news_id
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12
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sequence | sentence
stringlengths 304
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stringclasses 19
values | labels
int64 0
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float64 0
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] | Empreendedores sociais têm até as 23h59 de domingo (20) para preencher o formulário online e confirmar sua participação na edição 2018 do Prêmio Empreendedor Social, o principal curso do setor na América Latina e um dos mais concorridos do mundo.Este ano, a organização do concurso informa que não haverá prorrogação do prazo. Podem se inscrever líderes de iniciativas inovadoras e empreendedores de impacto social dos quatro cantos do Brasil.Os vencedores e finalistas terão acesso a benefícios que totalizam R$ 350 mil em forma de mentorias, capacitação e cursos de qualificação em instituições como Insper e Fundação Dom Cabral. Além da projeção nacional e internacional dos líderes selecionados, a Folha e a Fundação Schwab –correalizadora do Fórum Econômico Mundial de Davos e idealizadora da premiação no mundo– oferecem um alto nível de qualificação e networking.O Prêmio Empreendedor Social é destinado a gestores de iniciativas sociais com mais de três anos de atuação. Já organizações de impacto que estão em fase inicial (de um a três anos) podem se inscrever para o Prêmio Folha Empreendedor Social de Futuro, destinado a empreendedores com até 35 anos. O concurso tem patrocínio de Coca-Cola, IEL (Instituto Euvaldo Lodi), iniciativa da Confederação Nacional da Indústria, e Fundação Banco do Brasil. Conta com apoio de Instituto C&A e Instituto Porto Seguro, além da parceria estratégica de ESPM, Fundação Dom Cabral, Insper e UOL.Quem pode participarPrincipais prêmiosQuem pode participarPrincipais prêmios | empreendedorsocial | 1 | 1 |
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] | Como soluções nascidas no campo do empreendedorismo social estão transformando o Brasil? As chamadas tecnologias sociais –produtos, técnicas ou metodologias replicáveis e inovadoras– são desenvolvidas na interação com a comunidade e que representem efetivas soluções de transformação social às diversas realidade onde elas se aplicam.Para debater seu potencial de mudança na sociedade e relatar os bons exemplos, especialistas e empreendedores participam do “Diálogos Transformadores Tecnologias Sociais: Soluções que Mudam Realidades”, na quarta-feira (23), em São Paulo.“O ‘Diálogos Transformadores’ é um modelo muito bacana em que se promove uma discussão de alto nível sobre alguns temas”, afirma Asclepius Soares, presidente da Fundação Banco do Brasil, que apresenta o tema. “Trazer tecnologias sociais para esse debate é alçar um outro nível para elas.”O Prêmio Empreendedor Social está com inscrições abertas; participe Na segunda edição de 2018, são protagonistas do evento Antonio Barbosa, coordenador da ASA (Articulação do Semiárido), que agrega um conjunto de iniciativas de impacto social de 3.000 organizações em dez estados; Rogério Bressan Biruel, diretor-executivo de Desenvolvimento Social da Fundação Banco do Brasil, que possui um banco com mais de 900 tecnologias sociais; e Haroldo Machado Filho, assessor sênior do Pnud (Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento).Eles irão debater, na segunda etapa do evento, com Sonia da Costa, diretora de Políticas e Programas de Inclusão Social do Ministério da Ciência e da Tecnologia, e Roberto Rocha, representante do Movimento dos Catadores, que integra o Coletivo Reciclagem, uma tecnologia social fomentada pela iniciativa privada.“É sempre importante trazer à luz a discussão sobre as tecnologias sociais e como o terceiro setor é um espaço pulsante e rico para inovações que podem ser absorvidas e influenciar políticas públicas”, diz Mirella Domenich, diretora da Ashoka Brasil, parceira da Folha na realização da série de debates. “Manter o diálogo aberto com diferentes atores ajuda a impulsionar e enriquecer essa pauta”, complementa.Como exemplos da mudança realizada na prática, Cláudia Vidigal, idealizadora do Instituto Fazendo História, empreendedora das redes Folha e Ashoka, traz sua experiência à frente da organização que ajuda jovens a reescreverem e valorizarem sua história. Já Hamilton da Silva, criador do Saladorama, mostra o projeto que leva comida saudável para as favelas, vencedor da categoria Escolha do Leitor do Prêmio Empreendedor Social 2017.E Júlia Carvalho, fundadora da ONG Fast Food da Política, também compartilha seu testemunho como criadora de uma organização que ajuda jovens a decifrar os códigos da política brasileira por meio de jogos e interações lúdicas.O evento volta a ser transmitido ao vivo pela TV Folha. O conteúdo da discussão, que se propõe a apontar caminhos, será ainda transformado em um minidocumentário para websérie no canal "Diálogos Transformadores"."É uma iniciativa que leva a excelência editorial da Folha para uma série de conteúdos multimídia sobre importantes temas da agenda socioambiental por meio de diálogos que começam na TV Folha, continuam no nosso auditório e chegam até a escola", afirma Sérgio Dávila, editor-executivo do jornal. "Além de informar, apontar caminhos e conscientizar, é também uma oportunidade de mobilizar a Rede Folha de Empreendedores."Diálogos Transformadores Tecnologias Sociais: Soluções que Mudam Realidades - Auditório da Folha de S.Paulo - alameda Barão de Limeira, 425, 9º andar, Campos Elíseos, São Paulo, SP. Qua. (23): 16h às 18h. GRÁTIS | empreendedorsocial | 1 | 1 |
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] | O papel das tecnologias exponenciais na mudança do cenário atual e na revolução dos maiores desafios da humanidade é o cerne das discussões do SingularityU Brasil Summit nesta segunda-feira (23) e terça (24), em São Paulo.Especialistas como Susan Fonseca, fundadora da Singularity University, e David Roberts, considerado um dos melhores conhecedores de inovação disruptiva e tecnologias de avanço exponencial, participam dos debates sobre medicina, big data, economia, empoderamento feminino, robótica, inteligência artificial, empreendedorismo e biotecnologia.O Prêmio Empreendedor Social está com inscrições abertas; participeParceiro do Prêmio Empreendedor Social, o Social Good Brasil, pioneiro no incentivo ao uso de tecnologias e novas mídias para a resolução de problemas sociais e líder do movimento Data for Good no país, terá em seu estande no evento o ponto de encontro para a sua rede global formada por empreendedores, mentores e inovadores sociais com expertise na resolução de problemas sociais e tecnologias exponenciais.Entre eles estão Maria Farinha Filmes, uma produtora de filmes de alto impacto social, como "O Começo da Vida", a distribuidora Flow, que conecta causas, especialistas, ativistas, mercado e produtores culturais, e Praças, a primeira plataforma de placefunding do mundo, onde vizinhos assumem por completo a gestão de praças públicas degradadas.Os visitantes poderão conferir ainda como participar do Laboratório SGB, previsto para acontecer no segundo semestre em Florianópolis. Entre os objetivos da iniciativa está o desenvolvimento de lideranças e gestores com foco em tecnologias exponenciais e inteligência analítica para solução de problemas sociais. | empreendedorsocial | 1 | 0.944606 |
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] | Líderes de iniciativas inovadoras e de impacto já podem se inscrever no Prêmio Empreendedor Social 2018 a partir desta quinta-feira (5).O concurso mais importante da América Latina é uma parceria da Folha e da Fundação Schwab, uma das entidades irmãs do Fórum Econômico Mundial. Além da chancela, a premiação é garantia de visibilidade internacional para líderes de projetos e negócios sociais de impacto comprovado. É o caso de Valdeci Ferreira, vencedor do Prêmio Empreendedor Social 2017, pela atuação na Fbac (Fraternidade Brasileira de Apoio aos Condenados), que dissemina um modelo de prisões humanizadas com taxas de reincidência de 20% a 28% contra 85% nos presídios comuns. “Os empreendedores sociais são a voz da inovação no mundo e no Brasil temos na Folha um parceiro que nos possibilitou encontrar pessoas engajadas à frente de grandes organizações”, diz Hilde Schwab, fundadora e presidente da Fundação Schwab. Leia o regulamento completo do Prêmio Empreendedor SocialO brasileiro recebeu o título de Empreendedor do Ano na América Latina durante a rodada regional do Fórum Econômico Mundial em São Paulo, em março. “Para fortalecer nossa atuação nos presídios temos que trabalhar em rede, buscando intersetorialidade, e o fórum reúne instituições públicas, iniciativa privada e sociedade civil”, afirma Ferreira. Entrar para a Rede Schwab e participar de encontros do Fórum Econômico Mundial são benefícios concedidos aos vencedores da categoria principal do Prêmio Empreendedor Social. Laureados e finalistas têm acesso a benefícios que totalizam R$ 350 mil, na forma de mentorias, capacitações e cursos de qualificação em instituições renomadas, como Insper e Fundação Dom Cabral. “Chegamos à 14ª edição da premiação com uma rede de cem líderes de projetos e negócios de impacto que oferecem ao país tecnologias sociais inovadoras em áreas estratégicas como educação, saúde, desenvolvimento humano e meio ambiente”, afirma Sérgio Dávila, editor-executivo da Folha. Os interessados em participar da seleção devem preencher o formulário online, disponível no site do Empreendedor Social, ou fazer o download do questionário e enviar, também pelo site, até 20 de maio.Quem pode participarPrincipais prêmiosQuem pode participarPrincipais prêmiosTambém estão abertas para o Empreendedor Social de Futuro, destinado a jovens de 18 a 35 anos à frente de iniciativas em estágio inicial.Realizado exclusivamente pela Folha, o concurso tem por objetivo impulsionar jovens empreendedores. O prazo de inscrição também é 20 de maio. Para participar, os interessados devem preencher o formulário online ou fazer o download do questionário e enviar pelo site.Leia o regulamento completo do Prêmio Empreendedor Social de FuturoA premiação tem benefícios exclusivos, como a participação em painel ou workshop no Festival Social Good Brasil 2019, em Florianópolis, e convite para compor a programação do Encontro Nacional de Empresas Juniores de 2019 (leia quadro de premiações abaixo).A cerimônia de premiação deste ano será em de novembro, no Teatro Porto Seguro, em São Paulo.O Prêmio Empreendedor Social tem patrocínio de Coca-Cola e IEL (Instituto Euvaldo Lodi), iniciativa da Confederação Nacional da Indústria. Conta com apoio de Instituto C&A e Instituto Porto Seguro, além da parceria estratégica de ESPM, Fundação Dom Cabral, Insper e UOL. | empreendedorsocial | 1 | 1 |
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] | As ONGs Instituto Reciclar e Fundação Salvador Arena mantém, desde março, o Espaço Empreendedor Reciclar, que atende 120 adolescentes entre 15 e 17 anos, na comunidade do Jaguaré, Zona Oeste de São Paulo, oferecendo atividades de desenvolvimento pessoal, profissional e social. Os jovens têm, no lugar de aulas tradicionais, múltiplas atividades que estimulam o desenvolvimento de soluções inovadoras. E já criaram um aplicativo, uma geladeira solidária e uma exposição fotográfica. O aplicativo Trocaki estimula o consumo sustentável por meio de trocas e doações de roupas, calçados e brinquedos. A geladeira comunitária, que está sendo instalada em um antigo telecentro, tem como objetivo reduzir o desperdício disponibilizando alimentos frescos, gratuitos e fáceis de consumir para quem quiser e precisar. Já a exposição fotográfica Trashfood, convidou a comunidade a refletir sobre os hábitos de consumo, de desperdício e de descarte relacionados à alimentação. "A proposta despertou nossa atenção pelo caráter inovador e ousado por adotar uma metodologia de socioaprendizagem ímpar", afirma Sérgio Loyola, gerente de desenvolvimento e promoção social da Fundação Salvador Arena. "E ganha ainda mais peso tendo em vista que as ações empreendedoras dos jovens serão aplicadas em favor da comunidade local", diz ele. Renata Ruggiero Moraes, diretora executiva do Instituto Reciclar, explica que o lugar foi pensado para incentivar a inovação, o trabalho em rede e o protagonismo dos jovens. "O espaço conta com divisórias e mobiliário totalmente flexíveis, amplo acesso a recursos digitais, ateliê de artes e experimentação, além de biblioteca com títulos atualizados e acessíveis a todos", afirma Moraes. | empreendedorsocial | 1 | 0.908099 |
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] | Consumidores preocupados com a origem dos materiais e o método de produção das marcas estão mudando a forma como as empresas desenvolvem seus produtos. Esse consumo, mais consciente, é a pauta do evento "Marca Positiva: inovação para a sustentabilidade", que será realizado pela ESPM (Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing), na quinta-feira (21), em São Paulo. Na ocasião, a diretora executiva da empresa francesa Utopies, Sophie Labbé, a gerente de sustentabilidade da Natura, Luciana Villa Nova, e o fundador da Rever Consulting, Cyrille Bellier, irão discutir como construir uma marca que valorize questões éticas, tanto sociais quanto ambientais. A mediação será feita por Ismael Rocha Jr., diretor de extensão acadêmica da graduação da ESPM-SP e as inscrições, gratuitas e limitadas, podem ser realizadas no site. Marca Positiva: inovação para a sustentabilidade - Auditório Victor Civita - rua Dr. Álvaro Alvim, 123, Vila Mariana, São Paulo, SP. Qui. (21): Das 19h30 às 21h. Inscrições. GRÁTIS | empreendedorsocial | 1 | 0.92402 |
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] | Política, negócios sustentáveis e o papel dos consumidores e dos indivíduos foram os ingredientes principais do "Diálogos sobre a Nova Economia", realizado nesta terça-feira (30), em São Paulo, que teve como destaque Richard Branson, dono do grupo Virgin. "Temos o mais bonito dos planetas, que eu pude ver na minha viagem ao espaço. Temos de escolher se vamos continuar a destruí-lo ou fazê-lo ainda mais belo", afirmou o empresário britânico. Branson promete para o começo de 2018 iniciar o turismo aeroespacial para clientes dispostos a pagar US$ 250 mil para fazer um passeio fora da Terra. No encontro em terras brasileiras promovido pela Natura e pelo Sistema B, Branson colocou o crachá de empreendedor social, como fundador da Carbon War Room, cujo foco é buscar soluções para problemas climáticos. Gancho para colocar em pauta a controversa política de Donald Trump para o ambiente. Dois dias depois, o presidente dos Estados Unidos anunciaria que o país deixaria de ser signatário do Acordo do Cima de Paris, firmado por 195 nações em 2015. "Trump nunca poderia governar um país como os Estados Unidos. Não sei como o elegeram. Deve ser embaraçoso ser americano", disse Branson. A declaração foi feita durante um bate-papo do britânico com o brasileiro Guilherme Leal, um dos fundadores da Natura. Os dois integram o momento mundial de empresas B, que reúne empreendedores com o compromisso de fazer negócios que impactem positivamente o ambiente e a sociedade. "Somos todos B aqui. Acreditamos que é possível construir um mundo melhor e uma sociedade mais inclusiva", disse Leal. "Estamos falando com indivíduos que sáo também consumidores e eleitores e podem fazer a transformação." O copresidente do Conselho de Administração da Natura, que foi vice na chapa de Marina Silva nas eleições presidenciais de 2014, alertou também para as ameaças de retrocesso do atual governo Michel Temer e da crescente influência da bancada do agronegócio no Congresso Nacional. "Este é um momento de grande preocupação e de risco de retrocesso institucional diante de duas Medidas Provisórias que propõem a redução de áreas de preservação na Amazônia", afirmou Leal. Ele salientou ainda o crescimento nos últimos dois anos da taxa de desmatamento na região. "Precisamos ativar o nosso ativismo." INOVAÇÕES DO BEM O evento também abriu espaço para a apresentação de iniciativas inovadoras capazes de responder aos desafios socioambientais da atualidade. O que têm em comum um óculos feito de jeans reciclado, painéis solares maleáveis, um hidratante feito a partir de uma espécie de árvore amazônica ameaçada de extinção e um lanches saudáveis com castanhas brasileiras? Este são alguns dos produtos concebidos por empresas como Karun, Sunew, Natura e Mãe Terra, cujos fundadores também ocuparam o palco do "Diálogos sobre a Nova Economia". "Temos a solução para salvar o mundo: a fonte mais verde de geração de energia", anunciou Tiago Alves, cofundador da Sunew. A start-up brasileira colocou no mercado uma tecnologia de placas fotovoltaicas de nova geração. Dobráveis e leves, elas podem ser transportadas em lombo de burro, nos rincões do Nordeste ou da África. "Criamos o jegue elétrico", brincou o empreendedor, ao mostrar as enormes potencialidades do produto. Alves falou sério, no entanto, ao enfatizar a urgência de uma revolução energética e de uma transição para um modelo sustentável de produção e consumo de energia renovável. "No ritmo atual, estamos a 16 anos para acabar o mundo. E a gente acaba antes do que as recursos naturais, como as reservas de petróleo, pois estamos no limite de 2 graus na escalada do aquecimento global e 75% da calota polar já derretida." O alarmismo é necessário, segundo ele, para fazer com que todos participem da solução. "Estamos no abismo e ainda estudando como parar. É preciso quebrar paradigma. O planeta depende disso." E ele prossegue com raciocínio: "Já temos tecnologia, leis, regulação. O que falta? Faltamos nós. A transição para a energia limpa é coletiva. Depende de cada um de nós." PAPEL DAS EMPRESAS Renata Puchala, gerente de Sustentabilidade da Natura, ressaltou o papel das empresas, que podem transformar desafios socioambientais em oportunidade de negócios. A executiva deu exemplos do trabalho da empresa brasileira de cosméticos que atua com 33 cooperativas na sua cadeia de fornecedores, 24 delas localizadas na região amazônica. "Acreditamos na economia da floresta em pé." Um exemplo é a linha de produtos à base da Ucuuba, árvore ameaçada de extinção. Um processo que vai além do negócio em si e também gera renda e empoderamento nas comunidades. Como no caso de Rosilei Almeida, que criou o Movimento Mulheres das Ilhas de Belém. Impacto positivo computado na renovação da certificação da Natura como B Corp. Desde 2014, a companhia brasileira passou a integrar a rede global de empresas que associam crescimento econômico à promoção do bem-estar social e ambiental. É a maior B Corp industrial do mundo e a primeira de capital aberto. Ao renovar a certificação, a Natura obteve 120 pontos, 11% a mais em relação a 2014. Emmanuelle Wargon, vice-presidente de Assuntos Corporativos do grupo Danone, também festejou a recente certificação da operação do grupo na Espanha como empresa B. "Acreditamos que crescimento sustentável é rentável. A revolução na alimentação está crescendo", afirmou a executiva. MAIS QUE MODA Fundador da Karün, empresa de óculos feitos de materiais reciclados, o chileno Thomas Kimber pretende o usar o canal de comunicação da moda para o crescimento do negócio com impacto social e ambiental. "Os óculos podem representar uma nova perspectivas de ver o mundo. Até agora, a mensagem do mundo fashion é muito ruim para a sociedade." O empreendedor destacou o fato de estarmos rodeados de desperdício. "Nós estamos enxergando valor em jeans usados e descartados. Um material que reciclamos e que que viram óculos. Precisamos mudar a lógica de produção, incluir as pessoas e mudar a nós mesmos." Para Alexandre Borges, CEO da Mãe Terra, é possível associar lucro e propósito no seu negócio que visa democratizar o consumo de produtos naturais e orgânicos no Brasil. "Não se consegue ser ver se estivermos no vermelho", lembrou ele. Há dez anos, ele virou empreendedor social ao adquirir a Mãe Terra e vem atuando para ampliar o nicho de mercado em um cenário desafiador: 50% da população brasileira está acima do peso e o Brasil é o maior consumidor per capita de agrotóxico. Apesar da crise, ele apresenta números animadores, como os 10 milhões de consumidores/mês da marca. Crescimento apoiado em estratégias como a de lançamento de pacotes de lanche com castanhas brasileiras e de biscoito integrais a preços populares. "Temos que encorajar os consumidores a fazer a escolha certa, influenciando o comportamento do público", pregou Branson, ao encerrar o diálogo sobre as perspectivas e desafios da economia do século 21. E o extravagante empresário fez jus à fama ao se despedir da plateia. Deixou o palco carregando no colo a mediadora da conversa, Andrea Alvares, vice-presidente de Marketing, Inovação e Sustentabilidade da Natura. | empreendedorsocial | 1 | 0.948454 |
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] | A Vivo é uma das patrocinadoras do Prêmio Empreendedor Social 2016, o principal concurso de empreendedorismo socioambiental da América Latina, realizado há 12 anos pela Folha em parceria com a Fundação Schwab, uma das comunidades ligadas ao Fórum Econômico Mundial. A empresa de telefonia investe cerca de R$ 50 milhões em projetos de empreendedorismo social e de inovação educativa, pautados no estímulo ao desenvolvimento e na construção de uma sociedade mais justa e inclusiva. "Com um modelo de negócios sustentável, a Vivo oferece serviços inovadores e de qualidade, ao mesmo tempo em que busca reduzir o impacto de suas operações no planeta e gerar impacto positivo na sociedade, com investimentos em cultura, meio ambiente e empreendedorismo", diz Joanes Ribas, diretora de sustentabilidade da companha. Uma das iniciativas apoiadas pela Vivo no campo da cultura é o Coral da Gente, do Instituto Baccarrelli, que se apresentará na próxima segunda-feira (7) na cerimônia do Prêmio Empreendedor Social, fechada para convidados, no Teatro Porto Seguro. O grupo é composto por 40 crianças e adolescentes (de 4 a 14 anos), que vivem em Heliópolis (zona sul de São Paulo) e por meio do aprendizado da música desenvolvem valores, trabalhando voz e expressão corporal. "Ao lado do instituto promovemos o desenvolvimento sustentável por meio de iniciativas socioculturais pautadas na democratização do acesso à cultura e revelação de jovens talentos", explica Ribas. "O Coral da Gente é um instrumento de transformação." A empresa também desenvolve o programa Pense Grande, que estimula o jovem a se interessar pelo empreendedorismo como projeto de vida, de forma a atuar como protagonista em sua comunidade. A iniciativa já capacitou 5.000 jovens no país desde que foi criado, em 2013. Atualmente, 14 projetos estão em fase de incubação. Já na área de inovação e transformação digital, o Telefónica Open Future conecta globalmente empreendedores, startups, investidores, além de parceiros públicos e privados para gerar inovação e oportunidades de negócios. Há ainda o Dialogando, que promove o diálogo e a geração de conteúdo relevante para uso consciente das tecnologias, e o Vivo na Praça, que estimula o empoderamento do cidadão comum para a transformação do espaços públicos. Além da Vivo, o Prêmio Empreendedor Social tem como patrocinadores Coca-Cola, IEL, uma iniciativa da CNI (Confederação Nacional da Indústria), e a Fundação Banco do Brasil. A premiação conta com a LATAM como transportadora oficial e o apoio da Porto Seguro. UOL, ESPM e Fundação Dom Cabral são parceiros estratégicos. NOVOS PARCEIROS A premiação também fechou parcerias inéditas neste ano com Din4mo, FNQ, Instituto Quintessa, Yunus Negócios Sociais, ICE, Idis, NESsT e Vox Capital para ampliar ainda mais os benefícios e qualificar o processo de seleção. Os novos parceiros se somaram à Artemisia, Ashoka, Brasil Júnior, FGV GVcenn, FGV GVces, Gife, Ink, Impact Hub, Sitawi, Sistema B, Szazi Bechara Storto Advogados, WomenChangeMakers, ABCR, Endeavor, MakeSense e Neurônio. Os 27 parceiros estratégicos, institucionais e de divulgação garantem aos vencedores e aos finalistas mais de R$ 300 mil em prêmios, como bolsas, cursos de qualificação, processos de aceleração e inscrições em eventos. O Prêmio Empreendedor Social 2016 poderá ser conferido por transmissão ao vivo do UOL, a partir das 20h da segunda-feira (7). Prêmio Empreendedor Social 2016 - Teatro Porto Seguro - alameda Barão de Piracicaba, 740, Campos Elíseos, São Paulo, SP. Seg. (7): 19h. | empreendedorsocial | 1 | 0.991454 |
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] | Uma tecnologia brasileira que personaliza conteúdos e ajuda a melhorar o desempenho dos alunos está entre as seis iniciativas educacionais mais inovadoras do mundo. A plataforma Geekie, criada por Cláudio Sassaki, 43, e Eduardo Bontempo, 32, é um dos projetos vencedores do Prêmio Wise. Conferido desde 2009 pela Fundação Qatar, por meio da Wise (sigla em inglês para Reunião de Cúpula Mundial para a Inovação na Educação), a iniciativa internacional reconhece e premia trabalhos inovadores que estão enfrentando os objetivos educacionais globais mais urgentes. Desde então, o prêmio já recebeu 2.850 inscrições de 150 países. Atualmente, 42 iniciativas foram reconhecidas em todo o mundo por seu caráter inovador, sua contribuição positiva na escalabilidade e adaptabilidade. Ao lado dos brasileiros, foram selecionados outros líderes de seis iniciativas que atuam no ensino adaptativo, entrada de mulheres no mercado de trabalho, recuperação escolar, alfabetização de jovens e adultos e educação em contextos de emergência. Sassaki representará a dupla na premiação que acontece em Beijing, na China, entre os dias 4 e 6 de novembro, reunindo também os representantes dos demais projetos vencedores, oriundos do Canadá, Estados Unidos, França, Índia e Líbano. "Esse prêmio, ajuda a estabelecer a inovação como um elemento chave para a democratização da educação no Brasil, além de mostrar que é possível, sim, construir projetos referência, mesmo longe dos centros de alta tecnologia", afirma Sassaki. Para o empreendedor, receber o Prêmio Wise é também simbólico e motivador para o atual contexto socioeconômico brasileiro. "Mostra que o país pode ser parte importante da resposta de um desafio global", diz. A votação para a categoria Escolha do Leitor, do Prêmio Empreendedor Social 2016, está aberta, escolha o seu preferido e vote. Pela vitória, o negócio social dos ganhadores do Prêmio Empreendedor Social em 2014 receberá um investimento de U$ 20 mil para desenvolver suas soluções. A dupla ainda participará de um documentário sobre educação inovadora ao redor do globo. A proposta é, ano após ano, construir uma rede colaborativa de pessoas dispostas a melhorar suas comunidades. Segundo Sassaki, um dos principais benefícios que o Wise trará à Geekie, além do investimento, da rede de contatos e da visibilidade nacional e internacional, é o feedback técnico. O empreendedor diz que um dos pontos destacados nesse processo como um diferencial da Geekie foi a disposição da empresa social à cocriação de suas soluções, em parceria com educadores e alunos. "Isso tem nos ajudado a atacar as reais necessidades do nosso público, quebrar a resistência de quem recebe e lançar soluções já testadas e endossadas por centenas de educadores e alunos", afirma. O investimento deverá auxiliar a Geekie a potencializar essa etapa de inovação cocriativa, que chamou atenção de um júri composto por personalidades como Claudia Costin, diretora de educação do Grupo do Banco Mundial e Aicha Bah Diallo, presidente do Fórum de Mulheres Educadoras Africanas. FUTURO Fundada em 2011, a Geekie já angariou uma série de reconhecimento internacional, o que abre possibilidades de expansão para fora do Brasil. A médio prazo, a dupla espera expandir suas soluções para todo país que tiver a necessidade de uma educação personalizada em larga escala, além de aproximar estudantes de suas novidades e objetivos individuais e otimizar o trabalho dos educadores. "Estamos em busca da troca de experiências e de entender como se caracterizam os desafios da educação em um cenário global e de como podemos contribuir para esses desafios", afirma Sassaki. De acordo com a Geekie, durante os últimos 18 meses, seus projetos ajudaram cinco milhões de estudantes de todo o Brasil. Desde 2013 a empresa social integra o Banco de Propostas Inovadoras do Inep (Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira) e, em 2014, seus produtos passaram a integrar o Guia de Propostas Inovadoras do ministério da Educação, que identifica e recomenda inovações que promovem a melhoria na qualidade da educação da rede pública e privada. Já em 2016, foi escolhida como plataforma de estudos oficial do Enem e passou a viabilizar os simulados do programa governamental Hora do Enem. | empreendedorsocial | 1 | 1 |
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] | Soluções inovadoras para melhorar os serviços de saúde, incluir pessoas com deficiência e destinar corretamente resíduos estão entre as seis iniciativas finalistas do Prêmio Empreendedor Social deste ano. Carlos Pereira, 38 (Livox); Cláudio Spínola, 40 (Morada da Floresta); e Tatsuo Suzuki, 67 (Magnamed) são os três finalistas da categoria principal da premiação, realizada pela Folha em parceria com a Fundação Schwab, uma das comunidades ligadas ao Fórum Econômico Mundial. Já Jonas Lessa, 25, e Lucas Corvacho, 28 (Retalhar); Michael Kapps, 27 (Tá.Na.Hora); e Nina Valentini, 29 (Arredondar) concorrem ao Empreendedor Social de Futuro, prêmio conferido pela Folha para líderes de até 35 anos à frente de organizações em fase de consolidação. O editor-executivo da Folha, Sérgio Dávila, destaca que, há 12 anos, uma equipe formada por jornalismo e consultores vai a campo para avaliar projetos Brasil afora. "A cada ano, a premiação dá visibilidade a empreendedores empenhados em resolver problemas nacionais, a exemplo dos finalistas de 2016 que com energia e talento estão ajudando a transformar a realidade brasileira." Em sua 12ª edição, o concurso se consolidou como principal prêmio de empreendedorismo social da América Latina. "A Fundação Schwab trabalha para desenvolver a inovação social em todo o mundo", afirma Marisol Argueta, diretora do Fórum Econômico Mundial na América Latina. "Contamos com a fértil parceria da Folha para identificar e reconhecer as principais organizações que atuam no Brasil com o objetivo de resolver questões sociais e ambientais", acrescenta a representante da Fundação. Os seis finalistas foram selecionados entre 145 inscritos. Eles também concorrem na categoria Escolha do Leitor que está com votação aberta; participe. Um júri de especialistas escolherá os vencedores, que serão anunciados em cerimônia fechada para convidados no Teatro Porto Seguro, em 7 de novembro, em São Paulo. O evento contará com transmissão ao vivo pelo UOL a partir das 20h. PERFIL Os empreendedores que chegaram à final atacam problemas crônicos nacionais, como a inclusão das pessoas com deficiências e as dificuldades de acesso à saúde de qualidade. Carlos Pereira é o criador do Livox, um software que permite a comunicação com pessoas com deficiência motoras, cognitiva e visuais, considerado o melhor aplicativo de inclusão do mundo pelas Nações Unidas. Já Cláudio Spínola fundou o Morada da Floresta, que dissemina a compostagem doméstica em São Paulo para a redução de descarte incorreto de resíduos orgânicos. Enquanto Tatsuo Suzuki, fundou a Magnamed para disseminar equipamentos médicos de alta tecnologia baixo custo que salvam vidas no Brasil e em mais 40 países. Também na área da saúde, Michael Kapps cofundou a Tá.Na.Hora Saúde Digital, que faz monitoramento de pacientes, prevenção de doenças e estudos clínicos de vacina por meio de SMS. Nina Valentini também inova ao criar o Movimento Arredondar, que permite e facilita microdoações nas redes de varejo. Dinheiro que vai financiar ONGs e causas socioambientais. Já Jonas Lessa e Lucas Corvacho criaram um negócio de reciclagem de uniformes profissionais que viram cobertores e aquecem moradores de rua, oferecendo soluções de logística reversa para grandes empresas. Todos eles terão seus perfis publicados em um caderno especial da Folha, que circulará no dia 8 de novembro, e concorrem a prêmios como bolsas de estudos, cursos de gestão, assessoria jurídica e mentorias. O Prêmio Empreendedor Social tem patrocínio da Coca-Cola, IEL, uma iniciativa da CNI (Confederação Nacional da Indústria), e da Fundação Banco do Brasil, e conta com a Latam como transportadora oficial e o apoio da Porto Seguro. UOL, ESPM e Fundação Dom Cabral são parceiros estratégicos. | empreendedorsocial | 1 | 1 |
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] | Combater o trabalho escravo, evitar o desperdício e investir em matérias-primas sustentáveis na indústria têxtil, como o algodão orgânico, estão entre os novos focos de atuação do Instituto C&A no Brasil. Após 25 anos no país, a organização que investiu US$ 125 milhões (cerca de R$ 403 milhões) em 2.000 projetos sociais voltados à educação dá início a uma transição que vai até 2018. É quando a organização passará a apoiar iniciativas e projetos que buscam inovar e transformar o modelo de produção e consumo do mercado da moda. Assim, o braço brasileiro se alinha aos preceitos globais da C&A Foundation, que coordena o investimento social de todos os institutos e fundações que levam o nome de rede varejista no mundo. A americana Leslie Johnston, diretora-executiva da C&A Foundation, concedeu entrevista exclusiva à Folha, acompanhada de Giuliana Ortega, diretora-executiva do Instituto C&A no Brasil. Elas falam desse novo momento no Brasil, alinhado com o recém-divulgado relatório global de sustentabilidade da companhia. Ambas ressaltam os desafios da indústria têxtil, entre eles o de mudar a consciência de consumidores no glamoroso mundo fashion em uma cadeia produtiva que é a segunda mais poluente do planeta. * DESAFIOS GLOBAIS Folha - Como é possível fazer diferença neste universo de contrastes? Leslie Johnston - O foco da C&a Foundation é identificar líderes que estão transformando a indústria porque nós acreditamos que a moda pode ser uma força para essa mudança. É o que demonstramos ao premiar iniciativas de empreendedores sociais em todo o mundo em um concurso global chamado "Tecendo a Mudança", em parceria com a Ashoka. Que mudanças precisam ser feitas? Os desafios da indústria têxtil são sistêmicos, com problemas profundamente enraizados, tanto sociais e ambientais, quanto nas condições de trabalho. Nós temos que parar essa corrida. O modelo está falido. Mudanças exigem inovações, a gênese do desafio global. Nos propusemos a identificar soluções inovadoras lá na ponta da cadeia com potencial de ganhar escala e de fato mudar a forma com a indústria trabalha. Premiamos três iniciativas entre dez finalistas. O que eles eles estão fazendo, e que ninguém sabia, é incrível. Você pode nos dar um exemplo? O aperfeiçoamento da reciclagem química de tecidos, que assim podem ser transformados em outros tecidos. Quando isso ganhar escala vai resolver o problema do desperdício. Retalhos e roupas usadas não irão mais para o lixo. Poderão ser utilizados de novo, de novo e de novo, graças a uma tecnologia que vai reduzir enormemente o consumo de água e a poluição dos rios, com impactos na saúde e na vida das pessoas e no planeta. É esse o maior desafio da indústria? Existem milhares de desafios e nós escolhemos aqueles que precisam ser encarados com urgência. O mercado começou, por exemplo, a olhar para a produção de algodão orgânico, mas há muito a ser feito. A C&A já é a maior consumidora de algodão orgânico do mundo. Até 2020, a meta é chegar a 100% desta matéria-prima produzida de maneira sustentável. O algodão cultivado de modo tradicional necessita de muita água para ser processado, além de usar bastante pesticida. Não é uma cultura sustentável. A indústria da moda está na berlinda também pela precárias condições de trabalho de fornecedores. Como enfrentar isso? Trabalho forçado é bastante desafiador. É uma área sensível, mas estamos atuando com o propósito de erradicação de mão de obra escrava, usando a transparência para promover melhorias nas condições de trabalho na cadeia têxtil. Essa mobilização ganhou força após a tragédia do Rana Plaza em Bangladesh, em 2013, quando morreram centenas de operários de fábricas de roupas que funcionavam em condições precárias? Depois do desabamento do Rana Plaza, ficou evidente que não havia transparência das marcas na subcontratação de seus fornecedores. Quais marcas estavam por trás daquela tragédia? Só com política de transparência é que podemos evitar que outros Ranas Plazas aconteçam. O que mais pode ser feito para transformar uma indústria tão glamorosa como a da moda e ao mesmo tempo com tantos problemas em sua cadeia produtiva? Acabar com desperdício, por exemplo, requer novas tecnologias, que estão florescendo. É interessante também ver como as marcas estão mudando a maneira de lidar com as matérias-primas. Temos que pensar em termos de reúso de materiais, para reduzir o impacto de água e pesticidas. Uma das finalistas do desafio global quer profissionalizar as milhões de mulheres ao redor do mundo que fazem parte da cadeia têxtil, promovendo melhores condições de trabalho. É uma forma de combater a violação de direitos humanos. Isso é excitante. * DESAFIOS BRASILEIROS É para olhar com mais atenção para os desafios que dizem mais respeito à realidade brasileira que o Instituto C&A no Brasil está fazendo uma transição para atuar nesta nova seara. Giuliana Ortega explica a seguir como a instituição que criou expertise e impacto positivo na área de educação passa a atuar, por exemplo, na melhoria das condições de trabalho em oficinas de costura em São Paulo, que usam mão de obra imigrante e estão na mira do Ministério Público do Trabalho, em razão de denúncias de trabalho análogo à escravidão. Folha - Por que mudar o foco de atuação de educação para sustentabilidade na moda? Giuliana Ortega - Depois de 25 anos atuando em educação, começamos a buscar agora uma atuação mais global. Todas as fundações e institutos ligados à C&A estão trabalhando por uma causa única em todo o mundo, que são os problemas por trás da indústria da moda e as possibilidades para essa indústria ser mais sustentável. Como será feita esta transição no Brasil? Discutimos muito a melhor forma de fazer isso, tendo em vista uma organização do tamanho e importância que o instituto tem no cenário da educação. E aí acabamos decidindo por manter o nosso jeito de fazer e que faça sentido também para esse novo momento do instituto, que é mais global. O que sobrevive? Uma coisa muito forte é a colaboração. O instituto sempre fez os seus projetos por meio de parceiros. É o poder do coletivo. Conseguir movimentar outros atores, outras organizações, para que todos possam trabalhar na mesma causa que nós. Um eixo muito forte da nossa atuação continuará sendo a mobilização. Os desafios da indústria da moda são muito grandes e nós sabemos que uma organização sozinha, um instituto ou uma fundação, mesmo que tenha um orçamento interessante, não vai conseguir mudar tudo isso sozinha. A questão é realmente unir esforços, mudar a mentalidade e conseguir movimentar mais atores para estarem juntos conosco nessa agenda. Quais são os principais nós a serem desatados no Brasil? Nosso grande desafio no Brasil, e o prêmio com a Ashoka foi importante neste contexto, é como fazer as iniciativas pontuais, que estão começando na mão de empreendedores sociais, ganharem escala. Como engajar grandes fornecedores, confecções, varejistas? Como tirar essas iniciativas de uma coisa mais local, micro, e levá-las para um cenário mais macro? Outra questão importante são as oficinas de costura em São Paulo, muitas em condições degradantes, sub-humanas. Como trazer estas oficinas para um patamar digno de condições de trabalho, saúde e segurança? E temos que lidar com um público vulnerável, em sua maioria trabalhadores imigrantes, para que eles consigam ter um trabalho mais saudável. Que projetos estão sendo desenhados? Entre as estratégias globais do Instituto C&A para transformar a indústria da moda estão a promoção de uma maior transparência no setor e um olhar especial para a questão de gênero em programas como Incentivo ao Algodão Sustentável, Melhores Condições de Trabalho e Combate ao Trabalho Forçado e Trabalho Infantil. Acreditamos que a moda pode ser uma força para o bem, queremos atuar como agentes de transformação do setor, atuando de forma colaborativa com a sociedade civil, demais institutos e fundações, empresas, e entidades setoriais. | empreendedorsocial | 1 | 0.979073 |
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] | "Foi o dia mais feliz da minha vida", conta Tawany Oliveira, 18, sobre quando descobriu que fora aprovada para o curso de ciência e tecnologia da UFABC. Esforçada, a jovem não tinha condições para pagar um curso pré-vestibular. "Minha mãe chegou em casa com um jornal que anunciava o [curso] De Olho no Enem, da Eurofarma". Com aulas de português, matemática e redação, o curso do Instituto Eurofarma –que completa dez anos em 2016 com 43 mil beneficiários em seus projetos– tem uma taxa de 69% de sucesso entre alunos que ingressaram em universidades públicas ou faculdades privadas com bolsas de estudo. A universitária paulista é um desses alunos e conseguiu tirar 940 na redação do Enem, que vai até mil. Ela atribui o sucesso ao apoio da mãe para o estudo. "Ela sempre me incentivou em casa a estudar para ter uma vida melhor que a dela." O esforço de Tawany a levou para os Estados Unidos, onde estudou inglês por um mês. "O intercâmbio abriu um pouco mais a minha visão e, quando voltei, queria essa experiência de ajudar as outras pessoas, impactar o máximo, fazer o bem." Por isso, hoje ela participa da Enactus, organização internacional sem fins lucrativos que trabalha com empreendedorismo social nas universidades. Seu maior desejo, no entanto, é retribuir todo o apoio da mãe. "Meu sonho é conseguir dar uma casa própria a minha mãe porque a gente sempre morou de aluguel." Leia o depoimento de Tawany à Folha. * Sempre estudei em escola pública e entrar na Etec (Escola Técnica Estadual) Irmã Agostina foi uma das coisas que minha mãe encorajou. Ela sempre me incentivou em casa a estudar para ter uma vida melhor que a dela. Minha mãe não teve acesso aos estudos e queria que eu e minhas irmãs tivéssemos. Ela é cuidadora de idosos e meu pai é cozinheiro. Os dois estudaram até o ensino médio e depois foram trabalhar. O sonho deles era que eu e minhas irmãs chegássemos ao ensino superior para ter uma condição melhor de arrumar emprego, então sempre me dediquei ao máximo aos meus estudos para conseguir algo melhor para mim. Em 2014, quando eu terminei meu ensino técnico na Etec, que fiz paralelamente ao médio, estava pensando em fazer um curso pré-vestibular, só que não tinha condição de pagar. Então eu ia estudar por conta própria. Minha mãe chegou em casa com o jornal "O Amarelinho" [que anuncia vagas] e lá anunciava o De Olho no Enem, da Eurofarma. Me inscrevi no site e quando o processo seletivo estava aberto, recebi um e-mail para fazer a entrevista. Nesse dia, fiz uma prova com questões de português e matemática do Enem. Não é eliminatória, é um teste para ver como está quando entra e fazer uma comparação. Fiz a entrevista com uma das professoras, que perguntou sobre meu interesse, o que gostaria de fazer na universidade, o porquê do curso e como ele ia ajudar a atingir meu objetivo. Foi uma das coisas essenciais para mim porque foi uma revisão de português, matemática e redação, que desenvolvi muito porque não era tão boa nisso. As professoras davam atenção para todos, traziam atividades e realmente explicavam como funcionava o Enem. Teve muitas palestras, que foram incríveis. Trouxeram profissionais de áreas diferentes para a gente ter uma noção de como é a vida deles e nos ajudar nessa fase que é extremamente difícil. A gente não tem muita noção de qual área seguir, é muito difícil escolher. Foi muito bom tirar as dúvidas diretamente com eles porque abriu um pouco mais os meus horizontes. TRANSFORMAÇÕES Esse foi um período super corrido porque estava terminando meu TCC do ensino técnico no primeiro semestre de 2014 e a Etec dá a oportunidade de fazer intercâmbio cultural para os alunos que conseguirem as melhores notas e eu tinha me inscrito. Recebi a notícia que passei quando estava fazendo o curso da Euroafarma e a viagem ia acontecer no fim do ano. Fiquei em dúvida se prestava os vestibulares ou se iria para o intercâmbio. Ia prestar Fuvest, algumas outras e o Enem. Esse intercâmbio ia ser em novembro e eu ia perder a Fuvest. Antes, ia ser por volta de setembro, outubro e eu iria perder o Enem. Falei para eles que era o único vestibular que eu ia prestar, tinha que fazer o Enem, se não ia passar mais um ano estudando. Foi toda essa correria. Terminei o curso na Eurofarma, fiz o Enem e minhas provas com antecedência na escola e fui para esse intercâmbio. Fiquei um mês em Boston, nos Estados Unidos. Olha como a educação fez muitas transformações na minha vida. Foi um mês estudando inglês. A gente tinha aula de segunda a sexta, era um período bem intenso de estudo, das 9h às 16h. Foi tudo pago pelo Centro Paula Souza e a única coisa que corri atrás foi o visto e o passaporte. Eles davam toda semana US$ 100, então não passei nenhuma dificuldade lá. Fui com mais 15 pessoas. Cada um ficava em uma casa e tinha o fim de semana livre para passear. Alguns passeios eram pagos pelo Centro Paula Souza. Conheci Harvard, MIT, foi muito enriquecedora essa viagem. Voltei com uma visão muito melhor, abriu muito meus horizontes. Às vezes a gente não tem noção de quanta cultura tem por aí, de quanto a gente pode fazer, de quanto a gente é capaz. Conheci pessoas de vários outros lugares, com pensamento até parecidos, inovadores. SUPERAÇÃO Cheguei do intercâmbio, passou um tempo e recebi o resultado. Quando soube que passei na UFABC, foi o dia mais feliz da minha vida. Foi incrível porque não estava esperando. Primeira coisa que eu fiquei pasma foi com a nota da minha redação. Foi 940. Nunca pensei que ia chegar a tanto, faltou pouquíssimo para 1.000 [nota máxima]. Não estava tão confiante que ia passar de primeira, mesmo fazendo o curso, tinha feito só português e matemática e o resto estudei por conta. Valeu por tudo. Comecei a falar "mãe, olha aqui, não acredito" porque falaram na mídia que muitas pessoas zeraram na redação e fiquei com muito medo porque o resultado estava demorando para abrir. Quando eu vi foi uma felicidade sem igual. Passou um tempo, abriram as inscrições do Sisu e me inscrevi para a UFABC (Universidade Federal do ABC, na Grande São Paulo), mas nessa época não tinha tanta certeza sobre o curso que eu iria fazer. Pesquisei e gostei muito do projeto pedagógico deles, interdisciplinar. Recebi depois o resultado [quando foi aprovada no curso de ciência e tecnologia] e foi mais felicidade ainda. Hoje, faço parte da Enactus [organização internacional sem fins lucrativos que trabalha com empreendedorismo social nas universidades] aqui na universidade. A gente foi esse ano para o campeonato nacional em Fortaleza e ganhou. Então a gente vai representar a universidade, no Canadá, este ano, no campeonato mundial. Não sei ainda exatamente como a gente vai porque tem que arrecadar dinheiro. O intercâmbio abriu um pouco mais a minha visão e, quando voltei, queria essa experiência de ajudar as outras pessoas, impactar o máximo, fazer o bem. Sou muito grata por tudo que aconteceu e agradeço muito a todos que participaram desse caminho. Foram pessoas incríveis, desde professores a amigos que me ajudaram, minha mãe, minha família, foi sem igual. A minha mãe ficou extremamente orgulhosa e contava para todo mundo que eu passei na federal. Na fila do mercado, ela já ficava falando "minha filha passou na federal". Ela estava extremamente feliz. ESFORÇO QUE COMPENSA Ainda moro com meus mais em São Paulo [zona sul] e faço o trajeto todo dia, ainda não consegui morar aqui numa república. Meus pais não têm condições de pagar, a renda da minha família é de R$ 2 mil a R$ 3 mil. A gente paga aluguel, não é uma conta muito fácil. Estou pensando de no futuro já procurar algum estágio. Estou me acostumando e demoro mais ou menos duas horas e meia. Às vezes eu fico aqui na faculdade o dia todo. Saio umas seis horas, chego em casa umas oito e meia. Pego ônibus e trem e faço bastante baldeação. É cansativo, mas vale a pena. Meu sonho era estudar em uma faculdade pública e foi o que consegui. Então para mim é compensador. Sempre fiz as coisas para dar orgulho tanto a minha mãe quanto a mim mesma, para mostrar do que eu sou capaz. Minha condição não determina o que eu sou ou o que vou fazer. Sempre busquei o melhor para mim e para minha família também. Meu sonho é conseguir dar uma casa própria a minha mãe porque a gente sempre morou de aluguel | empreendedorsocial | 2 | 1 |
