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nature-family-CC-papers

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train · 6.17k rows

choices sequencelengths 4 4	answer stringlengths 1 153	question_type stringclasses 1 value	question stringlengths 1 2.13k
[ "new york", "ayers rock", "seattle", "denver" ]	ayers rock	mmlu	It was hot during Christmas in
[ "they will become smarter", "they will become tubbier", "they will become lighter", "they will become shorter" ]	they will become tubbier	mmlu	if a person takes in more food than their body needs at the time, what happens?
[ "trunk", "friends", "leaves", "location" ]	trunk	mmlu	Sycamores have the worlds largest
[ "sitting indoors", "holding a wheel", "reading a book", "laying in bed" ]	holding a wheel	mmlu	If a person is navigating then they are most likely
[ "They show unconformities, which signal changes in deposition.", "They hold index fossils, which are used to date the different ice cores.", "They contain evidence showing changes in the atmospheric composition over time.", "They follow the Law of Superposition, which gives reasons for extinctions of species." ]	They contain evidence showing changes in the atmospheric composition over time.	mmlu	Which best describes how ice cores are important to the study of geologic history?
[ "sensitive nose", "soft fur", "elongated ears", "long feet" ]	elongated ears	mmlu	If a rabbit hears a distant sound clearly, it can be attributed to its
[ "It is the start of the Olympics", "Cats come out of the crack", "Jimmy may need to move", "A magical god comes out" ]	Jimmy may need to move	mmlu	What might happen in an Earthquake?
[ "Pizza", "Lollipops", "Candles", "French beans" ]	French beans	mmlu	Greenhouses are great for plants like
[ "everything is aerial", "exerting occurred", "balls are birds", "soccer takes wing" ]	exerting occurred	mmlu	As a soccer ball goes flying through the air, the person watching it knows that the reason is because
[ "giraffes", "cats", "cattle", "hydrangea" ]	hydrangea	mmlu	Which stores sustenance in the seed form?
[ "air", "audio speakers", "candles", "grass" ]	audio speakers	mmlu	An example of electrical energy is
[ "light edibles", "dirt", "solar heat", "sunbeams" ]	sunbeams	mmlu	A reflector is used to reflect
[ "a person", "a vision", "a thought process", "long passages" ]	long passages	mmlu	Blood gets directed around beneath skin and bone by
[ "my head windows", "a building", "air", "the sun" ]	my head windows	mmlu	My dad gave me
[ "Seven", "under energy", "zero pollutants", "moon" ]	zero pollutants	mmlu	Another term for wind energy is clean energy because the wind and air contains
[ "it can sense whales nearby", "it can sense toys around", "it is getting tired", "it can sense something using the olfactory" ]	it can sense something using the olfactory	mmlu	If a dog is hunting, then
[ "plastic", "stone", "plants", "swords" ]	swords	mmlu	what is an electrical energy conductor?
[ "planet", "bus", "page", "locale" ]	locale	mmlu	seed dispersal is when the seeds of a plant are moved from the plant to a new what?
[ "mid-life crisis", "mutation", "fashion sense", "diet" ]	mutation	mmlu	Breaking free from it's cocoon is the last part it's
[ "Light", "Wind", "Speed", "Sound" ]	Sound	mmlu	Air is considered to be a vehicle for..?
[ "a decrease in the population of sheep with dark wool", "a decrease in the population of sheep with light wool", "an increase in the population of sheep with dark wool", "an increase in the population of sheep with light wool" ]	a decrease in the population of sheep with light wool	mmlu	Sheep Challenge Evolution A species of sheep lives on the Scottish island of Hirta. Hirta has plenty of grass for the sheep to eat, and no natural predators of the sheep live on the island. Some sheep have dark wool, and some have light wool. The sheep with dark wool tend to be much larger and stronger than the sheep with light wool. However, researchers have found that in the last 20 years, the sheep with light wool have increased in number. Usually, strength and size help animals survive and breed. A new sheep predator is introduced to the island. Which change to the sheep population will most likely occur first?
[ "organisms with roots", "volcanoes", "rainbows", "oxygen tanks" ]	organisms with roots	mmlu	Mammals can breathe thanks to
[ "April", "today", "this week", "2018" ]	April	mmlu	The moon looks different in different parts of
[ "vibrant", "mineral", "dead", "decaying" ]	vibrant	mmlu	Poison causes harm to what things?
[ "rush forward faster than before", "wind is unable to affect car speed", "move forward instead of sideways", "maintain speed and direction" ]	rush forward faster than before	mmlu	As the wind is blowing on the back of a car with a strong gust, the car will
[ "ceases its ability to grow", "will cause it to grown 10x bigger", "will decrease the likelihood of deforestation", "will cause the tree to flourish" ]	ceases its ability to grow	mmlu	Cutting down a tree
[ "spider", "crab", "squid", "tilapia" ]	tilapia	mmlu	Which would an alligator eat
[ "eat marshmallows", "burn bridges", "eat cats", "create sugars" ]	create sugars	mmlu	A deer eats plants, which are producers, and they also
[ "it doubles in length", "it melts into a puddle", "a current can reach further", "it breaks in half" ]	a current can reach further	mmlu	A live copper wire is touched to anther copper wire end to end
[ "dark pips", "good taste", "coco pebbles", "red fruit" ]	dark pips	mmlu	A person who wants to eat a watermelon may consider spitting out its
[ "in densely covered wilderness", "outside of grassy areas", "in largely populated parks", "near cabins in small towns" ]	in densely covered wilderness	mmlu	While deer may be found in many varied locations, they mostly make their home
[ "has croaked", "has money", "has health", "has flown" ]	has croaked	mmlu	An organism passes from the world and so it
