' (Version) and 'Song of the Year' (\"Valerie\"). Ronson won his first Brit for 'Best Male Solo Artist' in mid-February 2008 over favourite Mika.", "Ronson won his first Brit for 'Best Male Solo Artist' in mid-February 2008 over favourite Mika. He also performed a medley of Coldplay's \"God Put a Smile upon Your Face\" with Adele, \"Stop Me\" with Daniel Merriweather, and \"Valerie\" with Amy Winehouse.", "He also performed a medley of Coldplay's \"God Put a Smile upon Your Face\" with Adele, \"Stop Me\" with Daniel Merriweather, and \"Valerie\" with Amy Winehouse. The performance allowed for a large boost in sales in the iTunes UK Top 100.", "The performance allowed for a large boost in sales in the iTunes UK Top 100. \"Valerie\" would jump almost 30 spots in the days after the event, while \"Just\", \"Stop Me\" and \"Oh My God\" all appeared in the chart as well.", "\"Valerie\" would jump almost 30 spots in the days after the event, while \"Just\", \"Stop Me\" and \"Oh My God\" all appeared in the chart as well. That same week, Ronson appeared twice in the UK Top 40, with \"Valerie\" rebounding to number 13 and \"Just\" at number 31, his fourth Top 40 entry from \"Version\".", "That same week, Ronson appeared twice in the UK Top 40, with \"Valerie\" rebounding to number 13 and \"Just\" at number 31, his fourth Top 40 entry from \"Version\". The Brits performance also allowed for \"Version\" to climb 18 spots to number 4.", "The Brits performance also allowed for \"Version\" to climb 18 spots to number 4. Around this time, Ronson received his first number one on an international chart (Dutch Top 40) for \"Valerie,\" which spent four consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. He collaborated with Kaiser Chiefs on their third album.", "He collaborated with Kaiser Chiefs on their third album. Ronson toured the album \"Version\" extensively through both the UK and Europe during 2008. Notable sold-out performances at The Hammersmith Apollo and Brixton Academy. Ronson is known to champion new upcoming artists on the road with him, such as Sam Sparro and Julian Perretta.", "Ronson is known to champion new upcoming artists on the road with him, such as Sam Sparro and Julian Perretta. Ronson's string backing was provided by the all-female string quartet Demon Strings. On 2 July 2008, in Paris, Mark Ronson performed live with Duran Duran for an invited audience.", "On 2 July 2008, in Paris, Mark Ronson performed live with Duran Duran for an invited audience. They played new arrangements by Ronson of some Duran Duran songs, along with tracks from the band's new album, Red Carpet Massacre. Ronson & the Version Players also performed songs from his album Version. Simon LeBon sang.", "Simon LeBon sang. Simon LeBon sang. As of March 2009, Ronson was working with the group on their 13th album. The Album, titled All You Need Is Now, was released digitally exclusively via Apple's iTunes on 21 December 2010, while the physical CD was released in March 2011 with additional tracks.", "The Album, titled All You Need Is Now, was released digitally exclusively via Apple's iTunes on 21 December 2010, while the physical CD was released in March 2011 with additional tracks. In 2013–14 Ronson was once again in the studio producing Duran Duran's 14th album, Paper Gods, making it the first time the band has worked with the same producer on consecutive albums since Colin Thurston produced their first two albums in the 1980s.", "In 2013–14 Ronson was once again in the studio producing Duran Duran's 14th album, Paper Gods, making it the first time the band has worked with the same producer on consecutive albums since Colin Thurston produced their first two albums in the 1980s. 2010–12: Record Collection In the Spring of 2010, Ronson confirmed the name of his new album Record Collection, and said that he hoped to have it out by September 2010.", "2010–12: Record Collection In the Spring of 2010, Ronson confirmed the name of his new album Record Collection, and said that he hoped to have it out by September 2010. Additionally, Ronson announced the name of his new band, \"The Business Intl.", "Additionally, Ronson announced the name of his new band, \"The Business Intl. '\", which is the alias adopted by Ronson on the third studio album. The first single \"Bang Bang Bang\".", "The first single \"Bang Bang Bang\". which featured rapper Q-Tip and singer MNDR was released on 12 July 2010, where it peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart, giving Ronson his fourth Top 10 single. The single also entered the Irish Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 18.", "The single also entered the Irish Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 18. The second single from the album, \"The Bike Song\", was released on 19 September 2010, and features Kyle Falconer from The View and Spank Rock. The album was released on 27 September 2010.", "The album was released on 27 September 2010. This is the first Ronson album on which he features as a singer. Although Ronson had never met Michael Jackson he was given the vocal track to a song titled \"Lovely Way\", sung by Michael Jackson, in 2010 to produce for Jackson's posthumous album Michael.", "Although Ronson had never met Michael Jackson he was given the vocal track to a song titled \"Lovely Way\", sung by Michael Jackson, in 2010 to produce for Jackson's posthumous album Michael. He submitted the track, but it did not make the tracklisting for Michael.", "He submitted the track, but it did not make the tracklisting for Michael. Ronson said about the rumours surrounding the vocals on the track (due to the controversy surrounding the Cascio tracks on that same album), \"It was definitely him singing. I was given a vocal track to work with but I never actually met Michael.", "I was given a vocal track to work with but I never actually met Michael. [...] It's in the vein of Elton John's 'Goodbye Yellow Brick Road' and John Lennon's 'Imagine'.\" He provided the score for the 2011 film Arthur.", "He provided the score for the 2011 film Arthur. Ronson was one of the artists featured in the 2012 documentary Re:GENERATION Music Project. His song \"A La Modeliste\" features Mos Def, Erykah Badu, Trombone Shorty, members of The Dap-Kings, and Zigaboo Modeliste.", "His song \"A La Modeliste\" features Mos Def, Erykah Badu, Trombone Shorty, members of The Dap-Kings, and Zigaboo Modeliste. 2013–2017: Uptown Special and Amy On 30 October 2014, Ronson announced, via Twitter, a new single from his upcoming album, to be released on 10 November 2014.", "2013–2017: Uptown Special and Amy On 30 October 2014, Ronson announced, via Twitter, a new single from his upcoming album, to be released on 10 November 2014. The single, \"Uptown Funk,\" features Bruno Mars on vocals.", "The single, \"Uptown Funk,\" features Bruno Mars on vocals. On 22 November 2014, Ronson and Mars appeared as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live performing \"Uptown Funk\" and \"Feel Right\" (featuring Mystikal).", "On 22 November 2014, Ronson and Mars appeared as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live performing \"Uptown Funk\" and \"Feel Right\" (featuring Mystikal). \"Uptown Funk\" reached number one in the UK and US singles charts, and also became the all-time most streamed track in a single week in the UK, having been streamed a record 2.49 million times in a week.", "\"Uptown Funk\" reached number one in the UK and US singles charts, and also became the all-time most streamed track in a single week in the UK, having been streamed a record 2.49 million times in a week. \"Uptown Funk\" reached the top 10 in nearly every country it charted; it spent fifteen weeks at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, fourteen weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and seven weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart.", "\"Uptown Funk\" reached the top 10 in nearly every country it charted; it spent fifteen weeks at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, fourteen weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and seven weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart. In February 2015 the song won Ronson the Brit Award for British Single of the Year.", "In February 2015 the song won Ronson the Brit Award for British Single of the Year. As of November 2021, the song's music video on YouTube has amassed over 4.3 billion views. In 2015, Ronson starred in the documentary film Amy about his late friend Amy Winehouse.", "In 2015, Ronson starred in the documentary film Amy about his late friend Amy Winehouse. His voice features in the film where he talks about his career and relationship with Winehouse and there is footage of Ronson from the recording session of the single \"Back to Black\" from March 2006 and also at Winehouse's funeral in London in July 2011.", "His voice features in the film where he talks about his career and relationship with Winehouse and there is footage of Ronson from the recording session of the single \"Back to Black\" from March 2006 and also at Winehouse's funeral in London in July 2011. On 16 October 2015, Ronson became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation.", "On 16 October 2015, Ronson became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation. In January 2016, Ronson was nominated for two Brit Awards; Best British Male Solo Artist, and British Producer of the Year, at the 2016 Brit Awards.", "In January 2016, Ronson was nominated for two Brit Awards; Best British Male Solo Artist, and British Producer of the Year, at the 2016 Brit Awards. At the 2016 Grammy Awards Ronson won two awards for \"Uptown Funk\", including Record of the Year.", "At the 2016 Grammy Awards Ronson won two awards for \"Uptown Funk\", including Record of the Year. Jason Iley, the head of Sony Music UK and Ronson's UK label Columbia Records, hailed Ronson as \"a true gentleman\" and \"one of the most considerate, kind and humble artists in our industry.\"", "Jason Iley, the head of Sony Music UK and Ronson's UK label Columbia Records, hailed Ronson as \"a true gentleman\" and \"one of the most considerate, kind and humble artists in our industry.\" He added, \"the monumental success of Uptown Funk is so thoroughly deserved and has established itself as, not only one of the Records of the Year but of our lifetime.\"", "He added, \"the monumental success of Uptown Funk is so thoroughly deserved and has established itself as, not only one of the Records of the Year but of our lifetime.\" He went on to executive produce Lady Gaga's fifth album Joanne. Ronson produced the Queens of the Stone Age's 2017 album Villains.", "Ronson produced the Queens of the Stone Age's 2017 album Villains. 2018–present: Silk City, \"Shallow\" and Late Night Feelings In 2018, Ronson founded his own label, Zelig Records, an imprint of Columbia Records and the first artist he signed was singer King Princess.", "2018–present: Silk City, \"Shallow\" and Late Night Feelings In 2018, Ronson founded his own label, Zelig Records, an imprint of Columbia Records and the first artist he signed was singer King Princess. He also formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo.", "He also formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo. Their first single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa was released on 6 September and peaked at the US Dance Club Songs and received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards.", "Their first single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa was released on 6 September and peaked at the US Dance Club Songs and received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards. In May 2018, it was revealed that Ronson was working with Miley Cyrus in the studio.", "In May 2018, it was revealed that Ronson was working with Miley Cyrus in the studio. Their first collaboration \"Nothing Breaks Like a Heart\" was released in November 2018. Ronson also co-wrote the song \"Shallow\" for the film A Star Is Born with his frequent collaborators Lady Gaga, Andrew Wyatt, and Anthony Rossomando.", "Ronson also co-wrote the song \"Shallow\" for the film A Star Is Born with his frequent collaborators Lady Gaga, Andrew Wyatt, and Anthony Rossomando. The song earned Ronson an Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, as well as two Grammy nominations, winning the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media.", "The song earned Ronson an Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, as well as two Grammy nominations, winning the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media. On 12 April 2019, it was announced that Mark Ronson would release his fifth album Late Night Feelings, on 26 June 2019.", "On 12 April 2019, it was announced that Mark Ronson would release his fifth album Late Night Feelings, on 26 June 2019. The album features Miley Cyrus, Angel Olsen, Lykke Li and Camila Cabello.", "The album features Miley Cyrus, Angel Olsen, Lykke Li and Camila Cabello. Ronson has described the album as a collection of \"sad bangers,\" with the title track laying down a warm mid-tempo dance groove under Li's melancholy vocals.", "Ronson has described the album as a collection of \"sad bangers,\" with the title track laying down a warm mid-tempo dance groove under Li's melancholy vocals. On 12 October 2019, BBC Two broadcast the documentary Mark Ronson: From the Heart, directed by Carl Hindmarch.", "On 12 October 2019, BBC Two broadcast the documentary Mark Ronson: From the Heart, directed by Carl Hindmarch. In June of 2021, Ronson, along with Foo Fighters shared a \"re-verson\" of the Foo Fighters then latest single Making a Fire.", "In June of 2021, Ronson, along with Foo Fighters shared a \"re-verson\" of the Foo Fighters then latest single Making a Fire. Personal life Ronson divides his time between London, Los Angeles, and New York. Since childhood, he has been a fan of English Premier League football club Chelsea F.C.", "Since childhood, he has been a fan of English Premier League football club Chelsea F.C. and is also a fan of the New York Knicks basketball team. In 2009, Ronson was voted the most stylish man in the UK by GQ magazine.", "In 2009, Ronson was voted the most stylish man in the UK by GQ magazine. In 2011, a portrait of Ronson was painted by British artist Joe Simpson; the painting was exhibited around the UK, including a solo exhibition at the Royal Albert Hall in London.", "In 2011, a portrait of Ronson was painted by British artist Joe Simpson; the painting was exhibited around the UK, including a solo exhibition at the Royal Albert Hall in London. In 2015 he was named one of the magazine's 50 best dressed British men.", "In 2015 he was named one of the magazine's 50 best dressed British men. > On 20 August 2019, Ronson, along with several other celebrities, invested in a funding round for Lowell Herb Co, a California cannabis brand. He is known to be \"a dedicated cannabis consumer\".", "He is known to be \"a dedicated cannabis consumer\". Relationships In 2002, Ronson began dating the actress-singer Rashida Jones. They became engaged in March 2003, with Ronson proposing by creating a crossword puzzle with the message \"Will you marry me.