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It wasn't long before the Māori learned about the plants and animals brought by the Europeans to New Zealand, and as a result, they benefited from agricultural trade. | Kāore noa iho i roa te wā, ka ako te Māori mō ngā tipu me ngā kararehe nā te Pākehā i mau ki Aotearoa, ko te otinga, ka whai hua i ngā tauhokohoko ahuwhenua. |
However, some new laws took away the rights of the iwi to their lands and gave them to individuals. | Heoi, nā ētahi ture hou i unu te mana o ngā iwi ki ō rātou whenua, ka whakawhiwhi kē ki tēnā tangata takitahi, ki tēnā tangata takitahi. |
This is why tribal farming programs are difficult. | Nō konei ka uaua ngā kaupapa ahuwhenua a ngā iwi. |
Āpirana Ngata encouraged the iwi to form guardian groups and corporations to manage the farms. | I whakatenatena a Āpirana Ngata i ngā iwi kia whakatū rōpū kaitiaki, kaporeihana hoki hei whakahaere i ngā pāmu. |
Although many people do not live on their land, they still want to participate in the kaupapa and management of the land. | Ahakoa tini ngā tāngata kīhai i te noho i runga ō rātou whenua papatipu, ka hiahia tonu rātou kia whai wāhi ki ngā kaupapa me ngā whakahaere o te whenua. |
A summary | He korero whakarapopoto |
Ancient gardens | Ngā māra onamata |
In the centuries after their arrival in New Zealand, the Māori divided, cultivated and planted their food gardens. | Hei ngā rau tau whai muri i tō rātou taenga ki Aotearoa, ka tiria, ka ngakia, ka whakatakotoria ai e te Māori ōna māra kai. |
The plants that were planted in these gardens were brought from the Pacific migration: kumara, taro, gourd, yam. | Ko ngā tipu i whakatōkia i ēnei māra i mauria i te heke i Te Moananui-a-Kiwa: te kūmara, te taro, te hue, te uwhi. |
European plants and animals | Ngā tipu me ngā kararehe a te Pākehā |
Explorers and missionaries also brought plants and animals to New Zealand, and the first plough arrived in 1820. | Nā ngā kaihōpara Pākehā me ngā mihinare i mau he tipu, he kararehe ki Aotearoa, ā, i tae te parau tuatahi rawa i te tau 1820. |
Māori quickly adopted European agriculture and began to run a thriving trade with settlers. | Kāore i ārikarika te kuhu a te Māori ki ngā kaupapa ahuwhenua a te Pākehā, ā, taihoa, ka tīmata te hokohoko huawhenua ki ngā tāngata whai. |
Soon they were exporting crops such as potatoes and wheat. | Kīhai i roa, kua tae ngā huawhenua a te Māori pērā i te rīwai me te witi ki ngā mākete ki tāwāhi. |
Land ownership | Mana whenua |
In the Māori world, ownership of land belongs to the whānau, hapū, iwi, not individuals. | I te ao Māori, kei te whānau, te hapū, te iwi te mana whenua, kaua i te tangata takitahi. |
A fire indicates the permanent presence of a group of people in an area. | Ko te ahi kā ka tohu ki te noho tūturu a tētahi tōpūtanga tāngata ki tētahi takiwā. |
In 1862, the government passed a law to remove the group's control over Māori land, so that individuals could have an interest in each block of land. | I te tau 1862, ka puta te ture a te kāwanatanga hei unu i te mana o te rōpū ki ngā whenua Māori, kia whiwhi pānga kē ko te tangata takitahi ki tēnā poraka whenua, ki tēnā poraka whenua. |
Also, as time goes by, more and more people will have title to the land. | Waihoki, ka haere te wā, ka rahi atu te hunga ka whai taitara ki te whenua. |
After all, when people's interests are scattered, their lands must be difficult to manage. | Me te aha, ka noho marara ngā pānga o te tangata, me uaua ka tareka ōna whenua te ahu. |
However, due to the gloom and weight of this situation, a lot of land was sold. | Heoi, nā te pōuri me te taumaha o tēnei āhuatanga he nui te whenua i hokona. |
Apple Snail | Āpirana Ngata |