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] | A Fundação Banco do Brasil é um dos patrocinadores do Prêmio Empreendedor Social em 2016, o principal concurso de empreendedorismo socioambiental na América Latina, realizado pela Folha em parceria com a Fundação Schwab, uma das comunidades ligadas ao Fórum Econômico Mundial. A instituição, que realiza o Prêmio FBB de Tecnologia Social, vai apoiar neste ano a categoria Escolha do Leitor, na qual os leitores da Folha podem votar em seus projetos preferidos entre os seis finalistas do Empreendedor Social e Empreendedor Social de Futuro. "É importante destacar que o Prêmio Empreendedor Social e o Prêmio Fundação Banco do Brasil de Tecnologias Sociais são iniciativas que fomentam e reconhecem a participação do terceiro setor no desenvolvimento de soluções efetivas que geram inclusão social e transformam a vida das pessoas", afirma Gerôncio Luna, presidente da FBB. O trabalho da fundação está em sinergia com o papel do Prêmio Empreendedor Social, que desde 2005 seleciona, premia e fomenta líderes socioambientais do Brasil. Ao longo de doze edições, a premiação reconheceu 71 projetos de impacto comprovado em áreas como educação, saúde, inclusão social e meio ambiente e sustentabilidade. Há 30 anos, a fundação também identifica e mobiliza diferentes atores sociais na busca por soluções efetivas para o desenvolvimento sustentável das comunidades brasileiras. Entre vencedores e inscritos na premiação, a FBB já selecionou cerca de 850 para integrar o seu banco de tecnologias sociais. Entre elas, o projeto Moradia Urbana com Tecnologias Sociais, que tem investimento de R$ 20 milhões para a implantação de cinco iniciativas em 124 empreendimentos imobiliários da Faixa 1 –a de menor poder aquisitivo– do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida em todas as regiões do país. Cerca de 330 mil pessoas de 83 mil moradias desses empreendimentos serão atendidas com o projeto Transformando Realidades por meio da Mobilização e Organização Comunitária e escolherão uma tecnologia entre outras quatro para ser aplicada. Além da FBB, o Prêmio Empreendedor Social conta com patrocínio do IEL, uma iniciativa da CNI (Confederação Nacional da Indústria), e da Coca-Cola, além das parcerias estratégicas da ESPM, Fundação Dom Cabral e UOL, e tem a LATAM como transportadora oficial. NOVOS PARCEIROS A premiação também fechou parcerias inéditas neste ano com Din4mo, FNQ, Instituto Quintessa, Yunus Negócios Sociais, ICE, Idis, NESsT e Vox Capital para ampliar ainda mais os benefícios e qualificar o processo de seleção. Os novos parceiros se somaram à Artemisia, Ashoka, Brasil Júnior, FGV GVcenn, FGV GVces, Gife, Ink, Impact Hub, Sitawi, Sistema B, Szazi Bechara Storto Advogados, WomenChangeMakers, ABCR, Endeavor, MakeSense e Neurônio. Os 27 parceiros estratégicos, institucionais e de divulgação garantem aos vencedores e aos finalistas mais de R$ 300 mil em prêmios, como bolsas, cursos de qualificação, processos de aceleração e inscrições em eventos. O processo de avaliação dos candidatos inscritos em 2016 está a cargo da consultoria Plano CDE, responsável pela análise de documentação e pelas diligências em campo para elaboração dos relatórios para os jurados. Os seis finalistas serão conhecidos pelo público em outubro, quando terá início a votação da categoria Escolha do Leitor. | empreendedorsocial | 1 | 1 |
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] | Filha de lavradores, Ana Lúcia Franco, 42, é a caçula de sete irmãos. Nascida no subúrbio do Rio, seu sonho parecia descolado da realidade: estudar, trabalhar e ser uma mulher independente. Casou-se ainda menor de idade, virou mãe de três filhos e passou de dependente da mãe a do marido. O sopro de liberdade da moradora da comunidade do Dique, no Jardim América, começou a se materializar quando ela foi selecionada para um curso de empreendedorismo em uma ONG. Foi fazendo artesanato que obteve sua primeira renda, aos 28 anos: R$ 50, de uma bolsa de estudo. Em 2010, ao montar seu próprio grupo produtivo, o Fuxicarte, foi convidada para integrar a recém-criada Rede Asta, projeto fundado por Alice Freitas, finalista do Prêmio Empreendedor Social, em 2013. A iniciativa trabalha com o fortalecimento de empreendimentos produtivos da base da pirâmide pelo acesso a mercados, conhecimentos e criação de redes, com o intuito de contribuir para a diminuição da desigualdade social. Desde sua fundação, empoderou, por meio do artesanato, 1.200 mulheres brasileiras, sendo 90% delas das classes D e E, espalhadas por dez Estados. Para Lúcia, o reconhecimento não tardou. Em 2012, a carioca foi eleita a melhor microempreendedora do ano no Prêmio Internacional de Microfinanças, conferido pelo grupo francês Planet Finance. A chancela europeia levou Lúcia para duas temporadas em Paris, com uma passagem por Cannes e direito a desfilar pelo tapete vermelho do tradicional Festival de Cinema. "Tudo isso a partir de um curso em uma ONG. É mostra de onde o trabalho pode nos levar", diz ela, uma autêntica "Cinderela" do fuxico, que viu uma almofada sua ser vendida em um evento beneficente por R$ 110 mil. Leia a seguir o depoimento de Lúcia à Folha. * Minha família veio da roça, trabalhava na lavoura e morava em São Fidélis, no Rio de Janeiro. Éramos de classe bem baixa e tínhamos uma vida difícil, porque somos em sete irmãos. A mais velha veio trabalhar no Rio e engravidou. Como antigamente uma mulher [solteira] engravidar era absurdo, minha mãe e meus irmãos se mudaram, só com a roupa do corpo, para morar com ela na capital, onde nasci. No Rio, minha mãe virou cozinheira e me transformou em uma dona de casa aos sete anos. Por ser a caçula, minha mãe me prendeu e me deu uma criação muito dura. Ela dizia: 'Você não vai trabalhar fora. Não quero outra filha grávida'. Eu tinha muita vontade de fazer um curso de datilografia, mas nem isso ela deixou. Aos 17 anos, tive uma ideia maluca: decidi me casar para ter liberdade. Eu e meu marido, que era cobrador de ônibus, fomos morar em uma casa ao lado da minha mãe. Não alcancei a liberdade que imaginei com o casamento. Um ano depois engravidei. Passados outros quatro, tive gêmeos. Comecei a ganhar minha liberdade há 14 anos quando entrei em um curso da ONG Cieds [Centro Integrado de Estudos e Programas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável], que selecionou 32 jovens de diferentes comunidades. Sempre tive o desejo de ter minha própria renda, mas de modo que continuasse tomando conta dos meus filhos dentro de casa. Montamos uma microempresa para trabalhar com fuxico, artesanato que estava muito em alta na época. Foi a primeira vez que tive contato com esse material. Lembro que, aos 28 anos, recebi meu primeiro dinheiro: uma bolsa oferecida pela ONG no valor de R$ 50. Saí do curso e a ONG me jogou dentro do Fashion Business, uma feira de negócios voltada à moda. No evento, conhecemos uns empresários e passamos a trabalhar para eles, aplicando fuxico em roupas. Comecei a ganhar dinheiro e ajudar dentro de casa. Nesse tempo, o real era bom e R$ 900 por mês era 'dinheiro que dói'. Eu reformei minha casa, bati laje, reboquei as paredes, coloquei piso e comecei a montar minha cozinha. Meu marido ficou feliz da vida. Antes, eu tinha que pedir dinheiro, depois, ele passou a me pedir emprestado. Na feira, dei uma entrevista ao 'Jornal Nacional' e a Alice e a Raquel viram e foram atrás de mim para contar sobre o projeto de criar a Rede Asta. No início, foi bem difícil porque trabalhávamos em consignação. Depois, mudamos nosso produto-chave de roupas para acessórios de casa. Tive que reinventar totalmente meu trabalho. Criamos kits de caminho de mesa e jogo americano. Fizemos 70 peças, mas não vendeu nada. Com o tempo, a Asta conseguiu que empresários investissem. Passaram a pagar nosso trabalho antes de vender. Tive minha renda de volta. Eu já cheguei a ganhar R$ 2.000 por mês. Uma designer da Rede Asta, que assessora a gente, sugeriu que montássemos uma almofada de fuxico. A princípio, resisti, mas para a minha surpresa, o produto, que custa R$ 69,90, foi campeão de vendas da Asta por cinco anos. Ano passado, a almofada de fuxicão fez parte do cenário da novela 'I Love Paraisópolis', da Globo. Fiquei muito feliz. Depois da novela, as vendas subiram em torno de 40%. Vejo um projeto social como algo que dá a possibilidade para que a pessoa abra sua visão sobre o que é possível conseguir. Hoje, sei que posso mais. 'QUE LOUCURA!' A Rede Asta fez uma parceira com a francesa Planet Finance, que deu assessoria para cinco grupos produtivos no Brasil, ensinando como fazer a peça, colocar preço, gerar os pedidos e o caixa. O melhor grupo produtivo ganharia uma viagem a Paris. Tínhamos que contar nossas histórias de vida. Eram mais de 60 mulheres. Pensei que não ia ganhar. Nem computador em casa eu tinha para me inscrever. Estou na minha comunidade, quando uns gringos vieram até a minha casa me dar os parabéns. Disseram que eu tinha sido pré-selecionada para ir a Paris. Fiquei maluca, gritava, chorava. No fim, escolheram a minha história. Fui parar no Museu do Louvre ao lado de mais de 300 franceses. Durante a premiação, apareceu no telão onde eu morava, meus filhos e a história da minha vida. Eu quebrei o protocolo na hora de receber o prêmio das mãos de um empresário europeu. Dei um beijo e um abraço nele, porque é assim no Brasil. Não sabia que tinha regra social, formalidade. Como eu quebrei esse negócio, o cara gostou de mim. Passado um ano, o tal empresário me ofereceu um jantar e me levou ao Festival de Cannes. Olha a minha ignorância, nem sabia o que era. 'Lucia, você sabe o que é o Oscar?', disse Alice e eu respondi: 'Sim, sei. Assisto todo ano'. Ela explicou: 'Cannes é o segundo Oscar e é para lá que você vai!'. Aí fiquei louca, infartei três vezes. Nem a presidenta Dilma entra naquele lugar sem convite. Como é que eu fui parar lá?! Na França, peguei um trem maravilhoso. Arrumaram meu cabelo e unhas. Fizeram um vestido chiquérrimo com cauda. Virei outra mulher. A Lúcia da comunidade saiu por um tempo e entrou uma mulher cheia do dinheiro. Viajei com a minha intérprete. Fui à Torre Eiffel, andamos por Paris. Fomos para Cannes de trem, mas esquece os vagões do Brasil, lá é chiquérrimo. Bem que aqui podia ter um daquele. Fiquei em um hotel maravilhoso com tudo de primeira. Fui de limusine com um cara esticando a mão para eu sair do carro. Estava em um verdadeiro filme. Aquele tapete vermelho, cheio de fotógrafos, luzes... Quando eu vi o Leonardo DiCaprio, perguntei para a intérprete se eu podia tirar foto com ele. Ela não deixou, disse para eu andar pelo tapete vermelho porque ali eu era igual a ele. O quê? Eu moro na comunidade do Dique! Perguntei para ela se meia-noite teria que sair correndo, porque o encanto acabaria. Ela disse que eu era a própria Cinderela. Após a premiação, aconteceu um leilão beneficente e minha almofada de fuxicão foi vendida por 30 mil euros [R$ 110 mil]. Eu nem sabia o quanto era isso. Voltei para o Brasil e para a minha realidade. Cadê minha cama maravilhosa e meu travesseiro de penas? Mas fiquei muito feliz em saber aonde o trabalho pode nos levar, a partir de um curso de uma ONG. Logo depois que voltei da França, teve uma enchente muito grande. Eu morava atrás de um rio e ficamos até sem água para beber. Perdi minhas coisas. Hoje, estamos bem. Meu marido se aposentou e conseguimos dar entrada em um apartamento gostoso em Campo Grande [zona oeste do Rio]. O trabalho com a Asta vai ajudar a pagar. Tenho meu grupo produtivo que se chama Fuxicarte, somos em cinco mulheres, cada uma trabalha na sua casa. Eu as lidero, a Asta manda o pedido para mim, que distribuo o material entre todas. Agora, dou palestras pelo Brasil. Nelas, questiono as mulheres aonde elas querem chegar com seus trabalhos e se vão parar na primeira dificuldade. Eu tive vários 'nãos' antes de chegar ao Festival de Cannes, mas minha meta era não virar dona de casa. Quero crescer, ter mais mulheres no meu grupo produtivo, ir para outros lugares falar do meu trabalho e poder ajudar outras Lúcias. Temos que decidir o que queremos. Lutando e com humildade é possível chegar lá. Aquela Lúcia não existe mais. Agora, tenho uma vida totalmente nova. | empreendedorsocial | 0 | 1 |
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] | Ericka Miorim, 33, lida com preconceitos todos os dias por causa de seu negócio. Revendedora de produtos de sex shop chegou a enfrentá-los dentro de casa. "Até eu fazer meu marido entender, teve muita cara feia", conta. Ela lamenta que alguns clientes que aborda de porta em porta, no município de Sumaré, onde vive com a família, possam confundir sua ocupação com a de profissionais do sexo. "Acham que pelo fato de trabalhar com produtos sensuais, você topa qualquer parada." Para se especializar e tornar cada vez mais profissional o negócio, ela se inscreveu na Escola Brilhante, curso de empreendedorismo promovido pela Unilever em parceria com a Aliança Empreendedora, fundada por Rodrigo de Méllo, finalista do Prêmio Empreendedor Social em 2008, que desenvolveu uma metodologia de empreendedorismo sustentável para as classes C, D e E. Leia abaixo seu depoimento à Folha. As inscrições para o Prêmio Empreendedor Social e Folha Empreendedor Social de Futuro já estão abertas; participe. * Meus empregos anteriores sempre foram voltados para a área de produção, fazendo peças para carro e caminhão. Trabalhei três meses na Natura e três meses na Monange. Não sei ficar quieta. Trabalho junto com o meu marido, que tem uma empresa que faz duto de ar-condicionado. Isso me deixou muito frustrada, por não estar em contato com as pessoas. Foi então que veio a ideia: por que não me especializar e voltar a vender produtos de sex shop? Há seis anos, eu tinha uma parceria com a minha irmã, quando morávamos em Osasco. A gente cismou que ia vender produtos sensuais. Tínhamos uma sacola gigantesca que ficava na casa da minha avó. Era muito bom, mas a gente não entendia a fundo do produto. Era meio que na brincadeira. Quando pensei em voltar com a venda, escolhi o nome Sexy Aladim [para o negócio], comprei um monte de produto e levei para um casamento em São Paulo, em abril de 2015. Foi o teste. Se eu vendesse todos os produtos nessa festa, retomaria as vendas. Fui com minha sacolinha na maior cara de pau. Era uma festa familiar, muito conservadora, mas vendi todos os produtos. Voltei de São Paulo decidida. PRECONCEITOS Como meu ramo é de produto prazeroso, tem vários preconceitos. Os maridos, principalmente, porque homem não gosta de mulher inteligente, de atitude. Eles querem que elas busquem mais, mas, quando fazem, acham que estão querendo voar. Já está muito 'sabidinha'. As pessoas confundem muito. [Vender] Produtos de sex shop não quer dizer que a pessoa é profissional do sexo. Não sabem diferenciar. Acham que pelo fato de trabalhar com produtos sensuais, você topa qualquer parada. Eu sei porque isso aconteceu dentro da minha casa. Até eu fazer meu marido entender, teve muita cara feia. Aprendi numa palestra para revendedoras, que é melhor não levar para casa produtos como a prótese [peniana], para que meu marido e meus filhos não se sentissem constrangidos, mesmo que seja de plástico. Tive que ir trabalhando a mente do meu marido, para fazer ele entender que uma prótese não é uma ameaça. ANONIMATO Com as clientes, quando falo a palavra sex shop, algumas aceitam e se interessam, mas esperam minha atitude. Depois que elas se informam do que se trata e de como é o produto, compram comigo. Fiz uma pesquisa com elas e observei que preferem ficar no anonimato. Poucas clientes dizem 'eu gosto de produto de sex shop sim, eu gosto de usar'. Por vergonha, talvez, do que os outros vão pensar se a virem com aqueles produtos. Não estou ali para julgar, mas para vender. Você percebe que o preconceito vem da própria pessoa. Muitas mulheres me ignoram e dizem que não precisam de 'remédio'. Produto de sex shop não é remédio, é para apimentar a relação. Tem cliente que acha que vai acabar com o casamento delas. Reclamam sem saber que vai agregar, ser um diferencial na vida delas. MUITO TREINAMENTO Fiz o primeiro curso da Escola Brilhante, para melhor minha autoestima [como mulher e empreendedora]. Depois, fiz outro de empreendedorismo da Aliança Empreendedora, que me revelou muitas coisas, como me portar, por exemplo. É uma escola com finalidade em lapidar diamantes brutos, pois eu entrei crua e estou saindo uma joia rara. As tutoras da Aliança desenvolveram um trabalho incrível, nos ensinando a crescer em nossos negócios, nos fazendo acreditar em nós mesmas. Fui construindo uma base sólida, um posicionamento no qual não me sentisse envergonhada do que estou fazendo. Foi na Escola Brilhante que cheguei na empresa DDS [distribuidora de produtos sensuais]. Também fiz vários cursos lá. Estudei produto, tive aulas com sexólogo e aprendi até como funciona nosso corpo por dentro. O negócio ainda não anda com as próprias pernas, mas consigo ganhar de R$ 500 a R$ 600 por mês. Espero que um dia consiga viver só com a venda de produtos sensuais porque cada vez me apaixono mais. | empreendedorsocial | 2 | 0.992785 |
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] | Em busca de um "sopro" de liberdade, a artista plástica Panmela Castro, 34, começou a se envolver com arte urbana aos 17 anos, quando escalava os prédios cariocas para pichar sua marca nos topos mais altos. Estudante da Escola de Belas Artes da UFRJ (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), viu sua rotina mudar quando começou a ter graves discussões com o então companheiro, que não tardaram para a agressão física. "Ele me torturava debaixo do chuveiro frio, colocava fogo no spray de inseticida exigindo que eu cuidasse da casa", diz. Depois de ser espancada, Panmela foi mantida pelo namorado em cárcere privado durante uma semana. Afastada da pichação, se envolveu com grafite aos 24 anos. Na sequência, encontrou na luta pelos direitos das mulheres, no feminismo e no combate à violência doméstica a mensagem para passar com sua arte. Fundou a Rede Nami, associação sem fins lucrativos, que usa as artes urbanas para promover os direitos das mulheres, em 2012, ao lado de 30 feministas. Com seu projeto social, Panmela foi finalista do Prêmio Empreendedor Social de Futuro 2015 e ficou entre as "150 mulheres que abalaram o mundo", segundo a revista norte-americana "Newsweek", em 2012. Atualmente, por todo o país, o grupo reúne mais de 500 mulheres, que usam o grafite contra a violência doméstica. A organização promove oficinas do projeto Grafite pelo Fim da Violência Doméstica Contra a Mulher, em comunidades e escolas públicas do Rio de Janeiro. O bate-papo aborda percepção de gênero, tipos de violência e ferramentas da Lei Maria da Penha, marco legal para responsabilização de agressores. Os temas são depois transpostos para os muros como atividade final da oficina. "O grafite é uma solução nova para antigas demandas, é revolucionário, é como a arte sempre foi usada", diz Panmela. | empreendedorsocial | 0 | 1 |
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] | Nascido e criado em Itaquera, zona leste de São Paulo, Adilson Menezes Junior, 29, estudante de escola pública, deu a volta ao mundo para realizar o sonho de infância: ter acesso à educação gratuita e de qualidade. Criado pela avó, aposentada, e pelo tio, servidor público, Junior colecionou em sete anos subempregos em quatro países, além de quatro reprovações em vestibulares no exterior. Junior queria ir para os Estados Unidos estudar num curso voltado a formar pensadores críticos em áreas de humanas e de economia chamado "liberal arts" (artes liberais, em tradução livre). O jovem, no entanto, viu suas chances zerarem ao ser reprovado. Conseguiu conquistar seu objetivo ao ser admitido para o mesmo curso no Japão. Agora, seu sonho é voltar para o Brasil e reformar a educação pública. A seguir, o depoimento dele à Folha. * Lembro que sentei com meu tio e minha avó, que me criaram, e disse: 'Quero estudar nos Estados Unidos.' Eles caíram na gargalhada. Fiquei decepcionado. Eu nasci e cresci em Itaquera e estudei em escola pública a vida inteira. Sempre fui apaixonado por estudar. No ensino médio, me recordo de ter acabado o primeiro ano sem ter aprendido nada. Então, aos 15 anos mudei para uma escola melhor, também pública, no Tatuapé. Meus pais são separados desde os meus 8 anos. Eles não se importavam muito com a minha educação e a do meu irmão. Terminei a escola e comecei a trabalhar no setor de vendas de uma companhia aérea. Tentei fazer um curso técnico de marketing e depois de relações internacionais, mas não deram certo. Não conseguia trabalhar o dia inteiro e ir para a faculdade à noite. Chegava cansado do trabalho e com sono. Meu desejo era estudar e me dedicar de verdade. Em 2005, conheci uma amiga que ia para a Universidade Soka da América, nos Estados Unidos. A história dela me inspirou. Essa universidade segue princípios budistas. Não é ligada à religião, mas a pedagogia e os objetivos dos estudos são diferentes. O aluno é incentivado pelos professores a fazer algo positivo para mudar a sociedade. Me apaixonei quando soube disso, mas não tinha perspectiva, não falava inglês. Queria estudar "liberal arts", um curso que não é conhecido no Brasil. É baseado no ensino antigo de filosofia. Não é profissionalizante, forma o aluno como um pensador crítico em história e cultura, política e relações internacionais ou economia e negócios. Comecei a percorrer esse sonho e, com o trabalho, consegui pagar um curso de inglês por dois anos. Depois, contratei uma professora particular. Em 2009, me senti preparado para fazer o vestibular dessa faculdade, mas tinha a sensação de que não passaria, meu inglês não era de nível universitário. O processo de seleção americano é diferente do brasileiro. Primeiro se faz uma prova, parecida com o Enem. As notas do ensino médio também contam, assim como cartas de recomendação de professores, além de duas redações. É preciso excelência nos estudos. O resultado saiu e não passei. Eu tinha esperança, mas no fundo já sabia. Com isso, aos 23 anos, vi que precisava fazer um intercâmbio. Tinha um pouquinho de dinheiro guardado e usei de entrada para ir para Dublin, na Irlanda. A recessão estava explodindo na Europa em 2009. Era loucura ir para lá e minha família falou que eu passaria fome, mas me lancei para o mundo mesmo assim. Trabalhei como porteiro de cozinha, limpando e fazendo de tudo um pouco. Ganhava 600 euros por mês (R$ 1620, segundo cotação de 2009). Senti muito preconceito, como outros imigrantes. Eu ficava sujo e falava 'saí do Brasil para passar esse tipo de vergonha aqui?'. Perdi 10 kg em três meses. Depois, consegui trabalhar em uma loja de roupas, com salário de 800 euros. Em dois anos e meio, fui atendente, supervisor e gerente e continuava estudando inglês. Em 2011, o sonho de estudar nos EUA permanecia. Fiz o vestibular novamente e fui reprovado. Foi quando, com as minhas economias, decidi ir aos Estados Unidos saber porque não passava. O diretor do departamento disse que eu tinha morar nos EUA para aumentar minhas chances. Voltei para Irlanda, virei gerente da loja e juntei US$ 5.000. Voltei para os EUA para estudar inglês acadêmico na Universidade Waster Washington, em Seattle. Tinha exatamente U$ 5.000 na conta, o preço do curso. Para entrar no país, precisava ter mais U$ 5.000 no banco. Com o dinheiro ainda na conta, tirei um extrato [como comprovante para o consulado para conseguir entrar nos EUA] e paguei o curso no mesmo dia. Tinha que dar um jeitinho. Era uma universidade de rico, onde todos tinham 18, 19 anos, dirigiam carros e jantavam fora todo dia. Eu não tinha dinheiro nem para comer. Minha avó mandava US$ 100 por mês. Passei a pão de forma. Quando estava com fome, ia dormir. Era a minha primeira experiência de dedicação exclusiva aos estudos. Ficava na universidade o dia todo. Depois de cinco meses, me formei com nota máxima. Academicamente estava pronto. Voltei para o Brasil, pronto para fazer o vestibular da Soka pela terceira e última vez –lá só pode prestar três vezes. Eu não tinha dúvidas que seria aprovado. O resultado saiu e foi um grande choque, não entrei. ÚLTIMA CARTADA Em 2013, me candidatei para o curso de "liberal arts" da Universidade Soka do Japão, minha última cartada. Saiu o resultado e não passei. Fiquei mal. Em 6 de janeiro de 2014, recebi uma ligação da Maria Guajardo, reitora da universidade do Japão. Ela disse que dos dez alunos internacionais aprovados, um desistiu e que eu tinha sido aprovado. Já tinha desistido. Comecei a chorar. Ganhei a maior bolsa da instituição, são US$ 20 mil por ano, cobre 100% da mensalidade. Sai de Itaquera deixando tudo para trás, trabalho e alunos. Para ir, juntei em dois meses R$ 6.000 para passagem. Minha família fez uma 'vacona' para ajudar. Gastei sete anos da minha vida insistindo. Ouvi muita gente falando para eu desistir. O importante é jamais desistir dos sonhos. No Japão, ganho em média US$ 800 por mês dando aulas de inglês para empresários. O curso de "liberal arts" é todo em inglês, então também ensino os estudantes. Acredito na lei de causa e efeito, quero ajudar as pessoas. Como obrigatoriedade do curso, estudei sociologia por dez meses na Inglaterra. Trabalhei no Starbucks e em uma galeria de arte para sobreviver. Novamente, sofri preconceito por ser imigrante e tenho dívidas até hoje. Quero retornar ao Brasil para trabalhar em uma reforma educacional pública e contribuir para a mudança do país. A educação dá poder às coisas boas, é um mundo novo. Não ter acesso a isso, é se privar de experiências, emoções e oportunidades na vida. | empreendedorsocial | 2 | 1 |
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] | Com o objetivo de descobrir, reconhecer e impulsionar jovens inovadores, pesquisadores e empreendedores no Brasil, a "MIT Technology Review", revista do Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts, abre inscrições para o prêmio Inovadores com menos de 35. A segunda edição nacional do concurso, que também acontece em países da Europa, como França, Alemanha e Itália, e em outros da América Latina, como Argentina e Uruguai, tem apoio do Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento (BID). Para participar, os empreendedores devem ter menos de 35 anos, ser brasileiro e criador de uma tecnologia inovadora que seja capaz de melhorar ou gerar impacto real em áreas fundamentais para a sociedade. Podem se inscrever projetos nas áreas de biotecnologia e medicina, hardware eletrônico, internet e web, nanotecnologia e materiais, programas, telecomunicações e transporte. Um júri formado por tecnólogos especialistas, líderes, formadores de opinião e acadêmicos avaliará os projetos. A equipe da edição em português da "MIT Technology Review" escolherá dez jovens que desenvolveram os projetos mais criativos e com maior impacto social e econômico. VENDEDORES Em 2014, o Inovadores com menos de 35 reconheceu dez jovens brasileiros com projetos capazes de oferecer soluções para algumas das principais necessidades e carências da população nacional. Entre eles, a Geekie, uma plataforma de educação adaptativa capaz de personalizar e conferir autonomia à experiência de aprendizagem do aluno a partir da análise de seu desempenho (forças e deficiências), empreendimento de Eduardo Bontempo e Cláudio Sassaki, vendedores do Prêmio Empreendedor Social, também no ano passado. Lorrana Scarpioni, finalista do Prêmio Empreendedor Social de Futuro, com o Bliive, negócio social baseado em um sistema colaborativo que usa o tempo como moeda de troca, também foi vencedora do Inovadores. Neste ano, os vencedores ganharão reconhecimento, visibilidade e prestígio internacional por meio da publicação, que os identificará como inovadores em seus campos de trabalho. Os vencedores regionais de países da América Latina e da Europa participarão, em setembro, da edição global do prêmio na sede da MIT Technology Review, em Boston, nos Estados Unidos, ao lado de concorrentes norte-americanos. As inscrições são feitas pelo site da MIT Technology Review até o dia 27 de agosto. Dois dos projetos inscritos também serão reconhecidos como Inovador do Ano e Inovador Social. | empreendedorsocial | 1 | 1 |
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] | Smith Dort, 29, chegou ao Brasil em 2010, logo após o terremoto no Haiti. Conseguiu um visto de estudante para terminar a segunda faculdade. Graduado em matemática em seu pais, ele passou a cursar sociologia em uma faculdade particular de Manaus, interrompida quando aconteceu a tragédia. Depois de sua família perder tudo e ficar desempregado, Dort conseguiu, em 2012, um visto permanente humanitário para permanecer no Brasil. "Eu vim para conseguir uma vida melhor e ajudar minha família, todo haitiano vem para isso. Lá, a vida é muito difícil." Veja fotos Ele deixou para trás memórias como daquele 12 de janeiro de 2010, quando ainda morava em Porto Príncipe. Passava das 17h, quando após um dia de trabalho como professor de inglês, assistia um filme na TV e sentiu o forte tremor de terra que deixaria mais de 200 mil mortos no Haiti. "Estávamos meus pais, tios e primos. Todo mundo correu. Mas um primo não conseguiu, ficou dentro da casa e morreu", relata. "Depois do terremoto, passamos mais de um mês dormindo na rua." Inscreva-se para o Prêmio Empreendedor Social e para o Prêmio Empreendedor Social de Futuro 2015. Alguns meses depois, Dort desembarcou em terras manauaras, onde arrumou trabalho como garçom. Em quase cinco anos, ele se formou em sociologia, emendou uma pós-graduação em metodologia do ensino e fundou uma associação para ajudar os conterrâneos no Brasil. "Sou o primeiro haitiano a se graduar no Amazonas", diz, orgulhoso do feito. Agora, seus novos voos serão como professor de inglês de um curso voltado a alunos de baixa renda. Dort é um dos professores haitianos selecionados para fazer parte do projeto Idiomas para Todos, iniciativa que emprega imigrantes haitianos bilíngues para darem aula de inglês. O projeto é um empreendimento da estudante de administração Sissa Maricaua, 21. A brasileira teve a ideia em 2014, durante a Copa do Mundo, ao perceber que sua cidade, Manaus, uma das sedes do Mundial, não estava preparada para a demanda de profissionais bilíngues que o evento exigiu. "Também notei que parte disso era pelo alto custo dos cursos de idiomas. As pessoas não podiam pagar." O contato de Sissa com os haitianos começou há cinco anos, quando os primeiros imigrantes chegaram a Manaus pós-terremoto. Sissa era professora de idiomas e realizava trabalhos voluntários em uma paróquia que abrigava os recém-chegados. "Fui conhecendo a realidade deles e vi que eram pessoas que poderiam dar muito mais para a sociedade se tivessem recursos para isso. Alguns falam fluentemente francês, inglês, espanhol e alemão e ainda apreenderam rapidamente o português", conta Sissa. APRENDIZADO NOS EUA Com o sonho na cabeça, Sissa formou um grupo multidisciplinar em sua universidade, a UniNorte, para fazer o projeto decolar. Em março, acabou indo a Miami, nos Estados Unidos, para apresentar o Idioma para Todos. "Nosso projeto chamou atenção da rede de universidades Laureate e fui selecionada para apresentá-lo no Clinton Global Initiative University [competição mundial que reúne estudantes desenvolvedores de soluções inovadoras para os desafios globais]", explica a universitária. "Lá, tive orientação estratégica de como começar um negócio social com professores e especialistas." De volta ao Brasil, a estudante foi selecionada em um edital de projetos de sustentabilidade da Unilever. Com o apoio de consultorias que recebeu, ela pode iniciar o recrutamento de professores haitianos. "Conforme o fluxo de imigrantes foi aumentando, eles começaram a ter dificuldade para conseguir empregos formais. Chegavam aqui ilegal e sem carteira de trabalho", relembra Sissa. "Muitos ficavam desempregados, arrumavam subempregos. Houve muita exploração e preconceito com essa comunidade." Percalços enfrentados por John Peter Lucen, 27, que também deixou o Haiti há cinco anos. Sem conhecer ninguém no Brasil e sem falar português, ele só conseguiu emprego como balconista. Como fala francês fluentemente e tem noções de inglês espera conseguir uma colocação melhor. "Preciso trabalhar. Ajudo minha família com US$ 100 por mês, 50% do meu salário aqui. Meus pais já estão velhos e não trabalham e lá não tem trabalho", diz Peter, que pretende começar a dar aula de idiomas em breve e vai somar o dinheiro extra a sua renda mensal de R$ 1.000. O curso de inglês ministrado pelos haitianos será realizado em abrigos de imigrantes a partir de agosto. Terá mensalidade de R$ 40 e será aberto a toda a comunidade. Toda a renda será direcionada aos professores. Segundo o Ministério da Justiça, 46.806 haitianos vivem hoje no Brasil. Desses, 32.659 chegaram ilegalmente no Acre e no Amazonas. A partir de 2012, o governo brasileiro passou a conceder o visto humanitário permanente, que lhes dá direito de viver e trabalhar legalmente no país. | empreendedorsocial | 2 | 1 |
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] | Comprometida em apoiar as comunidades no enfrentamento da pandemia do novo coronavírus, a Fundação Salvador Arena (FSA) vai doar mais de R$ 2,6 milhões a iniciativas de amparo a famílias, cidadãos em situação de rua e hospitais, impactando cerca de 80 mil pessoas diretamente.Entre as instituições de saúde atendidas, a Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo recebeu cerca de R$ 360 mil para a compra de novos sistemas de vácuo, aspiradores de secreção, monitores multiparâmetros, macas, fios para entubação, entre outros produtos para equipar as Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTIs).Já o Hospital Santa Marcelina, maior da zona leste de São Paulo, recebeu tubos de cobre, conexões e peças para ampliação do pronto socorro, além de mil litros de álcool em gel, ultrapassando R$ 19 mil em investimentos. Mais A Fundação também ampliou o Programa de Auxílio Emergencial para Famílias (PAEF), que fornece cartão supermercado a lares em situação de vulnerabilidade social. A indicação é feita pelos colaboradores e, devido ao surto da Covid-19, foi ampliado de 400 para 2.100 famílias, beneficiando aproximadamente 6.930 pessoas.O Programa de Alimentação Complementar para Entidades Sociais (PACES), que subsidia entidades beneficentes que oferecem alimentação também foi expandido. Além do aumento de 49 para 60 instituições contempladas, passou a fornecer cestas de alimentos e produtos de higiene e limpeza para os assistidos consumirem em suas casas. Estas ampliações demandaram R$ 1,4 milhão em investimentos.Ainda na linha alimentar, a FSA garante mil refeições diárias, por três meses, para cidadãos em situação de rua atendidos pelo Serviço Franciscano de Solidariedade (SEFRAS), que atua no entorno do Largo São Francisco, região central de São Paulo. Para os alunos do seu Centro Educacional em situação de vulnerabilidade e moradores de bairros carentes da região do ABC Paulista, a Fundação vem fornecendo cestas básicas que, juntas, somaram investimentos de R$ 235 mil.Outra ação de destaque é a destinação de 300 litros de álcool em gel e cerca de mil cobertores ao Fundo Social de São Bernardo do Campo, que fará a distribuição em diversas comunidades atendidas pelas ONGs da cidade, um investimento de quase R$ 25 mil.Um projeto em comum com o Centro Educacional e Profissional do Coroadinho (CEPC), situado em região de extrema vulnerabilidade social em São Luís do Maranhão, iniciado em 2019, permitiu estender as ações da FSA na comunidade e garantir a chegada de alimentos e produtos de limpeza, direcionando R$ 105 mil a 2.356 famílias.Na mesma linha, a Amgen e a Amgen Foundation anunciam a contribuição inicial de US$ 12,5 milhões (R$ 63,7 milhões) para os esforços para conter a Covid-19, tratamento de pacientes que já contraíram a infecção e suporte às comunidades ao redor do mundo.A doação no Brasil será de US$ 100 mil (R$ 510 mil), voltada especialmente ao atendimento às necessidades das comunidades que possam ser ou já foram afetadas pela pandemia do novo coronavírus.O auxílio chegará à população por meio das organizações sociais Visão Mundial e Gerando Falcões —cada uma receberá aproximadamente R$ 200 mil reais.Com a quantia, a Visão Mundial, que atua com pessoas em situações de vulnerabilidade, distribuirá kits de higiene pessoal e limpeza para garantir a prevenção de famílias em áreas de risco.Já a Gerando Falcões, que apoia e acelera o trabalho de outras ONGs que atuam em periferias e favelas de todo o Brasil, utilizará o valor para aumentar a distribuição de cestas básicas digitais —cartões com cargas de R$ 100 ao mês no decorrer de três meses, que podem ser usados em mercados no entorno das favelas.A Amgen Brasil também incentiva os funcionários a realizarem doações às organizações Vocação e Ação Cidadania, que atuam na luta contra o novo coronavírus a partir da compra e entrega de cestas básicas e produtos para higiene pessoal.Com isso, a Amgen Foundation se comprometeu a dobrar o valor doado pelos funcionários Amgen, destinando a quantia para a instituição selecionada pelo colaborador. | empreendedorsocial | 1 | 0.951514 |
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] | Encontrar exoplanetas (planetas fora do nosso sistema solar) não é tarefa fácil. Ainda assim, 5.502 já foram descobertos desde 1992, quando o primeiro foi encontrado.Agora, uma equipe de astrônomos aventa o impensável: a possibilidade de existir um planeta semelhante à Terra ainda por descobrir no nosso próprio sistema solar.Mas descobrir objetos celestes no nosso próprio sistema solar é um pouco mais complicado e envolve encontrá-los por meio da observação do movimento de outros astros. Netuno, por exemplo, foi descoberto depois que o astrônomo e matemático Urbain Le Verrier identificou uma diferença entre a órbita observada de Urano e a forma como ela era prevista pela física newtoniana.Isso o levou a suspeitar que a alteração da órbita fosse provocada pela influência gravitacional de um planeta localizado além de Urano. Dito e feito: quando o astrônomo alemão Johann Gottfried Galle foi checar o local onde o novo planeta deveria estar, lá estava Netuno.Durante anos, astrônomos especularam sobre a existência de outro mundo ainda por se descobrir no nosso sistema solar, vulgarmente conhecido como "Planeta 9". Agora, cientistas japoneses foram ainda mais além, sugerindo que haveria outro planeta "semelhante à Terra" a ser descoberto — e bem mais próximo de nós.Num novo artigo publicado no The Astronomical Journal, os astrofísicos Patryk Sofia Lykawka, da Universidade Kindai, no Japão, e Takashi Ito, do Observatório Astronômico Nacional japonês, analisam o movimento dos objetos celestes no Cinturão de Kuiper.Por meio de simulações, a equipe concluiu que um planeta do tamanho da Terra poderia estar por trás dos movimentos incomuns de astros além da órbita de Netuno.Segundo os pesquisadores, o planeta teria uma massa entre 1,5 e 3 vezes maior que a da Terra e uma órbita inclinada em cerca de 30 graus.Eles dizem acreditar que esse novo planeta se esconde no Cinturão de Kuiper, um anel circunstelar que se estende logo além da órbita de Netuno. Este, denominado Planeta do Cinturão de Kuiper (KBP), ficaria a uma distância de até 500 unidades astronômicas (UA) do Sol, 500 vezes a distância entre a Terra e o Sol, e mais próximo do que o lendário Planeta Nove.De acordo com especialistas, o KBP é até três vezes mais massivo que a Terra, mas as suas temperaturas são provavelmente demasiado baixas para suportar a vida como a conhecemos.Segundo os autores do estudo, tais suposições são independentes do suposto Planeta Nove, que alguns teorizaram ser muito mais massivo e mais distante do que um potencial planeta semelhante à Terra no Cinturão de Kuiper. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | A Jaxa (agência espacial do Japão) adiou mais uma vez nesta segunda-feira (28) o lançamento do que espera ser a primeira espaçonave do país a pousar na Lua. O motivo foram os fortes ventos em alta altitude.O Japão pretende lançar ao espaço o Slim ("Smart Lander for Investigating Moon", ou pousador inteligente para investigação da Lua) até meados de setembro, com um pouso lunar previsto para janeiro de 2024.Se a missão for bem-sucedida, o país se tornará o quinto a conseguir pousar na Lua, depois dos Estados Unidos, da extinta União Soviética, da China e da Índia.Com mais de duas décadas de desenvolvimento, o projeto Slim foca o uso de tecnologia avançada de navegação baseada em imagens e hardware leve para conseguir um pouso de alta precisão.Apelidado de "atirador lunar", o Slim foi projetado para pousar a não mais que cem metros do local-alvo. Isso representa um salto gigantesco em relação à precisão convencional de vários quilômetros para sondas lunares, segundo a Jaxa.Ao construir um módulo de pouso leve, a agência pretende reduzir os custos de lançamento e permitir missões mais frequentes. O Slim pesa pouco mais de 700 kg no lançamento, ou menos da metade do Chandrayaan-3 da Índia.Utiliza um eficiente sistema de propulsão química e inclui dispositivos eletrônicos miniaturizados.O desenvolvimento geral do Slim custou cerca de 15 bilhões de ienes (R$ 499 milhões) neste ano. A Índia lançou seu módulo de pouso com um orçamento de cerca de R$ 367 milhões.A tecnologia de pouso "pontual" permite uma busca mais granular de rochas e recursos hídricos e aumenta a chance de sobrevivência da espaçonave, ajudando-a a selecionar o melhor local para a geração de energia solar e a evitar terrenos acidentados, disse a Jaxa.O Slim está programado para pousar na encosta da cratera Shioli, perto do mar lunar Mare Nectaris. O local foi escolhido com base em imagens de alta resolução de orbitadores lunares.O Slim emprega "navegação baseada em visão" para identificar onde está voando durante a fase de pouso, diz a Jaxa. Isso permite que a nave combine imagens em tempo real de sua câmera com as existentes da superfície lunar. Mais Embora 14 astronautas japoneses tenham estado no espaço —o quarto maior número depois dos EUA, da Rússia (incluindo a antiga União Soviética) e da China—, as missões espaciais do Japão se concentraram no desenvolvimento de lançadores e sondas espaciais e confiaram nos Estados Unidos e na Rússia para transportar os astronautas.O Japão pretende enviar um astronauta à superfície da Lua na segunda metade da década de 2020, como parte do programa Artemis, da agência norte-americana Nasa.A avançada tecnologia de imagem japonesa, como a utilizada no Slim, é vista como uma parte fundamental da sua resposta à crescente presença militar da China no espaço.O lançamento do Slim foi adiado por alguns meses depois que a Jaxa destruiu manualmente o modelo inicial do novo foguete H3 de média elevação devido a problemas de ignição do motor após o lançamento, em março.A Jaxa também falhou no lançamento de um pequeno foguete Epsilon em outubro de 2022, seguido de uma explosão de motor durante um teste no mês passado. Mais O governo diz que os projetos do setor privado deveriam desempenhar um papel mais importante. Startups, incluindo a ispace e a empresa de remoção de detritos orbitais Astroscale, entraram no mercado e levantaram centenas de milhões de dólares, além de pesos pesados industriais tradicionais, como a Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.Colaborou Maki ShirakiTradução de Luiz Roberto M. Gonçalves | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Cientistas do governo dos Estados Unidos alcançaram ganho líquido de energia em uma reação de fusão pela segunda vez, resultado que deve aumentar o otimismo sobre o progresso em direção ao sonho da energia sem carbono e ilimitada.Desde a década de 1950, físicos procuram aproveitar a reação de fusão que alimenta o Sol, mas até dezembro nenhum grupo conseguiu produzir mais energia da reação do que consome, condição também conhecida como ignição.Pesquisadores do Laboratório Nacional Lawrence Livermore, na Califórnia, que alcançaram a ignição pela primeira vez no ano passado, repetiram a descoberta num experimento em 30 de julho que produziu uma energia maior do que em dezembro, conforme três pessoas informadas sobre os resultados preliminares.O laboratório confirmou que o ganho de energia foi alcançado novamente em sua instalação de laser, acrescentando que a análise dos resultados está em andamento."Desde a demonstração da ignição por fusão pela primeira vez na Instalação Nacional de Ignição (NIF na sigla em inglês), em dezembro de 2022, continuamos a realizar experimentos para estudar esse novo e empolgante regime científico. Em um experimento realizado em 30 de julho, repetimos a ignição", disse. "Como é nossa prática padrão, planejamos relatar esses resultados nas próximas conferências científicas e em publicações revisadas por pares."A fusão é alcançada pelo aquecimento de dois isótopos de hidrogênio –geralmente deutério e trítio– a temperaturas tão extremas que os núcleos atômicos se fundem, liberando hélio e grande quantidade de energia na forma de nêutrons.Embora muitos cientistas acreditem que as usinas de fusão ainda estão a décadas de distância, o potencial da tecnologia é difícil de ignorar. As reações de fusão não emitem carbono, não produzem resíduos radioativos de longa duração, e um pequeno copo de combustível de hidrogênio poderia, teoricamente, abastecer uma casa durante centenas de anos.A abordagem mais amplamente estudada, conhecida como confinamento magnético, usa enormes ímãs para manter o combustível no lugar enquanto ele é aquecido a temperaturas mais altas que a do sol.O NIF usa um processo diferente, chamado confinamento inercial, no qual dispara o maior laser do mundo em uma minúscula cápsula do combustível, provocando uma implosão.A secretária de Energia dos EUA, Jennifer Granholm, descreveu em dezembro a conquista da ignição como "uma das façanhas científicas mais impressionantes do século 21". Nesse experimento, a reação produziu cerca de 3,15 megajoules, cerca de 150% dos 2,05 MJ dos lasers.Os dados iniciais do experimento de julho indicaram uma produção de energia superior a 3,5 MJ, disseram duas das pessoas a par dos resultados preliminares. Essa energia seria aproximadamente suficiente para alimentar um ferro doméstico por uma hora.Alcançar o ganho líquido de energia é considerado há décadas um passo crucial para provar que as usinas comerciais de energia por fusão são possíveis. No entanto, ainda há vários obstáculos a ser superados. Mais O ganho de energia nesse contexto compara apenas a energia gerada com a energia nos lasers, não com a quantidade total de energia extraída da rede para alimentar o sistema, que é muito maior. Os cientistas estimam que a fusão comercial exigirá reações que gerem entre 30 e 100 vezes a energia dos lasers.O NIF também faz no máximo um tiro por dia, enquanto uma usina de confinamento interno provavelmente precisaria completar vários tiros por segundo.No entanto, a melhoria do resultado da NIF, "apenas oito meses" após o avanço inicial, foi mais um sinal de que o ritmo de progresso está aumentando, disse uma das pessoas informadas. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Com cerca de 20 metros de comprimento e pesando até 340 toneladas (superando a massa corporal até dos maiores dinossauros), uma espécie de baleia que habitou há 39 milhões de anos a região onde hoje fica o Peru pode ter sido o animal mais pesado já registrado no planeta Terra.Em artigo publicado na última edição da revista Nature, um time de cientistas apresenta o bicho, batizado, em razão de sua origem geográfica e de suas dimensões colossais, como Perucetus colossus.Os vestígios foram encontrados no Peru, no deserto de Ocucaje, que abriga uma série de tesouros fósseis do antigo mar peruano. Ao se depararem com os restos da baleia, os cientistas chegaram a pensar que se tratava de rochas, devido à dureza incomum do material.A descoberta era, na verdade, um conjunto de ossos gigantescos de "um animal que não pensávamos que poderia existir", relata Aldo Benites-Palomino, pesquisador da Universidade de Zurique e um dos autores do trabalho.O paleontólogo fez uma série de publicações nas redes sociais para dar detalhes e apresentar os bastidores da pesquisa. "Escavamos os restos deste animal em um grande trabalho de extração de vértebras que pesam mais de 180 quilos", revelou.Os cientistas conseguiram recuperar um esqueleto parcial, incluindo 13 vértebras, 4 costelas e 1 osso do quadril, todos de grande dimensão.Ao começarem a analisar o material, os cientistas se surpreenderam com a densidade e compactação dos ossos identificados, partindo então para uma análise minuciosa da composição.A etapa seguinte foi a construção de um modelo 3D da antiga baleia, o que permitiu estimar com mais clareza os detalhes anatômicos da espécie e compará-la a outros animais. Mais Os resultados das simulações revelaram as dimensões expressivas da espécie peruana, indicando que a massa do animal seria de no mínimo 85 toneladas. O peso máximo estimado, por sua vez, era de 340 toneladas.O resultado, segundo o trabalho, "representa potencialmente o animal mais pesado já descrito". Atualmente, o título de animal mais pesado do mundo pertence à baleia-azul (Balaenoptera musculus), cujos maiores exemplares chegam a cerca de 190 toneladas."Descobertas de formas corporais tão extremas são uma oportunidade para reavaliarmos nossa compreensão da evolução animal. Parece que nós estamos apenas vagamente cientes sobre quão surpreendentes as formas das baleias podem ser", avaliam J.G.M. Thewissen e David A. Waugh, dois especialistas no tema vinculados à Universidade Médica do Nordeste de Ohio.A dupla, que não participou da pesquisa, publicou um artigo analisando a descoberta, também na revista Nature.Devido à ausência de partes importantes do fóssil, como o crânio e os dentes, ainda restam muitas dúvidas sobre o Perucetus colossus. Os cientistas já sabem, porém, que ele vivia em águas pouco profundas e se deslocava lentamente.Ao contrário da maioria das baleias, porém, a nova espécie provavelmente não era um predador ativo. Uma das hipóteses para a dieta do animal é que ele seria um tipo de carniceiro, alimentando-se da carcaça de vertebrados afundados.Além de um possível novo peso-pesado do mundo animal, o trabalho também contribui para a compreensão da evolução dos cetáceos — subordem de mamíferos que inclui golfinhos, baleias e botos.A descoberta do Perucetus colossus e as conclusões apresentada pelo grupo indicam que a tendência para o gigantismo dos cetáceos pode ter acontecido cerca de 30 milhões de anos antes do que indicavam estudos anteriores.Por tudo isso, embora destaquem as limitações do trabalho e as muitas lacunas ainda existentes sobre a vida e o comportamento da baleia peruana, a análise publicada por Thewissen e Waugh diz que ela pode significar mais do que apenas uma nova espécie para a ciência."É muito cedo para dizer, mas tais considerações demonstram que a importância desse fóssil vai além da documentação de uma forma de vida até então desconhecida", escrevem. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | "Agora é sua vez de lidar com as consequências de sua conquista."Essa é a frase que o físico Albert Einstein diz a seu colega Robert Oppenheimer em uma das cenas finais de "Oppenheimer", o filme que narra como ele se tornou o "pai" da bomba atômica na década de 1940, ao liderar o Projeto Manhattan do governo dos Estados Unidos.No filme, Einstein aparece na última fase de sua vida, quando conviveu no Instituto de Estudos Avançados de Princeton com Oppenheimer, que foi diretor da instituição de 1947 a 1966.Eles foram dois dos cientistas mais importantes de seu tempo, mas tinham diferenças importantes, tanto na forma como entendiam a Física quanto na forma como acreditavam que suas pesquisas poderiam servir — ou prejudicar — o mundo."Éramos colegas próximos e até certo ponto, amigos", disse Oppenheimer em uma conferência em Paris em 1965, marcando o décimo aniversário da morte de Einstein.Em seu filme, o diretor Christopher Nolan coloca os dois físicos em diálogos que, embora fictícios, refletem a relação de um oprimido Oppenheimer que buscou o conselho de um paternal Einstein.E embora na vida real mantivessem diferenças importantes, eles tinham muito respeito mútuo.Quando o jovem Robert Oppenheimer se formou e se especializou em física teórica na década de 1920, Einstein já era Prêmio Nobel de Física e uma figura-chave na história da ciência por sua Teoria da Relatividade Geral (1915) e outras obras que influenciaram o cientista americano.Em meio à crescente perseguição aos judeus na Alemanha, Einstein deixou a Europa e se estabeleceu em Princeton, Nova Jersey (EUA), em 1932, onde continuou seu trabalho.Algum tempo depois, em agosto de 1939, ele assinou a carta endereçada ao então presidente dos Estados Unidos, Franklin D. Roosevelt, escrita por seu colega Leó Szilárd, na qual alertavam a Casa Branca que a Alemanha poderia desenvolver uma bomba atômica devido a descobertas científicas sobre a fissão do urânio.Isso supostamente precipitou a criação do ultrassecreto Projeto Manhattan, que o governo dos EUA colocou na mão de Oppenheimer em 1942, quando ele já era um dos principais cientistas em seu campo.Segundo várias fontes, Einstein, de 64 anos, não foi incluído no projeto por causa de sua origem alemã e de suas ideias de esquerda. Além disso, as diferentes concepções das teorias da física que existiam entre ele e Oppenheimer também tiveram peso na decisão.Kei Bird e Martin J. Sherwin afirmam em seu livro biográfico "American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer" ("American Prometheus: O Triunfo e a Tragédia de J. Robert Oppenheimer", no qual se baseia o filme de Nolan) que o físico americano considerava Einstein "como um santo patrono vivo da física, não como um cientista em atividade".Nolan tentou refletir em seu filme o tipo de relação que existia entre os dois."Vi a relação entre eles como a do professor que havia sido substituído e cujo trabalho havia sido assumido pelo mais novo", disse o diretor ao The New York Times.Com o Projeto Manhattan em andamento, o filme mostra Oppenheimer duvidando do alcance que uma detonação como a bomba atômica que ele estava desenvolvendo poderia ter. Ele então procura a opinião de Einstein.No entanto, essa foi uma licença criativa do diretor americano, já que essas conversas não aconteceram como mostrado no filme."Uma das poucas coisas que mudei é que não foi Einstein que Oppenheimer consultou sobre isso, mas sim Arthur Compton, que dirigia um posto avançado do Projeto Manhattan na Universidade de Chicago", explicou Nolan ao jornal de Nova York."Einstein é a personalidade que as pessoas na plateia conhecem."Oppenheimer trabalhou entre 1943 e 1945 no Laboratório de Los Alamos, no Novo México, a milhares de quilômetros de Princeton. Não está claro se nesse tempo o físico americano teve alguma reunião ou conversa com Einstein.Mas o próprio Oppenheimer se referiu em 1965 a alegações de que Einstein havia de alguma forma participado da criação daquela arma de destruição em massa. "As alegações de que ele trabalhou na criação da bomba atômica eram, na minha opinião, falsas", disse ele na conferência de Paris naquele ano.Em sua opinião, a carta de 1939 instando o presidente Roosevelt a prestar atenção às capacidades alemãs de desenvolvimento de bombas atômicas "praticamente não teve efeito" sobre o governo dos Estados Unidos.Após o teste bem-sucedido da primeira bomba atômica, Oppenheimer enfrentou o problema moral de que seu trabalho não foi usado apenas como uma ameaça — mas sim como arma de destruição em massa, com os bombardeios de Hiroshima e Nagasaki em agosto de 1945.Vários cientistas, entre eles Einstein, Szilárd e outros, condenaram o fato de as bombas terem sido lançadas sobre cidades japonesas, por considerarem que o país já estava praticamente derrotado.O enredo do filme de Nolan explora como Oppenheimer tentou persuadir o governo de Washington da necessidade de estabelecer limites para o uso da tecnologia que ele havia desenvolvido.Mas os políticos se voltaram contra ele e questionaram seu passado comunista, considerando-o um risco para a segurança nacional. Ele teve que testemunhar perante um comitê do governo.Bird e Sherwin contam em seu livro que Einstein disse a Oppenheimer que ele "não precisava se submeter à caça às bruxas, pois havia servido bem a seu país", segundo a conversa testemunhada pela secretária do físico americano, Verna Hobson.Disse a Oppenheimer que "se este era o prêmio que os Estados Unidos estavam oferecendo a você, você deveria dar as costas".No entanto, Hobson afirmou que Oppenheimer "amava a América" e que seu amor "era tão profundo quanto seu amor pela ciência"."Einstein não entende", disse Oppenheimer a Hobson.Para Einstein, Oppenheimer não deveria esperar muito de Washington. E disse à secretária, apontando para Oppenheimer após a conversa: "Lá vai um narr (tolo, em alemão)", segundo Bird e Sherwin.Apesar de suas divergências, ambos tinham admiração e respeito mútuos, ainda que à sua maneira.Einstein é lembrado por dizer que Oppenheimer era "um homem extraordinariamente capaz, com uma educação multidisciplinar" que ele admirava "por sua pessoa, não por sua física".Por sua vez, ao comemorar os dez anos da morte de Einstein e os 50 anos da Teoria da Relatividade Geral, Oppenheimer celebrou as contribuições do gênio de origem alemã de forma muito peculiar."Os primeiros trabalhos de Einstein eram belíssimos, mas cheios de erros", disse Oppenheimer em Paris, explicando que a compilação da obra de Einstein da qual ele participou levou uma década de revisão.Mas ele acrescentou: "Um homem cujos erros levam 10 anos para corrigir é um grande homem". | ciencia | 1 | 1 |
