jinulee-v/entailmentbank-stepwise · Datasets at Hugging Face

premises sequencelengths 1 4	conclusion stringlengths 17 156	label stringclasses 1 value
[ "the sun rising / setting occurs once per day.", "the sun rising is a kind of event.", "the sun setting is a kind of event." ]	the sun rising and setting is the event that occurs once per day.	True
[ "a star produces light and heat.", "a source of something emits / produces / generates / provides that something." ]	a star is a source of light.	True
[ "as the source of light becomes closer, that source of light will appear brighter.", "distance is a property of space and includes ordered values of close / far.", "a star is a source of light." ]	as the distance of the star to earth decreases, the star will appear brighter.	True
[ "a star is a kind of celestial object / celestial body.", "apparent magnitude is a measure of the brightness of a celestial object / celestial body as observed on earth." ]	apparent magnitude is a measure of the brightness of a star as observed on earth.	True
[ "united states is located in the northern hemisphere.", "new york / new york state is a state located in the united states of america." ]	new york state is located in the northern hemisphere.	True
[ "december is during the winter in the northern hemisphere.", "new york state is located in the northern hemisphere." ]	december is during the winter for new york state.	True
[ "winter has the least sunlight.", "december is during the winter for new york state." ]	new york state has the least sunlight during december.	True
[ "earth is a kind of planet.", "the earth rotates on its tilted axis." ]	earth is a planet that rotates on its tilted axis.	True
[ "earth is a planet that rotates on its tilted axis.", "rotation is the circular movement of an object around a center / axis.", "a planet rotating causes cycles of day and night on that planet." ]	earth rotating on its axis causes the cycle of day and night on earth.	True
[ "gradens contain plants.", "gardens are located outside." ]	the plants in the gardens are located outside.	True
[ "the plants in the gardens are located outside.", "if something is outside during the day then that something will receive sunlight." ]	the plants in the gardens will receive sunlight during the day.	True
[ "the plants in the gardens will receive sunlight during the day.", "a plant requires sunlight to grow." ]	the plants in the gardens will receive sunlight to grow during the day.	True
[ "the plants in the gardens will receive sunlight to grow during the day.", "summer has the most sunlight." ]	the plants in the gardens will receive the most sunlight in summer to grow during the day.	True
[ "andy lives in southern hemisphere.", "it is august.", "august is during the winter in the southern hemisphere." ]	andy will experience winter in southern hemisphere in august.	True
[ "the sun is a kind of star.", "the earth revolves around the sun.", "earth is a kind of planet." ]	earth revolving the sun is an example of a planet revolving around its star.	True
[ "a complete revolution / orbit of a planet around its star takes 1 / one planetary year.", "earth revolving the sun is an example of a planet revolving around its star." ]	a complete revolution of earth around the sun takes an earth year.	True
[ "earth is a kind of planet.", "earth rotating on its tilted axis occurs once per day." ]	the earth is a planet that rotates on its tilted axis once per day.	True
[ "a planet rotating causes cycles of day and night on that planet.", "the earth is a planet that rotates on its tilted axis once per day." ]	the earth rotating on its tilted axis causes the cycles of day and night on earth.	True
[ "mercury is located in the solar system.", "mercury is a kind of planet." ]	mercury is a planet in the solar system.	True
[ "mercury is a planet in the solar system.", "planets in the solar system orbit the sun." ]	mercury is a planet orbits the sun in the solar system.	True
[ "a complete revolution / orbit of a planet around its star takes 1 / one planetary year.", "mercury is a planet orbits the sun in the solar system." ]	a complete orbit of mercury around the sun takes one mercury year.	True
[ "a complete orbit of mercury around the sun takes one mercury year.", "one mercury year is about 88 earth days." ]	a complete orbit of mercury around the sun takes around 88 earth days.	True
[ "the new moon is when the dark half of the moon faces the earth.", "the new moon is when the moon is in between the sun and the earth." ]	the new moon is when the moon could block the earth from the sun.	True
[ "a solar eclipse is when the moon blocks the earth from the sun.", "the new moon is when the moon could block the earth from the sun." ]	a solar eclipse could only happen during the new moon.	True
[ "objects generally are made of ice in the kuiper belt.", "icy can be used to describe objects that are made of ice." ]	objects in kuiper belt are icy.	True