Āpirana Ngata played an incredibly important role in Māori agriculture in the 19th century, even for its own people, Ngāti Porou. | He wāhi nui whakaharahara rawa atu tō Āpirana Ngata i te ahuwhenua Māori i te rau tau atu i 1900, tae rawa atu ki tōna ake iwi o Ngāti Porou. |
He encouraged the establishment of guardian groups and corporations to manage the farms. | Nāna i whakatenatena te whakatūnga o ngā rōpū kaitiaki me ngā kaporeihana hei whakahaere i ngā pāmu. |
These groups can apply for financial assistance to rehabilitate the land. | Ka āhei ēnei rōpū te tono pūtea āwhina hei whakatikatika i te whenua. |
Sheep and dairy farms became denser in the East Coast - by 1927, there were about 500,000 sheep in the area. | Ka mātotoru ngā pāmu hipi me ngā pāmu miraka kau ki Te Tai Rāwhiti – tatū ki te tau 1927, āwhiwhi 500,000 ngā hipi i te rohe. |
Association of Agricultural Trustees | Rōpū Kaitiaki Ahuwhenua |
There are more than 5,000 farmer groups. | Kō atu i te e 5,000 ngā rōpū kaitiaki ahuwhenua. |
Best of all, the title of the land is retained by the stakeholders. | Ko te mea pai o ēnei, ka puritia te taitara o te whenua e te hunga whai pānga. |
Land masses are very important to Māori; his foot position. | He mea nui rawa atu ki te Māori ōna whenua papatipu; ko tōna tūrangawaewae. |
Except when a person has his land interests elsewhere, he says, the land is me, and I am the land. | Hāunga te mea kei wāhi kē te tangata i ōna pānga whenua, ko te kōrero ia, ko te whenua ko au, ko au ko te whenua. |
About half of Māori land is under the management of these guardian groups. | Tata ki te haurua o ngā whenua Māori kei raro i ngā whakahaere o ēnei rōpū kaitiaki. |
Corporations | Ngā Kaporeihana |
Generally in land management corporations, stakeholders become shareholders and receive interests - 13.7% of Māori land is under corporate management. | Ko te tikanga i ngā kaporeihana whakahaere whenua, ka noho te hunga whai pānga he kaipupuri hea, ka whakawhiwhia ki ngā pānga – e 13.7% o ngā whenua Māori kei raro i ngā whakahaere kaporeihana. |
Some of these corporations are large: Parininihi in Waitōtara in Taranaki, whose dairy operations are worth $50 million. | He nui ētahi o ngā kaporeihana nei: tērā a Parininihi ki Waitōtara kei Taranaki, e $50 miriona te uara o ngā mahi miraka kau. |
20% of Māori lands are not managed by trust groups or corporations; some of these lands are leased. | E 20% o ngā whenua Māori kāore i raro i ngā whakahaere rōpū kaitiaki, kaporeihana rānei; he mea rīhi atu ētahi o ēnei whenua. |
Participation in the economic world | Te whai wāhi ki te ao ōhanga |
A total of 720,000 hectares of Māori land is being cleared. | Hui katoa ngā whenua Māori kei te pāmutia, e 720,000 heketea. |
More than 15% of sheep and beef production is exported and comes from Māori farms. | Neke atu i te e 15% o ngā hua i te ahuwhenua hipi me te ahuwhenua mīti kau ka hokona ki tāwāhi, ka ahu mai i ngā pāmu Māori. |
Page 1. | Whārangi 1. |
Māori agriculture changed | Ka panoni te ahuwhenua Māori |
Ancient food | Ngā kai onamata |
Before the arrival of Europeans in New Zealand, the food of the Māori, birds (sea and land), ferns and plants were brought from the Pacific , that is, kumara, taro, gourd, yam. | I mua i te taenga o te Pākehā ki Aotearoa, ko te kai a te Māori, ko te manu (ki-tai, ki-uta hoki), te aruhe, tae atu ki ngā tipu i mauria mai i Te Moananui-a-Kiwa, arā, te kūmara, te taro, te hue, te uwhi. |
Because New Zealand is colder than the Pacific islands, Māori learned how to grow and preserve these foods. | Nāwai, nā te mea he makariri ake a Aotearoa tērā ki ngā moutere o Te Moananui-a-Kiwa, ka ako te Māori me pēhea te whakatipu me te tiaki i ēnei tūmomo kai. |