[ "boom", "grow", "cease", "increase" ]	cease	mmlu	A person makes dresses and everyone in a location buys them. Once everyone has bought a dress, the dress sales
[ "stand out among their piers", "avoid being a meal", "look stylish for others", "stay warm in the winter" ]	avoid being a meal	mmlu	In the natural world, camouflage is used by animals to
[ "holding an electrified fence can kill you", "electricity is unable to conduct well through rubber shoe soles", "sticking a fork into an electrical outlet is safe if it is plastic", "electricity is a volatile thing" ]	holding an electrified fence can kill you	mmlu	How can it be shown that an electrical conductor is a vehicle for the flow of electricity?
[ "magic creatures move it", "someone goes to the zoo", "a large gust passes", "people wish for it" ]	a large gust passes	mmlu	A person has sand in their shoe from the beach, and they dump the sand out at their doorstep many miles away. The sand could end up back on that beach if
[ "mountains", "crater", "buildings", "surface" ]	mountains	mmlu	You can see further from which of these locations on the moon?
[ "show ribs", "hunt more", "have pups", "take naps" ]	show ribs	mmlu	If a wolf is unable to catch prey reliably, the wolf will
[ "less animals around", "too much food", "destruction", "better food" ]	destruction	mmlu	Small animals will leave their habitat and look for new shelter when there is a
[ "deducts from population total", "leads to phoenix-like rebirth", "adds to the population total", "leads to population growth" ]	deducts from population total	mmlu	Death
[ "good", "inherited", "learned", "bad" ]	inherited	mmlu	a wren building a home is an example of what type of behavior
[ "nitrogen rich top soil", "giant hills of tiny beads", "the raw materiel that makes glass", "small groups of parasites" ]	the raw materiel that makes glass	mmlu	Sand dunes are made of
[ "Merriam's elk", "bison", "llama", "whooping crane" ]	Merriam's elk	mmlu	Which of the following has a population of zero?
[ "vampire bats", "flying squirrels", "lesser whitethroats", "coyotes" ]	lesser whitethroats	mmlu	Which of these lays eggs?
[ "lessen", "skyrocket", "rise", "grow" ]	lessen	mmlu	If an organism dies then the population of that organism will what?
[ "a hawk", "a mouse", "a flower", "a mushroom" ]	a mushroom	mmlu	Which is an example of a decomposer?
[ "smoke stacks", "littering", "shorter showers", "car travel" ]	shorter showers	mmlu	Which would be a good example of conservation?
[ "hardness", "shape", "size", "temperature" ]	hardness	mmlu	Which of the following properties provides the BEST way to identify a mineral?
[ "people", "salty biscuits", "fires", "saline liquids" ]	saline liquids	mmlu	The ocean contains large amounts of what?
[ "They change chemical energy into kinetic energy.", "They change solar energy into chemical energy.", "They change wind energy into heat energy.", "They change mechanical energy into solar energy." ]	They change solar energy into chemical energy.	mmlu	Giant redwood trees change energy from one form to another. How is energy changed by the trees?
[ "a cable", "an oven", "gasoline", "a person" ]	a cable	mmlu	A light bulb turns on when it receives energy from
[ "causes massive weight loss", "causes the number on the scale to go up", "boosts the immune system", "causes the number on the scale to go down" ]	causes the number on the scale to go up	mmlu	Overeating
[ "It is needed to change glucose to energy.", "It is needed to store nutrients.", "It is needed to repair tissue.", "It is needed to produce water." ]	It is needed to repair tissue.	mmlu	Why is protein an important part of a healthy diet?
[ "eat a little meat daily", "never eat any plants", "eat meat now and then", "only eat things that grow out of the ground" ]	only eat things that grow out of the ground	mmlu	An herbivore will
[ "Buildings", "Cars", "Space", "Cats" ]	Cats	mmlu	If we cut down trees from the rainforest what will suffer more?
[ "grass", "whales", "hoppers", "apples" ]	hoppers	mmlu	Eagles eat what?
[ "gain tourism", "have tea", "become clean", "slide away" ]	slide away	mmlu	Seasonal water fall in Columbia causes whole towns to
[ "plant another", "Draw one", "climb one", "do nothing" ]	plant another	mmlu	If a tree in your backyard rots away for is knocked over by the wind, you can just
[ "eats some seeds", "eats a sandbar", "eats some seaweed", "eats an eel" ]	eats an eel	mmlu	A shark is looking for a quick bite, so it
[ "thunder and lightning indicate that there will be acid rain", "wind indicates a chance of rain", "fire indicates that there will be rain", "thunder and lightning indicate a great chance of rain" ]	thunder and lightning indicate a great chance of rain	mmlu	Which of the following is likely to be true?
[ "human assisted space travel", "the quick growth of bamboo", "cats digging with their claws", "the slow growth of mammals" ]	the quick growth of bamboo	mmlu	Which most likely requires the aid of specialized tissues at the ends of stems?
[ "when coal is turned into heat energy", "when fossil fuels are used by cars", "when Styrofoam plates are turned into trash", "when old Pepsi bottles are turned into t-shirts" ]	when old Pepsi bottles are turned into t-shirts	mmlu	Recycling happens
[ "bogs", "logs", "pogs", "dogs" ]	dogs	mmlu	Which can view an ocean?
[ "high tide", "4 million seconds", "solar cycle", "week" ]	solar cycle	mmlu	Twenty four hours contains one
[ "cause droughts", "cause thriving populations", "cause rosacea", "cause upset stomach" ]	cause upset stomach	mmlu	Some bacteria are beneficial and some bacteria
[ "alligator", "frog", "lizard", "turtle" ]	frog	mmlu	Which of the following animals goes through metamorphosis?
[ "global eclipse", "lunar eclipse", "twilight", "solar eclipse" ]	solar eclipse	mmlu	a full moon will block which of these
