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The Kiss Auguste Rodin (1840 -1917) Commissioned by the French state in 1888, carved between 1888 and 1898. Joined the collections of the Musée du Luxembourg in 1901; transferred to the Musée Rodin in 1919. The Kiss originally represented Paolo and Francesca, two characters borrowed, once again, from Dante’s Divine Comedy: slain by Francesca’s husband who surprised them as they exchanged their first kiss, the two lovers were condemned to wander eternally through Hell. This group, designed in the early stages of the elaboration of The Gates, was given a prominent position on the lower left door, opposite Ugolino, until 1886, when Rodin decided that this depiction of happiness and sensuality was incongruous with the theme of his vast project. He therefore transformed the group into an independent work and exhibited it in 1887. The fluid, smooth modelling, the very dynamic composition and the charming theme made this group an instant success. Since no anecdotal detail identified the lovers, the public called it The Kiss, an abstract title that expressed its universal character very well. The French state commissioned an enlarged version in marble, which Rodin took nearly ten years to deliver. Not until 1898 did he agree to exhibit what he called his “huge knick-knack” as a companion piece to his audacious Balzac, as if The Kiss would make it easier for the public to accept his portrait of the writer.

###### Strengths and limitations of this study - Data linkage provides a comprehensive data set which allowed adjustment for confounding factors. - This is one of the first studies to investigate the impact of reduced vision on educational attainment. - The study is based in a large multiethnic population. - The study is limited by its cross-sectional nature. - Not all participants have complete data sets for all the variables. Introduction {#s1} ============ The UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC) recommends that vision screening should be provided to all children at age 4--5 years[@R1]; these recommendations form part of the Healthy Child Programme.[@R2] However, the evidence supporting this recommendation is weak. In particular, there are limited data on the prevalence of vision levels in children at age 4--5 years when they first enter school, and the effect of reduced vision on educational attainment in children has not yet been established.[@R1] [@R3] Early literacy is a key indicator of future reading performance and educational attainment[@R4] [@R5] which in turn affects long-term health and social outcomes.[@R6] [@R7] It is intuitive that poor vision will impact on a child\'s reading ability and lead to educational underachievement, yet there is little evidence to confirm this. At a time of change and uncertainty in the commissioning of vision screening services, it is important to understand both the level of vision in the population and the impact this is likely to have on future health and social outcomes.[@R8] [@R9] Better evidence is therefore required to inform child screening policy both in the UK and internationally. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of poor vision in a multiethnic population and explore the impact of reduced vision on developing literacy skills in young children as they start primary school at age 4--5 years. One of the challenges to the investigation of a causal relationship between vision and literacy is the potential confounding effect of socioeconomic factors. It is well known that socioeconomic deprivation is associated with poor levels of literacy; therefore, any study seeking to explore the degree to which poor vision affects literacy over and above effects of socioeconomic and other demographic factors requires comprehensive data collection. The city of Bradford in the UK offers the opportunity to conduct such a study because it is the setting for the Born in Bradford (BiB) birth cohort study[@R10] which collected detailed epidemiological data during pregnancy, at birth and literacy measures in a subgroup of the children in their first year of school. Bradford also has a comprehensive vision screening programme which provides a detailed profile of children\'s vision. These data provide the unique opportunity to explore the association between visual acuity (VA) and early developing literacy with adjustment for the effects of potential confounding variables. Methods {#s2} ======= Vision screening and literacy measures were prospectively collected from children in their first year of primary school within the same school term over two consecutive years (2012--2013 and 2013--2014). Vision screening data from all participants was used to determine the prevalence of poor vision. Baseline epidemiological data collected from mothers and children of the BiB cohort, literacy measures and data captured from the vision screening programme were linked in order to investigate the impact of vision on literacy. Details of each element are provided below. Born in Bradford {#s2a} ---------------- BiB is a longitudinal multiethnic birth cohort study aiming to examine the impact of environmental, psychological and genetic factors on maternal and child health and well-being.[@R10] Bradford is a city with high levels of socioeconomic deprivation and ethnic diversity. Approximately half of the births in the city are to mothers of South Asian origin. Women were recruited while waiting for a glucose tolerance test, routinely offered to all pregnant women registered at the Bradford Royal Infirmary at 26--28 weeks gestation. For those consenting, a baseline questionnaire was completed. The full BiB cohort recruited 12 453 women during 13 776 pregnancies between 2007 and 2010 and the cohort is broadly representative of the city\'s maternal population.[@R10] Ethics approval for the data collection was granted by Bradford Research Ethics Committee (Ref 07/H1302/112). Literacy {#s2b} -------- As part of a separate BiB 'Starting Schools Programme' exploring literacy, movement and well-being, children\'s literacy levels on school entry were measured in school by experienced research assistants. All 123 Bradford primary schools were invited to participate, 76 separate schools agreed to take part and 2929 BiB children received a literacy assessment between September 2012 and July 2014. Early literacy skills that predict future reading performance include letter identification.[@R4] Letter identification measures the child\'s ability to identify single letters, an essential skill mastered prior to reading and one of the best predictors of reading achievement.[@R11] Letter identification was measured using the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests-Revised (WRMT-R) subtest: letter identification, a validated reading skill test.[@R12] In addition, a measure of acquired or receptive vocabulary was recorded using the British Picture Vocabulary Scale (BPVS).[@R13] It has been shown to be an important indicator of cognitive ability, providing a representation of the measure of IQ in young children. This measure is included to adjust for potential confounding due to levels of general cognitive ability. Both measures are standardised taking into account the child\'s age and time of testing during the academic year, a mean score of 100 would be expected for a given population.[@R12] [@R13] Vision {#s2c} ------ A vision screening programme for school children aged 4--5 years has been established in Bradford. The screening programme is conducted in school by orthoptists. Owing to the nature of the programme being conducted after school entry, coverage is high at 97%.[@R14] In total, 11 186 children from 123 primary schools across the city participated in the vision screening programme. In total, 5836 BiB children were eligible for the study (started school between September 2012 and July 2014) and 4953 (85%) BiB children had completed the vision screening programme prior to the data linkage ([figure 1](#BMJOPEN2015010434F1){ref-type="fig"}). The vision screening assessment includes standard protocols for measurement of distance VA[@R15] [@R16] right and left eyes, with spectacles if worn. The VA test was administered by orthoptists, performed at a distance of 3 m and VA was measured to threshold (ie, best achievable VA with no defined endpoint). Additional tests carried out by the orthoptists were cover test, ocular motility and non-cycloplegic auto refraction (Welch-Allyn Inc Skaneateles, New York, USA). VA was measured with an age appropriate logMAR Crowded Test (Keeler, Windsor)[@R15] which has four letters per line each letter having a score of 0.025; the total score for each line represents 0.1 log unit. A matching card is used and knowledge of letters is not necessary to perform the test. In total, 4834 BiB children completed the vision screening and had VA recorded for both right and left eyes ([figure 1](#BMJOPEN2015010434F1){ref-type="fig"}). In total, 118/4834 (2%) of children were unable to match letters, they were tested using Kay Pictures Crowded LogMAR (Kay pictures, Tring UK).[@R17] [@R18] Refractive error is commonly associated with reduced VA in young children[@R19]; hence, non-cycloplegic autorefractor readings for the right and left eyes were recorded and a mean spherical equivalent (sphere plus half-negative cylinder) calculated for each eye of individual children.[@R19] [@R20] In total, 4578 out of 4834 children had a mean spherical equivalent calculated. Data from the vision screening programme used for the analyses include presenting VA (best VA right or left eye, with glasses if worn) and the mean spherical equivalent from that same eye. {#BMJOPEN2015010434F1} Presenting VA will be referred to as VA for the rest of the paper and in all tables. VA was categorised to examine prevalence of levels of vision. Four categories were established: better than 0.20 logMAR (a pass on visual screening), 0.225--0.30, 0.325--0.40, (referred to as 'poor vision' in many published studies)[@R19] [@R21] and worse than 0.4 (a category used to define visual impairment by the WHO).[@R22] VA was treated as a continuous variable in the statistical modelling allowing for letter-by-letter scoring. Statistical analysis {#s2d} -------------------- Multilevel regression analysis (children nested within schools) was undertaken in BiB children where complete data sets from both the mother and child were available, 84 of 2109 children were excluded due to incomplete data ([figure 1](#BMJOPEN2015010434F1){ref-type="fig"}). This was mainly due to incomplete data on the BPVS which was not recorded in 60 (3%) children. To analyse the effect of VA on literacy, unadjusted analysis was undertaken on BiB children with complete data (n=2025). Subsequent adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic (maternal and child characteristics) including BPVS score to account for cognitive ability was then undertaken. The characteristics included in the statistical analysis were those found to be associated with both educational and visual outcomes in the current literature. Demographic factors were: ethnicity (determined by the mothers' ethnicity), sex at birth, birth weight, gestational age, language of baseline questionnaire completed by mother, mothers' place of birth. Socioeconomic factors were: mother in receipt of benefits, level of mothers' education, mother smoked during pregnancy.[@R23] The characteristics are detailed in [table 1](#BMJOPEN2015010434TB1){ref-type="table"}. ###### Distribution of characteristics in Born in Bradford (BiB) children with complete data Characteristic Mean (SD) ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Letter ID score 107.07 (12.5) range 68--143 Visual acuity (logMAR) 0.13 (0.09) range 0.0--0.8 British Picture Vocabulary Score 100.97 (14.47) range 39--160 Mean Spherical Equivalent\* (D) 1.07 (0.64) range −2--+9.5 Birth weight (g) 3191 (541) range 680--5180 Gestational age (weeks) 39.14 (1.63) range 27--43 Sex at birth (M:F) 1010:1015 Ethnicity† n (%)  White British 671 (33.2)  Pakistani 1106 (54.6)  Other 248 (12.2) Baseline questionnaire language† n (%)  English 1541 (76)  Other language 484 (24) UK-born mother† n (%)  Yes 1177 (58)  No 848 (42) Receiving benefits† n (%)  Yes 880 (43.46)  No 1145 (56.54) Mothers level of education† n (%)  Low (\<5 GCSE equivalent and unknown) 567 (28)  Medium (5 GCSE and A level equivalent) 1050 (52)  High (higher than A level) 408 (20) Mother smoked in pregnancy† n (%)  Yes 282 (14)  No 1743 (86) \*n=1893 all other variables n=2025. †Determined by mothers' response to the baseline questionnaire. D, dioptres; F, female; GCSE, general certificate of secondary education; M, male. The regression analyses were undertaken in three steps: first, demographic factors (listed above) were included in the model; a second model was then run adjusting for the socioeconomic factors (listed above); and finally a fully adjusted model was run adjusting for all demographic and socioeconomic factors and the BPVS score for general cognitive ability. In all these models, 2025 children from 74 schools were included. Further regression analysis was undertaken to examine the impact of mean spherical equivalent on a subsample with complete data available (n=1893). A sensitivity analysis was also undertaken excluding children unable to carry out letter matching (n=1979). Multilevel analysis was undertaken in order to account for variability between schools; the variance in attainment attributed to differences between schools was calculated to provide a variance partition coefficient for each model. All analyses were carried out using Stata V.13 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas, USA). Results {#s3} ======= The overall mean (SD) VA for all children (n=11 186) who received vision screening was 0.14 (0.09) logMAR (range 0.0--1.0). In total, 8.7% (977/11 186) of children had a VA worse than 0.2logMAR, 4% (475/11 186) worse than 0.3logMAR and 1.8% (206/11 186) of children demonstrated a VA of worse than 0.4logMAR. There was no clinically significant difference between the BiB and non-BiB children (see online supplementary table S1). The univariate and adjusted model analyses for the BiB children are shown in [table 2](#BMJOPEN2015010434TB2){ref-type="table"}. Unadjusted analysis of the BiB children (n=2025) showed that the literacy score was associated with the level of VA. The literacy score reduced by 2.42 points for every one line (0.10logMAR) reduction in VA (95% CI −2.98 to −1.87), p\<0.001. When adjusted to account for cognitive ability (BPVS), demographic factors or socioeconomic factors, the impact of VA remained significant and continued to remain statistically significant in the multivariable model after all factors are accounted for with the literacy score reducing by 1.65 (95% CI −2.17 to −1.13), p\<0.001 for every one line (0.10logMAR) reduction in VA. The association between VA and literacy remained after a sensitivity analysis was undertaken to investigate the effect of poor literacy by excluding children unable to carry out the letter matching (see online supplementary table S2). Adjustment for mean spherical equivalent made no material difference and by itself was not associated with literacy (p=0.164), it therefore was not included in the model. The variance in attainment attributed to the difference between schools was 9% in the unadjusted model and 12% in the fully adjusted model across 74 schools. ###### Associations between Literacy (letter identification score) and visual acuity, British Picture Vocabulary Scale (BPVS), socioeconomic and demographic (child and maternal) factors, n=2025 children, n=74 schools ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Factor Unadjusted\ Adjusted BPVS\ Adjusted demographic\ Adjusted socioeconomic\ Fully adjusted model\ Mean difference in literacy scores (95% CI) Mean difference in literacy scores (95% CI) Mean difference in literacy scores (95% CI)\* Mean difference in literacy scores (95% CI)† Mean difference in literacy scores (95% CI)‡ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- Change in literacy score per one line (0.1log unit) of visual acuity −2.42 (−2.98 to −1.87)\ −1.79 (−2.32 to −1.26)\ −1.72 (−2.24 to −1.19)\ −1.72 (−2.25 to −1.19)\ −1.65 (−2.17 to −1.13)\ p\<0.001 p\<0.001 p\<0.001 p\<0.001 p\<0.001 Change in literacy score per one unit change in BPVS 0.27 (0.23 to 0.30)\ 0.26 (0.22 to 0.30)\ 0.25 (0.22 to 0.29)\ 0.25 (0.21 to 0 0.28)\ p\<0.001 p\<0.001 p\<0.001 p\<0.001 Ethnicity  White British Reference Reference  Pakistani 0.83 (−0.82 to 2.47)\ −0.14 (−1.86 to 1.58)\ p=0.325 p=0.872  Other 3.79 (1.86 to 5.73) p\<0.001 2.85 (0.88 to 4.82) p=0.005 Sex at birth  Male Reference Reference  Female 3.01 (2.03 to 3.99)\ 3.06 (2.09 to 4.04)\ p\<0.001 p\<0.001 Birth weight (g) 0.001 (0.0001 to 0.002)\ 0.001 (0.0001 to 0.002)\ p=0.028 p=0.036 Gestational age (weeks) 0.006 (−0.35 to 0.37)\ −0.01 (−0.37 to 0.34)\ p=0.975 p=0.937 Questionnaire language  English 1.78 (0.21 to 3.35)\ 1.61 (3.18 to 0.04)\ p=0.026 p=0.045  Other language Reference Reference UK born  Yes −1.19 (−2.66 to 0.28)\ −0.97(−0.49 to 2.43)\ p=0.113 p=0.192  No Reference Reference Receiving benefits  Yes −1.05 (−2.06 to −0.03)\ −1.03 (−2.04 to −0.03)\ p=0.043 p=0.045  No Reference Reference Level of education  Low (\<5 GCSE equivalent and unknown) Reference Reference  Medium (5 GCSE and A level equivalent) 1.14 (−0.024 to 2.3)\ 1.13 (−0.04 to 2.3)\ p=0.055 p=0.059  High (higher than A level) 3.30 (1.8 to 4.8)\ 3.20 (1.71 to 4.70)\ p\<0.001 p\<0.001 Smoked in pregnancy  Yes −2.19 (−3.68 to −0.69)\ −1.82 (−0.25 to −3.39)\ p=0.004 p=0.023  No Reference Reference ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \*Demographic adjustment includes visual acuity, BPVS, ethnicity, sex at birth, birth weight, gestational age, language of baseline questionnaire, mothers' place of birth. †Socioeconomic adjustment includes visual acuity, BPVS, receipt of benefits, level of mothers' education, mother smoked during pregnancy. ‡Fully adjusted analysis includes all factors: visual acuity, BPVS, ethnicity, sex at birth, birth weight, gestational age, language of baseline questionnaire, mothers' place of birth, receipt of benefits, level of mothers' education, mother smoked during pregnancy. Discussion {#s4} ========== This study is the first to reliably demonstrate that poor VA in young children is associated with reduced early developing literacy. The average receptive vocabulary and slightly above average literacy scores ([table 1](#BMJOPEN2015010434TB1){ref-type="table"}) of the children indicate that general low achievement does not influence our findings. The mean VA ([table 1](#BMJOPEN2015010434TB1){ref-type="table"}) of these 4--5-year-old children is similar to previously published normative data[@R29]; however, our findings indicate a high proportion of children (9%) had reduced VA with 2% classified as visually impaired.[@R22] This is likely to impact significantly on their early developing literacy. The Bradford cohort of children demonstrates a higher prevalence of poor presenting VA (defined as worse than 0.3logMAR) compared with that reported elsewhere[@R19] [@R21] [@R23] [@R30] ([table 3](#BMJOPEN2015010434TB3){ref-type="table"}). ###### Comparison of studies reporting prevalence of poor visual acuity (worse than 0.30logMAR) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Author Community Age (years) Number of participants Prevalence (%) --------------------------- ---------------------- ------------- ------------------------ ---------------- Robaei *et al*[@R19] Australia 6--7    1738 0.9 Friedman *et al*[@R21] USA 2.5--5.5    1714 1.5 Williams *et al*[@R23]\ Bristol, UK\ 7\    7825\ 0.6\ O\'Donoghue *et al*[@R30] Northern Ireland, UK 6--7      392 1.5 Bruce *et al* Bradford, UK 4--5 11 186 4.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For the majority of children in Bradford, vision screening at school entry is their first assessment of visual status with few having had any previous treatment; this is likely to account for the increased prevalence observed. In this study, 2% of children were wearing glasses at vision screening, similar to that found in an urban population of children aged 30--71 months in the USA (1.7%),[@R21] but substantially lower than the 4.4% of children aged 6 years in Australia.[@R19] Another UK cohort study[@R23] reported 0.6% prevalence of poor presenting VA at the age of 7 years; however, 3% of the children in their sample had undergone previous treatment. The prevalence reported in the US study was 1.2% in white children and 1.8% in black children.[@R21] In our study, 2.7% of white British, 5.2% of Pakistani children and 2.8% of other ethnicities had VA worse than 0.3 logMAR. In both studies, the differences in VA between the ethnic groups were not statistically significant. It has been shown that children from socioeconomically deprived households have an increased prevalence of vision problems,[@R31] [@R32] which may in part be due to inequality in accessing health services.[@R33] The Bradford vision screening programme covers 97% of children[@R14] and therefore does not exclude children from the lower socioeconomic areas. The high levels of deprivation in the city may help explain the higher prevalence level of poor VA. Educational attainment is multifactorial and influenced by social disadvantage and demographic factors, differences manifest early and are demonstrable through gaps in literacy achievement.[@R27] [@R28] Factors known to be associated with educational outcome such as socioeconomic status,[@R28] [@R34] gender[@R35] and mothers' education[@R36] were also shown in this study to impact on literacy ([table 2](#BMJOPEN2015010434TB2){ref-type="table"}). There was no difference between the literacy scores of the white British and the Pakistani children; however, there was a positive association between literacy and VA for children in the 'other' ethnic category. A third of children in this category had mothers with high educational attainment and this may help explain the association. The association between the level of VA and literacy remains significant after adjustment for socioeconomic and demographic factors ([table 2](#BMJOPEN2015010434TB2){ref-type="table"}). Low degrees of refractive error, in particular, hyperopia are normally reported in young children.[@R37] A few studies have found that low degrees of uncorrected hyperopia in young children have an impact on literacy.[@R38] [@R39] Non-cycloplegic autorefraction was used in this study to provide an indication of refractive status. Commonly non-cycloplegic refraction underestimates the level of hyperopia present in young children,[@R40] autorefraction using the Welch-Allyn has however been shown to have a small hyperopic bias[@R41] which could have increased the reported mean spherical equivalent of the Bradford population ([table 1](#BMJOPEN2015010434TB1){ref-type="table"}). All children who failed their vision screening assessment were referred for a cycloplegic examination to confirm refractive error; an ongoing longitudinal study of these children will examine the results. In this study, our analysis demonstrates an association between literacy and VA but not refractive error. A small number of population-based studies have examined the impact of VA on educational outcome. A US study evaluating the effect of visual function on academic performance (children aged 6--9 years) found no association. However, the key indicator of academic performance (Metropolitan Readiness Test) was not available for a large proportion of the children and a proxy measure of attainment was used, neither did the study take into account the effects of potential confounding factors.[@R42] Retrospective analysis of the 1958 British birth cohort reporting outcomes at age 11 years found no association between unilateral amblyopia and educational, health and social outcomes; however, participants with bilateral visual loss were excluded from the study.[@R43] A large cohort study in Singapore reported no effect of presenting VA on academic school performance,[@R44] but the Singapore cohort of children at age 9--10 years only included a small number of children with poor vision which reduced the power of the study to detect any significant association. Our paper reports the largest population-based study which explores the impact of VA on literacy and has a number of strengths. The cohort is set in a multiethnic population, and the use of data linkage has allowed us to undertake rigorous analysis taking into account the effect of potential confounding factors. However, there are limitations, 2929 out of 5836 (50%) of BiB children had received a literacy test at the time of data linkage; this reduced the number of children (n=2025) who had complete data sets and may compromise the representativeness of the sample. However, comparison of the BiB children (n=2025) with complete data demonstrated a similar percentage of children within each quintile of the Index of Multiple Deprivation and is comparable to the complete BiB cohort of children (n=13 773).[@R10] The prevalence of poor vision in this cohort of children (n=2025) is also similar to all Bradford children (n=11 186; see online supplementary table S1). As a proxy indicator for English as a second language, we used the language in which the baseline questionnaire was completed by the mother during pregnancy. Although all children are taught in school in English, this may not be the primary language of choice at home; this information was not available. The study has the inherent limitations of a cross-sectional design, which reduces our ability to confidently infer causality. However, it is unlikely that poor literacy resulted in poor performance in the vision test; the majority of children (98%) performed the recommended age appropriate vision test and the association between vision and literacy remained after excluding children unable to accomplish the letter matching. In addition, if indeed poor literacy causes poor vision we would expect that those children with specific reading difficulties (dyslexia) would demonstrate reduced VA. In a recent study four out of five children with reading difficulties demonstrated normal visual function.[@R45] By linking the clinical data set from the population-based vision screening programme with epidemiological data from a large birth cohort study, along with the baseline literacy assessments, this is the first multiethnic population-based study to have the statistical power to take into account the multiple factors that are known to impact on educational outcomes. Our results demonstrate a significant association between VA and early literacy. In a population with a high prevalence of reduced vision, this has important implications for children\'s future educational outcomes. The reduction in the literacy score by around 2% for every line of vision reduction is important in a population where there are poor levels of vision on school entry. This study strengthens the argument for a national vision screening programme. The impact of such a programme will depend on the degree to which detection of reduced vision at age 4--5 years results in effective intervention to improve vision and the impact this has on health, educational and social outcomes. Further research is required to determine the extent to which children with poor vision access treatment and the impact of such treatment not only on levels of vision but also on their educational attainment. The authors thank all the families and schools who took part in this study, the orthoptists from Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust who conducted the vision screening programme, the researchers from the Starting Schools programme who collected the literacy measures and the Data Support Team from Bradford Institute for Health Research who created and maintain the data linkage system. **Contributors:** AB initiated the project, designed data collection, monitored data collection for the whole study, wrote the statistical analysis plan, cleaned and analysed the data, and drafted and revised the paper. She is the guarantor. LF wrote the statistical analysis plan, cleaned the data and revised the draft paper. BC and JW initiated the project and revised the draft paper. TAS initiated the project, wrote the statistical analysis plan and revised the draft paper. **Funding:** AB is funded by a National Institute for Health Research Post-Doctoral Fellowship Award (PDF-2013-06-050). The Born in Bradford study presents independent research commissioned by the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Applied Health Research and Care (NIHR CLAHRC) and the Programme Grants for Applied Research funding scheme (RP-PG-0407-10044). **Disclaimer:** The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. **Competing interests:** None declared. **Ethics approval:** National Research Ethics Committee Yorkshire & the Humber-South Yorkshire (Ref 13/YH/0379). **Provenance and peer review:** Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. **Data sharing statement:** No additional data are available.

Q: How to write an Android multi-pane app with very deep navigation TL;DR: How should multi-pane apps with deep navigation similar to the Spotify iPad app look and work on Android, and how to implement this? Long version: I'm working on an app, where the user sees lists of items and can then delve deeper into these items. These item detail pages can again open lists of related items, that in turn have detail pages and so on. As a phone app, these would be separate Activities that might look and link to each other like this: In the mock-ups, the user sees an initial overview and then selects "Item #2" from the first list. A new Activity opens up, showing him details for Item #2. Here, he selects to see a list of Things relating to Item #2. The newly openend Activity in the third picture shows this list, and clicking on one opens the details for this thing. He can navigate as deep into the content as he likes. This works quite well with the usual Android Activities. I'm working on bringing the app to tablets and am thinking on how to best implement this. The plan is to create a multi-pane layout with the same concept. It is very similar to how the iPad Spotify app works (it will be interesting to see how they bring this to Android once they create tablet-specific layouts). In the tablet layout, each click on an item or list name opens the corresponding child item as a new pane that animates in from the right. The same workflow as in the example above would look like this: I'm unsure how to best implement this navigation pattern. Multi-pane apps with a limited navigational depth like GMail can be built with a static ViewGroup (LinearLayout would be ok) containing all fragments, and going deeper into the navigation replaces the content of the next container to the right and animates to this (see CommonWares implementation of this on SO). This suggests that a custom ViewGroup would be the way to go. If it has to display a subpage (i.e. "List of Things"), then it creates a new child in the ViewGroup that is half as wide the screen with the fragment and then scrolls the visible area so that the pane that was just interacted with and the new child are visible. To link this correctly to a FragmentTransaction, so that the back stack works correctly, I'd guess it would be something like this: View newPane = container.addChild(); FragmentTransaction ft = getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction(); ft.add(newPane, new ListOfThingsFragment(2)); ft.remove(paneOnRight, fragmentOnRight); ft.commit(); container.animateToRight(); I don't see a way to do the animation within the FragmentTransaction. Feedback welcome. My employer is generally favorable with respect to open sourcing frameworks we develop, so if this is something that is of broader interest and if I can come up with a reusable solution, I'd be glad to share it. A: I had some research time and came up with a solution to this question (a question that I've wanted to see the solution for LONG time, even before you asked it). I can't really show the whole code as there's some IP boundaries, but I'll put it here the main parts for this animation to works. There're two key tools: setCustomAnimations and LayoutTransition Yes, as far as I've been able to do it, you need to separate set animations to make it work. So let's get to some code, you'll define your XML with a horizontal LinearLayout and make sure to include the following line on it. android:animateLayoutChanges="true" this will auto-generate a standard LayoutTransition which does translate the fragment/view that is staying in the layout and alpha (in or out) the fragment/view that is being included or removed from the layout. Give it a try. So after this layout is inflated we gonna capture this LayoutTransition and trick it out to our needs: LayoutTransition lt = myLinearLayout.getLayoutTransition(); lt.setAnimator(LayoutTransition.APPEARING, null); lt.setAnimator(LayoutTransition.DISAPPEARING, null); lt.setStartDelay(LayoutTransition.CHANGE_APPEARING, 0); lt.setStartDelay(LayoutTransition.CHANGE_DISAPPEARING, 0); with that code, we're removing the alpha animations and removing any delay from the transition (because we want all the translations to fire together). And now it's just a few simple fragment transactions to make it work, during initialisation we inflate that layout and put a few fragments on it: setContentView(R.layout.main); // the layout with that Linear Layout FragmentTransaction ft = getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction(); ft.add(R.id.main, frag1, FRAG_1_TAG); // it's good to have tags so you can find them later ft.add(R.id.main, frag2, FRAG_2_TAG); ft.add(R.id.main, frag3, FRAG_3_TAG); ft.hide(frag3); ft.commit(); now on the transaction it's a simple: FragmentTransaction ft = getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction(); ft.setCustomAnimations(R.anim.push_left_in, R.anim.push_left_out, R.anim.push_right_in, R.anim.push_right_out); Fragment left = getFragmentManager().findFragmentByTag(FRAG_1_TAG); Fragment right = getFragmentManager().findFragmentByTag(FRAG_3_TAG); ft.hide(left); ft.show(right); ft.addToBackStack(null); ft.commit(); final notes: to make deeper navigation it's just a matter of firing FragmentTransactions to add fragments to the LinearLayout and hide or detach the left side fragment. Also to make the fragments work on the linear layout is important to set their LinearLayout.LayoutParams.weight during runtime, something similar to the following code applied to the fragment view ((LinearLayout.LayoutParams) view.getLayoutParams()).weight = 1; to make it work on phones as well it's just a matter of applying the common multiple screen support patterns. last note, be careful on proper managing the layout status during device rotation because it's not all automagically handled by the system. Happy coding! A: We ran into the same problem with our app. The constraints we gave ourselves: Dynamic numbers of panes Each pane can be differently sized Fragments inside of panes must be correctly retained on orientation changes. In light of those constraints, we built a new layout we call PanesLayout. You can check it out here: https://github.com/cricklet/Android-PanesLibrary It basically allows you to easily add any number of dynamically sized panes and attach fragments to those panes. Hope you find it useful! :)

Analytics tool predicts the traffic for Bay Area drivers The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), in conjunction with the California Center for Innovative Transportation (CCIT), a research institute at the University of California-Berkeley, and IBM Research, unveiled a new predictive modeling and analytic tool to help San Francisco Bay area officials better plan and manage traffic flows, as well as help commuters avoid traffic jams. The IBM Traffic Prediction Tool (TPT), part of the Bay Area’s Smarter Traveler Research Initiative, collects and analyzes traffic data from sensors in roads, toll booths, bridges and intersections and combines the information with GPS location data from participating individuals’ cell phones. It compiles a commuter’s typical routes and uses the data to provide individuals with personalized travel recommendations to help them plan and share alternate routes - even before congestion is reported. Commuters receive alerts via e-mail or text message before their trip begins, including alerts on highways, rail lines and roads. “As the number of cars and drivers in the Bay Area continue to grow, so too has road traffic," Greg Larson, chief of the Office of Traffic Operations Research for Caltrans said in an announcement by IBM. "However, it’s unrealistic to think we can solve this congestion problem simply by adding more lanes to roadways, so we need to proactively address these problems before they pile up,” he added. By better understanding and predicting traffic flows, transportation officials will be able to proactively manage and optimize transportation systems, including improving traffic signal timing and ramp metering. Officials can also recommend better routes, predict whether or not a train will be on time, or train station parking availability. Alerts will be sent to commuters only if there is something potentially problematic, such as an accident or construction, to avoid overwhelming people with alerts, said Stefan Nusser, functional manager of IBM's Almaden Services Research in a CNET article. The tool is currently in trials and is not meant to be accessible while driving to avoid potential incidents because of cell phone usage behind the wheel, he added.