\" Their relationship ended approximately one year later.", "Their relationship ended approximately one year later. On 3 September 2011, Ronson married French actress and singer Joséphine de La Baume, who had previously appeared in the music video for \"The Bike Song\".", "On 3 September 2011, Ronson married French actress and singer Joséphine de La Baume, who had previously appeared in the music video for \"The Bike Song\". On 16 May 2017, it was reported that de La Baume had filed for divorce from Ronson, listing the separation date as 21 April 2017.", "On 16 May 2017, it was reported that de La Baume had filed for divorce from Ronson, listing the separation date as 21 April 2017. The divorce was finalized in October 2018. On 4 September 2021, Ronson announced his marriage to actress Grace Gummer, after a year of dating.", "On 4 September 2021, Ronson announced his marriage to actress Grace Gummer, after a year of dating. Lawsuit In 2017, Lastrada Entertainment claimed that \"Uptown Funk\" infringed the copyright of Zapp & Roger's 1980 hit song \"More Bounce to the Ounce\". A total of three lawsuits had been filed by different parties.", "A total of three lawsuits had been filed by different parties. Discography Here Comes the Fuzz (2003) Version (2007) Record Collection (with The Business Intl.)", "Discography Here Comes the Fuzz (2003) Version (2007) Record Collection (with The Business Intl.) (2010) Uptown Special (2015) Late Night Feelings (2019) Filmography Zoolander (2001) – Himself Amy (2015) – Himself Gaga: Five Foot Two (2017) – Himself Spies in Disguise (2019) – Agency Control Room Technician (cameo) Videos Ronson created a video, along with directors Gary Breslin and Jordan Galland, called Circuit Breaker, which was an homage to the video game The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past.", "(2010) Uptown Special (2015) Late Night Feelings (2019) Filmography Zoolander (2001) – Himself Amy (2015) – Himself Gaga: Five Foot Two (2017) – Himself Spies in Disguise (2019) – Agency Control Room Technician (cameo) Videos Ronson created a video, along with directors Gary Breslin and Jordan Galland, called Circuit Breaker, which was an homage to the video game The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past. In 2001, Ronson appeared in the Aaliyah music video \"More Than a Woman\" as a DJ.", "In 2001, Ronson appeared in the Aaliyah music video \"More Than a Woman\" as a DJ. On 30 July 2021, the documentary series Watch the Sound with Mark Ronson was released on Apple TV+. Production discography Adapted from AllMusic. Bold denotes a commercial single.", "Bold denotes a commercial single. Bold denotes a commercial single. Other singles 1997: Posse-O – \"It's Up to You...\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Heatin' Up\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Rhymes to Bust\" / \"It's Your Right\"* 2002: J-Live – \"School's In\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"City Rules\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"She's Got Me\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"These Days\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"Brand New\"* 2007: Candie Payne – \"One More Chance\"* 2007: Bob Dylan – \"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) (Mark Ronson Re-version)\"* 2008: Leon Jean-Marie – \"Bed of Nails\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Never Miss a Beat\"* 2008: Wiley – \"Cash in My Pocket\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Good Days Bad Days\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Change\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Red\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Impossible\" 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Out of the Game\"* 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Jericho\"* 2013: Giggs – \"(Is It Gangsta?)", "Other singles 1997: Posse-O – \"It's Up to You...\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Heatin' Up\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Rhymes to Bust\" / \"It's Your Right\"* 2002: J-Live – \"School's In\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"City Rules\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"She's Got Me\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"These Days\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"Brand New\"* 2007: Candie Payne – \"One More Chance\"* 2007: Bob Dylan – \"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) (Mark Ronson Re-version)\"* 2008: Leon Jean-Marie – \"Bed of Nails\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Never Miss a Beat\"* 2008: Wiley – \"Cash in My Pocket\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Good Days Bad Days\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Change\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Red\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Impossible\" 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Out of the Game\"* 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Jericho\"* 2013: Giggs – \"(Is It Gangsta?) Yes Yes Yes\"* 2015: Duran Duran featuring Janelle Monáe and Nile Rodgers – \"Pressure Off\"* 2016: Various Artists – \"Hands\"* 2018: Michael Jackson - \"Diamonds Are Invincible\"* (Mash-Up) 2018: Silk City - \"Electricity\"* featuring Dua Lipa, Diplo and Mark Ronson 2018: Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper – \"Shallow\"* 2020: Troye Sivan featuring Kacey Musgraves and Mark Ronson - \"Easy\"* Awards and nominations References External links Mark Ronson and Boy George 1975 births 20th-century English musicians 21st-century English musicians Allido Records artists APRA Award winners British Ashkenazi Jews Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters Brit Award winners British alternative rock musicians British hip hop DJs Collegiate School (New York) alumni English DJs DJs from London English emigrants to the United States English people of Austrian-Jewish descent English people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent English people of Russian-Jewish descent English multi-instrumentalists English record producers English songwriters Golden Globe Award-winning musicians Grammy Award winners Hip hop record producers Jewish English musicians Jewish hip hop record producers Jewish singers Living people People from Notting Hill People from the Upper West Side M Mark Ronson Silk City (duo) members Sony Music UK artists The Flip Squad members Tisch School of the Arts alumni" ]

[ "Mark Ronson", "2010-12: Record Collection", "When was the Record Collection released?", "September 2010.", "Is this an album?", "Ronson confirmed the name of his new album Record Collection,", "Did this album do well?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"For You to Love\" is a 1988 song by the American recording artist Luther Vandross. The single was released in 1989 in support of his hit album Any Love. The song was a top five U.S. R&B hit that peaked to No. 3 on the R&B singles. Vandross' Any Love album charted three top-five singles on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n www.luthervandross.com\n\n1988 songs\nLuther Vandross songs\n1989 singles\nSongs written by Marcus Miller\nSongs written by Luther Vandross\nEpic Records singles", "\"She Won’t Talk to Me\" is a song by American recording artist Luther Vandross released in 1988. It is the second single from his album Any Love. The song was a top five U.S. R&B hit, top 20 dance play hit, and a top 40 hit on the Billboard’s Hot 100. Vandross performed the song on the January 28, 1989 episode of Saturday Night Live.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n1988 singles\n1988 songs\nLuther Vandross songs\nEpic Records singles\nSongs written by Hubert Eaves III\nSongs written by Luther Vandross" ]

[ "Mark Daniel Ronson (born 4 September 1975) is an English-American DJ, songwriter, record producer, and record executive. He is best known for his collaborations with artists such as Duran Duran, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Lady Gaga, Lily Allen, Robbie Williams, Miley Cyrus, Queens of the Stone Age, Kevin Parker and Bruno Mars.", "He is best known for his collaborations with artists such as Duran Duran, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Lady Gaga, Lily Allen, Robbie Williams, Miley Cyrus, Queens of the Stone Age, Kevin Parker and Bruno Mars. He has received seven Grammy Awards, including Producer of the Year for Winehouse's album Back to Black and two for Record of the Year singles \"Rehab\" and \"Uptown Funk\".", "He has received seven Grammy Awards, including Producer of the Year for Winehouse's album Back to Black and two for Record of the Year singles \"Rehab\" and \"Uptown Funk\". He received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Grammy Award for co-writing the song \"Shallow\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper) for the film A Star is Born (2018).", "He received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Grammy Award for co-writing the song \"Shallow\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper) for the film A Star is Born (2018). Ronson was born in London and raised in New York City.", "Ronson was born in London and raised in New York City. His stepfather is Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones, which contributed to a childhood surrounded by music. While attending New York University, Ronson became a popular DJ in the hip-hop scene. His debut album Here Comes the Fuzz failed to have an effect on the charts.", "His debut album Here Comes the Fuzz failed to have an effect on the charts. In 2006, he received acclaim for producing albums for Lily Allen, Christina Aguilera, and Amy Winehouse. In 2007, Ronson released his second album, Version.", "In 2007, Ronson released his second album, Version. The album reached number two in the UK and included three top ten singles and earned him the Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist. He subsequently released his third studio album, Record Collection, peaking at number two in the UK.", "He subsequently released his third studio album, Record Collection, peaking at number two in the UK. In 2014, Ronson released his single \"Uptown Funk\" featuring vocals from Bruno Mars. The single spent 14 consecutive weeks at number one on the U.S.", "The single spent 14 consecutive weeks at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, seven non-consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart and became one of the best-selling singles of all-time. His fourth studio album, Uptown Special, became his most successful album to date.", "His fourth studio album, Uptown Special, became his most successful album to date. In 2018, he founded his own label, Zelig Records (an imprint of Columbia Records), and formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo, they released their debut single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa for which he received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording.", "In 2018, he founded his own label, Zelig Records (an imprint of Columbia Records), and formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo, they released their debut single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa for which he received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording. In 2015, he became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation, which helps disadvantaged youth through music.", "In 2015, he became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation, which helps disadvantaged youth through music. He has also worked with the End the Silence campaign to raise money and awareness for the Hope and Homes for Children charity and served as an artist mentor at Turnaround Arts, a national program of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which helped low-performing schools through arts education.", "He has also worked with the End the Silence campaign to raise money and awareness for the Hope and Homes for Children charity and served as an artist mentor at Turnaround Arts, a national program of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which