[ "a comet orbit occurs usually once per 1000 years.", "a comet is a kind of celestial object.", "comet orbits are elliptical." ]	comets are the kind of celestial object that has a highly elliptical orbit and has a period of over 1000 years.	True
[ "the milky way galaxy appears as a glowing band across the night sky.", "a student observes a glowing band across the night sky." ]	the student observes the milky way galaxy at night.	True
[ "looking at bright objects has a negative impact on the eyes.", "the moon is less bright than the sun." ]	looking at the moon has less of a negative impact on the eyes.	True
[ "the surface of the earth contains mountains.", "the surface of the moon contains mountains." ]	both the surface of the moon and the surface of the earth contain mountains.	True
[ "the asteroid belt is located between mars and jupiter.", "the asteroid belt contains the largest concentration of asteroids in the solar system." ]	the asteroid belt that contains the most asteroids is located between mars and jupiter.	True
[ "the sun is average in temperature for a star in our galaxy.", "the sun is average in size for a star in our galaxy." ]	the sun is average in siza and average in temperature in our galaxy.	True
[ "as the mass of a celestial object decreases, the surface gravity of that celestial object weakens.", "as the force of gravity decreases, the weight of the object will decrease." ]	as the mass of a celestial object decreases, the weight of an object on that celestial object will decrease.	True
[ "the earth has more mass than the moon.", "as the mass of a celestial object decreases, the weight of an object on that celestial object will decrease." ]	an object weighs more on earth than on the moon because earth has more mass than the moon.	True
[ "less is the opposite of more.", "an object weighs more on earth than on the moon because earth has more mass than the moon." ]	an object will weigh less on the moon than on the earth because the moon has less mass than the earth.	True
[ "an astronaut is a kind of object.", "an object will weigh less on the moon than on the earth because the moon has less mass than the earth." ]	an astronaut will weigh less on the moon than on earth because the moon has less mass than the earth.	True
[ "using a telescope to photograph solar events requires a light filter.", "a solar flare is a kind of solar event.", "a solar prominence is a kind of solar event." ]	using a telescope to photograph a solar prominence and a solar flare requires a light filter.	True
[ "if something is required for something else then that something allows that something else.", "detailed observation of celestial objects requires a telescope." ]	telescopes allow the detailed observation of celestial objects.	True
[ "telescopes allow the detailed observation of celestial objects.", "a planet is a kind of celestial object / celestial body." ]	telescopes allow the detailed observation of planets.	True
[ "the earth revolves around the sun.", "gravity causes orbits." ]	gravity causes the earth to revolve around the sun.	True
[ "gravity causes orbits.", "the moon orbits the earth." ]	gravity causes the moon to orbit the earth.	True
[ "gravity causes the moon to orbit the earth.", "gravity causes the earth to revolve around the sun." ]	gravity causes both the orbit of the earth around the sun and the orbit of the moon around the earth.	True
[ "spring tide is when the distance between high tide and low tide is the greatest.", "spring tides occur during a full moon." ]	the highest tides occur during a full moon.	True
[ "marine fossils means fossils of marine animals.", "marine animals are water animals." ]	marine fossils are fossils of water animals.	True
[ "marine fossils are fossils of water animals.", "marine fossils are found in mountains." ]	fossils of water animals are found in mountains.	True
[ "fossils of water animals are found in mountains.", "if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past." ]	the mountains used to be covered by water in the past.	True
[ "a mountain is a kind of environment.", "the mountains used to be covered by water in the past.", "if something used to be in the past then that something has changed.", "a body of water is a kind of environment." ]	the environment has changed from a body of water to mountains.	True
[ "environments are found on the crustal surface of earth.", "the environment has changed from a body of water to mountains." ]	the environments on the crustal surface of earth have changed from a body of water to mountains.	True
[ "organisms remains can be preserved in sedimentary rock.", "fossils are the remains of organisms or part of organisms." ]	fossils are mostly found in sedimentary rock.	True
[ "a mineral usually has a crystal structure.", "a quartz is made of six-sided transparent crystals." ]	quartz is a kind of mineral.	True