[ "something from space entered the atmosphere", "a lizard built the hole", "the moon's gravity pulled sand out of the hole", "a dust storm filled it in" ]	something from space entered the atmosphere	mmlu	A 40 foot wide hole is found in the dessert. It's shaped like a ball had hit it. What could have happened?
[ "season of the year", "Moon's changing appearance", "direction of the wind", "arrival of a severe storm" ]	season of the year	mmlu	The number of daylight hours in New York State changes with the
[ "daffodil", "wolf", "rabbit", "deer" ]	daffodil	mmlu	If a thing creates sugars in a natural system, then it is likely a
[ "discount store", "lawyer", "catalog", "pharmacy" ]	pharmacy	mmlu	People commonly have bad reactions to what they get from a
[ "Stem cuttings are placed in water and grow roots.", "Seeds are produced from the flower of the plant.", "Underground stems from a plant grow into new plants.", "A leaf falls to the soil, develops roots, and grows." ]	Seeds are produced from the flower of the plant.	mmlu	Which statement describes a method of sexual reproduction that occurs in plants?
[ "hues show up", "fields are burned", "trees blow up", "mice grow up" ]	hues show up	mmlu	If a sunbeam shoots through a rainstorm,
[ "seeds sprout better on the ground", "smooth seeds need water to reach other islands", "the seeds have a thick, sticky coating with hooks", "scavengers also hunt for seeds with mucousy coatings" ]	the seeds have a thick, sticky coating with hooks	mmlu	It's quite common for birds feeding on seeds from flowering trees in some tropical waters to get weighed down, pricked and even entangled in the branches because
[ "magic", "smoothies", "my feelings", "my anger" ]	smoothies	mmlu	If I wanted to get more nutrients in my body I could consume
[ "crystals.", "igneous.", "sedimentary.", "metamorphic." ]	sedimentary.	mmlu	Rocks that contain fragments of bones, shells, and plant remains are most likely
[ "propagate", "stagnate", "crash", "stall" ]	propagate	mmlu	If a lake begins to overflow after swelling from a storm, species within that water source likely
[ "pressing a button", "singing to it", "making a face", "crossing their fingers" ]	pressing a button	mmlu	A person wants to turn on an MP3 player, so they complete a circuit by
[ "her mom was very old", "his hair is blonde", "her arms are wide", "his ancestors had the same" ]	his ancestors had the same	mmlu	If a bear has thick legs fur, then
[ "mountains", "cheese", "the lunar rover", "large lakes" ]	mountains	mmlu	What can be found on the lunar surface and has been there for thousands or millions of years?
[ "ice", "combining vulotile ingredients", "soap and water", "force" ]	combining vulotile ingredients	mmlu	Molecular bounds are broken by
[ "a piece of gum", "a slurpy at the cafeteria", "an ice cream cone", "a large metamorphic rock" ]	a large metamorphic rock	mmlu	in the presence heat, which of these comes about?
[ "heat", "chemical", "magnetic", "light" ]	heat	mmlu	When igneous rock is changed into metamorphic rock, which form of energy is this process?
[ "free from wetness", "free of chunks", "free from governments", "free from ice" ]	free of chunks	mmlu	A person may use water from a treatment plant so that it is
[ "the Sahara desert", "the Iraqi Desert", "the Gobi Desert", "Kansas" ]	Kansas	mmlu	Where would a sand dune be out of the ordinary?
[ "Light", "Energy", "Heat", "Nutrients)" ]	Light	mmlu	The sun is a source of which, first and foremost?
[ "their speed of movement", "the size of their communities", "how they obtain food", "how they reproduce" ]	how they obtain food	mmlu	Living things are classified as producers or consumers according to
[ "construction", "Violent tremors", "earthworms", "tornados" ]	Violent tremors	mmlu	What causes rock layers to fold on top of each other?
[ "gas layers", "plains", "oceans", "time" ]	gas layers	mmlu	A plane travels through what?
[ "smooth", "made of cheese", "full of gold", "mountainous" ]	mountainous	mmlu	The topography of our only natural satellite's surface is
[ "circumference of a head", "the contents of a wine jar", "the length of a pen", "the width of a window" ]	the contents of a wine jar	mmlu	which of these could be measured in mL?
[ "shuffle sunlight with mirrors", "direct sunlight with cones", "direct others with glass", "direct shades with hands" ]	shuffle sunlight with mirrors	mmlu	A person wants to signal to another person, but is lacking a flashlight. They can
[ "an iron nail", "a metal nail", "a steel nail", "all of these" ]	all of these	mmlu	which of these would make an ideal object to drive in with a hammer?
[ "bees in skies", "vitamins in dirt", "trees in fields", "snakes on planes" ]	vitamins in dirt	mmlu	The more that worms make their way through compost, the more
[ "cardboard", "paint", "buses", "birds" ]	buses	mmlu	Reflectors are used to reflect light on
[ "A feather", "A brush", "A pillow", "A zipper" ]	A zipper	mmlu	What object would be most attracted to a magnet?
[ "visibility will be improved", "visibility will be compromised", "difference will be lacking", "all of these" ]	visibility will be improved	mmlu	can a kid with a new binoculars see a friend standing in a distance better or worse?
[ "be sure to keep their trashcan tightly closed and secured", "leave more scraps out for the raccoon", "be sure to put out some water so the raccoon is super healthy", "put loose food scraps in the trashcan" ]	be sure to keep their trashcan tightly closed and secured	mmlu	If a person has an unwanted raccoon rifling thru their trash they should
[ "shirk", "illuminate", "shrink", "die" ]	illuminate	mmlu	A glass item will do this when power is fed to it.
[ "lack enough fluid to grow", "cart essential substances around", "are unessential for health", "keep the body healthy" ]	cart essential substances around	mmlu	Veins carry blood which means that they