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] | Em missão no Brasil para costurar acordos entre o país e os Estados Unidos, o diretor da Nasa, Bill Nelson, afirma que o governo de Joe Biden quer pôr a Amazônia no centro da cooperação entre as duas nações.Nelson relata que as tratativas com o presidente Lula (PT) envolvem o uso de mais satélites e o compartilhamento de informações produzidas pela agência espacial americana. Ele também defende a criação de uma nova matriz econômica nas regiões que atualmente dependem da exploração ilegal dos recursos naturais."Se destruirmos essa diversidade biológica e ecológica única, de animais e plantas, destruímos o planeta Terra. Preservá-la é nosso principal objetivo. E como? Usando o melhor da ciência que temos", diz à Folha.Nelson e Lula se reuniram por mais de uma hora nesta segunda-feira (24), junto com a embaixadora dos EUA no Brasil, Elizabeth Frawley Bagley.O diretor defende que a Nasa envie em tempo real informações produzidas por seus satélites para a Agência Espacial Brasileira e que a agenda ambiental é um ponto de convergência entre o atual governo brasileiro e o de Biden.O ex-senador dos EUA também critica a China por não dar transparência ao seu programa científico e entende que o mundo vive atualmente uma nova corrida espacial, como quando americanos e soviéticos disputavam o domínio da órbita planetária."Eles [chineses] disseram que também estão indo para a Lua, então temos uma corrida espacial", completa.Sobre o que o sr. e Lula conversaram? Eu comecei o encontro presenteando Lula com uma fotografia de uma espaçonave, que [a própria espaçonave] tirou uma selfie dela mesma na qual ao fundo está a Lua e, mais ao fundo, o planeta.Presenteei ele com essa foto junto com imagens da espaçonave brasileiro-americana, do litoral brasileiro e da boca do [rio] Amazonas, vistos do espaço, e duas bandeiras, uma de cada país, que estiveram na órbita.Mostrei para ele registros dos nossos satélites [de monitoramento] da Amazônia que mostram onde estão os incêndios florestais, onde está o desmatamento.Ele também brincou se poderia viajar ao espaço com 77 anos. Eu disse: "De toda maneira!".E o Lula fez algum pedido a vocês? Não exatamente um pedido, mas estávamos falando de uma parceria, que irá começar amanhã [nesta terça], no evento com a ministra da Ciência [Luciana Santos], em São Paulo. Ele quer que ela siga negociando os detalhes.E o que será essa parceria? Nós temos satélites que dão um detalhamento extremamente preciso do que está acontecendo.Por exemplo, um que é capaz de ver através de um dossel florestal [quando as copas de árvore criam um teto que impede que se veja de cima], alcançando um local que de outra forma não seríamos capaz de ver, e determinar o que está acontecendo com a vegetação abaixo da copa dessas árvores: se a vegetação está doente, se há chance de um incêndio ou se a vegetação está se regenerando.Podemos fornecer informações sobre o que está acontecendo, por exemplo, com o solo de uma fazenda. A umidade, doenças em plantações, esse tipo de coisa, para que os fazendeiros possam investir com mais inteligência, saber o que plantar, como eles precisam irrigar com base em informações muito detalhadas sobre o que está acontecendo com a terra.Espero que fechemos parcerias como essa no Brasil. Lula é conhecido por ajudar as pessoas que precisam ganhar a vida. Ele sabe que, para vencer a luta para preservar a floresta amazônica, precisa ajudar essas pessoas, para que elas não sigam derrubando as árvores.Então informações desse tipo podem ser compartilhadas com governos locais e até fazendeiros.E fazemos isso por meio da US AID [Agência dos Estados Unidos para o Desenvolvimento Internacional]. Acho que o Brasil é perfeito para este programa e espero ver mais desse tipo de parceria como resultado dessa minha visita.Qual é a visão da Nasa sobre a situação da Amazônia? Nossa maior preocupação é que as pessoas parem de derrubar as árvores. Imagine quanto de carbono todas essas árvores podem absorver?Se destruirmos essa diversidade biológica e ecológica única, de animais e plantas, destruímos o planeta terra. Preservá-lo é nosso principal objetivo. E como? Usando o melhor da ciência que temos.E ao mesmo tempo, como ele [Lula] deixa claro, dando ao povo uma forma alternativa de ganhar a vida que não derrubar árvores para fazer plantações ou criar gado. Nosso objetivo é ajudar com esse processo.Essa não é a solução para tudo, isso vai muito além da Nasa. Você precisa dar às pessoas um caminho para se sustentar, para vender suas plantações, conseguir empregos em outras áreas para que não tenham que derrubar a floresta. Elas precisam de educação para que consigam trabalhos e salários dignos.É um problema social complexo, mas a Nasa pode fazer a sua parte. Mais A agenda ambiental aproxima Lula do presidente dos EUA, Joe Biden? Com certeza. E essa é a razão de tudo que discutimos. Você não pode resolver os problemas da Terra se não resolver os problemas da Amazônia. A minha visão é de que vocês têm um governo no qual uma das principais agendas é preservar e reduzir a destruição da floresta amazônica. Com certeza eles discutiram isso quando conversaram, em fevereiro, e vão conversar seriamente, em algum momento no futuro.Essa é uma das razões pelas quais eu estou aqui, como parte do governo Biden. O senador Chris Dodd é o melhor amigo do presidente Biden e também o enviado do governo para a América Latina. Ele já conversou diversas vezes com Lula e essas conversas vão continuar. Temos agora conferências internacionais nas quais certamente eles [os presidentes] vão se ver.A Nasa tem planos para parcerias com a Agência Espacial Brasileira? Nós vamos falar sobre isso amanhã, mas o que estou contando faz parte disso. Especificamente sobre uma cooperação científica é o que ainda vamos discutir, mas o satélite que está na foto que dei ao Lula é feito pelo Brasil e pelos Estados Unidos, então com certeza discutiremos alguns projetos conjuntos para o futuro.Recentemente, o Brasil assinou o acordo de Artemis, que trata do uso pacífico do espaço especialmente agora que estamos retornando à Lua, para aprendermos como chegar até Marte.Também vamos discutir o seguinte: [a Nasa] cria informações geradas a partir de 25 satélites, informação que chega à Terra em tempo real e é transmitida dentro de nossas instalações.Padrões climáticos, temperatura da superfície da Terra, correntes oceânicas, padrões de dióxido de carbono, de gás metano... tudo em tempo real, com satélites que dão uma volta na Terra a cada 90 minutos.A Agência Espacial Brasileira precisa ter essa informação. Essa é uma das coisas que vamos debater amanhã [nesta terça-feira].Atualmente tanto Estados Unidos quanto a China estão tentando chegar à Lua. Há uma nova corrida espacial? Nós [EUA] vamos para a Lua ano que vem, pela primeira vez em meio século. E nos últimos dez anos, os chineses melhoraram muito [nesta área]. Eles são muito secretos, o programa espacial deles é basicamente militar —embora eles digam que não. Mais Eles não são transparentes. Por exemplo: quando lançaram sua base espacial, seus foguetes não tinham combustível para fazer uma reentrada controlada [na atmosfera]. Então cada 1 dos 3 propulsores [que levavam as partes da base para o espaço] retornou ao planeta e eles não divulgaram as coordenadas de onde eles iriam cair.Primeiro achamos que seria na Grécia, depois parecia que era na Arábia Saudita e, por sorte, no caso do segundo foguete, ele acabou caindo no Oceano Índico, não acertou ninguém. Mas em nenhum momento eles falavam sobre isso, são sempre muito secretos. Eles disseram que também estão indo para a Lua, então temos uma corrida espacial. A corrida espacial é com a China.Bill Nelson, 80 Membro do partido democrata, foi deputado no Congresso dos Estados Unidos pela Flórida, de 1979 a 1991, e, depois, senador democrata, de 2001 a 2019. Serviu na Guerra do Vietnã, viajou ao espaço em 1986 e, em 2021, foi escolhido por Joe Biden como administrador da Nasa. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Algumas vezes por ano, normalmente entre três e quatro, a Lua chega ao ponto mais próximo da Terra, aparecendo maior e mais brilhante no céu noturno. Nesses casos, ela é chamada de superlua.Explicando cientificamente, a órbita da Lua em torno da Terra é elíptica. Desta forma, o satélite algumas vezes passa mais próximo (chamado de perigeu, na média de 363.300 km) ou mais distante (apogeu, na média de 405.500 km) do nosso planeta.De acordo com astrônomos, a superlua aparece até 14% maior e 30% mais brilhante do que uma Lua normal."Esse valor a gente não pode levar ao pé da letra, é em torno disso. O tamanho angular da Lua no céu no perigeu é de cerca de 10% maior por causa da sua órbita elíptica. Esse valor pode variar entre 8% e 14% porque não é fixo, uma vez que as superluas ocorrem na maioria das vezes próximo do perigeu, e não necessariamente em sua máxima aproximação com a Terra. Então, vamos ter superluas em que a Lua vai aparecer maior e mais brilhante que em outras, porque a distância vai variar, mas sempre ocorrerá durante uma aproximação com o perigeu", diz o astrônomo Filipe Monteiro, pós-doutor do Observatório Nacional.O conceito de superlua foi criado pelo astrólogo norte-americano Richard Nolle em 1979, que estabeleceu que receberia o nome de "super" uma lua cheia que ocorre no perigeu ou 90% próxima deste ponto.Segundo o Observatório Nacional, desde o ano 2000, o dia em que a superlua mais se aproximou da Terra foi no dia 14 de novembro de 2016, quando estava a 356.509 quilômetros de distância do planeta. A previsão é que passagem tão próxima assim volte a ocorrer em 24 de dezembro de 2026, quando a Lua estará a 356.650 quilômetros da Terra.A Nasa diz que as marés altas e baixas são influenciadas pela superlua. "Os extremos são maiores devido à diferença na atração gravitacional da Lua ao longo do diâmetro da Terra. Quando a Lua está próxima, o diâmetro da Terra é uma fração ligeiramente maior da separação entre a Terra e a Lua. Isso significa que a atração gravitacional da Lua nos oceanos (e na crosta terrestre) tem uma diferença maior entre o ponto na Terra mais próximo ao centro da Lua e o ponto na Terra diametralmente oposto a ele (o antípoda). Isso aumenta os efeitos das marés", diz a agência em seu site oficial. Mais | ciencia | 0 | 0.966681 |
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] | O Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação anunciou nesta semana que o pesquisador Alysson Muotri, professor na Universidade da Califórnia em San Diego (UCSD), nos Estados Unidos, deve ser o primeiro cientista brasileiro a desenvolver experimentos na Estação Espacial Internacional (ISS, em inglês).A viagem está prevista para novembro de 2024 e, caso ocorra conforme o planejado, fará de Muotri o terceiro brasileiro a ir para o espaço. O primeiro foi Marcos Pontes (atualmente senador pelo PL de São Paulo), em 2016, e o segundo foi o engenheiro Victor Hespanha, no ano passado.O anúncio da viagem ocorreu após um encontro entre o pesquisador, a ministra Luciana Santos e o presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) no Palácio do Planalto.Formado em biologia na Unicamp (Universidade Estadual de Campinas), com doutorado em genética na USP (Universidade de São Paulo), Muotri é um pesquisador renomado na área de neurociência.Ele estuda o desenvolvimento cerebral há anos e já enviou minicérebros —organoides criados em laboratórios por meio de células-tronco— para a ISS três vezes.Na missão mais recente, em julho de 2022, foram levados minicérebros derivados de pessoas com autismo, área de grande interesse do brasileiro, que além do cargo na UCSD é fundador da empresa de biotecnologia Tismoo, focada na saúde de pessoas com transtornos neurológicos.Os experimentos revelaram que as células neuronais envelhecem mais rápido no espaço. Em um mês, elas envelhecem o equivalente a dez anos, de acordo com o cientista.Na viagem de 2024, Muotri terá a oportunidade de viajar para a ISS e analisar in loco o impacto da microgravidade nos minicérebros.A expectativa é de que, com a maior compreensão do fenômeno, seja possível proteger o cérebro dos astronautas em longas missões. Outro objetivo com os minicérebros é investigar novas opções de tratamento para doenças como Alzheimer."Estamos trabalhando com organoides para descobrir como o cérebro se desenvolve e, assim, poder entender como ele funciona, como o neurodesenvolvimento pode dar errado e como podemos prevenir ou corrigir isso", explicou Muotri em um vídeo sobre os estudos que desenvolve com sua equipe no laboratório da UCSD. Os minicérebros são criados com as chamadas células iPS (ou células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas).A partir de uma amostra de pele, por exemplo, os cientistas usam fatores especiais para fazer as células "voltarem no tempo", adquirindo uma versatilidade semelhante à das células-tronco embrionárias. Depois, empregam substâncias que fazem as células iPS se especializar em neurônios.Aos poucos, esses neurônios se conectam e formam uma estrutura tridimensional que imita de forma simplificada a organização do córtex cerebral humano, daí "minicérebros".Como a estrutura possui o mesmo material genético da pessoa que doou a amostra, é esperado que ela apresente os mesmos padrões de desenvolvimento do cérebro original, o que permite analisar variações nos neurônios ao longo do tempo e seu impacto no desenvolvimento de demências e do TEA (transtorno do espectro autista), por exemplo.Além do anúncio da viagem, no encontro foi divulgada uma parceria entre a UCSD e a Ufam (Universidade Federal da Amazônia) para identificar, a partir da biodiversidade amazônica, compostos neuroativos que possam ser utilizados na área da saúde.A cooperação tem duração prevista de cinco anos e também visa treinar cientistas brasileiros na produção de minicérebros."No laboratório, recebo alunos de todo o Brasil, e agora firmamos uma parceria com a Universidade do Amazonas. Isso é um grande passo para testarmos fármacos da biodiversidade local", comentou Muotri no encontro no Planalto."Esse projeto pode ser uma situação em que todos saem ganhando com a visibilidade e com os resultados", complementou. Na Ufam, o programa será coordenado pelos professores Spartaco Astolfi Filho e Robson Amorim. Mais "A velocidade das mudanças tecnológicas é muito grande, e precisamos inserir o país nas cadeias mais dinâmicas", disse a ministra Luciana Santos. "Esse é um assunto estratégico para enfrentarmos uma das áreas mais desafiadoras, que é a neurociência." | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | O telescópio espacial europeu Euclid será lançado no próximo dia 1º para tentar desvendar dois grandes enigmas do universo, a matéria e a energia escuras. A Agência Espacial Europeia (ESA) fez o anúncio pelo Twitter nesta quarta-feira (21).O satélite, que sairá de Cabo Canaveral, na Flórida, Estados Unidos, será levado por um foguete Falcon 9, da empresa americana SpaceX, de Elon Musk.Concebido pela Thales Alenia Space, o satélite de duas toneladas, 4,7 metros de altura e 3,5 de comprimento, será posicionado perto do telescópio espacial James Webb, a 1,5 milhão de quilômetros da Terra.Do chamado ponto de Lagrange 2, Euclid —nome em homenagem ao pai da geometria, o grego Euclides— projetará um mapa tridimensional do universo, que abrangerá 2 bilhões de galáxias, cobrindo um terço da abóbada celeste.Essa inédita cartografia visa reconstruir a história do universo "por parcelas do tempo", explicou o astrofísico Yannick Mellier, do consórcio Euclid, em entrevista coletiva concedida no dia 13 deste mês.A ideia é entender melhor a matéria escura e a energia escura, que constituem 95% do universo, mas cuja natureza é completamente desconhecida.Ambos são invisíveis e, até o momento, puramente teóricos, mas os cientistas precisam desses componentes para compreender o cosmos.A hipótese é que a matéria escura atuaria como um cimento dentro das galáxias, o que explicaria por que não se dispersam em nuvens de estrelas. Já energia escura é necessária para explicar a expansão acelerada do universo.Com essa missão, os astrônomos esperam conhecer mais sobre como ambos atuam e evoluem com o tempo. Mais | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Enormes estruturas de pedra pré-históricas encontradas em paisagens desérticas entre a Arábia Saudita e o Cazaquistão surpreendem os arqueólogos há décadas. Cada uma pode se estender por alguns quilômetros, e sua forma se assemelha a uma pipa com rabiola.Estudos recentes reforçaram um consenso de que as chamadas "pipas do deserto" eram usadas para capturar e matar rebanhos de animais selvagens. Mas como os caçadores antigos conceberam —e perceberam— essas estruturas grandiosas permaneceu um mistério.As pipas, em sua totalidade, são "visíveis apenas do ar", disse Rémy Crassard, arqueólogo do Centro Nacional de Pesquisas Científicas da França. "Mesmo com nossas técnicas modernas de visualizar a paisagem, para nós, arqueólogos, cientistas e estudiosos, ainda é difícil fazer um mapa adequado."Crassard e seus colegas ficaram muito felizes em 2015 quando encontraram dois monólitos de pedra com representações precisas de pipas do deserto próximas, na Jordânia e na Arábia Saudita. Gravadas entre 7.000 e 9.000 anos atrás, essas representações são certamente as mais antigas plantas arquitetônicas em escala registradas na história da humanidade, informou a equipe no mês passado na revista Plos One.Eles também destacam que as pipas do deserto podem ter sido cuidadosamente planejadas pelos povos antigos que dependiam delas."É impressionante", disse Crassard, "saber e mostrar que eles foram capazes de ter essa conceituação mental de espaços muito amplos e colocá-la numa superfície menor."Na última década, como parte de um projeto chamado Globalkites, Crassard e seus colegas usaram imagens de satélite para identificar mais de 6.000 pipas do deserto de várias formas e tamanhos no Oriente Médio e na Ásia Ocidental e Central. Outros pesquisadores descobriram, enquanto faziam pesquisas e escavações, gravações em pedra que retratavam esses enigmas feitos pelo homem.Mas, falando das gravuras encontradas anteriormente, Crassard disse que "não se poderia relacionar esses desenhos a uma pipa específica".Quando encontraram as duas representações de pipas no sudeste da Jordânia e no norte da Arábia Saudita, durante pesquisas de campo, os arqueólogos logo viram que eram especiais. Mais A princípio, eles notaram a presença de três características definidoras de pipas. Havia "rabiolas", que representam fileiras de pedras mais ou menos contíguas. Estas convergem para um recinto murado que se assemelha ao "corpo" da pipa. E ao longo das bordas do corpo foram cavados fossos. Os arqueólogos suspeitam que grupos de animais, como gazelas, seguiam essas fileiras de pedra ou eram perseguidos ao longo delas antes de serem canalizados para o recinto, onde os caçadores matavam os animais e usavam os fossos situados estrategicamente para prender os que tentassem escapar.Muito rapidamente, a equipe reconheceu que essas gravuras combinavam com a forma e a estrutura das pipas vistas nas proximidades. No sudeste da Jordânia, por exemplo, as linhas da cauda das pipas se curvam à medida que convergem para os recintos —peculiaridade também visível na pedra gravada."Quando olhamos as imagens de satélite e aéreas que tiramos em campo, é como um desenho das pipas reais dessa área", disse Mohammad Tarawneh, arqueólogo da Universidade Al-Hussein Bin Talal, na Jordânia, e um dos autores do estudo.Modelos matemáticos também indicaram que as pipas na região da Jordânia-Arábia Saudita onde a equipe trabalhou eram as que mais se aproximavam quando os pesquisadores compararam a geometria das duas gravuras com um total de 69 pipas de várias regiões. A comparação das formas com essas pipas próximas também revelou que os desenhos foram feitos em escala. Os pesquisadores inferiram as idades das gravuras usando ferramentas de datação geológica para determinar há quanto tempo foram construídas as estruturas locais de pipas correspondentes.Receba no seu email uma seleção semanal com o que de mais importante aconteceu no mundo; aberta para não assinantes.Carregando...O que permanece desconhecido é se essas representações foram preparadas como plantas para ajudar na construção das pipas ou serviam de mapas para os caçadores. As gravuras também podem ser comemorações simbólicas das pipas do deserto, que teriam sido uma parte importante da identidade cultural dos povos antigos que as fizeram e usaram, disse Wael Abu-Azizeh, arqueólogo do Instituto Francês do Oriente Próximo na Jordânia e um dos autores do estudo.Yorke Rowan, arqueólogo da Universidade de Chicago, que não participou do estudo, disse que as gravuras citadas no artigo foram uma grande descoberta. Ele considerou notável que as pessoas no solo estivessem retratando com precisão coisas que hoje só podem ser vistas totalmente do alto. Encontrar esse domínio mental do espaço abre uma nova janela para as mentes desses antigos caçadores.Tradução de Luiz Roberto M. Gonçalves | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | O momento em que o astronauta Neil Armstrong (1930-2012) deu seu famoso passo na superfície da Lua em 1969 é lembrado como um dos mais memoráveis da história da humanidade.Mas como teria sido se a lua em que Armstrong pisou estivesse marcada por enormes crateras e contaminada pelos efeitos de um bombardeio nuclear?Isso porque, em plena Guerra Fria, os Estados Unidos cogitaram detonar uma bomba de hidrogênio na Lua, no que ficou conhecido como Projeto A119, de autoria de Leonard Reiffel (1927-2017).Um dos principais físicos químicos dos Estados Unidos, Reifell trabalhou com Enrico Fermi, o criador do primeiro reator nuclear do mundo, conhecido como o "arquiteto da bomba nuclear".As bombas de hidrogênio eram muito mais destrutivas do que a bomba atômica lançada sobre Hiroshima em 1945 e consideradas o que havia de mais moderno em armamento nuclear na época.Entre maio de 1958 e janeiro de 1959, Reiffel produziu vários relatórios sobre a viabilidade do projeto.Inacreditavelmente, um dos cientistas que tornaram possível esse plano foi o astrônomo Carl Sagan (1934-1996), que se tornaria um ícone desse campo.Na verdade, a existência do projeto só foi descoberta na década de 1990 porque Sagan o mencionou em uma inscrição para uma universidade de elite nos EUA.Embora se acredite que o plano poderia ter ajudado a responder algumas questões científicas rudimentares sobre a Lua, o principal objetivo do Projeto A119 era uma demonstração de força.A bomba explodiria no terminador da Lua (zona de crepúsculo ou "linha cinza"), ou seja, a fronteira entre os lados claro e escuro da Lua, para criar um flash de luz brilhante que qualquer um, mas especialmente no Kremlin, poderia ver a olho nu.A ausência de uma atmosfera significava que não haveria nuvem de cogumelo nuclear.Existe apenas uma explicação convincente para propor um plano tão sombrio, e sua motivação está entre a insegurança e o desespero.Na década de 1950, não parecia que os Estados Unidos estavam vencendo a Guerra Fria.Havia uma sensação, alimentada por políticos americanos e pela própria opinião pública, de que a União Soviética (URSS) estivesse à frente na corrida nuclear, especialmente no desenvolvimento e número de bombardeiros e mísseis nucleares.Posteriormente, descobriu-se que esses temores eram infundados.Mas os Estados Unidos tinham motivos para suspeitar que estavam ficando para trás, apesar da explosão da primeira bomba de hidrogênio em 1952.Para surpresa de Washington, os soviéticos conseguiram explodir a deles apenas três anos depois, e então, em 1957, Moscou deu um grande salto na corrida espacial com o lançamento do Sputnik 1, o primeiro satélite artificial em órbita ao redor do mundo.Contribuiu para o nervosismo dos americanos o fato de que o Sputnik tenha sido lançado em um ICBM soviético —embora modificado— e que a própria tentativa de Washington de lançar uma "lua artificial" tenha terminado em uma fracasso retumbante.Imagens do foguete Vanguard transformando-se em uma enorme bola de fogo deram a volta pelo mundo.Na ocasião, um cinejornal britânico descreveu o episódio sem papas na língua: "A VANGUARDA FALOU... um grande revés no campo do prestígio e da propaganda...".Enquanto isso, nas escolas americanas, os alunos eram expostos ao famoso filme informativo "Duck and Cover", no qual Bert, uma tartaruga animada, ensinava às crianças o que fazer no caso de um ataque nuclear.Mais tarde naquele ano, jornais americanos, citando uma fonte de inteligência de alto nível, relataram que "os soviéticos bombardearão H (hidrogênio) na Lua no aniversário da Revolução, 7 de novembro".Outras reportagens indicavam que os soviéticos podiam já estar planejando lançar um foguete com armas nucleares contra os EUA.Tal como acontece com outros rumores da Guerra Fria, suas origens são difíceis de decifrar.Estranhamente, esse mesmo temor provavelmente motivou os soviéticos a levar seus planos adiante.Um deles, com o codinome E4, era uma imitação do americano e acabou sendo descartado por Moscou por motivos semelhantes: medo de que um lançamento fracassado pudesse fazer com que a bomba caísse em solo soviético, no que foi descrito como "incidente internacional altamente indesejável".Pode ser que eles tenham percebido que pousar na Lua seria mais vantajoso.Em 2000, Reiffel disse que o projeto era "tecnicamente viável" e que a explosão teria sido visível na Terra.O dano que a explosão teria causado ao ambiente lunar primitivo não afligiu a Força Aérea dos EUA, apesar das preocupações dos cientistas."O Projeto A119 foi uma das várias ideias lançadas como resposta ao Sputnik", diz Alex Wellerstein, historiador da ciência e tecnologia nuclear."Outra foi abater o Sputnik. Essas ideias são consideradas golpes publicitários projetados para impressionar as pessoas.""O que os americanos fizeram no final foi colocar seu próprio satélite em funcionamento, e isso levou um pouco de tempo, mas eles continuaram com esse projeto com alguma seriedade, pelo menos até o final dos anos 1950", acrescenta o historiador.Na visão de Wellerstein, "foi um período bastante interessante sobre o tipo de mentalidade americana da época. Essa necessidade de que, para competir, era preciso criar algo muito impressionante"."Acho que, nesse caso, era impressionante e aterrorizante ao mesmo tempo", acrescentou.No entanto, Wellerstein não sabe dizer se o medo da caça às bruxas anticomunista fez com que físicos nucleares trabalhassem nesse projeto."Qualquer um que ocupou esses cargos provavelmente o fez porque estava motivado até certo ponto", opina."Eles não se importavam em fazer o trabalho. Se tivessem medo, poderiam ter feito um milhão de outras coisas. Muitos cientistas fizeram isso na Guerra Fria; eles disseram que a física havia se tornado política demais."Outro ponto de inflexão pode ter sido a Guerra do Vietnã, que pode ter provocado mais um exame de consciência.Bleddyn Bowen, especialista em relações internacionais no espaço sideral, diz que eram estudos muito sérios, "mas não receberam financiamento ou atenção quando deixaram a comunidade espacial"."Se houver algo como esse tipo de histeria lunar novamente, isso vai contra a ordem legal internacional estabelecida... acordada por quase todos os estados do mundo", disse ele.Esses planos poderiam ressurgir, apesar do consenso internacional?"Ouvi algum barulho vindo de alguns lugares e do Pentágono sobre a Força Espacial dos EUA estudando missões para o ambiente lunar", diz Bowen.A questão, porém, é que se algumas das ideias mais malucas não pegarem nos Estados Unidos, isso não significa que elas não possam ter sucesso em outros países , como a China."Eu não ficaria surpreso se houvesse uma comunidade na China que quisesse promover algumas dessas ideias porque eles acham que a Lua é legal e eles trabalham nas forças armadas", acrescenta Bowen.A maioria dos detalhes do Projeto A119 permanecem envoltos em mistério. Aparentemente muitos deles foram destruídos.Dito isso, a maior lição que aprendemos foi, talvez, que nunca devemos ignorar o trabalho de pesquisa com um nome indefinido e burocrático sem pelo menos lê-lo primeiro. | ciencia | 1 | 1 |
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] | Em novembro do ano passado, a Nasa celebrou o lançamento da missão Artemis 1 com o foguete SLS, então promovido como o mais poderoso do mundo em operação. De fato era. Mas pode perder a posição já nesta segunda-feira (17), quando a SpaceX pretende lançar pela primeira vez seu veículo Starship.Com seus 120 metros, o poderoso lançador de dois estágios é o maior foguete já construído em toda a história. Ao se propelir até a órbita terrestre, baterá todos os recordes de capacidade de transporte espacial, superando até mesmo o Saturn V, usado nos anos 1960 e 1970 pelo programa espacial americano para as missões lunares Apollo.Tem mais: a ambição da SpaceX é que o sistema seja totalmente reutilizável, com os dois estágios (um propulsor, denominado Super Heavy, e a nave propriamente dita, Starship) capazes de pousar de forma autônoma.Para o voo inaugural, contudo, as ambições são muito mais modestas: ao estilo estabanado de Elon Musk (fundador e CEO da SpaceX), a empresa estará satisfeita se o gigante conseguir deixar a plataforma de lançamento em segurança. Tudo que vier depois é tido como lucro pelos engenheiros envolvidos no projeto.A equipe, contudo, se considera pronta para voar. Uma revisão de prontidão de voo foi conduzida no fim de semana passado, com o veículo já montado sobre a plataforma, e com ela veio a decisão de não conduzir um ensaio geral molhado (ou seja, abastecendo o foguete e realizando a contagem regressiva até o momento em que os motores seriam acionados), pulando direto para uma tentativa real de lançamento.A última pendência, pelo menos do ponto de vista burocrático, era uma autorização da FAA (agência federal de aviação americana), responsável pelo controle de voos privados de foguetes, concedida no fim da tarde de sexta (14).A SpaceX opera seus ensaios de desenvolvimento do Starship a partir da instalação que chama de Starbase, em Boca Chica, no Texas. É na fronteira com o México, com saída para o golfo, numa região erma, mas com considerável presença de vida selvagem. A principal preocupação da FAA era com o impacto ambiental da operação. De acordo com a agência, a empresa de foguetes atendeu a 75 solicitações para cumprir os requisitos de segurança.Com a licença em mãos, a SpaceX selecionou esta segunda (17) como data para o teste —ele ocorrerá entre 9h e 11h30 (do horário de Brasília). Além disso, os dias 18 e 19 foram indicados como reservas para o caso de algum imprevisto. Mais Não será de surpreender, contudo, se todas as três datas não forem utilizadas, em virtude de algum problema técnico.O primeiro lançamento de um novo foguete é sempre complicado. A Nasa, com seu relativamente familiar SLS (fortemente baseado em tecnologias desenvolvidas para os antigos ônibus espaciais), originalmente pretendia lançar a Artemis 1 em 29 de agosto do ano passado, mas a missão acabou partindo só em 16 de novembro.Seja quando for de fato o lançamento do Starship, ele pode se tornar um marco divisório na história da exploração espacial.O programa Starship nasceu como iniciativa independente da SpaceX, e com outro nome: Interplanetary Transport System. Trata-se do sistema com o qual Elon Musk espera um dia promover a colonização de Marte.Para isso acontecer, o custo de cada lançamento precisa cair drasticamente, o que só é possível se os veículos forem baratos, reutilizáveis, dispensarem grande manutenção entre voos, possam ser reabastecidos no espaço e sejam capazes de usar combustível facilmente produzido no planeta vermelho.Foram esses os requisitos que nortearam a concepção do Starship: um veículo enorme, com nada menos que 33 motores no primeiro estágio (o maior número já usado em um um foguete), movidos a metano e oxigênio líquidos. Isso porque é simples produzi-los a partir de água e dióxido de carbono, dois recursos naturais fartamente disponíveis em Marte.Parecia mais um delírio de Musk. Até que a própria Nasa começou a acreditar. Ao definir que faria a aquisição de um módulo de pouso tripulado para o programa Artemis por meio de concorrência, a agência acabou optando pelo programa Starship, deixando para trás designs mais conservadores (como o da Blue Origin, de Jeff Bezos) e empresas mais tradicionais (como a gigante Boeing).A essa altura, o Starship já está contratado para fazer as alunissagens das missões Artemis 3 e 4 (a um custo de US$ 4,05 bilhões), o que significa dizer que não haverá astronautas caminhando na Lua tão cedo se o projeto da SpaceX fracassar. É uma aposta de alto risco da Nasa, com benefícios proporcionalmente altos em caso de sucesso. Mais O veículo poderá transportar mais de cem toneladas até a superfície lunar –algo como levar um Boeing 747 com a área de carga cheia. Isso tornaria a construção de uma base da Lua um processo muito mais simples.Na prática, mudaria todas as regras do jogo na exploração espacial. Até hoje, o esforço é sempre o de fazer satélites e cargas úteis tão pequenos e leves quanto possível. Lembra como o Telescópio Espacial James Webb, com seu espelho segmentado de 6,5 metros, teve de ir todo dobradinho dentro da coifa do foguete Ariane 5? No Starship, com um diâmetro de 9 metros, você pode acomodar um espelho bem maior que o do Webb —e sem dobrá-lo.Uma série de outras aplicações poderiam se tornar possíveis, como transporte de pessoas e carga ponto a ponto em qualquer lugar da Terra em menos de uma hora. O Pentágono, por sinal, está de olho no Starship como possível transporte para suas operações militares.Contudo, será preciso que o veículo funcione como propagandeado. E tudo começa com este primeiro teste. Na melhor das hipóteses, veremos o primeiro estágio decolar, concluir seu trabalho de ascensão, se separar do segundo estágio e descer para um "pouso" na superfície do mar, no golfo do México. A SpaceX não tentará recuperá-lo, mas quer treinar a capacidade de manobrá-lo para futuros pousos em solo.O segundo estágio então usará seus motores (são três para propulsão no espaço e outros três para manobras na atmosfera) para atingir velocidade orbital, dar quase uma volta inteira em torno da Terra e então reentrar na atmosfera, fazendo um mergulho em alta velocidade no mar, próximo ao Havaí.Se tudo isso der certo, ou se pelo menos o Starship atingir a órbita, a SpaceX poderá dizer que tem o foguete mais poderoso já lançado na história da exploração espacial. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | A Juice, acrônimo para Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, ou Exploradora das Luas Geladas de Júpiter, foi lançada nesta sexta-feira (14) do centro de Kourou, na Guiana Francesa, rumo ao maior planeta do Sistema Solar.A missão estava programada para ontem (13), mas riscos meterológicos impediram o lançamento. Ele então foi adiado para esta sexta (14), ocorrendo como previsto.A sonda da ESA (Agência Espacial Europeia), que custou 1,5 bilhão de euros, foi encapsulada no topo do foguete Ariane 5 no início da longa jornada até seu destino final.A viagem envolverá o uso da gravidade da Lua, da Terra e de Vênus para estilingá-la até Júpiter, chegando por lá apenas em julho de 2031, quando se tornará a primeira missão não americana a explorar o planeta.Seus objetivos principais são fazer uma caracterização completa do gigante gasoso e um estudo pormenorizado de 3 das suas 4 maiores luas: Europa, Ganimedes e Calisto. Há fortes indícios de que ao menos as duas primeiras, mas possivelmente todas as três, são luas-oceano, ou seja, têm oceanos de água salgada sob suas crostas congeladas."A principal meta é entender se há ambientes habitáveis nessas luas geladas e nos arredores de um planeta como Júpiter", explicou Olivier Witasse, cientista de projeto da missão, em entrevista coletiva na última quinta (6). "Vamos caracterizar esses oceanos, determinar onde estão localizados, que profundidade têm, qual é a composição dessa água. E, para entender essa questão da habitabilidade, temos de estudar o sistema de Júpiter globalmente."Com um impressionante conjunto de sensores, a Juice tentará caracterizar esses oceanos e quem sabe até encontrar possíveis assinaturas bioquímicas de que pode haver vida prosperando por lá (embora esse não seja um objetivo declarado da iniciativa).De forma notável, a mais badalada das três luas para a prospecção por vida, Europa, é a que terá a menor atenção da missão: dos 35 sobrevoos planejados para os primeiros quatro anos da missão, apenas 2 serão voltados para Europa. A maioria deles (21) será sobre Calisto, e os 12 remanescentes, para Ganimedes, a maior lua do Sistema Solar. Com 5.268 km de diâmetro, ela é maior que o planeta Mercúrio e é a única a ter um campo magnético próprio, um dos muitos itens que a Juice estudará em detalhe.O aparente desprezo por Europa não vem sem razão: a Nasa (agência espacial americana) também está trabalhando em uma nova orbitadora de Júpiter, chamada Europa Clipper, que terá como principal objetivo realizar seguidos sobrevoos dessa lua joviana. Ela será lançada no ano que vem e deve chegar a Júpiter em 2030, um ano antes da própria Juice.Além disso, o ambiente de radiação em Europa é muito mais agressivo do que nas duas luas mais externas, Ganimedes e Calisto, o que pode levar à degradação da espaçonave caso ela não tenha proteção adequada.Com alguma coordenação entre as missões americana e europeia (que curiosamente nasceram a partir da proposta de uma única gigantesca missão internacional), é possível maximizar o conhecimento colhido pelos dois projetos. Os grupos fazem reuniões anuais conjuntas e mantêm contato constantemente, mesmo antes dos respectivos lançamentos de suas espaçonaves. Mais Se a americana Europa Clipper vai se concentrar, como o nome sugere, em Europa, a grande estrela da europeia Juice (além do planeta Júpiter, é claro) será a lua Ganimedes. No fim de 2034, a sonda fará algo que nenhuma outra jamais realizou e entrará em órbita de uma lua do Sistema Solar que não a nossa própria, passando pelo menos mais dez meses (e potencialmente muito mais tempo) estudando-a de perto.As três luas geladas jovianas têm, cada uma, uma personalidade. Europa é a mais ativa e intempestiva, com sinais claros de renovação constante de sua crosta de gelo, deslocamento de placas e possivelmente a emissão de plumas de água vindas do oceano subsuperficial, por meio de fissuras. Calcula-se que o oceano de Europa esteja em contato direto com um núcleo rochoso, fazendo desse ambiente algo muito similar ao que provavelmente deu origem à vida na Terra.Ganimedes, por sua vez, tem terrenos jovens e antigos em sua superfície congelada, e há sinais claros de que também existe um oceano de água salgada sob a crosta de gelo. Só que os modelos da estrutura interna da lua sugerem que a camada aquosa está ensanduichada entre duas capas de gelo, uma acima e outra abaixo, impedindo o contato direto entre o oceano e o núcleo rochoso. Isso a torna um alvo menos promissor para a busca por vida, mas não se pode descartá-la por completo.Por fim, Calisto representa um testemunho do que foi o sistema Júpiter no começo da história do Sistema Solar. Com uma superfície escura, antiga e muito marcada por crateras, ela também pode ter um oceano subsuperficial, mas é algo que a Juice certamente vai ajudar a confirmar ou refutar.Para fazer tudo isso, a sonda europeia construída pela empresa Airbus foi dotada com os maiores painéis solares já lançados em uma missão interplanetária. São ao todo 85 metros quadrados de placas fotovoltaicas, cuidadosamente dobradas para o lançamento, aguardando o comando para se abrirem no espaço.A necessidade dos grandes painéis é fornecer eletricidade adequada à sonda mesmo à órbita de Júpiter, cerca de cinco vezes mais distante do Sol que a Terra. O nível de radiação solar é 25 vezes mais intenso aqui do que lá, mas mesmo assim a Juice terá cerca de 850 watts para alimentar seus instrumentos.São dez deles, além de um experimento envolvendo a antena de comunicação para determinação precisa da posição e velocidade da sonda e de um medidor de radiação. Com o conjunto, a sonda produzirá dados completos do ambiente espacial no sistema joviano, bem como sensoriamento remoto das turbulentas nuvens do planeta e mapeamento da superfície das luas visitadas.Witasse vê a missão como um esforço que vai além da compreensão da história de Júpiter e seus satélites. "Júpiter é um sistema solar em miniatura, então entendê-lo nos ajuda a entender a formação do nosso próprio Sistema Solar, como evoluiu com o tempo, e isso também ajudará a entender outros sistemas extrassolares."Até hoje, apenas duas missões entraram em órbita de Júpiter, as americanas Galileo (que chegou lá em 1995 e operou até 2003) e Juno (ainda em operação, chegada ao sistema joviano em 2016). | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | É verdade que são imagens de radar com baixa resolução produzidas por uma velha espaçonave há mais de 30 anos. Mas uma nova olhada nelas revelou o que pode ser a primeira evidência de atividade vulcânica corrente na superfície de Vênus.O trabalho foi realizado por Robert Herrick, da Universidade do Alasca em Fairbanks, e Scott Hensley, do Laboratório de Propulsão a Jato da Nasa, ambos nos EUA. As conclusões foram apresentadas durante a 54ª Conferência de Ciência Lunar e Planetária, em The Woodlands, Texas, e figuram em artigo a ser publicado na edição desta semana da revista Science.O achado é importante por dar algumas balizas à forte discussão existente sobre a dinâmica de vulcanismo venusiana e pode até informar questões recentes levantadas sobre o planeta, como a presença de fosfina na alta atmosfera, molécula que pode ser (ou não) evidência de vida nas nuvens daquele mundo.Vênus é genericamente reconhecido como um gêmeo da Terra —mais precisamente como um gêmeo "mau". É nosso vizinho planetário mais próximo, tem praticamente o mesmo tamanho e a mesma massa da Terra (apenas um tiquinho menos). É o mundo solar que recebe o nível de irradiação mais próximo do terrestre. E, no entanto, guarda marcadas diferenças.A mais notável para nós, criaturas vivas, é a atmosfera ultradensa dominada por dióxido de carbono, capaz de gerar um efeito estufa tão poderoso que a temperatura na superfície excede os 460°C, comparável à de um forno de pizza. Nada que entendemos por vida pode viver lá.A alta atmosfera é mais aprazível, com temperatura e pressão similares à que encontramos na Terra ao nível do mar, mas ainda assim extremamente seca. Se houver alguma chance de biologia em Vênus, é só em meio às nuvens, e a maioria dos cientistas acha mesmo isso bem improvável.Outro contraste importante é a rotação: enquanto a Terra dá uma volta em torno de seu próprio eixo a cada 23h56min, Vênus leva 243 dias (mais que o próprio ano venusiano, 224 dias) para fazer a mesma coisa. Mais Em 1989, a Nasa lançou a missão Magellan. Batizada em homenagem ao navegador Fernão de Magalhães, primeiro a circunavegar a Terra, ela circularia Vênus múltiplas vezes para realizar um mapeamento tão preciso quanto possível do planeta vizinho.Não é um desafio trivial, já que a superfície venusiana passa o tempo todo inteiramente recoberta por densas nuvens. Para colher as imagens, a Magellan usou radar, fazendo muitas varreduras em faixas estreitas do planeta, até cobrir o planeta inteiro. A resolução não era lá grande coisa: entre 100 e 300 metros por pixel.Foi com esses dados, colhidos entre 1990 e 1992, que a dupla de pesquisadores fez sua descoberta. Eles se debruçaram sobre regiões que foram imageadas ao menos duas vezes pela espaçonave e que provavelmente tinham maior chance de exibir atividade vulcânica, em busca de diferenças entre um "antes" e um "depois".A análise automatizada desse material é contraproducente, porque a mudança de ângulo de observação em cada uma das imagens dificulta o trabalho da máquina. O olho treinado de um geólogo ainda é mais poderoso.E foi assim que a dupla encontrou em Atla Regio, região onde estão os maiores vulcões venusianos, possíveis evidências de erupção em duas imagens obtidas entre fevereiro e outubro de 1991.Receba no seu email uma seleção semanal com o que de mais importante aconteceu no mundo; aberta para não assinantes.Carregando...Herrick e Hensley se concentraram em uma chaminé vulcânica localizada perto do grande vulcão Maat Mons, que parece ter se expandido e mudado de forma nos nove meses que se passaram entre uma imagem e outra. "Na imagem do ciclo 1, a chaminé parece quase circular (1,5 x 1,8 km, área de 2,2 km2), com encostas internas íngremes", escreveram os dois. "Na imagem do ciclo 2, a chaminé ficou maior (4 km2) e com forma irregular."Além disso, os pesquisadores encontraram uma outra região próxima que parecia conter fluxos novos, não aparentes na primeira das imagens.Para se certificar de que não se tratava de uma ilusão causada pelos ângulos diferentes em que as duas imagens foram produzidas, a dupla conduziu uma simulação de computador de como a imagem mudaria de ângulo a ângulo, baseada na aparência inicial da chaminé. Com isso, constataram que não era mesmo ilusão de óptica —a chaminé parece ter mudado de forma mesmo.Quanto aos fluxos, não foi possível fazer essa corroboração por simulação. Ainda assim, os cientistas se sentem seguros em dizer que há evidências de que uma erupção se deu entre fevereiro e outubro de 1991 e que o nível de atividade é comparável ao que se vê, por exemplo, no Havaí.Não é surpreendente que haja vulcões ativos por lá. Em contraste com Marte, planeta menor e que parece a essa altura estar geologicamente quase completamente inativo, Vênus se assemelha mais à Terra em sua composição interna e na presença de elementos radioativos que possam gerar calor e manter vulcanismo ativo no planeta.Além disso, a superfície venusiana parece geologicamente recente (renovada entre centenas e dezenas de milhões de anos atrás), com poucas crateras de impacto, o que remete mais à Terra que a Marte.Porém Vênus não possui um sistema de placas tectônicas como o da Terra, que por aqui dita como e onde os vulcões surgem e se mantêm ativos. Isso deve produzir marcadas diferenças no nível de atividade vulcânica dos dois planetas.Os cientistas planetários já conceberam muitos modelos possíveis da dinâmica geológica de Vênus, indo de uma intensidade bem inferior à da Terra a uma bem superior —mas só observações diretas do nível de atividade poderão discriminar entre esses diferentes modelos. Mais O achado da dupla dos EUA é um primeiro passo, mas com uma única ocorrência ainda é difícil de fazer uma estimativa. Os pesquisadores já se sentem à vontade para dizer que Vênus é menos ativo que Io, a lua de Júpiter salpicada de vulcões. Mas aí até a Terra sai atrás."Nossos resultados tornam improvável que o vulcanismo de Vênus tenha caído para uma pequena fração do da Terra nos últimos poucos centenas de milhões de anos, mas há uma variada gama de cenários possíveis de atividade que são compatíveis com níveis similares aos havaianos de vulcanismo em Atla Regio."Dependendo do nível de atividade, é possível que a recente detecção de fosfina na atmosfera de Vênus (em si mesma controversa) seja explicável por mecanismos puramente geológicos, dispensando qualquer ação de microrganismos nas nuvens venusianas.Tudo isso será um prato cheio para as próximas duas missões planejadas pela Nasa para Vênus. Chamadas DaVinci+ e Veritas, elas têm lançamentos marcados para 2029 e 2031, e terão como objetivos analisar a atmosfera e fazer mapeamento em alta resolução do planeta. Serão as primeiras espaçonaves americanas a se concentrar no estudo de Vênus desde o fim da missão Magellan. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | A morte prematura da ovelha clonada Dolly, que sofria de um câncer avançado nos pulmões e foi sacrificada em 14 de fevereiro de 2003, parecia um aviso de que era preciso pensar muito bem antes de sair por aí copiando geneticamente mamíferos como ela. Vinte anos depois, os cientistas conhecem muito melhor os mecanismos por trás da criação de Dolly, mas a eficiência da clonagem avançou relativamente pouco —e não há sinais de que isso deva mudar tão cedo.Gerada em experimentos feitos por Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmut e outros pesquisadores do Instituto Roslin, na Escócia, Dolly fez história por ser o primeiro clone artificial de um mamífero. Na técnica empregada pelos cientistas britânicos, conhecida como transferência nuclear, o núcleo de uma célula das glândulas mamárias de uma ovelha adulta foi inserido num óvulo cujo próprio núcleo foi retirado.Ao fazer com que essas duas estruturas se fundissem, foi como se os pesquisadores "convencessem" o material genético contido no núcleo a retornar ao estado que tinha quando a ovelha doadora era apenas um zigoto (óvulo recém-fecundado por um espermatozoide). Como o DNA da maioria das células dos mamíferos contém a "receita" para a produção de todo o organismo, o processo desencadeou o desenvolvimento de um novo embrião de ovelha, praticamente idêntico, do ponto de vista genético, à ovelha adulta.Além do câncer de pulmão, Dolly também tinha artrite nas patas, embora ainda fosse uma ovelha relativamente jovem, somando apenas seis anos e meio quando morreu (a expectativa de vida de ovinos derivados das mesmas raças que ela é de uns 12 anos).Uma investigação conduzida pelo Instituto Roslin não revelou uma relação direta entre as doenças do animal e o processo de clonagem. Mesmo assim, os estudos da época, bem como outros realizados desde então, indicam que há alguns problemas intrínsecos quando um mamífero é gerado dessa maneira.O principal deles tem a ver com o processo conhecido como "imprinting" ou estampagem genômica. Ele está diretamente ligado ao fato de que a quase totalidade do DNA dos mamíferos está presente em duas cópias, uma derivada do pai e a outra da mãe de cada indivíduo. Num processo complexo de marcação (a tal estampagem) bioquímica, os trechos de origem materna e paterna são ativados e desativados seguindo um padrão típico da espécie e do sexo do animal quando o zigoto é formado e começa a se desenvolver. Mais No entanto, ao que parece, esse processo pode sofrer percalços quando o núcleo é "reiniciado" durante a clonagem. Isso faz com que o desenvolvimento embrionário dos clones frequentemente seja truncado, com animais adquirindo tamanho e peso excessivos, enquanto outros embriões não chegam a se desenvolver.Tudo isso faz com que seja necessária uma quantidade grande de óvulos e de "mães de aluguel" —as quais, em geral, enfrentam uma gravidez de risco— para que animais clonados nasçam e sobrevivam mais do que poucos dias após o parto. Essa enorme dificuldade técnica, além de restrições legislativas e éticas em todo o mundo, é o principal motivo pelo qual a abordagem nunca foi testada para gerar seres humanos até agora.No caso de animais, a aplicação no caso de diversas espécies de mamíferos é muito mais comum, com milhares de indivíduos que alcançaram a idade adulta. Isso vale tanto para animais de laboratório (camundongos e ratos) quanto para animais de estimação (cães e gatos) e produtores de leite e carne (bovinos e suínos). Nesse último caso, a aplicação principal da técnica é contar com animais de qualidade genética garantida, levando às últimas consequências práticas como a inseminação artificial em massa a partir de grandes reprodutores.No entanto, os custos e as dificuldades técnicas ainda fazem com que o emprego da clonagem seja muito raro. O mesmo vale para as poucas empresas internacionais que oferecem o serviço de "ressuscitar" um animal de estimação a partir de seu DNA. Nesses casos, o dono que acreditar que seu novo bicho será uma cópia exata do que morreu estará comprando gato por lebre: influências como o útero da mãe de aluguel, variações aleatórias na ativação de certos genes e o ambiente do animal tendem a alterar sua aparência e seu comportamento.Receba diariamente de manhã no seu email as principais notícias publicadas na Folha; aberta para não assinantes.Carregando...Se a técnica talvez nunca seja usada para gerar clones humanos e tenha desempenho fraco com animais, é indiscutível que o conhecimento gerado graças a ela trouxe avanços científicos importantes. Ao estudar como diferentes trechos do DNA são ligados e desligados pela clonagem, os cientistas obtiveram dados sobre como uma única célula dá origem a todos os tecidos que constroem o organismo.De início, a esperança era usar esse conhecimento na chamada clonagem terapêutica. Em essência, a ideia era produzir um embrião clonado a partir das células de uma pessoa e usar as células dele em seus estágios iniciais para produzir tecidos para transplantes que não levariam a uma rejeição, como acontece com os órgãos transplantados.Contudo, além dos questionamentos éticos sobre a destruição dos embriões, o avanço de outras técnicas acabou deixando a clonagem terapêutica em segundo plano. Cientistas como o japonês Shinya Yamanaka descobriram que era possível reprogramar células adultas para que elas retornassem ao estado embrionário, sem passar pela transferência nuclear. Essa é a técnica considerada mais promissora hoje, embora ainda não seja usada em tratamentos de larga escala. Mesmo assim, é provável que ela não fosse formulada sem os insights trazidos pela clonagem. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | A ideia de que a descoberta da agricultura e da criação de animais foi um desastre para a saúde da nossa espécie provavelmente é um exagero e não bate com os dados obtidos em diversos lugares do mundo, indica um novo estudo.A conclusão vem de uma análise das mudanças na estatura que as pessoas tinham ao longo da chamada Revolução Neolítica, como é conhecida a fase da pré-história na qual os seres humanos foram deixando de lado a vida de caçadores-coletores que tinham levado durante centenas de milhares de anos.A estatura das pessoas costuma ser um bom indicador da saúde geral durante a fase de crescimento, e estudos anteriores indicavam que, durante a Revolução Neolítica, os primeiros agricultores e criadores de animais teriam ficado significativamente mais baixos que seus ancestrais que caçavam e coletavam. Acreditava-se que a culpa seria, em parte, do predomínio de uma dieta menos balanceada, baseada em poucos cereais, como o trigo ou o arroz."O quadro emergente que estamos obtendo a partir de pesquisas recentes é que o impacto da adoção da agricultura é variável de região para região e dependente das condições ambientais e culturais", resume Jay Stock, professor do Departamento de Antropologia da Universidade de Ontário Ocidental, no Canadá. Stock e seus colegas assinam o novo trabalho sobre o tema, publicado em edição recente da revista especializada PNAS.O que Stock e companhia fizeram foi reunir os dados mais atualizados sobre a transição do Neolítico e comparar em detalhes o que aconteceu com a estatura média das populações em diferentes regiões do Velho Mundo a partir dos milênios finais do Pleistoceno (popularmente conhecido como Era do Gelo).Algumas das áreas estudadas são consideradas "centros de origem" do Neolítico, ou seja, regiões onde a prática da agricultura e da criação de animais evoluiu de forma independente. É o caso do Levante (Oriente Médio) e da China.Em outros lugares, as práticas neolíticas chegaram como itens de exportação, num processo que envolveu tanto a migração dos agricultores originais quanto a adoção dessas tecnologias por parte dos habitantes nativos. Isso vale para a Europa como um todo, onde a Revolução Neolítica se espalhou ao longo de milhares de anos, primeiro no sudeste (Grécia, por exemplo) e por último no noroeste (Escandinávia, Reino Unido e Irlanda).Por fim, alguns lugares parecem incluir uma mistura de ideias importadas e domesticações locais muito antigas, como o sul da Ásia (Paquistão e Índia) e o Egito. Mais Nem todas essas regiões contam com um registro suficientemente amplo dos esqueletos antigos de seus habitantes. No entanto, em alguns dos lugares, esses dados vão desde o Pleistoceno até épocas bem mais recentes, como é o caso do Levante.A nova análise mostra que, no Oriente Médio, a estatura média dos homens já vinha decaindo desde pelo menos 20 mil anos antes do presente, quase 10 mil anos antes da presença da agricultura propriamente dita, enquanto a das mulheres quase não se altera ao longo desse período.Já na China praticamente não há mudanças tanto entre homens quanto entre mulheres após a adoção de práticas agrícolas. A diminuição de estatura parece um pouco mais clara no sul da Europa e no sul da Ásia, com efeitos semelhantes para homens e mulheres.Com base nesses dados, a equipe propõe que os efeitos negativos da Revolução Neolítica sobre a saúde foram menores ou inexistentes no caso de populações que desenvolveram sozinhas a agricultura, graças às condições particulares de seu ambiente, e passaram por uma transição gradual e longa de estilos de vida.A situação mais surpreendente, no entanto, é a da Europa Central e do norte do continente europeu. Ali, o período entre 8.000 mil anos e 4.000 anos atrás é marcado por um aumento considerável da estatura. Com base em dados genéticos e arqueológicos, os pesquisadores propõem que a chave pode ter sido a adoção do consumo de leite e derivados.De fato, também por volta dessa época, torna-se comum nas populações da região uma pequena alteração no DNA que favorece o consumo de leite após o desmame. Isso acontece por meio da continuidade da produção de uma substância que ajuda a digerir o líquido, a lactase.Segundo Stock, nada disso significa que o Neolítico foi só flores. "Ainda há boas evidências de um aumento das doenças infecciosas associadas à vida sedentária, bem como um aumento geral nas taxas de fertilidade e no tamanho da população, mas essas tendências não se desenrolam de forma idêntica em todas as circunstâncias", explica. O aumento populacional pode ter exacerbado conflitos entre grupos, por exemplo. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | A lista de revoluções científicas atribuídas ao francês Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) é gigantesca. Ele teria sido o responsável por demonstrar, entre outras coisas, que seres vivos não surgem por geração espontânea, que doenças infecciosas são causadas por micróbios e que era possível desenvolver uma metodologia confiável para a fabricação de vacinas contra várias dessas doenças.O bicentenário de seu nascimento, neste 27 de dezembro, seria a ocasião perfeita para mostrar como um único cientista é capaz de mudar o curso da história.De fato, todos os itens da lista contaram com participações importantes de Pasteur, mas, em muitos casos, o cenário que levou à transformação do pesquisador em um ícone foi bem mais complexo e interessante do que a de descobertas geniais isoladas.Ele conseguiu deixar sua marca, em parte, graças a um espírito competitivo implacável, à capacidade de arrebanhar recursos tanto públicos quanto privados e a seu tino para o marketing pessoal, cultivando cuidadosamente a própria imagem.Pasteur também conseguiu reputação duradoura ao não dar muita importância à suposta separação entre ciência "pura" e pesquisa aplicada. Em vários casos, seu trabalho combinava a tentativa de achar respostas pontuais a problemas econômicos da França do século 19 com desdobramentos muito mais profundos —a origem dos seres vivos e das doenças, por exemplo.Segundo Andrew Mendelsohn, historiador da ciência da Queen Mary University de Londres, é possível que essa abordagem relativamente "mão na massa" esteja ligada às origens de Pasteur na França rural, na cidadezinha de Dole (leste do país), hoje com pouco mais de 20 mil habitantes. Seu pai tinha um modesto curtume, o que pode ter estimulado o interesse dele por processos manufatureiros que envolviam os produtos da região.Na infância e começo da adolescência, porém, o pequeno Louis não dava mostras de grande interesse pela escola, preferindo desenhar e pescar. Aos trancos e barrancos, incluindo algumas reprovações, ele começou a mostrar interesse por matemática, física e química, sendo, por fim, admitido na Escola Normal Superior, em Paris, onde, depois de formado, passou algum tempo como assistente de laboratório.Foi aceito como professor de química na Universidade de Estrasburgo em 1848, onde conheceu sua futura mulher, Marie Laurent, filha do reitor. O casal teve cinco filhos, mas só dois deles chegaram à idade adulta —os demais morreram de febre tifoide, um tipo de infecção bacteriana.A princípio, nada indicava que Pasteur fosse se tornar um dos responsáveis por elucidar a relação entre os micróbios e os organismos de animais e plantas. Seus primeiros trabalhos científicos versavam sobre a estrutura dos cristais formados por diferentes compostos químicos.Várias dessas substâncias, no entanto, eram relevantes para a nascente indústria alimentícia e para os fabricantes de vinhos franceses. Alguns deles começaram a procurar a ajuda do pesquisador para enfrentar problemas prosaicos, como os casos em que o vinho azedava.Na época, já havia sido demonstrado que a fermentação da cerveja era causada por organismos vivos. Numa série de trabalhos, Pasteur ajudou a generalizar essa ideia, mostrando que diferentes micróbios também estavam presentes na fermentação do vinho e também quando ele estragava, assim como no leite que azedava. A partir disso, ele desenvolveu os processos hoje conhecidos como pasteurização, os quais, por meio do aquecimento, impedem que a maioria dos micróbios subsista nessas bebidas.E foi justamente a capacidade de conectar os diferentes achados sobre a ação dos micróbios sobre frutas, grãos e bebidas que levou o pesquisador a se envolver com o debate sobre a chamada geração espontânea —a ideia de que micro-organismos poderiam aparecer "do nada" em determinadas condições, colonizando a matéria orgânica em decomposição, por exemplo.Ocorre que Pasteur e seus colaboradores haviam demonstrado, por exemplo, que uvas esterilizadas, ou cujo suco fosse obtido por meio de seringas esterilizadas, eram incapazes de fermentar. Os achados provocaram controvérsias, o que levou a Academia Francesa de Ciências a oferecer um prêmio em dinheiro para quem conseguisse obter evidências conclusivas contra ou a favor da ideia de geração espontânea.Pasteur alcançou esse objetivo com experimentos como o dos recipientes "col de cygne" ("pescoço de cisne"), basicamente uma garrafa cuja ponta é um tubo de vidro muito longo na horizontal. Dentro do recipiente era colocado um caldo nutritivo que, depois, era fervido, de maneira a matar todos os micróbios dentro dele.Partículas de poeira carregando micro-organismos do ar podiam entrar pela ponta do tubo, mas só entrariam em contato com o caldo caso a garrafa fosse inclinada. Sem isso, o caldo não estragava, demonstrando que os micróbios precisavam vir de algum lugar, e não "brotavam do nada". Assim, Pasteur foi declarado vencedor da disputa.Nas décadas seguintes, também inicialmente graças ao contato com produtores rurais que buscavam resolver problemas do cotidiano, o pesquisador passou a se envolver com o desenvolvimento do que, mais tarde, ele chamaria de vacinas (na época, o termo "vacinação" era aplicado apenas para a rudimentar vacina contra a varíola, a única que existia). Seria a área que mais cimentaria a sua fama e, ao mesmo tempo, a que mais parece ter envolvido atitudes questionáveis. Mais Seus trabalhos envolveram primeiro a cólera aviária (que afeta galinhas, causada por uma bactéria batizada depois em sua homenagem, a Pasteurella multocida) e, pouco depois, o antraz, que afetava o gado bovino, ovino e caprino. Nesses estudos, Pasteur começou a formular o chamado princípio da atenuação, segundo o qual seria possível usar métodos como a passagem de uma linhagem de bactérias por diversos hospedeiros (de espécies diferentes, por exemplo) para fazer com que elas se tornem menos agressivas.Com isso, seria possível usar essas linhagens atenuadas como vacinas, infectando as possíveis vítimas e preparando o sistema de defesa do organismo delas para o contato com as versões "violentas" dos micro-organismos.Ele colocou esse princípio em prática com as duas doenças de animais, com vários aparentes sucessos iniciais, mas análises posteriores mostraram que tinha cantado vitória antes da hora —as vacinas contra cólera aviária e antraz não eram suficientemente confiáveis. Além disso, análises de seus cadernos de laboratório mostraram que ele tinha usado um método parecido com o de um competidor que criticava, sem revelar isso ao público.O triunfo final de Pasteur com vacinas veio com seu trabalho com a raiva, doença até hoje praticamente incurável. Em julho de 1885, Pasteur recebeu, em seu laboratório em Paris, a visita de uma mãe desesperada para que ele tentasse salvar a vida de seu filho. O garoto de nove anos, chamado Joseph Meister, tinha sido mordido por um cão raivoso em várias partes do corpo.Pasteur, nos anos anteriores, tinha desenvolvido um método no qual ressecava a medula espinhal de coelhos infectados com a raiva e ia inoculando o tecido nervoso em cães saudáveis. Ele descobriu que os fragmentos de medula tinham cada vez menos chance de causar a doença depois de passarem muito tempo secando.Conforme ia injetando tecidos nervosos cada vez mais "frescos" nos cães que já tinham recebido injeções anteriores, eles iam ficando mais protegidos, até que uma última injeção vinda da medula de um coelho recém-sacrificado não causava efeito negativo nenhum. Mais Pasteur usou a mesma abordagem em Joseph Meister. O menino não só sobreviveu como, ao crescer, passou a trabalhar no Instituto Pasteur. Seu fim foi trágico —quando os nazistas ocuparam Paris na Segunda Guerra, fizeram-no abrir o túmulo de Pasteur para que eles o visitassem. Envergonhado, Meister cometeu suicídio.A metodologia criada originalmente também era pouco confiável para os padrões atuais: uma em cada 200 pessoas que recebiam a vacina contra a raiva tinham paralisia e morriam, por causa da reação de seu organismo ao tecido nervoso injetado.Segundo o historiador da ciência Bert Hansen, da Universidade do Estado de Nova York, Pasteur cultivava relações próximas com a imprensa para divulgar todos esses resultados, posando também para pintores e fotógrafos que o registravam em ação no laboratório. Isso lhe conferiu um status de celebridade e garantiu doações constantes para o Instituto Pasteur, aberto em 1888 —uma das doações, inclusive, veio do imperador brasileiro dom Pedro 2º. | ciencia | 1 | 0.981582 |
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] | O som emitido pelos dinossauros seria algo mais sentido do que ouvido —uma vibração profunda e visceral, surgindo de algum lugar além da grossa folhagem.Como o som de uma buzina de nevoeiro, ela vibraria pelo seu tórax, eriçando os pelos do pescoço. Nas densas florestas do Cretáceo, teria sido apavorante.Temos poucas indicações sobre os ruídos que os dinossauros podem ter feito enquanto dominaram a Terra até sua extinção, 66 milhões de anos atrás. Os notáveis restos descobertos nas rochas pelos paleontólogos oferecem evidências do poder físico dessas criaturas, mas não há muitas indicações de como eles interagiam e se comunicavam.É claro que o som não se fossiliza. Mas, pelo que sabemos sobre o comportamento dos animais, os dinossauros, com quase absoluta certeza, não eram mudos.Com a ajuda de novos fósseis raros e avançadas técnicas de análise, os cientistas estão agora começando a reunir algumas das indicações de como podem ter sido os sons dos dinossauros.Não existe uma resposta única para este quebra-cabeça. Os dinossauros dominaram o planeta por cerca de 179 milhões de anos. Durante esse período, eles evoluíram em um enorme conjunto de formas e tamanhos diferentes.Alguns deles eram minúsculos, como o Albinykus, que pesava menos de 1 kg e provavelmente tinha menos de 60 cm de comprimento. Já outros figuravam entre os maiores animais que já viveram no planeta, como o titanossauro Patagotitan mayorum, que pode ter pesado até 72 toneladas.Alguns corriam com duas pernas, outros se arrastavam em quatro. E, junto com esses formatos de corpos diversos, eles teriam produzido um número igualmente variado de ruídos.Receba diariamente de manhã no seu email as principais notícias publicadas na Folha; aberta para não assinantes.Carregando...Alguns dinossauros tinham o pescoço muito alongado —até 16 metros de comprimento entre os saurópodes maiores—, o que provavelmente teria alterado os sons que eles produziam. Basta pensar no que acontece ao estender-se a vara de um trombone.Outros tinham estruturas cranianas bizarras que, como instrumentos de sopro, podem ter amplificado e alterado os tons produzidos pelos animais. Uma dessas criaturas —um hadrossauro herbívoro conhecido como Parasaurolophus tubicen— teria sido responsável pelos chamados assustadores descritos no início desta reportagem.O P. tubicen tinha uma enorme crista com quase um metro de comprimento, que se protuberava a partir da parte de trás da sua cabeça. Dentro dela, havia três pares de tubos ocos, que iam do nariz até o topo da crista.Na crista, dois desses pares faziam uma curva em forma de "U" em direção à base do crânio e às vias aéreas do animal. Já o outro par se alargava para formar uma grande câmara perto do topo da crista. Ao todo, elas formavam o que era essencialmente uma caixa de ressonância com 2,9 metros de comprimento.Em 1995, paleontólogos do Museu de Ciências e História Natural do Novo México, nos Estados Unidos, desenterraram um crânio de Parasaurolophus quase completo, com sua estranha aparência. E, usando um aparelho de tomografia computadorizada, eles conseguiram formar 350 imagens da crista. Essas imagens permitiram que eles observassem o seu interior em detalhes sem precedentes.Trabalhando com cientistas da computação, os paleontólogos reconstruíram digitalmente o órgão e simularam qual poderia ser o comportamento do ar quando soprado através dele."Eu descreveria o som como algo de outro mundo", afirma Tom Williamson, uma das pessoas que trabalharam na escavação e que agora é curador de paleontologia do museu. "Eu lembro que ele me causou calafrios na espinha."As analogias mais próximas que ele consegue encontrar em animais vivos hoje em dia são os grunhidos vibrantes dos casuares-do-sul, que vivem na Austrália. Este pássaro terrestre emite uma série de gritos e rosnados profundos que reverberam através da espessa floresta onde ele vive."É fácil para mim imaginar uma floresta tropical coberta de névoa no Cretáceo Superior com esses sons assustadores como ruído de fundo", afirma Williamson. "São sons de baixa frequência —apenas o necessário para penetrar na densa vegetação rasteira."Williamson e seus colegas simularam o som que o P. tubicen pode ter produzido, com ou sem um conjunto de órgãos vocais, como a laringe encontrada nos mamíferos e répteis modernos. Mais Eles concluíram que, mesmo sem a laringe ou uma caixa vocal equivalente, os dinossauros podem ainda ter produzido ruídos devido à forma em que o ar teria ressonado no interior da crista quando o animal soprava ar através dela, como sopramos hoje sobre a abertura de um jarro."Nós não temos tecidos moles preservados e não sabemos, por exemplo, se esses dinossauros tinham órgãos produtores de sons, como os mamíferos e as aves", afirma Williamson. "Ficou evidente que um órgão produtor de sons não era necessário para que essa crista ressonasse, porque era uma estrutura muito longa."Outros hadrossauros tinham cristas musicais similares no crânio, embora não tão dramáticas. Acredita-se que elas tivessem função visual e auxiliassem na vocalização. A maioria teria produzido sons em baixa frequência e os restos fossilizados desses animais até inspiraram a criação de instrumentos musicais baseados em crânios de hadrossauros.Nem todos os dinossauros tiveram a sorte de contar com um trompete sobre suas cabeças. E não temos evidências fossilizadas de laringes de dinossauros, o que leva alguns pesquisadores a especular que os animais podem até ter sido mudos."O que realmente temos são indicações fósseis que podem nos mostrar parâmetros diferentes das vias aéreas, como seu diâmetro e seu comprimento", afirma a paleontóloga Julia Clarke, da Universidade do Texas em Austin, nos Estados Unidos. "Podemos comparar essa geometria para observar sua relação com os dinossauros vivos hoje em dia —as aves."Mas Clarke tem outra indicação que forneceu mais uma peça do quebra-cabeça. Em meados dos anos 2000, ela e seus colegas realizaram um exame detalhado do esqueleto preservado de uma espécie de pássaro antigo, que havia sido encontrado mais de uma década antes por pesquisadores argentinos na ilha Vega, um minúsculo pedaço de terra na ponta da Península Antártica.O fóssil permanece parcialmente incrustado em um pedaço de rocha, mas, usando métodos avançados de tomografia computadorizada, Clarke e sua equipe conseguiram detectar pedaços do fóssil que não podiam ser vistos e reconstruíram digitalmente o fóssil a partir dessas imagens.Ali, abrigados entre os fragmentos de ossos fossilizados, estavam os restos de algo fabuloso —os anéis mineralizados de uma siringe, o órgão gerador de sons encontrado nas aves, datado da época dos dinossauros.A ave primitiva à qual ele pertencia —uma criatura parecida com um ganso chamada Vegavis iaai— teria existido simultaneamente com os dinossauros não aviários no final do período Cretáceo, 66-68 milhões de anos atrás.Nessa época, aquela parte da Antártida moderna teria sido coberta de florestas temperadas e rodeada por mares rasos. Os sons de buzina do V. iaai provavelmente faziam parte do cenário.Para Clarke, a própria existência da descoberta é reveladora —o fato de que esses órgãos produtores de sons podem fossilizar-se e sua ausência da maioria dos fósseis de dinossauros é reveladora.As aves —os dinossauros aviários, para ser mais preciso— evoluíram dos dinossauros terópodes, cerca de 150 a 165 milhões de anos atrás, durante o período Jurássico. Se a siringe de uma ave que viveu há 66-68 milhões de anos pôde ser preservada como fóssil, por que nenhuma foi encontrada entre os restos dos seus primos não aviários extintos, como o Tyrannosaurus rex?Esta questão fez com que Clarke analisasse mais profundamente como as aves modernas produzem sons."Existem cerca de 10 mil espécies de aves vivas [algumas estimativas falam em até 18 mil], mas é surpreendente que existam tão poucas pesquisas científicas sobre quais sons elas realmente emitem e como elas fazem", afirma ela.Seu trabalho trouxe uma revelação que provavelmente irá abalar as crianças de cinco anos de idade e os fãs de cinema de todo o mundo.É quase certo que os dinossauros não rugiam. Provavelmente, eles arrulhavam. Ou, mais precisamente, eles podem ter produzidos sons similares ao arrulhar dos pombos ou ao grasnado das avestruzes.Muitas aves modernas usam o que é chamado de vocalização com a boca fechada, na qual o som é produzido inflando a garganta, sem a passagem de ar através da siringe.Os crocodilos (outros parentes distantes dos dinossauros, descendentes de um ancestral comum que viveu há cerca de 240 milhões de anos) também usam a vocalização com a boca fechada para gerar roncos profundos que podem fazer a água à sua volta "dançar" em volta dos seus corpos.Como outros répteis e os mamíferos, os crocodilos têm laringe, e não siringe, para produzir sons. Mas eles não a usam para produzir seus gritos de acasalamento."Os filmes da série 'Jurassic Park' estão errados", ri-se Clarke. "Muitas das primeiras reconstruções de dinossauros foram influenciadas pelo que associamos aos ruídos assustadores dos grandes mamíferos predadores atuais, como os leões.""Nos filmes da série 'Jurassic Park', eles usaram vocalizações de crocodilos para os grandes dinossauros, mas, na tela, os dinossauros estão com a boca aberta, como um leão rugindo", prossegue ela. "Eles não teriam feito aquilo, especialmente pouco antes de atacar ou comer a sua presa.""Os predadores não fazem isso —seria anunciar aos demais que você conseguiu uma refeição e avisar à presa que você está ali", explica Clarke. Mais A paleontóloga acredita que, em vez disso, muitos dinossauros não aviários podem ter produzido sons com a boca fechada, inflando os tecidos moles da garganta, como parte de algum tipo de exibição para acasalamento. Mas ela afirma que eles podem também ter usado chamados com a boca aberta em outras situações, como momentos de tensão."Existem muitos tipos diferentes de sons no cenário do Jurássico Superior, ou do Cretáceo Inferior", afirma Clarke.Esta visão é sustentada por pesquisas sobre outra parte da anatomia dos dinossauros com melhores evidências no registro fóssil —os ouvidos. Estudos de crânios de dinossauros permitiram aos paleontólogos reconstruir a aparência dos ouvidos internos dos animais. Alguns fósseis também revelaram parte dos delicados ossos que ajudavam no funcionamento dos ouvidos dos dinossauros."Os dinossauros tinham apenas um osso no seu ouvido interno, o estribo —uma estrutura fundamental na tradução para o ouvido interno das vibrações do ar, ondas sonoras, que podem ser então processadas pelo cérebro", explica Phil Manning, professor de história natural da Universidade de Manchester, no Reino Unido. "Nós, mamíferos, temos também o martelo e a bigorna."Sem essas partes do aparelho de audição ósseo, os dinossauros talvez só conseguissem ouvir uma faixa de frequências muito mais restrita que os mamíferos, segundo Manning. E, provavelmente, eles estavam sintonizados para ouvir sons de baixa frequência."O estribo dos dinossauros costumava ser muito grande, quase do tamanho de um palito de fósforo no T. rex, o que significa que ele era sintonizado nas frequências mais baixas", afirma Manning. "Espécies pequenas de dinossauros com estribos menores estariam correlacionadas a sons de alta frequência."O tamanho dos dutos cocleares no ouvido interno de fósseis de dinossauros oferece outras indicações sobre suas capacidades auditivas. Ele indica que os animais podem ter sido capazes de ouvir altas frequências."Sabemos pelos animais vivos que, geralmente, quanto mais longa a cóclea, maior a faixa de sons que podemos ouvir", afirma Steve Brusatte, professor de paleontologia e evolução da Universidade de Edimburgo, no Reino Unido. "As cócleas de mamíferos têm forma de bobina como uma cobra, para ocupar um longo comprimento em uma pequena região do crânio. As cócleas dos dinossauros não têm esse formato, mas algumas são bastante compridas."Um estudo detalhado de uma espécie de tiranossauro —um predador do Cretáceo Médio do tamanho de um cavalo, chamado Timurlengia euotica, que vagava pelo que hoje é o deserto de Kyzylkum, no Uzbequistão— revelou que esses animais tinham dutos cocleares anormalmente longos no seu ouvido interno."Isso indica que eles conseguiam ouvir uma faixa de sons mais ampla do que muitos outros dinossauros", afirma Brusatte, que chefiou o estudo. "Quando estudamos as imagens de tomografia computadorizada do Timurlengia, observamos que sua cóclea era realmente muito comprida para um dinossauro."De fato, os dinossauros podem ter desenvolvido essas cócleas alongadas mais ou menos no início da sua evolução, talvez nos primeiros dias do surgimento do seu ramo evolutivo —os arcossauros, cerca de 250 milhões de anos atrás."O alongamento coclear que indica sensibilidade a ruídos agudos ocorreu perto da origem dos 'répteis dominantes' arcossaurianos, que incluem aves e crocodilos", segundo Bhart-Anjan Bhuller, curador associado de paleontologia de vertebrados do Museu Peabody de História Natural da Universidade Yale, em New Haven, Connecticut (Estados Unidos).Bhuller reconstruiu os canais auditivos de diversos arcossauros, usando imagens tridimensionais dos seus crânios fossilizados."Consideramos todos os tipos de causas possíveis dessa transformação e percebemos que a única razão consistente com todas as evidências foi o surgimento de alto nível de cuidado com os filhotes e, mais especificamente, o uso de piados como 'chamados de localização' pelos bebês", afirma ele.Então, os jovens dinossauros podem ter piado nos seus ninhos para chamar a atenção dos pais, como fazem hoje os filhotes de aves e os jovens crocodilos modernos? Bhuller acredita que sim."Considerando que os bebês das aves e crocodilos piam, é razoável supor que os bebês dinossauros não aviários também piassem e que seus pais os ouviam e cuidavam deles, da mesma forma que fazem os pais crocodilos e aves", afirma ele. Mais "Com relação ao significado da sensibilidade a sons agudos sobre os ruídos feitos pelos dinossauros não aviários adultos, esta questão ainda não tem resposta", segundo Bhuller. "Eu não ficaria nada surpreso se a maioria dos dinossauros, especialmente os parentes próximos das aves, fizesse uma variedade de ruídos."A capacidade de ouvir uma ampla faixa de sons pode ter sido útil de muitas formas, para detectar predadores ou outras ameaças, ou permitindo que eles encontrassem suas presas de forma mais eficiente, segundo Brusatte. Mas ela pode também ter sido usada para comunicação entre eles, seja para alertar sobre perigos, atrair parceiros para acasalamento, intimidar rivais ou para ajudar os bandos a permanecer juntos."Sabemos que pelo menos alguns tiranossauros viajavam e talvez caçassem em grupo, de forma que a comunicação entre os indivíduos provavelmente era importante", afirma Brusatte.Mas, com esses grandes animais produzindo muitos desses sons, como eles teriam soado aos nossos ouvidos?Muitos dos fortes chamados dos crocodilos e casuares estão além dos limites da audição humana, em frequências baixas conhecidas como infrassom. Existem até relatos de jacarés que vivem perto do Cabo Canaveral, na Flórida (EUA), que produzem chamados em infrassom em resposta ao ronco profundo dos foguetes, durante os lançamentos dos ônibus espaciais nos anos 1980.Também sabemos que os elefantes se comunicam por longas distâncias usando infrassom e que rinocerontes de Sumatra usam "assobios" em infrassom que relembram o canto das baleias-jubarte para penetrar no seu espesso habitat florestal.Sons em baixa frequência e infrassom são especialmente bons para cobrir longas distâncias, tanto em ambientes abertos quanto em densas florestas. Em animais com o tamanho do T. rex ou de saurópodes gigantes como o diplodoco, o som pode ter sido realmente muito baixo."Sabemos que existe uma relação de escala fundamental entre o tamanho do corpo e a frequência", segundo Clarke. "Os animais pequenos geralmente produzem sons em frequência mais alta devido ao comprimento das suas cordas vocais, a menos que eles tenham modificações muito estranhas.""Os animais grandes produzem sons em frequências mais baixas. E, com os dinossauros, você tem esses animais com o tamanho de quatro elefantes empilhados uns sobre os outros. Eles não estão produzindo sons na faixa de frequências da audição humana. Mas você provavelmente iria senti-los", explica a paleontóloga.Outras pesquisas indicam que, mesmo se pudéssemos ouvir os maiores dinossauros zumbindo entre si, teria soado estranho para os nossos ouvidos.Gigantes como o supersauro podem não ter muito controle sobre suas capacidades vocais, devido ao atraso relativamente longo para que os sinais nervosos trafeguem pelos 28 metros de pescoço a partir do cérebro. Isso teria feito com que qualquer chamado produzido parecesse sensivelmente moroso em relação aos eventos à sua volta.Mas alguns paleontólogos propuseram que os saurópodes gigantes, como o diplococo e o supersauro, podem ter confiado mais na comunicação táctil enquanto se moviam em bandos. Talvez esta seja a razão das suas caudas tão alongadas, pois elas permitiam que eles ficassem em contato quase constante com seus vizinhos enquanto migravam.É inspirador imaginar um Cretáceo cheio de grasnados de dinossauros menores, piados de jovens recém-nascidos e o estrondo ameaçador de gigantes à distância. Ao enfrentar esse ataque aos ouvidos e a vibração correndo pelos ossos, é difícil imaginar se ficaríamos para olhar mais de perto ou se simplesmente correríamos para longe.Este texto foi publicado originalmente aqui. | ciencia | 0 | 0.994513 |
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] | Uma missão internacional de satélite liderada pela Nasa será lançada do sul da Califórnia nesta quinta-feira (13), em um grande projeto de ciências da Terra para realizar uma pesquisa abrangente dos oceanos, lagos e rios do mundo pela primeira vez.Apelidado de Swot, abreviação em inglês para topografia oceânica e de águas superficiais, o satélite de radar avançado foi projetado para fornecer aos cientistas uma visão sem precedentes do líquido vital que cobre 70% do planeta, lançando novos olhares sobre a mecânica e as consequências das mudanças climáticas.Um foguete Falcon 9, de propriedade e operado pela empresa de lançamento comercial do bilionário Elon Musk, SpaceX, foi programado para decolar antes do amanhecer desta quinta-feira da Base da Força Espacial dos EUA em Vandenberg, a cerca de 275 km ao noroeste de Los Angeles, para colocar o Swot em órbita.Se tudo correr como planejado, o satélite do tamanho de um SUV produzirá dados de pesquisa dentro de vários meses.Com quase 20 anos de desenvolvimento, o Swot incorpora uma tecnologia avançada de radar de micro-ondas que, segundo os cientistas, vai coletar medições de superfície de oceanos, lagos, reservatórios e rios em detalhes de alta definição em mais de 90% do globo.Os dados, compilados a partir de varreduras do planeta por radar conduzidas pelo menos duas vezes a cada 21 dias, vão aprimorar os modelos de circulação oceânica, podem reforçar as previsões meteorológicas e climáticas e ajudarão no gerenciamento dos escassos suprimentos de água doce em regiões atingidas pela seca, segundo pesquisadores. Mais O satélite foi projetado e construído no Laboratório de Propulsão a Jato (JPL) da Nasa, perto de Los Angeles. Desenvolvida pela agência espacial dos EUA em colaboração com suas contrapartes na França e no Canadá, a Swot foi uma das 15 missões listadas pelo Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa como projetos que a Nasa deve realizar na próxima década."É realmente a primeira missão a observar quase toda a água na superfície do planeta", disse o cientista do JPL Ben Hamlington, que também lidera a equipe de mudança do nível do mar da Nasa.Um dos principais objetivos da missão é explorar como os oceanos absorvem o calor atmosférico e o dióxido de carbono em um processo natural que modera as temperaturas globais e as mudanças climáticas.Escaneando os mares a partir da órbita, o Swot foi projetado para medir com precisão diferenças finas nas elevações da superfície em torno de correntes e redemoinhos menores, onde acredita-se que ocorra grande parte da redução de calor e carbono dos oceanos. E o Swot pode fazer isso com resolução 10 vezes maior do que as tecnologias existentes, de acordo com o JPL. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | No meio da crise de refugiados da Síria, que afetou boa parte da Europa na década passada, o bioquímico alemão Johannes Krause decidiu que estava na hora de recontar o passado profundo do continente com base nas descobertas da genômica, em especial o que se sabe sobre o DNA de pessoas que viveram há milhares de anos.O resultado é o livro "A Jornada dos Nossos Genes", que ele escreveu em parceria com o jornalista de ciência Thomas Trappe. A obra traz duas mensagens claras para os que enxergam algo de apocalíptico nos fluxos migratórios de países pobres para a Europa.Primeiro, ela mostra que longe de serem "racialmente puros", os europeus atuais derivam de uma série de miscigenações de grupos muito diferentes entre si. O livro também aponta como comparados com esses eventos do passado, os imigrantes atuais não passam de uma gota no oceano."Nós queríamos mostrar que, para começo de conversa, a mobilidade é parte da história humana. Em segundo lugar, a chegada de 1 milhão de sírios na Alemanha é algo muito pequeno quando comparado ao que aconteceu no passado, e nós sempre lidamos com fenômenos desse tipo", disse Krause à Folha em conversa por videoconferência."E é algo que vale para períodos históricos muito recentes também. Veja o que aconteceu na Alemanha depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial —o país recebeu 15 milhões de trabalhadores da Turquia, da Grécia, da Itália e de outros lugares. Muitas dessas pessoas foram integradas e, na verdade, isso ajudou nossa economia."O avanço das técnicas de sequenciamento (grosso modo, "soletramento") do DNA e da capacidade de recuperar material genético de esqueletos antigos de forma confiável tem ajudado Krause e seus colegas do Instituto Max Planck de Antropologia Evolutiva a traçar uma cronologia detalhada das idas e vindas populacionais da Europa a partir de uns 50 mil anos atrás, quando os primeiros membros da nossa espécie começaram a chegar ao continente.Em plena Era do Gelo, as enormes flutuações climáticas e os rigores do frio fizeram com que boa parte dos colonizadores originais da Europa perecessem, enquanto outras ondas de Homo sapiens iam chegando ao continente e também sofriam com o clima. Mas alguns poucos desses pioneiros sobreviveram, formando o primeiro grande componente ancestral do genoma dos europeus, o dos caçadores-coletores da Idade da Pedra. Mais Curiosamente, embora esse grupo contivesse muitas pessoas com olhos claros, sua pele era escura, indica o DNA, mostrando que as categorias raciais de hoje não servem para descrever povos do passado. "Temos evidências de que apenas no extremo nordeste da Europa atual já havia caçadores-coletores com pele clara por volta de 10 mil anos atrás", conta Krause.Ocorre que os tons mais claros de pele normalmente evoluem em populações nativas de áreas com luz solar relativamente mais fraca ao longo do ano, distantes do Equador. Nessas circunstâncias, a seleção natural pode favorecer a pele alva porque ela facilita a ação da luz solar na produção de vitamina D no organismo, algo essencial para a saúde e o desenvolvimento.No entanto, ao que parece, isso só é necessário se as pessoas não têm acesso a fontes de vitamina D na dieta, como peixes gordurosos (salmão) e fígado. Os caçadores-coletores europeus eram capazes de obter alimentos desse tipo com abundância suficiente, o que explica por que passaram muitos milhares de anos sem perder o tom escuro da pele. Mais Ironicamente, os europeus só começaram a se tornar "brancos" com a chegada de imigrantes da atual Turquia, a partir de cerca de 8.000 anos atrás. Eram povos que já tinham se tornado dependentes da agricultura, a qual oferecia uma dieta mais restrita, baseada em cereais como a cevada e o trigo e com menos vitamina D, daí a mudança.Embora sua alimentação fosse de pior qualidade, em média, os recém-chegados do Oriente próximo conseguiam sustentar uma população muito maior graças à produtividade de suas lavouras. Isso fez com que eles lentamente substituíssem boa parte dos grupos de caçadores-coletores ao longo dos milênios seguintes, miscigenando-se com os que restaram.Em alguns lugares do atual Mediterrâneo, como a ilha da Sardenha, na costa italiana, todos os habitantes ainda são basicamente descendentes dos agricultores anatólios.A última grande virada de mesa no genoma dos europeus aconteceu a partir de uns 5.000 anos atrás, com a chegada de grupos pastoris altamente móveis que viviam, inicialmente, nas estepes do mar Negro, na fronteira entre as atuais Ucrânia e Rússia.Com tecnologias como a roda, o uso do bronze para fabricar armas e a domesticação dos cavalos, os imigrantes das estepes desencadearam um processo semelhante de substituição e miscigenação.É muito provável que eles fossem os falantes originais do idioma conhecido como protoindo-europeu, ancestral de quase todas as línguas atuais da Europa, do português e do inglês, no oeste, ao russo e ao lituano, no leste.Esses mesmos grupos também invadiram os atuais Irã e Índia, dando origem a muitos dos idiomas desses países."Tanto a agricultura dos anatólios quanto as novas tecnologias das estepes foram mudanças enormes na economia e na sociedade. Além disso, a densidade populacional era relativamente pequena, então faz sentido que eles transformassem profundamente a população que existia no continente. Depois da Idade do Bronze, ficou bem mais difícil que isso acontecesse. As migrações continuaram acontecendo, mas o impacto era proporcionalmente muito menor", explica Krause.O pesquisador colabora com uma equipe brasileira liderada por André Strauss, do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da USP, e deve visitar o Brasil em novembro. A parceria já permitiu a análise de DNA de alguns dos mais antigos habitantes do país, a população de Lagoa Santa (MG), com cerca de 10 mil anos de idade. "Também estamos interessados em trabalhar com populações mais recentes da Amazônia", conta ele."A Jornada dos Nossos Genes" Autores Johannes Krause e Thomas Trappe Tradução Maurício Mendes da Costa e Vanessa Rabel Editora Sextante Quanto R$ 54,90 (impresso); R$ 39,99 (ebook); 288 págs. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Os telescópios James Webb e Hubble revelaram nesta quinta-feira (29) suas primeiras imagens da espaçonave Dart, da Nasa, colidindo com um asteroide. Astrônomos indicaram que o impacto aparenta ser muito maior que o esperado.Ambos apontaram em direção à rocha espacial Dimorfo. Foi um histórico teste de capacidade de autodefesa contra um potencial asteroide que ameace a Terra no futuro.Astrônomos se alegraram quando o Dart (sigla inglesa para Teste de Redirecionamento de Asteroide Duplo) atingiu na última segunda (26) o asteroide. No tamanho de uma pirâmide e no formato de uma bola de rúgbi, o alvo estava a 11 milhões de quilômetros da Terra.Imagens registradas por telescópios terrestres mostraram uma vasta nuvem de poeira expandindo para fora do Dimorfo e Dídimo, outro asteroide em sua órbita, após o impacto da nave espacial.Enquanto essas fotos mostravam matéria sendo espalhada por milhares de quilômetros, o James Webb e o Hubble "ampliam muito mais", disse Alan Fitzsimmons, um astrônomo da Queen's Universisty Belfast envolvido com o projeto Atlas, um sistema de observação de asteroides próximos da Terra.James Webb e Hubble podem oferecer uma visão "dentro de apenas alguns quilômetros dos asteroides e você pode ver claramente como a matéria está voando para fora do impacto explosivo do Dart", Fitzsimmons contou à AFP. Mais "É realmente espetacular", ele diz.Uma outra imagem tirada pela Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) do James Webb quatro horas após o acontecimento mostrou "plumas de material aparecendo como mechas saindo do centro de onde o impacto aconteceu", de acordo com um comunicado conjunto da Agência Espacial Europeia (ESA).As imagens do Hubble de 22 minutos, 5 e 8 horas após o impacto mostram o spray de matéria em expansão do lugar onde o Dart acertou.Ian Carnelli, da Agência Espacial Europeia, disse que as "verdadeiramente impressionantes" imagens do Webb e Hubble foram notavelmente similares às tiradas pelo satélite LICIACube. Este terceiro satélite foi separado há algumas semanas da espaçonave Dart e estava a apenas 50 quilômetros do asteroide.As fotografias retratam um impacto aparentemente "muito maior que o esperado", afirma Carnelli, diretor da missão Hera da ESA, que pretende inspecionar os danos em quatro anos."Eu realmente fiquei preocupado de que não restasse nada do Dimorfo" no início, admitiu Carnelli à AFP. A missão Hera, programada para ser lançada em outubro de 2024 e chegar ao asteroide em 2026, espera pesquisar uma cratera de aproximadamente dez metros de diâmetro.Agora parece que será muito maior, disse o diretor, "se houver uma cratera, talvez uma parte do Dimorfo tenha sido cortada".A verdadeira medida do sucesso do Dart será o quanto exatamente ele desviou a trajetória do asteroide. Com essa informação, o mundo pode começar a se preparar para autodefesa contra asteroides maiores, que podem vir na direção da Terra no futuro.É provável que os telescópios e radares ligados à Terra levem pelo menos uma semana para uma primeira estimativa de quanto a órbita do asteroide foi alterada. Para uma medição precisa, Carnelli diz que o prazo é de três ou quatro semanas."Estou esperando uma deflexão muito maior do que planejamos", confessa Carnelli.Segundo ele, isso teria "grandes implicações na defesa planetária, pois significa que essa técnica pode ser usada para asteroides muito maiores"."Até hoje, pensávamos que a única técnica de deflexão seria enviar um dispositivo nuclear".Fitzsimmons disse que mesmo se nenhuma matéria tivesse sido "arremessada para fora" do Dimorfo, o Dart ainda teria afetado levemente sua órbita."Mas quanto mais matéria e quanto mais rápido estiver se movendo, maior será a deflexão", explica o astrônomo.As observações do James Webb e do Hubble vão ajudar a revelar quanto e com que rapidez a matéria repeliu do asteroide, assim como a natureza de sua superfície.O impacto do asteroide marcou a primeira vez que os dois telescópios espaciais observaram o mesmo corpo celestial.Desde o lançamento em dezembro e a divulgação de suas primeiras imagens em julho, o James Webb retirou o título de telescópio espacial mais poderoso do Hubble.Fitzsimmons revelou que as imagens foram "uma bela demonstração de uma ciência complementar que você pode obter usando mais de um telescópio simultaneamente". Mais | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Cinco milhões de anos atrás, imensos tubarões predadores patrulhavam os oceanos. Seus dentes gigantes —deixados para trás em sedimentos costeiros— inspiraram o nome de 1843 que desde então se tornou uma palavra familiar: megalodonte.Apesar da fama do tubarão com megadentes, no entanto, o tamanho e a forma exatos do megalodonte têm sido motivo de discussão. Como os esqueletos de tubarões são em grande parte feitos de cartilagem, eles raramente se fossilizam, o que leva os pesquisadores a fazerem estimativas muito variadas —de 10 a 18 metros— usando dentes caídos e comparações com parentes vivos como tubarões-cavala e o grande tubarão-branco.Mas a nova modelagem 3D do tubarão, publicada nesta quarta-feira (17) na revista Science Advances, sugere que o megalodonte pode ter sido um animal maior, mais rápido e mais disseminado do que se pensava anteriormente.Em 2014, Catalina Pimiento, paleontóloga da Universidade Swansea, no País de Gales (Reino Unido), conheceu John Hutchinson, anatomista do Colégio Real de Veterinária, em Londres. Hutchinson é especialista em modelagem computacional de animais extintos. Os dois acabaram se juntando a uma equipe de colaboradores para construir um modelo de computador de megalodonte em 3D, baseado em parte em varreduras de uma espinha preservada descoberta na década de 1860 e mantida no Instituto Real de Ciências Naturais da Bélgica. Eles também usaram dentes de megalodonte e uma varredura de corpo inteiro de um grande tubarão-branco, o análogo vivo mais próximo do megalodonte.O modelo resultante sugeriu um animal de 15 metros de comprimento e 67 toneladas, quase tão grande quanto um tubarão-baleia. É possível que outros megalodontes fossem ainda maiores, disse Pimiento; existem outras vértebras fossilizadas que são 50% maiores do que as usadas no modelo, sugerindo um comprimento máximo de 20 metros, maior que uma baleia jubarte moderna. As mandíbulas do modelo de megalodonte podiam se abrir o suficiente para devorar uma orca de 8 metros em apenas cinco mordidas.Quão confiável é essa modelagem computacional?"Essas reconstruções funcionam muito bem quando aplicadas a animais vivos cuja massa conhecemos, então parecem estar certas em geral", disse Hutchinson. Isso é verdade especialmente dadas as variações naturais de tamanho entre os animais individuais.Mas alguns pesquisadores apontam que o modelo se baseia em suposições sobre megalodontes que não foram confirmadas no registro fóssil."O tamanho e a forma de outros componentes do esqueleto, como o crânio, as mandíbulas e todas as barbatanas permanecem especulativos", disse Kenshu Shimada, professor de paleobiologia da Universidade DePaul, em Chicago.Se o modelo da equipe for preciso, entretanto, isso tem implicações sobre a velocidade de cruzeiro dos enormes predadores —a rapidez com que um animal vai do ponto A ao ponto B— e seu apetite. A equipe descobriu que os megalodontes poderiam atingir uma velocidade de cruzeiro de aproximadamente 5 km/h, disse Pimiento, muito mais rápido do que os outros 33 tubarões pesquisados. Entre os tubarões existentes, a maior velocidade de cruzeiro é a do tubarão-salmão, que pode atingir cerca de 3,2 km/h.Como o grande tubarão-branco, mais lento, pode viajar quase 11 mil quilômetros sem parar para aproveitar as presas sazonais, argumentou a equipe, o megalodonte provavelmente poderia ir muito mais longe. Na verdade, teria que fazê-lo para se manter alimentado. Embora os restos fósseis do Peru tenham mostrado que o megalodonte ocasionalmente caçava focas, o "grande tamanho corporal e as demandas energéticas potenciais do tubarão sugerem que ele precisaria de presas altamente calóricas, como baleias", disse Pimiento. Mais Nos ecossistemas modernos, apontou Hutchinson, grandes animais migratórios desempenham um papel importante no fluxo de nutrientes —depositados em esterco ou carcaças— em todo o mundo. Como um superpredador transoceânico, o megalodonte provavelmente desempenhou um papel semelhante nos ecossistemas oceânicos dezenas de milhões de anos atrás, quando os níveis do mar eram pouco mais altos do que são hoje.Mas os predadores de ponta são frequentemente vulneráveis a um mundo em mudança. Na era Pliocênica, o aumento do gelo nos polos levou a frequentes mudanças no nível do mar e à perda de importantes habitats em alto mar. Um evento de extinção que o acompanhou levou a um declínio nas grandes presas, provavelmente forçando o megalodonte a competir diretamente com tubarões menores, como o grande branco. O último dos enormes predadores desapareceu há 3 milhões de anos."Seria seguro supor que sua extinção teve impactos em escala global nas redes alimentares de cima para baixo", disse Pimiento.O modelo da equipe sugere, portanto, que o megalodonte não era apenas fisicamente maior do que se supunha anteriormente; provavelmente também desempenhou um papel maior nos sistemas oceânicos, deixando-os mais pobres —embora mais seguros— à sua passagem. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Na década de 1970, James Lovelock, um biólogo britânico, propôs uma hipótese que causou escândalo, admiração e suspeita em proporções iguais.Ele disse que a Terra estava viva.Lovelock, que trabalhava na época para a Nasa (agência espacial dos EUA) e era considerado um cientista respeitável, não se embasava em crenças animistas.E embora tenha a chamado de hipótese de Gaia, referindo-se à deusa primordial da mitologia grega, ele embasava suas ideias em paradigmas científicos.Com sua pesquisa, vislumbrou um sistema que refletia o equilíbrio (e a relação) entre os seres vivos e o resto do planeta.A hipótese, que estudos posteriores transformaram em teoria, se tornou popular nas universidades do mundo todo e foi central para o entendimento sobre o impacto humano no clima.E embora tenha sido questionada à exaustão, também consagrou seu principal teórico. Ele morreu em 26 de julho, no mesmo dia em que completou 103 anos.Considerado um dos biólogos mais importantes do século 20 no Reino Unido, Lovelock realizou também uma contribuição especial por seu descobrimento de que era possível medir a concentração atmosférica de clorofluorcarbonos, os compostos que eram usados para esfriar geladeiras e o ar-condicionado.Isso levou ao descobrimento do buraco na camada de ozônio e à proibição dos clorofluorocarbonos em 1987.Ele também criou um dispositivo ainda usado para medir a propagação de compostos tóxicos criados por humanos na natureza, o que cimentou suas teorias sobre a ação humana sobre o planeta.No entanto, o que o deixou mais conhecido internacionalmente foi sua hipótese que começou a ver a vida na Terra como um sistema em que cada ser vivo tinha um papel: Gaia.Lovelock baseou sua hipótese inicial em sua observação científica da atmosfera da Terra e de Marte.Naquela época, nos anos 1960, ele trabalhava na equipe de exploração espacial da Nasa no Laboratório de Propulsão a Jato, em Pasadena, Califórnia.Como especialista na composição química dos planetas, Lovelock se perguntou por que nossa atmosfera era tão estável.Ele considerou que, diferentemente de Marte, algo deveria estar regulando o calor, o oxigênio, o nitrogênio e outros componentes essenciais."A vida na superfície é o que deve estar fazendo a regulação", escreveu com a microbióloga americana Lynn Margulis, que foi coautora em seu estudo sobre Gaia.Lovelock e Margulis avaliaram que os organismos e seu entorno inorgânico na Terra estavam estreitamente integrados para formar um sistema complexo, único e autorregulado.Isso era, por sua vez, o que mantinha as condições para o desenvolvimento da vida."O clima e a composição química do meio ambiente da superfície da Terra estão e têm estado regulados num estado estável para a biota (o conjunto dos organismos vivos)", dizia a pesquisa.Lovelock trabalhou em sua hipótese inicial por anos e logo recuperou modelos e dados de outras ciências para tentar criar uma teoria.Foi assim que desenvolveu o modelo chamado "Daisyworld" (sobre como crescem as margaridas num mundo imaginário), que serviu para ilustrar como pode funcionar Gaia.Segundo a teoria, num planeta imaginário, similar em muitos aspectos à Terra, só crescem margaridas, com abundância de nutrientes e água.Mas as margaridas brancas e negras competem por espaço.Ainda que ambos os tipos de margaridas cresçam melhor à mesma temperatura, as margaridas negras absorvem mais calor que as brancas. Quando o sol brilha mais intensamente, aquecendo o planeta, as margaridas brancas se estendem, e o planeta esfria novamenteEnquanto isso, quando diminui a luminosidade do sol, as margaridas se esticam, aquecendo o planeta.Dessa maneira, as interações competitivas entre as margaridas proporcionam um mecanismo homeostático para o planeta em seu conjunto.Em seu livro "O futuro do clima mundial", Martin Rice e Ann Henderson-Sellers explicam que esse modelo ofereceu um "marco matemático" inicial para compreender a autorregulação da vida na Terra e que tornou Gaia "a teoria ecológica mais ambiciosa baseada na auto-organização".A fama da teoria fez com que, menos de uma década após ter sido exposta, cientistas do mundo todo tenham se reunido na Universidade de Massachusetts na Primeira Conferência sobre a Hipótese Gaia, cujo tema era: "A Terra é um organismo vivo?"A hipótese, no entanto, não recebeu uma chancela universal no universo científico.Muitos pesquisadores a questionaram, fazendo com que Lovelock fosse desenvolvendo novos experimentos e modificações na teoria ao longo dos anos.Os principais críticos afirmam que a noção de que há um equilíbrio entre os organismos vai contra os princípios da seleção natural. Dizem ainda que a teoria tem um componente teleológico (concebe um fim ou uma meta: a continuação da vida). Mais Muitos cientistas consideram ainda que ela tem pouco embasamento ou está em desacordo com as evidências disponíveis, a tal ponto que o pesquisador Tyler Volk a classificou de "pensamento otimista".Mas além dos argumentos favoráveis ou contrários à teoria, uma de suas inovações foi o lugar que ela deu aos humanos dentro desse sistema e como nos apresenta como uma das principais ameaças para o equilíbrio natural da Terra."Estamos jogando um jogo muito perigoso. Estamos interferindo diretamente nos principais mecanismos de regulação de Gaia", disse Lovelock à BBC em 2020."Minha razão principal para não me aposentar é que, como a maioria de vocês, estou profundamente preocupado com a probabilidade de uma mudança climática enormemente danosa e a necessidade de fazer algo a respeito agora", acrescentou.Este texto foi publicado originalmente aqui. | ciencia | 1 | 1 |
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] | Com 11 metros de comprimento e mais de quatro toneladas, uma nova espécie de dinossauro carnívoro descoberta na Argentina parece talhada para ocupar papel de destaque nos pesadelos da humanidade, ganhando até o nome de um dos mais temíveis dragões da série "Game of Thrones". Só uma coisa destoa nesse cenário: as patas dianteiras minúsculas do bicho.À primeira vista, a desproporção nos membros parece mesmo ridícula, mas a análise da espécie batizada como Meraxes gigas traz informações importantes para entender como o animal e tantos outros grandes predadores da Era dos Dinossauros acabaram desenvolvendo bracinhos desse tipo ao longo de milhões de anos.É o que argumentam os paleontólogos que descobriram e analisaram os fósseis, em artigo que acaba de sair na revista especializada Current Biology. A equipe de cientistas é coordenada por Juan Canale, da Universidade Nacional de Rio Negro, e conta com a participação de outros paleontólogos da Argentina e dos EUA.Para sorte dos pesquisadores, o M. gigas é o animal com a preservação mais completa das patas dianteiras entre os membros do seu grupo, o dos carcarodontossaurídeos, que inclui uma série de outros predadores sul-americanos de grande porte, presentes inclusive no Brasil. Mais Os fósseis, que incluem ainda um crânio quase completo (sem mandíbula), ossos do peito e da pelve e vértebras do pescoço, do dorso e da cauda, foram encontrados na região de Neuquén, no norte da Patagônia, e têm cerca de 90 milhões de anos de idade. Já se sabia que os braços curtos eram marca registrada do grupo, mas é a primeira vez que dados tão completos sobre os membros podem ser obtidos a partir do registro fóssil. A primeira coisa que fica clara com base nessas informações novas é que os bracinhos não eram uma simples "sobra" anatômica, algo que o bicho aparentemente não usava mais. "Estou convencido de que eles desempenhavam algum tipo de função", disse Canale em comunicado oficial. "O esqueleto mostra que eles tinham grandes inserções musculares e cintura escapular [a região das clavículas] plenamente desenvolvida. Ou seja, os braços tinham músculos fortes."Se esse era o caso, o que explicaria o tamanho diminuto? A principal hipótese dos especialistas tem a ver com a maneira como a estrutura anatômica dos animais se desenvolvia. Acontece que o fenômeno do minibraço é algo que aparece repetidas vezes, de forma independente, em várias outras linhagens de dinossauros carnívoros que alcançaram tamanhos em torno dos 10 m de comprimento ou mais e privilegiaram o desenvolvimento de cabeças enormes, com mandíbulas possantes.O caso mais famoso, também ridicularizado por causa de seus bracinhos, é o do célebre Tyrannosaurusrex, na verdade um parente muito distante do Meraxes gigas —os bichos alcançaram seu padrão anatômico de forma paralela, já que o T. rex viveu 20 milhões de anos mais tarde. Outro dado importante: os braços pequenos parecem ter mantido uma proporção bastante semelhante em todos os grupos de grandes dinossauros carnívoros, em geral com cerca de 50% do tamanho do fêmur dos bichos.Isso levou os autores do novo estudo a propor que deve ter existido uma espécie de acoplamento no desenvolvimento dos músculos e do esqueleto dos bichos, provavelmente de origem genética, no qual a formação das enormes cabeças e mandíbulas estava correlacionada com uma diminuição proporcional das patas da frente. Parece estranho, mas coisas parecidas acontecem em outros grupos de animais.Mesmo se a ideia for confirmada, ainda permanece o mistério sobre a utilidade dos bracinhos depois desse processo evolutivo. Canale tem algumas ideias. "Eles podem ter usado os braços nos comportamentos reprodutivos, segurando a fêmea na cópula, ou para se apoiar após uma queda", diz ele. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Como as girafas desenvolveram seus pescoços descomunais? A explicação aparentemente óbvia é que os ancestrais delas que conseguiam alcançar folhas mais altas nas árvores foram favorecidos pela seleção natural. Mas um fóssil que acaba de ser descrito indica que o processo foi bem mais complicado. Uma das "protogirafas" tinha cabeça e pescoço que serviam para dar cabeçadas, e não para procurar comida.O inusitado bicho, batizado com o nome científico Discokeryx xiezhi, viveu no noroeste da atual China há 16,9 milhões de anos. Seu pescoço era um pouco mais longo que o de um cavalo atual, mas o que realmente chama a atenção na anatomia do animal é a presença de uma espécie de capacete ósseo, achatado e com formato de disco, no alto da cabeça. É daí, claro, que vem a designação da espécie, já que Discokeryx significa "chifre-disco".Mas o elmo achatado é só parte da esquisitice que caracteriza o mamífero. As vértebras do pescoço possuem formato e conexões peculiares entre si e com a base do crânio. "É uma adaptação diretamente ligada à absorção de impactos", explicou à Folha Shi-Qi Wang, do Instituto de Paleontologia de Vertebrados e Paleoantropologia da Academia Chinesa de Ciências.Wang, junto com outros colegas da China, da Europa e dos EUA, assina a descrição da girafa primitiva que acaba de sair na revista especializada Science. A equipe também analisou o contexto ecológico no qual o animal viveu, um ambiente que abrigava outros mamíferos de grande porte, como parentes extintos dos elefantes, rinocerontes e javalis atuais.Uma coisa que já estava clara com base em outros dados fósseis e na comparação das girafas com seus parentes vivos mais próximos, os ocapis, é que os pescoços gigantes dos herbívoros são produto de uma fase relativamente recente de sua evolução (os ocapis, por exemplo, são muito menos pescoçudos). E, embora as pessoas só ouçam falar da hipótese da busca pelas folhas mais altas das árvores, os especialistas debatem há tempos a possibilidade de que os pescoços tenham sido selecionados também como armas.Isso porque os machos das girafas atuais usam seus pescoções em combates ritualizados, algo que lhes permitiria ganhar posições de dominância sobre outros machos e ter mais oportunidades de acasalar com as fêmeas. A ideia de que esse processo foi o mais importante passou a ser designado, em inglês, como a hipótese "necks for sex" ("trocando pescoços por sexo"). De novo, os parentes mais modestos das girafas atuais trazem pistas sobre esse processo. "Os ocapis também lutam usando seus pescoços curtos, ainda que não de forma tão feroz quanto as girafas", conta Wang.A descoberta do fóssil chinês indica que esse processo já estava acontecendo, em grande medida, no caso dos parentes mais antigos das girafas e ocapis. Embora provavelmente não seja um ancestral direto das espécies africanas de hoje, o Discokeryx xiezhi ajuda a entender como o grupo evoluiu."Creio que tanto a luta entre machos quanto a alimentação em patamares mais altos da vegetação tiveram um papel no alongamento dos pescoços, mas de maneiras diferentes", pondera Wang.Um detalhe oriundo da análise da composição química dos dentes da protogirafa chinesa é que ela provavelmente tinha uma alimentação diferente de outros herbívoros da região, aproveitando a vegetação de ambientes mais abertos e secos. Essa vida mais difícil pode ter aumentado a competição entre machos, algo que acontece em outros herbívoros que "batem cabeça" entre si, como carneiros-selvagens de regiões montanhosas. Aliás, segundo os cálculos dos pesquisadores, a girafa primitiva era o mamífero com o crânio e o pescoço mais adaptados a esse tipo de combate em todos os tempos. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | A gigante aeroespacial americana Boeing lançou nesta quinta-feira (19) sua cápsula Starliner rumo à Estação Espacial Internacional (ISS) em um voo de teste-chave não tripulado, após anos de falhas e falsos começos.A missão Orbital Test Flight 2 (OFT-2) decolou às 22h54 GMT (19h45 de Brasília) do Centro Espacial Kennedy, na Flórida, com a nave espacial fixada sobre um foguete Atlas V da United Launch Alliance, segundo a transmissão ao vivo da Nasa.O sucesso da missão é fundamental para resgatar a reputação da Boeing, após um primeiro fracasso em 2019, quando a tentativa de acoplamento à ISS fracassou devido a erros de software, que implicaram queimar muito combustível para chegar ao destino e a possibilidade de destruição da nave durante a sua reentrada."É um grande momento", disse a vice-administradora da Nasa Pam Melroy pouco antes do lançamento. "Quando construímos a estação espacial, estávamos realmente focados em toda a ciência incrível que poderíamos fazer em inovação. Ter agora outra forma de chegar lá simplesmente nos dá mais resiliência."Depois de anos de fracassos e adiamentos, a companhia aeronáutica americana Boeing tentará voltar à concorrência com a SpaceX para servir de "táxi" espacial para a Nasa.Ambas as empresas receberam em 2014 contratos com valores fixos de US$ 4,2 bilhões para a Boeing e US$ 2,6 bilhões para a SpaceX, pouco tempo após o encerramento do programa do ônibus espacial, em uma época na qual os Estados Unidos dependiam dos foguetes russos Soyuz para chegar ao laboratório orbital.A Boeing, com sua história centenária, foi considerada por muitos uma aposta segura frente à praticamente inexperimentada SpaceX. Mas a empresa de Musk enviou recentemente sua quarta tripulação de rotina para a plataforma de pesquisas, enquanto os atrasos no desenvolvimento da Boeing custaram à empresa centenas de milhões de dólares.A Starliner deve se acoplar à ISS cerca de 24 horas após o lançamento e entregar mais de 226 kg de carga, incluindo comida e outros suprimentos, como roupas ou sacos de dormir, para a tripulação.O voo-teste sem tripulação está destinado a determinar se a cápsula será capaz de transportar humanos. Já tinha sido testado, mas sem sucesso, em 2019, quando a nave teve que retornar à Terra antes do tempo, evitando uma catástrofe.Depois, em agosto de 2021, um novo teste teve que ser cancelado pouco antes do lançamento, devido a um problema de válvulas detectado durante as verificações finais.Enquanto isso, a SpaceX já realizou com sucesso os seus próprios testes e começou a transportar astronautas da Nasa em missões regulares.No total, a empresa do bilionário Elon Musk já transportou 18 astronautas com sua própria cápsula, a Dragon, assim como quatro turistas espaciais que pagaram para estar em uma missão.Contudo, a Nasa quer diversificar suas opções para não voltar a correr o risco de ficar sem meios de transporte americanos, como aconteceu depois do encerramento das missões de transportadores espaciais em 2011. Até o surgimento da SpaceX, a agência espacial americana se viu obrigada a pagar por vagas de tripulantes nos foguetes Soyuz da Rússia.O lançamento desta quinta-feira é "um passo crucial" para se obter "dois veículos que transportem tripulações de forma regular", disse na terça-feira Dana Weigel, subdiretora do programa ISS da Nasa, em uma entrevista coletiva. A dirigente destacou que foi assinado um contrato de preço fixo tanto com SpaceX quanto com a Boeing.Durante o teste, uma boneca chamada Rosie será colocada no assento do comandante. Ela está equipada com 15 sensores, destinados a recolher informação sobre os movimentos da estrutura.A aproximação da ISS nesta sexta, por volta das 20h de Brasília, será acompanhada de perto pelos astronautas a bordo da estação. Primeiro, ordenarão que a cápsula se estabilize a cerca de 250 metros de distância, antes de proceder com a delicada manobra de contato e acoplagem. Horas depois, a escotilha da cápsula será aberta.A Starliner deverá permanecer acoplada à ISS durante cinco dias, antes de retornar à Terra para pousar em pleno deserto do estado do Novo México, no oeste de Estados Unidos, na base de White Sands. Mais O desenvolvimento do projeto Starliner acabou se transformando em uma longa epopeia cheia de obstáculos.Em 2019, a cápsula não pôde entrar na órbita correta devido a um problema com seu relógio e teve que retornar à Terra depois de dois dias. A Boeing depois detectou que outros problemas de software quase provocaram uma anomalia grave de voo.A Nasa prescreveu uma longa lista de recomendações e modificações para serem realizadas. Depois, em 2021, quando o foguete já estava na plataforma de lançamento para tentar uma nova decolagem, um problema de umidade provocou uma reação química que bloqueou a abertura de certas válvulas na cápsula e o equipamento teve que voltar às oficinas para inspeções durante dez meses.O problema foi resolvido isolando hermeticamente as novas válvulas, com o objetivo de evitar a entrada de umidade, explicou na terça-feira Mark Nappi, gerente da Boeing. No entanto, para o futuro, outras soluções de prazo mais longo, inclusive uma mudança no projeto, já estão sendo avaliadas pelos especialistas.Muita coisa está em jogo para a companhia, que espera poder realizar um primeiro voo tripulado no fim do ano. Esta segunda missão de teste será fundamental para obter finalmente a aprovação da Nasa.Mas o cronograma exato dependerá do desempenho da cápsula nesta semana, que, ao mesmo tempo, pode recuperar um pouco a imagem da Boeing, bastante prejudicada pelos contratempos em sequência. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | O telescópio espacial James Webb, localizado a 1,5 milhão de quilômetros da Terra, completou sua fase de alinhamento de seus instrumentos científicos, agora operacionais para explorar os confins do Universo, anunciou a Nasa.Os quatro poderosos instrumentos, três imageadores e um espectrógrafo, alinharam-se com sucesso com o espelho principal (6,5 metros de diâmetro), cuja implantação terminou no início de janeiro, duas semanas após a decolagem do telescópio James Webb (JWST) da Guiana Francesa.Cada um atingiu sua "temperatura operacional" e agora está pronto para trabalhar, detalhou na quinta-feira (28) a Nasa em um comunicado.Enquanto aguardam as primeiras imagens de observações científicas, os instrumentos confirmaram que são capazes de "capturar imagens nítidas e bem direcionadas".Como as imagens de estrelas e gás da Grande Nuvem de Magalhães, uma pequena galáxia anã satélite da Via Láctea, tiradas pelo instrumento Mirim. "Esta primeira imagem foi magnífica porque vimos a qualidade das imagens que procurávamos", comentou no Twitter o responsável científico do Mirim no CEA, Pierre-Olivier Lagage. Mais "Tudo está indo bem e agora tenho certeza que haverá ciência 'transformacional'. Tenho plena certeza de que com o JWST avançaremos a ciência a passos largos", acrescentou o astrofísico, emocionado."Estas imagens de teste demonstram o que as pessoas de vários países e continentes podem alcançar quando há uma visão científica ousada para explorar o universo", comentou Lee Feinberg, responsável de elementos do telescópio óptico Webb no Goddard Space Flight Center da Nasa.A um custo de 10 bilhões de dólares, James Webb é aguardado pelos astrônomos de todo o mundo e deve permitir observar em particular as primeiras galáxias, formadas apenas cerca de 200 milhões de anos após o Big Bang. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Cientistas observaram um planeta enorme, com cerca de nove vezes a massa de Júpiter, em um estágio de formação notavelmente precoce —descrevendo-o como ainda "no útero"—, em uma descoberta que desafia a compreensão atual da formação planetária.Os pesquisadores usaram o Telescópio Subaru, localizado perto do cume de um vulcão inativo no Havaí, e o Telescópio Espacial Hubble, em órbita da Terra, para detectar e estudar o planeta, um gigante gasoso que orbita extraordinariamente longe de sua jovem estrela hospedeira. Gigantes gasosos são planetas, como os maiores do nosso sistema solar, Júpiter e Saturno, compostos principalmente de hidrogênio e hélio, com gases que giram em torno de um núcleo sólido menor."Achamos que ainda está muito no início de seu processo de 'nascimento'", disse o astrofísico Thayne Currie, do Telescópio Subaru e do Centro de Pesquisa Nasa-Ames, principal autor do estudo publicado na segunda-feira (4) na revista Nature Astronomy."As evidências sugerem que este é o primeiro estágio de formação de um gigante gasoso já observado." Ele está embutido em um disco expansivo de gás e poeira, carregando o material que forma planetas, envolvendo uma estrela chamada AB Aurigae localizada a 508 anos-luz —a distância que a luz percorre em um ano, 9,46 trilhões de quilômetros— da Terra. Essa estrela teve um momento fugaz de fama quando sua imagem apareceu em uma cena do filme "Não Olhe para Cima".Cerca de 5.000 planetas além do nosso sistema solar, ou exoplanetas, foram identificados. Este, chamado AB Aur b, está entre os maiores. Ele se aproxima do tamanho máximo para ser classificado como planeta em vez de uma anã marrom, corpo intermediário entre planeta e estrela. É aquecido por gás e poeira que caem nele.Planetas em processo de formação —chamados protoplanetas— foram observados em torno de apenas uma outra estrela.Quase todos os exoplanetas conhecidos têm órbitas em torno de suas estrelas dentro da distância que separa nosso Sol e seu planeta mais distante, Netuno. Mas esse planeta orbita três vezes mais longe que Netuno do Sol e 93 vezes a distância da Terra ao Sol. Mais Seu nascimento parece seguir um processo diferente do modelo padrão de formação planetária."O pensamento convencional é que a maioria —se não todos— os planetas se formam pelo lento acréscimo de sólidos em um núcleo rochoso, e que os gigantes gasosos passam por essa fase antes que o núcleo sólido esteja maciço o suficiente para começar a acumular gás", disse o astrônomo e coautor do estudo, Olivier Guyon, do Telescópio Subaru e da Universidade do Arizona.Neste cenário, os protoplanetas embutidos no disco ao redor de uma estrela jovem crescem gradualmente de poeira para objetos sólidos do tamanho de pedregulhos e, se esse núcleo atingir várias vezes a massa da Terra, então começam a acumular gás do disco."Esse processo não pode formar planetas gigantes a uma grande distância orbital, então essa descoberta desafia nossa compreensão da formação de planetas", disse Guyon.Em vez disso, os pesquisadores acreditam que AB Aur b está se formando em um cenário em que o disco ao redor da estrela esfria e a gravidade faz com que ele se fragmente em um ou mais aglomerados maciços que se formam em planetas. Mais "Há mais de uma maneira de cozinhar um ovo", disse Currie. "E aparentemente pode haver mais de uma maneira de formar um planeta semelhante a Júpiter."A estrela AB Aurigae é cerca de 2,4 vezes mais maciça que o nosso Sol e quase 60 vezes mais brilhante. Tem cerca de 2 milhões de anos —uma criança pelos padrões estelares—, em comparação com cerca de 4,5 bilhões de anos para o nosso Sol de meia-idade. O Sol no início de sua vida também foi cercado por um disco que deu origem à Terra e aos outros planetas."Novas observações astronômicas desafiam continuamente nossas teorias atuais, melhorando nossa compreensão do universo", disse Guyon. "A formação do planeta é muito complexa e confusa, com muitas surpresas ainda pela frente."Tradução de Luiz Roberto M. Gonçalves | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | A bacia do Araripe, localizada entre os estados do Ceará, Pernambuco e Piauí, abriga o maior sítio fossilífero do país. É lá que fósseis de animais e plantas que viveram há mais de 110 milhões de anos são encontrados com um grau de preservação excepcional, comparável apenas a algumas escavações na China e na Alemanha.Porém, apesar da exuberância, a região enfrenta há décadas diversos problemas estruturais, a começar pela lapidação recorrente do patrimônio fossilífero, destinado para outros países.São espécies de dinossauros, pterossauros, aranhas, insetos, peixes, anfíbios, lagartos e dezenas de outros organismos que saem do Brasil e vão parar em coleções particulares ou científicas em diversos países.Os principais destinos são a Alemanha, a França, os Estados Unidos e o Japão. O Museu Americano de História Natural, em Nova York, possui a maior coleção de peixes do Araripe no mundo: são dezenas de milhares de exemplares. E quem quiser estudar os pterossauros do Brasil deve procurar coleções em museus na Alemanha, que abrigam a maior concentração desses fósseis.Já os paleontólogos que desejem visitar o Araripe vão encontrar condições precárias de trabalho, uma infraestrutura reduzida e dificuldades para achar as peças para estudo.A formação da bacia do Araripe se deu há pelo menos 400 milhões de anos, entre os períodos Ordoviciano e Devoniano. As demais rochas que formam a bacia possuem idade mais recente, que vai do Jurássico Superior, há cerca de 150 milhões de anos, ao limite do Cretáceo Inferior com Superior, há aproximadamente 100 milhões de anos.São dessa idade os três principais estratos rochosos que conservam a maioria dos fósseis do local: a formação Crato, o membro Romualdo e a formação Santana. As rochas que contêm os fósseis da formação Crato são caracterizadas por lâminas calcárias (lajes) e são, por isso, muito exploradas pela indústria de piso e móveis —é durante essa atividade de mineração que são encontrados os fósseis.Os nódulos (partes duras da rocha) do membro Romualdo preservam bem estruturas moles dos seres que lá viveram, por causa de uma série de reações químicas e da liberação de enxofre pela atividade bacteriana que ocorre ao longo do processo de fossilização. Assim, os organismos ficam preservados em uma espécie de "Kinder Ovo" no meio do paredão rochoso.Devido a essa condição única, asas de pterossauros são encontradas preservadas tridimensionalmente, e plantas e insetos podem ser descobertos ainda com pigmentos e partes moles em bom estado.O valor científico excepcional desses fósseis, portanto, faz com que sejam ofertados por valores que chegam até centenas de milhares de dólares em leilões e sites de venda fora do país, passando por um caminho que envolve a descoberta nas pedreiras, a mão de atravessadores, os compradores internacionais, até chegar a colecionadores particulares e pesquisadores de museus estrangeiros.Recentemente, a publicação do primeiro dinossauro não aviano com penas da América Latina, o exótico Ubirajara jubatus, levou a uma mobilização pela repatriação do fóssil que saiu ilegalmente do país e foi para o Museu de Karlsruhe, na Alemanha. Após forte pressão social, a revista científica Cretaceous Research "cancelou" a publicação do artigo, mas o museu alemão disse que não vai devolver o dino.A questão maior que envolve esse e outros exemplares em coleções no exterior é que os fósseis são considerados patrimônio da União, desde a criação de um decreto-lei de 1942 que proíbe sua venda e retirada sem autorização.A exploração dos fósseis só pode ser feita mediante licença para coleta —para pesquisadores e instituições de pesquisa— expedida por órgãos legais, mas o contingente de fósseis do Araripe em diversos países no mundo revela como essa legislação somente não consegue controlar o problema.Além disso, os estrangeiros contrapõem a lei brasileira com legislações dos próprios países —a convenção de 1970 da Unesco que legisla sobre os bens culturais, históricos e de biodiversidade das nações não foi assinada por todas as partes e, portanto, não vale em alguns territórios. Mais Por conta disso, paleontólogos brasileiros e a Justiça buscam agora a recuperação desse patrimônio fossilífero, dizendo que os países não respeitam a lei vigente. Desde 2015, o Ministério Público Federal do Ceará tenta a repatriação de quase mil fósseis do Araripe apreendidos na França, no porto de Le Havre.Segundo o procurador Rafael Ribeiro Rayol, responsável pela operação, os fósseis saíram em contêineres como se fossem quartzo. O destino: uma empresa na cidade de Gannat, na França, chamada Eldonia."O problema é que na Europa não é ilícita a comercialização de fósseis, e por isso os materiais são vendidos abertamente, mas como nossa legislação proíbe desde 1942, ou seja, há mais de 80 anos, é sabido que os fósseis saíram ilegalmente", afirma Rayol.Dono da Eldonia, para quem seriam mandados os 998 fósseis mascarados como quartzo, o paleontólogo François Escuillié se defende dizendo que o mercado de venda de pedras preciosas não é proibido e as rochas valem muito mais do que os fósseis."Há um paradoxo em uma legislação que não proíbe a retirada e venda das suas pedras preciosas, que valem dezenas de milhões de dólares no exterior, mas condena a retirada dos fósseis", diz.Além dos contêineres, diversos fósseis são levados por atravessadores em caixas, muitas vezes com autorizações para transporte de "rochas e pedras preciosas", denominação genérica que pode incluir os fósseis.Em geral, um fóssil raro de anfíbio ou ave é vendido por cerca de R$ 3.000 pelos mineradores. Os espécimes mais raros, como de dinossauros ou pterossauros, chegam, no máximo, a R$ 15.000. Na Europa, os mesmos fósseis são vendidos pelos atravessadores por de US$ 30.000 a US$ 300.000 (cerca de R$ 150 mil a R$ 1,57 milhão).Uma das figuras mais polêmicas quando se trata dos fósseis do Araripe, o paleontólogo britânico David Martill, da Universidade de Portsmouth (Reino Unido), diz que o problema dos fósseis brasileiros não são os paleontólogos estrangeiros que retiram ou recebem esses materiais lá fora."Há uma fiscalização frouxa no país, e os fósseis saem em contêineres contendo milhares. A pergunta é: quem deixa esses contêineres saírem?", indaga, dizendo que sempre levou material fóssil para a Inglaterra com autorizações dos órgãos legais.Nos últimos anos, o MPF (Ministério Público Federal), junto à Polícia Federal, reforçou as operações para fiscalizar o tráfico internacional, com ações nas pedreiras, controle de passaportes e rastreio de telefones."O processo de mineração hoje está em sua maioria regularizado, mas fechamos no passado muitas pedreiras clandestinas. É nesse ambiente que os mineradores acabam encontrando os fósseis e guardando para comercializar de forma clandestina, pelos mais variados preços", afirma Rayol."A atividade de retirada dos fósseis não é ilegal, mas um trabalhador que encontra os fósseis deve separar, comunicar e entregar às autoridades", completa.Recentemente, o laboratório de paleontologia da Urca (Universidade Regional do Cariri) começou um trabalho com a Polícia Ambiental para coletar de duas a três vezes por semana o material fóssil encontrado nas pedreiras. Em geral, são fósseis considerados de menor importância científica."Mesmo com a coleta, sabemos que há muitos fósseis que vão para fora, via Fortaleza ou São Paulo", afirma Antônio Álamo Saraiva, paleontólogo e professor da Urca.O material recolhido vai para o laboratório de Saraiva na Urca ou para o Museu de Paleontologia de Santana do Cariri, ligado à universidade.A criação, em 2006, do Geopark Araripe, reconhecido hoje pela Unesco como sítio de patrimônio da humanidade, trouxe mais visibilidade à área da paleontologia na região, mas a falta de recursos dificulta o progresso científico local."Se tem o Geopark aqui, bem ou mal temos a avaliação a cada quatro anos da Unesco, e se os critérios para manter o parque são a defesa do patrimônio geológico, como podemos deixar continuar a situação de retirada dos fósseis?", questiona Saraiva. Mais | ciencia | 0 | 0.97945 |