Because of this knowledge, the Māori were able to carry out commercial farming in their time. | Nā ēnei mōhiotanga, ka taea noatia ai e te Māori ngā ahuwhenua arumoni i tōna wā. |
Potatoes, pork and peas | Te rīwai, te poaka me te pī |
In the late 1700s and early 1800s, animals, plants and iron tools arrived in New Zealand. | Nō te tōmuritanga o te rau tau atu i 1700 tae atu ki te tōmuatanga o te rau tau atu i 1800, ka taetae ngā kararehe, ngā tipu me ngā taputapu rino ki Aotearoa. |
The Māori did not catch on to these new things, and soon there was more agriculture and animal husbandry. | Kīhai i ārikarika te hopu a te Māori ki ēnei mea hou, ā, taro ake ka nui atu ngā ahuwhenua me te pāmu kararehe. |
When Captain Cook arrived in New Zealand in 1769, he gave (or bought) cabbage, kotami and potatoes to Ngāti Porou in Ūawa. | I te taenga o Kāpene Kuki ki Aotearoa i te tau 1769, ka hoatu (hoko rānei) e ia he kāpeti, he kotami, he rīwai ki a Ngāti Porou ki Ūawa. |
In the same year, Jean Francis Marie de Surville brought wheat, rice, and beans to Taipa in the North. | I taua tau anō ka whakataka e Jean Francis Marie de Surville he witi, he raihi, he pī ki Taipā i Te Tai Tokerau. |
In 1773, Captain Cook returned to New Zealand and landed at Ūawa, where he brought pork and potatoes. | Nō te tau 1773 ka hoki anō a Kāpene Kuki ki Aotearoa, ka tau ki Ūawa, ka whakataka he poaka, he rīwai. |
From 1803, Māori began trading in potatoes, pork, corn and other foods. | Mai i te tau 1803 ka tīmata ngā tauhokohoko a te Māori i te rīwai, te poaka, te kānga me ētahi atu kai. |
The word and the Christian faith | Te parau me te whakapono Karaitiana |
Sugarcane and timo are the tools used to dig the soil for planting food. | Ko te kō me te timo ngā taputapu kerikeri i te oneone mō te whakatō kai. |
Although these tools are good for small growing areas, they are not necessary for large gardens. | Hāunga te pai o ēnei taputapu ki ngā wāhi tipu ririki, kāore he take ki ngā māra nui. |
In 1814, Te Mātenga owned the first horses and cattle in New Zealand. | Nō te tau 1814, nā Te Mātenga ngā hōiho me ngā kau tuatahi ki Aotearoa. |
In 1820, missionary John Butler made the first visit to New Zealand. | Nō te tau 1820, nā te mihinare rā a John Butler te parau tuatahi ki Aotearoa. |
These animals and these new tools made it easier to clear the land to grow food. | Nā ēnei kararehe, nā ēnei taputapu hou ka māmā atu te whakataka i te whenua hei whakatipu kai. |
When Māori migrated abroad, new farming techniques were learned. | Nō te whakawhitinga o te tangata Māori ki tāwāhi, ka akona ngā tikanga ahuwhenua hou. |
When Ruatara returned to New Zealand, he ordered his Ngāpuhi people to learn European farming methods. | Nō te hokinga o Ruatara ki Aotearoa, ka whakahau ia i tōna iwi o Ngāpuhi kia ako i ngā tikanga ahuwhenua a te Pākehā. |
Growing and transporting grain | Te whakatipu me te kawe witi |
The rise of Māori agriculture was rapid between 1830 and the 1850s. | Tino kaha te whanaketanga o te ahuwhenua Māori i ngā tau 1830 ki te tekau tau atu i 1850. |
Most of the coastal shipping in the North Island was under Māori ownership, and a large proportion of the food sold locally and exported to Australia was grown by Māori. | Nō te Māori te nuinga o ngā kaipuke i Te Ika-a-Māui, me te aha, ko te rahi o ngā kai i hokona ki Aotearoa tae rawa atu ki Ahitereiria nā te Māori i whakatipu. |
By the 1850s wheat growing had become widespread throughout the North Island and Māori were building dam- or water-operated flour mills throughout the country. | Kia tae ki te tekau tau atu i 1850, kua hōrapa te whakatipu witi, kua tūtū ngā mira pana wai puta noa i Aotearoa. |