[ "different classes of rocks are formed by different methods.", "class is a measure of how a rock is formed." ]	the method by which a rock is formed can be used to classify rocks.	True
[ "the origin of a rock means the method by which a rock is formed.", "the method by which a rock is formed can be used to classify rocks." ]	the origin of rocks can be used to classify rocks.	True
[ "rock formation can be used to study the history of rocks on earth.", "the formation of something is a kind of process." ]	studying rock formations can mean studying the history and processes of earth.	True
[ "structural geologists study rock formations.", "studying rock formations can mean studying the history and processes of earth." ]	structural geologists study the history and processes of earth.	True
[ "how earth's environment changed is a part of the history of earth's environment.", "fossils can be used to study the history of organisms and environments on earth." ]	studying fossils in rock formations can mean studying the history and processes of earth.	True
[ "studying fossils in rock formations can mean studying the history and processes of earth.", "paleontologists study fossils in rock formations." ]	paleontologists study the history and processes of earth.	True
[ "structural geologists study the history and processes of earth.", "paleontologists study the history and processes of earth." ]	structural geologists and paleontologists both study the history and processes of earth.	True
[ "metamorphic rocks do not contain fossils.", "nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock." ]	fossils are lost / destroyed when sedimentary rock changes to metamorphic rock.	True
[ "if fossils are destroyed in rock transition, then there will be gaps in the fossil record.", "fossils are lost / destroyed when sedimentary rock changes to metamorphic rock." ]	sedimentary rock changing to metamorphic rock causes gaps in the fossil record.	True
[ "heat is a kind of energy.", "metamorphic rocks are formed by rocks being exposed to extreme heat and pressure." ]	heat energy can change igneous rock into metamorphic rock.	True
[ "a tree is a kind of habitat.", "cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest." ]	cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of habitat to decrease.	True
[ "an animal requires a habitat for survival.", "cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of habitat to decrease." ]	cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of habitat required by animals for survival to decrease.	True
[ "humans changing ecosystems usually has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem.", "humans building homes in an ecosystem causes that ecosystem to change." ]	humans building homes in an ecosystem has a negative impact on an ecosystem and organisms living in the ecosystem.	True
[ "a wetland is a kind of ecosystem.", "humans building homes in an ecosystem has a negative impact on an ecosystem and organisms living in the ecosystem." ]	humans building homes in a wetland has a negative impact on a wetland and organisms living in the wetland.	True
[ "if an animal eats other animals for food, then the animal will be the predator.", "tuna eat fish." ]	tuna is a kind of predator.	True
[ "tuna is a kind of fish.", "tuna is a kind of predator." ]	tuna is a kind of predatory fish.	True
[ "commercial harvesting from the ocean has caused populations of large predatory fish to decrease.", "tuna is a kind of predatory fish." ]	commercial harvesting from the ocean has caused the populations of tuna to decrease.	True
[ "an organism becoming extinct causes a change in the organism's food web.", "a change in a food web can cause damage to an ecosystem." ]	extinctions of organisms can cause damage to an ecosystem by changing the food web.	True
[ "california is located on the boundary of two tectonic plates.", "earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries.", "massachusetts is not located on the boundary of two tectonic plates." ]	earthquakes are more likely to occur in california than in massachusetts.	True
[ "the oceanic plate is a kind of tectonic plate.", "the subduction of tectonic plates may cause magma to surface from underneath." ]	the subduction of an oceanic plate may cause magma to surface from underneath.	True
[ "the subduction of an oceanic plate may cause magma to surface from underneath.", "magma cools down when it comes to the surface from underneath." ]	the subduction of an oceanic plate will cause magma to surface and cool down.	True
[ "magma cooling can form volcanic mountains.", "the subduction of an oceanic plate will cause magma to surface and cool down." ]	the subduction of an oceanic plate can form volcanic mountians.	True
[ "emitting sulfur dioxide causes acid rain.", "volcanic ash in the atmosphere decreases the temperature by blocking the sun.", "an erupting volcano releases sulfur gas and ash into the atmosphere." ]	a volcanic eruption can cause acid rain and decrease the temperature.	True