helped low-performing schools through arts education. Early life Mark Daniel Ronson was born in Notting Hill, London, England, to Laurence Ronson, a then music manager and publisher, now real estate developer, and Ann Dexter-Jones (née Dexter), a writer, jewelry designer, and socialite.", "Early life Mark Daniel Ronson was born in Notting Hill, London, England, to Laurence Ronson, a then music manager and publisher, now real estate developer, and Ann Dexter-Jones (née Dexter), a writer, jewelry designer, and socialite. His Ashkenazi Jewish ancestors emigrated from Austria, Lithuania, and Russia.", "His Ashkenazi Jewish ancestors emigrated from Austria, Lithuania, and Russia. He was brought up in a Conservative Jewish household and celebrated his Bar Mitzvah. After his parents' divorce, his mother married Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones.", "After his parents' divorce, his mother married Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones. Of note, Jones wrote Foreigner's hit song \"I Want to Know What Love Is\" about his burgeoning relationship with Dexter-Jones. Ronson, along with his mother, stepfather, and sisters, moved to New York City when he was eight years old.", "Ronson, along with his mother, stepfather, and sisters, moved to New York City when he was eight years old. Living on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, he counted Sean Lennon among his childhood friends.", "Living on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, he counted Sean Lennon among his childhood friends. At twelve, being a self-described music nerd, he pestered Rolling Stone founder Jann Wenner into an internship at the magazine. He attended high school at the private Collegiate School in Manhattan before attending Vassar College and then New York University.", "He attended high school at the private Collegiate School in Manhattan before attending Vassar College and then New York University. In 2008, he obtained American citizenship so that he could vote in that year's election.", "In 2008, he obtained American citizenship so that he could vote in that year's election. Family He was born into the Ronson family, formerly one of Britain's wealthiest families and founders of Heron International; following success in the 1980s, they lost $1 billion of their wealth in the property crash of the early 1990s.", "Family He was born into the Ronson family, formerly one of Britain's wealthiest families and founders of Heron International; following success in the 1980s, they lost $1 billion of their wealth in the property crash of the early 1990s. He is the nephew of businessman Gerald Ronson.", "He is the nephew of businessman Gerald Ronson. Through his mother, he is distantly related to British Conservative politicians Sir Malcolm Rifkind and Leon Brittan, and Odeon Cinemas founder Oscar Deutsch. Ronson's has two younger sisters, twins Charlotte Ronson, a fashion designer, and Samantha Ronson, a singer and DJ.", "Ronson's has two younger sisters, twins Charlotte Ronson, a fashion designer, and Samantha Ronson, a singer and DJ. Through his mother's second marriage to Mick Jones he has two elder step-siblings and two half-siblings, including actress Annabelle Dexter-Jones. Through his father's second marriage, he has three other half-siblings.", "Through his father's second marriage, he has three other half-siblings. Career While attending New York University, Ronson became a regular in the downtown hip hop night life. He became known as a DJ on the New York club scene by 1993, charging $50 per job. He was known for his diverse, genre-spanning selection.", "He was known for his diverse, genre-spanning selection. He attracted a wide audience by fusing funk, hip hop, and rock and roll into his setlists, and playing songs that were popular in both the United States and the United Kingdom.", "He attracted a wide audience by fusing funk, hip hop, and rock and roll into his setlists, and playing songs that were popular in both the United States and the United Kingdom. He was soon popular and sought-after DJ in New York City, frequently booked for high-profile events and private parties.", "He was soon popular and sought-after DJ in New York City, frequently booked for high-profile events and private parties. In 1999, Ronson was featured in an ad wearing Tommy Hilfiger denim in the recording studio for an ad campaign for the company.", "In 1999, Ronson was featured in an ad wearing Tommy Hilfiger denim in the recording studio for an ad campaign for the company. 2001–05: Here Comes the Fuzz and initial producing Mark made the leap from DJ to producer after Nikka Costa's manager, Dominique Trenier, heard one of his sets and introduced the musicians.", "2001–05: Here Comes the Fuzz and initial producing Mark made the leap from DJ to producer after Nikka Costa's manager, Dominique Trenier, heard one of his sets and introduced the musicians. Ronson produced Costa's song \"Everybody Got Their Something,\" and Ronson soon signed a record contract with Elektra Records.", "Ronson produced Costa's song \"Everybody Got Their Something,\" and Ronson soon signed a record contract with Elektra Records. He had already produced tracks for Hilfiger ads and, in 2001, used the connection to have Costa's single \"Like a Feather\" used in an advertisement.", "He had already produced tracks for Hilfiger ads and, in 2001, used the connection to have Costa's single \"Like a Feather\" used in an advertisement. Ronson's debut album, Here Comes the Fuzz, was released in 2003. Despite poor initial sales, it was generally well received by critics.", "Despite poor initial sales, it was generally well received by critics. As well as writing the songs on the album, Ronson created the beats, played guitar, keyboards, and bass. The album featured performances from artists from diverse genres, including Mos Def, Jack White, Sean Paul, Nappy Roots and Rivers Cuomo.", "The album featured performances from artists from diverse genres, including Mos Def, Jack White, Sean Paul, Nappy Roots and Rivers Cuomo. The lead single and best known song from the album, \"Ooh Wee,\" samples \"Sunny\" by Boney M and features the rappers Nate Dogg, Ghostface Killah, Trife Da God, and Saigon.", "The lead single and best known song from the album, \"Ooh Wee,\" samples \"Sunny\" by Boney M and features the rappers Nate Dogg, Ghostface Killah, Trife Da God, and Saigon. The song charted at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart and was used in a number of films, including in Honey (2003) and on its soundtrack.", "The song charted at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart and was used in a number of films, including in Honey (2003) and on its soundtrack. Two weeks after releasing Here Comes the Fuzz, Elektra Records dropped him.", "Two weeks after releasing Here Comes the Fuzz, Elektra Records dropped him. In 2004, Ronson formed his own record label, Allido Records, a subsidiary of Sony BMG's J Records, along with his longtime manager Rich Kleiman.", "In 2004, Ronson formed his own record label, Allido Records, a subsidiary of Sony BMG's J Records, along with his longtime manager Rich Kleiman. The first artist he signed to Allido was rapper Saigon, who later left to sign with Just Blaze's Fort Knox Entertainment.", "The first artist he signed to Allido was rapper Saigon, who later left to sign with Just Blaze's Fort Knox Entertainment. He has signed Rhymefest, most well known for winning the Grammy for co-writing Kanye West's \"Jesus Walks.\"", "He has signed Rhymefest, most well known for winning the Grammy for co-writing Kanye West's \"Jesus Walks.\" 2006–09: Version On 2 April 2007, Ronson released a cover of The Smiths' track \"Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before\" under the title \"Stop Me\", featuring singer Daniel Merriweather.", "2006–09: Version On 2 April 2007, Ronson released a cover of The Smiths' track \"Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before\" under the title \"Stop Me\", featuring singer Daniel Merriweather. It reached number 2 in the UK singles charts, giving Ronson his highest-peaking single until 2014's \"Uptown Funk\".", "It reached number 2 in the UK singles charts, giving Ronson his highest-peaking single until 2014's \"Uptown Funk\". Ronson remixed the Bob Dylan song \"Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine\" in promotion for the three-disc Bob Dylan set titled Dylan released October 2007.", "Ronson remixed the Bob Dylan song \"Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine\" in promotion for the three-disc Bob Dylan set titled Dylan released October 2007. Ronson has also produced Candie Payne's \"One More Chance (Ronson mix)\" in 2007.", "Ronson has also produced Candie Payne's \"One More Chance (Ronson mix)\" in 2007. The album Version was well received by critics particularly in the UK and US. In May 2007 it was awarded the title Album of the Month by the British dance music magazine, Mixmag.", "In May 2007 it was awarded the title Album of the Month by the British dance music magazine, Mixmag. On 23 June, Ronson made the cover of The Guardian newspaper's Guide magazine, alongside singer Lily Allen. In June 2007, Ronson signed DC hip hop artist Wale to Allido Records.", "In June 2007, Ronson signed DC hip hop artist Wale to Allido Records. In late 2007, he focused on production, working with Daniel Merriweather on his debut album, and recording again with Amy Winehouse and Robbie Williams.", "In late 2007, he focused on production, working with Daniel Merriweather on his debut album, and recording again with Amy Winehouse and Robbie Williams. On 24 October 2007, Ronson performed a one-off set at The Roundhouse in Camden, London as part of the BBC Electric Proms 2007.", "On 24 October 2007, Ronson performed a one-off set at The Roundhouse in Camden, London as part of the BBC Electric Proms 2007. The performance featured the BBC Concert Orchestra and included special guests Terry Hall, Sean Lennon, Tim Burgess, Alex Greenwald, Ricky Wilson, Charlie Waller, Adele and Kyle Falconer.", "The performance featured the BBC Concert Orchestra and included special guests Terry Hall, Sean Lennon, Tim Burgess, Alex Greenwald, Ricky Wilson, Charlie Waller, Adele and Kyle Falconer. In December 2007, Ronson received his first Grammy Award nomination, for 'Producer of the Year, Non-Classical'.", "In December 2007, Ronson received his first Grammy Award nomination, for 'Producer of the Year, Non-Classical'. Ronson's work with Amy Winehouse also received substantial accolades, gaining 6 nominations.", "Ronson's work with Amy Winehouse also received substantial accolades, gaining 6 nominations. Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" album, mostly produced by Ronson, was nominated for 'Album of the Year' and 'Best Pop Vocal Album'.", "Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" album, mostly produced by Ronson, was nominated for 'Album of the Year' and 'Best Pop Vocal Album'. Her song \"Rehab\" received nods for 'Best Female Pop Vocal Performance', 'Song of the Year' and 'Record of the Year'.", "Her song \"Rehab\" received nods for 'Best Female Pop Vocal Performance', 'Song of the Year' and 'Record of the Year'. Ronson would go on to win three Grammys: 'Producer of the Year' as well as 'Best Pop Vocal Album' and 'Record of the Year' (the latter two of which he shared with Amy Winehouse) in early February 2008.", "Ronson would go on to win three Grammys: 'Producer of the Year' as well as 'Best Pop Vocal Album' and 'Record of the Year' (the latter two of which he shared with Amy Winehouse) in early February 2008. Ronson is credited as producer on a mixtape album called Man in the Mirror, released in January 2008 by the rapper Rhymefest which is a tribute to the pop star Michael Jackson.", "Ronson is credited as producer on a mixtape album called Man in the Mirror, released in January 2008 by the rapper Rhymefest which is a tribute to the pop star Michael Jackson. The album features Rhymefest appearing to speak to Michael Jackson using archive audio from interviews with the pop star.", "The album features Rhymefest appearing to speak to Michael Jackson using archive audio from interviews with the pop star. The same month Ronson received three nominations for the Brit Awards, including 'Best Male Solo Artist,' 'Best Album' (Version) and 'Song of the Year' (\"Valerie\").", "The same month Ronson received three nominations for the Brit Awards, including 'Best Male Solo Artist,' 'Best Album' (Version) and 'Song of the Year' (\"Valerie\"). Ronson won his first Brit for 'Best Male Solo Artist' in mid-February 2008 over favourite Mika.", "Ronson won his first Brit for 'Best Male Solo Artist' in mid-February 2008 over favourite Mika. He also performed a medley of Coldplay's \"God Put a Smile upon Your Face\" with Adele, \"Stop Me\" with Daniel Merriweather, and \"Valerie\" with Amy Winehouse.", "He also performed a medley of Coldplay's \"God Put a Smile upon Your Face\" with Adele, \"Stop Me\" with Daniel Merriweather, and \"Valerie\" with Amy Winehouse. The performance allowed for a large boost in sales in the iTunes UK Top 100.", "The performance allowed for a large boost in sales in the iTunes UK Top 100. \"Valerie\" would jump almost 30 spots in the days after the event, while \"Just\", \"Stop Me\" and \"Oh My God\" all appeared in the chart as well.", "\"Valerie\" would jump almost 30 spots in the days after the event, while \"Just\", \"Stop Me\" and \"Oh My God\" all appeared in the chart as well. That same week, Ronson appeared twice in the UK Top 40, with \"Valerie\" rebounding to number 13 and \"Just\" at number 31, his fourth Top 40 entry