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] | Análises do DNA de indígenas do Brasil e de outros países da América do Sul trazem novos indícios de que a Amazônia era habitada por milhões de pessoas antes da chegada dos europeus, com povos que passaram por grandes ascensões e quedas muito anteriores ao ano de 1500.Essas conclusões, resultado do estudo do material genético de quase 400 indivíduos de 58 etnias diferentes, estão em artigo na revista científica Molecular Biology and Evolution. Assinam a pesquisa especialistas do Instituto de Biociências da USP, junto com um colega da Universidade Pompeu Fabra, em Barcelona."Chegamos a números bem altos para a população inicial da Amazônia, entre 1 milhão e 5 milhões de pessoas só para os grupos tupis", contou à Folha a geneticista Tábita Hünemeier, coautora do estudo e uma das principais estudiosas da área no país.Estimativas anteriores feitas por arqueólogos chegaram a um cômputo de 8 milhões de habitantes para a totalidade da Amazônia (o que abarca também as áreas fora do território brasileiro). Como as diferentes sociedades da família linguística tupi correspondem a apenas uma fração das etnias amazônicas, a conta completa provavelmente igualaria ou excederia a estimativa feita por métodos arqueológicos.Hünemeier e seus colegas, ao analisar o DNA dos indígenas, voltaram sua atenção para um conjunto de 630 mil SNPs, sigla inglesa de "polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único". Ou seja, são variações de uma única "letra" química de DNA, as quais, quando olhadas em conjunto, podem ser úteis para entender a história das populações humanas.Um dos métodos utilizados pela equipe ajuda a estimar justamente como os grupos indígenas passaram por flutuações populacionais no passado. Um dos primeiros passos é identificar sequências de "letras" de DNA que sejam idênticas no genoma dos indivíduos de uma população, explica Marcos Araújo Castro e Silva, que também assina o estudo."Esses segmentos são chamados de idênticos por descendência, pois são iguais por terem sido herdados de um ancestral comum", diz ele. Numa população pequena, a tendência é que mais pessoas carreguem os mesmos trechos de DNA. Isso porque, com pouca gente gerando descendentes, seus filhos, netos e bisnetos terão maior chance de herdar um número reduzido dos mesmos segmentos. O contrário tende a acontecer em populações grandes.Outro ponto importante da estimativa tem a ver com o tamanho desses segmentos. Acontece que eles vão diminuindo de geração em geração, a uma taxa conhecida, basicamente porque toda pessoa tem 50% de seu DNA vindo do pai, enquanto a outra metade vem da mãe. Na geração dos filhos dessa pessoa, ocorre uma nova divisão —25% do DNA vem de cada um dos quatro avós. Na geração dos netos, o número cai para 12,5%, e assim sucessivamente.Juntando as duas informações, é possível estimar, por exemplo, qual era a diversidade genética da população há 500 anos (ou 18 gerações), com base na distribuição dos pedaços de DNA que têm um tamanho compatível com esse número de divisões.Com base nesse tipo de conta, os autores do estudo detectaram uma queda populacional gigantesca nos principais grupos indígenas sul-americanos. O pior cenário é o que afetou as diversas etnias tupis, com uma redução de quase 99%. Os povos que viviam nos Andes teriam perdido 95% de sua população original, enquanto os grupos jês (família linguística que inclui, entre dezenas de outras sociedades, os xavantes) teriam ficado sem 83% dos membros que existiam na época anterior ao contato.O trabalho indica ainda que as barreiras culturais e demográficas que existiam entre os povos da Amazônia e as civilizações dos Andes não eram absolutas. Grupos do oeste amazônico, ao que tudo indica, miscigenavam-se com os povos andinos, e isso produzia um "telefone sem fio" genético que, em certa medida, conectava os dois núcleos de civilizações. É algo já sugerido também pela antiga arte andina, que muitas vezes mostra animais da floresta tropical, como onças-pintadas e macacos.Acredita-se que, por volta de 2.000 anos atrás, grupos tupis originários da atual Rondônia teriam iniciado uma grande expansão pela América do Sul, cobrindo uma área de 5.000 km de distância entre um extremo e outro de sua distribuição. O novo estudo lançou uma nova luz sobre esse processo ao mostrar que um dos ramos mais distantes da expansão, os kokamas, presentes na Colômbia, no Peru e no oeste do Amazonas, na verdade não são geneticamente próximos dos demais tupis, embora falem uma língua dessa família. Mais Na verdade, eles estão geneticamente mais próximos de povos de uma família linguística totalmente diferente, a dos aruaques. É um indício de que, no passado, provavelmente por influências culturais e políticas dos tupis, os ancestrais dos kokamas abandonaram seu idioma original e adotaram outro."O interessante nisso tudo é que parece ser o primeiro relato de substituição linguística na América elucidado pela genômica. Mas esse processo provavelmente era mais comum, dado os grandes impérios que existiram por aqui", diz Hünemeier.Além de grandes expansões, como a dos tupis, os dados de DNA também sugerem que não foi só a chegada dos europeus que provocou colapsos populacionais na Amazônia. Por volta de 600 anos atrás, um pouco antes do aparecimento dos invasores portugueses e espanhóis, um declínio significativo já teria acontecido, embora as razões para esse fenômeno ainda não estejam claras. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Após quase duas décadas de desenvolvimento (ou três, a contar das propostas iniciais) e sete anos de atraso, o Telescópio Espacial James Webb deve subir ao espaço no dia 25, por volta das 9h20 (horário de Brasília).A promessa é revolucionar nossa compreensão do Universo e nos aproximar da resposta à clássica pergunta "Estamos sós?". Mas isso só depois de um mês dramático de atividades para colocar o telescópio em operação. Não há margem para erro.O projeto da Nasa (agência espacial americana), concebido em parceria com a ESA (sua contraparte europeia) e com a CSA (canadense), teve seu início formal em 2003, a partir de propostas que remontam aos anos 1990, não muito tempo depois do lançamento do Telescópio Espacial Hubble.Não por acaso, o projeto vem sendo desde então apresentado como "o sucessor do Hubble", embora seja importante qualificar de que forma se dá essa sucessão.Um dos grandes idealizadores do projeto foi John Mather, astrofísico do Centro Goddard de Voo Espacial da Nasa. Ganhador do Prêmio Nobel em Física de 2006, Mather foi um dos responsáveis pelo satélite Cobe, que operou de 1989 a 1993 e mapeou as pequenas variações na radiação cósmica de fundo, o eco em micro-ondas deixado pelo Big Bang.É, em essência, a primeira luz que circulou livremente pelo Universo, quando ele tinha apenas uns 380 mil anos, e mostra as pequenas flutuações na distribuição de matéria e energia que no fim das contas produziriam estrelas e galáxias.Já o Hubble, lançado em 1990, foi usado para sondar as profundezas do Universo, reconstruindo os últimos 13 bilhões de anos da história cósmica. Quanto mais longe o objeto observado, mais antigo ele é (porque o tempo que leva para a luz chegar dele até nós, viajando pelo vácuo a 300 mil km/s, é maior).Com isso, o venerável telescópio espacial, até hoje em operação, conseguiu ver algumas das primeiras galáxias de configuração moderna a surgirem no Universo, uns 500 milhões de anos após o Big Bang. Mas, quando o Hubble tenta enxergar mais longe que isso (e mais para trás no tempo), tudo que ele encontra é escuridão. Não porque não haja nada lá, mas porque a luz que vem de mais longe é invisível para ele. Mais O Webb, por sua vez, foi projetado para ver o que o Hubble não consegue. Espera-se que ele possa se aprofundar nessa viagem rumo ao passado e enxergar as primeiras galáxias primitivas, mergulhando num período até uns 300 milhões de anos após o Big Bang, quem sabe menos.Com isso, revelará se realmente param em pé nossos atuais modelos cosmológicos, que indicam como se deu a evolução do Universo desde o início, há 13,8 bilhões de anos, e preenchem as lacunas entre o que já observamos diretamente na radiação cósmica de fundo e nas observações do Hubble."Nós temos os filmes que mostram o que o computador acha que deve ter acontecido se essa história [o modelo cosmológico padrão] for a correta", diz Mather. "E agora queremos checá-la ao observar tudo que pudermos. Queremos ver aquelas primeiras galáxias crescendo."O Hubble foi o primeiro grande telescópio espacial da história e se concentrou em observar principalmente em torno da luz que o olho humano consegue enxergar: o chamado espectro visível. O observatório também podia ver um pouco de ultravioleta, que tem comprimentos de onda mais curtos, e de infravermelho, com comprimentos de onda mais longos.Isso explica por que tudo vai ficando invisível conforme o Hubble tenta enxergar mais longe. A luz que viaja por grandes distâncias cósmicas atravessa um espaço que está, ele mesmo, em expansão (é o que vem acontecendo desde o Big Bang, o próprio espaço está crescendo).Quando uma onda de luz atravessa espaço em expansão, ela também é esticada, o que os astrônomos chamam de "redshift", ou "desvio para o vermelho". Na prática, quer dizer que a onda de luz que nasceu visível ou mesmo ultravioleta lá nos cafundós do cosmos, ao viajar até nós, foi se esticando, aumentando seu comprimento de onda e se avermelhando, até virar infravermelho.Por essa razão, o Webb é, ao mesmo tempo, um sucessor do Hubble (com o objetivo de enxergar mais longe) e um telescópio inteiramente diferente (focado em luz que o Hubble nunca pôde enxergar): ele vai captar apenas luz infravermelha.Isso quer dizer que, quando você vir alguma imagem dele publicada por aí, estará vendo uma "tradução" para luz visível de coisas que o olho humano não pode ver. E com isso vamos mergulhar mais fundo do que nunca no passado cósmico. Claro, se tudo der certo.O lançamento é só o começo de uma longa jornada até um ponto a cerca de 1,5 milhão de km da Terra. Impulsionado por um foguete Ariane 5, cedido pela ESA, o Webb vai ao espaço todo dobrado sobre si mesmo. Até chegar a sua órbita final, um intricado processo de abertura e desdobramento vai se desenrolar para que o telescópio possa ser efetivamente usado.Não é brincadeira. Os envolvidos já apelidaram o processo de "30 dias de terror", emulando os pousos em Marte, que envolvem os "7 minutos de terror", em que a espaçonave precisa cruzar com sucesso a atmosfera marciana, de forma totalmente automatizada. No caso do Webb, são mais de 300 elementos individuais que precisam funcionar direito, na hora certa, para que a missão tenha sucesso.Apenas comparando as imagens do telescópio em sua configuração operacional e na versão dobrada, no interior da coifa do foguete, já dá para sacar algumas dessas etapas.O escudo térmico —uma espécie de toldo dobrável com cinco camadas que vai sob o espelho principal e tem tamanho comparável a uma quadra de tênis— precisa se abrir corretamente, bem como dois segmentos laterais do espelho principal segmentado e a estrutura do espelho secundário.Mas os detalhes tornam tudo ainda mais tenso. Exemplo: para separar as cinco camadas do escudo térmico, é preciso detonar 107 parafusos que os prendem na configuração de lançamento. Se um único desses parafusos falhar em disparar, o projeto está condenado.É uma complexidade sem precedentes, no maior telescópio espacial já lançado pela humanidade. Compare o espelho principal de 6,58 metros do Webb ao do Hubble, com (agora) modestos 2,4 metros.Os desafios tecnológicos escalam na mesma proporção. Com o drama adicional de que o Hubble foi projetado para orbitar a Terra a uns 550 km da superfície, onde podia ser visitado por astronautas nos antigos ônibus espaciais para reparos e atualizações. O Webb não terá esse luxo, instalado a 1,5 milhão de km dos mecânicos mais próximos. Nada pode dar errado.Isso ajuda a explicar os enormes estouros no orçamento, acompanhados por seguidos atrasos. Quando o projeto começou, em 2003, esperava-se lançá-lo em 2014, a um custo de US$ 5 bilhões (R$ 28,4 bilhões na cotação atual). Desde então, a etiqueta de preço já subiu para mais de US$ 10 bilhões (R$ 56,8 bilhões). Quanto ao lançamento, agora vai.Os atrasos acabaram ampliando a expectativa. Originalmente projetado para fazer esse mergulho profundo no passado do Universo, ele agora já se mostra muito mais versátil.Com seus espectrógrafos, poderá sondar a atmosfera de exoplanetas de porte terrestre que estejam na zona habitável de estrelas próximas (o sistema Trappist-1, a 40 anos-luz, já está na fila das primeiras observações).Não é inconcebível que descubra que esses mundos sejam mesmo habitáveis e, se tivermos muita sorte, até mesmo habitados (a vida, na Terra ao menos, tem o hábito de transformar radicalmente a atmosfera, o que em tese poderia ser identificado também nesses exoplanetas).Em 2003, quando o projeto começou, ninguém conhecia planetas de porte terrestre na zona habitável de alguma estrela, que dirá projetar um telescópio para estudar suas atmosferas.No fim das contas, é um telescópio de uso geral. A exemplo do Hubble, ele deve revolucionar todas as áreas da astronomia, do estudo de corpos do nosso Sistema Solar às profundezas mais distantes do cosmos. E, claro, as melhores descobertas serão aquelas que hoje não podemos sequer imaginar.É uma missão de exploração, acima de tudo. Começa no dia do lançamento, passará por 30 dias de terror, até atingir um status operacional e então teremos seis meses de calibração e comissionamento dos instrumentos, antes que as primeiras observações científicas começam. Mas para quem esperou quase duas décadas, falta muito pouco agora. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Um foguete da Blue Origin realizou com sucesso neste sábado (11) uma breve missão que levou ao espaço seis passageiros, incluindo Laura Shepard Churchley, a filha do primeiro americano no espaço, 60 anos depois do histórico voo de seu pai.Este foi o terceiro voo tripulado da empresa espacial do bilionário Jeff Bezos, que fez parte da equipe que viajou para o espaço no primeiro lançamento, em julho.O foguete decolou de uma plataforma no Texas, nos Estados Unidos, às 09h01 locais (12h01 no horário de Brasília) e seus passageiros aterrissaram cerca de 11 minutos depois.Esta foi a primeira vez que a cápsula do foguete New Shepard - que recebeu este nome em homenagem a Alan Shepard - operou com capacidade total. Os voos anteriores levaram apenas quatro passageiros.Também estavam a bordo um americano famoso, o apresentador de televisão e ex-jogador profissional de futebol americano Michael Strahan e quatro passageiros que pagaram a viagem: os empresários Dylan Taylor e Evan Dick e um pai com seu filho, Lane e Cameron Bess, este último de 23 anos.O preço da passagem, no entanto, não foi anunciado. Mais Os voos suborbitais da Blue Origin duram apenas cerca de 11 minutos, do lançamento ao pouso, por isso os passageiros permanecem no espaço por um curto espaço de tempo.O foguete decola verticalmente e, a cerca de 75 km de altitude, a cápsula se separa do lançador, continuando sua trajetória até alcançar mais de 100 km - a linha Karman -, que marca o início do espaço, segundo a convenção internacional.Durante o voo, os passageiros podem se levantar de seus assentos, flutuar por alguns momentos em gravidade zero e admirar a curvatura da Terra por meio de grandes janelas. Mais O lançador retorna automaticamente para pousar em uma pista, enquanto a cápsula começa uma queda livre para voltar à Terra, antes de ser freada por um paraquedas, e depois por retrofoguetes.Alan Shepard realizou um voo espacial de 15 minutos em 5 de maio de 1961, 23 dias depois do voo histórico do soviético Yuri Gagarin, o primeiro humano no espaço.Foi também o quinto dos 12 homens que pisaram na Lua. Morreu em 1998. O setor dos voos espaciais comerciais começou recentemente, no qual a Blue Origin compete com a Virgin Galactic. Mais | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | A guerra civil que devastou Moçambique entre 1977 e 1992 deixou marcas na trajetória evolutiva dos elefantes que habitam um dos parques nacionais do país. Durante os anos de conflito, a caça indiscriminada da espécie, em busca de seu cobiçado marfim, fez com que as fêmeas sem presas se tornassem maioria no local, algo raro em populações naturais de elefantes.Tudo indica que o processo está ligado a um conjunto de mutações no DNA dos paquidermes, revela uma pesquisa publicada em edição recente do periódico especializado Science. São alterações genéticas que parecem ser letais para o desenvolvimento de filhotes machos, mas não teriam efeitos tão severos nas fêmeas, o que explica o porquê de terem se espalhado tanto pela população feminina da espécie.Trata-se de um dos efeitos mais intensos e rápidos da ação humana sobre a evolução de uma espécie selvagem, afirmam os autores do estudo, liderados por Robert Pringle, da Universidade Princeton (EUA). A equipe combinou observações de longo prazo no Parque Nacional da Gorongosa, na região central de Moçambique, com análises do DNA dos elefantes e simulações computacionais para entender como a população dos mamíferos tinha se transformado nas últimas décadas.Durante a guerra civil, o marfim dos elefantes se tornou uma importante fonte de renda para ambos os lados do conflito —com isso, os bichos perderam 90% de sua população no parque.Ao mesmo tempo, outra mudança ocorria: enquanto antes da guerra apenas 18,5% das fêmeas da reserva não tinham presas, essa proporção saltou para 50,9% delas na primeira década do século 21 (também existem fêmeas com apenas uma presa, característica ainda pouco compreendida).O fato de não existirem machos sem marfim levou os cientistas a suspeitar que a característica estava ligada ao cromossomo X, um dos componentes do genoma responsáveis pela determinação do sexo. Assim como nos seres humanos, elefantes machos carregam um cromossomo X e outro Y, enquanto as fêmeas possuem dois cromossomos X.Isso significa que uma mutação potencialmente danosa no DNA desse cromossomo tende a ter efeitos mais leves nas fêmeas: caso um dos cromossomos X delas seja afetado, o outro pode carregar uma versão "saudável" do mesmo gene, o que evita problemas mais sérios para o organismo. Já os machos, que só têm um cromossomo X, ficariam desprotegidos diante de uma mutação com efeitos deletérios.Um dado importante que batia exatamente com essa hipótese tinha a ver com os filhotes das fêmeas sem presas. Dois terços dos bebês delas eram fêmeas – enquanto a proporção esperada de sexos gerados pelas mães da espécie é mais ou menos meio a meio, como no caso dos seres humanos. E dois terços era exatamente o número esperado caso a mutação em um único dos cromossomos da mãe fosse letal para o desenvolvimento de embriões do sexo masculino (se o outro cromossomo materno for normal, ela ainda consegue gerar bebês machos, mas numa proporção menor). Mais A peça final do quebra-cabeça foi encaixada com a análise do genoma dos bichos. Os pesquisadores usaram técnicas bem estabelecidas para identificar áreas favorecidas pela seleção natural –ou seja, trechos de DNA muito semelhantes em diferentes indivíduos, o que indica que carregam versões de genes que ajudaram seus portadores a se reproduzir com mais eficiência que outros membros da espécie.Com isso, chegaram a um gene do cromossomo X que está justamente associado à formação dos dentes –o que, claro, é algo esperado no caso de animais com anomalias na formação das presas. Em seres humanos, alterações nessa mesma região do DNA estão associadas a má formações no crânio e na face de mulheres, e são letais no caso de embriões do sexo masculino. Uma versão de outro gene, num cromossomo diferente, também parece estar ligado à falta de presas nas fêmeas de elefante.A boa notícia é que, com o fim da guerra, a situação parece estar voltando lentamente ao normal. "Descobrimos que a frequência de fêmeas sem presas na geração nascida depois da guerra era menor do que na geração que atravessou o conflito", contou Pringle à Folha. Para ser exato, agora as fêmeas sem marfim são 33% do total."As fêmeas sem presas tendem a ter menos filhotes que as com presas, porque algumas de suas gestações [as de embriões machos] acabam sendo inviáveis", explica ele. "Na ausência de uma forte seleção em favor da ausência de marfim, ou seja, quando a caça é coibida, essa característica deve diminuir de frequência com o passar do tempo." | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Uma série de pegadas descobertas por acidente na ilha grega de Creta deu origem a diversas questões fascinantes, algumas bastante polêmicas, sobre a origem da humanidade.Conhecidos como pegadas de Trachilos, os vestígios foram encontrados em 2002 pelo paleontólogo polonês Gerard Gierlinski. Só que recentemente um surpreendente estudo apontou que a descoberta de duas décadas atrás representa a mais antiga evidência conhecida de ancestrais humanos desse tipo.A pesquisa de uma equipe internacional, publicada em 11 de outubro na Scientific Reports, desafia a teoria mais aceita atualmente de que os hominíneos (termo usado para descrever um grupo que inclui os humanos modernos, outras espécies extintas e todos os nossos ancestrais imediatos) surgiram e evoluíram na África antes de qualquer outro lugar do planeta.Paleontólogos apoiam amplamente a teoria de que a África é "o berço da humanidade".Segundo essa explicação, a humanidade evoluiu apenas naquele continente antes de uma "grande migração" para o resto do mundo, que começou há menos de 2 milhões de anos.Mas a equipe de pesquisadores liderada pelo paleontólogo sueco Per Ahlberg está colocando em xeque essa linha do tempo: eles afirmam que as pegadas de Trachilos têm 6 milhões de anos.Isso tornaria as pegadas milhões de anos mais velhas do que aquelas geralmente consideradas as primeiras evidências diretas de um pé semelhante ao humano usado para caminhar: as pegadas de Laetoli, descobertas na Tanzânia em 1976.As descobertas no continente africano foram cruciais para montar nossa "árvore genealógica".Além da pegada, foram achados diversos fósseis pré-humanos na África nos últimos 100 anos, que incluem o crânio do Sahelanthropus, que se estima ter vivido na África há 7 milhões de anos e que é o hominíneo mais antigo conhecido atualmente.A Europa, em comparação, teve muito poucas descobertas de fósseis de ossos semelhantes. Então, quem deixou as pegadas em Creta?Ahlberg fez parte da equipe que em 2017 publicou o primeiro artigo científico sobre as pegadas de Trachilos –o estudo de outubro de 2021 foi uma análise geológica das pegadas que apontou uma data mais antiga para elas, revisando sua idade estimada de 5,7 milhões de anos para 6,05 milhões.No artigo original, Ahlberg e colegas concluíram que os vestígios se assemelhavam a pegadas de hominíneos, principalmente na forma como o hálux (dedão do pé) parecia estar próximo às outras digitais, diferentemente dos pés de primatas como gorilas e chimpanzés."As pegadas dos primatas não humanos parecem muito diferentes; o pé tem o formato de uma mão humana, com o dedão preso na parte lateral da sola e saindo lateralmente", explicou o pesquisador sueco à BBC. "Em comparação com nossos companheiros primatas, nossos dedões do pé estão alinhados com o longo eixo do pé, eles não se projetam para um lado."Como costuma ocorrer com trabalhos científicos que desafiam as teorias amplamente aceitas na paleontologia, o estudo sobre as pegadas de Trachilos foi recebido com ceticismo por alguns paleontólogos.Aqueles que contestam os resultados questionam os métodos usados para analisar as pegadas. Parte dos especialistas, aliás, levanta até a hipótese de as pegadas não serem reais.O principal especialista em pegadas do mundo, o professor Matthew Bennett, da Bournemouth University, no Reino Unido, fez parte da equipe que estudava as pistas na Grécia, mas mesmo ele é cauteloso em sua avaliação sobre datas."São pegadas fósseis muito intrigantes, provavelmente deixadas por um animal bípede, alguma forma de macaco", explicou Bennett à BBC. "Se as pegadas são de linhagem humana, aí é outra história."Para entender a hesitação de Bennett, precisamos lembrar mais uma vez a ausência de ossos fósseis de hominíneos na Europa.Além disso, a linha do tempo da evolução humana está longe de ser uma questão simples.Os paleontólogos acreditam que os grandes símios (orangotangos, gorilas, chimpanzés e humanos) surgiram e se diversificaram durante uma época conhecida como Mioceno, de quase 23 milhões a 5 milhões de anos atrás.Mas há pouco consenso sobre quando os humanos "se separaram" deles.Cientistas encontraram evidências de grandes macacos não humanos perambulando pela Europa, então é possível que eles possam responsáveis pelas pegadas em Creta, explica Robin Crompton, professor e especialista em antropologia biológica da Universidade de Liverpool, no Reino Unido."As pegadas certamente poderiam ser de hominíneos, e isso é certamente emocionante. Mas ainda há um grande ponto de interrogação que somente mais pesquisas e descobertas podem responder", disse Crompton à BBC.Por outras palavras, é preciso encontrar mais ossos e pegadas na Europa.Ahlberg, pesquisador sueco que atuou no estudo sobre as pegadas em Creta, diz que não há dúvida de que nossa espécie, Homo sapiens, evoluiu na África há cerca de 300 mil anos. Seu interesse está muito antes disso."Isso (a origem africana do Homo sapiens) está muito bem documentado", diz ele. "A questão aqui é há muito mais tempo, se toda a linhagem humana se originou na África.""Talvez não, como nossa pesquisa sugere que os primeiros ancestrais humanos podem ter vagado no sul da Europa, bem como na África Oriental", acrescenta Ahlberg.Em vez de simplesmente refutar a hipótese Saindo da África, Ahlberg diz que está trabalhando com a possibilidade de que nossos ancestrais possam ter se espalhado para a Europa antes do que acreditamos atualmente."Tudo o que estamos dizendo é que o alcance desses primeiros hominíneos pode ser maior do que as pessoas estão acostumadas a pensar."Em 2017, mesmo ano em que o primeiro artigo sobre as pegadas de Trachilos foi publicado, a paleontóloga e professora alemã Madelaine Bohme, da Universidade de Tübingen, ganhou as manchetes por conta própria. Ela anunciou que a descoberta do "último ancestral comum" de humanos e chimpanzés não foi encontrado na África, mas na Europa.Bohme e uma equipe de pesquisadores afirmaram que a criatura, batizada de Graecopithecus, viveu na região dos Bálcãs há 7,18 e 7,25 milhões de anos, portanto mais velha que o Sahelanthropus, atualmente considerado o mais antigo ancestral humano a andar ereto.Até o momento, os restos de Graecopithecus consistem em um único dente e uma mandíbula, esta última encontrada na Grécia, a 250 km de Creta."Nossas investigações não desafiam a história da evolução humana depois de 5 milhões de anos atrás, mas o que aconteceu antes disso", argumenta Bohme.A polêmica provocada pelas pegadas de Trachilos também suscitou debate sobre como os cientistas lidam com uma hipótese fora da curva.Apesar de suas hesitações sobre as pegadas de Trachilos, Robin Crompton, da Universidade de Liverpool, é inflexível ao afirmar que a rejeição como rastros de hominídeos por outros especialistas não ajuda em nada para o estudo das origens da humanidade."Eles deveriam ser investigados, e não simplesmente descartados. Cientistas precisam manter a mente aberta", disse ele.Madelaine Bohme concorda, observando que houve mudanças de dimensão sísmica nas teorias sobre as origens da humanidade.A hipótese da África, por exemplo, não se tornou imediatamente aceita pela maioria dos especialistas quando os restos mortais de uma criança conhecida como a Criança Taung, que viveu há 2,8 milhões de anos, foram encontrados na África do Sul em 1924. "Houve épocas na história em que se acreditava que a humanidade poderia ter se originado em diferentes partes do mundo, e não na África."Para ela, "ciência sem ceticismo não é boa ciência, mas as pessoas precisam estar abertas a discussões. E sim, precisamos de mais investigação e mais descobertas, mas ver colegas simplesmente descartando nossas descobertas é algo totalmente diferente".Per Ahlberg, ligado ao estudo das pegadas de Creta, parece estar particularmente irritado com críticas de outros especialistas. "Isso ocorre só porque as pessoas estão desesperadamente apegadas à ideia da teoria Saindo da África que nossas reivindicações são vistas dessa forma", afirma ele. "Nesse sentido, não estou preocupado com o que a comunidade paleontológica dirá agora. Apresentamos as evidências e apresentamos a defesa de nossa descoberta."Para ele, "lutar contra a incredulidade das pessoas francamente é desinteressante". | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Imagine um asteroide vindo em direção à Terra com a possibilidade de causar grandes estragos, ou até mesmo acabar com a existência humana.Cenários como esse ainda estão restritos às telas dos cinemas.Mas existe o temor de que isso possa se tornar realidade no futuro.Nesse sentido, a Nasa, agência espacial americana, anunciou na terça-feira (5) que vai lançar no próximo mês uma espaçonave para atingir um asteroide — propositalmente — e mudar seu caminho, testando pela primeira vez um método de "defesa planetária".O lançamento da missão Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) ocorrerá às 1h20 (2h20 horário de Brasília), em 24 de novembro, informou a NASA.Um foguete SpaceX Falcon 9 será lançado da Base da Força Espacial de Vandenberg, cerca de 80 km a noroeste de Santa Bárbara, Califórnia.Dois asteroides que orbitam o Sol e ocasionalmente se aproximam da Terra são o alvo da Nasa.Segundo a agência, eles não representam uma ameaça ao nosso planeta, mas sua proximidade os torna um candidato preferencial para o teste de uma técnica que poderia algum dia impedir que um "asteroide perigoso atinja a Terra"."Vamos garantir que uma rocha vinda do espaço não nos mande de volta à Idade da Pedra", diz Thomas Statler, cientista da Nasa, no podcast da agência.O maior dos dois asteroides, Didymos, tem 780 metros de diâmetro. Ao redor dele, orbita um satélite natural menor, chamado Dimorphos.Dimorphos, com cerca de 160 metros de diâmetro, é "mais típico do tamanho dos asteroides que podem representar a ameaça significativa mais provável para a Terra", segundo a Nasa.Esse corpo celeste, segundo Statler, "não é necessariamente o asteroide que vai causar um efeito devastador na Terra".Em vez disso, o lançamento da espaçonave é um "teste para garantir que temos as capacidades para deter esse asteroide no futuro, se houver um".O objetivo da missão é atingir Dimorphos a uma velocidade de quase 24 mil km/h e mudar sua órbita "por uma fração de um por cento" — uma mudança pequena, mas significativa o suficiente de tal modo que os cientistas serão capazes de observá-la a partir de telescópios Terra."A colisão mudará a velocidade da minulua em sua órbita ao redor do corpo principal em uma fração de um por cento, mas isso mudará o período orbital da minilua em vários minutos — o suficiente para ser observado e medido usando telescópios na Terra", diz a agência em seu site.Se a Nasa detectar um asteroide que represente um risco para a Terra — segundo Statler, a agência não trabalha com essa hipótese pelo menos nos próximos 100 anos — ela tentaria atingi-lo e mudar seu curso, em vez de destruí-lo completamente.A espaçonave DART se separará do foguete SpaceX e navegará no espaço por mais de um ano antes de atingir Dimorphos no fim de setembro de 2022, quando a dupla de asteroides estará perto o suficiente da Terra — 11 milhões de quilômetros — de modo que os cientistas poderão vê-los.A interação será gravada por um lançamento de satélite italiano de 14 kg da espaçonave.Embora não tenha como objetivo mudar o curso de um asteroide que destrua a Terra, a missão tem "proporções históricas", diz Statler.Será "a primeira vez que a humanidade realmente mudou algo no espaço", acrescenta ele."Deixamos pegadas e marcas de pneus e coisas assim. Mas esta será a primeira vez que a humanidade mudará um movimento celestial", conclui. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Quando o interior do Brasil ainda estava repleto de dentes-de-sabre e preguiças-gigantes, numa época em que os seres humanos ainda nem tinham chegado às Américas, o inverno da Sibéria acabou congelando alguns invertebrados microscópicos. Depois de 24 mil anos “na geladeira”, os bichos foram trazidos de volta à vida por pesquisadores da Rússia e conseguiram até se reproduzir.A façanha, descrita em artigo na revista científica Current Biology, provavelmente não surpreende tanto quem já conhecia os chamados rotíferos bdelloides, criaturas que lembram vagamente um termômetro (daqueles tradicionais, transparentes e com mercúrio dentro) e medem cerca de um décimo de milímetro. Eles já eram notórios por sua capacidade de passar longos períodos em animação suspensa, mas nada se compara ao recorde que conquistaram agora.Os rotíferos bdelloides não parecem muito mais complicados do que um tubo digestivo cercado por cílios, mas, tal como nós, eles também possuem tecidos diferenciados e especializados, incluindo até um pequeno cérebro. Isso significa que as descobertas sobre a sua capacidade de sobreviver longos períodos sob congelamento podem ser úteis para as tentativas de aplicar processos parecidos a organismos maiores —preservando, por exemplo, órgãos para transplante por mais tempo.“É claro que, quanto mais complexo o organismo, mais difícil fica preservá-lo vivo quando congelado. Para mamíferos, hoje isso não é possível”, afirmou o coordenador do estudo, Stas Malavin, do Instituto de Problemas Físico-Químicos e Biológicos de Ciência do Solo em Pushchino, na Rússia. “Mas ver que isso é viável não só em organismos unicelulares como também num organismo com sistema digestivo e cérebro, ainda que microscópico, é um grande passo”, declarou ele em comunicado oficial.Os rotíferos redivivos que Malavin e seus colegas estudaram pertencem ao gênero Adineta e foram coletados no chamado “permafrost” (solo permanentemente congelado do Ártico) da bacia do rio Alazeya, no nordeste da Sibéria. A profundidade de 3,5 m de onde vieram as amostras, bem como a presença ali de mamíferos da Era do Gelo mumificados e outros indicativos geológicos, sugerem fortemente que os invertebrados de fato passaram as últimas dezenas de milhares de anos congelados.A idade das amostras —24.485 anos, para ser exato— foi obtida por meio do método do carbono-14, o mais utilizado para datar matéria orgânica.Os pesquisadores incubaram as amostras em condições de laboratório mais aprazíveis do que as do permafrost e, após um mês, verificaram a presença de diferentes micróbios, além dos rotíferos. A presença de material genético dos pequenos animais no solo antes desse tempo de cultivo confirma que eles estavam lá desde o momento em que aquele pedaço de terra tinha congelado originalmente.Uma vez descongelados, os invertebrados não perderam tempo e começaram a se reproduzir —o que é bem mais fácil no caso dos rotíferos, já que são animais que adotam uma forma estrita de partenogênese ou “nascimento virgem”, forma de reprodução que não depende do sexo.Estabeleceu-se assim uma linhagem partenogenética no laboratório russo, a partir da qual foram selecionados 144 indivíduos que passaram por um último desafio. Os rotíferos voltaram a ser congelados (a uma temperatura de 15°C, durante uma semana) e depois foram devolvidos à temperatura ambiente. Ao menos alguns sobreviveram ao processo, mas curiosamente não se mostraram mais bem sucedidos nisso do que seus parentes modernos. Isso indica que não havia nada de especial nos rotíferos da Era do Gelo —a impressionante capacidade de sobrevivência ao congelamento seria algo mais geral do grupo. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Parece o rosto de um fantasma ou alienígena, observando nosso planeta com seus olhos enormes e brilhantes.A imagem acima foi capturada em junho pelo telescópio Hubble, que pertence às agências espaciais americana (Nasa) e europeia (ESA), mas só foi divulgada nesta semana, como parte das comemorações do Halloween."Quando os astrônomos olham as profundezas do espaço, não esperam encontrar algo olhando de volta para eles", diz o comunicado da Nasa sobre a descoberta.Mas o fenômeno fotografado não tem nada de sobrenatural.A imagem mostra uma colisão entre duas galáxias, mas muito mais violenta que o normal:"Uma colisão frontal titânica", afirmam a Nasa e a ESA.O fenômeno que o Hubble capturou está listado no "Catálogo de Galáxias e Associações Peculiares do Sul", elaborado pelos astrônomos Halton Arp e Barry Madore entre 1966 e 1987, a 704 milhões de anos-luz da Terra.É daí que vem o nome — nada assustador — do que vemos na foto: sistema Arp-Madore 2026-424 (AM-2026-424).O catálogo em que está inserido foi criado para inventariar milhares de interações incomuns entre galáxias.E, como seu nome indica, o AM 2026-424 apresenta certas peculiaridades.Os "olhos" do "rosto fantasmagórico" são o núcleo de cada galáxia.Anéis de estrelas azuis jovens e discos de gás e poeira das galáxias dão forma ao rosto, nariz e boca do "espectro".As agências espaciais enfatizam que, embora as colisões de galáxias sejam comuns na formação do universo, os choques frontais não são.Essas colisões violentas dão origem à forma anelar do sistema."As galáxias em forma de anel são raras; apenas algumas centenas residem em nossa vizinhança cósmica. As galáxias precisam colidir na direção certa para criar o anel", afirmam a Nasa e a ESA.Outra característica "frequente" da colisão entre galáxias é que uma grande se choca com uma menor e a devora, acrescentam as agências.Mas, neste caso, o tamanho semelhante dos "olhos" do sistema AM 2026-424 sugere que as duas galáxias são aproximadamente do mesmo tamanho.Os astrônomos estimam que esse fenômeno manterá sua aparência "assustadora" por "apenas" aproximadamente 100 milhões de anos:"As duas galáxias vão se fundir completamente em aproximadamente 1 a 2 bilhões de anos". | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | O maior estudo já feito acerca da influência do genoma sobre a homossexualidade, envolvendo meio milhão de pessoas, sugere que essa característica é tão multifacetada quanto outros traços complexos da natureza humana, como a inteligência ou o talento para esportes.Ao que tudo indica, interações complicadas entre milhares de genes e o ambiente em que as pessoas se desenvolvem ajudam a entender por que alguém se relaciona com parceiros do mesmo sexo, diz a pesquisa, coordenada por pesquisadores dos EUA e da Europa e publicada na revista Science.Os resultados devem sepultar de vez a busca por um único “gene gay” (algo já desacreditado na comunidade científica há tempos). Também inviabilizam tentativas de usar dados de DNA para identificar pessoas com preferências homossexuais ou métodos biológicos para reverter tais preferências, simplesmente porque elas dependem de fatores variados e complexos demais para serem alterados. Mais “Nossos dados mostram claramente que esse comportamento é uma parte natural da biologia humana e que, ao mesmo tempo, inclui uma enorme diversidade”, resume Benjamin Neale, pesquisador do Hospital Geral de Massachusetts e do Instituto Broad (EUA).Neale é um dos coordenadores do estudo e participou de uma entrevista coletiva por telefone sobre os resultados, organizada pela Science. Também assinam a pesquisa o italiano Andrea Ganna, colega de Neale no Instituto Broad, e Fah Sathirapongsasuti, pesquisador de origem tailandesa que trabalha na empresa de genômica 23andMe, na Califórnia.“Eu sou homossexual e me lembro de como era ficar pesquisando sobre o ‘gene gay’ na internet quando mais novo”, contou Fah. “Na época, falava-se muito sobre uma região do cromossomo X que seria ligada a essa característica. Como homens recebem seu cromossomo X pelo lado materno, eu costumava dizer que a ‘culpa’ era da minha mãe. Agora sei que a coisa é muito mais complexa, e que tanto meu pai quanto minha mãe têm ‘culpa’ nessa história”, brinca ele.O mapeamento se valeu de uma técnica muito usada nos últimos anos para encontrar associações entre amplas áreas do genoma e determinada característica.Em suma, os pesquisadores fazem uma varredura no DNA dos voluntários, usando como pontos de referência numerosas variações de pequena escala, correspondentes a trocas de uma única “letra” química do material genético (o genoma de cada pessoa contém cerca de 3 bilhões de pares dessas “letras”).Essas variantes são conhecidas como SNPs (sigla inglesa de “polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único”; pronuncia-se “snips”). Por si mesmas, podem não significar nada para o organismo, ou então podem mudar a “receita” para a produção de moléculas das células, mais ou menos como trocar uma única letra muda o sentido da expressão “muito pouco” para “muito louco”.A presença de milhões de SNPs espalhados pelo genoma pode ser comparada com a presença de certo traço —cor do cabelo ou dos olhos, peso, interesse por música etc. A partir daí, podem surgir associações estatísticas: certo SNP é mais comum em pessoas de olhos azuis ou que gostam de brócolis (ambas são características influenciadas pela genética), digamos. Por fim, mais análises estatísticas e biológicas tentam confirmar se o elo é real e como funciona.A equipe do novo estudo decidiu dividir os voluntários cujo DNA foi analisado em dois grupos: de um lado, os que declaravam só se relacionar com pessoas de sexo diferente do seu; de outro, todos os que afirmavam ter tido relações com gente do mesmo sexo alguma vez.“É importante ressaltar que estamos avaliando o comportamento sexual, não a identidade de gênero. Além disso, queríamos levar em conta a diversidade desse comportamento”, explica Neale.As principais fontes de informações sobre o DNA foram o UK Biobank, banco de dados biológicos sem fins lucrativos do Reino Unido, e as amostras da 23andMe (em geral, americanos), que vêm de pessoas que compram um kit de análises genômicas de forma recreativa, para conhecer melhor sua própria herança genética. No caso do UK Biobank, 4,1% dos homens e 2,8% das mulheres declararam já ter tido relações homossexuais; a proporção geral na amostragem da 23andMe foi de 18,9%. No total, 447.522 pessoas foram incluídas na análise.Quando o efeito de todos os SNPs é combinado na análise, os cientistas estimam que entre 8% e 25% da diferença entre as pessoas no comportamento homossexual é explicada por essas variantes genéticas.É importante frisar duas coisas: esses números se referem às diferenças na população como um todo, e não a indivíduos isolados; e os SNPs não correspondem ao total da variabilidade do genoma. Outros elementos do DNA, como o número de cópias de genes ou mudanças em trechos maiores do que uma só letra, também podem ter algum impacto ainda desconhecido. Com efeito, estudos com gêmeos idênticos sugerem uma influência genética entre 30% e 50% para o comportamento homossexual.Além disso, é muito difícil identificar lugares específicos do genoma que tenham influência mensurável sobre o comportamento homossexual, o que reforça a ideia de que são milhares de genes, cada um deles com um efeito minúsculo, os responsáveis por essa influência.Após muito escarafunchar, o grupo de pesquisa achou apenas cinco regiões do genoma com algum impacto claro —duas para ambos os sexos, uma apenas para mulheres que já fizeram sexo com outras mulheres e duas para homens que já fizeram sexo com homens. Geneticamente, portanto, é bastante possível que ser gay seja um fenômeno bem diferente de ser lésbica. Ainda assim, o efeito somado desses SNPs explicaria menos de 1% das diferenças entre as pessoas nesse quesito.De qualquer modo, a análise detalhada desses SNPs mostra alguma lógica. No caso dos ligados ao comportamento homossexual masculino, por exemplo, há uma variante associada a genes que influenciam a detecção de moléculas de cheiro, e sabe-se que tais moléculas olfativas são importantes para a atração sexual. O outro SNP está associado à calvície masculina, um processo deflagrado pelos hormônios sexuais —os quais, é claro, também influenciam o interesse por parceiros.Os pesquisadores destacam que o estudo tem uma série de limitações importantes. A principal delas é a falta de diversidade étnica na amostragem, já que os dados vêm de populações de origem majoritariamente europeia. Também há o fato de que os doadores de DNA são, em geral, pessoas mais velhas, com idade média superior a 40 anos. Isso pode ter diminuído a probabilidade de que elas relatassem experiências homossexuais, por terem crescido em ambientes menos abertos a esse tipo de relacionamento.As influências ambientais, que se somam às influências genéticas para produzir o comportamento sexual humano, podem ser não apenas sociais e culturais como também biológicas. Há alguns indícios, por exemplo, que os hormônios produzidos pelo organismo materno durante a gestação também podem influenciar a orientação sexual. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Ninguém citou o nome do presidente Jair Bolsonaro, mas nem precisava. Críticas ao tratamento dado à comunidade científica pelo governo deram o tom do 1º Prêmio CBMM de Ciência e Tecnologia, realizado nesta quarta (21), no carioca Museu do Amanhã.Já na fala inicial, Pedro Moreira Salles, que preside o conselho de administração da CBMM (Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração), deu pistas de que a noite seria um grande desagravo àqueles que se sentem ameaçados pela escalada anticiência num país governado por autoridades que questionam se há mesmo aquecimento global ou se dados oficiais que mostram o desmatamento na Amazônia são obra de pesquisadores ideologizados."Não existe alternativa fora dos fatos e das evidências", discursou Pedro, um dos irmãos da família que controla a CBMM e também o Itaú Unibanco. "Um país que dê as costas para a razão e o conhecimento", segundo ele, está condenado a ser "pobre, doente e inseguro". A primeira edição do prêmio homenageou Marcelo Viana, diretor-geral do Impa (Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada) e vice-presidente da União Matemática Internacional, e João Batista Calixto, professor-titular de farmacologia aposentado da UFSC e diretor do Centro de Inovação e Ensaios Pré-Clínicos.Ao subir ao palco para receber a láurea, Calixto se disse triste por ver que o CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) está "perdendo suas forças". Dono de 24 patentes no Brasil e no exterior, ele é pesquisador da agência federal de fomento à pesquisa, que já informou: com a sangria de recursos, novas indicações de bolsas estão suspensas, e a previsão é encolher em 2019.O órgão financia cerca de 80 mil bolsistas, situação que periga mudar com o aprofundamento do déficit de mais de R$ 300 milhões. O enxugamento orçamentário foi aprovado em 2018.Para Calixto, vivemos um "momento de tantos extremismos", com "cortes sem precedentes" em recursos para educação e ciência. Mas por que não falar em "esperança de dias melhores para a comunidade científica"?Calixto conseguiu ver um lado bom na situação lamentada por colegas: "Saímos mais fortalecidos das crises", pois elas nos ensinariam a ser humildes e fortificar parcerias.Ele recebeu o prêmio das mãos do físico Luiz Davidovich, presidente da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, para quem falar em corte orçamentário é pouco. "É uma atividade anticiência forte, e é a ciência que vai superar isso."Outro discurso enfático veio do matemático Artur Avila, que em 2014 ganhou aquela que é considerada o Nobel de sua área, a Medalha Fields.Estamos num momento em que é difícil celebrar a ciência, disse antes de entregar um troféu para o colega Marcelo Viana, que é colunista da Folha.Seria árduo omitir que "as notícias não são muito encorajadoras sobre a visão que certa parte da sociedade tem", hoje, sobre o objeto que todos estavam lá para enaltecer, o pensamento científico.Mas o segmento está a postos para essa guerra, afirmou. "Temos um pessoal qualificado para quando o governo resolver engajar de novo com a ciência. Estamos preparados."O americano Paul Romer, que ganhou em 2018 o Nobel de Economia, defendeu na única palestra da cerimônia que "há toda razão para ser otimista agora sobre o progresso da espécie humana". É verdade que o mundo passa por uma fase turbulenta, reconheceu. "Há um tanto de polarização agora", um período em que "rumores de redes sociais, movimentos antivacina sem sentido", tomam um bocado de tempo e energia das pessoas."Mas as pessoas também podem se reconciliar. Já fizemos isso antes na história, e acredito que faremos de novo."Para Pedro Moreira Salles, investimentos na ciência são a melhor solução para o desenvolvimento na humanidade. Ele lembrou de um desafio do presidente americano John F. Kennedy: "Vamos por um homem na lua não porque seja fácil, mas porque é difícil. [...] Penso então que devíamos também ousar." Num ponto a principal acionista da CBMM, a família Moreira Salles, concorda com Bolsonaro. Todos curtem o nióbio.A premiação exaltou o mineral xodó do presidente, que há anos vêm dizendo que o Brasil subaproveita suas reservas desse metal.A empresa líder na produção mundial de nióbio é a CBMM, controlada pelo grupo Moreira Salles. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | O tempo está correndo contra o Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).A agência de incentivo à pesquisa ligada ao Ministério de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (MCTIC) tem um déficit de R$ 330 milhões no orçamento para bolsas neste ano. Assim, só tem dinheiro para pagar os cerca de 84 mil pesquisadores nos próximos dois meses."A gente paga até setembro. Em outubro, ninguém recebe, porque não posso fazer isso com um dinheiro que não tenho", diz o presidente do CNPq, João Luiz Filgueiras de Azevedo, à BBC News Brasil.De acordo com a Lei Orçamentária Anual aprovada no ano passado, o CNPq pode gastar neste ano R$ 784,8 milhões com bolsas, o que é insuficiente para cobrir a despesa total deste ano.O valor é 22% menor dos que os R$ 998,1 milhões do ano passado, corrigidos pelo IPCA, entre janeiro de 2018 e janeiro de 2019, quando foram promulgadas as leis orçamentárias de cada ano.Além disso, R$ 80 milhões da verba de 2019 teve de ser usada para cobrir bolsas do ano passado.Mas quais são as alternativas para evitar o apagão das bolsas?Havia uma expectativa em torno dos R$ 248,9 bilhões que o Congresso autorizou o Executivo a captar por meio de operações de crédito. A líder do governo na Câmara, a deputada Joice Hasselmann (PSL-SP), afirmou à imprensa que parte dos recursos seria destinada a bolsas do CNPq.Mas, procurado pela BBC News Brasil, o Ministério da Economia afirmou que "não está sendo destinado orçamento para o CNPq".Sob pressão dos bolsistas, que planejam protestos, o ministro Marcos Pontes pede que o Congresso libere R$ 310 milhões para as bolsas. "O tempo está passando", disse em Salvador nesta semana.Para Flavia Calé, presidente da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduandos (ANPG), o impasse gera insegurança a milhares de pesquisadores, já que as bolsas de pós-graduação exigem dedicação exclusiva e, portanto, são a única fonte de renda formal."Se as bolsas não forem pagas, um pós-graduando tem poucas alternativas para se manter. Alguns podem ter ajuda de familiares, outros vão para o mercado de trabalho informal para sobreviver", diz Calé."A bolsa deveria ser vista como uma remuneração de um trabalho fundamental para o país desenvolvimento do país, porque 90% da produção científica brasileira é feita pela pós-graduação."A base dados aberta Scimago mostra que o Brasil deu um salto em sua produção científica nas últimas décadas. Em 1996, o Brasil era o 21º entre 214 países no volume de artigos publicados, com 9.169. Em 2018, com 81.742 artigos, ficou em 14º entre 233 países.Azevedo diz que isso é um resultado do apoio à pesquisa feito em parte pela agência que ele agora comanda e um sinal de que a produção científica brasileira "vai muito bem, obrigado"."O país, apesar das dificuldades de orçamento, continua produzindo muita ciência e tem um destaque adequado no mundo. Fazemos parte da elite das nações que produzem ciência. Na minha visão, é uma prova que nosso sistema está funcionando", diz o presidente do CNPq.No entanto, o ranking da Scimago mostra que a produção nacional tem hoje um baixo impacto globalmente e que esta influência caiu significativamente nas últimas décadas.A forma de medir isso é a média de vezes que os artigos brasileiros foram citados por outros trabalhos científicos. Neste critério, o Brasil é o 172º, com 0,5 citações por artigo, entre 233 países. Em 1996, era o 98º entre 214 países, com 18,45 citações por artigo.Para Azevedo, isso deve em parte ao fato de que, em certas áreas, as pesquisas brasileiras têm um impacto local."Nossa ciência produz impacto. Há publicações brasileiras com um índice elevado de citações. Mas, em muitas áreas, o impacto é mais local, o que leva a um número baixo de citações. São coisas que interessam ao país e não ao mundo como um todo, como alguma coisa ligada à agricultura que tenha um aspecto regional", diz Azevedo.Azevedo foi nomeado para presidir a agência em janeiro deste ano. Até então, era pesquisador do Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço e professor do Instituto Tecnológico da Aeronáutica (ITA). Ele é engenheiro aeronáutico formado pelo ITA e tem mestrado e doutorado na Universidade Stanford, nos Estados Unidos.Três meses depois de assumir, o governo federal anunciou um contingenciamento de verbas para diversas pastas. No caso do MCTIC, o bloqueio foi de R$ 2,13 bilhões, o que representa 42% do seu orçamento neste ano. O CNPq foi afetado com um bloqueio de R$ 111 milhões, ou 11% do orçamento de 2019. "De certa forma, o CNPq não pode reclamar, porque o percentual contingenciado foi muito menor do que o total do ministério", afirma.A forma encontrada para lidar com isso, diz ele, foi prosseguir com as chamadas públicas para projetos candidatos a financiamento, ainda que com valores menores do que os previstos originalmente.Assim, em tese, todos os projetos serão avaliados e ranqueados, e os que não puderem ser contemplados agora ficarão em uma fila de espera e poderão ser financiados caso os recursos sejam liberados antes do fim do ano."É evidente que o contingenciamento não é bom para ninguém, mas esse valor não foi cortado. Gostaria de acreditar, talvez sendo um pouco otimista, que uma parcela significativa desse valor, se não todo, vai ser descontingenciado. Deixamos a porta aberta para executar esse recurso se for o caso", afirma.Azevedo fez no mês passado um pedido ao Ministério da Economia para fazer um concurso para preencher 192 vagas no CNPq. Ele explica que a agência tinha 700 funcionários há cerca de cinco anos. Hoje, são cerca de 350. O CNPq não faz concursos desde 2011."Temos um problema sério de falta de servidores e apresentei isso na minha primeira reunião com o ministro. Todos os dias, assino uma, duas, três aposentadorias. Precisamos repor quem está se aposentando", diz Azevedo.O presidente Jair Bolsonaro (PSL) afirmou no mês passado que o governo decidiu reduzir os concursos públicos no Executivo e restringi-los a poucas áreas, como a Polícia Federal e a Polícia Rodoviária Federal. "Fora isso, dificilmente teremos concursos no Brasil nos próximos poucos anos", afirmou Bolsonaro a jornalistas.O ministro da Economia, Paulo Guedes, disse que seria uma forma de enxugar a máquina pública, já que 40% do funcionalismo federal deve se aposentar nos próximos anos. O ministro também afirmou que houve um "excesso de contratações" no passado.Diante deste cenário, Azevedo reconhece que seu pedido tem poucas chances de ser atendido, porque "o foco do governo está em outro lugar"."Minha função é alertar sobre a necessidade da forma correta e com a ênfase necessária, mas não posso obrigar o governo a fazer concurso. Ainda não estamos no ponto de colapso e temos buscado tecnologia para fazer mais com menos gente. Mas deve ter um número a partir do qual a coisa entra em colapso, mas não sei dizer qual é nem quando vai acontecer", afirma.Uma demanda antiga dos pesquisadores do CNPq é o aumento do valor dos auxílios. O último reajuste nas bolsas de mestrado, hoje de R$ 1.500, e de doutorado, de R$ 2.200, foi feito em 2013."Isso anda não gerou evasão na pós-graduação, mas diminuiu a procura pela carreira científica, que deixa de ser atrativa se o pesquisador não consegue garantir seu sustento", diz Flávia Calé, da ANPG."Com esse valor, a gente precisa escolher entre pagar o aluguel, pagar para se locomover, pagar nossa alimentação. Isso leva muito pesquisador a buscar um trabalho precário ou a sair do país."O presidente do CNPq reconhece que o valor é insuficiente. "Em alguns lugares, pode ser o bastante, mas é realmente dificílimo para um menino que nasceu no interior do Amazonas e hoje está em São Paulo fazendo doutorado viver com esse dinheiro. É uma realidade, ninguém discute isso. É muito difícil viver com esse dinheiro."Azevedo concorda ser necessário reajustar as bolsas, mas diz que seu orçamento não permite. "Hoje, se eu aumentar o valor da bolsa, vou ter de pagar menos bolsas. O reajuste é um pleito natural, mas preciso ter dinheiro para isso."Azevedo ressalta que também é funcionário público federal. "O meu salário também não teve reajuste neste período..."Confrontado com o fato de que sua remuneração é bem superior ao valor das bolsas de pós-graduação, ele responde: "Sem dúvida alguma, só estou dizendo que os salários do governo federal também não estão sendo reajustados. Mas essa é uma discussão que está acima de mim. Tem que perguntar ao ministro da Economia". | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Um programa de computador que ajuda a identificar produtos naturais que podem ser usados para criação de remédios, a análise de como os recifes de corais brasileiros serão afetados pelas mudanças climáticas e o estudo de matéria escura no espaço estão entre os 12 projetos de pesquisa escolhidos pelo Instituto Serrapilheira para receber R$ 1 milhão pelos próximos três anos.O Serrapilheira é a primeira instituição privada de fomento à pesquisa no Brasil, criada pelo documentarista João Moreira Salles e sua mulher, a linguista Branca Vianna. Desse valor total, R$ 700 mil são de uso totalmente livre. O restante do dinheiro só será recebido para ser usado para inclusão nas equipes de pesquisa e formação de pessoas pertencentes a grupos sub-representados na ciência brasileira.