Q: Uniq many files in place I have many *.dat files. What's a bash script that could remove duplicate adjacent lines in each one? A: You mean like this? #!/bin/bash for f in "$@" do cp "$f" /tmp/tmp.dat uniq /tmp/tmp.dat > "$f" done Where you can run in the directory that has your many *.dat files. If you put this in a script called uniq_dat, and make it executable, you can run it like: uniq_dat *.dat A: use sort! sort -u foo -o foo # is short for sort --unique foo -o foo # if you want to avoid sorting sort —merge —unique foo -o foo

So sit back, relax, watch the introductory video (fly the route) and then take a look at the planned route and track the expedition once they set off. Lastly, if you want to learn how to build these types of maps into your website, take a look at the Virtual Earth interactive SDK at https://dev.live.com/virtualearth/sdk/ to see exactly what code you need to insert into your webpage. I got this up and running on my website relatively quickly, so think about how you might add this to your website.

Before proceeding to this article, I suggest you reading: Strong Evidence of Alien Abductions – Complete. 1 – LOST TIME: A period of time, from minutes to several days, in which you cannot recall what happened to you or what you have done. 2 – UNUSUAL MARKS: On your body like scars, scoop marks, laser cuts in series on ankle, wrist or back. Any scars which you’re unable to explain where you got them from. 3 – TAPPING OR HUMMING NOISES: Hearing these sounds upon odd occasion such as bedtime, just prior to sleep. (Many times, just prior to bedtime, for a period of many years, traveling on the road in my job, I thought an 18-wheeler was idling outside my room. Never was any truck, just the sound in my head.) 4 – BEING WATCHED: A feeling you get, during or just prior to sleep at night. 5 – SLEEPWALKING: You wake up in a different place from where you went to sleep and do not know how you got there. (As detailed in my book, I did this from age seven to age sixteen.) 6 – SEEN A UFO: During your life you’ve seen UFO’s or seen strange lights in the sky. (Many times, in my teenage years, I saw silver discs, very high in the sky.) 7 – NEED TO TRAVEL: A strange compulsion to walk or drive to another location without any explanation. (This happened four times to me.) 8 – UNEXPLAINED MEDICAL PROBLEMS: Sudden illness, sinus problems, fatigue, migraines or rashes. 9 – UNABLE TO SLEEP: You experience insomnia by way of nightmares, dreaming of UFO’s or being devoured by animals with large black eyes. (Usually associated with common wild animals such as owls, coyotes or wolves.) 10 – IMPLANTS: Your physician or you discover small, strange object inside your body that cannot be explained. Common places are the hip, ankle, foot, nose or hand. (Both Peggy and I have implants in our bodies.) 11 – TERMINATED PREGNANCY: You become pregnant and within a few months the pregnancy is terminated, without any explanation or discharge. 12 – SPERM SAMPLES: You believe you have had intercourse in the night or have had semen extracted from your body. 13 – PSYCHIC ABILITIES: You suddenly feel as though you have obtained some degree of psychic ability without any explanation for it. 14 – PARALYZED IN BED: Waking with immobility. For some reason you cannot move your body for a few seconds or minutes. 15 – BALLS OF LIGHT: Flashes of light or beams of light glimpsed through the corner of your eyes or seen directly, head on in your bedroom at night. 16 – DREAMS OF FLYING: Repeated dreams of having the ability to fly or of flying over your house or a familiar area. 17 – STRONG MEMORY: A very strong memory of something unusual such as floating through the air, lying upon an examination table, seeing a hypodermic needle or seeing a strange, skinny baby. 18 – COSMIC AWARENESS: A sudden interest in ecology, environment, vegetarianism or you just become very socially conscious for no apparent reason in your adult life. 19 – YOUR MISSION: You become aware of a strong sense of duty, a mission in life. You have a compulsion to fulfill a task in life but you don’t know exactly what it is or why you have this feeling. 20 – “SPECIAL”: You have a feeling that secretly, known only to yourself, you are special or chosen by someone, somehow. 21 – UNEXPLAINED EVENTS: You have had occurrences in your life which you cannot understand or explain to anyone. 22 – PSYCHIC: You have had the experience of knowing something was going to happen before it happened and then – it did happen! 23 – EYE DREAMS: You remember dreaming about large eyes. Usually familiar wildlife animals such as deer, elk, moose, owl, wolf or coyote. All you remember about the dream are the unusually large eyes. 24 – STARTLED: You awaken in the night, sometimes frequently, feeling a sense of panic or anxiety for no apparent reason. 25 – PICTURES OF ALIENS: You have an aversion to looking at any picture or drawing of an alien, similar to the greys shown on the cover of the book: “Communion”. 26 – FEARS OR PHOBIAS: You have inexplicable feelings of aversion to heights, snakes, spiders, large insects, certain sounds, bright lights, personal safety and/or a fear of being alone. 27 – SPECIAL PLACE: You have a memory of a special place with spiritual significance when you were a youngster. 28 – SELF-ESTEEM PROBLEMS: You have experienced that low worth feeling much of your life. 29 – SEEN IN SLEEP: Someone with you, a partner, become paralyzed, motionless or frozen in time, especially at or during bedtime. 30 – CRAFT OR ALIEN: You have someone in your life who claims to have seen a UFO, been abducted or has witnessed missing time. 31 – BLOOD: You have had times when you found blood, or small drops of blood on your pillow with no explanation how it got there. 32 – UFO’S OR ALIENS: You have had an interest in these topics in your mind with no idea why. 33 – AVERSION: You have an extreme aversion to talking, seeing or listening to any mention of the subject of UFO’s, aliens or abductions. 34 – BEING WATCHED: You have the feeling you are being watched most of the time, especially at night. 35 – SOLID OBJECTS: You have the feeling of having had your body pass through solid objects such as doors or windows. 36 – FOG OR HAZE: You have seen fog or haze when it should not have been there. 37 – NOSE BLEEDS: You have had nose bleeds at some time in your life without apparent cause or you have awoken with a nose bleed. (I had nosebleeds from childhood through my teenage years.) 38 – SORENESS: You awaken with soreness in your genitals which cannot be explained. 39 – BACK OR NECK PROBLEMS: Your back aches without cause or you awaken with unusual stiffness in any part of your body. (I still have that symptom, but it might just be arthritis at my age. Ha!) 40 – ELECTRONIC MALFUNCTION: Certain electronic appliances, (computers, digital watches, etc.) seem to malfunction in your presence with no explanation. Street lights going out when you walk under them or radio and television being affected when you walk by. 41 – RINGING IN THE EARS: Frequent or sporadic ringing in your ears on just in one ear. 42 – BEHIND YOUR EYE: A headache, especially in the sinus, or in just one ear. 43 – MEDICAL PROCEDURES: Dreams of doctors doing medical procedures upon your body. 44 – GOING CRAZY: Having the feeling that you are going insane for even thinking about these sorts of things. (Both Peggy and I have thought that, many times.) 45 – PARANORMAL: Experiencing psychic or odd experiences including intuition. 46 – COMPULSIVE/ADDICTIVE: This behavior either throughout your life or onset at adulthood. (I have had this problem, throughout my life.) 47 – URGE TO TAKE VITAMINS: Do you feel compelled to take more vitamins as the years pass? Do you feel somehow it is helping ‘replenish’ your body? (I started taking a lot of vitamins at age 50. I kept telling myself it was just because I wanted to be ‘healthy’.) 48 – AFRAID OF THE CLOSET: Have you ever been or are you now afraid of your closet or any closet in the house, having to make certain the door(s) are always shut? 49 – SEXUAL OR RELATIONSHIP PROBLEMS: Have had or are having an odd feeling that you must not become involved in a relationship because it would interfere with something. 50 – REMAIN VIGILANT: Fear that if you do not remain vigilant you will be taken away by someone. 51 – DIFFICULTY TRUSTING: Have trouble trusting other people, especially authority figures such as doctors. (I certainly have that now!) 52 – DREAMS OF DESTRUCTION: Dreams about catastrophes such as the end of the world. 53 – DON’T TALK: You have the feeling you should not talk about these things or that you are not supposed to talk about these things. 54 – SLEEP AGAINST THE WALL: You feel you must have your bed against the wall. 55 – LOCKING ALL DOORS: You double and triple-check locking up at night to prevent something or someone getting into your home. (I am still compulsive about that, from time to time.) 56 – CHILDREN OR PARENTS: Have talked about things on this list or you have heard them talk to others about things on this list. 57 – NO SUCCESS: You have tried to resolve some of these problems in your mind but with little success. 58 – NO RECALL: You have experienced many of these traits but cannot remember anything related to any abduction experience. Related: The Testimony of Zulu Shaman Credo Mutwa: A Life of Mystery and Alien Contact; Fourteen (14) Additional Signs Of Potential Alien Abduction With grateful appreciation to Raymond Fowler in his most interesting book: SynchroFile: Amazing Personal Encounters With Synchronicity And Other Strange Phenomena he has listed, (among many others), fourteen signs that we had not found in any previous literature. With his permission we list them here: 59 – DREAMS OF FLOATING THROUGH WINDOWS 60- DREAMS OF FLOATING IN A BEAM OF LIGHT 61 – DREAMS OF ALIENS, DOCTORS AND OPERATIONS 62 – COMPULSION TO BECOME A VEGETARIAN 63 – COMPULSION TO STUDY ASTRONOMY 64 – COMPULSION TO STUDY QUANTUM PHYSICS 65 – EXPERIENCE SYNCHRONISTIC HAPPENINGS 66 – EXPERIENCE BEING OUT OF BODY (OBE) 67 – EXPERIENCE FLASHBACKS – (Strange craft, conference, corridors, glowing-misty oval room with table, alien exam, instruments, babies, hybrid children, ufo sightings, etc.) 68 – HAVE FEAR/WARINESS OF A CERTAIN PLACE (In my case, cell repeater towers, triangular in shape, make me afraid when I see them. Still do not know why.) 69 – HISTORY OF FAMILY UFO EXPERIENCES 70 – SEE SAME NUMBERS ON THE CLOCK LINED UP (Such as awakening at 1:11 a.m. or 3:33 a.m.) 71 – SEE HOODED FIGURES, STRANGERS DRESSED IN BLACK 72 – AWAKE IN OTHER POSITION/PLACE (I was sleepwalking, I thought, at a young age and my Grandmother awakened me in the front yard in the middle of the night!) Reference: uforn via in5d | Buy book here

Cellular wireless communication networks were originally designed to support voice communications. For example, the TIA/EIA-95 family of standards describe a code division multiple access (CDMA) air interface in which different codes define traffic channels that share a 1.25 MHz frequency channel. Each traffic channel can be used to transmit a digitally encoded voice signal, for example, at a data rate of 9600 bits per second (bps). Cellular wireless communication networks have evolved to support higher data rates for communications over the forward link (from a base station to a mobile station) and the reverse link (from a mobile station to a base station). In the 1xRTT approach of cdma2000, different codes define fundamental channels and supplemental channels that share a 1.25 MHz frequency channel. A forward or reverse fundamental channel may be configured to support a data rate of up to 14.4 kpbs. A supplemental channel, however, may be configured to support a higher data rate. For example, a forward or reverse supplemental channel may be configured to support a data rate of up to 307.2 kpbs. In order to achieve a particular data rate in a fundamental or supplemental channel, the signal is transmitted in accordance with predefined characteristics, including a particular type of modulation and a particular type of forward error correction (FEC) coding. The predefined characteristics that may be used to achieve different data rates are described in 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2, “Physical Layer Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems, Revision E,” 3GPP2 C.S0002-E, Version 1.0, September 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is the highest-ranking toxin on the U.S. substance priority list. Chronic exposure through natural water sources is linked to a broad range of adverse health effects, including pathological changes in the urinary bladder. Due to the make up of the urothelial cell, iAs readily accumulates to elicit toxic effects. However the specific mechanisms of arsenic-induced urothelial injury are not fully characterized. Upon cell injury there is rapid influx of inflammatory mediators and increase in cellular inflammatory signaling. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is an anti-inflammatory transcription factor, critical o maintain the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory processes. iAs is classified as an environmental endocrine disruptor and is known to inhibit GR transcription factor function of target genes. Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) is a target gene of GR that plays a role in wound healing in response to epithelial injury. Notably, ANGPTL4 expression is decreased following iAs exposure in human urothelial cells (HUC). Moreover, treatment of HUC with inflammatory agents increases ANGPTL4 expression, and knockdown of ANGPTL4 decreases wound closure capabilities. However, it is unknown how arsenic disrupts the GR/ANGPTL4 axis in response to urothelial injury. Thus, the hypothesis of this proposal contends that iAs decreases GR-mediated expression of ANGPTL4 and disrupts normal urothelial response to injury by decreasing wound closure and sustaining the inflammatory response. The hypothesis will be addressed by completing the following two specific aims. First, the kinetics, specificity, and mechanism of arsenic inhibition on GR transcription factor function will be explored using reporter assays, DNA-protein binding assays, and mutations at suspected iAs binding sites within the GR DNA binding domain. Second, HUC with varying combinations of GR mutations and ANGPTL4 knockdown will be subjected to functional assays to assess changes in cell motility and inflammatory response. The changes in wound healing and inflammation will be observed with and without iAs treatment. Results from these aims will provide a mechanism of arsenical endocrine disruption in the bladder and validate ANGPTL4 as a novel GR target in response to injury and inflammation. Further, aberrant physiological responses and mechanisms after urothelial injury as a result of iAs exposure will be determined. The significance of this study applies to a broad range of arsenic-induced disease in the skin, lung, liver, and kidney. There may also be improved characterization of additional endocrine disease linked to chronic iAs, such as diabetes. Because inflammation is an underlying mechanism in many chronic diseases, this proposal has the potential to translate into preventative measures and bring more awareness to the role of the environment on human health, a concept that is not yet fully appreciated. Overall, completion of this study will ensure my comprehensive research training and contribute to the development of a successful career as an independent clinician-scientist of environmental medicine and disease prevention.

Introduction ============ As instruments for estimating the globe's size by measuring its axial length (AxL), mostly by ultrasonography, have become more readily available and user friendly ([@b19-opth-1-105]), it seemed beneficial to briefly explore their utility in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma and strabismus with the aim of promoting their routine employment on the way to enhancing quality of care. Size being a geometrical entity, and pressure and motility being physical ones, the following meta-analysis focuses mainly on these disciplines as a starting point and foundation for ultimate clinical application, recognizing full well the limitation of physical models representing complex biological events. Terms and definitions ===================== *Axial length* denotes here the linear distance clinically measured from the anterior apex of the cornea to the anterior surface of the opposite retina. Addition of the thickness of the retina and sclera renders the actual geometrical distance about 1--1.5 mm longer, but because of the higher curvature of the cornea the average external diameter of the entire sphere is about 0.5 mm shorter than this. For purposes of physical analysis we accept Duke-Elder (1973, p. 97--99): "On the whole it \[the eye\] is approximately spherical except in the higher degrees of axial myopia when the sagittal diameter is greatest." Only the principal forces, and ocular movements in abstract horizontal and vertical meridians, are here considered. *Acrophthalmos* means here an abnormally long globe, similar to *acrocephalos* (long head) or *acromphalos* (long navel). *Brachomphalos* is a short globe, similar to *brachycephalos* and *brachydont* (short tooth). These terms, measured in millimeters, replace here *myopia* and *hyperopia* which were often used to designate the globe's size, because the latter are measured in optical units of diopters, and do not always relate to size, as Priestly Smith said (1891, p. 122): "Small eyes are not necessarily hypermetropic, and hypermetropic eyes are not necessarily small." For instance, the terms "Myopic disc" or "Myopic degeneration with retinal detachment" actually referred to physically long globes rather than near-sighted ones ([@b32-opth-1-105]), while Hyperopia as a risk factor in angle closure ([@b22-opth-1-105]), or in esodeviation, implied short globes. Furthermore, studies that related glaucoma to "myopia" did not usually distinguish between refractive myopia and axial myopia, an important determinant of the tonometric pressure reading in these two forms ([@b29-opth-1-105]; [@b13-opth-1-105]). Intraocular pressure (IOP) is here given in 'units' instead of the wishful 'mm Hg' because the clinical tonometric measurements are not direct manometric ones but merely estimates which vary according to the instrument used and to the globe's physical structure. Precise language is of relevance when communicating clinical or other precise data ([@b3-opth-1-105]). Intraocular pressure ==================== The newborn's globe is soft and small, growing larger as its IOP increases with the begining of aqueous humor production ([@b15-opth-1-105]). Some have therefore seen the IOP as the impetus to the globe's growth (similar to an inflating balloon) or to its excessive growth that leads to axial myopia ([@b1-opth-1-105]; [@b12-opth-1-105]). With increased volume the globe's coats also become thinner. By definition, pressure (P) is directly proportional to its generating force (F) and inversely proportional to the surface area (A) to which it is applied perpendicularly: P = F/A. Goldmann chose for his tonometer a constant area of applanation where resistance of the average cornea to the applanating force was conteracted by the attractive force of the average tear film. Nevertheless, the force needed to applanate the flatter area of a large globe is smaller than the one needed for the steeper cornea of a small globe, where the volume displaced is also relatively larger ([Figure 1](#f1-opth-1-105){ref-type="fig"}), ([@b24-opth-1-105]). Laplace's equation applies these circumstances specifically to elastic spheres, such as the growing globe: P = 2T/r, where T denotes the tangential (not perpendicular) shearing stress on the surface, and r stands for the radius, that is, the size of the sphere ([@b34-opth-1-105]; [@b2-opth-1-105]). It follows that for a given pressure P, its effect on stretching the sclera or retina is greater in a large globe \[2T = Pr\] than a small one, whereas at the same time the perpendicularly applied counter-pressure diminishes. When Jonas [@b7-opth-1-105] began researching calibration of impression tonometers (Schiotz) he introduced an equation for 'scleral rigidity' where the tonometric reading was inversely proportional to ocular volume, the larger the globe the lower the reading on the tonometer for the same intraocular force ([@b36-opth-1-105]). The value of the coefficient itself was found to be considerably reduced in high axial myopia (acrophthalmia) ([@b5-opth-1-105]). Lower tonometric readings in high volume globes were then discovered also with the applanation method ([@b21-opth-1-105]). In 513 adult eyes we found a 0.29 unit ("mmHg") decrease in tonometric reading for every one millimeter increase in axial length, and the 30 longest eyes were over 1 unit softer than the 30 shortest ones ([@b25-opth-1-105]). When pressure in a container of any shape is increased, it assumes the form of a sphere because a sphere contains the maximum volume under the minimum surface area. Therefore, as the IOP in en elongated ellipsoid globe is directed towards forming it into a sphere, it is more effective on the lateral walls than on the anterior-posterior axis ([Figure 2](#f2-opth-1-105){ref-type="fig"}); it thus stretches the retina in the fundus, as manifested by the myopic (acrophthalmic) cup and crescent ([@b4-opth-1-105]) and distorted brightness distribution ([@b37-opth-1-105]). For the same reason it is also easier to indent or applanate an ellipsoid shape, where there is room for expansion, than an already spherical one ([@b25-opth-1-105]). Acrophthalmic globes are in this manner exposed to triple jeopardy of damage due to increased IOP: 1.) According to Laplace the force of stretch on the surface is higher in larger globes. 2.) It is also higher in elongated globes. 3.) The tonometric reading is deceptively low. All this, not counting the as yet in vivo unmeasurable malleability or elasticity of the ocular coats. The fact that increased IOP was the cause of the glaucomatous visual-field defect was convincingly shown experimentally ([@b8-opth-1-105]). On the other hand, smaller and shorter globes are at risk for angle-closure and acute glaucoma ([@b22-opth-1-105]). Our study confirmed that the globes of women were over one millimeter shorter than those of men, and women are well known to be affected by acute angle-closure more often than men. Knowledge of AxL may thus clinically alert us to the potential for angle closure, suggesting provocative tests or peripheral iridotomy in short globes. Their higher tonometic record may partially explain "ocular hypertension". Large globes caution us to be vigilant to visual-field loss caused by deceptively low tonometric readings ("low/normal tension glaucoma"). Additional in vivo data of scleral thickness promises to further our knowledge on the effect of IOP and its measurement. Ocular motility =============== "Near-sighted eyes often have limited motility", said Helmholtz, who gave his own horizontal range of motion as 100° and vertically 90°. Having mentioned earlier that myopic eyes are longer, he must have meant acrophthalmic eyes rather than refractive "myopes" ([@b14-opth-1-105]). Southall called them "sluggish" ([@b33-opth-1-105]). This motility deficit is somewhat ameliorated by the enlarged visual-field due to the prismatic effect of corrective concave glasses (but not contact-lenses). In order for a large globe to rotate a certain angle β ([Figure 3](#f3-opth-1-105){ref-type="fig"}, top) its surface at A is moved a certain *distance* AB (The small amounts under consideration here minimize the difference between arc and chord values). However, an equally large displacement on a smaller globe (CD = AB) results in a larger *angle* α of rotation (α \> β). Conversely, when both globes need rotate an equal angle (say β) the surface of the larger one moves a longer distance than the smaller (AB \> CE). The angle of rotation is proportional to the distance that the end-point A or C is moved and to the length of the radius OA or OC, where AB/OA = tangent β. That is, in order to rotate a globe a given angle, its surface must move the farther the longer its radius (AxL, size). We deal here with basic kinematics rather than the more complex dynamics. There, Archimedes' principle of the lever would also apply, where for equal displacements a stronger force is required at the end of a shorter lever OC than a longer one OA. The effect of the rotational force depends therefore not only on the force of the muscle's contraction and its length but also on the length of the rotated arm -- the globe's size ([@b10-opth-1-105]). A numeric example may illustrate the theoretical principle. In order to focus at a normal reading distance (d) of say 13" (330 mm), each eye separated by a normal papillary distance of 60 mm (2a) must rotate inward at an angle α of about 5° ([Figure 4](#f4-opth-1-105){ref-type="fig"}): a/d = 30/330 = 0.09; tan 0.09 = 5°. In order for small globes with a radius of say 11 mm (AxL about ∼22 mm) to converge this amount, their medial surfaces at C must move backwards almost 1 mm (CE, [Figure 3](#f3-opth-1-105){ref-type="fig"}) \[CE = 11 × tan 5° = 1\]. This surface of larger globes, with a radius of say 16 mm (AxL ∼ 32), must recede approximately 1.5 mm to achieve the same result \[AB = 16 × tan 5° = 1.5\], an increase of almost 50%. The opposite side of the globes (at S) must of course advance in the opposite (forward) direction. When converging to a given near point, a pair of large globes must move farther than smaller ones, or, the stimulus for their convergence must be stronger (assuming equally strong muscles). With equal stimuli, the large eyes (often myopic) will show convergence insufficiency, a common clinical occurrence. For the same reason, small globes (often hyperopic) may exhibit excessive convergence at near, or esophoria. In cases of significant disparity in size of the same pair ("anisometropia") the smaller eye may overshoot its target, or the larger one will be deficient, solely by dint of their different sizes, no matter what their refractive or accommodative status. Recognizing at the same time that the accuracy of focusing at near depends on a number of other hard to measure and complex psychophysical factors of space perception, aside from simple mechanical and optical ones ([@b27-opth-1-105]). The clinical applicability of these principles to surgery, which is more an art than science, has been well covered in the literature ([@b9-opth-1-105]; [@b20-opth-1-105]; [@b17-opth-1-105]). It is limited by the complex anatomical circumstances and functional variations ([@b28-opth-1-105]). Furthermore, in pediatric patients Axl measurements are difficult and the globe grows with age. Therefore "Experienced surgeons will establish their own 'tables' for the amount they will recess or resect a muscle for a certain measured deviation" ([@b35-opth-1-105]). Nevertheless, "We agree with Kushner et al that despite the approximation involved, the use of A scan is superior to other methods of estimating the amount of extraocular muscle surgery required" ([@b11-opth-1-105]). "A statistically highly significant negative correlation was found between the axial length and the response to strabismus surgery" ([@b16-opth-1-105]), that is, the larger the globe the smaller the response to the same surgery. Suppose one wished to straighten an eye diagnosed with esotropia of 20 prism diopters (∼10°). If its AxL were about 22 mm, the medial rectus ought to be theoretically recessed 2 mm, and the lateral advanced (or shortened) 2 mm. If, however, AxL was 32 mm, the displacement of the insertions must measure almost 3 mm in order to achieve the same effect, for 2 mm of surgery will result in under correction. In conclusion, I have tried to impress upon the reader the significant influence of globe size, measured by its axial length, on the effects and measurement of its intraocular pressure and on its motility. The geometrical and physical models serve as simplified skeletons upon which the complex biological components of anatomy, neurology, and biochemistry may then be fleshed. Future statistical data on the relation of AxL to eso and exo deviation, in addition to the customary refractive data, will be helpful. So may be in vivo data on scleral thickness. At present, the routine addition to our clinical armamentarium of measurable Axl data promises to enhance the quality of our diagnosis and management of glaucoma and of strabismus. {#f1-opth-1-105} {#f2-opth-1-105} {#f3-opth-1-105} {#f4-opth-1-105}

Q: How to make a folder accessible to users of a certain group on linux I tried to make a the /opt/apps folder accessible to all users of the 'www' group. The main user of the group would be the 'jboss' user, so I runned: sudo chown -R jboss:www /opt/apps Both the 'jboss' and the 'ubuntu' user are in the 'www' group, but only the 'jboss' user can write in the /opt/apps folder. How can I make the /opt/apps folder writable to all users in the 'www' group? A: Check the permissions of that folder as well as the group and owner. ls -l will show them. If the group does not have write permissions then just chmod g+w /opt/apps and you might need to do that recursively with the -r flag to chmod

Aleukemic leukemia cutis. An unusual presentation of acute myelomonocytic leukemia. A patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia is reported. He had presented erythroderma and atypical cellular infiltration of the skin 4 months prior to the detection of leukemia in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. Aleukemic leukemia cutis is a rare condition which is characterized by leukemic cells invading the skin prior to the observation of leukemic cells in the peripheral blood. The cases of aleukemic leukemia cutis reported in the literature show little or no conformity in their clinical appearance. Enzyme cytochemistry, immunocytological and electron-microscopic studies are of considerable help in differentiating the cutaneous infiltrates and in establishing early diagnosis. We report herein a patient with erythroderma which regressed spontaneously, whereas microscopic examination of a cutaneous biopsy showed atypical cells infiltrating the dermis. After a period of 3 months, during which the patient remained free of lesions, he showed recurrence of the erythroderma while developing acute myelomonocytic leukemia. We feel this unusual presentation of aleukemic leukemia cutis should be added to the evergrowing list of cutaneous manifestations of leukemia.