Between 1846 and 1860, 37 flour mills were built for Māori owners in Auckland province alone. | Kei waenganui i ngā tau 1846 me 1860 e 37 ngā mira puehu parāoa nō te Māori ki te porowini o Ākarana. |
Trust in Maori | Te whirinakitanga ki te Maori |
Māori agriculture flourished in the mid-1800s, helping to establish New Zealand as an agricultural country. | Ka tipu te ahuwhenua Māori i ngā tau pokapū o te rau tau atu i 1800, he āwhina ki te māeatanga o Aotearoa hei whenua ahuwhenua. |
During this time the European population grew and grew. | I tēnei wā ka nui haere, ka nui haere te taupori Pākehā. |
In the beginning, due to ignorance of the soil and climate, the followers trusted the Māori and its food. | I te tīmatanga, nā te kūare ki ngā oneone me te āhuarangi, ka whirinaki ngā tāngata whai ki te Māori me āna kai. |
In 1842, Bishop Herwini spoke about the followers of Whakatū who trusted the people there and their food. | I te tau 1842, ka kōrero a Pīhopa Herewini mō ngā tāngata whai o Whakatū i whakawhirinaki ki te iwi o reira me āna kai. |
There were stories of the time about the success of Māori farming. | I puta ngā kōrero o te wā mō te pai o ngā mahi ahuwhenua a te Māori. |
Māori agriculture rises and falls | Ka piki, ka heke te ahuwhenua Māori |
30 years after the arrival of the plow in New Zealand, the Māori changed from traditional agriculture to commercial agriculture, and the work was profitable. | E 30 tau whai muri i te taenga o te parau ki Aotearoa, ka huri te Māori mai i ngā ahuwhenua tūturu ki te ahuwhenua arumoni, me te whai hua o ngā mahi. |
In 1865, the New Zealander wrote about the role of the Māori 'as leaders, farmers, livestock keepers, sailors, ship managers, land surveyors and traditional workers'. | Nō te tau 1865 ka puta he kōrero i te New Zealander mō te tūranga o te Māori ‘hei rangatira, kaipāmu, kaitiaki kararehe, kaumoana, kaiwhakahaere kaipuke, ihu oneone, kaimahi taunga hoki’. |
By the end of the 1850s, most of the North Island was still in Māori hands. | Kia tae ki te paunga o te tekau tau atu i 1850, kei roto tonu i ngā ringaringa o te Māori te nuinga o Te Ika-a-Māui. |
However, due to the decision of the governor of the followers to unify the land titles, in addition to the land confiscations of the 1860s, this soon changed. | Heoi, nā te whakatau a te kāwana o ngā tāngata whai kia whakatakitahi i ngā taitara whenua, tāpiri atu ki ngā raupatu whenua o te tekau tau atu i 1860, ka huri wawe tēnei. |
Page 2. | Whārangi 2. |
Māori land tenure and agriculture | Te mana whenua me te ahuwhenua Māori |
Conquest of land | Te raupatu whenua |
After conflicts between some tribes and the government, fertile land was seized in Taranaki, Waikato and Te Moana-a-Toi. | Whai muri i ngā riri i waenganui i ētahi iwi me te kāwanatanga, ka raupatungia ngā whenua mōmona ki Taranaki, Waikato me Te Moana-a-Toi. |
Synchronization | Te whakatakitahi |
Due to 19th and 20th century changes in land ownership, Māori agriculture declined. | Nā ngā whakarerekētanga o te rau tau 1800 me te rau tau 1900 ki te mana whenua, ka paheke te ahuwhenua Māori. |
Due to the Māori Land Act of 1862, Māori land was individualized and registered in order to be regulated under English law so that it could be easily sold. | Nā te Ture Whenua Māori o te tau 1862, ka takitahitia, ka rēhitatia te whenua Māori kia arongia ai i raro i te ture nō Ingarihi kia aha ai, kia ngāwari ai te hoko atu. |
Under Māori culture, the owners of the land are the whānau, hapū or iwi, rather than a single person. | I raro i ngā tikanga a te Māori, ka noho ko te whānau, hapū, iwi ngā rangatira o te whenua, kāpā ko te tangata kotahi. |