from \"Version\".", "That same week, Ronson appeared twice in the UK Top 40, with \"Valerie\" rebounding to number 13 and \"Just\" at number 31, his fourth Top 40 entry from \"Version\". The Brits performance also allowed for \"Version\" to climb 18 spots to number 4.", "The Brits performance also allowed for \"Version\" to climb 18 spots to number 4. Around this time, Ronson received his first number one on an international chart (Dutch Top 40) for \"Valerie,\" which spent four consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. He collaborated with Kaiser Chiefs on their third album.", "He collaborated with Kaiser Chiefs on their third album. Ronson toured the album \"Version\" extensively through both the UK and Europe during 2008. Notable sold-out performances at The Hammersmith Apollo and Brixton Academy. Ronson is known to champion new upcoming artists on the road with him, such as Sam Sparro and Julian Perretta.", "Ronson is known to champion new upcoming artists on the road with him, such as Sam Sparro and Julian Perretta. Ronson's string backing was provided by the all-female string quartet Demon Strings. On 2 July 2008, in Paris, Mark Ronson performed live with Duran Duran for an invited audience.", "On 2 July 2008, in Paris, Mark Ronson performed live with Duran Duran for an invited audience. They played new arrangements by Ronson of some Duran Duran songs, along with tracks from the band's new album, Red Carpet Massacre. Ronson & the Version Players also performed songs from his album Version. Simon LeBon sang.", "Simon LeBon sang. Simon LeBon sang. As of March 2009, Ronson was working with the group on their 13th album. The Album, titled All You Need Is Now, was released digitally exclusively via Apple's iTunes on 21 December 2010, while the physical CD was released in March 2011 with additional tracks.", "The Album, titled All You Need Is Now, was released digitally exclusively via Apple's iTunes on 21 December 2010, while the physical CD was released in March 2011 with additional tracks. In 2013–14 Ronson was once again in the studio producing Duran Duran's 14th album, Paper Gods, making it the first time the band has worked with the same producer on consecutive albums since Colin Thurston produced their first two albums in the 1980s.", "In 2013–14 Ronson was once again in the studio producing Duran Duran's 14th album, Paper Gods, making it the first time the band has worked with the same producer on consecutive albums since Colin Thurston produced their first two albums in the 1980s. 2010–12: Record Collection In the Spring of 2010, Ronson confirmed the name of his new album Record Collection, and said that he hoped to have it out by September 2010.", "2010–12: Record Collection In the Spring of 2010, Ronson confirmed the name of his new album Record Collection, and said that he hoped to have it out by September 2010. Additionally, Ronson announced the name of his new band, \"The Business Intl.", "Additionally, Ronson announced the name of his new band, \"The Business Intl. '\", which is the alias adopted by Ronson on the third studio album. The first single \"Bang Bang Bang\".", "The first single \"Bang Bang Bang\". which featured rapper Q-Tip and singer MNDR was released on 12 July 2010, where it peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart, giving Ronson his fourth Top 10 single. The single also entered the Irish Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 18.", "The single also entered the Irish Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 18. The second single from the album, \"The Bike Song\", was released on 19 September 2010, and features Kyle Falconer from The View and Spank Rock. The album was released on 27 September 2010.", "The album was released on 27 September 2010. This is the first Ronson album on which he features as a singer. Although Ronson had never met Michael Jackson he was given the vocal track to a song titled \"Lovely Way\", sung by Michael Jackson, in 2010 to produce for Jackson's posthumous album Michael.", "Although Ronson had never met Michael Jackson he was given the vocal track to a song titled \"Lovely Way\", sung by Michael Jackson, in 2010 to produce for Jackson's posthumous album Michael. He submitted the track, but it did not make the tracklisting for Michael.", "He submitted the track, but it did not make the tracklisting for Michael. Ronson said about the rumours surrounding the vocals on the track (due to the controversy surrounding the Cascio tracks on that same album), \"It was definitely him singing. I was given a vocal track to work with but I never actually met Michael.", "I was given a vocal track to work with but I never actually met Michael. [...] It's in the vein of Elton John's 'Goodbye Yellow Brick Road' and John Lennon's 'Imagine'.\" He provided the score for the 2011 film Arthur.", "He provided the score for the 2011 film Arthur. Ronson was one of the artists featured in the 2012 documentary Re:GENERATION Music Project. His song \"A La Modeliste\" features Mos Def, Erykah Badu, Trombone Shorty, members of The Dap-Kings, and Zigaboo Modeliste.", "His song \"A La Modeliste\" features Mos Def, Erykah Badu, Trombone Shorty, members of The Dap-Kings, and Zigaboo Modeliste. 2013–2017: Uptown Special and Amy On 30 October 2014, Ronson announced, via Twitter, a new single from his upcoming album, to be released on 10 November 2014.", "2013–2017: Uptown Special and Amy On 30 October 2014, Ronson announced, via Twitter, a new single from his upcoming album, to be released on 10 November 2014. The single, \"Uptown Funk,\" features Bruno Mars on vocals.", "The single, \"Uptown Funk,\" features Bruno Mars on vocals. On 22 November 2014, Ronson and Mars appeared as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live performing \"Uptown Funk\" and \"Feel Right\" (featuring Mystikal).", "On 22 November 2014, Ronson and Mars appeared as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live performing \"Uptown Funk\" and \"Feel Right\" (featuring Mystikal). \"Uptown Funk\" reached number one in the UK and US singles charts, and also became the all-time most streamed track in a single week in the UK, having been streamed a record 2.49 million times in a week.", "\"Uptown Funk\" reached number one in the UK and US singles charts, and also became the all-time most streamed track in a single week in the UK, having been streamed a record 2.49 million times in a week. \"Uptown Funk\" reached the top 10 in nearly every country it charted; it spent fifteen weeks at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, fourteen weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and seven weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart.", "\"Uptown Funk\" reached the top 10 in nearly every country it charted; it spent fifteen weeks at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, fourteen weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and seven weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart. In February 2015 the song won Ronson the Brit Award for British Single of the Year.", "In February 2015 the song won Ronson the Brit Award for British Single of the Year. As of November 2021, the song's music video on YouTube has amassed over 4.3 billion views. In 2015, Ronson starred in the documentary film Amy about his late friend Amy Winehouse.", "In 2015, Ronson starred in the documentary film Amy about his late friend Amy Winehouse. His voice features in the film where he talks about his career and relationship with Winehouse and there is footage of Ronson from the recording session of the single \"Back to Black\" from March 2006 and also at Winehouse's funeral in London in July 2011.", "His voice features in the film where he talks about his career and relationship with Winehouse and there is footage of Ronson from the recording session of the single \"Back to Black\" from March 2006 and also at Winehouse's funeral in London in July 2011. On 16 October 2015, Ronson became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation.", "On 16 October 2015, Ronson became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation. In January 2016, Ronson was nominated for two Brit Awards; Best British Male Solo Artist, and British Producer of the Year, at the 2016 Brit Awards.", "In January 2016, Ronson was nominated for two Brit Awards; Best British Male Solo Artist, and British Producer of the Year, at the 2016 Brit Awards. At the 2016 Grammy Awards Ronson won two awards for \"Uptown Funk\", including Record of the Year.", "At the 2016 Grammy Awards Ronson won two awards for \"Uptown Funk\", including Record of the Year. Jason Iley, the head of Sony Music UK and Ronson's UK label Columbia Records, hailed Ronson as \"a true gentleman\" and \"one of the most considerate, kind and humble artists in our industry.\"", "Jason Iley, the head of Sony Music UK and Ronson's UK label Columbia Records, hailed Ronson as \"a true gentleman\" and \"one of the most considerate, kind and humble artists in our industry.\" He added, \"the monumental success of Uptown Funk is so thoroughly deserved and has established itself as, not only one of the Records of the Year but of our lifetime.\"", "He added, \"the monumental success of Uptown Funk is so thoroughly deserved and has established itself as, not only one of the Records of the Year but of our lifetime.\" He went on to executive produce Lady Gaga's fifth album Joanne. Ronson produced the Queens of the Stone Age's 2017 album Villains.", "Ronson produced the Queens of the Stone Age's 2017 album Villains. 2018–present: Silk City, \"Shallow\" and Late Night Feelings In 2018, Ronson founded his own label, Zelig Records, an imprint of Columbia Records and the first artist he signed was singer King Princess.", "2018–present: Silk City, \"Shallow\" and Late Night Feelings In 2018, Ronson founded his own label, Zelig Records, an imprint of Columbia Records and the first artist he signed was singer King Princess. He also formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo.", "He also formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo. Their first single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa was released on 6 September and peaked at the US Dance Club Songs and received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards.", "Their first single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa was released on 6 September and peaked at the US Dance Club Songs and received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards. In May 2018, it was revealed that Ronson was working with Miley Cyrus in the studio.", "In May 2018, it was revealed that Ronson was working with Miley Cyrus in the studio. Their first collaboration \"Nothing Breaks Like a Heart\" was released in November 2018. Ronson also co-wrote the song \"Shallow\" for the film A Star Is Born with his frequent collaborators Lady Gaga, Andrew Wyatt, and Anthony Rossomando.", "Ronson also co-wrote the song \"Shallow\" for the film A Star Is Born with his frequent collaborators Lady Gaga, Andrew Wyatt, and Anthony Rossomando. The song earned Ronson an Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, as well as two Grammy nominations, winning the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media.", "The song earned Ronson an Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, as well as two Grammy nominations, winning the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media. On 12 April 2019, it was announced that Mark Ronson would release his fifth album Late Night Feelings, on 26 June 2019.", "On 12 April 2019, it was announced that Mark Ronson would release his fifth album Late Night Feelings, on 26 June 2019. The album features Miley Cyrus, Angel Olsen, Lykke Li and Camila Cabello.", "The album features Miley Cyrus, Angel Olsen, Lykke Li and Camila Cabello. Ronson has described the album as a collection of \"sad bangers,\" with the title track laying down a warm mid-tempo dance groove under Li's melancholy vocals.", "Ronson has described the album as a collection of \"sad bangers,\" with the title track laying down a warm mid-tempo dance groove under Li's melancholy vocals. On 12 October 2019, BBC Two broadcast the documentary Mark Ronson: From the Heart, directed by Carl Hindmarch.", "On 12 October 2019, BBC Two broadcast the documentary Mark Ronson: From the Heart, directed by Carl Hindmarch. In June of 2021, Ronson, along with Foo Fighters shared a \"re-verson\" of the Foo Fighters then latest single Making a Fire.", "In June of 2021, Ronson, along with Foo Fighters shared a \"re-verson\" of the Foo Fighters then latest single Making a Fire. Personal life Ronson divides his time between London, Los Angeles, and New York. Since childhood, he has been a fan of English Premier League football club Chelsea F.C.", "Since childhood, he has been a fan of English Premier League football club Chelsea F.C. and is also a fan of the New York Knicks basketball team. In 2009, Ronson was voted the most stylish man in the UK by GQ magazine.", "In 2009, Ronson was voted the most stylish man in the UK by GQ magazine. In 2011, a portrait of Ronson was painted by British artist Joe Simpson; the painting was exhibited around the UK, including a solo exhibition at the Royal Albert Hall in London.", "In 2011, a portrait of Ronson was painted by British artist Joe Simpson; the painting was exhibited around the UK, including a solo exhibition at the Royal Albert Hall in London. In 2015 he was named one of the magazine's 50 best dressed British men.", "In 2015 he was named one of the magazine's 50 best dressed British men. > On 20 August 2019, Ronson, along with several other celebrities, invested in a funding round for Lowell Herb Co, a California cannabis brand. He is known to be \"a dedicated cannabis consumer\".", "He is known to be \"a dedicated cannabis consumer\". Relationships In 2002, Ronson began dating the actress-singer Rashida Jones. They became engaged in March 2003, with Ronson proposing by creating a crossword puzzle with the message \"Will you marry me.