New sedan gets new looks, new engines, and more tech The Chinese-market Ford Escort has received a comprehensive update for 2018, likely in line with the all-new Focus also revealed overnight. Upgrades include a revised exterior, which appears to draw inspiration from the new Focus range, a new 1.5-litre 'Ti-VCT' petrol engine, and additional luxury and technology features compared to the current model. New HID headlights reside at the front end, incorporating C-shaped LED daytime-running lights and a chrome outer bezel. The five-bar chrome grille has also been revised for the upgraded model. At the rear, there's new LED tail-lights (though we don't have any images of them, yet) with integrated reverse lights, while the rear fog-lights are separated into the rear fascia to give "a sense of symmetry and balance".

One of the major preoccupations of the Hopis is rain, upon which depends the corn that is at the center of their life. If it rains, it means the Hopis have performed their cere monies properly and have lived a good life. It takes little precipitation to make Hopi corn grow-eight to twelve inches of snow and rain a year-but that little bit is crucial. I remember one dawn when we made our way out on the desert floor just below the vil lage of Shipolovi on Second Mesa. Leading us were Darlene Quavehema, her older brother, Phillip, and their father, Alonzo. Alonzo lifted up a board from the dusty ground, revealing a deep pit-a Hopi oven for roasting corn. He filled the pit with sticks and limbs of saltbush. Soon fire erupted from the hole with a roar, tatters of flame disappearing into the wind, and Alonzo told us to go pick corn in a nearby field while he tended the fire. "Usually an old man tends the fire," Alonzo went on, adding that no old man had been available that morning. "You've got some gray hair," Phillip told his father (who is in his 40s). "You'll do fine." Shortly after noon we arrived back at the smoking oven and dumped a truckload of corn into the hole. Then we covered it for the night. Next day at dawn Susanne and I met the three of them at the oven. Alonzo stood and held out sacred corn meal in his hand. Praying in aloud voice that reverberated through the thin air, he called on the spirits of the place to enjoy the corn roast with us. Then he lowered himself into the pit. Soon buckets of corn emerged from the hole. Before long Alonzo pulled himself up out of the oven, drenched with sweat. Phillip took his place. Then came my turn. Though taller than most Hopis, I was way over my head in that oven. Corn rested on smoldering coals; heat penetrated through the soles of my boots. I scooped ears into the bucket and pushed it overhead-again and again. Soon I came up for air. "Pretty good, pretty good," hooted Phil lip. It was a kind of competition: Who could stay down there the longest? I lost. We shucked some corn, eating amply. Then, our truck loaded, we headed for the Susanne and Jake Page are the authors of Hopi, published this month by Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York. Free-lance journalists, they live in Waterford, Virginia. village. There Alonzo's wife, Linda, de lightedly called out "Askwali, askwali," the word Hopi women use to say "thank you," and took charge of the corn. It had been Phil lip's corn as it grew in his field, but once it was placed in Linda's house it became her property, as were the house and its furnish ings in this strongly matrilineal society. Sated with corn, I looked about. Four ears, each a different color, hung in a bunch on the living-room wall. "What are those different colors about?" I asked Alonzo. "The four directions," he explained. "Yel low is north, blue is west, white is east, and red is south. Those directions we came from long ago when our clans gathered here." The blue corn is used by a Hopi woman to make traditional piki, a kind of corn bread. She stirs ground blue corn, water, and a pinch of ashes into a thin gruel. Then, in a small stone house specially built for the pur pose, she spreads the mixture on a smooth, hot rock that rests above a fire. In an instant the gruel turns into what looks like wet parchment. She peels it off the rock, folds it, and sets it aside to dry. A Hopi woman may spend days in her dark little piki house, making this important blue corn bread-and developing a heavily callused hand in the process. Before ceremo nies and other important events such as weddings, and even when a visitor drops by a Hopi house, piki and other foods are given out in astonishing bounty. When Spirits Dwell Among Men Having delivered the sweet corn to Linda, Alonzo drove 18 miles to the Keams Canyon boarding school, where he is a cook. After work he would spend an hour or two tending his cornfields and then proceed to his kiva, an underground chamber where men pray and make preparations for kachina dances and other ceremonies. He would stay in the kiva until after midnight, return home for a catnap, and rise at dawn for the fields. Summers are exhaustingly busy times. Nowadays, many men like Alonzo have jobs on the reservation and must still find time to plant corn and keep vigil against weeds, ro dents, and ravens. All the while, the villages are in the midst of the cycle of ceremonies. In the Hopi religion kachinas are benevo lent spirits; from late July until December Inside the Sacred Hopi Homeland 613

Wildflower students check out the bees at the school’s observation hive that was installed in 2017. Nelson city council has agreed to allow another hive built at Hume School. Photo: Tyler Harper Hume School is getting its own bee hive. Nelson city council passed a request Monday for an glass observation apiary to be installed on the third floor of Hume. Council approval was necessary because of a city bylaw that prevents apiaries from being built within city limits. The hive, which is provided by the Bee Awareness Society, is the second council has agreed to allow in a Nelson school. Wildflower School was granted a honey bee hive for one year in 2017, and had an extension approved last year. City staff said there have been no complaints about the Wildflower hive.

Macs are connecting through SMB2 (early in 10.9 we had some issues with large files - over a few GB- failing to copy, which forcing CIFS worked around, haven't had to do that since 10.9.3) and getting 100 MB/s+ on transfers (with CIFS forced, it was 50 MB/s maximum) We are not using dedup feature of Windows Server (I believe our storage level SAN - a 3Par is doing dedup). And regarding the story "Mavericks ACL bug keeps Windows users locked out" from Monday August 18, 2014: Time Machine in Mavericks doesn't have a setting for locking files like Lion did. I can't remember if it was removed in 10.8 or in 10.9 now. I don't have a 10.8 machine available at the moment to double-check.

After reaping a whirlwind of controversy over the past few days surrounding the screening of a film by anti-vaccination ex-doctor Andrew Wakefield, the Tribeca Film Festival says it will no longer be shown. Robert De Niro, Tribeca’s co-founder, released a statement Saturday afternoon announcing its cancellation. The inclusion of Vaxxed proved immediately controversial for Tribeca; Wakefield claims there is a link between the MMR vaccine and autism, and that the CDC is engaged in a coverup, ignoring that the MMR vaccine increases autism rates, especially among African-American boys. (Vaccines, for the billionth time, do not cause autism and despite Wakefield’s claims, there’s no proof that the CDC is engaged in a vast coverup.) Just yesterday, De Niro defended screening Vaxxed, saying it would promote “conversation.” A day later, per his statement, he has changed his mind: “My intent in screening this film was to provide an opportunity for conversation around an issue that is deeply personal to me and my family. But after reviewing it over the past few days with the Tribeca Film Festival team and others from the scientific community, we do not believe it contributes to or furthers the discussion I had hoped for. The Festival doesn’t seek to avoid or shy away from controversy. However, we have concerns with certain things in this film that we feel prevent us from presenting it in the Festival program. We have decided to remove it from our schedule.” The link to Vaxxed on the Tribeca website, whose comments section devolved into an argument about vaccine efficacy, is now dead. Wakefield has yet to comment on the film being pulled; his last public post, on Facebook, urged his followers to thank Tribeca for screening the film. De Niro at Tribeca 2015. Photo via Getty Images

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: classifications, oral manifestations, and dental considerations. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is the name given for 6 types of connective tissue disorders. While the prevalence of this disease is small, it is seen on every continent and affects both sexes and all races. The various types of EDS are reviewed with reference given to both the older Berlin nosology and the newer Villefranche nosology. Phenotypes of EDS vary depending upon which type of collagen is altered, leading the practitioner to the diagnosis before biochemical confirmation is obtained. In this regard, because collagen is present throughout the head and neck, oral and maxillofacial manifestations of the disease are discussed and are readily noticeable to the astute dentist. Specialists in several fields of dentistry are made aware of the complications EDS can pose on treatment, healing, and follow-up care.

w = 8 + -3. Suppose 3*d + 928 = 2*u, w*d = -5*u + 968 + 1352. What is the tens digit of u? 6 Suppose -165720 + 274794 + 1900815 = 63*a. What is the units digit of a? 3 Suppose -17 = -0*z - 3*z - 2*w, 5 = 2*z - 5*w. Suppose -i - a + 608 = -0*i, -z*a - 3060 = -5*i. What is the hundreds digit of i? 6 Let f(z) = 3*z + 4. Let s be f(-1). What is the hundreds digit of ((-1)/s)/(1/(-237))? 2 Let v be (17 - 37)*1/(-5). Suppose -4*g + 1397 = 4*w - 431, 0 = 3*g + v*w - 1369. What is the units digit of g? 9 Suppose -3*p + m + 9032 = 0, 3014 = 587*p - 586*p - m. What is the tens digit of p? 0 Let q(y) = y**2 + 15*y + 11. Suppose 0 = x - 5, -2*x + 6*x = -2*p + 176. Suppose 2*g - 32 = -p. What is the units digit of q(g)? 5 Let x(z) = z**2 + 3*z. Let m(k) = 35*k**2 + 4*k - 2. Let o(h) = m(h) - x(h). What is the units digit of o(2)? 6 Suppose -9*g - 60 = -24*g. Suppose 0 = j - 3 - g. Suppose 33 + j = 4*z. What is the tens digit of z? 1 Let q(u) = -40*u**3 - 2*u**2 - 2*u + 1. Let s be q(-2). Suppose 2*l = s - 79. Let k = 32 + l. What is the hundreds digit of k? 1 Suppose 8*j + j = 54. Let r(i) = 25*i**2 + 10*i - 73. What is the hundreds digit of r(j)? 8 Let h be 2342/(-10) - (-5)/25. Let a be (22/(-12))/(-1) + (-39)/h. Suppose -a*s + 4*s = 88. What is the units digit of s? 4 Let d(n) be the first derivative of -n**4/4 + 13*n**3/3 - 12*n + 25. What is the units digit of d(9)? 2 Suppose 0 = -d - 4*m + 1914, -9642 = -5*d + 3*m + m. Suppose 24*l + d = 14166. What is the units digit of l? 0 Suppose -75 + 69 = -z, 0 = j + 2*z - 5091. What is the hundreds digit of j? 0 Let m be 2/5*(-4 + 6 + 3). Let w be m + (-2 - 4) - -39. Let u = w - 17. What is the tens digit of u? 1 Let m(f) = -1305*f - 5707. What is the hundreds digit of m(-11)? 6 Let u be -6 + (-4 - 86)/(-3). Let i(p) = p**2 - 17*p + 20. What is the hundreds digit of i(u)? 1 Let d(f) be the second derivative of 7*f**4/6 - 8*f**3/3 - 7*f**2/2 - 10*f + 7. What is the tens digit of d(5)? 6 Let p(v) = -28328*v + 1947. What is the units digit of p(-2)? 3 Let v = -14992 + 32511. What is the units digit of v? 9 Let x(h) = 3463*h + 4285. What is the hundreds digit of x(2)? 2 Let i(x) = 4*x + 25. Let h be i(-6). Let p be -5*-33*h/5. What is the tens digit of 2156/p + (-1)/3? 6 Let k(m) = 29*m**2 - 26*m - 401. What is the tens digit of k(-10)? 5 Let n(h) = 5*h - 9. Let k(w) = -1. Let j(s) = k(s) + n(s). Let q be j(9). What is the units digit of (-1233)/(-15) + (-7)/q? 2 Suppose -3*y + 1045 + 320 = 0. Suppose 4*p = 3*d - 0*p - 269, -5*d + 5*p + y = 0. What is the units digit of d? 5 Let u be (-2880)/10*(-33)/6. Suppose -10*z = 8*z - u. What is the units digit of z? 8 Let s(i) = i**3 + i**2 - 15*i - 35. Let k = -158 - -166. What is the hundreds digit of s(k)? 4 Suppose c = 2*q + 9822, -4*q - 5979 = -3*c + 23487. What is the tens digit of c? 2 Suppose c - 2*x = 19, 0 = 2*c + 3*c + 5*x - 20. Suppose 3*z = m - 44, -2*m + 107 = 4*z + c. What is the units digit of m? 7 Let a(n) = 412*n**2 - 5*n + 23. What is the thousands digit of a(-6)? 4 Suppose -i = 2*i - 90. Suppose -2*d - 2*d = -21*d. Suppose d = -5*j + 2*j + i. What is the units digit of j? 0 Let f = 9254 + 11840. What is the hundreds digit of f? 0 Let d(o) = -7*o**2 + 15*o - 11. Let b(m) = -13*m**2 + 30*m - 23. Let j = -39 - -28. Let y(x) = j*d(x) + 6*b(x). What is the tens digit of y(12)? 1 Suppose -4*j + 31 = 11, j - 3 = -2*v. What is the units digit of (v - 1 - -6)*(-837)/(-12)? 9 Let f(c) = -c**3 + 46*c**2 + 8*c + 71. What is the thousands digit of f(40)? 9 Let n = -310 + 907. Suppose -10*q = -4*q - 18. Suppose p + 248 = t + 53, -q*t - p + n = 0. What is the tens digit of t? 9 Suppose 22*t + 4*u - 37108 = 17*t, -5*u = -t + 7410. What is the hundreds digit of t? 4 What is the tens digit of ((2*14)/(-2))/(8*(-10)/50200)? 8 Let i(g) = 42*g**3 - g**2 - g + 1. Let n be i(1). Suppose -39*y = -n*y. Suppose y = 4*v + 125 - 981. What is the tens digit of v? 1 Suppose 9*b = 7*b + 636. Suppose 2*c + n = 3*n - 358, -5*c - 891 = -4*n. Let p = b + c. What is the units digit of p? 3 Let k = 734 - 726. Suppose 11*d + 5*a = k*d + 1580, -5*a - 1070 = -2*d. What is the units digit of d? 0 Let t(j) = 32*j - 142. Let z be t(9). Let r(v) = -15*v - 4. Let m be r(6). Let a = m + z. What is the units digit of a? 2 What is the units digit of 77/(-14)*(-17970 + 32)? 9 Let g = -72136 + 109799. What is the units digit of g? 3 Let j(w) = 5*w - 13. Let c be j(4). Suppose 0*t = -c*t + 294. What is the tens digit of ((-63)/t)/(3/(-64))? 3 Let g be 4/(2/1) - 2. Suppose g = o - 3*o. Suppose 2*c - 28 = -p + 28, 5*c - 5*p - 140 = o. What is the units digit of c? 8 Let l(p) = p**2 + 36*p - 88. Let y be l(-39). What is the hundreds digit of 0 - -385 - (-25 + y)? 3 Let v(i) = -65*i - 32. Let s(a) = -456*a - 225. Let z(y) = 4*s(y) - 27*v(y). Let d be z(-5). Let m = d - 178. What is the units digit of m? 1 Suppose 1076128 = 77*r - 362078. What is the thousands digit of r? 8 Suppose 173069 + 246117 = 34*w. What is the units digit of w? 9 Suppose 6 - 15 = o. Let g be -1*(-3)/o*(1 - -110). What is the hundreds digit of 12*(3/(-12) + 0)*g? 1 Let b(x) = 2*x**3 + 77*x**2 - 35*x - 101. What is the thousands digit of b(-37)? 5 Suppose 0 = -83*h + 85*h + 6170. Let y = -1598 - h. What is the thousands digit of y? 1 Let t = 925 - 1380. Let n = t - -1442. What is the units digit of n? 7 Let z(s) be the first derivative of -s**4 - 11*s**3/3 + 3*s**2/2 + 9*s + 54. What is the tens digit of z(-6)? 5 Suppose -5*k + 173 - 133 = 0. What is the units digit of (-2)/(7/((-5292)/k))? 9 Suppose 754*x - 11659475 = 5398267. What is the ten thousands digit of x? 2 Let w be (9 + 3/(-1))*(-112)/(-42). Suppose -w*o = -41*o + 7950. What is the units digit of o? 8 Let r = -416 - -434. Suppose r*v - 2*v - 6816 = 0. What is the tens digit of v? 2 Let p = 3337 - 4754. Let s = -916 - p. What is the hundreds digit of s? 5 Let y(f) = 101*f + 4. Let l be y(4). What is the hundreds digit of ((-86)/3)/(2 - 832/l)? 7 Suppose 5002 = -5*z + 2*d, -2*d + 4*d + 2012 = -2*z. What is the units digit of (-1)/(((-6)/z)/(-1))? 7 Let d = -27 - -27. Suppose 0 = -d*u + 5*u. Suppose u*z + z = 58. What is the tens digit of z? 5 Let f(t) = -24*t + 2. Suppose 2*y - 1 = 5. Suppose 4*a = -5*r - 34 + 11, -16 = r - y*a. What is the hundreds digit of f(r)? 1 Let q(a) = -3*a**2 - a + 28. Let u be q(0). Let y = u + 559. What is the units digit of y? 7 Let v(j) = 5*j + 20. Let n(p) = p**3 - 17*p**2 - p + 13. Let i be n(17). Let t be v(i). Suppose -5*r + t*r = -140. What is the tens digit of r? 2 Suppose 53 = -a + 57. Suppose -a*r + 99 = -1173. What is the tens digit of r? 1 Let v(x) = -x**3 + 8*x**2 - 10*x. Let h be v(5). Let d be h/15*(-177)/(-1). Suppose -5*o = -d - 15. What is the units digit of o? 2 Let y(a) = a**2 - 3*a - 4 + 11*a - 2*a**2 - 4*a + 9*a. Let c be 2/(-4) - 42/(-4). What is the tens digit of y(c)? 2 Let x(k) = -2*k**3 + 10*k**2 + 5*k - 25. Let v be x(5). Suppose u - 573 - 634 = v. What is the tens digit of u? 0 Suppose 19 + 16 = y - 2*j, -5*j - 23 = -y. Let q = y - 44. What is the units digit of q - (-4 - (137 + -4))? 6 Let w be 0 - (-1)/(-2)*(-19 + 19). Suppose 7*h - 522 - 297 = w. What is the tens digit of h? 1 Let y(c) = -c**3 - 4*c**2 + 2. Let w(p) = -p**3 - 3*p**2 + 2. Let v(a) = -3*w(a) + 4*y(a). Let b = 41 - 48. What is the units digit of v(b)? 2 Let b(a) = 8*a**2 - a + 26. Let z(i) = -4*i**2 - 13. Let j(v) = 4*b(v) + 7*z(v). Let x be j(4). Let w = 24 + x. What is the units digit of w? 5 What is the hundreds digit of 6495*(-13)/(975/(-30))? 5 Suppose 5*q = g + 3*g - 1438, -2*g - 6 = 0. Let t = -275 - q. What is the units digit of t? 5 Suppose 11*b - 175430 - 101234 + 51868 = 0. What is the units digit of b? 6 Let x = 379 + -377. Suppose 4*k - x*k = 8, -6*j + 3968 = -4*k. What is the hundreds digit of j? 6 Let d = 17691 - 3503. What is the units digit of d? 8 Suppose -8*x = -5847 - 18153. What is the hundreds digit of x? 0 Suppose -16*o - 2*z = -21*o + 5110, 1030 = o - 2*z. What is the hundreds digit of (-945)/10*o/(-119)? 8 Let b = 2588 + -1212. Let d be (-7)/(105/(-48))*(-35 + 0). What is the units digit of (-4)/14 - b/d? 2 Let o be (-32)/(-208) - 100/(-26). What is the units digit of 6929/13 - 5/(5/o)? 9 Suppose -m + 907 = 2*g, -m = g + m -

MARION — A Marion woman who admitted to slamming a toddler on the floor, causing him a serious brain injury, has been sentenced to the maximum of three years in prison. Felicia R. Brown, 28, pleaded guilty to one count of endangering children, a third-degree felony, in February after a toddler she was taking care of last year suffered a brain bleed. Brown was initially charged with one count of felonious assault, a second-degree felony, in Marion County Common Pleas Court. That charge, which would have carried a maximum penalty of eight years in prison, was dismissed as part of the plea agreement. At Brown's sentencing Friday, Marion County Common Pleas Judge Jason Warner read aloud part of a statement written by Brown in which she detailed how the toddler was injured. In the statement as read by Warner, Brown admitted to "slamming" the 21-month-old onto the floor out of frustration in September. The toddler was the child of the man Brown was dating at the time, Marion County Assistant Prosecutor Demetrius Daniels-Hill has said. In the statement, Brown recalled walking up the stairs of a Marion house behind the toddler, who she said kept stopping and tripping her. "When we got to the top step, he stopped again, and I shoved him to keep him moving, and he fell forward and smacked his head on the step," Warner quoted from Brown's statement. She wrote that when they got to his bedroom, she "went to change him and slammed him on the floor." "I was aggravated with everything that was going on, ... and I let my anger and frustration get the best of me," Brown said in the statement, saying she deeply regretted how she reacted. The toddler was taken to Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus with a subdural hematoma, or bleeding around the brain, and with bruising to the jaw, pelvis, upper arm and fractures to both sides of the collarbone, according to court records and prosecutors. The head injury required "emergent neurosurgery" and raised red flags among a hospital team specializing in child abuse, according to an affidavit filed in court and signed by Marion Police Lt. Ed Brown. The child's grandmother told the court Friday that the boy was scheduled to undergo another surgery this month and that he will require further surgery when he is 8 years old. She asked the court for justice. Todd Anderson, the attorney representing Brown, asked the court for a mid-range sentence and pointed to Brown's lack of criminal history, to her family support and to her upbringing of a 7-year-old daughter without any prior child protective services involvement. "This is definitely out of character for Felicia," he said. "These cases are hard to explain. ... I don't know how these things happen but they happen too frequently, which tells you it's a crime where certain people snap, and I think this is that case where she lost her temper." He also pointed to the pre-sentence investigation's findings that Brown was unlikely to reoffend. Brown briefly spoke to say she took full responsibility and that she was "very, very sorry" for her actions. Before delivering her sentence, Warner acknowledged that Brown was unlikely to commit the crime again and noted that she did not have a prior criminal record and has expressed genuine remorse. But he found that the seriousness of Brown's crime took precedence. "The age of the child absolutely is a factor that makes your conduct in this case more serious than conduct in other endangering children cases," Warner said, adding that the 21-month-old couldn't have defended himself. Warner said he had reviewed photos of the boy's injuries and called them "shocking." "The photos very apparently document both recent and what appear to be old injuries to the child that seem to indicate certainly abuse of the child," he said. Brown was taken into custody Friday. She will receive three days of credit for jail time already served. [email protected] 740-375-5155 Tweet me @SarahVolp

Mushroom Men The Spore Wars review Videogames > Reviews > Mushroom Men The Spore Wars reviewRated 6 out of 10 By Gamesweasel on March 31, 2009 Gamecock and SouthPeak Interactive aren’t the big guns when it comes to software publishers but with Mushroom Men: The Spore Wars, they’ve let Redfly Studio create the action platformer, the same guys who are making the Wii version of the new Ghostbusters video game. In this pleasant little platformer you play as Pax, a sentient mushroom who is the last one left of his tribe. When a meteor crash-landed on Earth, spores turned into mushroom men and these split into groups and decided to fight. Your tribe got wiped out and now you must explore and fight your way across the land to find your place amongst the other funghi. The first thing you’ll notice is how well it’s presented. The intro has a B-movie feel to it and although they don’t speak, the characters all have distinct personalities. The locations are also ingenious, using everyday objects you’d see around the house and the garden, scaled up to be used as platforms, bridges and obstacles. Gameplay is a bit more formulaic however. You use the analogue stick on the Nunchuck to walk and the Wiimote to hit things. You can also scavenge for items that you can combine to make better weapons, be it melee weapons or ranged items. Unfortunately, each successive weapon you make is more powerful than the last so there’s no incentive to chop and change. Some selective weapon changes for certain enemies would have been a nice touch. You can also use your little mushroom mind to move objects that are in your way, and collect spores round the environment to give you more power. When it comes to difficulty, Red Fly have gone for a re-spawning system similar to Bioshock. If you die you’ll be sent back a bit in a level but everything will still be how it was when you died – luckily, they’ve provided incentives for beating a boss without dying which should stop gamers just ploughing into them until they’re defeated no matter how many times they die. Mushroom Men is a fun distraction but it’s let down by really standard platforming gameplay. It’s sure to appeal to younger gamers but unfortunately, won’t have the same appeal for adults. Mushroom Men gets 6 out of 10.

Chris Cline was the owner of a mining company in West Virginia, US. Highlights Chris Cline was the owner of a mining company in West Virginia in US The chopper was travelling from the Bahamas to Fort Lauderdale in Florida It crashed near an outcrop in the country's north shortly after takeoff Seven people have been reported dead in a helicopter crash off the Bahamas, including US billionaire coal magnate Chris Cline. The chopper went down near a small outcrop in the country's north early on Thursday morning, the Nassau Guardian newspaper reported the minister of tourism and aviation as saying. "We've located the craft. It seems as if the seven passengers are still onboard so therefore submerged, but we can't confirm anything yet," said Dionisio D'Aguilar. "I guess it crashed shortly after take off", he said, adding authorities are trying to get "to the helicopter and retrieve any souls... and start the investigation." The pilot did not ask permission before leaving, D'Aguilar said. West Virginia newspaper The Register-Herald reported friends of Chris Cline said the helicopter was travelling from the Bahamas to Fort Lauderdale in Florida when it crashed. "Today we lost a WV superstar and I lost a very close friend," the governor of West Virginia, Jim Justice, wrote on Twitter, confirming Chris Cline's death. The businessman "built an empire and on every occasion was always there to give. What a wonderful, loving, and giving man," Justice said.

Q: Prevent member of administrator group loging in via Remote Desktop In order to support some build processes on our Server 2003 development servers, we require a common user account that has administrative privs. Unfortuantly, this also means that anyone that knows the password can also gain admin privs on a server. Assume that trying to keep the password secret is a failed exercise. Developers that need admin privs already have admin privs so should be able to log in as themselves. So the question is a simple one: is there anything I can configure to prevent people (ab)using the account to gain administrator on servers they shouldn't have administrator on? I'm aware that devs could disable anything that is put in place, but that's then down to process and auditing to track and manage. I don't mind where or how: it can be via the local security policy, group policy, a batch file executed in the user's profile, or something else. A: Found the "proper" way to do it -- through group policy, I've added the user to the setting: Windows Settings\Security Settings\User Rights Assignment\Deny login through Terminal Services This seems to work, so the Deny list takes precendence over the allowed list, which is what I want. I'm sure I've gone through this list a few times and failed to spot this setting before though...