“Há um problema de representação racial em todos os campos e de gênero em alguns. É importante que mais meninas se formem na matemática, na física, e que pessoas negras se formem em qualquer campo. Queremos incentivar isso”, afirma Hugo Aguilaniu, diretor-presidente do Serrapilheira.Os 12 cientistas brasileiros escolhidos para receber o financiamento passaram por um processo de seleção que teve início em 2017.Na primeira etapa, o instituto separou 65 projetos entre quase 2.000 inscrições que receberam RS 100 mil. Esse valor foi utilizado para que os pesquisadores demonstrassem, durante 2018, a viabilidade das ideias que estavam propondo.A partir de então, os pesquisadores foram reavaliados pelo Conselho Científico do Serrapilheira, composto por cientistas brasileiros e internacionais, e 37 nomes foram selecionados para defender suas ideias, no Rio de Janeiro, perante os conselheiros da instituição. Veja abaixo os nomes dos pesquisadores escolhidos e um breve resumo de suas pesquisas:Alexander Birbrair Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - MG Projeto: Regulação do câncer pelo sistema nervoso periférico É sabido que o sistema nervoso periférico é essencial para o crescimento e a manutenção dos órgãos. Por outro lado, pouco se conhece a respeito da função das projeções nervosas e das células a elas associadas na progressão do câncer nesses órgãos. O objetivo da pesquisa é investigar o sistema nervoso periférico no microambiente tumoral, cujos componentes têm um papel na regulação do comportamento das células de câncer.Ayla Sant’Ana da Silva Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia - RJ Projeto: Rotas biotecnológicas para a conversão da semente de açaí (Euterpe oleracea) em energia e produtos com alto valor agregado A produção de polpa de açaí no Brasil gera anualmente mais de 1 milhão de toneladas de sementes, que equivalem a 85-95% da massa dos frutos. A semente contém alto teor de manana, um carboidrato com propriedades diferenciadas, e de antioxidantes, que fazem dela um material valioso e inexplorado. Pretende-se avaliar a conversão da semente de açaí em energia e em produtos com aplicações nas indústrias de alimentos, ração animal e cosméticos.Carlos Ganade Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais - RJ Projeto: Superposição orogênica, nucleamento de zonas de cisalhamento e tectônica de escape no NE do Brasil A evolução geodinâmica do Nordeste brasileiro, há cerca de 600 milhões de anos, resultou de duas colisões continentais, cujas tensões, combinadas, originaram uma ampla rede de zonas de cisalhamento (zonas de concentração da deformação), forçando uma extrusão de massa para nordeste. O projeto visa desenvolver modelos desta superposição de colisões continentais e entender o papel das zonas de cisalhamento na absorção das tensões derivadas das colisões, e assim, entender como continentes se deformam em zonas colisionais complexas.Daniela Barretto B. Trivella Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais/LNBIO - SP Projeto: NP3: plataforma computacional de interpretação iterativa de dados experimentais para a identificação rápida de novos produtos naturais bioativos Produtos naturais representam a mais valiosa fonte de esqueletos químicos para o desenvolvimento de fármacos. A pesquisa propõe a criação de uma plataforma computacional que visa acelerar o processo de identificação de novos produtos naturais bioativos e seus sítios de ligação em proteínas-alvo.Daniel Youssef Bargieri Universidade de São Paulo Projeto: Em busca de novos compostos com atividade de bloqueio de transmissão da malária O protozoário do gênero Plasmodium, causador da malária, afeta os seres humanos por meio da picada de mosquitos infectados. O objetivo do projeto é identificar novas drogas para impedir que os próprios mosquitos sejam infectados, interrompendo a cadeia transmissiva. Para isso, criamos modelos experimentais capazes de testar mais de 5 mil drogas ao mesmo tempo, a fim de encontrar novos compostos que possam contribuir para a eliminação da doença. Guilherme Ortigara Longo Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - RN Projeto: Os recifes brasileiros estão prontos para as mudanças globais? O projeto busca analisar o impacto das mudanças climáticas nos corais e recifes integrando: estudo histórico dos animais marinhos desses ambientes (peixes, corais e algas); previsões da resposta desses organismos às mudanças climáticas por meio de modelos matemáticos e experimentos em laboratório; monitoramento científico de corais através de modelos 3D e biologia molecular, e monitoramento cidadão através das redes sociais onde qualquer pessoa pode participar desse processo científico e promover o monitoramento e proteção dos recifes. Guilherme Zepon Universidade Federal de São Carlos - SP Projeto: Design de ligas de alta entropia para aplicação em armazenagem de hidrogênio Mecanismos para armazenar hidrogênio de modo seguro, eficiente e econômico é um dos desafios tecnológicos mais urgentes para implementar um sistema energético baseado em fontes renováveis. A pesquisa tem como objetivo projetar composições de ligas metálicas com propriedades de armazenagem de hidrogênio otimizadas.Karín Menéndez-Delmestre Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/ Observatório do Valongo - RJ Projeto: Um farol na escuridão: desvendando matéria escura com observações extragalácticas A pesquisa busca pistas, nos formatos das galáxias, sobre a distribuição de matéria escura que, apesar de “invisível”, sabe-se hoje que representa 85% da matéria no universo. Também tentamos entender como galáxias distantes se unem para formar as maiores estruturas no universo: os aglomerados de galáxias.Marco Antonio Zanata Alves Universidade Federal do Paraná - PR Projeto: Memórias inteligentes eficientes para computação intensiva de dados O objetivo da investigação é unir a capacidade dos processadores, que conseguem efetuar diversas operações lógicas e aritméticas, à capacidade das memórias, que armazenam extensos volumes de dados. Buscamos assim criar memórias inteligentes com essas duas funções, de modo a melhorar o desempenho da computação e reduzir o consumo de energia.Narcizo M. Souza Neto Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais/ LNLS - SP Projeto: Um olhar com raios X em supercondutividade A pesquisa busca entender e descobrir materiais supercondutores, especialmente aqueles que funcionem próximos à temperatura ambiente. Um material supercondutor capaz de operar em temperatura ambiente permitiria um custo extremamente baixo para todas as aplicações de eletricidade, já que não haveria perdas devido à resistência elétrica zero.Tiago Pereira da Silva Universidade de São Paulo/ICMC - SP Projeto: Reconstrução de redes complexas: previsão de transições críticas O objetivo é desenvolver uma teoria matemática para descrever comportamentos emergentes em redes complexas de sistemas dinâmicos não-lineares, como o cérebro, redes sociais e sensores em cidades inteligentes, que não podem ser abordados por ferramentas usuais. Enfim, entender “como a natureza traz ordem para as coisas”.Vinicius Ramos Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada - RJ Projeto: Geometria simplética, dinâmica de contato e bilhares Geometria simplética é a geometria natural usada para estudar a mecânica clássica em qualquer espaço. O projeto investiga as interações dessa geometria com a teoria de bilhares por meio da dinâmica hamiltoniana, conhecida em alguns contextos como "dinâmica de contato". Ele busca entender como o que se sabe sobre trajetórias de bilhares em mesas diferentes têm implicações no tipo de geometria simplética e, consequentemente, na dinâmica hamiltoniana de um espaço associado. Quer, ainda, responder se a geometria simplética pode ajudar a elucidar questões em aberto sobre a existência de trajetórias de bilhares em mesas complicadas. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | O Prêmio Nobel de Medicina ou Fisiologia de 2018 foi anunciado nesta segunda (1) para o americano James P. Allison e o japonês Tasuku Honjo pelas descobertas ligadas ao combate do câncer com drogas que "bombam" a função do sistema imunológico, a chamada imunoterapia. A estratégia pode ser traduzida como remover o "disfarce" do tumor para que o próprio organismo lute contra a doença. A descoberta, de acordo com o Comitê do Nobel do Instituto Karolinska, na Suécia, formou um quarto pilar no tratamento contra o câncer, junto com quimioterapia, cirurgia e radioterapia. Médicos e biologistas já há alguns anos esperavam que a área fosse premiada.A pesquisa teve grande desenvolvimento nas últimas décadas e aumentou a efetividade de tratamentos contra vários tipos de câncer, como melanoma, câncer de pulmão e câncer de rim, que não respondiam bem às drogas que existiam antes e diminuindo drasticamente a taxa de mortalidade para alguns tipos. Pioneiro na área, o imunologista americano James P. Allison, do MD Anderson Cancer Center da Universidade do Texas, teve a ideia de tentar soltar o "freio” do sistema imunológico conhecido como CTLA-4, um receptor presente na célula T (ou linfócito T), responsável por reconhecer as células que não são normais no organismo, como as células cancerosas. A estratégia para conseguir isso envolveu a criação de um anticorpo que se liga no tal "freio molecular", impedindo que ele seja ativado. Com isso, Allison curou camundongos que tinham melanoma. O anticorpo ipilimumabe (comercializado como Yervoy, da Bristol-Myers Squibb) age da mesma forma em humanos.Segundo Fernando Maluf, oncologista da BP (antiga Beneficência Portuguesa), o tumor provoca uma espécie de paralisia no sistema imunológico, especialmente nos linfócitos T. “O que essas drogas fazem é desparalisar o sistema imunológico, permitindo que o linfócito ataque o tumor de forma muito mais eficaz.”Outro freio molecular cuja inibição pode gerar efeitos ainda mais dramáticos, de acordo com o comitê do Nobel, é o PD-1. Fruto da pesquisa liderada pelo médico e imunologista Tasuku Honjo, da Universidade de Kyoto, o bloqueio do PD-1 também abriu uma avenida de possibilidades, com possivelmente menos efeitos colaterais do que a terapia anti-CTLA-4."Quando pacientes que se recuperam do câncer me agradecem, sinto verdadeiramente o significado de nossa pesquisa", disse Honjo durante uma coletiva de imprensa, de acordo com a imprensa japonesa. "Eu gostaria de continuar pesquisando sobre o câncer por um tempo, para que essa imunoterapia possa ajudar a salvar mais pacientes com câncer do que nunca".Em uma entrevista por telefone ao jornal The New York Times, Allison disse que, quando os inibidores de ponto de verificação funcionam, os pacientes "ficarão bem por uma década ou mais". Ele disse estar trabalhando com outros pesquisadores, incluindo sua esposa, a oncologista Padmanee Sharma, do MD Anderson, a fim de compreender mecanismos de modo que os tratamentos possam ajudar mais pacientes."É um grande desafio, mas nós sabemos as regras básicas agora. É apenas uma questão dedicação para juntar as peças do quebra-cabeça com base na ciência", disse Alisson.Entre as drogas hoje comercializadas que agem no funcionamento do sistema do PD-1 estão o nivolumabe (Opdivo, também da Bristol-Myrers Squibb) e o pembrolizumabe (Keytruda, da MSD). Ambas foram aprovadas em 2014. Há ainda outras drogas já lançadas com o mesmo princípio e várias estão em desenvolvimento.Uma consequência natural do desenvolvimento dessas pesquisas foi tentativa de combinação das duas terapias, o que gerou uma resposta ainda melhor do que aquelas obtidas individualmente, reduzindo a mortalidade.Cada vez mais tipos de câncer são tratados com a imunoterapia. "São tantos os exemplos que já desisti de anotar", brinca Antonio Carlos Buzaid, oncologista do hospital Albert Einstein e da BP.“A esperança é que os medicamentos já gerados baseados nessas descobertas venham a ser usados em um número cada vez maior de pacientes com câncer, trazendo a esperança de cura para muitos deles”, diz o oncologista Gilberto Lopes, professor do Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, da Universidade de Miami (EUA) e editor-chefe do periódico Journal of Global Oncology.“O prêmio é muito merecido porque essa estratégia de tratamento não só aumenta a sobrevida, mas também busca atingir a cura do câncer, o que é muito mais ambicioso. O entendimento de como funciona o sistema imune em relação ao tumor, que apresenta mecanismos de evasão semelhante ao de células saudáveis, foi importantíssimo", afirma Buzaid“Agora é preciso investigar o maior número possível de mecanismos semelhantes a esses, para entender, por exemplo, por que o câncer de pâncreas não responde tão bem à imunoterapia como o melanoma e os cânceres de pulmão e bexiga, por exemplo”, diz. “Não podemos, porém, dar a impressão de que esses tratamentos são para todos os pacientes com câncer. Existe uma grande variabilidade na porcentagem daqueles que podem se beneficiar, de acordo com o tipo da doença. Enquanto no caso do melanoma a proporção de beneficiados é muito alta, no câncer de intestino ela fica em cerca de 5%”, explica Paulo Hoff, diretor do Icesp (Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo) e presidente do Grupo Oncologia D'Or, da Rede D'Or.Mas, segundo Hoff, existe uma explicação para o otimismo e que justifica o prêmio. "As descobertas são uma validação daquilo que se persegue desde o século 19, que é fazer o próprio corpo lutar contra o tumor. Foi criado um novo eixo de pesquisa. Muitas outras moléculas serão alvo de estudos no futuro”, diz.A única pessoa nascida no Brasil que recebeu um Nobel foi o britânico Peter Medawar, pela descoberta das bases da tolerância imunológica adquirida, ou seja, a capacidade de fazer o sistema imunológico de um organismo não reagir a certos fatores.No ano passado, levaram o Nobel cientistas pioneiros nos estudos dos mecanismos moleculares por trás do ritmo circadiano —ou relógio biológico— que funciona dentro das células. Foram agraciados os americanos Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash e Michael W Young.A escolha do vencedor do mais importante prêmio da área é realizada por um grupo de 50 pesquisadores ligados ao Instituto Karolinska, na Suécia, escolhido por Alfred Nobel em seu testamento para eleger aquele que tenha feito notáveis contribuições ao futuro da humanidade para receber a láurea.O prazo para o comitê receber as indicações foi dia 31 de janeiro. Podem indicar nomes os membros do Comitê do Nobel do Instituto Karolinska, biologistas e médicos ligados à Academia Real Sueca de Ciências, vencedores dos prêmios de Fisiologia ou Medicina ou de Química, professores titulares de medicina de instituições suecas, norueguesas, finlandesas, islandesas ou dinamarquesas e acadêmicos e cientistas selecionados pelo comitê do Nobel. Autoindicações são desconsideradas.A cerimônia de premiação dos vencedores deste ano, porém, só ocorre em dezembro.Entre as descobertas premiadas no passado estão as da estrutura do DNA por James Watson, Francis Crick e Maurice Wilkins (1962), a da penicilina por Fleming e outros (1945), a do ciclo do ácido cítrico por Hans Krebs (1953) e a da estrutura do sistema nervoso por Camillo Golgi e Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1906).Outras descobertas notáveis premiadas pelo Nobel de Medicina ou Fisiologia são a da insulina (1932), da relação entre HPV e câncer (2008), a da fertilização in vitro (2010), a de que existem grupos sanguíneos (1930) e a de como agem os hormônios (1971).Os vencedores dividirão o prêmio de 9 milhões de coroas suecas (cerca de R$ 4,1 milhões). O dinheiro vem de um fundo de quase 4,5 bilhões de coroas suecas (em valores atuais) deixado pelo patrono do prêmio, Alfred Nobel (1833-1896), inventor da dinamite. Os prêmios são distribuídos desde 1901. Além do valor em dinheiro, o laureado recebe uma medalha e um diploma.Nesta terça (2) e na quarta (3) serão anunciados, respectivamente, os prêmios nas áreas de física e de química. Os dois são distribuídos pela Academia Real Sueca de Ciências.O Nobel da Paz, dado por um comitê escolhido pelo Parlamento Norueguês será anunciado na sexta (5); o Prêmio de Ciências Econômicas em Memória de Alfred Nobel, apelidado como Nobel de Economia, será anunciado na próxima segunda (8) e também fica a cargo da Academia Real Sueca de Ciências.Quanto ao prêmio de literatura de 2018, após uma série de denúncias e escândalos, a Academia Sueca anunciou que a entrega foi cancelada. A cerimônia de 2019 também corre o risco de ser cancelada.Em novembro, o jornal Dagens Nyheter noticiou que pelo menos 18 mulheres acusavam Jean-Claude Arnault, uma importante figura no meio cultural sueco, de assédio e agressão sexual. Arnault é casado com a poeta Katarina Frostenson, que é membro da academia. E os dois dirigem juntos um clube cultural privado chamado Fórum, que recebia verbas da Academia. O jornal noticiou que Arnault havia sido acusado em diversas instâncias de maus tratos a mulheres, no clube e em imóveis de propriedade da Academia, em Estocolmo e Paris, nos últimos 20 anos. O jornal informou também que Arnault havia vazado informações sobre o ganhador do Nobel de Literatura sete vezes, desde 1996.Nesta segunda (1º), a Justiça da Suécia condenou Jean-Claude Arnault a dois anos de prisão por estupro. Arnault era julgado por dois casos de estupro, mas foi condenado por apenas um. Ele está no centro de um escândalo de abuso sexual e crimes financeiros, cujas consequências respingaram na Academia Sueca, instituição responsável pelo Nobel de Literatura. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Apenas dois meses antes de o Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro arder em chamas, a redução de verbas e os problemas de manutenção da instituição foram descritos em reportagem da Folha. O título “tragédia anunciada” foi repetido à exaustão para descrever a maior perda científica e histórica do país.Um mês após o incêndio, sabe-se que não se tratava de caso isolado, porém. Outros museus de ciência e história natural do país padecem de dificuldades similares. O Museu de Zoologia da USP, um dos mais importantes da área na América Latina, teve seu orçamento reduzido pela metade nos últimos cinco anos. Em 2013, a verba para a operação da instituição —manutenção predial, equipamentos de segurança e materiais de suporte para os acervos— foi de R$ 1.435.251. Para 2018, a verba foi de R$ 786.476. Especializado em evolução e taxonomia dos animais, tem cerca de 8 milhões de itens. Uma das coleções mais importantes é a de peixes neotropicais —a maior do mundo. Com esses animais um pesquisador pode, por exemplo, analisar como era o nível de poluição de um rio em diferentes décadas.O museu teve sua coleção iniciada em 1890, quando o conselheiro Francisco Mayrink doou ao governo de São Paulo uma coleção de história natural reunida pelo coronel Joaquim Sertório a partir de 1870. Em 1941 foi finalizada a construção do prédio atual da instituição. Em 1969, foi incorporada à USP e ganhou seu nome atual. A instituição vem passando por reformas para melhorar a segurança, mas elas esbarram em orçamento curto, demora nas aprovações e burocracias em licitações.Segundo Mario de Pinna, diretor do Museu e doutor em biologia evolutiva, o museu está em uma situação “intermediária” de segurança. Já passou por algumas medidas de proteção contra incêndios, mas ainda faltam reformas.Segundo a USP, a instituição precisou reequilibrar-se financeiramente com a crise econômica e realizou ajustes orçamentários em suas unidades, calculados a partir da média da execução orçamentária efetiva dos últimos anos.A universidade diz que a dotação do museu pode ser suplementada com recursos extras —um exemplo é o projeto de reforma da cobertura do laboratório de taxidermia, cuja verba sairá da superintendência do espaço físico da universidade, e não do orçamento do museu. “Sabemos que o motivo é a crise e não culpamos a universidade, mas precisamos de mais dinheiro”, diz Pinna.Como museu universitário, que conta com um curso próprio de pós-graduação, a pesquisa é outra fonte de captação de recursos. “Somos um museu acadêmico, nossos 13 docentes da pós-graduação são a alma da instituição”, diz. “Grande parte das despesas é paga por verbas de projetos dos professores. Se não fosse por eles, essa instituição não se mantinha."Os docentes trazem recursos de bolsas de pesquisa de instituições como Fapesp, CNPq, Finep e Capes. Uma porcentagem da verba de grandes projetos vai para o museu. Em 2018, apenas o montante vindo da Fapesp rendeu R$ 270 mil à instituição. O museu também é beneficiado com equipamentos que professores e alunos adquirem para suas pesquisas.Hoje a entrada no museu, que atrai cerca de 70 mil visitantes por ano, é gratuita, mas existe um plano de começar a cobrar pelos ingressos no valor de R$ 10 a partir de 2019.Funcionários mais antigos relatam que houve três casos de princípio de incêndio no museu, nenhum grave, o último há 25 anos. Foi no final dos anos 1990 que o museu começou a melhorar sua segurança, ao trocar as estantes de madeira por móveis de metal e aumentar a quantidade de extintores. Em 2011 uma reforma elétrica foi realizada no edifício. Um reservatório de água de 70 mil litros, finalizado em 2016, garante o abastecimento dos hidrantes. O museu conta com uma brigada de incêndio com 28 funcionários e todos os alunos passam por um curso para aprender a acionar os hidrantes e extintores. Faltam, porém, alguns reparos. O museu tem um projeto de AVCB (Auto de Vistoria do Corpo de Bombeiros) já aprovado pelos bombeiros, que inclui instalação de portas corta-fogo, troca de divisórias de MDF por paredes de alvenaria e substituição dos forros do teto, feitos de papelão e madeira, por forros de gesso.A Superintendência do Espaço Físico (SEF) da USP está finalizando a checagem dos itens do AVCB para solicitar a aprovação de órgãos de preservação do patrimônio histórico, como o estadual Condephaat e o municipal Conpresp. O projeto deve ser enviado aos órgãos até o dia 11 deste mês e as obras devem ser concluídas até o segundo semestre de 2019.Para Pinna, o processo de aprovação de reformas é moroso e confuso. Segundo o Condephaat, a edificação do Museu de Zoologia não é tombada pelo órgão, mas o museu fica na área do Parque da Independência, este sim protegido. Tudo o que for feito em suas dependências, portanto, precisaria de autorização. Mas, segundo Pinna, existe uma interpretação de que apenas a fachada seria protegida. “É um limbo legal, ninguém sabe se pode mexer.” O diretor diz que, dada a urgência em proteger o prédio, já está fazendo algumas mudanças por conta própria, como a instalação de portas corta-fogo e a substituição dos forros.Essa lentidão é uma das principais responsáveis pela tragédia no Museu Nacional, na avaliação de Pinna. “Lá tudo era tombado, então foi sendo feita gambiarra em cima de gambiarra, o que se tornou um gatilho para o fogo”, diz. “O tombamento virou uma camisa de força que impediu que fossem feitas as reformas necessárias para evitar o que aconteceu.”O fogo também é uma ameaça constante ao museu Emilio Goeldi, em Belém. Em 2009, um de seus prédios sofreu um pequeno incêndio, que foi rapidamente identificado e controlado. Não houve perdas.Outro ponto em comum é carência de verba. No ano passado, a instituição quase fechou as portas por falta de recursos. A direção do Goeldi diz tentar meios financeiros para melhorar o sistema de combate a incêndios principalmente para as peças arqueológicas (120 mil objetos e 2 milhões de fragmentos da Amazônia) e etnográficas (15 mil objetos de 120 povos indígenas) que requerem um sistema que usa gás, mais caro —quando ativado, o gás, que não é tóxico nem corrosivo, é liberado por difusores instalados nas paredes e no teto das salas e apaga o fogo.Também por questões de orçamento, há quase dez anos está parada a construção de um dos prédios do Goeldi para expor ao público peças importantes do acervo. Entre esses tesouros, estão fósseis pré-históricos de preguiça-gigante e de peixe-boi gigante, que eram endêmicos da Amazônia, e o único original no país do “Mapa Etno-Histórico do Brasil e Regiões Adjacentes”, elaborado pelo etnólogo alemão Curt Nimuendajú em 1943.Foi queimado no Museu Nacional o outro original em solo brasileiro (há um nos EUA) desse documento, que reúne informações sobre todas as etnias indígenas que habitaram o Brasil desde o século 16. Essas peças estão em guardadas em um espaço do campus de pesquisa, em outro bairro.A obra do novo prédio começou em 2009 e parou no ano seguinte. Há previsão de ser retomada até o fim deste ano e concluída em dezembro de 2019.Fundado em 1866, o Emilio Goeldi passou a ser o museu de ciências mais antigo do Brasil em atividade após a tragédia no Rio, e uma referência mundial em estudos amazônicos. O museu possui 19 coleções científicas principais, divididas em 40 subcoleções, com mais de 4,5 milhões de itens tombados, nas áreas de arqueologia, etnologia, linguística, biologia e paleontologia, entre outras. Vai de artefatos de civilizações milenares da região, como a marajoara e a tapajônica, à coleção de espécimes já extintos.“Não tem como falar sobre a história da Amazônia sem passar pelo Goeldi”, diz Maria Emília da Cruz Sales, coordenadora de Comunicação e Extensão da instituição.No parque zoobotânico, que integra o Goeldi, há também um aquário, fundado em 1911 e que passou recentemente por uma reforma, com espécies amazônicas de peixes, répteis e quelônios. Ele deve ser ampliado ainda este ano, criando um espaço para a quarentena de peixes e uma área para exposições. Pedro Oliva, chefe do parque zoobotânico, diz que a parte elétrica passa constantemente por manutenção. “A situação não é a ideal, mas a gente procura fazer intervenções pontuais em cada prédio. O importante é ficar sempre atento e ver se essas fiações continuam atendendo as nossas necessidades”, diz. Após o incêndio no Rio, houve nova vistoria dos bombeiros.Exceção diante da situação de degradação dos museus brasileiros, o Museu de Ciências Naturais PUC Minas, em Belo Horizonte, foi reformado e teve seu sistema de combate a incêndio ampliado há cinco anos.As melhorias, porém, vieram na esteira de um incêndio, em janeiro de 2013, que afetou a parte expositiva do segundo andar, destruindo cenários e réplicas de fósseis. A estrutura do museu e o acervo científico não foram danificados. A cópia do fóssil de uma preguiça gigante, por exemplo, se perdeu, mas foi feita outra.A reforma durou 11 meses e custou R$ 1,5 milhões, bancados pela PUC. O museu ganhou na época nova pintura, sistema elétrico, sistema hidráulico e iluminação de led, mais durável e econômica.O custeio do museu, o que inclui o pagamento de funcionários, também é financiado pela PUC que, embora não atrase os repasses, não tem como arcar com ampliação ou mais contratações. Já a verba para pesquisas e projetos vêm de instituições de amparo à pesquisa como Fapemig e CNPq ou da Lei Rouanet.“Estamos muito bem, sobretudo porque há uma grande demanda do público estudantil. Temos média diária acima de 300 pessoas na visitação e, nas férias, o volume cresce consideravelmente. E temos grande número de pesquisadores de outros museus e de outros países”, afirma o coordenador do museu, Bonifácio Teixeira.Em 2017, o museu recebeu 103 mil visitantes. Fundado em 1983, reúne coleções de referência, com mais de 130 mil peças da fauna e flora extinta e atual.A coleção de paleontologia se destaca com preguiças terrestres, tatus gigantes e tigre-dentes-de-sabre. “É uma das mais importantes das Américas. E recebemos grande qualidade de material arqueológico também”, diz Teixeira.Já o acervo de espécies atuais tem 36 mil exemplares de animais e plantas.O museu de BH abriga ainda cinco réplicas de peças que faziam parte da coleção do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, destruído por um incêndio há um mês. São cópias de fósseis de mamíferos e de dinossauros que agora servirão como modelo para criar novas réplicas e que serão enviadas ao Rio como reposição.“Estamos firmes na colaboração com Museu Nacional, vamos oferecer as cópias dessas peças”, diz o coordenador. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Dois anos após seu lançamento da Flórida, uma nave espacial da Nasa está se aproximando de um antigo asteroide, Bennu, para obter uma amostra de poeira espacial que poderá revelar pistas sobre o começo da vida no Sistema Solar.A sonda, Osiris-REx, conseguiu inclusive sua primeira imagem borrada do corpo cósmico, que é aproximadamente do tamanho de uma montanha pequena, de cerca de 500 metros de diâmetro. A nave espacial está projetada para se mover em uma órbita em volta de Bennu, a cerca de 1,5 km ou 2 km de sua superfície, para trazer à Terra uma amostra em 2023. As primeiras imagens de Bennu foram tomadas em 17 de agosto a uma distância de 2,3 milhões de quilômetros da nave espacial de 800 milhões de dólares. “Isto é o mais perto que já estivemos de Bennu”, disse Dante Lauretta, pesquisador principal de Osiris-REx, na Universidade do Arizona, Tucson. “É significativo porque agora estamos nas proximidades do asteroide”. Bennu foi escolhido entre os cerca de 500 mil asteroides do Sistema Solar porque orbita perto do traçado da Terra em volta do Sol, tem o tamanho adequado para o estudo científico e é um dos asteroides mais antigos conhecidos pela Nasa. Os astrônomos dizem que existe uma possibilidade entre 2.700 de colisão com a Terra em 2135.Também é um asteroide rico em carbono, o tipo de corpo cósmico que forneceu à Terra materiais que propiciaram a vida há bilhões de anos. A missão não é a primeira a visitar um asteroide e tentar recolher uma amostra. O Japão fez isso antes e a Europa conseguiu aterrissar em um cometa. Mas é a primeira missão de retorno de amostras de asteroides para a Nasa, e seu objetivo é trazer à Terra a maior amostra da história, na ordem de 60 gramas. Em dezembro, a nave espacial começará um estudo da superfície dos asteroides. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Como os primeiros seres humanos chegaram à América?Depois de cruzarem da Ásia para o Alasca, os aventureiros da Era do Gelo podem ter percorrido duas rotas: a pé, pelo interior do que que hoje é o Canadá, por uma passagem gramada entre duas grandes áreas recobertas por gelo, ou diretamente rumo ao sul pela costa do Pacífico. Os cientistas vêm debatendo essas duas teorias, e nos últimos anos a ideia de que a rota costeira foi a usada para o assentamento inicial conquistou novas adesões, por conta de descobertas arqueológicas como um conjunto de pegadas de 13 mil anos de idade em uma ilha na província canadense da Columbia Britânica. Agora, geólogos que estão estudando rochedos e o leito rochoso de algumas ilhas a sudeste do Alasca encontraram indícios de uma rota livre de gelo que teria existido cerca de 17 mil anos atrás ao longo da costa e, certamente, poderia ter recebido trânsito humano."Não estamos afirmando que eles definitivamente tomaram a rota da costa", disse Alia Lesnek, aluna de pós-graduação na Universidade de Buffalo e principal autora do estudo. "Mas agora temos algumas das primeiras provas diretas de que teria sido possível seguir esse caminho."A constatação, publicada na quarta-feira (30) em um estudo na revista acadêmica Science Advances, oferece sustentação à teoria de que as primeiras pessoas a povoar a América foram navegadores que viajavam por mar de ilha em ilha.No terceiro trimestre de 2015, Lesnek desembarcou de um helicóptero em um vale gramado na ilha Baker, a sudeste do Alasca. Lá ela viu uma grande rocha cinzenta que, para a maioria das pessoas, não teria parecido notável.Mas, para Lesnek, a superfície lisa da rocha e seus contornos arredondados eram indicações do seu passado remoto. O rochedo havia sido carregado para o local por geleiras gigantes, milhares de anos atrás.Ela apanhou uma serra elétrica de lâmina larga e, segurando-a com as duas mãos, fez um corte na superfície da rocha. "É empolgante, mas também causa algum nervosismo, porque a lâmina se move muito rápido e faz um barulho forte, um riiiinnn", disse a pesquisadora.Depois de criar um corte com alguns centímetros de profundidade, ela usou um cinzel e um martelo pneumático para arrancar uma lasca da rocha. Foi uma das muitas amostras de rochedos e do leito rochoso que Lesnek e seus colegas recolheram em quatro ilhas diferentes do arquipélago de Alexander, ao sudeste do Alasca.De volta ao laboratório, a equipe determinou há quanto tempo as amostras de rocha haviam sido aprisionadas pelas geleiras. Uma geleira é como um rio de movimento lento, que captura rochas e as carrega. Quando o gelo derrete, as rochas ficam no lugar a que foram conduzidas e recebem radiação cósmica, que os cientistas são capazes de analisar."É como um bronzeado da pedra", disse Lesnek.A equipe concluiu que as ilhas estavam cobertas por gelo até cerca de 15 mil a 17 mil anos atrás. A descoberta sugere que as geleiras que cobriam aquela parte da costa do Pacífico se derreteram e possivelmente criaram um percurso para os seres humanos na hora certa.A datação coincide com indícios arqueológicos e genéticos recentemente descobertos que sugerem que o primeiro pulso de imigração humana para a América aconteceu cerca de 16 mil anos atrás, de acordo com a equipe.As camadas de gelo que cobriam o corredor migratório localizado no interior do Canadá não derreteram até 13 mil ou 14 mil anos atrás, disse Jason Briner, geólogo da Universidade de Buffalo e um dos autores do estudo."Nossos dados sugerem que a rota costeira passou a estar disponível cerca de 17 mil anos atrás", disse Briner. "Isso antecede em cerca de três mil a quatro mil anos a abertura da rota pelo interior."A equipe também datou alguns ossos de foca que haviam sido descobertos anteriormente em uma caverna e constatou que os animais estavam presentes cerca de 17 mil anos atrás. Os ossos sugerem que, se pessoas tivessem seguido a rota costeira, haveria alimentos disponíveis.Briner disse que o estudo de sua equipe cobria apenas cerca de 10% da área do corredor costeiro e que futuros trabalhos de campo empregarão os mesmos métodos de datação em outras porções da rota."As datas concordam com outras cadeias de provas e sua interpretação é confiável", disso E James Dixon, antropólogo e professor emérito da Universidade do Novo México, que não participou do estudo. "Ainda que a pesquisa não prove a hipótese da migração costeira, certamente serve para reforçá-la." | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | A origem do Universo segue sendo um mistério, mas o físico argentino Juan Maldacena aposta que computadores quânticos —que, ao que tudo indica, serão capazes de resolver em segundos problemas que levariam até bilhões de anos pelos supercomputadores tradicionais— poderão no futuro construir “universos artificiais” e assim decifrar a origem do nosso.“Esses universos artificiais, que poderiam ser construídos em laboratório, podem ser próximos o suficiente do nosso para que extraiamos lições gerais que nos ajudem a entender o problema.”O físico trabalha no Instituto para Estudo Avançado de Princeton, nos Estados Unidos, mesma instituição em que Einstein trabalhou depois que emigrou da Europa, em fuga do nazismo.O pesquisador tem desenvolvido ideias interessantes para resolver o chamado “paradoxo da informação”, a questão sobre se as propriedades quânticas de partículas são destruídas ou não quando caem em um buraco negro. Trata-se de um problema formulado pelo físico britânico Stephen Hawking, morto na última quarta (14). Hawking chegou a declarar ter resolvido a questão em 2004, mas a comunidade científica segue não convencida.Maldacena esteve em São Paulo para proferir uma palestra na Unesp (Universidade Estadual Paulista) e participar de uma reunião do conselho do SAIFR (Instituto Sul-Americano para Pesquisa Fundamental). Nessa, conversou com a Folha.Folha — Falemos de buracos negros. O estudo deles seria nossa melhor esperança de encontrar conexões entre os mundos gravitacional e quântico, já que ali se manifestam simultaneamente esses dois aspectos da realidade física?Buracos negros apresentam quebra-cabeças interessantes. A relatividade geral clássica nos diz que quando algo cai num buraco negro, não pode tornar a sair. Por outro lado, a mecânica quântica sugere que o buraco negro pode emitir radiação, a chamada radiação Hawking. Isso sugere que a energia que pode entrar num buraco negro pode sair. Entretanto, não entendemos ainda precisamente como a informação que entra num buraco negro pode sair.Este é o tal paradoxo da informação? Stephen Hawking alegou tê-lo resolvido.O paradoxo da informação é a questão de se a informação que cai num buraco negro sai dele eventualmente. A mecânica quântica sugeriria que sim, enquanto a relatividade geral padrão, que não. E não, Hawking não o resolveu.E a ideia em que o senhor tem trabalhado é uma em que há preservação da informação e compatibilidade com a relatividade geral se você tivesse miniburacos de minhoca, atalhos conectando partículas ao interior dos buracos negros. Vamos falar de buracos de minhoca. Ninguém sabe se eles existem, mas sua ideia sugere que a natureza os ama. Também não é forçar a barra?Bem, há certos tipos de buracos de minhoca que são uma predição natural da relatividade geral. Na verdade, a primeira solução exata da relatividade geral, encontrada por Schwarzschild, foi no fim interpretada como uma descrição precisa de um buraco de minhoca assim. Esses são buracos de minhoca que existem por trás de horizontes de eventos de buraco negro.Mas buracos de minhoca não causariam todo tipo de bagunça na causalidade, permitindo travessias mais rápidas que a velocidade da luz e viagens no tempo? Não seriam um preço alto demais para resolver o paradoxo da informação?Esses buracos de minhoca são diferentes dos buracos de minhoca da ficção científica, em que você pode viajar mais depressa que a luz. Os buracos de minhoca que são consistentes com a relatividade geral não são assim. Eles são simplesmente regiões do espaço-tempo que existem atrás dos horizontes [dos eventos]. Eles estão dizendo que você pode ter dois buracos negros muito distantes, mas esses buracos negros distantes podem compartilhar o mesmo interior.Tivemos uma incrível confirmação da relatividade geral recentemente, com a detecção das ondas gravitacionais. Elas podem nos ajudar agora a guiar a busca pela conexão entre gravidade e mecânica quântica?Sim, os resultados das ondas gravitacionais são maravilhosos. Eles são uma confirmação maravilhosa da relatividade geral clássica. Eles não dizem nada diretamente sobre os aspectos quânticos dos buracos negros, como os que discutimos antes. Entretanto, elas nos dizem que devemos levar a relatividade geral muito a sério e sermos “radicalmente conservadores” ao extrapolarmos a teoria para o mundo quântico, e aí explorar as consequências!Às vezes parece que estamos presos numa encruzilhada, com duas teorias testadas e confirmadas incontáveis vezes, como a mecânica quântica e a relatividade geral, que contam histórias diametralmente opostas sobre a natureza do Universo. Parecem questões filosóficas, mas trazidas pela física teórica! Essas duas disciplinas estão se refundindo, após séculos separadas? E o senhor tem esperança de encontrarmos respostas definitivas a essas grandes questões?Acho que as conexões entre sistemas quânticos e sistemas gravitacionais simples fornecem um jeito interessante de pensar sobre essas questões. Elas também nos dão esperança de estudar algumas dessas questões experimentalmente, ao construirmos esses sistemas quânticos em um computador quântico ou em um sistema de matéria condensada. Esses universos artificiais, que poderiam ser construídos em laboratório, não são o mesmo que nós vivenciamos, mas podem ser próximos o suficiente para que extraiamos lições gerais que nos ajudem a entender o problema principal: qual é a origem do Universo? | ciencia | 0 | 0.96765 |
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] | Quando Stephen Hawking se aposentou, em outubro de 2009, a comoção tomou conta do mundo. Um cientista cuja carreira parecia condenada ao fim antes mesmo de começar não só cumpriu 30 anos de serviços prestados numa das mais prestigiosas vagas da Universidade de Cambridge como contribuiu com muitas das ideias que ajudam a definir o Universo tal como é compreendido hoje.O cientista morreu no início da madrugada desta quarta (14), aos 76 anos, em Cambridge, no Reino Unido. "Ele foi um grande cientista e um homem extraordinário cujo trabalho e legado vai viver por muitos anos", disseram seus filhos Lucy, Robert e Tim, em comunicado, sem especificarem a causa da morte.Nascido a 8 de janeiro de 1942 em Oxford, Inglaterra, Hawking desde cedo demonstrou interesse por matemática e astronomia, embora nunca tenha sido um aluno brilhante ou dedicado. Seu pai era biólogo, o que pode ter ajudado a despertar seu interesse por ciência.No início de sua trajetória acadêmica, estudou física no University College de Oxford. Ao obter o bacharelado em 1962, foi para Cambridge, e logo que chegou começou a desenvolver os sintomas de uma rara e fatal enfermidade degenerativa conhecida como esclerose lateral amiotrófica.De progressão usualmente rápida, ela é caracterizada pela crescente paralisia dos músculos, culminando com a incapacidade de respirar e a morte. Seu médico havia predito que em três anos, no máximo, Hawking estaria morto —antes mesmo da conclusão de seu doutorado.De início, o jovem viu poucos motivos para continuar engajado. Mas seu casamento com Jane Wilde, em 1965, a despeito da progressão dos sintomas, serviu como força motriz para seguir trabalhando. E, para a surpresa dos médicos, a doença avançou de forma muito mais lenta do que de costume —Hawking é o atual recordista no quesito longevidade pós-diagnóstico. Trabalhando na área de cosmologia e astrofísica, principalmente nos problemas ligados aos buracos negros, Hawking descobriu, em 1974, que esses objetos não são completamente escuros, mas emitem radiação térmica.Buracos negros, normalmente formados pelo colapso de estrelas de alta massa, são objetos tão comprimidos e densos que a força gravitacional ao seu redor impede que qualquer coisa escape deles —até mesmo a luz.Contudo, Hawking demonstrou que certos efeitos quânticos fazem com que esses objetos emitam uma pequena quantidade de energia. Isso quer dizer que, com o tempo (medido em trilhões de anos), eles evaporam completamente e somem sem deixar vestígios.Essa foi sem dúvida sua mais relevante contribuição científica, que só não lhe valeu um Prêmio Nobel porque ainda carece de confirmação observacional. Na Universidade de Cambridge, Hawking ocupou por três décadas a cátedra Lucasiana, posto que pertenceu no passado ao físico Isaac Newton. E, como seu antecessor, ele cultivou sucessos científicos que certamente serão lembrados durante muitos séculos.Entretanto, sua imagem pública foi construída longe disso, mais focada em suas ideias genéricas sobre a origem e a natureza do Universo, inicialmente apresentadas no best-seller “Uma Breve História do Tempo”, de 1988. Foi graças a esse livro que Hawking se tornou mundialmente famoso, não só pelos conceitos que apresentou mas sobretudo pelo fascínio que sua figura —o gênio preso a uma cadeira de rodas— provocava nas pessoas.Àquela altura, Hawking só podia falar por um sintetizador eletrônico que produzia voz (com sotaque americano) baseada em texto digitado pelo cientista com os poucos movimentos que tinha. Ele perdera completamente a fala depois de passar por uma traqueostomia de emergência, em 1985, após contrair pneumonia.Hawking se tornou tão popular que fez uma ponta, como ele mesmo, na série de TV “Jornada nas Estrelas: A Nova Geração”, em 1993, e uma gravação sua (com voz de sintetizador) foi parar numa música da banda Pink Floyd, no ano seguinte. Mais tarde, ele atuaria como si mesmo em diversos episódios de “Os Simpsons”.E foi com base no crescente peso da fama e na dificuldade cada vez maior de cuidar do marido doente que Jane pediu o divórcio, em 1991, depois de 25 anos juntos e três filhos. Hawking voltou a se casar em 1995, com sua enfermeira Elaine Mason, mas o segundo enlace terminou em 2006, com acusações (jamais confirmadas) de que a mulher o agredia.Ao longo da carreira, Hawking usou sua popularidade para advogar em favor de diversas causas, principalmente na defesa dos direitos dos deficientes físicos. Outro tema recorrente era a promoção da exploração espacial. O físico acreditava que a sobrevivência da humanidade a longo prazo depende da colonização de outros mundos.Hawking não só defendeu os voos espaciais como planejou tomar parte neles. Em 2007, ele se tornou o primeiro tetraplégico a experimentar a sensação de ausência de peso, ao realizar voos parabólicos em um avião. Era a preparação para uma futura visita ao espaço, a bordo de uma espaçonave comercial da empresa Virgin Galactic —que, no final, não se concretizou.Sua história foi contada no filme “A Teoria de Tudo” (2014). Eddie Redmayne, que interpretou o físico, ganhou o Oscar de melhor ator em 2015. | ciencia | 1 | 0.981582 |