\" Their relationship ended approximately one year later.", "Their relationship ended approximately one year later. On 3 September 2011, Ronson married French actress and singer Joséphine de La Baume, who had previously appeared in the music video for \"The Bike Song\".", "On 3 September 2011, Ronson married French actress and singer Joséphine de La Baume, who had previously appeared in the music video for \"The Bike Song\". On 16 May 2017, it was reported that de La Baume had filed for divorce from Ronson, listing the separation date as 21 April 2017.", "On 16 May 2017, it was reported that de La Baume had filed for divorce from Ronson, listing the separation date as 21 April 2017. The divorce was finalized in October 2018. On 4 September 2021, Ronson announced his marriage to actress Grace Gummer, after a year of dating.", "On 4 September 2021, Ronson announced his marriage to actress Grace Gummer, after a year of dating. Lawsuit In 2017, Lastrada Entertainment claimed that \"Uptown Funk\" infringed the copyright of Zapp & Roger's 1980 hit song \"More Bounce to the Ounce\". A total of three lawsuits had been filed by different parties.", "A total of three lawsuits had been filed by different parties. Discography Here Comes the Fuzz (2003) Version (2007) Record Collection (with The Business Intl.)", "Discography Here Comes the Fuzz (2003) Version (2007) Record Collection (with The Business Intl.) (2010) Uptown Special (2015) Late Night Feelings (2019) Filmography Zoolander (2001) – Himself Amy (2015) – Himself Gaga: Five Foot Two (2017) – Himself Spies in Disguise (2019) – Agency Control Room Technician (cameo) Videos Ronson created a video, along with directors Gary Breslin and Jordan Galland, called Circuit Breaker, which was an homage to the video game The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past.", "(2010) Uptown Special (2015) Late Night Feelings (2019) Filmography Zoolander (2001) – Himself Amy (2015) – Himself Gaga: Five Foot Two (2017) – Himself Spies in Disguise (2019) – Agency Control Room Technician (cameo) Videos Ronson created a video, along with directors Gary Breslin and Jordan Galland, called Circuit Breaker, which was an homage to the video game The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past. In 2001, Ronson appeared in the Aaliyah music video \"More Than a Woman\" as a DJ.", "In 2001, Ronson appeared in the Aaliyah music video \"More Than a Woman\" as a DJ. On 30 July 2021, the documentary series Watch the Sound with Mark Ronson was released on Apple TV+. Production discography Adapted from AllMusic. Bold denotes a commercial single.", "Bold denotes a commercial single. Bold denotes a commercial single. Other singles 1997: Posse-O – \"It's Up to You...\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Heatin' Up\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Rhymes to Bust\" / \"It's Your Right\"* 2002: J-Live – \"School's In\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"City Rules\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"She's Got Me\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"These Days\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"Brand New\"* 2007: Candie Payne – \"One More Chance\"* 2007: Bob Dylan – \"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) (Mark Ronson Re-version)\"* 2008: Leon Jean-Marie – \"Bed of Nails\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Never Miss a Beat\"* 2008: Wiley – \"Cash in My Pocket\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Good Days Bad Days\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Change\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Red\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Impossible\" 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Out of the Game\"* 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Jericho\"* 2013: Giggs – \"(Is It Gangsta?)", "Other singles 1997: Posse-O – \"It's Up to You...\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Heatin' Up\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Rhymes to Bust\" / \"It's Your Right\"* 2002: J-Live – \"School's In\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"City Rules\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"She's Got Me\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"These Days\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"Brand New\"* 2007: Candie Payne – \"One More Chance\"* 2007: Bob Dylan – \"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) (Mark Ronson Re-version)\"* 2008: Leon Jean-Marie – \"Bed of Nails\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Never Miss a Beat\"* 2008: Wiley – \"Cash in My Pocket\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Good Days Bad Days\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Change\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Red\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Impossible\" 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Out of the Game\"* 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Jericho\"* 2013: Giggs – \"(Is It Gangsta?) Yes Yes Yes\"* 2015: Duran Duran featuring Janelle Monáe and Nile Rodgers – \"Pressure Off\"* 2016: Various Artists – \"Hands\"* 2018: Michael Jackson - \"Diamonds Are Invincible\"* (Mash-Up) 2018: Silk City - \"Electricity\"* featuring Dua Lipa, Diplo and Mark Ronson 2018: Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper – \"Shallow\"* 2020: Troye Sivan featuring Kacey Musgraves and Mark Ronson - \"Easy\"* Awards and nominations References External links Mark Ronson and Boy George 1975 births 20th-century English musicians 21st-century English musicians Allido Records artists APRA Award winners British Ashkenazi Jews Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters Brit Award winners British alternative rock musicians British hip hop DJs Collegiate School (New York) alumni English DJs DJs from London English emigrants to the United States English people of Austrian-Jewish descent English people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent English people of Russian-Jewish descent English multi-instrumentalists English record producers English songwriters Golden Globe Award-winning musicians Grammy Award winners Hip hop record producers Jewish English musicians Jewish hip hop record producers Jewish singers Living people People from Notting Hill People from the Upper West Side M Mark Ronson Silk City (duo) members Sony Music UK artists The Flip Squad members Tisch School of the Arts alumni" ]

[ "Mark Ronson", "2010-12: Record Collection", "When was the Record Collection released?", "September 2010.", "Is this an album?", "Ronson confirmed the name of his new album Record Collection,", "Did this album do well?", "I don't know.", "Were there any hit songs?", "The first single \"Bang Bang Bang\". which featured rapper Q-Tip and singer MNDR was released on 12 July 2010, where it peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart,", "What other songs reached the charts?", "The second single from the album, \"The Bike Song\", was 19 September 2010" ]

[ "In probability theory and statistics, the negative hypergeometric distribution describes probabilities for when sampling from a finite population without replacement in which each sample can be classified into two mutually exclusive categories like Pass/Fail, Male/Female or Employed/Unemployed. As random selections are made from the population, each subsequent draw decreases the population causing the probability of success to change with each draw. Unlike the standard hypergeometric distribution, which describes the number of successes in a fixed sample size, in the negative hypergeometric distribution, samples are drawn until failures have been found, and the distribution describes the probability of finding successes in such a sample. In other words, the negative hypergeometric distribution describes the likelihood of successes in a sample with exactly failures.\n\nDefinition \nThere are elements, of which are defined as \"successes\" and the rest are \"failures\".\n\nElements are drawn one after the other, without replacements, until failures are encountered. Then, the drawing stops and the number of successes is counted. The negative hypergeometric distribution, is the discrete distribution of this .\n\nThe negative hypergeometric distribution is a special case of the beta-binomial distribution with parameters and both being integers (and ).\n\nThe outcome requires that we observe successes in draws and the bit must be a failure. The probability of the former can be found by the direct application of the hypergeometric distribution and the probability of the latter is simply the number of failures remaining divided by the size of the remaining population . The probability of having exactly successes up to the failure (i.e. the drawing stops as soon as the sample includes the predefined number of failures) is then the product of these two probabilities: \n\nTherefore, a random variable follows the negative hypergeometric distribution if its probability mass function (pmf) is given by\n\nwhere\n is the population size,\n is the number of success states in the population,\n is the number of failures,\n is the number of observed successes,\n is a binomial coefficient\nBy design the probabilities sum up to 1. However, in case we want show it explicitly we have:\n\nwhere we have used that,\n\nwhich can be derived using the binomial identity, , and the Chu–Vandermonde identity, , which holds for any complex-values and and any non-negative integer . \n\nThe relationship can also be found by examination of the coefficient of in the expansion of , using Newton's binomial series.\n\nExpectation \nWhen counting the number of successes before failures, the expected number of successes is and can be derived as follows. \n\nwhere we have used the relationship , that we derived above to show that the negative hypergeometric distribution was properly normalized.\n\nVariance \nThe variance can be derived by the following calculation.\n\nThen the variance is\n\nRelated distributions \nIf the drawing stops after a constant number of draws (regardless of the number of failures), then the number of successes has the hypergeometric distribution, . The two functions are related in the following way:\n\nNegative-hypergeometric distribution (like the hypergeometric distribution) deals with draws without replacement, so that the probability of success is different in each draw. In contrast, negative-binomial distribution (like the binomial distribution) deals with draws with replacement, so that the probability of success is the same and the trials are independent. The following table summarizes the four distributions related to drawing items:\n\nReferences \n\nDiscrete distributions\nFactorial and binomial topics", "In the design of experiments in statistics, the lady tasting tea is a randomized experiment devised by Ronald Fisher and reported in his book The Design of Experiments (1935). The experiment is the original exposition of Fisher's notion of a null hypothesis, which is \"never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation\".\n\nThe lady in question (Muriel Bristol) claimed to be able to tell whether the tea or the milk was added first to a cup. Fisher proposed to give her eight cups, four of each variety, in random order. One could then ask what the probability was for her getting the specific number of cups she identified correct, but just by chance.\n\nFisher's description is less than 10 pages in length and is notable for its simplicity and completeness regarding terminology, calculations and design of the experiment. The example is loosely based on an event in Fisher's life. The test used was Fisher's exact test.\n\nThe experiment \nThe experiment provides a subject with 8 randomly ordered cups of tea – 4 prepared by first pouring the tea, then adding milk, 4 prepared by first pouring the milk, then adding the tea. The subject has to select 4 cups prepared by one method. Judging cups by direct comparison is allowed. The method employed in the experiment is fully disclosed to the subject.\n\nThe null hypothesis is that the subject has no ability to distinguish the teas. In Fisher's approach, there was no alternative hypothesis, unlike in the Neyman–Pearson approach.\n\nThe test statistic is a simple count of the number of successes in selecting the 4 cups (the number of cups of the given type successfully selected). The distribution of possible numbers of successes, assuming the null hypothesis is true, can be computed using the number of combinations. Using the combination formula, with total cups and cups chosen, there are\n\npossible combinations.