International volunteering International volunteering is when volunteers contribute their time to work for organisations or causes outside their respective home countries. In most such cases, volunteers work in developing countries on international development programmes with local volunteer organisations that conduct activities such as health promotion, education and environmental conservation. Trends show that international volunteering has become increasingly popular across many countries over the past few decades. International volunteering is a broad term which is used to capture multi-year, skilled placements as well as short term roles, recently termed voluntourism, and a range of activities in between conducted by governments, charities and travel agents. History On a large scale, workcamp movements and early missionary service were the first expressions of international service. Formal overseas volunteering can be traced back over one hundred years to when the British Red Cross set up the Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) scheme in 1909. The VAD volunteers, as well as volunteers from many other national Red Cross organisations, worked in battlefields across Europe and the Middle East during World War I to treat soldiers and civilians regardless of the side they fought for. One of the most prominent organisations, Service Civil International, was established in 1934 to reconstruct areas devastated by disaster and war. Up to the mid-20th century overseas volunteering projects were mainly undertaken by people with direct connections to a particular cause and were considered more as short term in nature. The more formal inception of international volunteering organisations can be linked to organisations such as Australian Volunteers International (formerly the Volunteer Graduate Scheme) which formed in 1951, International Voluntary Services in 1953 in the United States, and Voluntary Services Overseas (VSO) in 1958 the United Kingdom. These services and that of the U.S. Peace Corps, established in 1961 during the Kennedy administration, paved the way for broader recognition of overseas volunteering in later years. During the 1960s and 1970s a movement of volunteerism and study abroad programs became popular among university students and graduates and the United Nations launched the UN Volunteers programme for young professionals to take part in a long-term (two year plus) overseas programme. In recent years the accessibility of international volunteering has increased significantly with many smaller charities connecting volunteers with non-governmental organisations in developing countries. About half of all international volunteering from the US, for example, takes place through faith-based organizations. For-profit travel companies have also increasingly been offering paid-for volunteering opportunities, this growth coincided with the increasing number of young people taking gap years and has been termed volunteer tourism and voluntourism to denote shorter-term voluntary work that is not necessarily the sole purpose of the trip. However, many opportunities medium- and long-term opportunities for skilled international volunteers remain, for example, the publicised role of volunteers in addressing the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. According to US Current Population Survey, the most common activities volunteers engage in abroad include tutoring or teaching, mentoring youth, engaging in general labor, and providing counseling, medical care, or protective services. Volunteer demographics Global statistics on international volunteers are unavailable. However, about one million people from the US volunteer abroad each year--almost half for less than two weeks. Shorter-term voluntourism is therefore appealing to many, as it is targeted at travellers who want to make a positive change in the world, while still providing a touristic experience. Volunteering appeals to a broad cross-section of society, but the majority of volunteers are in their twenties and thirties, potentially due to perceptions of volunteering abroad being a more risky activity. The average age of Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) volunteers, however, is 38, showing a broad range of participation across age groups. Recently there has been an increase in baby boomer volunteers. One possible explanation for the increase is that these people are transitioning into a new stage of life and their focus may shift toward finding activities that give their life new meaning. As with domestic volunteering, international volunteering is more common among those with a higher education and from higher income households. Critiques and challenges Certain critiques and challenges are associated with international volunteering. Outcomes Measuring the outcomes of international volunteering is an ongoing challenge. Sometimes the costs invested in these partnerships are high. The intangible nature of impact and outcomes is hard to measure and research has been proposed in this area. Similarly, how to measure the success of a volunteer and the supporting organisation's performance is complicated. To allow volunteers to integrate properly into the community, it is essential that volunteers have some useful skills and are reasonably well-informed and trained before the placement. Shannon O'Donnell, a vocal critic of poorly designed international programs, contends that many volunteer organizations compromise the dignity of local populations—these programs often foster a cyclical dependency international volunteers within the communities the programs are designed to serve. Others have critiqued the mixing of models of volunteering designed for international understanding and those designed for social or economic development. Still others are concerned about it postcolonial and historical character, and the impacts this has on the identity of members of hosting communities. High costs Related to the impact of international volunteering, the cost of having an international volunteer has been cited as another area of concern, especially costs for air tickets, allowances (such as for housing and food), insurance, training and logistics. Local staff do not require long-distance travel costs, although they do require payment, and the local organisations could put these funds into other activities; however, many volunteers pay these expenses personally. Some institutions provide scholarships for international volunteering. Still, volunteers are often cheaper than other forms of long-term technical assistance because they live and work under local conditions. Expatriates who work in the same capacity can be paid multiple times more than any allowances volunteers receive (if any). The cost-benefit of international volunteers is hard to quantify, though studies have highlighted improvements in well-being and inter-cultural understanding in communities and schools as a result of international exchanges and volunteers. Undermining local organizations One consideration is that volunteers may dominate the local workplace, replace local employment, and undermine management and work culture especially in small organisations and schools. This is due to volunteers often being considered more highly educated than local staff, even if they do not often have much direct experience. Coming from a different culture can also lead to volunteers imposing their values on organisations. For example, different cultures have different ideas on whether it is more important to finish a project by a deadline, or to be active in the social life of the community, and a person who values punctuality may be annoyed that work stops for a funeral, while the person who values the community may be annoyed at the heartless-seeming person who wants to skip the funeral. Similarly, different cultures have different values about some business matters, with differing ideas about where the line is drawn between impermissible levels of nepotism and building valuable relationships and endorsements. Volunteers are often trained to respect the local working culture and ethics. Since they report directly to local organisations, they can (and sometimes do) have their contracts terminated if they break any local regulations, which helps to reduce concerns of domination. Low skills and experience Young and unexperienced international volunteers sometimes do not have the correct skillset to achieve the project goal. While this may be fine for volunteer workcamps and volunteer trips designed around enhancing international and intercultural understanding, it is a significant problem for international development volunteering (IDV). On the other hand, many of the most prominent international volunteer cooperation organizations (IVCOs) – especially those funded by governments – have minimal educational and skill requirements. Poor understandings of local context International volunteers from outside the host community can lack an understanding of the local context. While there is often a vetting or selection process for volunteers before they are recruited to serve in developing countries, this process has at times been found wanting. Large international volunteer cooperation organizations (IVCOs) provide their volunteers with significant training before and often their placement, which can help address this deficit. On the other hand, countless smaller and for-profit IVCOs offering unskilled volunteer placements to any participant willing to pay the placement fee rarely provide the type of training and preparation that volunteers need to be successful and helpful in hosting communities. In these circumstances, there is conflict about whether the fees volunteers pay justify the time spent supervising and revising their work, and if a sufficient portion of the fees make it back to the local communities hosting volunteers who are typically responsible for their supervision and training. Neo-colonialism There have been allegations from some quarters of neo-colonial advances disguised as an effort to tackle poverty, as some volunteer organisations are connected to national governments, e.g. the Peace Corps, which was set up by the American government. Despite this challenge, most volunteer organisations are non-governmental (NGOs) and are not influenced by government policies. The present structures of international volunteering are also often aimed at impacts on a local, community scale which is sharply in contrast with the macro-political government strategies of the colonial era. However, many academic journals elaborate that volunteers often have little knowledge or expertise in the work they do when volunteering abroad. This has raised concerns of its value. Frances Brown and Derek Hall write that this creates a neo-colonial narrative; they say the volunteer perspective is framed around the idea that Westerners with minimal experience can effect change in the Global South, just by nature of being from the West. This perpetuates the narrative of Western domination in a post-colonial world, and the need to "save" and "help" the Global South. Motivations of volunteers People volunteer for many reasons, but seldom does anyone volunteer strictly for monetary reasons, as very few organisations offer a stipend for volunteering. More compelling motives include experiencing another culture, meeting new people, and advancing one's career prospects. Such motivations are common among younger volunteers who are looking for experience or direction in their careers. People generally volunteer in order to increase their international awareness, to contextualize poverty and its effects, as an education opportunity, and to help people while having a morally rewarding experience. Many believe that the trip will change the way they think when they return home. However, others are just looking to give to others and do not believe that their experience will cause them to think twice about their lives back home. Many participants use these trips to boost their resumes, travel with friends, gain world experience, and see new countries. A common motivation is to "make a difference" and to "achieve something positive for others" who are less fortunate than the volunteer. Many volunteers tend to concur that there are disadvantaged people in their home countries, but the scale of disadvantage outside their home countries is felt to be greater. Volunteering at home may elicit images of helping the less fortunate, or campaigning with a local pressure group. Volunteering abroad has tended to be associated with international development and bridging the divide between the rich and poor worlds. Volunteering abroad often seems a more worthy contribution in this context to the volunteers than work in their own country. This perspective is particularly true of volunteers who are older and looking for something more value-based as they near the end of their professional careers or after their children have left home. Voluntourism (aka volunteer tourism) Definition Volunteer tourism, also known as "voluntourism", is a specific kind of international volunteering. It is a relatively new concept, combining the nonprofit sector and the tourism sector. Essentially, it is a form of international traveling to resource poor settings, with a primary purpose of volunteering and serving the host community. Voluntourism activities are generally temporary attempts to address education, health, environmental and economic issues. Ideally, voluntourism activities are conducted by non-profit organizations for the purpose of societal good, and poses a chance for volunteers to help and benefit others in an unconventional setting with their skills. Those activities are characterized by the age of the participants, and by the length of time they volunteer abroad. Participants are often young adults (ages 15–30), the length of the trip is often categorized as short term (under three months), and the volunteering is regularly packaged with adventure and travel activities. Voluntourism has undergone intense scrutiny over the course of the 2000s, and an increasing number of academic papers question volunteer tourists' motivations and experiences. Growth of voluntourism As a variation of international volunteering, voluntourism's development can be traced back to over a century ago. According to National Public Radio, it is one of the most rapid growing trends in modern travel, with more than 1.6 million volunteer-tourists spending around two billion dollars each year. Criticisms Voluntourism programs are more often conducted by profit-making companies rather than charities. Although the intention for volunteers to travel is to empower the local communities, the ultimate motivation of the volunteers is more self-serving. According to a study done by Rebecca Tiessen, the motivations identified by the participants generally fit under the category of personal growth (e.g. skill development, cross-cultural understanding, career choice, etc.), while motivations related to having a positive social impact or desire for social justice in the host communities was not found among the participants, reflecting a one-directional flow of benefits from the host communities to the volunteers. With this trend, communities, journalists, and those who have actually done volunteer activities start to question to which extent voluntourism activities can actually help with the local condition, or will they actually bring harm to the already underprivileged places. Volunteer-sending organizations, such as Free The Children's Me to We trips, the British company Projects-abroad, and AIESEC, have been critiqued as furthering the aforementioned neo-colonial narrative to youth. The increased prevalence of promotional material regarding trips to "help" the Global South has "increased media exposure in the Global North to poverty in the Global South." Critics argue that the way in which these organizations advertise their trips stigmatizes and frames the developing world as helpless. This plays into Maria Eriksson Baaz's theories in the book Paternalism of Partnership: a Postcolonial Reading of Identity in Development Aid, in which she discusses discourse that frames the volunteer as a developed, paternalistic individual and the donor as underdeveloped. The framing and "othering" of cultures outside the West and Global North can also be found in Edward Said's text, Orientalism. His theory is rooted in the same idea, in which he describes West's patronizing portrayals of the East. Other criticisms of the voluntourism industry are that not only are short-term volunteers often untrained in the projects they participate in (building schools, health centres, wells), but that projects can fuel conflict among communities, offer bandaid solutions, replace work locals could be doing, and reinforce neoliberal policies. Interactions with children are highly popular amongst voluntourism programs. As a consequence, children in these communities may become dependent and commodified when volunteers are constantly arriving and departing every couple weeks. Orphanage volunteering is also an emerging program, which can fuel human trafficking or child abuse in the host communities, and harm the children's development - according to UNICEF, in Nepal, 85% of all children living in orphanages has at least one living parent. The rhetoric of such volunteer-sending organizations has also been argued to inform a "consumer-capitalist" culture that plays to the wants and needs of the privileged North, at the disadvantage of the Global South. See also Institution for Field Research Expeditions InterVol Kibbutz volunteers Peace Corps Service learning Virtual volunteering Voluntary Service Overseas References Category:International relations Category:Types of tourism Category:Volunteering

Here's a cool piece featuring snippets from an interview with Aamir's cousin Nuzhat (Imran's mom). An excerpt: As a brother, Nuzhat says, "Aamir never tries imposing his views on you. He accepts whatever decisions I have taken in life." Nuzhat though has one wish for her brother. "He is terribly vulnerable with people he is close to. I hope he remains like that," she ends. Added July 18, 2009: Aamir joined Hillary Clinton at a Teach India event at St. Xaviers College in Mumbai. This Times Of India article (also the picture source) has more. The Teach India initiative asks volunteers to donate two hours a week to teaching poor children. Aamir is a Teach India ambassador, hence his presence. Visit this page at the Bollywood Food Club for much more, including links to pictures and NDTV video from the event! Thank you Sita-ji! Added July 17, 2009: This Aamir and Katrina Kaif picture, published recently in Filmfare magazine (thank you Filmi Girl for the scan), has been discussed a lot for the last week and a half. They're posing as Guru Dutt and Waheeda Rahman did for this poster of Pyaasa (1957). Here's what Aamir had to say (at his blog) about it: "The photo of Katrina and me is for a coffee table book on romance in Indian Cinema. Its got nothing to do with a film on Guru Dutt." a. I want that table book! andb. It would have been nice if it were for a movie! I'd vote for Kajol to play Waheeda, but Katrina and Aamir are looking great here too. Aamir's been asked about a Guru Dutt biopic in the past, and while he hasn't said no, he has always maintained that he has yet to read a final script on any such project. This could get interesting. Added June 14, 2009:Celebrating Lagaan Week this week, marking the eighth anniversary of the film. More here. Added May 25, 2009: Here's the trailer for Raakh (1989), releasing on DVD (and select screens) in a little over two weeks: Added May 19, 2009:Raakh (1989) is finally releasing on DVD! It's the only Aamir movie I haven't seen. More here. This is really exciting! Added May 5, 2009:Aamir was in Berlin a couple of days ago, and I'd like to say a big thank you to lizii24 for sharing these videos from the TZP screening there! Video 1 | Video 2 | Video 3 | Video 4 Added May 2, 2009:And following the previous update, here are a couple of interviews with Aamir at or around the polling station in Bandra, Mumbai. Video 1 | Video 2. Added April 30, 2009:Here is a news story which discusses Aamir casting his vote in the ongoing national elections in India, although he doesn't endorse a candidate as it says he does. How difficult is fact-based journalism, ye Indian media? This interview to Live India in which he discusses his ideal candidate speaks to his philosophy on leadership. The lesson: Stay away from those who 1) try to buy votes; and 2) segment communities based on religion and caste. He's compared the leadership style to the Divide and Rule mantra of the British Raj, which immediately brings to mind a few of his films. :)Added April 27, 2009:My friend Katherine has a wonderful guest post on Rang De Basanti (2006) at this link. Added April 22, 2009:Here are Aamir's new Coca-Cola commercials: One and Two. Here's a related news story, which also involves Lyricist Prasoon Joshi. Also see the making of the Tata-Sky commercial shared in the April 10 update. Here's video of Aamir and Shah Rukh at the press conference on the revenue sharing dispute between producers and distributors, including keynotes by both actors. The intro to the event in the first one by the news anchor is hilarious, but there's nothing hilarious about why they were there. Check them out. And please say a big thank you to SkorpionChik06: Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4.Added April 6, 2009: Watch all the commercials mentioned in the April 1 update at this YouTube link.Added April 1, 2009: Reuters India has an interesting piece at this link, involving Aamir and his production house involved in filming three commercials encouraging individuals to vote in the upcoming elections. "We are not endorsing any political party, we are only asking voters to make an informed choice," he said. Here's the CNN-IBN related story. The story also mentions Imran Khan, who was also in the news recently for saying he's a big SRK fan! Way to go, dude. Let's hope you say it enough times for the people to *finally* get the point.Added March 29, 2009: Actor & Filmmaker Aamir Khan joins Earth Hour 2009, as the face of the campaign in India "Climate Change is undoubtedly and regrettably, the biggest immediate long-term environmental challenge we face. A failure to come to sound policy outcomes on climate change will not only have a negative environmental impact but also social and economic consequences for all of us. Stand up and join us in the fight against climate change. Support Earth Hour." Added March 21, 2009: Interview with Aamir: Part 1 | Part 2. Fun and fact-based, hear it from him. He's playing a lead role in wife Kiran Rao's directorial debut Dhobhi Ghaat! Woo hoo! The other leads are Prateik Babbar and two (yet to be disclosed) actresses. Aamir Khan Productions (AKP) update: The next AKP film, after Imran Khan starrer Delhi Belly, is a film based in Bhopal and focusing on the gas tragedy. Here's some related gossip, which also notes Lagaaniite Raghuvir Yadav stars in the lead. Ghajini to be re-released in April: Here's the news story. Don't think it'll make its way outside India. The re-release of Jaane Tu after the inclusion of a popular song did not make its way here. Thank you Darshit for the update. On his 44th birthday: Video 1 | Video 2. An interesting take on birthdays, and a great take on politics and the democratic process. A note on his 3 Idiots diet, and tips on staying young. Some of the questions asked are hilarious, and the clips worth watching for them alone! Thank you SkorpionChik for the videos. Happy birthday Hindustan Ka Hero, and Ghajini DVD release The frame is from Rangeela (1995). Happy birthday Aamir Khan! This March 14, let's confer upon you the title of Hindustan Ka Hero. There are few who understand their audience as well as you do, sir, and somehow, I don't think we need more than 21 years of consistency in the sustenance of excellence to appreciate all you've contributed to a medium we love. I've been thinking of ways to add links to news, interviews, and updates on Aamir on an ongoing basis. There's plenty out there that I've resisted sharing for fear of boring those of you who aren't Aamir fans. So here's what's going to happen. This post will evolve into the Aamir corner (okay, the Aamir-worship corner ;) of this blog. It will be updated often (I hope at least fortnightly) with links to mostly fact-based sources of information*. A link to the post will be made available in the sidebar by the end of next week. The post will also be available at www.HindustanKaHero.com (I know it sounds more like a game show, but still). Added 3/13, 2120 PT: Here are a couple items to start with: From here (great take on power): “My relationship with my audience cannot be defined by a number, it cannot be changed no matter what anybody says, and that relationship is proved on a Friday when my films release.” Here is a must-read to better understand Aamir's points of view on power, being number one, and his run at the box office. In other news, the Ghajini (2008) DVD released earlier in the week. On a not entirely unrelated note, here are a couple minutes from Aamir's guest lecture** at the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) in Ahmedabad last month***. A big thank you to my good friend Dr. KB (that's not his real name) for sharing. Discussions here include the role of the test audience, and perceptions of a scene from the 2008 Christmas day release. And finally, thank you Filmfare Magazine for featuring this blog in the 4 March 2009 issue. Fittingly, it has the ever-lovely Katrina Kaif on the cover! Below is the section on page 120. Here's the next page. Here's the post featured. There's no other film I'd rather be associated with, if only as a fan :) * I'll try not to succumb to the allures of an Aamir v. SRK debate. That'll be too easy :P ** In other news, I realized a few days ago that I might just have attended the wrong business school and in the wrong country****. *** I hope the students were required to read The Spirit of Lagaan by Satyajit Bhatkal. It's a Project Management classic which discusses the supply chain of Lagaan, and the numerous touch points being referred to in this lecture at IIMA. More importantly, for those of us external to the film industry, it's a magnificent eye-opener. 69 comments: Congratulations on having your blog featured, Aamir's birthday means Eros sell all his movies they have for £1 which means i get to buy loads of his movies, QSQT, JJWS and many more Aamir classics here i come bollywooddeewana: Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar and Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak, I haven't tired of at all. Does Eros Entertainment (I'm assuming that's the firm you're referring to, but it might not be?) have these specials on stars' birthdays? They're not the distributors/publishers for the vast majority of Aamir films, although I'd totally buy a second set of Aamir's filmography at that price! Nicki: That scene (and Aamir performance) in Rangeela was so perfectly done! LOL at the Mithun comment, might this be why? ;) Ref: the domain name comment, thanks. It could be a film, right! Perhaps all of us bloggers should make one with that title some day! I'll hope to keep the page updated. The individual who compiled the piece for Filmfare magazine had contacted me for permission, so I knew beforehand. Darshit: I see your blog header has the cake! I *hope* that issue sold out, LOL. I also have been wondering if it was distributed during the Filmfare Awards. I wonder, for instance, if Tabu came across it. I haven't come across info for the Ghajini DVD release in India yet (anyone know?). It's available at Nehaflix.com. Bollyviewer: Thanks. There'd be nothing much at all without you all who make the blogging worthwhile. LOL at the controversy comment. It's true. But in my quest to appreciate fact-based approaches in journalism, I think it's best to stay away from this one in particular (I just don't feel it appropriate to heed much someone who feels the need to call himself the king -- if he needs to say it, he isn't, the end! ;). Fittingly, perhaps, the controversy even made it to the cover of this very edition of the magazine. :) Ajnabi and Shweta: Thank you! Pitu: Thanks, yaar! I have requests for the dawat (from daal makkhani and rumali roti to seekh kebab/tikka/tandoori chicken and parathas), you will be held accountable :P Thanks, Bhargav. HindustanKaHero.com will basically redirect to this post, which I'll start updating next week with the content. The URL is working for me already, although I configured it this afternoon, and I know not all the resolution services globally work as fast. It'll be an interesting DVD, I'm waiting for it. I have yet to review the Jaane Tu DVD, is anyone interested in a DVD review? Have a great weekend, as well. All, PS: Here are interesting bits from a recent Aamir Khan interview (link below, also added to the post): I have been working in the industry for over two decades and I have never made any comments about anybody. However, over the years I noticed that Shah Rukh has been repeatedly talking about me publicly. In all fairness, I too decided not to remain quiet and respond to him publicly. In his recent interviews, Shah Rukh sounds bitter about you. For instance, he has said that his kids will never be your fans or that his dog refuses to be called Aamir.Let me say one thing clearly, no matter what Shah Rukh tells his children, I will tell my kids to always love and respect him. What he teaches his children is entirely up to him. I have only warm regards for him and wish him all the very best. I do understand that Shah Rukh works very hard,which I think is a wonderful quality. yeah i was referring to eros entertainment, they usually have all their dvds for about a pound whenever it's a stars birthday, i'm hoping they'll do it for Aamir although the only movies they seem to have of him are JJWS, QSQT, Sarfarosh, Ghulam & Awwal Number I want to know what this big Aamirian did all day to celebrate b'day.And hey, check out Mtv india. It has hillarious lines abt Aamir's bday in its Tickr.And yup, FF must be there in Tabu's hands, so enjoy ur moment. bollywooddeewana: They seem to have separate product availability by geography (which is not uncommon for online vendors), but thanks for the information! Darshit: Great, now you too can get the Ghajini DVD! Thank you for sharing that information with all of us. T-Series and Aamir go back a very long way, that's for sure. I'm celebrating Aamir's birthday a day later, i.e. Sunday, because I was stuck in a conference room all Saturday long (and I *mean* all 16 hours of normal human uptime *sigh*). Do you remember what lines MTV India had on the day? Ahh..Mtv tickr was quite funny that day. See examples : there is a party at Aamir's place today.Hope it will be 'Perfect'"Program is tattoed all over his body" "if party goes longer, it will be tattoed on body of Govinda [for more space]" :D"Imran is thinking of getting his eyebrows colored" "SRK is missing from the party......oh there he is.....cornering Aamir's dog" Hey Darshit, I hope you're right about either Nandita Das or Konkana Sen. They're both great, although Das would be fantastic here. Blogger ate up your previous comment, but I haven't seen Bhopal Express either. Good luck finding it! I'm surprised there are issues with it, though, it's fairly recent, isn't it? Darshit: Since the same post is updated it's not going to show on the Dashboard; I can think of a couple of ways around this. One would be to have a 'Last Updated: Date' in the sidebar for the section. Or, I could put a note on my Twitter page every time I update something in the Aamir section...there is a Twitter feed that can be subscribed to using an RSS reader. Thoughts? workhard: That picture is from Rangeela, right. Isn't it funny how it would almost remind one of his role in Raja Hindustani? :) Hey Darshit. No worries, man. There is no way I can make time for a second blog. And because I'm going to be updating at least once every couple weeks, I think it might be best to try out the last updated note for certain, and Twitter if I can the chance. Until later. Can you plz post some pictures, stills or videos from Aamir's film Raakh? I've read everywhere that Raakh is one of the best and most power-packed performances of Aamir. Can you please post a review on it? Please, please post something regarding Raakh. Hi Anu, and welcome. You bring up an interesting film, one I haven't yet seen. Raakh is the *only* Aamir Khan film I don't own, and that is because it was never released on home video! I hear it's close to being released on DVD, and please know that as soon as I can get a hold of it, assuming the news on it being released some time over the next year is true, I'll get my hands on it and discuss it. Cheers. Thanks! :) I know it is not available yet! It used to be available online, some time back. But its videos were removed due to some copyright issues. I hope the news about the release of its DVD is true. There are scores of Aamir fans who've been searching for its videos like crazy! I've found some trivia, some old reviews and a few stills from the film, but still the information isn't enough! I hope you get it and post all the info of that film here. Thanks and Good luck! SRK has always been very media-savvy, and if it weren't for that trait, there was no way he could have sustained his popularity on the strength of his films alone. Almost like Salman, but the media can't stand Salman and he still comes through! :P It's not surprising that there are all sorts of issues with the exhibitors, a lot of it, as Aamir says, not legal (let alone unethical). Let's hope something good comes of it all. And finally, from this interesting TOI read, from their front-page today. So now there's a patch-up? The media needs stories, I think Aamir and SRK are way, way ahead in feeding them those stories! When Aamir and Shah Rukh were together, the bonhomie and camaraderie was obvious, as they helped each other with answers, often scribbling notes to one another and whispering in each others ears when one was at a loss about some fact. Their body language loudly proclaimed friends. If this was an act, boy, these guys are thespians. Nice. Thanks for sharing, Darshit. That's quite a statement. And I can't imagine the multiplexes won't resolve the issue before the next Aamir/SRK release, there's just too much they stand to lose from it. These next couple of months are going to be quiet :( But isn't that a good thing, Darshit? All those brands, as you say, are good. And he's been doing them for a while, so I don't think fans should want to restrict the creativity that these ads present. They're all so...well made! Okay, I need to go get my supply of Monaco this weekend. :) Thanks for the update! I knew about the theme of the farmer suicides and all, but didn't know the title. 'The Falling' sounds interesting. I can't imagine Kiran Rao wouldn't be involved in it somehow either. Of course, we look forward to it! Anu: As always, thanks for all the great info! If true, it's sad how the producers of Raakh were timing it for the money while not paying attention to their own selling point! Fingers crossed for the DVD release, I'm sure some of us will get it day 1 :) Well, as you must be knowing already, Filmfare has brought its special issue profiling the 80 Most Iconic performances in Hindi Cinema. They have listed four Aamir performances in this list - Rang De Basanti, Lagaan, Sarfarosh and Rangeela. Amitabh also has four performances listed there. The actor who had the most number of iconic performances listed there turned out to be Sanjeev Kumar - he had 5! Check out the issue, if you haven't yet.Also, I'd like to know, which Aamir performance did you vote for? :) Disclaimer This blog is merely a labor of love. It never has and never will contain advertisements of any sort. Copyrights to images, music, and video are owned by the respective content publishers. Copyrights to the text, unless otherwise noted, are owned by me. I do not blog on behalf of anyone but myself. Please feel free to disagree with my opinions, and read at your own risk. I shall not be held liable for any outcomes, no matter how material or otherwise :) Enjoy! "See, I wanted to be a director, I became one. Wanted to be an actor, I became one. Wanted to make good pictures, I have done that too. Have money, have everything. But I have nothing left." Guru Dutt "The world screams and shouts all kinds of advice and suggestions and actions to be undertaken, but in the end you fight your battles alone. It's just you and your opponent, your issue, your problem." Amitabh Bachchan "While we can use cinema as a medium to teach, create awareness, make people think, make people socially more aware, etc., the fact is that cinema's primary purpose is to entertain."