[ "europe was unusally cold and had acid rain in 1783.", "a volcanic eruption can cause acid rain and decrease the temperature." ]	a volcanic eruption may have happened to cause the cold weather and acid rain.	True
[ "the earth's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass.", "most means over 50% of something." ]	the earth's atmosphere is made of mostly nitrogen.	True
[ "most means over 50% of something.", "oceans cover 70% of the surface of the earth." ]	oceans cover most of earth's surface.	True
[ "an ocean is a kind of body of water.", "oceans cover most of earth's surface." ]	water covers most of earth's surface.	True
[ "oceans contain most of earth's water.", "water is made of hydrogen and oxygen." ]	ocean water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.	True
[ "oxygen is more common than hydrogen on earth.", "ocean water is made of hydrogen and oxygen." ]	oxygen is the most common element found in the compounds that make up ocean water.	True
[ "if something is permeable, then the water will flow through something easily.", "soil is permeable." ]	water will flow through soil easily.	True
[ "color of the soil can be used to indicate the soil component.", "high humus content causes the soil to be brown.", "brown is a kind of color." ]	if the soil has high humus content, then the soil will be brown in color.	True
[ "mountains can cause the water in the air mass to condense.", "mountain is a kind of geographic obstacles." ]	mountain is the geographic obstacle that can cause the water in the air mass to condense.	True
[ "if something causes a process then that something is required for that process.", "condensation causes clouds to form." ]	condensation is required for clouds to form.	True
[ "erosion is when wind transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance.", "sand dunes / arches are formed by the wind transporting and depositing sand." ]	wind erosion can form sand dunes and arches.	True
[ "rain causes erosion.", "erosion sometimes decreases the amount of nutrients in soil." ]	rain can decrease the amount of nutrients in soil.	True
[ "as the availability of water decreases, the environment will become more dry.", "drought is when available water decreases in an environment." ]	drought causes the environment to be dry.	True
[ "drought causes the environment to be dry.", "dry conditions can cause fire." ]	drought may cause wildfires.	True
[ "drought may cause wildfires.", "a prairie is a kind of ecosystem." ]	drought may cause wildfires to a prairie.	True
[ "a barometer is a kind of instrument.", "a barometer is used to measure air pressure." ]	a barometer is an instrument used to measure air pressure.	True
[ "a property is a kind of information.", "temperature is a property of weather." ]	temperature is a kindof information about weather.	True
[ "temperature is a kindof information about weather.", "a thermometer is used to measure temperature." ]	a thermometer is used to measure the information about weather on temperature.	True
[ "a property is a kind of information.", "wind direction is a property of weather." ]	wind direction is a kind of information about weather.	True
[ "wind direction is a kind of information about weather.", "a station model is used for displaying information about weather in a particular point and time." ]	wind direction in a particular point and time is displayed in a station model.	True
[ "sleet is a kind of precipitation.", "hail is a kind of precipitation." ]	hail and sleet are different kinds of precipitation.	True
[ "when one kind of energy changes into another kind of energy, the total amount of energy is constant.", "energy transformation means one kind of energy changes into another kind of energy." ]	when energy transformation happens, the total amount of energy is constant.	True
[ "when energy transformation happens, the total amount of energy is constant.", "energy transformation means energy conversion." ]	when energy conversion happens, the total amount of energy is constant.	True
[ "solid is a kind of state of matter.", "heat energy can change the state of matter.", "liquid is a kind of state of matter." ]	heat can change a substance from a solid to liquid.	True
[ "melting means a substance changes from a solid into a liquid by increasing heat energy.", "heat can change a substance from a solid to liquid." ]	heat can cause a solid substance to melt.	True
[ "heat can cause a solid substance to melt.", "ice is a kind of solid." ]	heat can cause ice to melt.	True
[ "heat can cause ice to melt.", "the sun is a source of radiation / heat called sunlight." ]	the heat energy from the sunlight cause ice to melt.	True
[ "a wagon is a kind of vehicle.", "a vehicle is a kind of object." ]	a wagon is a kind of object.	True