\n\nThe frequencies of the possible numbers of successes, given in the final column of this table, are derived as follows. For 0 successes, there is clearly only one set of four choices (namely, choosing all four incorrect cups) giving this result. For one success and three failures, there are four correct cups of which one is selected, which by the combination formula can occur in different ways (as shown in column 2, with x denoting a correct cup that is chosen and o denoting a correct cup that is not chosen); and independently of that, there are four incorrect cups of which three are selected, which can occur in ways (as shown in the second column, this time with x interpreted as an incorrect cup which is not chosen, and o indicating an incorrect cup which is chosen). Thus a selection of any one correct cup and any three incorrect cups can occur in any of 4×4 = 16 ways. The frequencies of the other possible numbers of successes are calculated correspondingly. Thus the number of successes is distributed according to the hypergeometric distribution. The distribution of combinations for making k selections out of the 2k available selections corresponds to the kth row of Pascal's triangle, such that each integer in the row is squared. In this case, because 4 teacups are selected from the 8 available teacups.\n\nThe critical region for rejection of the null of no ability to distinguish was the single case of 4 successes of 4 possible, based on the conventional probability criterion < 5%. This is the critical region because under the null of no ability to distinguish, 4 successes has 1 chance out of 70 (≈ 1.4% < 5%) of occurring, whereas at least 3 of 4 successes has a probability of (16+1)/70 (≈ 24.3% > 5%).\n\nThus, if and only if the lady properly categorized all 8 cups was Fisher willing to reject the null hypothesis – effectively acknowledging the lady's ability at a 1.4% significance level (but without quantifying her ability). Fisher later discussed the benefits of more trials and repeated tests.\n\nDavid Salsburg reports that a colleague of Fisher, H. Fairfield Smith, revealed that in the actual experiment the lady succeeded in identifying all eight cups correctly.\nThe chance of someone who just guesses of getting all correct, assuming she guesses that any four had the tea put in first and the other four the milk, would be only 1 in 70 (the combinations of 8 taken 4 at a time).\n\nThe Lady Tasting Tea book \n\nDavid Salsburg published a popular science book entitled The Lady Tasting Tea, which describes Fisher's experiment and ideas on randomization. Deb Basu wrote that \"the famous case of the 'lady tasting tea'\" was \"one of the two supporting pillars ... of the randomization analysis of experimental data.\"\n\nSee also\n Hypergeometric distribution\n Permutation test\n Random assignment\n Randomization test\n\nReferences\n\n \n \n Basu, D. (1980b). \"The Fisher Randomization Test\", reprinted with a new preface in Statistical Information and Likelihood : A Collection of Critical Essays by Dr. D. Basu ; J. K. Ghosh, editor. Springer 1988.\n \n Salsburg, D. (2002) The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century, W.H. Freeman / Owl Book. \n\nDesign of experiments\nAnalysis of variance\nStatistical hypothesis testing\nScience experiments" ]

[ "Mark Daniel Ronson (born 4 September 1975) is an English-American DJ, songwriter, record producer, and record executive. He is best known for his collaborations with artists such as Duran Duran, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Lady Gaga, Lily Allen, Robbie Williams, Miley Cyrus, Queens of the Stone Age, Kevin Parker and Bruno Mars.", "He is best known for his collaborations with artists such as Duran Duran, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Lady Gaga, Lily Allen, Robbie Williams, Miley Cyrus, Queens of the Stone Age, Kevin Parker and Bruno Mars. He has received seven Grammy Awards, including Producer of the Year for Winehouse's album Back to Black and two for Record of the Year singles \"Rehab\" and \"Uptown Funk\".", "He has received seven Grammy Awards, including Producer of the Year for Winehouse's album Back to Black and two for Record of the Year singles \"Rehab\" and \"Uptown Funk\". He received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Grammy Award for co-writing the song \"Shallow\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper) for the film A Star is Born (2018).", "He received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Grammy Award for co-writing the song \"Shallow\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper) for the film A Star is Born (2018). Ronson was born in London and raised in New York City.", "Ronson was born in London and raised in New York City. His stepfather is Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones, which contributed to a childhood surrounded by music. While attending New York University, Ronson became a popular DJ in the hip-hop scene. His debut album Here Comes the Fuzz failed to have an effect on the charts.", "His debut album Here Comes the Fuzz failed to have an effect on the charts. In 2006, he received acclaim for producing albums for Lily Allen, Christina Aguilera, and Amy Winehouse. In 2007, Ronson released his second album, Version.", "In 2007, Ronson released his second album, Version. The album reached number two in the UK and included three top ten singles and earned him the Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist. He subsequently released his third studio album, Record Collection, peaking at number two in the UK.", "He subsequently released his third studio album, Record Collection, peaking at number two in the UK. In 2014, Ronson released his single \"Uptown Funk\" featuring vocals from Bruno Mars. The single spent 14 consecutive weeks at number one on the U.S.", "The single spent 14 consecutive weeks at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, seven non-consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart and became one of the best-selling singles of all-time. His fourth studio album, Uptown Special, became his most successful album to date.", "His fourth studio album, Uptown Special, became his most successful album to date. In 2018, he founded his own label, Zelig Records (an imprint of Columbia Records), and formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo, they released their debut single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa for which he received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording.", "In 2018, he founded his own label, Zelig Records (an imprint of Columbia Records), and formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo, they released their debut single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa for which he received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording. In 2015, he became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation, which helps disadvantaged youth through music.", "In 2015, he became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation, which helps disadvantaged youth through music. He has also worked with the End the Silence campaign to raise money and awareness for the Hope and Homes for Children charity and served as an artist mentor at Turnaround Arts, a national program of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which helped low-performing schools through arts education.", "He has also worked with the End the Silence campaign to raise money and awareness for the Hope and Homes for Children charity and served as an artist mentor at Turnaround Arts, a national program of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which helped low-performing schools through arts education. Early life Mark Daniel Ronson was born in Notting Hill, London, England, to Laurence Ronson, a then music manager and publisher, now real estate developer, and Ann Dexter-Jones (née Dexter), a writer, jewelry designer, and socialite.", "Early life Mark Daniel Ronson was born in Notting Hill, London, England, to Laurence Ronson, a then music manager and publisher, now real estate developer, and Ann Dexter-Jones (née Dexter), a writer, jewelry designer, and socialite. His Ashkenazi Jewish ancestors emigrated from Austria, Lithuania, and Russia.", "His Ashkenazi Jewish ancestors emigrated from Austria, Lithuania, and Russia. He was brought up in a Conservative Jewish household and celebrated his Bar Mitzvah. After his parents' divorce, his mother married Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones.", "After his parents' divorce, his mother married Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones. Of note, Jones wrote Foreigner's hit song \"I Want to Know What Love Is\" about his burgeoning relationship with Dexter-Jones. Ronson, along with his mother, stepfather, and sisters, moved to New York City when he was eight years old.", "Ronson, along with his mother, stepfather, and sisters, moved to New York City when he was eight years old. Living on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, he counted Sean Lennon among his childhood friends.", "Living on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, he counted Sean Lennon among his childhood friends. At twelve, being a self-described music nerd, he pestered Rolling Stone founder Jann Wenner into an internship at the magazine. He attended high school at the private Collegiate School in Manhattan before attending Vassar College and then New York University.", "He attended high school at the private Collegiate School in Manhattan before attending Vassar College and then New York University. In 2008, he obtained American citizenship so that he could vote in that year's election.", "In 2008, he obtained American citizenship so that he could vote in that year's election. Family He was born into the Ronson family, formerly one of Britain's wealthiest families and founders of Heron International; following success in the 1980s, they lost $1 billion of their wealth in the property crash of the early 1990s.", "Family He was born into the Ronson family, formerly one of Britain's wealthiest families and founders of Heron International; following success in the 1980s, they lost $1 billion of their wealth in the property crash of the early 1990s. He is the nephew of businessman Gerald Ronson.", "He is the nephew of businessman Gerald Ronson. Through his mother, he is distantly related to British Conservative politicians Sir Malcolm Rifkind and Leon Brittan, and Odeon Cinemas founder Oscar Deutsch. Ronson's has two younger sisters, twins Charlotte Ronson, a fashion designer, and Samantha Ronson, a singer and DJ.", "Ronson's has two younger sisters, twins Charlotte Ronson, a fashion designer, and Samantha Ronson, a singer and DJ. Through his mother's second marriage to Mick Jones he has two elder step-siblings and two half-siblings, including actress Annabelle Dexter-Jones. Through his father's second marriage, he has three other half-siblings.", "Through his father's second marriage, he has three other half-siblings. Career While attending New York University, Ronson became a regular in the downtown hip hop night life. He became known as a DJ on the New York club scene by 1993, charging $50 per job. He was known for his diverse, genre-spanning selection.", "He was known for his diverse, genre-spanning selection. He attracted a wide audience by fusing funk, hip hop, and rock and roll into his setlists, and playing songs that were popular in both the United States and the United Kingdom.", "He attracted a wide audience by fusing funk, hip hop, and rock and roll into his setlists, and playing songs that were popular in both the United States and the United Kingdom. He was soon popular and sought-after DJ in New York City, frequently booked for high-profile events and private parties.", "He was soon popular and sought-after DJ in New York City, frequently booked for high-profile events and private parties. In 1999, Ronson was featured in an ad wearing Tommy Hilfiger denim in the recording studio for an ad campaign for the company.", "In 1999, Ronson was featured in an ad wearing Tommy Hilfiger denim in the recording studio for an ad campaign for the company. 2001–05: Here Comes the Fuzz and initial producing Mark made the leap from DJ to producer after Nikka Costa's manager, Dominique Trenier, heard one of his sets and introduced the musicians.", "2001–05: Here Comes the Fuzz and initial producing Mark made the leap from DJ to producer after Nikka Costa's manager, Dominique Trenier, heard one of his sets and introduced the musicians. Ronson produced Costa's song \"Everybody Got Their Something,\" and Ronson soon signed a record contract with Elektra Records.", "Ronson produced Costa's song \"Everybody Got Their Something,\" and Ronson soon signed a record contract with Elektra Records. He had already produced tracks for Hilfiger ads and, in 2001, used the connection to have Costa's single \"Like a Feather\" used in an advertisement.", "He had already produced tracks for Hilfiger ads and, in 2001, used the connection to have Costa's single \"Like a Feather\" used in an advertisement. Ronson's debut album, Here Comes the Fuzz, was released in 2003. Despite poor initial sales, it was generally well received by critics.", "Despite poor initial sales, it was generally well received by critics. As well as writing the songs on the album, Ronson created the beats, played guitar, keyboards, and bass. The album featured performances from artists from diverse genres, including Mos Def, Jack White, Sean Paul, Nappy Roots and Rivers Cuomo.", "The album featured performances from artists from diverse genres, including Mos Def, Jack White, Sean Paul, Nappy Roots and Rivers Cuomo. The lead single and best known song from the album, \"Ooh Wee,\" samples \"Sunny\" by Boney M and features the rappers Nate Dogg, Ghostface Killah, Trife Da God, and Saigon.", "The lead single and best known song from the album, \"Ooh Wee,\" samples \"Sunny\" by Boney M and features the rappers Nate Dogg, Ghostface Killah, Trife Da God, and Saigon. The song charted at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart and was used in a number of films, including in Honey (2003) and on its soundtrack.", "The song charted at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart and was used in a number of films, including in Honey (2003) and on its soundtrack. Two weeks after releasing Here Comes the Fuzz, Elektra Records dropped him.", "Two weeks after releasing Here Comes the Fuzz, Elektra Records dropped him. In 2004, Ronson formed his own record label, Allido Records, a subsidiary of Sony BMG's J Records, along with his longtime manager Rich Kleiman.", "In 2004, Ronson formed his own record label, Allido Records, a subsidiary of Sony BMG's J Records, along with his longtime manager Rich Kleiman. The first artist he signed to Allido was rapper Saigon, who later left to sign with Just Blaze's Fort Knox Entertainment.", "The first artist he signed to Allido was rapper Saigon, who later left to sign with Just Blaze's Fort Knox Entertainment. He has signed Rhymefest, most well known for winning the Grammy for co-writing Kanye West's \"Jesus Walks.