Top Posts From the HWFC Constitution: "where faculty are committed to teaching and serving students; where enthusiasm and morale are high; and where faculty professionalism and dedication find full expression, working in harmony with students, staff, and administration to fulfill the mission of the college" “We live in a society absolutely dependent on science and technology,” Carl Saganfamously quipped in 1994, “and yet have cleverly arranged things so that almost no one understands science and technology. That’s a clear prescription for disaster.” Little seems to have changed in the nearly two decades since, and although the government is now actively encouraging “citizen science,” for many “citizens” the understanding of — let alone any agreement about — what science is and does remains meager.So, what exactly is science, what does it aspire to do, and why should we the people care? It seems like a simple question, but it’s an infinitely complex one, the answer to which is ever elusive and contentious. Gathered here are several eloquent definitions that focus on science as process rather than product, whose conduit is curiosity rather than certainty. One of the classic conundrums in paleoanthropology is why Neandertals went extinct while modern humans survived in the same habitat at the same time. (The phrase “modern humans,” in this context, refers to humans who were anatomically—if not behaviorally—indistinguishable from ourselves.) The two species overlapped in Europe and the Middle East between 45,000 and 35,000 years ago; at the end of that period, Neandertals were in steep decline and modern humans were thriving. What happened?… There is no shortage of hypotheses. Some favor climate change, others a modern-human advantage derived from the use of more advanced hunting weapons or greater social cohesion. Now, several important and disparate studies are coming together to suggest another answer, or at least another good hypothesis: The dominance of modern humans could have been in part a consequence of domesticating dogs—possibly combined with a small, but key, change in human anatomy that made people better able to communicate with dogs. It is natural for those not deeply involved in the half-century quest for the Higgs to ask why they should care about this seemingly esoteric discovery. There are three reasons. First, it caps one of the most remarkable intellectual adventures in human history — one that anyone interested in the progress of knowledge should at least be aware of. Second, it makes even more remarkable the precarious accident that allowed our existence to form from nothing — further proof that the universe of our senses is just the tip of a vast, largely hidden cosmic iceberg. And finally, the effort to uncover this tiny particle represents the very best of what the process of science can offer to modern civilization. Over the next few years, Doeleman says, he and his group will combine as many as a dozen of the world’s most sophisticated radio-astronomy installations to create “the biggest telescope in the history of humanity”—a virtual dish the size of Earth, with 2,000 times the resolution of the Hubble Space Telescope. Tonight the Event Horizon Telescope astronomers have a more limited goal: They want to catch as much light from Sagittarius A* as possible and study its polarization to learn about the black hole’s magnetic field. But eventually (if all goes well) astronomers using the fully scaled-up Event Horizon Telescope—a machine with resolution high enough to read the date on a quarter from 3,000 miles away—will see the silhouette of an object that is, in itself, unseeable. Imagine trying to learn biology without ever using the word “organism.” Or studying to become a botanist when the only way of referring to photosynthesis is to spell the word out, letter by painstaking letter. For deaf students, this game of scientific Password has long been the daily classroom and laboratory experience. Words like “organism” and “photosynthesis” — to say nothing of more obscure and harder-to-spell terms — have no single widely accepted equivalent in sign language. This means that deaf students and their teachers and interpreters must improvise, making it that much harder for the students to excel in science and pursue careers in it. The idea of building artificial life forms, whether in software or in synthetic cytoplasm, has always been controversial. Mary Shelley, almost 200 years ago, wrote a deep meditation on this theme: Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus. In Shelley’s time the debate was framed in terms of vitalism versus mechanism. The vitalists argued that living things are distinguished from inorganic matter by some “spark of life” or animating principle. The opposing mechanist view had its greatest early champion in René Descartes, who compared animals to clockwork automata. Within the world of science, the doctrine of vitalism is long dead, and yet there is still resistance to the idea that life is something we can fully comprehend by disassembling an organism and cataloging its component parts. In the brash early years of molecular biology, DNA was “the blueprint of life,” a full set of instructions for building a cell…Now that we read DNA sequences quite fluently, it seems clearer that there’s more to life than the “central dogma” of molecular biology. The idea of simulating a living cell with a computer program stands in the crossfire of this argument between reductionism and a more integrative vision of biology. On one hand, the WholeCell project makes abundantly clear that the DNA sequence by itself is not the master key to life. Even though the transfer of information from DNA to RNA to protein is a central element of the model, it is not handled as a simple mapping between alphabets. The emphasis is on molecules, not symbols. On the other hand, the very attempt to build such a model is a declaration that life is comprehensible, that there’s nothing supernatural about it, that it can be reduced to an algorithm—a finite computational process. Everything that happens in the simulated cell arises from rules that we can enumerate and understand, for the simple reason that we wrote those rules. I would love to believe that the success of simulation methods in biology might forge a new synthesis and put an end to philosophical bickering over these questions. I’m not holding my breath. What made antibiotics so wildly successful was the way they attacked bacteria while sparing us. Penicillin, for example, stops many types of bacteria from building their cell walls. Our own cells are built in a fundamentally different way, and so the drug has no effect. While antibiotics can discriminate between us and them, however, they can’t discriminate between them and them–between the bacteria that are making us sick and then ones we carry when we’re healthy. When we take a pill of vancomycin, it’s like swallowing a grenade. It may kill our enemy, but it kills a lot of bystanders, too. Using simple behavioral tests, Wright’s research team showed that like other lab-tested brooders — which so far include us, monkeys, dogs, and starlings — stressed bees tend to see the glass as half empty. While this doesn’t (and can’t) prove that bees experience human-like emotions, it does give pause. We should take seriously the possibility that it feels like something to be an insect. The concept that current humanity could possibly be living in a computer simulation was first seriously proposed in a 2003 paper published in Philosophical Quarterly by Nick Bostrom, a philosophy professor at the University of Oxford. In the paper, he argued that at least one of three possibilities is true: The human species is likely to go extinct before reaching a “posthuman” stage. Any posthuman civilization is very unlikely to run a significant number of simulations of its evolutionary history. We are almost certainly living in a computer simulation. Savage said, however, signatures of resource constraints in present-day simulations are likely to exist as well in simulations in the distant future. These constraints include the imprint of an underlying lattice if one is used to model the space-time continuum. Is scientism defensible? Is it really true that natural science provides a satisfying and reasonably complete account of everything we see, experience, and seek to understand — of every phenomenon in the universe? And is it true that science is more capable, even singularly capable, of answering the questions that once were addressed by philosophy? This subject is too large to tackle all at once. But by looking briefly at the modern understandings of science and philosophy on which scientism rests, and examining a few case studies of the attempt to supplant philosophy entirely with science, we might get a sense of how the reach of scientism exceeds its grasp. Post navigation One thought on “Things You Can Do Over Break #1: Science Edition” Great stuff, PhiloDave! I’ve looked at a few of the links and found them useful. Perhaps a reply to a couple of the links may be in the mix down the road. (Beer makes men smarter? Did someone down a six-pack while writing that one?!? Seriously? What a limited scope and disservice to science that was! Sorry, hope it wasn’t a personal favorite.) Thanks for the post. I really want to come back and comment on a few. They made me think.

Gating ratchet for cold atoms. We demonstrate experimentally a gating ratchet with cold rubidium atoms in a driven near-resonant optical lattice. A single-harmonic periodic modulation of the optical potential depth is applied, together with a single-harmonic rocking force. Directed motion is observed as a result of the breaking of the symmetries of the system.

Q: Simulate checkbox hover effect with jQuery How would I simulate the effect that happens to a checkbox when you hover over it using jQuery? When you do this in Chrome and Firefox, the checkbox input is highlighted blue. To give a bit more context, I have a grid like so: <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><input type="checkbox" /></td> <td>this is a checkbox</td> </tr> </tbody> </table I want to make it that the checkbox is highlighted the default blue colour when a user hovers over the <tr> I realise I could put a label around this is a checkbox and reference the checkbox with the for attribute, however I would rather trigger this effect on hover over the <tr>. I'm a bit suspicious about using CSS to style the checkbox input itself as it seems a bit hacky. A: /edit after your edit: Some browsers (like Opera) seem to allow you to do things like padding-right:100px so that hovering the mouse near the checkbox would highlight the checkbox as well. You can try waste some time with that, but I'd highly recommend you do it with libraries. That blueish hover sort of thing is from the operating system. Only imaginable way would've been to focus it but obviously it doesn't work. You can do what we've all been doing for the past decade, turn checkboxes into hidden inputs and use images. Plenty of libraries out there. Here's one.

Ron Schwane/Associated Press Johnny Manziel's hopes of playing in the CFL may be dashed after he failed to agree on a contract with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats by Wednesday, which he had outlined as his final day of negotiations, ESPN.com's Kevin Seifert reported. According to Seifert, the Tiger-Cats still have exclusive negotiating rights with Manziel, and the team released a statement in which it didn't eliminate the possibility of signing the 2012 Heisman Trophy winner. "While the discussions with Johnny Manziel and his representative have been very cordial and informative, there is nothing imminent and nothing to report," the Tiger-Cats said. "We will continue to do our due diligence and will have no further public comment on the matter as we move forward." Manziel's agent, Erik Burkhardt, released a statement January 8 saying Manziel would wait until this Wednesday "to work out a fair deal" with Hamilton. Were the deadline to pass, he and Burkhardt "will turn our focus to several other professional options." One of those professional options may be pursuing an opportunity to play in the XFL, which is set to return in 2020. Manziel directed a tweet to WWE chairman Vince McMahon when McMahon was announcing his plans for the league: McMahon had said anybody with a criminal record would be unable to play in the XFL, but ESPN's Darren Rovell reported the league had yet to formally remove Manziel from the possible player pool. Manziel pleaded guilty to a charge of "failing to properly identify himself to police," which stemmed from an arrest in June 2012. The 25-year-old hasn't played professionally since his final season with the Cleveland Browns in 2015. He threw for 1,500 yards, seven touchdowns and five interceptions in 10 games before the team waived him in March 2016.

Search Art, work, and artwork VISUAL ART The global financial crisis continues to impoverish and displace those within reach of its residual tremors. Yet in the art realm, there have been signs of hope. Recent fairs — Frieze Art Fair in October and Art Basel Miami Beach earlier this month — brought reports of strong sales and optimism within the distressed economy. So why are artists everywhere worried about their futures, and more critically, panicking about their present tenses? The squeeze has to do with the work in artwork. More often than not, artists aren't getting paid for their work. The general prosperity of the current art market does not reflect the financial success of most artists — it just means that artworks are selling, and many of those works are by artists who are already established or dead. The other artists, the worried ones, the ones scraping by on paint chips and uncreative, menial part-time jobs and unpaid internship after unpaid internship, are starting to organize. And talk. Worried as well, I recently attended two events, one in New York and the other in Oakland, that call for a shift of terrain in art/work. The New York event, titled, "What Is the Good of Work?" — the second in a four-part series organized by Goethe-Institut New York — was more abstract in its approach, seeking to redefine work through film and literature. For instance, when British novelist Tom McCarthy roused Herman Melville's character Bartleby in order to express the potentials of "recess" in a "recession" and promote a politics of pause as escapist rather than reactionary, an audience member inquired: "But how can this be implemented in real life?" Here, McCarthy went quiet. The rest of the panel, too, including the nihilist philosopher Simon Critchley, only seemed capable of speculating on a new function of work, as opposed to how this new work would, well, work. Comparatively, the Oakland event was more concerned with brass tacks. Organized by Sight School, an artist-run storefront newly opened in November, its aim "to create dialogue around new modes of living and being in the world in order to reveal connections between art and life" was actually visualized. The evening began with local artists and writers reading primarily from a newspaper compiled by the Chicago-based collective Temporary Services. In it, more than 40 artists and writers pinpoint problematic issues and propose a way out. The front page introduction succinctly outlines its motivations: We can see how the collapse of the economy is affecting everyone. Something must be done. Let's talk. No, it can't wait. Things are bad. We have to work things out. We can only do it together. What do we know? What have others tried? What is possible? How do we talk about it? What are the wildest possibilities? What are the pragmatic steps? What can you do? What can we do? FREE / TAKE A COPY. MAKE AN EXHIBITION. HOST A DISCUSSION IN YOUR TOWN. The urgency of this situation was emphasized most strongly by Julian Myers, an assistant professor of curatorial practice at California College of the Arts. He fervently read the group Research and Destroy's "Communiqué from an Absent Future: On the Terminus of Student Life," which was drafted in response to the current University of California crises. Myers conveyed the text's uncomfortably accurate detail of a bankrupt future not just for students, but anyone not already financially secure. The text incensed everyone in the room, as they realized the gravity of student debts and of academia as a new factory — a neverending rabbit hole of false security.

Contacts: Visit our Facebook page: Many of us know the disgusting smell of smokers who have just smoked a cigarette. You smell like an ashtray. Even if smokers themselves no longer notice or accept it – a non-smoking gets much stronger smell than the smoker can imagine. If you switched to the e-cigarette, then you will have a new experience after only a few days. So how is it with the E-Cigarette? You stink like the electronic cigarette as well? So tastes are different. And the smell from the mouth is primarily on the liquid. However, we should say directly at this point that the intensity of the odor is much less than one might suspect that. Someone who is staying in the same room as an e-smoker might perceive one or the other Geruchsnyance under certain circumstances, but it is actually very decent. Finally, the e-cigarette works with taste flavors – which were not designed to smell. They smell, of course, a little bit. Some more, some less, and usually they smell of the aroma of the liquids. So if, for example, the Wild Rose evaporated that spreads the fragrance of roses, the smoke, however, widespreads “Ashtray” Who would actually voluntarily buy ashtray liquids? The e-smoking even smells from the mouth a little after this liquid. However, not kinda weird but just according to what he has just evaporated. Wild roses, cola, peach, cherries – just what you want. Whether someone has cherry smell – well, why not, but then there is no doubt that it stinks, but it smells just like it smells – and you might not like it, but it does not stink. At least we don`t really know smelly liquids – but perhaps there are liquids with cheese flavor. In this sense, if you ask yourself if your mouth stinks you use the e-cigarette. Of course not. And the clothes do not stink because the liquids in general rather than taste and smell when you smell, then usually discreetly in the background and not at all disturbing. Many of you take no notice. Even one time when a non-smoker almost blew to a volunteer “in the face” (of course after approval) and he did not feel the smell as nasty or unpleasant.

Q: Cost of clustering index vs non-clustering I came across an exercise from an SQL and databases book I am reading and I am confused on how can I calculate the costs of clustering index vs non-clustering in I/O. For example: R has a non-custering index on R.a: 20.000 rows 1000 pages (of memory) in size R.a has 20 unique values S has a custering index on S.c: 40.000 rows 400 pages (of memory) in size S.c has 200 unique values If I selected * from R where R.a = 100 what would the cost in I/O be ? If I selected * from S where S.c = 50 what would the cost in I/O be ? How is it possible to calculate that cost ? A: You can make some assumptions and guesstimate. For this query: select r.* from R where R.a = 100 First you want to figure out how many records and then how many pages. Given that there are 20 values and then assuming that the distribution of values is uniform, then about 1/20 records will match. Each page contains about 20 records (20,000 rows / 1,000 pages). So, without getting into complicated statistics, there is about one matching record on each page. So, the I/O overhead is about 1,000 pages plus whatever is needed for the index. The second query needs to read about 1/200 records, or about 200 records. A page contains 100 records. However, the index is clustered so the 200 records are not distributed randomly; they are all on the adjacent pages. It is doubtful that a page starts exactly on a given value, so let's call this 3 pages of data plus the index overhead.

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. employment gains surged in February, the clearest sign yet of labor market strength that could further ease fears the economy was heading into recession and allow the Federal Reserve to gradually raise interest rates this year. Nonfarm payrolls increased by 242,000 jobs last month and 30,000 more jobs were added in December and January than previously reported, the Labor Department said on Friday. The unemployment rate held at an eight-year low of 4.9 percent even as more people piled into the labor market. “Despite panic on Wall Street about impending recession, Main Street goes about its business as usual. This report will get the Fed’s attention, and raises the odds of another rate hike before too long,” said Scott Anderson, chief economist at Bank of the West in San Francisco. The only blemish in the report was a three-cent drop in average hourly earnings, which in part reflected a calendar quirk and the proliferation of low-paying retail and restaurant jobs. The average length of the workweek also fell last month. The employment report added to data such as consumer and business spending in suggesting the economy had regained momentum after growth slowed to a 1.0 percent annual rate in the fourth quarter. Growth estimates for the first quarter are around a 2.5 percent rate, but risks are tilted to the downside after a report from the Commerce Department on Friday showed the trade deficit widened 2.2 percent to $45.7 billion in January. Economists had forecast employment increasing by 190,000 last month and the jobless rate holding steady. U.S. stocks were trading higher on the data, while prices for U.S. Treasury debt fell. The dollar slipped against a basket of currencies on concerns about wage growth. Fears of recession in the wake of poor economic reports in December and slowing growth in China sparked a global stock market rout at the start of the year, causing financial market conditions to tighten. Though financial markets have priced out bets of a rate hike at the Fed’s March 15-16 policy meeting, they now see a roughly 50 percent chance of an increase at the September and November meetings, according to CME FedWatch. But economists believe the strong job market and improved growth outlook, together with signs that inflation is creeping up, could prompt the U.S. central bank to lift borrowing costs in June. The Fed raised its key overnight interest rate in December for the first time in nearly a decade. “The lack of a more marked pickup in wage growth is the only missing element,” said Paul Ashworth, chief U.S. economist at Capital Economics in Toronto. “But as far as the Fed is concerned, it is already seeing a clear acceleration in core price inflation. A June rate hike is coming.” EYE ON WAGES Average hourly earnings dipped 0.1 percent in February, the first drop since December 2014, after spiking 0.5 percent in January. That lowered the year-on-year earnings gain to 2.2 percent from 2.5 percent in January. The average workweek fell to a two-year low of 34.4 hours last month from 34.6 hours in January, but economists cautioned that the series tended to be volatile. “If labor demand was really about to fall, why was there such a sharp rise in employment?” said Harm Bandholz, chief U.S. economist at UniCredit in New York. Job seekers break out to visit corporate employment personnel at a U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation "Hiring Our Heroes" military job fair in Washington January 8, 2016. REUTERS/Gary Cameron With labor market slack being absorbed, wage growth is expected to accelerate. A broad measure of unemployment that includes people who want to work but have given up searching and those working part-time because they cannot find full-time employment fell two-tenths of a percentage point to 9.7 percent, the lowest level since May 2008. Fed Chair Janet Yellen has said the economy needs to create just under 100,000 jobs a month to keep up with growth in the working-age population. Also adding to the strong tone of the jobs report, the labor force participation rate, or the share of working-age Americans who are employed or at least looking for a job, increased two-tenths of a percentage point to 62.9 percent, the highest level in just over a year. The employment-to-population ratio hit its highest level since April 2009. Job gains were almost broad-based in February, though manufacturing and mining employment fell. The services sector created 245,000 jobs after adding 153,000 jobs in January. Mining shed a further 18,000 jobs after losing 9,000 positions in January. Mining payrolls have declined by 171,000 jobs since peaking in September 2014, with three-fourths of the losses in support activities. More losses are likely after oilfield services provider Halliburton Co HAL.N said last month it would cut a further 5,000 jobs because of a prolonged slump in oil prices. Manufacturing lost 16,000 jobs, reversing some of January’s surprise increase. Private education jobs rebounded after plunging in January. Construction payrolls increased 19,000 and government added 12,000 jobs. Retail payrolls increased 54,900, adding to the 62,100 positions created in January. Leisure and hospitality jobs rose 48,000, with employment at restaurants and bars increasing by 40,200.

What Color Balls for the MLL? Welcome to Forum Friday! There are already some great conversations taking place in the all new LAS Community. If you haven’t signed up yet, make sure you do! And while you’re at it, you might as well watch this silly video update we created too. We hope it provide you with an easy way to connect with other lacrosse fans all over the world. Last week the MLL tested yellow and white balls rather than their usual orange ones, and the conversation heated up on twitter with #CanYouSeeMeNow. But did you know the discussion STARTED in our forums? Okay, so the discussion has actually been going on for awhile, but it started up again in the LAS forums right before the MLL’s most recent testing of different colored lacrosse balls. Here’s what the LAS community had to say. I’m pretty sold on this opinion myself, but I’d love to hear what the rest of the LAS Community thinks. I really believe the MLL would be better off using a white ball. … The orange ball is simply IMPOSSIBLE to see on television. Here’s a screenshot of the last Hounds/Machine game as seen on ESPN3. Can you find the ball in midair? Of course not: … In contrast, a white ball actually glows in sunlight like this. In ESPNU broadcasts it’s practically a beach ball. For the sake of brevity I’ll simply cite the last 100 years of perfectly visible, white-balled college lacrosse. It didn’t need the MLL’s orange fix because it wasn’t broke. About the author Kevin Rowen Kevin grew up in Irvine, CA where he started playing lacrosse in the 6th grade. He played for multiple teams in the Adrenaline Starz organization back in the days before Adrenaline was an official sponsor, and played four years for the Northwood High School Timberwolves. Now, Kevin attends UCLA and plays attack for the Bruins. Follow Kevin on twitter @krowen.

Which products are Spanish consumers buying online? 06 July, 2016 Insights Are you thinking about expanding your online business into Spain? Some insightful research reveals which products Spanish consumers are buying online and how they go about their purchases, from recommendations to payments. German Ecommerce News has pulled together some of the latest statistics on e-commerce in Spain, citing respected specialists Cetelem and the National Observatory for Telecommunication and Information Society. Cetelem’s ‘El Observatorio Cetelem Ecommerce 2015’ study reveals that leisure products are particularly popular with Spanish shoppers, with 65% buying entertainment tickets, books, music, and restaurant reservations online in the past year. With shoppers increasingly turning to the Internet to make their purchases, 30% of total retail sales were made online in 2015 ‒ a notable fact supported by Spanish consumers’ enthusiasm for other product categories, including: Travel (63% of shoppers bought online) Fashion (55% of shoppers bought online) Electronics (54% of shoppers bought online) Footwear and accessories (51% of shoppers bought online) As these statistics reveal, Spanish buyers are looking to e-commerce for convenience in a wide range of product categories ‒ promising signs for cross-border retailers. But what factors influence their purchases? Cetelem’s study showed that shoppers turn to their friends and family for advice and recommendations, so having an excellent reputation is vitally important for retailers. Also, 35% of shoppers have bought using a mobile device (up from 23% in 2014), revealing the m-commerce potential of the market. Interestingly, 72% of Spanish consumers prefer to pay via PayPal ‒ another key consideration for online businesses. With the Spanish e-commerce market worth €16.3bn in 2014 (according to the National Observatory for Telecommunication and Information Society), it’s clear that it offers potential to retailers. Follow Asendia We use cookies to offer an improved online experience and offer you content and services adapted to your interests. By using our website or clicking “OK”, you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy. If you do not wish to allow cookies please disable them in your browser settings. Please click this link here to know how to disable them.

branding Read about escape room branding and the 8 steps involved in building a brand in our guest post on HowToStartAnLLC.com. When you hear the word “brand,” what comes to mind? Most people think logos, packaging, signage, and advertisements — and while those things certainly make up a brand, they’re not the end-all-be-all. Brand, in essence, is …

Jane English Jane English (was born 1942 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a philosopher, physicist, photographer, journalist and translator. English received her B.A. in Physics from Mount Holyoke College in 1964 and Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison for her work in high energy particle physics. She taught courses in Oriental thought and modern physics at Colorado College. English is known for her collaborative translation of the Tao Te Ching of Lao Tsu which she illustrated through photography, in collaboration with her spouse Gia-Fu Feng. Philosophy English is the best-known proponent of the "friendship theory" in the philosophy of filial obligation. This is the view that we do not, contrary to popular opinion, owe our parents anything simply by virtue of being raised by them, because they made a choice to have us as children and all the effects of this choice should have been considered by them- they are merely fulfilling their immediate decision by raising us. We were unable to enter into any contract with our parents when we were being conceived, and so the decision is entirely theirs. English models a perspective that states that parents should be like friends to us: people that we choose to have a relationship with without any obligation. However, if we do not wish to be friends with them, then this is our choice and we are perfectly justified in choosing thus if we so wish. Bibliography "A Rainbow of Tao" (Earth Heart 2018) "The Ceremony Cards:A Living Introduction to the Traditional Teachings of the Far North from Greenland" (Earth Heart 2014'' "Lao Tsu - Tao Te Ching" in collaboration with Gia-Fu Feng (Random House 1972 and 2011) "Chuang Tsu - Inner Chapters" in collaboration with Gia-Fu Feng (Random House 1974, Earth Heart 1997, Amber Lotus 2000, Hay House 2014) Co-editor with Ben English, Jr. of "Our Mountain Trips, Parts I & II" (Bondcliff Books 2005 & 2007) "Different Doorway: Adventures of a Caesarean Born" (Earth Heart 1985) Illustrated "Waterchild" (Hunter House, 1980). Jane's photographs of nature and Judith Bolinger's poems of pregnancy. Photographic illustration of "Accept This Gift," "A Gift of Peace," and "A Gift of Healing" (Tarcher 1983, 1986, 1988), edited by Frances Vaughan and Roger Walsh "Childlessness Transformed" (Earth Heart 1989) "Mount Shasta: Where Heaven and Earth Meet," (Earth Heart 1995) with Jenny Coyle "Fingers Pointing to the Moon," (Earth Heart 1999) "Mount Shasta Reflections," (Amber Lotus 2002) with Renee Casterline "Mount Shasta's Black Butte," (Earth Heart 2002) with Bonnie Eddy Numerous calendars: Tao - 1991 to present, Mt Shasta - 1990 to 2011, IceWisdom 2011 to 2012 See also List of Translators References External links Official Publisher Website Official Ceremony Cards Website Official Cesarean Birth Website Category:American translators Category:21st-century American physicists Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:Mount Holyoke College alumni Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni Category:Particle physicists Category:American women physicists Category:21st-century American women writers

Q: WPF/Metro-style: Making ListView show only complete items In my Metro application, I have a data source containing a certain number of items (say 25). I have a ListView that presents those items. My problem is that the ListView have a size that allows it to display, say, 6.5 items, so that the last item it displays is cut in half. If the resolution changes, it might display 4 items, or 8.2 items, or whatever. What I'd like is that the ListView shows exactly the number of items that fits in the height of the control, instead of clipping the last item. Right now, I see two possible half-solutions, none of which is optimal: Set the height of the ListView to a fixed height that is a multiple of the item size. This does not scale with changes in resolution. Limit the number of items in the data source. This does not scale either. So my question is, how can I get the ListView to only display complete items (items where all edges are inside the viewport/listview), and hide the rest? Thanks in advance! A: ListView inherits from ItemsControl, so one more optimized solution consists in injecting custom panel (overriding measure by custom clipping display) in ItemsPanel something like this(sorry, i did not try to compile): protected override Size MeasureOverride(Size constraint) { if (this.VisualChildrenCount <= 0) return base.MeasureOverride(constraint); var size = ne Size(constraint.Width,0); for(int i = 0; i < this.visualChildrenCount; i++) { child.Measure(size); if(size.height + child.desiredSize > constraint.height) break; size.Height += child.DesiredSize; } return size; } A: My final solution was to combine the suggestions of @NovitchiS and @JesuX. I created a stack panel override, and listened to the LayoutUpdated event. My final solution: class HeightLimitedStackPanel : StackPanel { public HeightLimitedStackPanel() : base() { this.LayoutUpdated += OnLayoutUpdated; } double GetSizeOfVisibleChildren(double parentHeight) { double currentSize = 0; bool hasBreaked = false; for (int i = 0; i < Children.Count; i++) { var child = Children[i]; if (currentSize + child.DesiredSize.Height > parentHeight) { hasBreaked = true; break; } currentSize += child.DesiredSize.Height; } if (hasBreaked) return currentSize; return parentHeight; } double ParentHeight { get { ItemsPresenter parent = VisualTreeHelper.GetParent(this) as ItemsPresenter; if (parent == null) return 0; return parent.ActualHeight; } } double previousHeight = 0; int previousChildCount = 0; protected void OnLayoutUpdated(object sender, object e) { double height = ParentHeight; if (height == previousHeight && previousChildCount == Children.Count) return; previousHeight = height; previousChildCount = Children.Count; this.Height = GetSizeOfVisibleChildren(height); } }

Q: Animation SVG or Canvas? I was wondering whether it's better to make an animation like this in canvas or svg (performance wise)? I'm rewriting it now in jquery but I read somewhere that a canvas is redrawn every time it changes. A: For these "simple" animations and scene graphs it doesn't really matter if you use SVG or Canvas performance wise. Both should work fine without performance issues. However it might be easier to create animation with SVG compared to Canvas. In Canvas you have to redraw the whole scene and in SVG you could just create the ring once and then define a transformation (rotation) on it. For SVG check out d3.js or raphael and for canvas you can check out processingjs, fabric.js, kinetic.js or paper.js

The contact-mediated interactions between cells play an important role in generating and maintaining the multicellularity characteristic of higher animals and plants. When these interactions are disrupted serious aberrations of growth or development may result. Certain microbial systems offer the opportunity to study these interactions in the context of an experimental system that is available to biochemical and genetic analysis. The myxobacteria undergo the most complex of known prokaryote life cycles, throughout which they manifest a variety of cell-cell interactions. They have been thoroughly domesticated so they can be subjected to the sorts of genetic, molecular and biochemical analysis that are characteristic of work with bacteria. In particular, our efforts focus on characterizing various cell surface antigens and attempting to understand their role in cell-cell contact interactions. We have generated a large number of monoclonal antibodies against these antigens and have used them to define which antigens are involved in the interactions, to isolate the antigens, and to isolate mutants deficient in the antigens. We have used cholera toxin to show that a sensory transduction system characteristic of eukaryotic organisms seems to be present in Myxococcus xanthus. We are attempting to determine the role played by this system in transducing the contact signals perceived by the cell surface.