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Text dataset of Nature family journals

About

A scientific document dataset was constructed using open-access papers published by Springer Nature (https://www.springernature.com/). We focused on several journals under the Creative Commons License, including Nature Communications, npj Computational Materials, Nature Computational Science, Communications Chemistry, Communications Materials, and Scientific Reports. From these sources, we collected approximately 65,000 papers published between the 2010s and 2023, containing keywords such as chemistry, synthesis, molecule, polymer, material, and device.
License
- Articles are distributed under the Creative Commons family license
  - e.g., CC 4.0, CC BY-ND 4.0, ...
  - Please check raw_data/ref_list.json for each license of the papers
Files
- raw_data folder
  - ref_list.json
    - Raw text data of articles
      - About 65k papers
      - Each record has 'License', 'abstract', 'author', 'bib', 'doi', 'info', 'main', 'other', 'title', and 'ref_id' information.
  - context_list.json
    - List of introduction part of the articles
  - formatted_questions.json
    - List of automatically generated questions for some introduction texts
- database folder
  - target: texts that are related to the evaluation data
    - instruct_eng: test questions and answers
    - abst_eng: abstract
    - dconcn_eng: conclusion
    - intro_eng: introduction
    - intro_esp_ger_ita: automatically translated introduction
      NOTE: Texts with CC BY-ND license are excluded because distribution of translated ones is not allowed
  - irrelevant 1,2: texts that are not related to the evaluation data
- smallDB folder
  - Formatted datasets used for our paper
    - qa.json: test questions and answer keywords
    - context_ig_paraphrase_plus_oa: context text, their style-changed versions, and irrelevant texts included in "irrelevant 1,2"

license: cc language: - en

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Text dataset of Nature family journals

About

NOTE: Texts with CC BY-ND license are excluded because distribution of translated ones is not allowed

license: cc language: - en