Because of the law, everything will be different, and the responsibilities to the people will be lost. | Nā te ture ka rerekē katoa, ka ngaro ngā kawenga ki te iwi. |
With the establishment of the Māori Land Court in 1865, in addition to many other legislative changes over the next 50 years, much Māori land was lost. | Nō te whakatūnga o te Kōti Whenua Māori i te tau 1865, tāpiri atu ki te maha noa atu o ngā hanganga ture i ngā e 50 tau ka whai, ka ngaro te nui whenua Māori. |
Location in the country | Te wāwāhi i te whenua |
The Māori's tribal and aristocracy claims to the land will be abolished, so that a single person or whānau can be the owners of the land title. | Ka whakakorengia ngā kerēme tōpū me te take ahi kā a te Māori ki te whenua, kia noho mai ko te tangata kotahi, ko te whānau rānei ngā rangatira i runga i te taitara whenua. |
Generation after generation will rise (except if the land is occupied or not), there will be more people who have rights in each land, and the end result will be the land titles. | Ka maranga mai tēnā whakatipuranga, tēnā whakatipuranga (hāunga te mea kei te nōhia te whenua kāore rānei), ka tokomaha atu te hunga whai mana ki tēnā whenua, ki tēnā whenua, ko te mutunga ka maramara ngā taitara whenua. |
There is no change to improve the country. | Kāore he huringa ki te whakapai i te whenua. |
When land was lost, Māori looked for ways to preserve what was left and build structures to better protect the land. | I te ngaronga o ngā whenua, ka rapu huarahi te Māori ki te pupuri i ngā toenga me te whakatū hanganga kia pai ake te tiaki whenua. |
These types of structures must be built to protect people's land interests in each block of land. | Me tū ēnei momo hanganga ka tika hei aha, hei tiaki i ngā pānga whenua o te tangata ki tēnā poraka whenua, ki tēnā poraka whenua. |
An exit from the property | He putanga i te wāwāhi mana whenua |
Consolidating land interests under a single entity is an issue in the area of title. | Ko te whakatōpū i ngā pānga whenua ki raro i te whakahaere kotahi tētahi putanga i te wāwāhi taitara. |
Apart from the fact that this road was opened in 1894, it was not until 1929 that it was supported, when the Māori land development program was launched by Tā Āpirana Ngata of Ngāti Porou. | Hāunga te mea i tuwhera tēnei huarahi i te tau 1894, nō te tau 1929 rā anō ka hāpaitia, i te whakaterenga o te kaupapa whanake whenua Māori e Tā Āpirana Ngata o Ngāti Porou. |
Through this program Māori are eligible for government grants to improve their farms. | Nā tēnei kaupapa ka āhei ngā Māori ki ngā pūtea āwhina a te kāwanatanga hei whakapai i ō rātou pāmu. |
These grants also encouraged the consolidation of many land titles under one administration. | Nā ēnei āwhina hoki i whakatenatena te whakatōpūtanga o ngā taitara whenua maha ki raro i te whakahaere kotahi. |
The Māori Land Act of 1953 established land management structures, ie section 438 trustees and Māori land corporations. | Nā te Ture Whenua Māori i te tau 1953, ka whakatūria ngā hanganga whakahaere whenua, arā, ngā kaitiaki tekiona 438 me ngā kaporeihana whenua Māori. |
Also, with the Māori Land Act in 1993, section 438 guardians became agricultural guardians; Māori corporations were not manipulated. | Waihoki, nā te Ture Whenua Māori i te tau 1993, ka huri ngā kaitiaki tekiona 438 hei kaitiaki ahuwhenua; kāore i raweketia ngā kaporeihana Māori. |
Māori land custodians and corporations | Ngā kaitiaki whenua Māori me ngā kaporeihana |
About 1.5 million hectares of land are in Māori hands (about 5% of all land in New Zealand). | Āwhiwhi e 1.5 miriona heketea te whenua kei roto i ngā ringaringa o te Māori (āwhiwhi e 5% o ngā whenua katoa o Aotearoa). |
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