[ "the sun rising / setting occurs once per day.", "the sun rising is a kind of event.", "the sun setting is a kind of event." ]

the sun rising and setting is the event that occurs once per day.

True

[ "a star produces light and heat.", "a source of something emits / produces / generates / provides that something." ]

a star is a source of light.

True

[ "as the source of light becomes closer, that source of light will appear brighter.", "distance is a property of space and includes ordered values of close / far.", "a star is a source of light." ]

as the distance of the star to earth decreases, the star will appear brighter.

True

[ "a star is a kind of celestial object / celestial body.", "apparent magnitude is a measure of the brightness of a celestial object / celestial body as observed on earth." ]

apparent magnitude is a measure of the brightness of a star as observed on earth.

True

[ "united states is located in the northern hemisphere.", "new york / new york state is a state located in the united states of america." ]

new york state is located in the northern hemisphere.

True

[ "december is during the winter in the northern hemisphere.", "new york state is located in the northern hemisphere." ]

december is during the winter for new york state.

True

[ "winter has the least sunlight.", "december is during the winter for new york state." ]

new york state has the least sunlight during december.

True

[ "earth is a kind of planet.", "the earth rotates on its tilted axis." ]

earth is a planet that rotates on its tilted axis.

True

[ "earth is a planet that rotates on its tilted axis.", "rotation is the circular movement of an object around a center / axis.", "a planet rotating causes cycles of day and night on that planet." ]

earth rotating on its axis causes the cycle of day and night on earth.

True

[ "gradens contain plants.", "gardens are located outside." ]

the plants in the gardens are located outside.

True

[ "the plants in the gardens are located outside.", "if something is outside during the day then that something will receive sunlight." ]

the plants in the gardens will receive sunlight during the day.

True

[ "the plants in the gardens will receive sunlight during the day.", "a plant requires sunlight to grow." ]

the plants in the gardens will receive sunlight to grow during the day.

True

[ "the plants in the gardens will receive sunlight to grow during the day.", "summer has the most sunlight." ]

the plants in the gardens will receive the most sunlight in summer to grow during the day.

True

[ "andy lives in southern hemisphere.", "it is august.", "august is during the winter in the southern hemisphere." ]

andy will experience winter in southern hemisphere in august.

True

[ "the sun is a kind of star.", "the earth revolves around the sun.", "earth is a kind of planet." ]

earth revolving the sun is an example of a planet revolving around its star.

True

[ "a complete revolution / orbit of a planet around its star takes 1 / one planetary year.", "earth revolving the sun is an example of a planet revolving around its star." ]

a complete revolution of earth around the sun takes an earth year.

True

[ "earth is a kind of planet.", "earth rotating on its tilted axis occurs once per day." ]

the earth is a planet that rotates on its tilted axis once per day.

True

[ "a planet rotating causes cycles of day and night on that planet.", "the earth is a planet that rotates on its tilted axis once per day." ]

the earth rotating on its tilted axis causes the cycles of day and night on earth.

True

[ "mercury is located in the solar system.", "mercury is a kind of planet." ]

mercury is a planet in the solar system.

True

[ "mercury is a planet in the solar system.", "planets in the solar system orbit the sun." ]

mercury is a planet orbits the sun in the solar system.

True

[ "a complete revolution / orbit of a planet around its star takes 1 / one planetary year.", "mercury is a planet orbits the sun in the solar system." ]

a complete orbit of mercury around the sun takes one mercury year.

True

[ "a complete orbit of mercury around the sun takes one mercury year.", "one mercury year is about 88 earth days." ]

a complete orbit of mercury around the sun takes around 88 earth days.

True

[ "the new moon is when the dark half of the moon faces the earth.", "the new moon is when the moon is in between the sun and the earth." ]

the new moon is when the moon could block the earth from the sun.

True

[ "a solar eclipse is when the moon blocks the earth from the sun.", "the new moon is when the moon could block the earth from the sun." ]

a solar eclipse could only happen during the new moon.

True

[ "objects generally are made of ice in the kuiper belt.", "icy can be used to describe objects that are made of ice." ]

objects in kuiper belt are icy.