Beryl Marsden Beryl Marsden (born 10 June 1947) is a British R&B and pop singer, who first came to notice on the Liverpool club scene of the early 1960s. She recorded a number of "powerful and soulful", but unsuccessful, records, and has been described as "undeservedly neglected". Life and career She was born Beryl Hogg in the Toxteth area of Liverpool, Lancashire, England, one of a family of 10 children. She began singing as a child, and at the age of 14 won a local talent competition. She was invited to join local band the Undertakers, but was too young to travel with them to club dates in Hamburg. Instead, she started singing with local group Howie Casey and the Crew, often performing at the Cavern Club. Although she took the stage name Beryl Marsden, she was not related to musician Gerry Marsden. In 1963 she started appearing at the Star Club in Hamburg, and on her return to Britain moved to London, where she was managed by Tony Stratton-Smith and was signed as a solo singer by Decca Records. She recorded two singles for them, a cover of Barbara George's "I Know (You Don't Love Me No More)", followed by a version of the Supremes' "When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes". However, neither was successful. She supported the Beatles on their last UK tour in 1965 and in that same year was signed to the Columbia label. There, she released two singles that year, "Who You Gonna Hurt?", and "Music Talk". The B-side of the latter was a version of the Irma Thomas song "Breakaway" (later a hit for Tracey Ullman), arranged and produced by Ivor Raymonde. Her final solo single, "What’s She Got", was issued in April 1966. In May 1966 she joined a new group, Shotgun Express, whose members also included Rod Stewart, Mick Fleetwood and guitarist Peter Green. After that group split up in early 1967, she joined all-female band The She Trinity before linking up with Liverpool musician Paddy Chambers to form the band Sinbad. In the 1970s, she also performed as a member of a group called Gambler, before forming the Beryl Marsden Band. She also worked as a session singer, recorded with former Shotgun Express member Phil Sawyer, and in the 1980s performed on stage with Martha Reeves and the Vandellas. She released an album, One Dream in 2004, the single "Baby It's You" in 2007, and another single "Too Late" in 2008. Some of her 1960s recordings have also been reissued on compilation albums. On 10 and 11 June 2013, a musical, One Dream: The Beryl Marsden Story was staged at the Cavern Club, only the second time that a theatrical show had been performed at the club. The musical ran for two nights, with Marsden performing at the end of the show. In 2014, she was portrayed by Gemma Sutton in Cilla, a three-part television drama series about Cilla Black. Discography Singles "I Know (You Don't Love Me No More)" / "I Only Care About You", Decca F11707, 1963 "When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes" / "Love Is Going To Happen To Me", Decca F11818, 1964 "Who You Gonna Hurt?" / "Gonna Make Him My Baby", Columbia DB 7718 (Capitol 5552 in the U.S), 1965 (A-side reached the NME Top 30) "Music Talk" / "Break-A-Way", Columbia DB7797, 1965 "What’s She Got?" / "Let’s Go Somewhere", Columbia DB 7888, 1966 "Baby It's You" LBM, 2007 "Too Late / Everything I Need" LBM, 2008 References External links Beryl Marsden article at "Old Memories..." Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:British female singers Category:British pop singers Category:British soul singers Category:People from Liverpool Category:British rhythm and blues boom musicians

A conventional board connector is mounted on a board such as a printed circuit board and is used for connecting to a cable or the like. Such a board connector includes a plurality of L shaped terminals that protrude toward a back side of a connector main body and a guide plate that guides the terminals (see, for example, Patent Document 1). FIG. 15 is a perspective view illustrating a conventional board connector as viewed from the back side. In the figure, 811 denotes a housing made of an insulating material such as synthetic resin. A plurality of terminals 851, made of a conductive material such as metal, are attached to the housing 811. The terminals 851 are each an L shaped terminal that protrudes toward the back side from a back wall of the housing 811, and are each bent at approximately 90 degrees as a whole, to have a leg part 852 extending downward. The leg part 852 has a distal end, that is, a lower end connected by soldering and the like while being inserted into a through hole formed in an unillustrated circuit board. The leg part 852 of each of the terminals 851 is long and thus is likely to deform upon being affected by external force such as vibrations. Thus, a guide plate 841 is attached to the housing 811, and the leg part 852 of each of the terminals 851 is inserted into a guide hole 842 formed in the guide plate 841, so that the displacement of the leg part 852 can be prevented. This configuration ensures the prevention of the displacement of the leg part 852 of each of the terminals 851 and thus ensures a stable position of the lower end of the leg part 852. Thus, the lower ends of the plurality of leg parts 852 can be inserted into the through holes formed in the circuit board at once, whereby the board connector can be mounted to the circuit board easily. Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-042935

Leading green energy firm calls for clarity for onshore wind sector by Search Gate staff. Published Tue 19 May 2015 15:40 New Energy Secretary urged to clear DECC position on onshore wind Leading renewable energy company UrbanWind has today called for new Energy Secretary Amber Rudd to provide greater clarity and dispel the continued confusion surrounding the proposed Conservative ban on onshore wind subsidies. Following her taking over the reins from wind advocate Ed Davey, Ms Rudd has spoken of her commitment to securing a binding worldwide carbon agreement at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris in late 2015, calling it “one of the most important things I am going to do this year”. However, Ms Rudd has also reiterated the Conservative’s pre-election soundbite that they will withdraw subsidies for onshore wind farms and give local communities more power to block proposed wind farms. Paul McCullagh, CEO of turbine developer UrbanWind, said: “Amber Rudd’s initial priorities for the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) seem to be completely at odds with each other. While she must be commended for showing a real commitment to securing a global climate deal, to follow this by suggesting the complete withdrawal of support for one of our cheapest and deployable green energy technologies seems totally self-defeating. “We are now approaching a situation where a policy that provided a good pre-election soundbite for a Conservative party, desperately trying to shore up their support against a then growing UKIP threat, is now in serious danger of becoming a hastily rushed through reality, despite an apparent serious lack of consideration into what impact this ban will actually have on the sector as a whole. “The lack of clarity over what exactly constitutes an onshore ‘wind farm’ as distinctly opposed to distributed wind continues, despite repeated calls from leading industry figures to provide this urgently needed explanation. The situation is beginning to threaten a descent into farce, as the UK’s significant and growing Feed-In Tariff qualified wind industry is left with a completely unclear future.” McCullagh commented: “There is a distinct difference between the large scale ‘wind farm’ developments seen in the UK (which are recognised as being key factors in helping the UK achieve its necessary carbon reduction targets) and ‘farm wind’ which offers smaller scale, geographically distributed wind development – governed by the local planning decision-making process and often supported by the local community. “This requires funding support and is only sustainable if there is a transparent and consistent investor remuneration offerings on place – such as Feed-In Tariffs. Without this this opportunity will be lost.” DECC forecast in 2011 that the UK would need to replace more than a fifth of its current fossil fuel-powered generation by 2020 to ensure we meet the UK’s binding carbon reduction targets. It also identified risks to nationwide supply, including the danger of unexpected nuclear outages and the UK’s position as a net gas importer, vulnerable to the vagaries of the volatile global energy market. McCullagh added: “Onshore wind is currently the technology closest to achieving price parity with the cheapest fossil fuel generation methods, and is set to overtake both coal and gas turbine as the cheapest method of energy generation available to us by 2020. “Therefore, it has an incredibly important role to play in achieving the carbon reduction targets that Ms Rudd has identified as so crucial. “An ill-thought through and rushed ban on all onshore developments would mean that the entire roadmap set out to ensure that we are able to meet these legally-binding reduction targets would need to be completely rewritten. We urge for greater consultation on this matter. “It would also severely impact key inward investment to the UK in this sector, as well as put at risk the significant employment and UK supply chain opportunities that this sector brings. This would leave Britain exposed to the growing risk of a hike in energy prices to fund more expensive generation options and to address shortage of supply issues. Even more foreboding, we could face the real possibility of failing to hit these targets if subsidies are removed, and causing irreversible damage to our climate as a result.” Sign up to receive Search Gate's FREE weekly newsletter with a review of all the latest green news and views First Name* Last Name* Email* Company* Title/Position* Comments about Leading green energy firm calls for clarity for onshore wind sector There are no comments yet on Leading green energy firm calls for clarity for onshore wind sector. Be the first to leave one, enter your thoughts below.

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Q: How can I turn a delimited string into a nested hashtable in PowerShell? I am struggling to find a neat way to turn a delimited string into a hashtable. For example given the string: UK_Kent_Margate I want to turn this into a PowerShell HashTable that looks like this: $result = @{ UK = @{ Kent = @{ Margate = @{} } } } So I can easily break the string into an array using a split on the '_' character but then I am struggling (read stuck!) with testing and declaring each of the nested hashes in the results hash. I think I will need a recursive function which is no problem, but I cannot get my head around on how to test the right level in the results hash. As the application I am writing could have an arbitrary number of '_' and thus nests I need to come up with a slick way of doing this, and I cannot think of how to do it. Has anyone come across anything like this before and have any recommendations? A: Something like this, maybe? $string = 'UK_Kent_Margate' $result = @{} $Parts = $string.split('_') 0..($parts.count -1) | foreach { iex "`$result.$($parts[0..$_] -join '.') = @{}" } To help understand you it works, just remove the iex (invoke-expression), and let it output the strings it's creating to execute: $string = 'UK_Kent_Margate' $result = @{} $Parts = $string.split('_') 0..($parts.count -1) | foreach { "`$result.$($parts[0..$_] -join '.') = @{}" } $result.UK = @{} $result.UK.Kent = @{} $result.UK.Kent.Margate = @{} A: Rather than recursive you need to thing about doing things in reverse. Split to an array then reverse the array before building up the nested hashtables: $s = "UK_Kent_Margate" $t = $s -split '_' [array]::Reverse($t) [hashtable]$result = @{} foreach ($w in $t) { $result = @{ $w = $result } } $result Name Value ---- ----- UK {Kent} $result.UK.Kent Name Value ---- ----- Margate {}

Aadhaar: Technology and Architecture [pdf] - sa1 http://uidai.gov.in/images/AadhaarTechnologyArchitecture_March2014.pdf ====== sa1 Aadhaar is India's national unique identity program, and has collected biometric and other personal data of over 1 billion people. These people have done an impressive work of deduplicating so many identities based on both fingerprint and iris scan data. There is controversy around Aadhaar at the moment, the Supreme court had ruled that Aadhaar cannot be made mandatory for people, and the government is trying to get around it using new legislation. There had been no legislation around Aadhaar till now, and there are objections that it had been falsely claimed/advertised as mandatory while trying to enroll people. There is no privacy legislation in India right now, and it isn't clear if privacy is a fundamental right, so this makes Aadhaar particularly problematic, as it is not clear with whom the data can be shared. The Aadhaar people, to their credit, have generally cared about privacy, and have refused to divulge data on several requests. Whether they are technically capable of securing the data remains to be seen. This pdf goes into some detail of their high-level architecture. You can compare and contrast this with other national id systems, such as Estonia's smart card id systems.

Cyber-bullies can hurt even one of the toughest women in New York City. Serbian fitness competitor and coach Yanyah Milutinovic held back tears as she read through comments on her Instagram photos calling her “gross” and a “fat cow” — some even wondering whether she is a man or a woman. Despite the fact that the blonde’s abs are otherworldly thanks to her five workouts a day, she wants the fans and the internet trolls to know that muscles don’t shield her from everything. “I go through my struggles as well. My life is not perfect. I’m just like them,” Milutinovic says of her worst critics. Milutinovic — who was once homeless and who is a survivor of domestic violence — recalls getting her head “cracked for Christmas” one year. It was Milutinovic’s struggles in her life, particularly with alcohol, that pushed her to change her body and enter the fitness profession. “When I realized that I, basically, won the battle with myself, I started competing with people around me,” Milutinovic says of her road to recovery. Even though Milutinovic has carved out a whole new life for herself, she still faces challenges because of her gender. “In any field, it’s hard to be a woman, but particularly in the bodybuilding industry,” she told The Post. “Because most of the time they want to portray us as muscular or masculine, or in a sexual or provocative way,” she added. Milutinovic says she’ll get way more likes posting a video of her squatting at a certain angle than she will if she posts a diet or fitness tip. While some flock to her page to ogle her, others simply try to belittle her because they seek to project their personal pain onto her. “Don’t break down anyone’s happiness,” she says in a powerful message to the bullies. “Focus on your own happiness. Don’t hate,” she says.

Early diagenesis and clay mineral adsorption as driving factors of metal pollution in sediments: the case of Aveiro Lagoon (Portugal). This work aims to define the factors driving the accumulation of metals in the sediment of the lagoon of Aveiro (Portugal). The role of initial diagenetic processes in controlling trace metal retention in surface sediment is traced by mineralogy, magnetic susceptibility and geochemical analyses. Although several studies have focused on the metal distribution in this polihaline and anthropized coastal lagoon, most of them have been solely focused on the total metal concentrations. This study instead represents the first attempt to evaluate in a vast area of the Aveiro Lagoon the role of biogeochemical processes in metal availability and distribution in three extracted phases: exchangeable cations adsorbed by clay and elements co-precipitated with carbonates (S1), organic matter (S2) and amorphous Mn hydroxides (S3). According to the sediment guideline values, the sediment is polluted by, for instance, As and Hg in the inner area of the Murtosa Channel, Pb in the Espinheiro Channel, Aveiro City canals and Aveiro Harbour, and Zn in the northern area of the Ovar Channel. These sites are located near the source areas of pollutants and have the highest total available concentrations in each extracted phase. The total available concentrations of all toxic metals are however associated, firstly, with the production of amorphous Mn hydroxides in most of the areas and, secondly, with adsorption by organic compounds. The interplay of the different processes implies that not all of the sites near pollution sources have polluted surface sediment. The accumulation of metals depends on not only the pollution source but also the changing in the redox state of the sediments that may cause alterations in the sediment retention or releasing of redox-sensitive metals. Results of this work suggest that the biogeochemical processes may play a significant role in the increase of the pollutants in the sediment of the Aveiro Lagoon.

Q: Last names that are English words with an extra 'e' I noticed that there are a lot of last names that have an 'e' at the end. The pronunciation usually isn't changed from that of the base word. Poole Steele Browne Clarke Why do English words not have the e? Maybe the answer to this question depends on which came first, pool or poole. A: Looking up names like Steele and others with the e at the end reveals that before anything was standardized, there were many variations of every name, just as there were for every word. And that they still exist. Changes in spelling of names, as well as words, were effected by all of English's transformations, as well as its influences from many other languages. In the Middle Ages, for example, names like Steele could've been written as Steile, Steel, etc. depending on who was writing it. Whoever wrote at the time would spell things whichever way they heard them, and they may as well have all heard them differently. Checking out this page (of questionable reliability) shows that spelling someone's name the same way during their entire lifetime is a more modern idea, and even names like Shakespeare were spelled differently (Shakespere, Shakespear, Shakspere, Shaxpere). To answer your question, I think the fact that the "English word" currently doesn't have an e at the end means that that's just the variation of the word that stuck. You'll see people with the name Steele now, but, for example, one of my professors is named Steel because that's the name that ended up sticking. Or, who knows, maybe it was just spelled that way on a passenger manifest when his family traveled across the ocean for simplicity.

I started filming ultimate in 2010 and I have had the privilege of traveling all over the world to film the sport I love. Ultimate is spectacular, and has the potential to be a great broadcast product that brings money into the sport. Let me explain why this is a good thing and how it relates to the WUGC Kickstarter. Chicken and the egg So before we went for the Kickstarter option, we were out hustling sponsors. We got a direct “No” from Nike and many other possible partners. The feedback was we didn’t have the viewer numbers or history to justify their monetary support. We need sponsorship money to produce a great broadcast, but we need a great broadcast product and viewers to get sponsorship. WCBU 2015 was great. Why do we need $75K for WUGC? As you may recall, WCBU in Dubai had fantastic coverage and set the bar for what production of our sport can look like. To make that happen, Dubai Sports brought a $7 million USD broadcast truck, 6 cameras and crew to the beach for $0. Just a single lense on one of their cameras was worth more than all the equipment Skyd took to WUCC in 2014. It would not be totally stupid to move all ultimate events to Dubai for the next 5 years. But I don’t think that is the solution. Luckily, to reach the level of quality in Dubai, we don’t need a $7 million dollar budget, we need far, far less. Our intention is to go above and beyond that production with the support of the funds raised in Kickstarter. If we don’t hit our proposed goal, quite frankly, we will probably work out a way to stream something (we don’t know what). But it will be more of the same shoestring budget we have done in the past, and it’s simply not going to inspire sponsors to get on board next time. I am happy with how ultimate is growing, I don’t feel the need to contribute to this campaign I totally get this point of view, ultimate is going gangbusters. However, ultimate is an unfair sport. In many other sports, if you have the skills and talent you get selected and paid to play (or at least expenses covered.) To play in a representative ultimate team at WUGC you need skills, talent and MONEY! If you have skills, talent and you don’t have the $$$ you don’t play. It’s no surprise that we’ve seen so many individuals and even teams take to crowd-funding in order to even attend London this summer. Top level players work their asses off to play at such a high level and compete at the World Championships. Imagine if with the broadcast revenue from WUGC we could eliminate player fees, pay for the travel expenses of players or even pay them a small amount for their efforts. This is what I believe we are working towards with Kickstarter and our broadcast plan. This is the main reason why we as a community should get together and contribute. As of writing we are almost a ⅓ of the way there, please do not wait until the last minute to chip in. If we can get close to the $75K before the end of the campaign we have some exciting stretch goals we can go for too. So do not delay, pull out your credit card, go to the site and chip in what you can. Let’s change the path of our sport for a fairer future. Kickstarter link: https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1044184606/share-the-sport-of-ultimate-with-the-world

Typically, customers, when shipping items through one or more intermediaries, such as, for example, shipping services, want assurance of the integrity of the items, and will hold an intermediary accountable if the items are tampered with or lost. A package shipped nationally or internationally may be subject to tampering at various locations throughout its route, including for example, at a manufacturing facility, initial and intermediate shipping facilities, distribution facilities and point of sale locations. Some products of a relatively sensitive nature that are shipped, including, for example, pharmaceuticals, toys, and automotive and aircraft parts can cause harmful health and/or safety risks if tampered with. Known attempts at preventing loss and/or tampering of packages include labeling or tagging the outside of a package. Such labeling or tagging techniques including, for example, bar codes, holographic labels, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, etc., have been used with some success. However, these codes, labels, tags, etc., can be lost, stolen or duplicated, since they are located on the outside of a package.

Serotonin and substance P colocalization in medullary projections to the nucleus tractus solitarius: dual-colour immunohistochemistry combined with retrograde tracing. Serotonin (5HT) and substance P (SP) are colocalized in terminals within the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). The purpose of the present study was to determine the origin of these terminals. 5HT- and SP-immunoreactivities (IR) were visualized using dual-colour immunofluorescence histochemistry with amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid- and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated secondary antisera, while NTS-afferent neurons were visualized by retrograde labelling with rhodamine beads. Extensive colocalization of 5HT- and SP-IR was seen in NTS-afferent neurons located in the nucleus raphe pallidus, nucleus raphe obscurus, nucleus raphe magnus, and in the parapyramidal region. Over 80 per cent of the SP-IR NTS-afferent neurons contained 5HT-IR, while 68 per cent of the 5HT-IR neurons contained SP-IR. Thus, 5HT- and SP-IR are extensively colocalized in NTS-afferent neurons in the medullary raphe nuclei and associated areas of the ventral medulla.

There has been snow on Achill’s Slievemore, there has been frost, hail and wind, bright warm sunshine and Atlantic rain. Over the fortnight since Rescue 116 crashed off north Mayo, the relatives of two missing Irish Coast Guard airmen have endured an entire weather cycle during a long and harrowing wait. And the wait continues for the families of winch team Paul Ormsby (53) and Ciaran Smith (38). After a painstaking operation over the past two days to partially lift the helicopter wreckage from the seabed off Blackrock island, work had to be suspended on Tuesday night. “Hugely challenging” was how Supt Tony Healy of Belmullet Garda described the conditions for Naval Service divers who had spent the last two days attaching an airbag to the fixed cabin and rotor assembly area of the wreck at a depth of 40m. “There’s an immense flow of water at this time of the year when there are spring tides,” said Supt Healy. “That means there’s three times the amount of water flowing through that channel than there normally would be.” Guided by a shot line from the surface, the Naval Service divers working in pairs battled different groundswells and tidal streams which greatly affected their ability to manoeuvre, according to their colleagues. Righting the wreck Holland 1 However, conditions proved “insurmountable”, and the airbag inflation “didn’t achieve sufficient volume”, said Irish Coast Guard operations manager Gerard O’Flynn. The air hose attached to the air bag was “plugged” and secured on a floating mark for another attempt, possibly Wednesday. “The work is ongoing and the objective remains the same, to right or move the wreck to carry out a visual inspection,” Mr O’Flynn said at a briefing on Blacksod pier just before 8pm. “There is a plan to take that up again tomorrow or when the next window is available,” Insp Gary Walsh of Mayo Garda division said, adding that the weather was “looking poor” for the next two or three days. “Moving into the weekend the intensity of the tides will drop back and the forecast is more favourable,” Mr O’Flynn said. “But a shift of wind can make a big difference out there.” Spring tides The RNLI all-weather Achill and inshore Sligo and Bundoran lifeboats were at sea in recent days, with gardaí and Civil Defence teams visiting the Inishkea islands to the north – also searched by local fishermen last week. The bodies of the winch team’s two colleagues, Capt Dara Fitzpatrick (45) and Capt Mark Duffy (51), have been recovered, as has the Sikorsky S-92’s “black box” or combined flight recorders, which are being examined for data download in Britain. Capt Duffy’s funeral takes place in his home village of Blackrock, Co Louth, on Thursday, and his family have asked that any donations be given to the RNLI and and have said that “Mark’s wish would be for you to carry an organ donor card”.

355 F.2d 249 NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, Petitioner,v.INTERNATIONAL HOD CARRIERS, BUILDING AND COMMON LABORERSUNION OF AMERICA, LOCAL 894, AFL-CIO, Respondent. No. 16294. United States Court of Appeals Sixth Circuit. Jan. 19, 1966. Anthony J. Obadal, Atty., N.L.R.B., Washington, D.C. (Arnold Ordman, Gen. Counsel, dominick L. Manoli, Associate Gen. Counsel, Marcel Mallet-Prevost, Asst. Gen. Counsel, Elliott Moore, Atty., N.L.R.B., Washington, D.C., on the brief), for petitioner. Robert E. Shuff, Akron, Ohio, for respondent. Before WEICK, Chief Judge, CELEBREZZE, Circuit Judge, and CECIL, Senior Circuit Judge. PER CURIAM. 1 Pursuant to Section 10(e) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended (29 U.S.C., Section 151, et seq.) the National Labor Relations Board Seeks enforcement of its Order against respondent, International Hod Carriers, Building and Common Laborers Union of America, Local 894, AFL-CIO, reported at 148 N.L.R.B. No. 10. 2 The Board found that the respondent Union violated Sections 8(b)(2) and 8(b) (1)(A) of the National Labor Relations Act by maintaining, pursuant to arrangements with employers, a hiring system under which preference in employment was given to members of the Union. The Board found that respondent unlawfully caused an employer not to rehire one William O. Strickland because he was not a member in good standing, although Strickland was entitled to such re-employment and that thereafter, when Strickland obtained employment with another employer, respondent unlawfully demanded and secured his discharge for the same reason. 3 From an examination of the entire record, we conclude that the findings of the Board are supported by substantial evidence. 4 The petition of the Board for enforcement of its Order is sustained.

Wood Buffalo National Park Wood Buffalo National Park is the largest National Park of Canada at . It is located in northeastern Alberta and the southern Northwest Territories. Larger in area than Switzerland, it is the second-largest national park in the world. The park was established in 1922 to protect the world's largest herd of free roaming wood bison, currently estimated at more than 5,000. It is one of two known nesting sites of whooping cranes. The park ranges in elevation from at the Little Buffalo River to in the Caribou Mountains. The park headquarters is located in Fort Smith, with a smaller satellite office in Fort Chipewyan, Alberta. The park contains one of the world's largest fresh water deltas, the Peace-Athabasca Delta, formed by the Peace, Athabasca and Birch Rivers. It is also known for its karst sinkholes in the north-eastern section of the park. Alberta's largest springs (by volume, with an estimated discharge rate of eight cubic meters per second), Neon Lake Springs, are located in the Jackfish River drainage. Wood Buffalo is located directly north of the Athabasca Oil Sands. This area was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for the biological diversity of the Peace-Athabasca Delta, one of the world's largest freshwater deltas, as well as the population of wild bison. On June 28, 2013, the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada designated Wood Buffalo National Park as Canada's newest and the world's largest dark-sky preserve. The designation helps preserve nighttime ecology for the park's large populations of bats, night hawks and owls, as well as providing opportunities for visitors to experience the northern lights. History Before the park This region has been inhabited by human cultures since the end of the last ice age. Aboriginal peoples in this region have followed variations on the subarctic lifeway, based around hunting, fishing, and gathering. Situated at the junction of three major rivers used as canoe routes for trade — the Athabasca, Peace and the Slave Rivers — the region that later became the national park was well travelled for millennia. In recorded times, the Dane-zaa (historically called the "Beaver tribe"), the Chipewyan people, the South Slavey (Dene Tha'), and Woods Cree people are known to have inhabited, and sometimes quarrelled over, the region. The Dane-zaa, Chipewyan, and South Slavey speak (or spoke) languages from the Northern Athabaskan family which is also common in the regions to the north and west of the park, and call themselves the "Dene" collectively. The Cree, by contrast, are an Algonquian people and are thought to have migrated here from the east within the timeframe of recorded history. Sometime after 1781 when a smallpox epidemic decimated the region, the two groups made a peace treaty at Peace Point through a ceremonial pipe ceremony. This is the origin of the name of the Peace River which flows through the region: the river became the boundary with the Dane-zaa to the North and the Cree to the South. Explorer Peter Pond is believed to have passed through the region in 1785, likely the first European to do so, followed by Alexander Mackenzie three years later. In 1788 fur trading posts were established at Fort Chipewyan just east of the current boundaries of the park and Fort Vermilion just to the west. And the Peace River, which had long been used by the First Nations as a trade route, also now also added to the growing network of canoe routes used in the North American fur trade. From the fur trade, the Métis people emerged as another major group in the region. Canada purchased the Hudson's Bay Company's claim to the region in 1870. Agriculture was never developed in this part of Western Canada, unlike to the south; thus hunting and trapping remained the dominant industry in this region well into the twentieth century, and are still vital to many of its inhabitants. Following the Klondike Gold Rush of 1897, however, the Canadian government was keen to extinguish Aboriginal title to the land, so that any mineral wealth found in the future could be exploited despite any objections from First Nations. This led to the signing of Treaty 8 on 21 June 1899. The land then passed into the hand of the federal government as Crown land. As a national park Established in 1922, the park was created on Crown land acquired the territory of Treaty 8 between Canada and the local First Nations. The park itself completely surrounds several Indian reserves such as Peace Point and ʔejëre K’elnı Kuę́ (also called Hay Camp). Between 1925 and 1928, over 6,000 plains bison were introduced to the park, where they hybridized with the local wood bison, as well as introducing bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis diseases into the herd. Parks officials have since that time attempted to undo this damage with successive culls of diseased animals. In 1957, however, a disease-free, wood bison herd of 200 was discovered near Nyarling river in Wood Buffalo National Park. In 1965, 23 of these bison were relocated to the south side of Elk Island National Park and 300 remain there today as the most genetically pure wood bison remaining. Between 1951 and 1967, 4000 bison were killed and of meat were sold from a special abattoir built at Hay Camp. These smaller culls did not eradicate the diseases, however, and in 1990 a plan was announced to cull the entire herd and restock it with undiseased animals from Elk Island National Park. This plan was abandoned due to a negative public reaction to the announcement. Since that time, wolves, the bison's main predator, have recovered in numbers due to a reduction in control efforts (mostly poisoning), reducing the size of the herd. In 1983, a 21-year lease was granted to Canadian Forest Products Ltd. to log a 50,000-hectare area of Wood Buffalo National Park. The Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society filed a lawsuit against Parks Canada for violating the National Parks Act. Before the trial commenced in 1992, Parks Canada acquiesced and recognized that the lease was invalid and unauthorized by the provisions of the act. In March 2019, a new provincial park, known as Kitaskino Nuwenëné Wildland Provincial Park, was established on the borders of the Wood Buffalo National Park. The protection of this park was first proposed by the Mikisew Cree First Nation and it will protect the natural ecosystems from the expanding industrial areas north of Fort McMurray. The park was created after three oil companies – Teck Resources, Cenovus Energy, and Imperial Oil – voluntarily gave up certain oilsands and mining leases in the area, following negotiations with the Alberta government and indigenous groups. This new provincial park will be closed to forestry and new energy projects, but existing wells in the area can keep producing and traditional indigenous land uses are allowed. Climate In the park, summers are very short, but days are long. Temperatures range between during this season. On average, summers are characterized by warm and dry days although in some years, it can have cool and wet days. The mean high in July is while the mean low is . Fall tends to have cool, windy and dry days in which the first snowfall usually occurs in October. Winters are cold with temperatures that can drop below in January and February, the coldest months. The mean high in January is while the mean low is . In spring, temperatures gradually warm up as the days become longer. Wildlife Wood Buffalo National Park contains a large variety of wildlife species, such as moose, bison, great grey owls, black bears, hawks, spotted owls, timber wolves, lynxes, beavers, snowy owls, marmots, bald eagles, martens, wolverines, peregrine falcons, whooping cranes, snowshoe hares, sandhill cranes, ruffed grouses, and the world's northernmost population of red-sided garter snakes, which form communal dens within the park. Wood Buffalo Park contains the only natural nesting habitat for the endangered whooping crane. Known as Whooping Crane Summer Range, it is classified as a Ramsar site. It was identified through the International Biological Program. The range is a complex of contiguous water bodies, primarily lakes and various wetlands, such as marshes and bogs, but also includes streams and ponds. In 2007, the world's largest beaver dam – about in length – was discovered in the park using satellite imagery; The dam, located at , about from Fort Chipewyan, had only been sighted by satellite and fixed-wing aircraft until July 2014. Transportation Year-round access is available to Fort Smith by road on the Mackenzie Highway, which connects to Highway 5 near Hay River, Northwest Territories. Commercial flights are available to Fort Smith and Fort Chipewyan from Edmonton. Winter access is also available using winter and ice roads from Fort McMurray through Fort Chipewyan. Gallery See also List of mountains in Alberta Buffalo National Park List of National Parks of Canada List of Northwest Territories parks List of parks in Alberta List of trails in Alberta List of waterfalls of Alberta National Parks of Canada References External links "Aerial photos of Wood Buffalo National Park", Canadian Geographic Park at UNESCO World Heritage Site Great Canadian Parks Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada (IUCN) Category:Protected areas established in 1922 Category:World Heritage Sites in Canada Category:Dark-sky preserves in Canada Category:1922 establishments in Alberta