\"", "He has signed Rhymefest, most well known for winning the Grammy for co-writing Kanye West's \"Jesus Walks.\" 2006–09: Version On 2 April 2007, Ronson released a cover of The Smiths' track \"Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before\" under the title \"Stop Me\", featuring singer Daniel Merriweather.", "2006–09: Version On 2 April 2007, Ronson released a cover of The Smiths' track \"Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before\" under the title \"Stop Me\", featuring singer Daniel Merriweather. It reached number 2 in the UK singles charts, giving Ronson his highest-peaking single until 2014's \"Uptown Funk\".", "It reached number 2 in the UK singles charts, giving Ronson his highest-peaking single until 2014's \"Uptown Funk\". Ronson remixed the Bob Dylan song \"Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine\" in promotion for the three-disc Bob Dylan set titled Dylan released October 2007.", "Ronson remixed the Bob Dylan song \"Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine\" in promotion for the three-disc Bob Dylan set titled Dylan released October 2007. Ronson has also produced Candie Payne's \"One More Chance (Ronson mix)\" in 2007.", "Ronson has also produced Candie Payne's \"One More Chance (Ronson mix)\" in 2007. The album Version was well received by critics particularly in the UK and US. In May 2007 it was awarded the title Album of the Month by the British dance music magazine, Mixmag.", "In May 2007 it was awarded the title Album of the Month by the British dance music magazine, Mixmag. On 23 June, Ronson made the cover of The Guardian newspaper's Guide magazine, alongside singer Lily Allen. In June 2007, Ronson signed DC hip hop artist Wale to Allido Records.", "In June 2007, Ronson signed DC hip hop artist Wale to Allido Records. In late 2007, he focused on production, working with Daniel Merriweather on his debut album, and recording again with Amy Winehouse and Robbie Williams.", "In late 2007, he focused on production, working with Daniel Merriweather on his debut album, and recording again with Amy Winehouse and Robbie Williams. On 24 October 2007, Ronson performed a one-off set at The Roundhouse in Camden, London as part of the BBC Electric Proms 2007.", "On 24 October 2007, Ronson performed a one-off set at The Roundhouse in Camden, London as part of the BBC Electric Proms 2007. The performance featured the BBC Concert Orchestra and included special guests Terry Hall, Sean Lennon, Tim Burgess, Alex Greenwald, Ricky Wilson, Charlie Waller, Adele and Kyle Falconer.", "The performance featured the BBC Concert Orchestra and included special guests Terry Hall, Sean Lennon, Tim Burgess, Alex Greenwald, Ricky Wilson, Charlie Waller, Adele and Kyle Falconer. In December 2007, Ronson received his first Grammy Award nomination, for 'Producer of the Year, Non-Classical'.", "In December 2007, Ronson received his first Grammy Award nomination, for 'Producer of the Year, Non-Classical'. Ronson's work with Amy Winehouse also received substantial accolades, gaining 6 nominations.", "Ronson's work with Amy Winehouse also received substantial accolades, gaining 6 nominations. Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" album, mostly produced by Ronson, was nominated for 'Album of the Year' and 'Best Pop Vocal Album'.", "Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" album, mostly produced by Ronson, was nominated for 'Album of the Year' and 'Best Pop Vocal Album'. Her song \"Rehab\" received nods for 'Best Female Pop Vocal Performance', 'Song of the Year' and 'Record of the Year'.", "Her song \"Rehab\" received nods for 'Best Female Pop Vocal Performance', 'Song of the Year' and 'Record of the Year'. Ronson would go on to win three Grammys: 'Producer of the Year' as well as 'Best Pop Vocal Album' and 'Record of the Year' (the latter two of which he shared with Amy Winehouse) in early February 2008.", "Ronson would go on to win three Grammys: 'Producer of the Year' as well as 'Best Pop Vocal Album' and 'Record of the Year' (the latter two of which he shared with Amy Winehouse) in early February 2008. Ronson is credited as producer on a mixtape album called Man in the Mirror, released in January 2008 by the rapper Rhymefest which is a tribute to the pop star Michael Jackson.", "Ronson is credited as producer on a mixtape album called Man in the Mirror, released in January 2008 by the rapper Rhymefest which is a tribute to the pop star Michael Jackson. The album features Rhymefest appearing to speak to Michael Jackson using archive audio from interviews with the pop star.", "The album features Rhymefest appearing to speak to Michael Jackson using archive audio from interviews with the pop star. The same month Ronson received three nominations for the Brit Awards, including 'Best Male Solo Artist,' 'Best Album' (Version) and 'Song of the Year' (\"Valerie\").", "The same month Ronson received three nominations for the Brit Awards, including 'Best Male Solo Artist,' 'Best Album' (Version) and 'Song of the Year' (\"Valerie\"). Ronson won his first Brit for 'Best Male Solo Artist' in mid-February 2008 over favourite Mika.", "Ronson won his first Brit for 'Best Male Solo Artist' in mid-February 2008 over favourite Mika. He also performed a medley of Coldplay's \"God Put a Smile upon Your Face\" with Adele, \"Stop Me\" with Daniel Merriweather, and \"Valerie\" with Amy Winehouse.", "He also performed a medley of Coldplay's \"God Put a Smile upon Your Face\" with Adele, \"Stop Me\" with Daniel Merriweather, and \"Valerie\" with Amy Winehouse. The performance allowed for a large boost in sales in the iTunes UK Top 100.", "The performance allowed for a large boost in sales in the iTunes UK Top 100. \"Valerie\" would jump almost 30 spots in the days after the event, while \"Just\", \"Stop Me\" and \"Oh My God\" all appeared in the chart as well.", "\"Valerie\" would jump almost 30 spots in the days after the event, while \"Just\", \"Stop Me\" and \"Oh My God\" all appeared in the chart as well. That same week, Ronson appeared twice in the UK Top 40, with \"Valerie\" rebounding to number 13 and \"Just\" at number 31, his fourth Top 40 entry from \"Version\".", "That same week, Ronson appeared twice in the UK Top 40, with \"Valerie\" rebounding to number 13 and \"Just\" at number 31, his fourth Top 40 entry from \"Version\". The Brits performance also allowed for \"Version\" to climb 18 spots to number 4.", "The Brits performance also allowed for \"Version\" to climb 18 spots to number 4. Around this time, Ronson received his first number one on an international chart (Dutch Top 40) for \"Valerie,\" which spent four consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. He collaborated with Kaiser Chiefs on their third album.", "He collaborated with Kaiser Chiefs on their third album. Ronson toured the album \"Version\" extensively through both the UK and Europe during 2008. Notable sold-out performances at The Hammersmith Apollo and Brixton Academy. Ronson is known to champion new upcoming artists on the road with him, such as Sam Sparro and Julian Perretta.", "Ronson is known to champion new upcoming artists on the road with him, such as Sam Sparro and Julian Perretta. Ronson's string backing was provided by the all-female string quartet Demon Strings. On 2 July 2008, in Paris, Mark Ronson performed live with Duran Duran for an invited audience.", "On 2 July 2008, in Paris, Mark Ronson performed live with Duran Duran for an invited audience. They played new arrangements by Ronson of some Duran Duran songs, along with tracks from the band's new album, Red Carpet Massacre. Ronson & the Version Players also performed songs from his album Version. Simon LeBon sang.", "Simon LeBon sang. Simon LeBon sang. As of March 2009, Ronson was working with the group on their 13th album. The Album, titled All You Need Is Now, was released digitally exclusively via Apple's iTunes on 21 December 2010, while the physical CD was released in March 2011 with additional tracks.", "The Album, titled All You Need Is Now, was released digitally exclusively via Apple's iTunes on 21 December 2010, while the physical CD was released in March 2011 with additional tracks. In 2013–14 Ronson was once again in the studio producing Duran Duran's 14th album, Paper Gods, making it the first time the band has worked with the same producer on consecutive albums since Colin Thurston produced their first two albums in the 1980s.", "In 2013–14 Ronson was once again in the studio producing Duran Duran's 14th album, Paper Gods, making it the first time the band has worked with the same producer on consecutive albums since Colin Thurston produced their first two albums in the 1980s. 2010–12: Record Collection In the Spring of 2010, Ronson confirmed the name of his new album Record Collection, and said that he hoped to have it out by September 2010.", "2010–12: Record Collection In the Spring of 2010, Ronson confirmed the name of his new album Record Collection, and said that he hoped to have it out by September 2010. Additionally, Ronson announced the name of his new band, \"The Business Intl.", "Additionally, Ronson announced the name of his new band, \"The Business Intl. '\", which is the alias adopted by Ronson on the third studio album. The first single \"Bang Bang Bang\".", "The first single \"Bang Bang Bang\". which featured rapper Q-Tip and singer MNDR was released on 12 July 2010, where it peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart, giving Ronson his fourth Top 10 single. The single also entered the Irish Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 18.", "The single also entered the Irish Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 18. The second single from the album, \"The Bike Song\", was released on 19 September 2010, and features Kyle Falconer from The View and Spank Rock. The album was released on 27 September 2010.", "The album was released on 27 September 2010. This is the first Ronson album on which he features as a singer. Although Ronson had never met Michael Jackson he was given the vocal track to a song titled \"Lovely Way\", sung by Michael Jackson, in 2010 to produce for Jackson's posthumous album Michael.", "Although Ronson had never met Michael Jackson he was given the vocal track to a song titled \"Lovely Way\", sung by Michael Jackson, in 2010 to produce for Jackson's posthumous album Michael. He submitted the track, but it did not make the tracklisting for Michael.", "He submitted the track, but it did not make the tracklisting for Michael. Ronson said about the rumours surrounding the vocals on the track (due to the controversy surrounding the Cascio tracks on that same album), \"It was definitely him singing. I was given a vocal track to work with but I never actually met Michael.", "I was given a vocal track to work with but I never actually met Michael. [...] It's in the vein of Elton John's 'Goodbye Yellow Brick Road' and John Lennon's 'Imagine'.\" He provided the score for the 2011 film Arthur.", "He provided the score for the 2011 film Arthur. Ronson was one of the artists featured in the 2012 documentary Re:GENERATION Music Project. His song \"A La Modeliste\" features Mos Def, Erykah Badu, Trombone Shorty, members of The Dap-Kings, and Zigaboo Modeliste.", "His song \"A La Modeliste\" features Mos Def, Erykah Badu, Trombone Shorty, members of The Dap-Kings, and Zigaboo Modeliste. 