True

[ "a comet orbit occurs usually once per 1000 years.", "a comet is a kind of celestial object.", "comet orbits are elliptical." ]

comets are the kind of celestial object that has a highly elliptical orbit and has a period of over 1000 years.

True

[ "the milky way galaxy appears as a glowing band across the night sky.", "a student observes a glowing band across the night sky." ]

the student observes the milky way galaxy at night.

True

[ "looking at bright objects has a negative impact on the eyes.", "the moon is less bright than the sun." ]

looking at the moon has less of a negative impact on the eyes.

True

[ "the surface of the earth contains mountains.", "the surface of the moon contains mountains." ]

both the surface of the moon and the surface of the earth contain mountains.

True

[ "the asteroid belt is located between mars and jupiter.", "the asteroid belt contains the largest concentration of asteroids in the solar system." ]

the asteroid belt that contains the most asteroids is located between mars and jupiter.

True

[ "the sun is average in temperature for a star in our galaxy.", "the sun is average in size for a star in our galaxy." ]

the sun is average in siza and average in temperature in our galaxy.

True

[ "as the mass of a celestial object decreases, the surface gravity of that celestial object weakens.", "as the force of gravity decreases, the weight of the object will decrease." ]

as the mass of a celestial object decreases, the weight of an object on that celestial object will decrease.

True

[ "the earth has more mass than the moon.", "as the mass of a celestial object decreases, the weight of an object on that celestial object will decrease." ]

an object weighs more on earth than on the moon because earth has more mass than the moon.

True

[ "less is the opposite of more.", "an object weighs more on earth than on the moon because earth has more mass than the moon." ]

an object will weigh less on the moon than on the earth because the moon has less mass than the earth.

True

[ "an astronaut is a kind of object.", "an object will weigh less on the moon than on the earth because the moon has less mass than the earth." ]

an astronaut will weigh less on the moon than on earth because the moon has less mass than the earth.

True

[ "using a telescope to photograph solar events requires a light filter.", "a solar flare is a kind of solar event.", "a solar prominence is a kind of solar event." ]

using a telescope to photograph a solar prominence and a solar flare requires a light filter.

True

[ "if something is required for something else then that something allows that something else.", "detailed observation of celestial objects requires a telescope." ]

telescopes allow the detailed observation of celestial objects.

True

[ "telescopes allow the detailed observation of celestial objects.", "a planet is a kind of celestial object / celestial body." ]

telescopes allow the detailed observation of planets.

True

[ "the earth revolves around the sun.", "gravity causes orbits." ]

gravity causes the earth to revolve around the sun.

True

[ "gravity causes orbits.", "the moon orbits the earth." ]

gravity causes the moon to orbit the earth.

True

[ "gravity causes the moon to orbit the earth.", "gravity causes the earth to revolve around the sun." ]

gravity causes both the orbit of the earth around the sun and the orbit of the moon around the earth.

True

[ "spring tide is when the distance between high tide and low tide is the greatest.", "spring tides occur during a full moon." ]

the highest tides occur during a full moon.

True

[ "marine fossils means fossils of marine animals.", "marine animals are water animals." ]

marine fossils are fossils of water animals.

True

[ "marine fossils are fossils of water animals.", "marine fossils are found in mountains." ]

fossils of water animals are found in mountains.

True

[ "fossils of water animals are found in mountains.", "if fossils of a water animal or plant are found in a place then that place used to be covered by water in the past." ]

the mountains used to be covered by water in the past.

True

[ "a mountain is a kind of environment.", "the mountains used to be covered by water in the past.", "if something used to be in the past then that something has changed.", "a body of water is a kind of environment." ]

the environment has changed from a body of water to mountains.

True

[ "environments are found on the crustal surface of earth.", "the environment has changed from a body of water to mountains." ]

the environments on the crustal surface of earth have changed from a body of water to mountains.

True

[ "organisms remains can be preserved in sedimentary rock.", "fossils are the remains of organisms or part of organisms." ]

fossils are mostly found in sedimentary rock.

True

[ "a mineral usually has a crystal structure.", "a quartz is made of six-sided transparent crystals." ]

quartz is a kind of mineral.

True

[ "different classes of rocks are formed by different methods.", "class is a measure of how a rock is formed." ]

the method by which a rock is formed can be used to classify rocks.