588 F.2d 820 Hannav.U. S. No. 78-1150 United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit 11/17/78 1 E.D.Pa. AFFIRMED

While a cold rain fell, turning what snow was left on the ground into slush, a group of about 60 Brandeis University students and faculty on Thursday demanded the school divest from fossil fuel companies as a way to address climate change. Rallying in the school's "peace garden" outside the college's Usdan Student Center, the protesters said Brandeis should reinvest its money in socially responsible and environmentally sustainable places, and provide greater transparency about its $1 billion portfolio. "It is unacceptable that we are still directly profiting off of these immoral and destructive industries," said Sydney Carim with Brandeis Climate Justice. "And it upsetting that we don't even know how much of our endowment is invested in fossil fuels." The gathering at Brandeis was part Fossil Fuel Divestment Day, a national day of action to push colleges and universities divest from oil, gas and coal companies. "This is an issue that we feel is critical to stopping the climate crisis," Carim said. "If we are going to make changes that are actually going to have an effect on the crisis that is coming our way, then we need to stop supporting and profiting off of the fossil fuel industry." Around the country, students at more than 50 colleges and universities registered to participate in the day of action. "What makes today so unique is that we are joining schools all around the country to call for divestment in a really organized way that we haven't really seen before," said Caleb Schwartz, one of the leaders of the Harvard University divestment movement. "This kind of mass coordination, not just at universities but between universities, is really something that can be impactful and send a really clear message to university administrators that we're not just one group of students at one college asking for divestment, but really the voices of students around the world fighting for our future," he said. In Massachusetts, a variety of actions were planned at about a dozen schools. At Mt. Holyoke College, about 300 students walked out of class; at MIT, students put up a big banner and distributed educational materials; and at Harvard University, students occupied an administrative building. Given the state's longstanding reputation as a leader in higher education, student activists say, universities here have an extra responsibility to lead the call for divestment. "MIT has a chance to make a real important impact, and if they divest, not only will it be their money that's taken out of fossil fuel companies, but this could be a domino that leads to many other universities taking the same action," said Trevor Spreadbury of the student group MIT Divest. According to both universities, MIT's endowment is about $17.4 billion; Harvard's endowment — the largest in the country — is calculated to be about $39 billion. In an email, Brandeis media relations Director Julie Jette said that the university has already taken actions to limit its investments in fossil fuels. "The university has sought to balance the needs of funding financial aid, faculty salaries, and other core educational programs from its endowment with concerns about investments in fossil fuel. Letting our investments in fossil fuel private limited partnerships run off at the end of their life cycles, and suspending new investments in such vehicles, was the balance that Brandeis struck," she wrote. But for students at Brandeis, this commitment isn't enough. "If Brandeis is going to be a unique institution based on social justice, then it needs to be held accountable to that standard," PhD student Aneil Tripathy said. "If our goal is social justice, that has to be what is making this university unique. And it can't just be on a flyer to recruit students; it needs to be taken seriously." Ph.D student Aneil Tripathy holds up a banner at a Brandeis demonstration. (Robin Lubbock/WBUR) The fossil fuel divestment movement has been around for about a decade, but has gained steam in recent years, said Alyssa Lee of Divest Ed, the Cambridge-based nonprofit group helping to organize Thursday's actions. "We have an enormous opportunity as students to really shape our institutions to make a very powerful political statement about, not just climate change, but specifically the fossil fuel industry. And divestment is one of the most powerful statements they can make," she said. Earlier this month, Georgetown University announced it would "[freeze] new endowment investments in companies or funds whose primary business is the exploration or extraction of fossil fuels, divest from public securities of fossil fuel companies within the next five years and divest from existing private investments in those companies over the next 10 years." And last week, the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University voted overwhelmingly to tell the Harvard Corporation — the school's highest government body — to direct the Harvard Management Company to divest from fossil fuels. "Divest Harvard has been going on as a campaign for eight years and we are really seeing an extreme escalation in pressure from Harvard students, faculty and alumni," said Schwartz, of Divest Harvard. In November, students from the divestment movements at Harvard and Yale University disrupted the annual Harvard-Yale football game.

Gilnockie Provincial Park Gilnockie Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. This 2842-hectare park is situated southeast of Cranbrook and just north of the U.S. border. It includes the upper portion of Gilnockie Creek. Gilnockie Provincial Park protects some of the oldest fir and larch stands in the region where bears, moose, elk, white-tail and mule deer are found. Although Gilnockie Park has low recreation values, this steep densely wooded and small wet valley encompasses wide-ranging species and habitat diversity and provides north south connectivity for many animals and birds. No facilities are provided. Visitors should be self-sufficient and proficient in backcountry travel practices. References Category:Provincial Parks of British Columbia Category:Parks in the Regional District of East Kootenay Category:Year of establishment missing

Strain ham drippings, and heat ham stock in a small saucepan over medium heat to boiling. Add 1/2 teaspoon dry mustard, 1/4 cup brown sugar, pinches of nutmeg and ground cloves, and cook until thickened. Let your guests douse their own ham with sauce. This is a personal thing. Advertisement Here's the full recipe all together. Serves 8 For cooking ham: 1/2 cup whole-grain mustard 3 Tbsp. honey 1/4 tsp nutmeg 1/4 tsp ground cloves 1 cup brown sugar 1/4 cup bourbon 1 5-8 pound half ham, butt portion, can be sliced or not For sauce: 1 1/2 cup ham drippings or stock 1/2 tsp dry mustard 1/4 cup brown sugar Pinches of nutmeg Pinches ground cloves Score ham in a diamond pattern to 1/4-inch deep (if not sliced). Place ham on rack in roasting pan. Blend mustard, honey, nutmeg, and cloves. Using your hands, smear mustard mixture all over surface of ham. Again using hands, pack brown sugar all over exterior of ham, pressing to be certain it adheres. Put bourbon in a spray bottle, and mist brown sugar coating to barely moisten. You may not use the entire 1/4 cup. Alternatively, sprinkle your bourbon over the ham. Bake ham, uncovered, in 300-degree oven for 20 minutes per pound, basting a few times during cooking. Strain ham drippings, skim as much fat as you wish, and add ham stock to make 1 1/2 cups. Heat in small saucepan over medium heat to boiling. Add brown sugar and spices; cook until thickened and serve over ham at table. Food52 is a community for people who love food and cooking. Follow them at Food52.com and on Twitter @Food52. Or, get answers to your burning food questions with our new (free!) FOOD52 Hotline iPhone app.

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Wokingham Choral Society Monteverdi Vespers (1610) in the Great Hall, University of Reading on March 31st, 2012. Fauré Requiem, in St Paul's Church, Wokingham on 9th March, 2013. Emily Vine Soprano Born in Surrey, Emily's formative years as a singer began as a member of Farnham Youth Choir. She went on to read music at the University of Bristol, winning the Sir Thomas Beecham scholarship for outstanding performance, and was awarded a place at the Royal Academy of Music, where she now studies on the Preparatory Opera course with Elizabeth Ritchie and Iain Ledingham. Recently Emily was delighted to accept an offer to join Royal Academy Opera, commencing in September. Emily's opera roles include Barbarina for Amersham Festival Opera with Iain Ledingham, Miles (Turn of the Screw) with Gergely Kaposi of Hungarian State Opera in Budapest, and Susanna and Donna Anna for Bristol University Operatic Society. Opera scenes include Calisto, Clorinda (La Cenerentola), Giannetta (L'elisir d'Amore) and Lucia (The Rape of Lucretia). Since joining the Academy, she has been highly commended in the Isabel Jay Opera Prize and the Michael Head Prize. Concert performances have recently included the Brahms, Fauré and Rutter Requiems and Bach's Christmas Oratorio in Kristiansand, Norway. This year Emily will be a soloist in the flagship Royal Academy of Music/Kohn Foundation Bach Cantata series, and in March will sing for Laurence Cummings in the London Handel Festival.

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import {CUSTOM_ELEMENTS_SCHEMA} from '@angular/core'; import {async, ComponentFixture, TestBed} from '@angular/core/testing'; import {ComponentThree} from './component-three.component'; describe('Component: ComponentThree', () => { let fixture: ComponentFixture<ComponentThree>; let component: ComponentThree; beforeEach(async(() => { TestBed.configureTestingModule({ declarations: [ComponentThree], schemas: [CUSTOM_ELEMENTS_SCHEMA] }).compileComponents(); })); beforeEach(() => { fixture = TestBed.createComponent(ComponentThree); component = fixture.componentInstance; }); it('should create an instance', () => { expect(component).toBeTruthy(); }); });

Users of indicia reading apparatuses such as bar code reading apparatuses have always rated as an important factor in determining overall satisfaction with an apparatus the “snappiness” of operation—how fast a decoded message is output after reading is initiated. The time to output a decoded message after receipt of a trigger signal can be referred to as the trigger-to-read (TTR) time. In order achieve snappiness of operation, designers of reading apparatuses have implemented designs wherein several frames of image data are captured and subjected to processing in succession one after another over a short time period. If processing of a first frame to be subject to a decode attempt fails, another captured frame is processed, and then another until an indicia is successfully decoded. While a succession of frames are being captured and subject to decoding, a user may be moving the apparatus (which may be hand held) into a position wherein a higher quality image may be captured. Providing an apparatus which repeatedly captures and attempts to decode images has significant advantages. However, challenges continue to be noted with presently available indicia reading apparatuses. Some of the challenges faced by designers of indicia reading apparatuses have been imposed by technological advances. For example, with advances made in circuitry and software design, including those by the assignee Hand Held Products, Inc. reading apparatuses are now capable of reading indicia formed on substrates at increasingly long range reading distances. At longer reading distances, fewer light rays projected by an on board lighting assembly of a reading apparatus (where present) are able to reach and be reflected from a target substrate. Because of the increased depth of field available with currently available reading apparatuses such as the IT4XXX imaging module, poor illumination reading conditions are more commonly encountered. For battery conservation purposes and for cost purposes, it has been a goal of designers or reading apparatuses to decode indicia such as bar codes with little even no artificial illumination. In addition, with respect to image sensor based reading apparatuses, image sensors continue to grow in density. Fabrication technologies exists for making high density (e.g., million plus pixel) image sensors at low cost. Such image sensors generate more image data, which consumes additional processing time. There remains a need to read bar codes and other decodable indicia quickly in normal operating conditions and in an expanding range of operating conditions.

Shout It Out Shout It Out may refer to: "Shout It Out" (Alisa Mizuki song) "Shout It Out" (BoA song) Shout It Out (Elli Erl album) Shout It Out (Hanson album) "Shout It Out" (Kingpin song) Shout It Out (Patrice Rushen album) "Shout It Out" (Reece Mastin song) "Shout It Out" (Shotgun Messiah song) "Shout It Out", a 2010 song by Marc Mysterio "Shout It Out", the theme song from The Wendy Williams Show See also Shout It Out Loud (disambiguation) Shout (disambiguation)

// license:BSD-3-Clause // copyright-holders:David Haywood #ifndef MAME_VIDEO_ELAN_EU3A05VID_H #define MAME_VIDEO_ELAN_EU3A05VID_H #include "elan_eu3a05commonvid.h" #include "cpu/m6502/m6502.h" #include "machine/bankdev.h" class elan_eu3a05vid_device : public elan_eu3a05commonvid_device, public device_memory_interface { public: elan_eu3a05vid_device(const machine_config &mconfig, const char *tag, device_t *owner, uint32_t clock); template <typename T> void set_cpu(T &&tag) { m_cpu.set_tag(std::forward<T>(tag)); } template <typename T> void set_addrbank(T &&tag) { m_bank.set_tag(std::forward<T>(tag)); } void map(address_map& map); uint32_t screen_update(screen_device &screen, bitmap_ind16 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect); void set_is_sudoku(); void set_is_pvmilfin(); void set_use_spritepages() { m_use_spritepages = true; }; protected: // device-level overrides virtual void device_start() override; virtual void device_reset() override; virtual space_config_vector memory_space_config() const override; private: required_device<m6502_device> m_cpu; required_device<address_map_bank_device> m_bank; const address_space_config m_space_config; uint8_t m_vidctrl; uint8_t m_tile_gfxbase_lo_data; uint8_t m_tile_gfxbase_hi_data; uint8_t m_sprite_gfxbase_lo_data; uint8_t m_sprite_gfxbase_hi_data; uint8_t m_tile_scroll[4*2]; uint8_t m_splitpos[2]; uint16_t get_scroll(int which); bool get_tile_data(int base, int drawpri, int& tile, int &attr, int &unk2); void draw_tilemaps(screen_device &screen, bitmap_ind16 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect, int drawpri); void draw_sprites(screen_device &screen, bitmap_ind16 &bitmap, const rectangle &cliprect); uint8_t read_spriteram(int offset); uint8_t read_vram(int offset); // VIDEO // tile bases void tile_gfxbase_lo_w(uint8_t data); void tile_gfxbase_hi_w(uint8_t data); uint8_t tile_gfxbase_lo_r(); uint8_t tile_gfxbase_hi_r(); // sprite tile bases void sprite_gfxbase_lo_w(uint8_t data); void sprite_gfxbase_hi_w(uint8_t data); uint8_t sprite_gfxbase_lo_r(); uint8_t sprite_gfxbase_hi_r(); uint8_t elan_eu3a05_vidctrl_r(); void elan_eu3a05_vidctrl_w(uint8_t data); uint8_t tile_scroll_r(offs_t offset); void tile_scroll_w(offs_t offset, uint8_t data); uint8_t splitpos_r(offs_t offset); void splitpos_w(offs_t offset, uint8_t data); uint8_t read_unmapped(offs_t offset); void write_unmapped(offs_t offset, uint8_t data); int m_bytes_per_tile_entry; int m_vrambase; int m_spritebase; bool m_use_spritepages; }; DECLARE_DEVICE_TYPE(ELAN_EU3A05_VID, elan_eu3a05vid_device) #endif // MAME_VIDEO_ELAN_EU3A05VID_H

COPYTRACK-The Future of Global Copyright Registration INTRODUCTION Located in the heart of Berlin, COPYTRACK is currently a fast-growing business. Over the course of the last few years, it has become a leading platform and service provider for image search and copyright enforcement worldwide. With its cutting edge technology and processes, it is well-suited to globally address the key challenges in the industry. At the core of COPYTRACK is the creation of a Global Decentralized Copyright Register for digital content, which authenticates users and links digital intellectual property. This online registry will generate a unique ecosystem for rights-holders, thereby providing new efficient marketplaces TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET Competition exists within nearly all industries, and services for rights-holders is no exception. They main competitors include image search engines and image-matching providers, companies that offer post-licensing services, businesses that perform collection, and even lawyers who enforce rights. It is worth noting that these services are region dependent and not available worldwide. The following figure compares other businesses, including their services and areas of operation, to COPYTRACK. They strive to be innovative and utilize the newest technologies to they advantage. They dedicated technical team currently ensure the integrity of 8 different processes. 1. High-Performance Web-Crawler they High-Performance Web-Crawler searches millions of websites worldwide every day. 2. Unique image matching they unique image matching engine compares our customer’s images with all findings. Cropping, changes and editing will be recognized and considered. PROCESSES COPYTRACK has developed a unique startto-finish process for the enforcement of copyright, once the rights-holder has identified the unlicensed use of their images. The whole process is highly automated, only requiring manual assessment at 2 of the nearly 50 stages. The following diagram illustrates the process for they customers. This mechanism can be broken down into 3 simple steps: 1. Image Upload • Upload images directly or via API • Create collections and select categories • The crawling process kicks off automatically and runs constantly 2. Select Hits • Mark illegal images among the search results • Filter already licensed pictures • Option to whitelist whole domains or a single hit • 3. Lean Back • Assign a royalty fee • Submit the case and the post-licensing process starts • they take care of the rest. Token Distribution A total of 60% of all tokens will be available for purchase by the public / community during the COPYTRACK Initial Token Sale by the Distributor. During the Pre-Sale, the distributor will sell one-third of these tokens, i.e. 20% of the total amount, for a discounted price. The other two-thirds, or 40% of the supply, will be released in the public sale to people on the COPYTRACK Whitelist. At the end of the token sale, all remaining tokens will be burned. As outlined in they roadmap,they will initially launch an ERC-20 token on the Ethereum blockchain. In Q2 2018, they will perform a token swap of the 100.000.000 ERC-20 tokens onto they new chain. At this point, node operators will be eligible to receive compensation in CPY for securing the network using they Proof-of-Stake consensus model.

--- abstract: 'BERT-based architectures currently give state-of-the-art performance on many NLP tasks, but little is known about the exact mechanisms that contribute to its success. In the current work, we focus on the interpretation of self-attention, which is one of the fundamental underlying components of BERT. Using a subset of GLUE tasks and a set of handcrafted features-of-interest, we propose the methodology and carry out a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the information encoded by the individual BERT’s heads. Our findings suggest that there is a limited set of attention patterns that are repeated across different heads, indicating the overall model overparametrization. While different heads consistently use the same attention patterns, they have varying impact on performance across different tasks. We show that manually disabling attention in certain heads leads to a performance improvement over the regular fine-tuned BERT models.' author: - | Olga Kovaleva, Alexey Romanov, Anna Rogers, Anna Rumshisky\ Department of Computer Science\ University of Massachusetts Lowell\ Lowell, MA 01854\ [{okovaleva,arum,aromanov}@cs.uml.edu]{} bibliography: - 'emnlp-ijcnlp-2019.bib' title: Revealing the Dark Secrets of BERT --- Introduction ============ Over the past year, models based on the Transformer architecture [@vaswani2017attention] have become the de-facto standard for state-of-the-art performance on many natural language processing (NLP) tasks [@radford2018improving; @devlin2018bert]. Their key feature is the self-attention mechanism that provides an alternative to conventionally used recurrent neural networks (RNN). One of the most popular Transformer-based models is BERT, which learns text representations using a bi-directional Transformer encoder pre-trained on the language modeling task [@devlin2018bert]. BERT-based architectures have produced new state-of-the-art performance on a range of NLP tasks of different nature, domain, and complexity, including question answering, sequence tagging, sentiment analysis, and inference. State-of-the-art performance is usually obtained by fine-tuning the pre-trained model on the specific task. In particular, BERT-based models are currently dominating the leaderboards for SQuAD[^1] [@rajpurkar2016squad] and GLUE benchmarks[^2] [@wang2018glue]. However, the exact mechanisms that contribute to the BERT’s outstanding performance still remain unclear. We address this problem through selecting a set of linguistic features of interest and conducting a series of experiments that aim to provide insights about how well these features are captured by BERT. This paper makes the following contributions: - We propose the methodology and offer the first detailed analysis of BERT’s capacity to capture different kinds of linguistic information by encoding it in its self-attention weights. - We present the evidence of BERT’s overparametrization and suggest a counter-intuitive yet frustratingly simple way of improving its performance, showing absolute gains of up to 3.2%. Related work ============ There have been several recent attempts to assess BERT’s ability to capture structural properties of language. @goldberg2019assessing demonstrated that BERT consistently assigns higher scores to the correct verb forms as opposed to the incorrect one in a masked language modeling task, suggesting some ability to model subject-verb agreement. @jawahar:hal-02131630 extended this work to using multiple layers and tasks, supporting the claim that BERT’s intermediate layers capture rich linguistic information. On the other hand, @tran2018importance concluded that LSTMs generalize to longer sequences better, and are more robust with respect to agreement distractors, compared to Transformers. @liu2019linguistic investigated the transferability of contextualized word representations to a number of probing tasks requiring linguistic knowledge. Their findings suggest that (a) the middle layers of Transformer-based architectures are the most transferable to other tasks, and (b) higher layers of Transformers are not as task specific as the ones of RNNs. @tang2018self argued that models using self-attention outperform CNN- and RNN-based models on a word sense disambiguation task due to their ability to extract semantic features from text. Our work contributes to the above discussion, but rather than examining representations extracted from different layers, we focus on the understanding of the self-attention mechanism itself, since it is the key feature of Transformer-based models. Another research direction that is relevant to our work is neural network pruning. @frankle2018lottery showed that widely used complex architectures suffer from overparameterization, and can be significantly reduced in size without a loss in performance. @goldberg2019assessing observed that the smaller version of BERT achieves better scores on a number of syntax-testing experiments than the larger one. @adhikari2019rethinking questioned the necessity of computation-heavy neural networks, proving that a simple yet carefully tuned BiLSTM without attention achieves the best or at least competitive results compared to more complex architectures on the document classification task. @wu2019pay presented more evidence of unnecessary complexity of the self-attention mechanism, and proposed a more lightweight and scalable dynamic convolution-based architecture that outperforms the self-attention baseline. These studies suggest a potential direction for future research, and are in good accordance with our observations. Methodology =========== We pose the following research questions: 1. What are the common attention patterns, how do they change during fine-tuning, and how does that impact the performance on a given task? (Sec. \[sec:patterns\], \[sec:fine-tuning\]) 2. What linguistic knowledge is encoded in self-attention weights of the fine-tuned models and what portion of it comes from the pre-trained BERT? (Sec. \[sec:fn\], \[sec:vert\_attention\], \[sec:cross\_attention\]) 3. How different are the self-attention patterns of different heads, and how important are they for a given task? (Sec. \[sec:disabling\]) The answers to these questions come from a series of experiments with the basic pre-trained or the fine-tuned BERT models, as will be discussed below. All the experiments with the pre-trained BERT were conducted using the model provided with the PyTorch implementation of BERT (bert-base-uncased, 12-layer, 768-hidden, 12-heads, 110M parameters)[^3]. We chose this smaller version of BERT because it shows competitive, if not better, performance while having fewer layers and heads, which makes it more interpretable. We use the following subset of GLUE tasks [@wang2018glue] for fine-tuning: - *MRPC*: the Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus [@dolan2005automatically] - *STS-B*: the Semantic Textual Similarity Benchmark [@cer2017semeval] - *SST-2*: the Stanford Sentiment Treebank, two-way classification [@socher2013recursive] - *QQP*: the Quora Question Pairs dataset - *RTE*: the Recognizing Textual Entailment datasets - *QNLI*: Question-answering NLI based on the Stanford Question Answering Dataset [@rajpurkar2016squad] - *MNLI*: the Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference Corpus, matched section [@williams2018broad] Please refer to the original GLUE paper for details on the QQP and RTE datasets [@wang2018glue]. We excluded two tasks: CoLa and the Winograd Schema Challenge. The latter is excluded due to the small size of the dataset. As for CoLa (the task of predicting linguistic acceptability judgments), GLUE authors report that the human performance is only 66.4, which is explained by the problems with the underlying methodology [@Schutze_1996_Empirical_Base_of_Linguistics_Grammaticality_Judgments_and_Linguistic_Methodology]. Note also that CoLa is not included in the upcoming version of GLUE [@WangPruksachatkunEtAl_2019_SuperGLUE_Stickier_Benchmark_for_General-Purpose_Language_Understanding_Systems]. All fine-tuning experiments follow the parameters reported in the original study (a batch size of 32 and 3 epochs, see ). In all these experiments, for a given input, we extract self-attention weights for each head in every layer. This results in a 2D float array of shape $L\times L$, where $L$ is the length of an input sequence. We will refer to such arrays as *self-attention maps*. Analysis of individual self-attention maps allows us to determine which target tokens are attended to the most as the input is processed token by token. We use these experiments to analyze how BERT processes different kinds of linguistic information, including the processing of different parts of speech (nouns, pronouns, and verbs), syntactic roles (objects, subjects), semantic relations, and negation tokens. {width="\linewidth"} Experiments =========== In this section, we present the experiments conducted to address the above research questions. BERT’s self-attention patterns {#sec:patterns} ------------------------------ Manual inspection of self-attention maps for both basic pre-trained and fine-tuned BERT models suggested that there is a limited set of self-attention maps types that are repeatedly encoded across different heads. Consistently with previous observations[^4], we identified five frequently occurring patterns, examples of which are shown in : - *Vertical*: mainly corresponds to attention to special BERT tokens *\[CLS\]* and *\[SEP\]*; - *Diagonal*: formed by the attention to the previous/following tokens; - *Vertical+Diagonal*: a mix of the previous two types, - *Block*: intra-sentence attention for the tasks with two distinct sentences (such as, for example, RTE or MRPC), - *Heterogeneous*: highly variable depending on the specific input and cannot be characterized by a distinct structure. Whereas the attention to the special tokens is important for cross-sentence reasoning, and the attention to the previous/following token comes from language model pre-training, we hypothesize that the last of the listed types is more likely to capture interpretable linguistic features, necessary for language understanding. To get a rough estimate of the percentage of attention heads that may capture linguistically interpretable information, we manually annotated around 400 sample self-attention maps as belonging to one of the five classes. The self-attention maps were obtained by feeding random input examples from selected tasks into the corresponding fine-tuned BERT model. This produced a somewhat unbalanced dataset, in which the “Vertical” class accounted for 30% of all samples. We then trained a convolutional neural network with 8 convolutional layers and ReLU activation functions to classify input maps into one of these classes. This model achieved the F1 score of 0.86 on the annotated dataset. We used this classifier to estimate the proportion of different self-attention patterns for the target GLUE tasks using up to 1000 examples (where available) from each validation set. #### Results {#results .unnumbered} shows that the self-attention map types described above are consistently repeated across different heads and tasks. While a large portion of encoded information corresponds to attention to the previous/following token, to the special tokens, or a mixture of the two (the first three classes), the estimated upper bound on all heads in the “Heterogeneous” category (i.e. the ones that *could* be informative) varies from 32% (MRPC) to 61% (QQP) depending on the task. We would like to emphasize that this only gives the upper bound on the percentage of attention heads that could potentially capture meaningful structural information beyond adjacency and separator tokens. ![Estimated percentages of the identified self-attention classes for each of the selected GLUE tasks. []{data-label="fig:attention_by_dataset"}](images/attention_by_dataset.png){width="\linewidth"} Relation-specific heads in BERT {#sec:fn} ------------------------------- In this experiment, our goal was to understand whether different syntactic and semantic relations are captured by self-attention patterns. While a large number of such relations could be investigated, we chose to examine semantic role relations defined in frame semantics, since they can be viewed as being at the intersection of syntax and semantics. Specifically, we focused on whether BERT captures FrameNet’s relations between frame-evoking lexical units (predicates) and core frame elements [@baker1998berkeley], and whether the links between them produce higher attention weights in certain specific heads. We used pre-trained BERT in these experiments. {width="0.9\linewidth"} The data for this experiment comes from FrameNet [@baker1998berkeley], a database that contains frame annotations for example sentences for different lexical units. Frame elements correspond to semantic roles for a given frame, for example, “buyer", “seller", and “goods” for the “Commercial\_transaction" frame evoked by the words “sell” and “spend” or “topic” and “text” for the “Scrutiny” semantic frame evoked by the verb “address”. shows an example of such annotation. We extracted sample sentences for every lexical unit in the database and identified the corresponding core frame elements. Annotated elements in FrameNet may be rather long, so we considered only the sentences with frame elements of 3 tokens or less. Since each sentences is annotated only for one frame, semantic links from other frames can exist between unmarked elements. We therefore filter out all the sentences longer than 12 tokens, since shorter sentences are less likely to evoke multiple frames. To establish whether BERT attention captures semantic relations that *do not* simply correspond to the previous/following token, we exclude sentences where the linked objects are less than two tokens apart. This leaves us with 473 annotated sentences. ![FrameNet annotation example for the “address” lexical unit with two core frame elements of different types annotated.[]{data-label="fig:framenet"}](images/framenet.pdf){width="0.8\linewidth"} For each of these sentences, we obtain pre-trained BERT’s attention weights for each of the 144 heads. For every head, we return the maximum absolute attention weight among those token pairs that correspond to the annotated semantic link contained within a given sentence. We then average the derived scores over all the collected examples. This strategy allows us to identify the heads that prioritize the features correlated with frame-semantic relations within a sentence. #### Results {#results-1 .unnumbered} The heatmap of averaged attention scores over all collected examples () suggests that 2 out of 144 heads tend to attend to the parts of the sentence that FrameNet annotators identified as core elements of the same frame. shows an example of this attention pattern for these two heads. Both show high attention weight for “he” while processing “agitated” in the sentence “He was becoming agitated" (the frame “Emotion\_directed”). {width="\linewidth"} [max width=1]{} -------- -------- ------------------- ----------------- -------- **normal distr.** **pre-trained** MRPC 0/31.6 81.2/68.3 87.9/82.3 F1/Acc STS-B 33.1 2.9 82.7 Acc SST-2 49.1 80.5 92 Acc QQP 0/60.9 0/63.2 65.2/78.6 F1/Acc RTE 52.7 52.7 64.6 Acc QNLI 52.8 49.5 84.4 Acc MNLI-m 31.7 61.0 78.6 Acc -------- -------- ------------------- ----------------- -------- : GLUE task performance of BERT models with different initialization. We report the scores on the validation, rather than test data, so these results differ from the original BERT paper.[]{data-label="tab:glue-results"} Change in self-attention patterns after fine-tuning {#sec:fine-tuning} --------------------------------------------------- Fine-tuning has a huge effect on performance, and this section attempts to find out why. To study how attention per head changes on average for each of the target GLUE tasks, we calculate cosine similarity between pre-trained and fine-tuned BERT’s flattened arrays of attention weights. We average the derived similarities over all the development set examples[^5]. To evaluate contribution of pre-trained BERT to overall performance on the tasks, we consider two configurations of weights initialization, namely, pre-trained BERT weights and weights randomly sampled from normal distribution. {width="\linewidth"} {width="\linewidth"} #### Results {#results-2 .unnumbered} shows that for all the tasks except QQP, it is the last two layers that undergo the largest changes compared to the pre-trained BERT model. At the same time, shows that fine-tuned BERT outperforms pre-trained BERT by a significant margin on all the tasks (with an average of 35.9 points of absolute difference). This leads us to conclude that the last two layers encode task-specific features that are attributed to the gain of scores, while earlier layers capture more fundamental and low-level information used in fine-tuned models. Randomly initialized BERT consistently produces lower scores than the ones achieved with pre-trained BERT. In fact, for some tasks (STS-B and QNLI), initialization with random weights gives worse performance that that of pre-trained BERT alone without fine-tuning. This suggests that pre-trained BERT does indeed contain linguistic knowledge that is helpful for solving these GLUE tasks. These results are consistent with similar studies, e.g., @yosinski2014transferable’s results on fine-tuning a convolutional neural network pre-trained on ImageNet or @romanov2018lessons’s results on transfer learning for medical natural language inference. Attention to linguistic features {#sec:vert_attention} -------------------------------- In this experiment, we investigate whether fine-tuning BERT for a given task creates self-attention patterns which emphasize specific linguistic features. In this case, certain kinds of tokens may get high attention weights from all the other tokens in the sentence, producing vertical stripes on the corresponding attention maps (). We tested this hypothesis by checking whether there are vertical stripe patterns corresponding to certain linguistically interpretable features, and to what extent such features are relevant for solving a given task. In particular, we investigated attention to nouns, verbs, pronouns, subjects, objects, and negation words[^6], and special BERT tokens across the tasks. For every head, we compute the sum of self-attention weights assigned to the token of interest from each input token. Since the weights depend on the number of tokens in the input sequence, this sum is normalized by sequence length. This allows us to aggregate the weights for this feature across different examples. If there are multiple tokens of the same type (e.g. several nouns or negations), we take the maximum value. We disregard input sentences that do not contain a given feature. For each investigated feature, we calculate this aggregated attention score for each head in every layer and build a map in order to detect the heads potentially responsible for this feature. We then compare the obtained maps to the ones derived using the pre-trained BERT model. This comparison enables us to determine if a particular feature is important for a specific task and whether it contributes to some tasks more than to others. #### Results {#results-3 .unnumbered} Contrary to our initial hypothesis that the vertical attention pattern may be motivated by linguistically meaningful features, we found that it is associated predominantly, if not exclusively, with attention to *\[CLS\]* and *\[SEP\]* tokens (see Figure \[fig:special\_tokens\]. Note that the absolute *\[SEP\]* weights for the SST-2 sentiment analysis task are greater than for other tasks, which is explained by the fact that there is only one sentence in the model inputs, i.e. only one *\[SEP\]* token instead of two. There is also a clear tendency for earlier layers to pay attention to *\[CLS\]* and for later layers to *\[SEP\]*, and this trend is consistent across all the tasks. We did detect heads that paid increased (compared to the pre-trained BERT) attention to nouns and direct objects of the main predicates (on the MRPC, RTE and QQP tasks), and negation tokens (on the QNLI task), but the attention weights of such tokens were negligible compared to *\[CLS\]* and *\[SEP\]*. Therefore, we believe that the striped attention maps generally come from BERT pre-training tasks rather than from task-specific linguistic reasoning. Token-to-token attention {#sec:cross_attention} ------------------------ To complement the experiments in Sec. \[sec:vert\_attention\] and \[sec:fn\], in this section, we investigate the attention patterns between tokens in the same sentence, i.e. whether any of the tokens are particularly important while a *given* token is being processed. We were interested specifically in the verb-subject relation and the noun-pronoun relation. Also, since BERT uses the representation of the *\[CLS\]* token in the last layer to make the prediction, we used the features from the experiment in Sec. \[sec:vert\_attention\] in order to check if they get higher attention weights while the model is processing the *\[CLS\]* token. #### Results {#results-4 .unnumbered} Our token-to-token attention experiments for detecting heads that prioritize noun-pronoun and verb-subject links resulted in a set of potential head candidates that coincided with diagonally structured attention maps. We believe that this happened due to the inherent property of English syntax where the dependent elements frequently appear close to each other, so it is difficult to distinguish such relations from the previous/following token attention coming from language model pre-training. Our investigation of attention distribution for the *\[CLS\]* token in the output layer suggests that for most tasks, with the exception of STS-B, RTE and QNLI, the *\[SEP\]* gets attended the most, as shown in . Based on manual inspection, for the mentioned remaining tasks, the greatest attention weights correspond to the punctuation tokens, which are in a sense similar to *\[SEP\]*. Disabling self-attention heads {#sec:disabling} ------------------------------ Since there does seem to be a certain degree of specialization for different heads, we investigated the effects of disabling different heads in BERT and the resulting effects on task performance. Since BERT relies heavily on the learned attention weights, we define disabling a head as modifying the attention values of a head to be constant $a = \frac{1}{L}$ for every token in the input sentence, where $L$ is the length of the sentence. Thus, every token receives the same attention, effectively disabling the learned attention patterns while maintaining the information flow of the original model. Note that by using this framework, we can disable an arbitrary number of heads, ranging from a single head per model to the whole layer or multiple layers. #### Results {#results-5 .unnumbered} Our experiments suggest that certain heads have a detrimental effect on the overall performance of BERT, and this trend holds for all the chosen tasks. Unexpectedly, disabling some heads leads *not* to a drop in accuracy, as one would expect, but to an increase in performance. This is effect is different across tasks and datasets. While disabling some heads improves the results, disabling the others hurts the results. However, it is important to note that across all tasks and datasets, disabling some heads leads to an increase in performance. The gain from disabling a single head is different for different tasks, ranging from the minimum absolute gain of 0.1% for STS-B, to the maximum of 1.2% for MRPC (see ). In fact, for some tasks, such as MRPC and RTE, disabling a *random* head gives, on average, *an increase* in performance. Furthermore, disabling a whole layer, that is, all 12 heads in a given layer, also improves the results. shows the resulting model performance on the target GLUE tasks when different layers are disabled. Notably, disabling the first layer in the RTE task gives a significant boost, resulting in an absolute performance gain of 3.2%. However, effects of this operation vary across tasks, and for QNLI and MNLI, it produces a performance drop of up to -0.2%. Discussion {#sec:discussion} ========== In general, our results suggest that even the smaller base BERT model is significantly overparametrized. This is supported by the discovery of repeated self-attention patterns in different heads, as well as the fact that disabling both single and multiple heads is not detrimental to model performance and in some cases even improves it. We found no evidence that attention patterns that are mappable onto core frame-semantic relations actually improve BERT’s performance. 2 out of 144 heads that seem to be “responsible" for these relations (see Section \[sec:fn\]) do not appear to be important in any of the GLUE tasks: disabling of either one does not lead to a drop of accuracy. This implies that fine-tuned BERT does not rely on this piece of semantic information and prioritizes other features instead. For instance, we noticed that both STS-B and RTE fine-tuned models rely on attention in the same pair of heads (head 1 in the fourth layer, and head 12 in the second layer), as shown in Figure \[fig:disable\_heads\_all\]. We manually checked the attention maps in those heads for a set of random inputs, and established that both of them have high weights for words that appear in both sentences of the input examples. This most likely means that word-by-word comparison of the two sentences provides a solid strategy of making a classification prediction for STS-B and RTE. Unfortunately, we were not able to provide a conceptually similar interpretation of heads important for other tasks. Conclusion ========== In this work, we proposed a set of methods for analyzing self-attention mechanisms of BERT, comparing attention patterns for the pre-trained and fine-tuned versions of BERT. Our most surprising finding is that, although attention is the key BERT’s underlying mechanism, the model can benefit from attention “disabling”. Moreover, we demonstrated that there is redundancy in the information encoded by different heads and the same patterns get consistently repeated regardless of the target task. We believe that these two findings together suggest a further direction for research on BERT interpretation, namely, model pruning and finding an optimal sub-architecture reducing data repetition. Another direction for future work is to study self-attention patterns in a different language. We think that it would allow to disentangle attention maps potentially encoding linguistic information and heads that use simple heuristics like attending to the following/previous tokens. \[sec:supplemental\] [^1]: <https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/> [^2]: <https://gluebenchmark.com/leaderboard> [^3]: <https://github.com/huggingface/pytorch-pretrained-BERT> [^4]: [https://towardsdatascience.com/deconstructing-bert-distilling-6-patterns-\\from-100-million-parameters-b49113672f77](https://towardsdatascience.com/deconstructing-bert-distilling-6-patterns-\from-100-million-parameters-b49113672f77) [^5]: If the number of development data examples for a given task exceeded 1000 (QQP, QNLI, MNLI, STS-B), we randomly sampled 1000 examples. [^6]: Our manually constructed list of negation words consisted of the following words *neither, nor, not, never, none, don’t, won’t, didn’t, hadn’t, haven’t, can’t, isn’t, wasn’t, shouldn’t, couldn’t, nothing, nowhere.*