2013–2017: Uptown Special and Amy On 30 October 2014, Ronson announced, via Twitter, a new single from his upcoming album, to be released on 10 November 2014.", "2013–2017: Uptown Special and Amy On 30 October 2014, Ronson announced, via Twitter, a new single from his upcoming album, to be released on 10 November 2014. The single, \"Uptown Funk,\" features Bruno Mars on vocals.", "The single, \"Uptown Funk,\" features Bruno Mars on vocals. On 22 November 2014, Ronson and Mars appeared as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live performing \"Uptown Funk\" and \"Feel Right\" (featuring Mystikal).", "On 22 November 2014, Ronson and Mars appeared as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live performing \"Uptown Funk\" and \"Feel Right\" (featuring Mystikal). \"Uptown Funk\" reached number one in the UK and US singles charts, and also became the all-time most streamed track in a single week in the UK, having been streamed a record 2.49 million times in a week.", "\"Uptown Funk\" reached number one in the UK and US singles charts, and also became the all-time most streamed track in a single week in the UK, having been streamed a record 2.49 million times in a week. \"Uptown Funk\" reached the top 10 in nearly every country it charted; it spent fifteen weeks at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, fourteen weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and seven weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart.", "\"Uptown Funk\" reached the top 10 in nearly every country it charted; it spent fifteen weeks at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, fourteen weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and seven weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart. In February 2015 the song won Ronson the Brit Award for British Single of the Year.", "In February 2015 the song won Ronson the Brit Award for British Single of the Year. As of November 2021, the song's music video on YouTube has amassed over 4.3 billion views. In 2015, Ronson starred in the documentary film Amy about his late friend Amy Winehouse.", "In 2015, Ronson starred in the documentary film Amy about his late friend Amy Winehouse. His voice features in the film where he talks about his career and relationship with Winehouse and there is footage of Ronson from the recording session of the single \"Back to Black\" from March 2006 and also at Winehouse's funeral in London in July 2011.", "His voice features in the film where he talks about his career and relationship with Winehouse and there is footage of Ronson from the recording session of the single \"Back to Black\" from March 2006 and also at Winehouse's funeral in London in July 2011. On 16 October 2015, Ronson became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation.", "On 16 October 2015, Ronson became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation. In January 2016, Ronson was nominated for two Brit Awards; Best British Male Solo Artist, and British Producer of the Year, at the 2016 Brit Awards.", "In January 2016, Ronson was nominated for two Brit Awards; Best British Male Solo Artist, and British Producer of the Year, at the 2016 Brit Awards. At the 2016 Grammy Awards Ronson won two awards for \"Uptown Funk\", including Record of the Year.", "At the 2016 Grammy Awards Ronson won two awards for \"Uptown Funk\", including Record of the Year. Jason Iley, the head of Sony Music UK and Ronson's UK label Columbia Records, hailed Ronson as \"a true gentleman\" and \"one of the most considerate, kind and humble artists in our industry.\"", "Jason Iley, the head of Sony Music UK and Ronson's UK label Columbia Records, hailed Ronson as \"a true gentleman\" and \"one of the most considerate, kind and humble artists in our industry.\" He added, \"the monumental success of Uptown Funk is so thoroughly deserved and has established itself as, not only one of the Records of the Year but of our lifetime.\"", "He added, \"the monumental success of Uptown Funk is so thoroughly deserved and has established itself as, not only one of the Records of the Year but of our lifetime.\" He went on to executive produce Lady Gaga's fifth album Joanne. Ronson produced the Queens of the Stone Age's 2017 album Villains.", "Ronson produced the Queens of the Stone Age's 2017 album Villains. 2018–present: Silk City, \"Shallow\" and Late Night Feelings In 2018, Ronson founded his own label, Zelig Records, an imprint of Columbia Records and the first artist he signed was singer King Princess.", "2018–present: Silk City, \"Shallow\" and Late Night Feelings In 2018, Ronson founded his own label, Zelig Records, an imprint of Columbia Records and the first artist he signed was singer King Princess. He also formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo.", "He also formed the duo Silk City with fellow producer Diplo. Their first single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa was released on 6 September and peaked at the US Dance Club Songs and received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards.", "Their first single \"Electricity\" featuring Dua Lipa was released on 6 September and peaked at the US Dance Club Songs and received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards. In May 2018, it was revealed that Ronson was working with Miley Cyrus in the studio.", "In May 2018, it was revealed that Ronson was working with Miley Cyrus in the studio. Their first collaboration \"Nothing Breaks Like a Heart\" was released in November 2018. Ronson also co-wrote the song \"Shallow\" for the film A Star Is Born with his frequent collaborators Lady Gaga, Andrew Wyatt, and Anthony Rossomando.", "Ronson also co-wrote the song \"Shallow\" for the film A Star Is Born with his frequent collaborators Lady Gaga, Andrew Wyatt, and Anthony Rossomando. The song earned Ronson an Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, as well as two Grammy nominations, winning the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media.", "The song earned Ronson an Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, as well as two Grammy nominations, winning the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media. On 12 April 2019, it was announced that Mark Ronson would release his fifth album Late Night Feelings, on 26 June 2019.", "On 12 April 2019, it was announced that Mark Ronson would release his fifth album Late Night Feelings, on 26 June 2019. The album features Miley Cyrus, Angel Olsen, Lykke Li and Camila Cabello.", "The album features Miley Cyrus, Angel Olsen, Lykke Li and Camila Cabello. Ronson has described the album as a collection of \"sad bangers,\" with the title track laying down a warm mid-tempo dance groove under Li's melancholy vocals.", "Ronson has described the album as a collection of \"sad bangers,\" with the title track laying down a warm mid-tempo dance groove under Li's melancholy vocals. On 12 October 2019, BBC Two broadcast the documentary Mark Ronson: From the Heart, directed by Carl Hindmarch.", "On 12 October 2019, BBC Two broadcast the documentary Mark Ronson: From the Heart, directed by Carl Hindmarch. In June of 2021, Ronson, along with Foo Fighters shared a \"re-verson\" of the Foo Fighters then latest single Making a Fire.", "In June of 2021, Ronson, along with Foo Fighters shared a \"re-verson\" of the Foo Fighters then latest single Making a Fire. Personal life Ronson divides his time between London, Los Angeles, and New York. Since childhood, he has been a fan of English Premier League football club Chelsea F.C.", "Since childhood, he has been a fan of English Premier League football club Chelsea F.C. and is also a fan of the New York Knicks basketball team. In 2009, Ronson was voted the most stylish man in the UK by GQ magazine.", "In 2009, Ronson was voted the most stylish man in the UK by GQ magazine. In 2011, a portrait of Ronson was painted by British artist Joe Simpson; the painting was exhibited around the UK, including a solo exhibition at the Royal Albert Hall in London.", "In 2011, a portrait of Ronson was painted by British artist Joe Simpson; the painting was exhibited around the UK, including a solo exhibition at the Royal Albert Hall in London. In 2015 he was named one of the magazine's 50 best dressed British men.", "In 2015 he was named one of the magazine's 50 best dressed British men. > On 20 August 2019, Ronson, along with several other celebrities, invested in a funding round for Lowell Herb Co, a California cannabis brand. He is known to be \"a dedicated cannabis consumer\".", "He is known to be \"a dedicated cannabis consumer\". Relationships In 2002, Ronson began dating the actress-singer Rashida Jones. They became engaged in March 2003, with Ronson proposing by creating a crossword puzzle with the message \"Will you marry me.\" Their relationship ended approximately one year later.", "Their relationship ended approximately one year later. On 3 September 2011, Ronson married French actress and singer Joséphine de La Baume, who had previously appeared in the music video for \"The Bike Song\".", "On 3 September 2011, Ronson married French actress and singer Joséphine de La Baume, who had previously appeared in the music video for \"The Bike Song\". On 16 May 2017, it was reported that de La Baume had filed for divorce from Ronson, listing the separation date as 21 April 2017.", "On 16 May 2017, it was reported that de La Baume had filed for divorce from Ronson, listing the separation date as 21 April 2017. The divorce was finalized in October 2018. On 4 September 2021, Ronson announced his marriage to actress Grace Gummer, after a year of dating.", "On 4 September 2021, Ronson announced his marriage to actress Grace Gummer, after a year of dating. Lawsuit In 2017, Lastrada Entertainment claimed that \"Uptown Funk\" infringed the copyright of Zapp & Roger's 1980 hit song \"More Bounce to the Ounce\". A total of three lawsuits had been filed by different parties.", "A total of three lawsuits had been filed by different parties. Discography Here Comes the Fuzz (2003) Version (2007) Record Collection (with The Business Intl.)", "Discography Here Comes the Fuzz (2003) Version (2007) Record Collection (with The Business Intl.) (2010) Uptown Special (2015) Late Night Feelings (2019) Filmography Zoolander (2001) – Himself Amy (2015) – Himself Gaga: Five Foot Two (2017) – Himself Spies in Disguise (2019) – Agency Control Room Technician (cameo) Videos Ronson created a video, along with directors Gary Breslin and Jordan Galland, called Circuit Breaker, which was an homage to the video game The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past.", "(2010) Uptown Special (2015) Late Night Feelings (2019) Filmography Zoolander (2001) – Himself Amy (2015) – Himself Gaga: Five Foot Two (2017) – Himself Spies in Disguise (2019) – Agency Control Room Technician (cameo) Videos Ronson created a video, along with directors Gary Breslin and Jordan Galland, called Circuit Breaker, which was an homage to the video game The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past. In 2001, Ronson appeared in the Aaliyah music video \"More Than a Woman\" as a DJ.", "In 2001, Ronson appeared in the Aaliyah music video \"More Than a Woman\" as a DJ. On 30 July 2021, the documentary series Watch the Sound with Mark Ronson was released on Apple TV+. Production discography Adapted from AllMusic. Bold denotes a commercial single.", "Bold denotes a commercial single. Bold denotes a commercial single. Other singles 1997: Posse-O – \"It's Up to You...\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Heatin' Up\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Rhymes to Bust\" / \"It's Your Right\"* 2002: J-Live – \"School's In\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"City Rules\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"She's Got Me\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"These Days\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"Brand New\"* 2007: Candie Payne – \"One More Chance\"* 2007: Bob Dylan – \"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) (Mark Ronson Re-version)\"* 2008: Leon Jean-Marie – \"Bed of Nails\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Never Miss a Beat\"* 2008: Wiley – \"Cash in My Pocket\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Good Days Bad Days\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Change\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Red\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Impossible\" 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Out of the Game\"* 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Jericho\"* 2013: Giggs – \"(Is It Gangsta?)", "Other singles 1997: Posse-O – \"It's Up to You...\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Heatin' Up\"* 1998: Powerule – \"Rhymes to Bust\" / \"It's Your Right\"* 2002: J-Live – \"School's In\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"City Rules\"* 2004: Daniel Merriweather – \"She's Got Me\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"These Days\"* 2005: Rhymefest – \"Brand New\"* 2007: Candie Payne – \"One More Chance\"* 2007: Bob Dylan – \"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine) (Mark Ronson Re-version)\"* 2008: Leon Jean-Marie – \"Bed of Nails\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Never Miss a Beat\"* 2008: Wiley – \"Cash in My Pocket\"* 2008: Kaiser Chiefs – \"Good Days Bad Days\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Change\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Red\"* 2009: Daniel Merriweather – \"Impossible\" 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Out of the Game\"* 2012: Rufus Wainwright – \"Jericho\"* 2013: Giggs – \"(Is It Gangsta?) Yes Yes Yes\"* 2015: Duran Duran featuring Janelle Monáe and Nile Rodgers – \"Pressure Off\"* 2016: Various Artists – \"Hands\"* 2018: Michael Jackson - \"Diamonds Are Invincible\"* (Mash-Up) 2018: Silk City - \"Electricity\"* featuring Dua Lipa, Diplo and Mark Ronson 2018: Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper – \"Shallow\"* 2020: Troye Sivan featuring Kacey Musgraves and Mark Ronson - \"Easy\"* Awards and nominations References External links Mark Ronson and Boy George 1975 births 20th-century English musicians 21st-century English musicians Allido Records artists APRA Award winners British Ashkenazi Jews Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters Brit Award winners British alternative rock musicians British hip hop DJs Collegiate School (New York) alumni English DJs DJs from London English emigrants to the United States English people of Austrian-Jewish descent English people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent English people of Russian-Jewish descent English multi-instrumentalists English record producers English songwriters Golden Globe Award-winning musicians Grammy Award winners Hip hop record producers Jewish English musicians Jewish hip hop record producers Jewish singers Living people People from Notting Hill People from the Upper West Side M Mark Ronson Silk City (duo) members Sony Music UK artists The Flip Squad members Tisch School of the Arts alumni" ]