True

[ "the origin of a rock means the method by which a rock is formed.", "the method by which a rock is formed can be used to classify rocks." ]

the origin of rocks can be used to classify rocks.

True

[ "rock formation can be used to study the history of rocks on earth.", "the formation of something is a kind of process." ]

studying rock formations can mean studying the history and processes of earth.

True

[ "structural geologists study rock formations.", "studying rock formations can mean studying the history and processes of earth." ]

structural geologists study the history and processes of earth.

True

[ "how earth's environment changed is a part of the history of earth's environment.", "fossils can be used to study the history of organisms and environments on earth." ]

studying fossils in rock formations can mean studying the history and processes of earth.

True

[ "studying fossils in rock formations can mean studying the history and processes of earth.", "paleontologists study fossils in rock formations." ]

paleontologists study the history and processes of earth.

True

[ "structural geologists study the history and processes of earth.", "paleontologists study the history and processes of earth." ]

structural geologists and paleontologists both study the history and processes of earth.

True

[ "metamorphic rocks do not contain fossils.", "nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock." ]

fossils are lost / destroyed when sedimentary rock changes to metamorphic rock.

True

[ "if fossils are destroyed in rock transition, then there will be gaps in the fossil record.", "fossils are lost / destroyed when sedimentary rock changes to metamorphic rock." ]

sedimentary rock changing to metamorphic rock causes gaps in the fossil record.

True

[ "heat is a kind of energy.", "metamorphic rocks are formed by rocks being exposed to extreme heat and pressure." ]

heat energy can change igneous rock into metamorphic rock.

True

[ "a tree is a kind of habitat.", "cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of trees to decrease in that forest." ]

cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of habitat to decrease.

True

[ "an animal requires a habitat for survival.", "cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of habitat to decrease." ]

cutting down trees in a forest causes the number of habitat required by animals for survival to decrease.

True

[ "humans changing ecosystems usually has a negative impact on an ecosystem / organisms living in an ecosystem.", "humans building homes in an ecosystem causes that ecosystem to change." ]

humans building homes in an ecosystem has a negative impact on an ecosystem and organisms living in the ecosystem.

True

[ "a wetland is a kind of ecosystem.", "humans building homes in an ecosystem has a negative impact on an ecosystem and organisms living in the ecosystem." ]

humans building homes in a wetland has a negative impact on a wetland and organisms living in the wetland.

True

[ "if an animal eats other animals for food, then the animal will be the predator.", "tuna eat fish." ]

tuna is a kind of predator.

True

[ "tuna is a kind of fish.", "tuna is a kind of predator." ]

tuna is a kind of predatory fish.

True

[ "commercial harvesting from the ocean has caused populations of large predatory fish to decrease.", "tuna is a kind of predatory fish." ]

commercial harvesting from the ocean has caused the populations of tuna to decrease.

True

[ "an organism becoming extinct causes a change in the organism's food web.", "a change in a food web can cause damage to an ecosystem." ]

extinctions of organisms can cause damage to an ecosystem by changing the food web.

True

[ "california is located on the boundary of two tectonic plates.", "earthquakes are most common along tectonic plate boundaries.", "massachusetts is not located on the boundary of two tectonic plates." ]

earthquakes are more likely to occur in california than in massachusetts.

True

[ "the oceanic plate is a kind of tectonic plate.", "the subduction of tectonic plates may cause magma to surface from underneath." ]

the subduction of an oceanic plate may cause magma to surface from underneath.

True

[ "the subduction of an oceanic plate may cause magma to surface from underneath.", "magma cools down when it comes to the surface from underneath." ]

the subduction of an oceanic plate will cause magma to surface and cool down.

True

[ "magma cooling can form volcanic mountains.", "the subduction of an oceanic plate will cause magma to surface and cool down." ]

the subduction of an oceanic plate can form volcanic mountians.

True

[ "emitting sulfur dioxide causes acid rain.", "volcanic ash in the atmosphere decreases the temperature by blocking the sun.", "an erupting volcano releases sulfur gas and ash into the atmosphere." ]

a volcanic eruption can cause acid rain and decrease the temperature.