Rykrof Enloe - Homeworld - Naboo. Former Republic Commander, who is now an enemy of the Empire. He has a history of entanglements with the Badoo Corba terrorist organization, dating back prior to the Clone Wars. He is a former close friend of Imperial Baron Tylin Gere and was been forced to embark on a desperate mission to acquire an ancient Sith artifact for Tylin - which ended in failure. Since then, he has inadvertently led Imperial forces to a secret Rebel base on Banyss, which was destroyed by Darth Vader's forces. Rykrof has now been taken captive by the Empire and resides in the Imperial penal colony on Tartaaris. Most of those dear to him believe he is now deceased. Atracion - Homeworld - Mon Calamari. This former slave trader was imprisoned after conspiring to steal a shipment of Coaxium for the crime organization known as Crimson Dawn. He quickly gained the respect of other inmates and became the leader of the largest prison gang in captivity on Tartaaris. K3-95 - Homeworld - Tartaaris. Pieced together from scrap and given life by an unknown prisoner resident on Tartaaris. He has befriended Rykrof following the recent death of his friend, Garlin Nomad. The Maker - Homeworld - Unknown. Very little is know about this myserious individual, other than he is the current warden of the Imperial penal colony on Tartaaris. For years, he has crafted custom hunter droids from the countless junk piles on Tartaaris and programmed them to terrorize the prisoner population. Rarely seen by the local garrison, the Maker has recently been stirring due to rumors of a pending prisoner revolt. Baron Tylin Gere - Homeworld - Naboo. Former close ally of Rykrof Enloe, the two served as Republic Peace Officers prior to the Clone Wars and later as officers in the Grand Army of the Republic. Tylin thirsts for power and has become obsessed with acquiring an ancient Sith artifact, which was recently acquired by Darth Vader, who he secretly sees as a rival. He has taken custody of Alyssa and Caldin Enloe, and ordered the death of Rykrof's father. He believes Rykrof Enloe is dead, once and for all. Emperor Palpatine - Homeword - Naboo. Dark Lord of the Sith and the undisputed leader of the Galactic Empire. He attempted to mold Rykrof Enloe as the ideal Imperial officer but failed. He takes great interest in Baron Tylin Gere's personal quests for power and admires his ambition. Darth Vader - Homeworld - Tatooine. Dark Lord of the Sith and follows the instructions of his master, Emperor Palpatine. During the Clone Wars, he was once friends with Rykrof Enloe. He considers Rykrof a traitor to the Empire but also is fully aware that Rykrof once helped protect Padme Amidala, and rather than killing him, he has spared Rykrof's life by sending him to a secret penal colony on Tartaaris. However, his loyalties to Emperor Palpatine are secure. Deep in the Outer Rim, Tartaaris servers as an undisclosed penal colony for former Separatists and other undesirables. Many innocent beings have suffered immeasurably in the Imperial compound... ...leading one band of prisoners to rise against their oppressors. Having already taken out a pair of Stormtroopers, the inmates know it won't be long before the Imperial authorities respond with force. "How much further?" Atracion growls impatiently."Where is this supposed secret entrance into the complex?" "I'm not quite sure," K3-95 admits. "Garlin never provided me with the exact coordinates, but based on my estimates, it should be just up ahead." "We have to be getting close," Rykrof offers."Keep your eyes open for signs of a secret doorway... hatch... anything." "You told us you knew how to get in," Lits gnarls. "Well, it does look like we are nearing something important," the droid replies, observing the Imperial styled structures. "Could it be under us?" Rykrof wonders aloud."Maybe the winds shifted the sands and covered a doorway?" "I don't like this," Calo says, changing the subject."It's too quiet... we haven't seen any droids or activity since we took out those troops." "He's right," Sarlo nods."What if we're walking into a trap? And where's the flank team?" "I know," Rykrof agrees."Something's not right." "K3, I think you might need this." "Why thank you," the droid replies, gripping the blaster."It has been quite some time since I've handled one of these." "Just don't give us any reason to regret giving you one, droid." "We need to thin out... we're too exposed," Rykrof says to Atracion. "Drop your weapons," a metallic voice suddenly orders the group. "Damn..." "Sir, I would not advise doing anything these mechanical abominations tell us to do." For a brief moment, the droids remain frozen... "We are here to see the Maker," Rykrof shouts to the sentinel droid. "Grant us a ship to get off this planet, and we won't be of any trouble." "Terminate them." "Destroy... Destroy... Destroy..." "Here they come!" Rykrof ignites his lightsaber as the droids race toward the inmates! "FLESH!" "They've got us surrounded!" A laser blast then rips through Parto's chest... ...as a pair of Viper droids fire at the group! "Those probes are going to tear us apart!" "I'm on it!" Velsa shouts... ...she then moves her aged walker into position... ...blasting the lead droid to pieces! "Velsa! Behind you!" But it's too late as the walker takes a heavy blast... ...crashing to the ground! The prisoners continue to fight for their lives... ...but the sentinel droid penetrates their position! Sarlo fires a desperate blast at the menace... ...as a laser blast rips into K3-95! "Rykrof... I'm... sor...." "Dammit!" A laser blast then strikes Calo! Rykrof then turns to face the sentinel droid... ...narrowly avoiding a deadly blow! In desperation, Velsa sprints from the walker... ...but is instantly torn down! The sentinel begins to lunge for Rykrof... ...but is met with a deep slash across its torso! Rykrof then spins to face the remaining attackers... ...and finds himself facing the Maker! "You're next... WHATEVER you are." "You are beaten, Enloe," the Maker smiles. "When you first arrived, my orders were to grant you leniency." "Surrender your weapons, and only your friends will suffer..." "...for I will show you ...mercy." Without warning, a blast of energy slams through the Maker's cranial dome! His body then bursts into an electrical convulsion! Astonished, Rykrof looks into the distance... ...spotting survivors of Atracion's flank team... ...Halri Kidell and Helmo Iteris! "Come on!" Rykrof shouts with renewed hope! "The Maker's DEAD!" Helmo then fires another blast... ...destroying the second Viper droid! The survivors quickly gather at the scene of the massacre. "This was a trap," Atracion growls."We could of all been killed." "I'm sorry... but if we don't stand against them, we're as good as dead," Rykrof firmly replies. "No time to argue," Halri says."It won't be long before the Imperials send the garrison out to finish us off." "Chief Rolem will make us suffer." "Right," Rykrof agrees."We need to carry on before they have time to react." "Enloe..." calls the visage of the Maker, now in the body of a different droid! "What the hell's going on?" "HA HA HA HA HA HA HA!!!" Another visage then emerges, charging directly at the group! It quickly leaps onto Lits! "We have to get out of here!" Lits is then torn to shreds by the abomination! Rykrof instinctively turns and runs for his life! "Get out of here!" Helmo shouts. With the Maker distracted, Rykrof and the others sprint to the distance... ...as the prisoner sacrifices himself for the group! Rykrof and the others continue their desperate escape... "We have to get back to base," Halri gasps. "That's exactly where the Stormtroopers will be waiting for us," Rykrof argues. "We go in there." "The sewers?" Atracion retorts."Are you crazy?" "The DWELLERS live in there," Halri warns."They're worse than the Maker's droids!" Another great episode! As a long-time reader, I love seeing how your diorama and photography skills have progressed. Speaking of dioramas, I'm looking at all of the misc. vehicle parts (TIE fighter cockpits & wings, AT-AT legs, etc.) thinking, "My goodness, I wonder how much money is tied into this?" I know like most Star Wars collectors, as Hasbro has improved the sculpting of vehicles (big-wing TIE,BAT-AT) you probably have older (POTF2) versions left over for customizing & fodder. I love the intro text to this much better than the crawl. It has sort of a "Solo" movie homage to it. By the way, I'm not sure where you got the image of the planet in the first shot, but that is a cool looking planet. The story is well paced. The lighting to the pictures gives it that "other worldly" look. As usual, the action jumps off the screen. Absolutely LOVE this scrap yard looking diorama. There is so much going on in the junk and fodder in this place: Is that a Galoob Micro Machine Bespin Cloud City? And you even threw in a chainsaw chain in a few pics! How cool is that! Another great episode! As a long-time reader, I love seeing how your diorama and photography skills have progressed. Speaking of dioramas, I'm looking at all of the misc. vehicle parts (TIE fighter cockpits & wings, AT-AT legs, etc.) thinking, "My goodness, I wonder how much money is tied into this?" I know like most Star Wars collectors, as Hasbro has improved the sculpting of vehicles (big-wing TIE,BAT-AT) you probably have older (POTF2) versions left over for customizing & fodder. Thanks Jason - it's so cool that you've been keeping up with these, that means a lot of me and I know it can be hard reading through long chapters like this in this medium. Yeah, the dioramas over time have gotten better I think, the photography is something that I really struggle with still. Just not my area of expertise... I need to eventually invest in the right camera and lighting techniques - I have such a crappy work space to photograph all of this too so it's kind of difficult. I do have older versions of vehicles used for fodder but also have at times found some good deals at garage sales and clearance items. jlw515 wrote:I love the intro text to this much better than the crawl. It has sort of a "Solo" movie homage to it. By the way, I'm not sure where you got the image of the planet in the first shot, but that is a cool looking planet. Yes - I changed the text based on feedback from you and others. I plan to go back and update that for the older stories in "Trials" as well in a bit. I think the planet was a found image on google, then I altered it - been using that image for a few chapters now. jlw515 wrote:The story is well paced. The lighting to the pictures gives it that "other worldly" look. As usual, the action jumps off the screen. Absolutely LOVE this scrap yard looking diorama. There is so much going on in the junk and fodder in this place: Is that a Galoob Micro Machine Bespin Cloud City? And you even threw in a chainsaw chain in a few pics! How cool is that! Pacing can be hard at times to make it feel right, I try to make these to where they are not boring (but I'm sure some people would find these extremely boring!)... one of the keys I think is to try and let the photo do most of the talking... place the text for each picture directly below the image, and keep it short and sweet - don't make the reader have to think too much. I am not an elegant writer, and I also find myself easily distracted if text becomes cumbersome when reading something - so I try and keep that in mind as much as possible. Yes - you did see a Galoob micro Cloud City! I ended up with a few of those somehow and thought they could work for some sort of droid or structures in the 3.75" scale. And the chain - lol! Good eye. As soon as they teased that walker a while back, I wanted it for my photonovels, ha ha. I figured this one looked Star Warsy enough to not need to be customized, at least in my opinion. I did blur out the words on the front of the walker in the pics though. This chapter was awesome! The only issue is that it is not long enough. I liked the references to solo that you put into atracion's backstory, and I am intrigued about both the maker and the dwellers. I still have to go through and look at all of the dioramas, but overall it was a great chapter. ImperialOfficer wrote:This chapter was awesome! The only issue is that it is not long enough. I liked the references to solo that you put into atracion's backstory, and I am intrigued about both the maker and the dwellers. I still have to go through and look at all of the dioramas, but overall it was a great chapter. Thanks for reading and the feedback! As for the not long enough part, I agree some with that - I could have made this longer (removed maybe a dozen pics). I removed them because I felt it was getting too drawn out, and I was also wary of adding another scene because as it stands, the chapter was a bit over 100 pics and I'm afraid people will stop reading once it gets to a certain point... even more than 20 or so frames can scare people off, I'm afraid...? More to come on the Maker and the Dwellers - I have some new customs and more dioramas to work on. I'll also snap a pic soon of all the various diorama pieces for this chapter in a pic to give some perspective on what a mess I create with these. Scenery--from the red clay sand to the junk greeblies strewn across the landscape to the excellent building facades the background allows the story to come alive. Special praise is garnered for the sewer; down to the greenish liquid on the lip of the opening. Wonderful use of the acid rain mech too. Figures: Again the unique look of individual prisoners in orange is really nice. The battle robots using iron man parts, Doctor who, assorted star wars and droids I can't make out are really nice. Would love more recipes on those pieces. Plot: Bold. Be sure to read even the character descriptions as they have been updated. Good mix of action and battle scenes with strong dialogue. Vesla came to the rescue and I thought she might save the day for all. In fact I started to wonder if we might see her more in the future. But alas...it was not meant to be. The quarren gang boss is quite fun and has some superb lines such as follow the fool and something to the effect of all of Enloe's ideas wind up killing his men. The biggest surprise is the Maker. What is he now? What has he ever been. Loved how his consciousness (visage was your wording) moved from one robot body to another and in fact multiples at once. I must admit the villain was not necessarily grabbing my interest as say our fiendish Baron. That is a character development to start off a Republic Peace officer from Naboo to now an evil minion of the Emperor. But the Maker's story is one that needs to be understood. Looking forward to knowing about the dwellers. (edited; forgot to mention them the first go around.) Did I miss something or did the droid that accompanied Enloe die in the battle? Where is he? It is possible my computer which was jumping some while I read hid the droid's demise from me. I will have to reread. (EDIT: Asked and answered. The droid died quickly) So the questions continue to build: 1) How long will Enloe be here? 2) What will the outside world be like once he does escape? 3) Will Freelo have changed much? 4) What possible Solo or Rebels characters might Enloe meet when he does leave? I can't even ask what about Alyssa and Calden; I am thinking Calden is going to be a real imperial goose stepper. Last edited by UKHistory on Sat Jun 09, 2018 10:04 am, edited 2 times in total. Just read it a second time, wow. Really noticed the dynamic action poses, how did you put the guy in midair being thrust away from an explosive impact?? And the viper droid crashing into the wall as it's hit?! Amazing.

1. Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to testing methods and apparatus for semiconductor devices. More particularly, the invention pertains to a method and apparatus for measuring localized temperatures present on semiconductor devices and the like for research and development purposes. 2. State of the Art Modern integrated circuit (IC) devices are commonly formed by joining the electrically active bond pads of a semiconductor die to the conductive lead fingers of a leadframe with metal wires. The wire bonding process may comprise: a. thermocompression bonding, which uses pressure and elevated temperature, typically 300-400xc2x0 C. to bond the wire ends to the bond pads and leadframe; b. thermosonic bonding, in which ultrasonic energy is combined with compression at temperatures of about 150xc2x0 C.; or c. ultrasonic bonding, in which ultrasonic energy is typically applied at ambient temperatures. This method is generally limited to some specific metals such as aluminum or aluminum alloy wires on aluminum or gold pads. As is well known, the functionality of manufactured electronic devices depends upon successful bonding of the wires to the bond pads of the die and to the lead fingers. In each of thermocompression bonding and thermosonic bonding, reliability of the bonding process depends upon the temperatures of the elements being joined. It is important for a semiconductor device manufacturer to have the capability for evaluating the quality of conductor bonds, such as wire bonds, leadframe to bump bonds, etc. Evaluation of the bonding process includes, e.g., destructive ball shear tests and wire bond pull tests as well as contaminant tests such as by spectrographic analysis. In addition, thermal analysis of the die and leadframe may be done during the conductor bonding operations to yield an indication as to wire bonding quality. Thus, for example, U.S. Pat. No. No. 5,500,502 of Horita et al. describes a process for bonding a leadframe to a bump using laser irradiation. The state of contact between the leadframe and the bump is then tested using the intensity of the emitted infrared radiation as a measure of the leadframe temperature. Knowing the time lapse between the laser radiation and the measured temperature, the temperature as a function of time may be calculated, particularly a threshold temperature correlated to bond effectiveness and the resulting quality of the wire bond. The Horita et al. method does not address the testing of wire bonds. Furthermore, the method depends upon the emission and reflection of infrared radiation, which varies with the surface characteristics of the material whose temperature is being measured. As is well known, both semiconductor dies and leadframes are made of a variety of materials, each of which may have a differing emission/reflection temperature function when laser-irradiated. In addition, a wide variety of materials is used for doping semiconductor dice and for coating dice. For example, U.S. Pat. No. No. 5,256,566 of Bailey teaches the coating of dice with polysilicon. Thus, the infrared temperature meter must be calibrated for each material, making temperature measurements labor intensive. Furthermore, the presence of contaminants on the die or leadframe surfaces will affect the accuracy of the Horita et al. method. A method and apparatus for accurately measuring the temperature of very small areas of surfaces, independent of the surface composition, are desirable for research and development purposes in the semiconductor die area. The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for accurately measuring the temperature of precisely defined areas of surfaces of materials having a wide variety of compositions, such as a semiconductor die and/or leadframe. An apparatus and method for producing a computer-generated thermal map of the surface of a semiconductor die and/or attached leadframe, wafer, or other object are described herein. The apparatus may be used to measure, compile, collate, plot, and display temperatures of a die and its associated leadframe fingers for evaluating a manufacturing process. The apparatus may be configured to back-calculate measured real-time temperatures to a predetermined initial time for preparing thermal maps, e.g., initial or maximum temperatures as a function of location and time. The apparatus includes (a) a fiber-optic temperature sensor mounted on the bondhead of a wire bonding machine, and connected to (b) a thermometer apparatus which calculates a temperature based on the sensor output via a (c) signal isolation trigger box having a circuit which is connected to the ultrasonic generator output of the wire bonding machine, whereby a temperature measurement is initiated, and to (d) a computer having software for controlling the wire bonding machine and trigger box and for storing and collating temperature measurements (and other measurements) from the thermometer controller and wire bonding machine. The invention may be applied to temperature measurements on a die, wafer, semiconductor device at any stage of construction, or surfaces of other objects of interest. The temperature measurements may be xe2x80x9crasteredxe2x80x9d over the surface by the stage controller, using any desired increment of movement, because the temperature sensor tip may have a size approximating the size of the area of which the temperature is to be measured.

[Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine in vivo and in vitro on the development of the avian skeleton]. The effects produced in vivo and in organ culture on the differentiation of the somitic mesenchyme by the thymidine analog, 5-bromodeoxyuridine, are dependant on the experimental conditions. The analog can give rise to irreversible or reversible blockade of cell differentiation or to inhibitory effects of the biosynthesis of several macromolecules normally secreted by the somitic cells. In vivo, the analog causes skeletal malformations affecting particularly the lumbo-sacral area and the hind limbs.