True

[ "europe was unusally cold and had acid rain in 1783.", "a volcanic eruption can cause acid rain and decrease the temperature." ]

a volcanic eruption may have happened to cause the cold weather and acid rain.

True

[ "the earth's atmosphere is made of 78 percent nitrogen by mass.", "most means over 50% of something." ]

the earth's atmosphere is made of mostly nitrogen.

True

[ "most means over 50% of something.", "oceans cover 70% of the surface of the earth." ]

oceans cover most of earth's surface.

True

[ "an ocean is a kind of body of water.", "oceans cover most of earth's surface." ]

water covers most of earth's surface.

True

[ "oceans contain most of earth's water.", "water is made of hydrogen and oxygen." ]

ocean water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.

True

[ "oxygen is more common than hydrogen on earth.", "ocean water is made of hydrogen and oxygen." ]

oxygen is the most common element found in the compounds that make up ocean water.

True

[ "if something is permeable, then the water will flow through something easily.", "soil is permeable." ]

water will flow through soil easily.

True

[ "color of the soil can be used to indicate the soil component.", "high humus content causes the soil to be brown.", "brown is a kind of color." ]

if the soil has high humus content, then the soil will be brown in color.

True

[ "mountains can cause the water in the air mass to condense.", "mountain is a kind of geographic obstacles." ]

mountain is the geographic obstacle that can cause the water in the air mass to condense.

True

[ "if something causes a process then that something is required for that process.", "condensation causes clouds to form." ]

condensation is required for clouds to form.

True

[ "erosion is when wind transports sediments from one place to another place for a long distance.", "sand dunes / arches are formed by the wind transporting and depositing sand." ]

wind erosion can form sand dunes and arches.

True

[ "rain causes erosion.", "erosion sometimes decreases the amount of nutrients in soil." ]

rain can decrease the amount of nutrients in soil.

True

[ "as the availability of water decreases, the environment will become more dry.", "drought is when available water decreases in an environment." ]

drought causes the environment to be dry.

True

[ "drought causes the environment to be dry.", "dry conditions can cause fire." ]

drought may cause wildfires.

True

[ "drought may cause wildfires.", "a prairie is a kind of ecosystem." ]

drought may cause wildfires to a prairie.

True

[ "a barometer is a kind of instrument.", "a barometer is used to measure air pressure." ]

a barometer is an instrument used to measure air pressure.

True

[ "a property is a kind of information.", "temperature is a property of weather." ]

temperature is a kindof information about weather.

True

[ "temperature is a kindof information about weather.", "a thermometer is used to measure temperature." ]

a thermometer is used to measure the information about weather on temperature.

True

[ "a property is a kind of information.", "wind direction is a property of weather." ]

wind direction is a kind of information about weather.

True

[ "wind direction is a kind of information about weather.", "a station model is used for displaying information about weather in a particular point and time." ]

wind direction in a particular point and time is displayed in a station model.

True

[ "sleet is a kind of precipitation.", "hail is a kind of precipitation." ]

hail and sleet are different kinds of precipitation.

True

[ "when one kind of energy changes into another kind of energy, the total amount of energy is constant.", "energy transformation means one kind of energy changes into another kind of energy." ]

when energy transformation happens, the total amount of energy is constant.

True

[ "when energy transformation happens, the total amount of energy is constant.", "energy transformation means energy conversion." ]

when energy conversion happens, the total amount of energy is constant.

True

[ "solid is a kind of state of matter.", "heat energy can change the state of matter.", "liquid is a kind of state of matter." ]

heat can change a substance from a solid to liquid.

True

[ "melting means a substance changes from a solid into a liquid by increasing heat energy.", "heat can change a substance from a solid to liquid." ]

heat can cause a solid substance to melt.

True

[ "heat can cause a solid substance to melt.", "ice is a kind of solid." ]

heat can cause ice to melt.

True

[ "heat can cause ice to melt.", "the sun is a source of radiation / heat called sunlight." ]

the heat energy from the sunlight cause ice to melt.

True

[ "a wagon is a kind of vehicle.", "a vehicle is a kind of object." ]

a wagon is a kind of object.

True