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] | Uma viagem ao centro da Terra, à moda de Júlio Verne, segue sendo ficção. Mas trazer o interior da Terra ao laboratório –e a simulações de computador– já é a mais pura realidade. Um grupo de pesquisadores na China e no Brasil está investigando o que acontece com certos minerais quando eles são submetidos às enormes pressões do manto terrestre. A resposta mais simples é: eles são transformados. Mas como? É aí que as coisas ficam mais complicadas. Experimentos de laboratório nos últimos anos pareciam oferecer respostas incongruentes, sobretudo na investigação de um mineral conhecido como coesita. Trata-se de uma forma de dióxido de silício produzida especialmente em alta pressão. "Na literatura, existia uma divergência sobre quais fases e quais os caminhos pelos quais a coesita iria se transformar, seja terminando em uma fase octoédrica da sílica, mais compacta, ou amorfizando [perdendo a forma cristalina]", explica Caetano Miranda, pesquisador do Instituto de Física da USP (Universidade de São Paulo) e coautor do novo trabalho, publicado na revista da Academia Nacional de Ciências dos EUA, a "PNAS". Para desvendar o que acontecia exatamente, os pesquisadores decidiram realizar simulações de dinâmica molecular –ou seja, recriar no computador as forças que atuam sobre as moléculas individuais e ver o que acontecia quando elas eram submetidas a graus e padrões variados de pressão. "Nosso trabalho não apenas desvenda os múltiplos caminhos pelos quais a coesita se transforma, clarificando a divergência entre os diferentes resultados experimentais, mas também, talvez mais importante, conseguimos explicar os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes a essas transformações." CONSEQUÊNCIAS Os resultados permitem agora dizer, a partir de uma amostra de coesita numa determinada amostra de rocha, a que condição de pressão ela esteve submetida, na época em que ainda fazia parte do manto terrestre. "Ela serve como um geobarômetro confiável", explica o pesquisador. Miranda destaca que o mineral também passa a ser útil para investigar regiões em que houve impacto de asteroides ou até mesmo a detonação de uma bomba nuclear –em ambos os casos, há condições extremas de pressão e temperatura. "Há presença de coesita em amostras da cratera de Chicxulub, indicando uma colisão na região da península de Yucatán, no México", conta o pesquisador brasileiro. Essa cratera, formada há 65 milhões de anos, está associada à extinção dos dinossauros. APLICAÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA O trabalho faz parte de um projeto de cooperação mais amplo entre Brasil e China, focado em nanotecnologia –uma iniciativa do MCTIC (Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações). "Especificamente, nosso projeto tem como objetivo a combinação de metodologias computacionais em escalas múltiplas para abordar o problema de estabilidade de materiais avançados e nanoestruturas em condições severas –sejam eles a exploração do pré-sal ou a criação da nova geração de reatores nucleares", explica o pesquisador. Em paralelo, Miranda também desenvolve no IFUSP o projeto de extensão: "Cri@tividade: aprendendo física com arte, fazendo arte com física". E uma das linhas do projeto envolve a sonificação de trabalhos realizados pelos físicos. Assim, é possível "ouvir" o ruído dos espectro colhido pelas diversas fases possíveis da coesita, em. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | O formato verdadeiro da Terra lembra o de uma gigantesca pizza coberta por uma redoma invisível, e não o de um globo girando pelo espaço. Fotos supostamente tiradas por satélites ou astronautas que mostrariam nosso planeta como uma esfera girando pelo espaço não passam de fraudes da Nasa. Até a lei da gravidade é um grande engodo, fruto de uma conspiração da "elite globalista" (sem trocadilho). Se você acha que as afirmações acima não passam de bobagens medievais, saiba que está sendo muito injusto com a Idade Média –praticamente todas as pessoas instruídas daquela época já sabiam que a Terra era redonda. Por outro lado, gente munida de acesso às redes sociais e às plataformas de vídeo do século 21 resolveu discordar. Na internet, as comunidades terraplanistas –ou seja, de adeptos do chamado "modelo da Terra plana"– andam se multiplicando numa velocidade superior à de cogumelos em esterco úmido, para desespero de astrônomos e geólogos que se perguntam onde foi que eles erraram. "A reação é responder aos absurdos, mas o que eles querem é ibope. Esse é o problema", diz o geofísico Sérgio Sacani, doutor pela Unicamp que produz o canal de astronomia SpaceToday no YouTube. DO ARCO DA VELHA Embora tenham se tornado mais barulhentos nesta década, os movimentos terraplanistas modernos existem desde os anos 1950 e frequentemente estão ligados a interpretações fundamentalistas da Bíblia. Em um dos relatos do Gênesis, a imagem da Terra é a de uma espécie de enorme planície cercada pelas águas do oceano e coberta pelo firmamento, que segura as águas da chuva. É um modelo mítico comum a vários povos do antigo Oriente Médio, que os autores israelitas do Gênesis provavelmente adotaram por influência da Mesopotâmia (atual Iraque). De lá para cá, porém, muita água rolou por baixo dessa ponte (sem cair da suposta borda da Terra plana). O astrônomo Gustavo Rojas, da Ufscar e da Sociedade Astronômica Brasileira, lembra que algumas observações bem conhecidas desde a Grécia antiga já indicavam a esfericidade da Terra. "Quando você vê um navio se afastando no horizonte, por exemplo, a primeira coisa a desaparecer é o casco, e a última é a ponta do mastro, o que aponta para a curvatura da Terra", explica. Os antigos gregos também já conheciam bastante da mecânica dos eclipses lunares, nos quais a sombra do nosso planeta faz a Lua escurecer –uma sombra que, veja você, é redonda e só poderia ser projetada por um globo terrestre. Mesmo que o sujeito diga que fotos da Nasa são fraudes (no caso, as agências espaciais russa, europeia, chinesa e japonesa também estariam compradas pela conspiração), Rojas lembra que quem faz voos longos, ou mesmo quem escala montanhas que tenham um desnível considerável em relação às áreas circundantes, é capaz de perceber sutilmente a curvatura do planeta. O fato de existir a força da gravidade no Universo, significa que "qualquer coisa no Universo que tenha o tamanho da Terra –pode ser cúbico, cilíndrico, o que for– vai acabar assumindo a forma esférica", diz Rojas TIRANDO ONDA Sacani, que tem experiência na medição de ondas sísmicas –provocadas por terremotos, por exemplo–, destaca que esses procedimentos só funcionam por causa, é claro, do formato aproximadamente esférico da Terra. "A maneira como as ondas se propagam de um terremoto em um lugar e são medidas em outro só podem ser interpretadas tendo em conta a estrutura tridimensional do planeta e suas diferentes camadas, da crosta até o núcleo. Essa concepção na Terra plana não existe." Nada disso parece ser capaz de abalar canais terraplanistas do YouTube, como o "100 Hipocrisia", no qual a gravidade é execrada como "força imaginária, a deusa globalista gravidade". "Tiramos a pessoa da bola molhada giratória, mas não conseguimos tirar a bola molhada giratória da pessoa", lamenta um dos vídeos ao criticar terraplanistas que ainda acreditam na gravidade. Outro vídeo aponta que até a ONU tem um mapa plano da Terra em seu logotipo (talvez se esperasse que funcionários das Nações Unidas andassem por aí com globinhos infláveis na lapela). Já o canal "ServoJoel" atribui a preponderância da "mentira da Terra esférica" a, obviamente, a influência de Satanás sobre a elite mundial. "Sabe aquela expressão de que uma ideia é 'not even wrong', nem mesmo errada? Esse é um caso clássico. Para estar errada, a ideia da Terra plana ainda precisa melhorar muito", sentencia Rojas. | ciencia | 0 | 0.987811 |
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] | As baleias que existiram há milhares de anos tinham uma dentição de predador muito afiada, como os leões, segundo um estudo de cientistas australianos publicado nesta quarta-feira (30). Existem dois grandes grupos de baleias, as que têm dentição, como as orcas, e as que têm lâminas córneas, chamadas barbatanas de baleia, placas de queratina que lhes permitem filtrar a água que entra pela boca e pegar plâncton e peixes pequenos. Um grupo de paleontólogos dos Museus Victoria e da Universidade Monash criaram modelos em três dimensões a partir de fósseis de baleia e os compararam com as atuais, indica a revista "Biology Letters". Foi assim que descobriram que estes ancestrais das baleias atuais do tipo franca-austral e azul tinham uma dentição muito mais afiada. "Estes resultados demonstram, pela primeira vez, que as baleias do passado tinham uma dentição muito afiada com uma única função, cortar a carne das suas presas", explica Erich Fitzgerald, responsável de paleontologia dos vertebrados nos Museus Victoria. "Ao contrário do que muita gente pensa, as baleias nunca usaram sua dentição como se fosse uma peneira, mas evoluíram mais tarde até seu sistema atual de alimentação por filtragem", assegura. Até agora existia a teoria de que as baleias dessa época filtravam a comida usando seus dentes, que fechavam criando uma espécie de peneira, assim como fazem as atuais focas da Antártica. Mas o estudo publicado nesta quarta indica que as baleias "mudaram totalmente sua biologia para se alimentar", segundo o pesquisador David Hocking. Os pesquisadores reconhecem que ainda há muito a ser descoberto sobre a origem das barbatanas de baleia, o maior animal do planeta, que se alimenta das menores criaturas dos oceanos. | ciencia | 0 | 0.978455 |
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] | Décadas de escavações arqueológicas no México, na Guatemala e até no Paquistão estão trazendo pistas sobre grandes civilizações do passado que parecem ter se organizado em moldes "republicanos", sem um monarca absoluto e com participação coletiva de ao menos parte da população nas decisões políticas. É mais ou menos o modelo de funcionamento das cidades-estados da Grécia Antiga ou das repúblicas italianas do Renascimento, como Florença e Veneza - com a diferença importante de que os povos em questão não são europeus, mas nativos das Américas e, talvez, do subcontinente indiano. Até pouco tempo atrás, a maioria dos arqueólogos e historiadores apostaria que, nessas regiões do planeta, todas as grandes civilizações teriam surgido a partir do domínio de monarcas absolutos, com status quase divino. Por enquanto, o exemplo mais claro em favor da hipótese das "repúblicas pré-colombianas" é a cidade-estado de Tlaxcallan, na região central do México. Fundada em 1250 d.C., ela estava em seu auge quando os espanhóis invadiram a região em 1519. A equipe coordenada por Richard Blanton e Lane Fargher, da Universidade Purdue (EUA), tem combinado os relatos da época da conquista espanhola com os dados das escavações para propor que Tlaxcallan era governada por uma espécie de conselho de notáveis ou "Senado", com até 200 membros, para o qual podiam ser recrutados plebeus e pessoas oriundas de grupos étnicos minoritários, desde que se mostrassem bons guerreiros e administradores. Essa "meritocracia", além disso, não era hereditária - ninguém podia deixar o assento no "Senado" para seu filho -, e não havia reis nem palácios governamentais. No território da cidade-estado, os camponeses quase sempre eram donos de sua própria terra, e os impostos que pagavam (em espécie, já que não havia sistema monetário formal) eram revertidos em obras públicas como estradas, terraços residenciais e espaços cerimoniais de porte modesto, as "plazas" (áreas planas e abertas para eventos públicos) e os pequenos templos. As pistas arqueológicas sobre essa organização política vêm da uniformidade das construções em Tlaxcallan: os diferentes bairros da cidade têm basicamente o mesmo aspecto, sem mansões ou megatemplos, e o local de encontro do conselho de governantes, na zona rural, também não parece ter abrigado soberanos. No total, até 50 mil pessoas teriam vivido na cidade, o que a coloca em pé de igualdade com as maiores cidades europeias contemporâneas. "A falta de pirâmides e palácios pode ser explicada pelo sistema político por duas razões. Em primeiro lugar, a arquitetura pública pode ser vista como a manifestação material da organização política. Em segundo lugar, sabemos que Tlaxcallan não sofria com a falta de recursos - pelo contrário, era riquíssima", disse Fargher à Folha. Isso significa que essa sociedade "republicana" preferia investir seus recursos em obras com impacto mais coletivo, como estradas e locais para assembleias, em vez de gastar tudo com moradias faraônicas para um único manda-chuva. Talvez não por acaso, o grande rival de Tlaxcallan era o Império Asteca (ou "Tríplice Aliança", como diziam os nativos da região), governado a partir da monumental Tenochtitlan (atual Cidade do México) por reis como Montezuma. Em Tenochtitlan, tudo girava em torno dos palácios, do mercado e dos grandes templos construídos no coração da cidade. Fargher e outros pesquisadores estão tentando usar as características arquitetônicas de Tlaxcallan como pistas para identificar organização política semelhante em outras cidades mais antigas. Duas candidatas são Monte Albán, capital dos antigos zapotecas, que floresceu entre 500 a.C. e 800 d.C., e Tres Zapotes, entre os anos 400 a.C. e 300 d.C. Ambas ficam no México e também parecem ter organização menos hierárquica - sem palácios ou arte celebrando monarcas individualizados, e com a urbanização padronizada, de ares igualitários. Essas mesmas características têm sido identificadas por alguns pesquisadores em cidades do vale do rio Indo (Paquistão e Índia), como Mohenjo-daro, onde milhares de pessoas tinham acesso a um dos mais antigos sistemas de esgoto há cerca de 4.000 anos. "Acreditamos que a organização peculiar de Tlaxcallan surgiu como resposta às ameaças imperiais da confederação asteca", diz Fargher. Os exércitos do império criaram um grande movimento de refugiados na vizinhança, e parte desses povos teria se unido aos habitantes originais da cidade-estado para resistir aos ataques. Em troca do reforço militar, a elite de Tlaxcallan teria permitido o acesso dos melhores guerreiros entre esses refugiados ao sistema político. O debate sobre a natureza exata das "repúblicas" pré-colombianas deve continuar por um tempo considerável. Em comentário no site da revista "Science", que publicou extensa reportagem sobre o tema, o etnohistoriador Leon Garcia Garagarza, da Universidade da Califórnia em Merced, disse que o sistema político de Tlaxcallan era altamente hierárquico e "verticalizado", ainda que menos do que o do Império Asteca. | ciencia | 0 | 0.974624 |
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] | "Berra mais que um gramofone de italiano, mas tem boa saúde", escreveu o delegado Júlio Cezar de Cerqueira Leite à sogra em 14 de julho de 1931, para anunciar o nascimento de seu primeiro e único filho, que recebeu o nome de Rogério. O bebê de voz potente cresceu, tornou-se uma das figuras mais ativas e influentes da comunidade científica brasileira e, prestes a completar 86 anos, decidiu publicar sua autobiografia. "Um Aprendiz de Quixote: Memórias de um Arruá" (Verbena Editora) é um registro informal, bem-humorado e quase sempre brutalmente honesto da trajetória do engenheiro eletrônico e físico Rogério Cezar de Cerqueira Leite, que integra o Conselho Editorial desta Folha desde os anos 1970 e é membro do Conselho Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia. "Nunca fui um verdadeiro cientista, creio que sou principalmente um curioso. Minha vocação, no sentido popular da palavra, é extremamente ambivalente. Fico emocionado tanto com música, literatura e artes em geral quanto com a descoberta da natureza, exatamente como fazem as crianças", diz Cerqueira Leite ao tentar explicar sua paixão simultânea pelas ciências naturais e pelas humanidades, um dos elementos constantes de sua carreira, que o diferenciam da maioria dos cientistas na ativa hoje. Outra constante é uma certa vocação para a encrenca, numa forma ou noutra. Daí a precisão da escolha vocabular no subtítulo do livro, no qual ele se classifica como um "arruá" (palavra de origem tupi que levou este escriba a consultar o dicionário: os sinônimos incluem termos como "arisco", "bravio", "indócil" e "brigão"). DE CIDADE EM CIDADE Durante a infância e adolescência complicadas, com a morte da mãe pouco antes de ele completar cinco anos e a do pai uma década mais tarde, o menino passou tempo considerável andando de cidade em cidade, acompanhando as transferências do pai ou morando por alguns períodos com a avó paterna (que só colocava as mãos nele para aplicar beliscões) ou com tios. Aos trancos e barrancos, às vezes perdendo o ano escolar por causa das sucessivas mudanças de cidade, criando caso com colegas e professores ou sendo perseguido por eles, sempre de olho nas garotas mais bonitas da classe ou do bairro, o garoto desenvolveu uma "persona" excêntrica, algo esnobe, em suas próprias palavras, mas com uma formação cultural e científica sólida. Desenvolveu ainda um leve preconceito assumido contra os "carolas", em parte por influência do pai, "comunista e ateu praticante". "Creio que entre cientistas a proporção de religiosos e místicos é menor que 10%. Isso não quer dizer que 90% sejam ateus ou céticos absolutos. Muito ateu tem medo de fantasma", brinca ele. DO ITA AOS "BELL LABS" Cerqueira Leite ingressou no curso de engenharia do ITA (Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica) em 1952 e, além de trazer uma lufada de ar artística para um ambiente em que quase ninguém costumava discutir ópera, cinema ou literatura, passou a conviver com colegas de curso e professores que desempenhariam papel importante na construção da comunidade científica brasileira. Casou-se com Ruth Mattos no final da graduação, tornou-se professor do ITA logo em seguida e, pouco depois, partiu para fazer seu doutorado na França, quando o casal tinha acabado de ter sua primeira filha, Luciana (os dois teriam ainda outra menina, Helena, e um filho, Sergio). Terminado o doutoramento, Cerqueira Leite recebeu um convite para trabalhar nos Laboratórios Bell (EUA), então a Meca da ciência mundial, pesquisando novos tipos de lasers. Ele só voltaria em definitivo para o Brasil em 1970, com a fundação da Unicamp, da qual se tornou um dos primeiros professores. Foi em Campinas, nos anos 1980, que Cerqueira Leite ajudou a articular a criação de uma de suas principais contribuições para a pesquisa brasileira, o LNLS (Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron), que pode ser considerado o equivalente nacional dos grandes aceleradores de partículas europeus e americanos. E foi na metrópole do interior paulista que o físico deu impulso a projetos de polos tecnológicos e incubadoras de empresas voltadas à inovação, um esforço que, segundo ele, ainda está longe de dar os devidos frutos no país, apesar de alguns resultados animadores. "Hoje, o governo apoia ciência e tecnologia porque todos os outros países estão fazendo a mesma coisa, e não por verdadeira convicção. O Brasil ainda não detém conhecimento científico e tecnológico básico adequado. Há problemas culturais de grande porte, e as empresas não estão preparadas para assimilar tecnologia", analisa Cerqueira Leite. Ele aponta ainda "problemas de gestão extraordinários" nas universidades e institutos de pesquisa, "contaminados pelo corporativismo". "Basta ver o jogo de poder nas universidades durante a escolha de reitores, que não passa de uma troca de favores cujo modelo é o nosso sistema parlamentar. Não há nenhum país no mundo que use esse tipo de escolha de dirigentes para universidades e instituições de pesquisa." UM APRENDIZ DE QUIXOTE: MEMÓRIAS DE UM ARRUÁ AUTOR Rogério Cezar de Cerqueira Leite EDITORA Verbena QUANTO R$ 35 (R$ 26,09 ebook); 192 págs. - 14 de julho de 1931 Rogério Cezar de Cerqueira Leite nasce em Santo Anastácio (SP) 1952 Ingressa no ITA (Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica) 1958 Forma-se em engenharia eletrônica e computação no ITA 1962 Conclui doutorado em física de sólidos na Universidade de Paris; depois, torna-se pesquisador dos Laboratórios Bell nos EUA 1970 Assume o cargo de professor na Unicamp; hoje, é professor emérito da universidade 1978 Torna-se membro do Conselho Editorial da Folha, posição que ainda ocupa 1985 Ajuda a idealizar o Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, espaço para pesquisas de ponta na área de física de partículas e outros temas 1995 Cria a primeira incubadora de empresas de base tecnológica do mundo em Campinas (SP) 1998 Torna-se presidente do Conselho de Administração do CNPEM (Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais), que engloba o Síncrotron e outros laboratórios de ponta - A Folha promove no próximo dia 29 (quarta-feira) debate sobre as políticas de ciência e inovação no Brasil. O evento marca o lançamento de "Um Aprendiz de Quixote". Além do autor do livro, participarão do debate Luiz Davidovich, presidente da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Helena Nader, presidente da Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência, e José Goldemberg, presidente da Fapesp. A mediação será de Marcelo Leite, colunista da Folha. Após o debate, haverá sessão de autógrafos. O evento acontece a partir das 19h no auditório do jornal (al. Barão de Limeira, 425, São Paulo). As inscrições são gratuitas e podem ser feitas no site eventos.folha.com.br. | ciencia | 1 | 0.981582 |
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] | Uma novidade para o monitoramento e possível combate a surtos e epidemias, como as de dengue e zika, é uma geringonça capturadora de insetos criada pela Microsoft. A novidade foi apresentada a cientistas e jornalistas no encontro anual da Associação Americana para o Progresso da Ciência (AAAS, na sigla em inglês) O aparelho, ainda em estágio de testes, é composto por 64 pequenas celas, que, idealmente capturaram um inseto cada. Ele funciona como uma armadilha de CO2, gás que é exalado por aves e mamíferos e que guia insetos desejosos de sangue em sua direção. Esse tipo de quimiotactismo (atração por substância química) está presente tanto em barbeiros, vetores da doença de chagas (causada por um parasita unicelular, não por vírus, como é o caso da zika e da dengue), quanto em fêmeas de Aedes aegypti e outros mosquitos Uma vez atraídos pelo CO2, os bichos, já dentro de uma das células, são atravessados por uma luz infravermelha. A "sombra" que produzem gera um tipo de assinatura que faz com que a máquina, com 80% de certeza, capture o inseto desejado, como o Aedes aegypti, por exemplo. Doenças transmitidas pelo Aedes aegypti Segundo Ethan Jackson, pesquisador do Projeto Premonição da Microsoft, disse à Folha, uma das limitações é que o dispositivo não é muito bom para pegar machos de Aedes (que não se alimentam de sangue), mas que o índice pode chegar perto de 100% no caso das fêmeas, ao se programar a captura para acontecer nas horas em que elas estão mais ativas. O aparelho foi feito de modo a conseguir rotular de maneira única (com localização via GPS, hora, data, umidade, entre outras informações) cada inseto capturado. Depois disso, a biologia entra em cena: é possível analisar cada inseto, de quais espécies de animais ele se alimentou, qual é sua flora bacteriana e se está infectado com algum vírus. Desse jeito, dá para saber, considerando os intervalos de tempo entre as capturas, se está aumentando ou diminuindo a quantidade de insetos capazes de transmitir uma arbovirose, por exemplo, permitindo criar uma espécie de filme premonitório da epidemia. Esses procedimentos são realizados em laboratório de biologia molecular –e não no aparelho. Mas com o avanço na automação do dispositivo, espera-se que esse fluxo –do campo ao laboratório– seja acelerado. Depois disso, os dados dos insetos (como o status de infecção) podem ser integrados na nuvem e analisados em qualquer lugar do planeta, apontando a intensidade e a direção do surto. Houve um teste de campo na cidade de Houston, no Texas. Foram encontrados três tipos de insetos: o Aedes aegypti, o A. albopictus (primo silvestre do aegypti) e uma espécie de pernilongo. Nenhum deles estava infectado –como previsto, já que não há nenhum surto na região. Segundo Jackson, a expectativa é que o capturador de insetos, quando produzido em escala, custe algumas centenas de dólares, sendo capaz de competir em preço com outros dispositivos menos sofisticados. Tudo sobre: o mosquito | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Um sítio arqueológico em Israel revelou o que poderia ser chamado de "a primeira dieta do Mediterrâneo". Essa dieta moderna, hoje na moda, é considerada saudável por incluir legumes, azeite de oliva, grãos, frutas, frutos do mar e consumo moderado de carnes. Quase tudo isso já servia de alimento ao homem pré-histórico do sítio de Gesher Benot Ya'aqov 780 mil anos atrás. Ou seja, mesmo um ancestral humano bem diferente do homem moderno já tinha uma dieta rica; os restos de material botânico indicam 55 espécies distintas de plantas. O sítio também mostra restos de animais aquáticos e terrestres, incluindo até elefantes. Não foram achados restos humanos no local, mas, pela idade, com certeza a população era constituída pelo Homo erectus, ou um parente próximo, em vez do atual Homo sapiens. A descoberta ajuda a explicar como o ser humano, surgido na África, conseguiu colonizar a Eurásia. Em Israel havia o chamado "corredor do Levante", o caminho para a migração e que agora se sabe que incluía uma boa dieta "para a viagem". "Os restos de plantas faziam parte de uma dieta muito mais diversificada que provavelmente incluía espécies de plantas alimentares adicionais, peixes, anfíbios, répteis, aves, mamíferos e vários invertebrados aquáticos e terrestres", afirmam os pesquisadores, em artigo publicado recentemente na revista científica "PNAS", da Academia Nacional de Ciências dos Estados Unidos. Também foram achados instrumentos de pedra no local, típicos dos que costumam ser achados com a mesma idade na África. TÉCNICAS AVANÇADAS A grande variedade de recursos alimentares é causada pela presença próxima de um lago, "permitindo ocupações repetidas do mesmo local durante dezenas de milênios", escreveram os pesquisadores, liderados por Namma Goren-Inbar, da Universidade Hebraica, de Jerusalém. Os habitantes de Gesher Benot Ya'aqov não só tinham uma dieta variada, mas demonstravam conhecimento sobre quais estações do ano eram mais adequadas para coletar diferentes tipos de alimento, além de já usarem fogo no processamento da comida. A variedade permitia nutrição saudável ao longo de todo o ano. Por causa da melhor preservação de restos de proteínas animais e de ossos, julgava-se que a dieta pré-histórica era rica nesses alimentos. Em parte essa visão foi modelada com base em estudos de caçadores-coletores modernos. O achado dessa variedade de alimentos de origem vegetal modificou agora a visão sobre a antiga dieta humana. "O que mostramos em nosso artigo é que a dieta era muito mais ampla, mais componentes foram integrados nela e isso incluiu muitos componentes tanto da fauna e da flora do bioma mediterrâneo", disse Goren-Inbar à Folha. O sítio revelou mais de 100 mil fragmentos de plantas, incluindo 22.714 sementes ou frutos. Mas a parte "comestível" compreendia "apenas" 9.148 restos de plantas, de pelo menos 55 espécies (em alguns casos era difícil distinguir a espécie exata, apenas o gênero). Diferentes partes das plantas eram consumidas; poderiam ser as folhas verdes, as raízes, os frutos. Podiam ser comidas cruas, cozidas, tostadas. As fontes de energia mais eficientes em termos de nutrição eram os grãos. Qual era a comida a preferida? "Nós não temos a resolução para discutir as preferências diárias, mas claramente castanhas –e particularmente castanhas-d'água– foram as favoritas e foram encontradas em relativa abundância nos diferentes locais de Gesher Benot Ya'aqov", disse Goren-Inbar. "A cultura material –ferramentas de pedra, milhares delas– são muito africanas em suas características. Isso significa que, em algum momento, os hominídeos saíram da África e, posteriormente, preservaram essa tradição de fazer artefatos de pedra. Contudo, o continente africano fornece uma seleção muito diferente de plantas comestíveis", diz o pesquisador israelense. "E se encontrarmos a tradição africana com a flora mediterrânica local, isso significa que os hominídeos tinham um grande poder de adaptação. Esse traço de adaptação fantástico e conhecimento da flora e fauna locais claramente lhes permitiu se estabelecerem mais tarde em outras partes do Velho Mundo que tinham diferentes ou parcialmente diferentes faunas e floras", conclui Goren-Inbar. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Centenas de estruturas em forma de disco achadas em rochas da Argentina são os mais antigos indícios da evolução da vida complexa na América do Sul. Com idade entre 570 milhões e 560 milhões de anos, os pequenos discos ainda são um mistério quase completo, mas o certo é que pertenciam a criaturas multicelulares, ou seja, cujo organismo era construído pelo trabalho colaborativo de muitas células, como o nosso. "Por enquanto não podemos dizer nada [sobre o parentesco deles com os seres vivos atuais], estamos trabalhando nisso. Podem ter afinidades tanto com animais quanto com vegetais", disse à Folha a pesquisadora María Julia Arrouy, do Centro de Investigações Geológicas de La Plata, na Argentina. Junto com colegas argentinos e brasileiros, María Julia assina um estudo sobre o tema na revista especializada "Scientific Reports". Fósseis da época são notórios por sua capacidade de deixar os paleontólogos confusos. Coletivamente conhecidos como a biota de Ediacara. tais criaturas costumam ter forma simples e enigmática –além dos discos, há estruturas tubulares, enquanto outras lembram talos ou folhas. Do lado brasileiro da fronteira também existem fósseis ediacaranos, achados em regiões como o Mato Grosso do Sul, por exemplo, mas eles possuem um corpo calcário e relativamente duro, enquanto os novos achados parecem ter possuído corpo mole. Os discos identificados deixam claro que estamos falando de criaturas diminutas. Os maiores não passam de 14 cm de diâmetro; alguns têm só poucos milímetros, e a maioria mede entre 1 cm e 2,5 cm. Curiosamente, há uma conexão entre tamanho dos discos e detalhes de sua estrutura, o que talvez indique os passos do desenvolvimento das antigas criaturas. Enquanto os menorzinhos têm superfície lisa, os maiores apresentam "dobraduras" e raios que se estendem do centro para as bordas, além de uma marca característica no centro. Em alguns dos espécimes, parece que desse ponto no centro está brotando um começo de "caule". Esses detalhes levaram os cientistas a propor que as criaturas pertenciam ao grupo das chamadas Aspidella, já encontrados em outros registros da biota de Ediacara. "As Aspidella são fósseis enigmáticos, de distribuição global. A associação delas com outros fósseis, representados por estruturas frondosas e na forma de talos, levaram os pesquisadores a interpretarem-nas como estruturas de fixação de organismos", explica Marcello Simões, da da Unesp de Botucatu, também autor do estudo. O bicho inteiro, portanto (se é que era um animal mesmo), lembraria vagamente uma folha ou uma pena fincada numa base redonda no leito marinho –no caso dos achados da Argentina, numa área rasa, próxima da praia, que poderia ficar temporariamente descoberta dependendo da maré. A criatura usaria sua fronde ou folha para filtrar nutrientes da água do mar. Segundo María Julia, a luz solar talvez fosse importante para a sobrevivência de tais criaturas. "Ocorre que, durante a vida do organismo ou mesmo após sua morte, as diferentes partes anatômicas, como o disco basal, o 'talo', a 'fronde', poderiam se desconectar, de forma que nem sempre é comum encontrar todas as partes ainda em conexão orgânica", afirma Simões. SUMIÇO Quando comparados com os grandes grupos de seres vivos complexos atuais, os Aspidella são considerados mais próximos dos animais –ou talvez dos fungos, como os cogumelos modernos. "As formas com frondes não parecem ter sobrevivido até o intervalo de tempo seguinte", diz Fernanda Quaglio, da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (MG), outra coautora da pesquisa. Essa fase da história do planeta é o Cambriano, que começa há 541 milhões de anos e se caracteriza pela primeira grande explosão de diversidade dos animais, com a chegada dos ancestrais de insetos e vertebrados. "Uma hipótese é que, com o surgimento desses novos organismos, a dinâmica da coluna d'água mudou. Antes, as águas eram riquíssimas em nutrientes", explica Fernanda. Com menos comida para absorver ou filtrar por causa da presença dos concorrentes, os misteriosos "bichos-caules" teriam perecido. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Um grupo de paleontólogos descobriu o maior dinossauro já descrito no Brasil até hoje. Batizado de Austroposeidon magnificus, ele tinha cerca de 25 metros de comprimento –tamanho comparável a dois ônibus urbanos– e viveu no período Cretáceo, há cerca de 70 milhões de anos atrás. Fez parte do grupo dos titanossauros, herbívoros pescoçudos que foram os maiores animais terrestres de todos os tempos, de pescoço e cauda longos e crânio pequeno. Esses animais viviam no supercontinente da Gondwana, onde hoje são América do Sul, África, Índia, Antártica e Austrália. Até agora, o maior dinossauro a ser descoberto no Brasil era o Maxakalisaurus topai, também um titanossauro, que tinha cerca de 13 metros de comprimento. Um titanossauro com mais de 20 metros pode ser considerado um gigante. O maior titanossauro já achado até hoje foi o Argentinossauro, que tinha mais de 30 metros de comprimento. Com o A. magnificus, o Brasil passa a ter 23 espécies de dinossauros achados e identificados aqui. Apesar de ter em seu nome uma referência ao deus grego marinho, Poseidon, o bicho era terrestre, andava em bando e provavelmente tirava sua comida da copa das árvores, diz uma das autoras da pesquisa, Camila Bandeira, aluna de pós-graduação do Museu Nacional, da UFRJ (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro). Não é possível saber o quanto pesava, nem se era macho ou fêmea. A referência a Poseidon, explica Bandeira, foi escolhida porque ele é também o deus responsável pelos terremotos. "Imagine esses bichos correndo em bando. Deveria causar um bom tremor", brinca a pesquisadora. Bandeira acredita que o A. magnificus tivesse um predador, mas ele ainda não foi descoberto. Vértebras do pescoço e da coluna vertebral do A. magnificus foram encontradas por acaso, por um agricultor, durante a construção de uma estrada perto de Presidente Prudente, em São Paulo, na década de 1950. O paleontólogo Llewellyn Ivor Price (1905-1980), que registrou os primeiros fósseis de dinossauros encontrados em território brasileiro, foi atrás e guardou o material. A importância da descoberta só começou a ficar clara há três anos, quando Bandeira iniciou sua pesquisa. Até então, o material ficou guardado dentro de um armário de madeira no acervo do Museu de Ciências da Terra. "Price sabia que havia achado um animal gigante, mas tinha tantos outros materiais para descrever, que acabou não tendo tempo", diz o paleontólogo Alexander Kellner, orientador de Bandeira. "O que me chamou a atenção foi o tamanho do material e o fato de ninguém ter tentado estudá-lo a fundo ainda. Como não havia sido encontrado no Brasil um fóssil de anatomia parecida, isso pode ter afugentado pesquisadores", palpita a pós-graduanda. Os ossos do bicho foram analisadas com um tomógrafo, espécie de raio-x. Esse estudo mostrou que aquele exemplar tinha características novas para os titanossauros, como anéis de crescimento intercalados com um tecido ósseo mais denso. O custo da pesquisa foi de cerca de R$ 10 mil, que pagou materiais usados na preparação do fóssil para estudo. Para os pesquisadores, a descoberta é importante para a paleontologia no Brasil porque acrescenta uma nova espécie ao rol de nove titanossauros que já eram conhecidos. O material ficará exposto no museu a partir desta quinta-feira (6) e será publicado na revista "PLoS ONE", da Public Library of Science, com sede na Califórnia, nos Estados Unidos. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Nas histórias do Homem-Aranha, a saga do Lagarto começa com um soldado que perdeu um braço na guerra do Vietnã. Ao voltar para casa, o combatente se torna o Dr. Curt Connors e inicia sua busca para regenerar o membro perdido. O cientista desenvolve, então, um soro a partir do genoma de répteis. O resultado é o Lagarto. A descoberta recente de uma rede que controla os genes ligados à recuperação de membros pode ajudar a abrir novos horizontes nessa área de pesquisa. Cientistas da Universidade de Maine (EUA) analisaram o genoma de três animais com grandes capacidades regenerativas. Para desanimar os fãs de histórias de super-heróis, nenhum deles é um réptil. No mundo real, anfíbios são conhecidos por grandes capacidades regenerativas. Além deles, a cauda que se solta das lagartixas talvez seja o exemplo mais comum de regeneração que as pessoas conhecem –tirando, claro, personagens famosos de quadrinhos. Para não achar apenas características que dizem respeito apenas a uma determinada espécie, os pesquisadores estudaram organismos evolutivamente distantes. O peixe-zebra (Danio rerio), o bichir-cinza (Polypterus senegalus) e o axolote (Ambystoma mexicanum) tiveram um último ancestral em comum há 420 milhões de anos, durante o período paleozoico. No peixe-zebra foi analisada a capacidade de regeneração da nadadeira caudal, no bichir-cinza, da peitoral, e no axolote, uma espécie de salamandra, das patas dianteiras. Em todas as espécies, foram estudados os fatores que levam à formação de blastemas, estrutura importante na regeneração de membros. Homem - salamandra Os blastemas selam a área próxima à lesão. Na região em que ocorre esta "cicatrização", as células sofrem um processo de desdiferenciação, ou seja, elas "voltam no tempo" e deixam de ser ter funções específicas de um tecido. São essas mesmas células que, em seguida, começarão a se especializar novamente e formarão o membro regenerado. Os pesquisadores conseguiram descobrir uma rede de miRNAs (microRNAs) que regula o processo de regeneração. Estas fitas de RNA servem para silenciar (inativar) a ação de determinados genes. "É como se fosse uma impressão digital. Eles são importantes para a manutenção do estado em que as células estão. É importante para a identidade celular", afirma Luciana Vasques, pesquisadora da USP na área de biologia molecular. Em resumo, ao descobrir os miRNAs envolvidos na criação dos blastemas, os cientistas conseguiram identificar os genes que provavelmente são responsáveis pelo processo de regenerar um membro. Nos três animais, o miR-21 foi o miRNA mais ativo, o que delimitou ainda mais o campo de pesquisa. Esse foi o primeiro estudo comparativo a identificar em três espécies um circuito, conservado durante a evolução, que regula a regeneração de membros. "Eles estão vendo que alguns miRNAs são importantes na desdiferenciação e na diferenciação novamente, inclusive regenerando diferentes tecidos, como osso e músculo", comenta Vasques. A descoberta foi divulgada na revista científica "Plos One". A utilização de miRNAs para silenciar a expressão de genes (produção de proteínas) pode ajudar também no tratamento de doenças degenerativas. Uma pesquisa focada na doença SCA6 (ataxia espinocerebelar tipo 6) foi divulgada nesta quarta (13) no periódico "Science Translational Medicine". Esta condição neurodegenerativa normalmente começa a se manifestar entre 40 e 50 anos de idade. A SCA6 causa perda progressiva da coordenação de caminhada, deficiências no movimento das mãos, dos olhos e dificuldades de fala. Como um cavalo de troia, vírus foram usados para levar miRNAs para o interior das células de um rato. O alvo dos pesquisadores da Universidade de Chicago, da Universidade Médica Jichi e da Universidade de Tokyo era um centro ribossômico de controle de tradução, ou seja, um local que controla a produção de proteínas. A partir disso, os cientistas conseguiram controlar atividades celulares e proteger os ratinhos da progressão das dificuldades motoras e da degeneração de células cerebrais. É a primeira vez que um estudo se utiliza deste centro ribossômico para tratamento de doenças genéticas. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Pesquisadores da Universidade de Oregon, nos Estados Unidos, descreveram uma nova espécie de planta graças à descoberta de flores fossilizadas dentro de pedaços de âmbar de pelo menos 15 milhões de anos. As duas flores estavam entre os 500 fósseis coletados em uma expedição realizada em 1986 pelo professor George Poinar, um famoso entomologista. A maioria das amostras coletadas era de insetos mas, depois de quase 30 anos de pesquisas, o professor começou a analisar as flores. Poinar percebeu que elas estavam praticamente intactas, algo muito difícil de acontecer com plantas presas em âmbar: geralmente sobram apenas fragmentos. Em 2015, Poinar enviou fotos em alta resolução para Lena Struwe, da Universidade Rutgers, em Nova Jersey. As flores datam do fim do período cretáceo "Parecia que essas flores tinham acabado de cair de uma árvore. Pensei que poderiam ser flores Strychnos ", disse Pionar. Ao receber as amostras presas em âmbar, Struwe comparou a estrutura física de todas as 200 flores conhecidas da espécie Strychnos, analisando coleções inteiras de muitos museus e acervos. E comprovou a descoberta do colega. A professora disse que as características usadas para identificar espécies de Strychnos estão na morfologia da flor, e "por sorte era o que encontramos nesse fóssil". "Analisei cada amostra de espécie do Novo Mundo, fotografei e medi e comparei com a foto que George me mandou e me perguntei: 'Como são os pelos nas pétalas? Onde eles estão situados?', e assim por diante." A descoberta foi divulgada na revista especializada Nature Plants. VENENO As flores estavam incrivelmente bem conservadas, o que facilitou seu estudo A nova planta, batizada de Strychnos electri, pertence ao gênero de arbustos tropicais e árvores conhecidos por produzir a toxina estricnina. E, para os animais do fim do período cretáceo que conviveram com ela, a planta era um perigo a mais. "Espécies do gênero Strychnos são quase todas tóxicas de alguma forma", explicou George Poinar. "Cada planta tem seus próprios alcaloides com efeitos variados. Algumas são mais tóxicas que outras e pode ser que tenham sido bem-sucedidas porque seus venenos ofereciam algum tipo de defesa contra os animais herbívoros", acrescentou. O mais famoso desses alcaloides, a estricnina, é uma toxina usada como base de muitos venenos contra ratos. E também é citada em muitos trabalhos de ficção, como o filme "Psicose", de Alfred Hitchcock. A estricnina era uma das armas do personagem de Norman Bates. Mas essas plantas também são da família das "asterídeas", que inclui mais de 80 mil plantas floríferas —até mesmo muitas que são de consumo humano, como a batata, o café e o girassol. A descoberta destas flores quase intactas e tão antigas é mais um elemento muito importante ao registro de fósseis dessa família, que ainda não é totalmente compreendida pelos cientistas. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Cientistas conseguiram decifrar o genoma do percevejo. A notícia pode ajudar a combater esses sanguessugas que vivem em colchões e atacam seres humanos durante a noite. Praticamente extintas na década de 1950 devido ao uso de inseticida, essas criaturas de até sete milímetros voltaram com força total nos últimos vinte anos, sobretudo em Paris e em Nova York. Fatores como a calefação dos apartamentos e a densidade humana favoreceram a proliferação desse tipo de praga em zonas urbanas. Para piorar, muitos percevejos apresentam mutações genéticas que os tornam resistentes aos inseticidas, segundo estudo recente publicado pela revista "Nature". Os percevejos se adaptaram aos venenos, produzindo enzimas desintoxicantes que degradam os inseticidas. Além disso, sua "casca" se endureceu para oferecer proteção extra. Os cientistas identificaram os genes responsáveis ""por essa resistência, além de genes anticoagulantes, úteis para um inseto que usa o sangue como fonte exclusiva de água e nutrientes. Os pesquisadores fizeram uma investigação de todo o ciclo de vida dos percevejos e notaram que eles são mais vulneráveis quando mais ainda não são maduros os suficiente para sugar sangue. Isso sugere que a fase ideal para atuação de inseticidas é na primeira etapa de desenvolvimento do percevejo, chamada de fase de ninfa. Segundo George Amato, diretor do Instituto Sackler de Estudo Genômico Comparativo do Museu Americano de História Natural e um dos autores do estudo, outra saída é o uso de antibióticos que ataquem bactérias benéficas ao percevejo, mas que sejam indiferentes a humanos. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Ele tinha olhos esbugalhados enormes, cobrindo quase um quarto de seu corpo: o Dollocaris, uma espécie de crustáceo primitivo do período Jurássico, deveria ser um predador formidável para os camarões de seu tempo, segundo um estudo. Uma equipe internacional acaba de reconstituir a estrutura tridimensional dos olhos deste fóssil com mais de 160 milhões de anos. Ele foi descoberto em Ardèche (sudeste da França), na Voulte-sur-Rhône, um depósito famoso por seus fósseis de organismos marinhos. Os olhos compostos (com muitas facetas) deste "predador visual" estão impressionantemente bem conservados, o que permite ver toda sua estrutura interna, incluindo as células receptoras da retina. "Nunca tínhamos visto olhos tão bem fossilizados nos tempos muito antigos", declarou Jean Vannier, diretor de pesquisa do CNRS no Laboratório de Geologia de Lyon (França), que comandou o estudo publicado nesta terça-feira (19) na revista "Nature Communications". Dollocaris faz parte dos Thylacocéphales, um grupo de artrópodes marinhos extintos. Ele media de 5 a 20 centímetros de comprimento e podia nadar. Protegido por uma carapaça, como um caranguejo, ele tinha três pares de apêndices preênseis que lhe permitiam capturar suas presas. Mas em especial o crustáceo tinha olhos compostos hipertrofiados, cada um com 18 mil facetas, um recorde se desconsiderarmos as libélulas atuais –que têm mais. Cada faceta era prolongada em profundidade por células fotorreceptoras, as omatídias. Quanto mais numerosas elas são, melhor a resolução. Graças a esta visão sofisticada e, provavelmente, muito eficaz, Dollocaris podia detectar presas, seguir e capturar com os seus três pares de poderosos apêndices. Ele provavelmente caçava na surdina, como alguns crustáceos de hoje em dia. Os pesquisadores também estudaram outros órgãos do animal, com uma técnica de imagem por raio-x. "Restos de camarão ainda estão presentes no estômago do pequeno predador", disse Jean Vannier. "A visão é uma inovação que revolucionou a relação entre as espécies animais. Os primeiros olhos compostos aparecem no Cambriano, há 500 milhões de anos", explica. "Ver e ser visto mudou a situação. Isto criou uma dinâmica", alguns deviam se proteger melhor, outros se tornaram mais capazes de detectar melhor suas presas, "e novas pressões de seleção", observou Vannier. Os Dollocaris desapareceram no final do período Cretáceo como os dinossauros, há cerca de 66 milhões de anos. Mas este tipo de olhos compostos evoluíram independentemente em outras linhagens. Os artrópodes, animais invertebrados, têm em suas fileiras crustáceos, insetos e aracnídeos, entre outros. O fóssil do Dollocaris está conservado na coleção da universidade Claude Bernard Lyon 1. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Na cabeça delas não quase não há pele, mas sim espinhos capazes de injetar veneno nos predadores. Trata-se de uma descoberta importante, pois faz com que duas espécies nacionais, conhecidas como pererecas-de-capacete, devam mudar de categoria: de animais venenosos para peçonhentos. O trabalho, já aceito para publicação na revista "Current Biology", é uma parceria entre o Instituto Butantan e a Universidade de Utah. Venenosos são aqueles organismos –como taturana, sapos, algumas plantas e o baiacu– que produzem veneno mas não têm um mecanismo capaz de injetá-lo. Já os organismos peçonhentos –como aranha armadeira, jararaca, arraias e água-viva– têm essa capacidade para agredir quem incomoda. Os animais do primeiro grupo têm a chamada defesa passiva. O segundo grupo, ativa. Até então, as pererecas teriam defesa passiva porque, como os sapos, apresentam glândulas de veneno na pele, que só com um evento físico (como uma mordida) afetavam o predador. A mudança de categoria das pererecas-de-capacete veio de uma experiência bastante real, sofrida pelo biólogo Carlos Jared, pesquisador do Instituto Butantan e um dos autores do estudo (veja depoimento abaixo). Além das cabeçadas, os animais têm também uma outra defesa, passiva: um muco secretado que, em contato com a mucosa de predadores, faz com que eles vomitem. Pererecas venenosas QUEM É QUEM As espécies –Corythomantis greeningi e Aparasphenodon brunoi– foram descritas há mais de um século, mas até então o comportamento de dar cabeçadas não havia sido documentado. A flexibilidade dos bichos é descomunal: mesmo com o corpo imobilizado, conseguem mexer o pescoço em grandes amplitudes, permitindo golpes venenosos. As cabeças são úteis tanto para defesa quanto para evitar perda de umidade. A C. greeningi (da caatinga, também conhecida como jia-de-parede) se esconde em buracos em troncos de árvores e entre pedras, deixando só a cabeça para fora. As cabeçonas vedam os buracos, mantendo os bicho hidratados. As A. brunoi são da mata atlântica e tem aparência menos enrugada que os animais da caatinga; seu veneno é 25 vezes mais potente que o da jararaca (o da C. greeningi é só duas vezes mais potente). "Esse estudo, entre outras coisas, serve para o público e os biologistas perceberem que pererecas nem sempre são tão gentis quanto pensamos", diz Edmund Brodie, pesquisador da Universidade de Utah. * Veja depoimento de Carlos Jared, que foi envenenado: "Desde 1987 vou à caatinga, e a perereca foi o primeiro bicho que eu estudei lá. Uma vez, fazia anos que não chovia. E choveu. Era uma explosão de bichos para todo lado, a gente coletou um monte. Quando pegava, via que elas mexiam a cabeça e, de repente, me deu uma dor incrível no braço, que durou cinco horas. É o que dá catar perereca com pressa. Outra vez, não fui atacado, mas tive contato com o muco. De novo, que dor. Imagina o que um bicho desses faz com a mucosa da boca de quem o morde..." | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Seu cocô mostra quem você é, descobriu um grupo de pesquisadores de Harvard. Os cientistas apostam que isso pode ter uma importante aplicação forense, na identificação de indivíduos, somando-se a outras técnicas agora emergentes. A pesquisa americana mostrou que um estudo da microbiota intestinal presente nas fezes permite identificar o indivíduo em 83% dos casos. A pesquisa saiu na revista científica "Pnas". Editoria de Arte/Folhapress Não é perfeito, claro –para identificar sem chance alguma de erro uma pessoa específica no mundo, é preciso ter nada menos do que 99,99999999% de precisão. A questão é que, como nenhuma técnica atinge tal nível de sofisticação, a medicina forense caminha mais e mais para a sobreposição de metodologias. Se, em vez da microbiota, a análise for de DNA, atualmente qualquer gota de suor, perdigoto de saliva e até mesmo esbarrão em algum objeto podem deixar para trás material suficiente para identificar alguém. Até pouco tempo, a análise das impressões digitais deixadas era o suprassumo da identificação. Quando as impressões são intencionais, como nas cédulas de RG, é fácil matar a charada. Entretanto, quando deixadas de forma não intencional, as imagens formadas são parciais e fracas, dificultando uma identificação perfeita. Outra técnica tradicional, é o exame da arcada dentária, mas ele obviamente não se aplica a todos os crimes. VOCÊ É O QUE VOCÊ COME As bactérias presentes no intestino podem indicar ainda o tipo de dieta (rica em fibras, vegana ou deficiente em vitaminas, por exemplo), estado geral de saúde, a idade e até mesmo em que lugar do planeta a pessoa reside, conforme os tipos e bactérias característicos de cada pessoa. A análise do microbioma humano (bactérias e outros micro-organismos presentes no nosso corpo) já permeia diversas áreas da medicina. Doenças como diabetes, hipertensão e obesidade podem ser parcialmente explicadas pelas bactérias que carregamos em nossos intestinos. Segundo o perito da Polícia Federal, Jorge Freitas, a ciência de identificação evoluiu muito nos últimos 20 anos, mas ainda levará algum tempo para que ela incorpore a análise do microbioma. Para ele, a técnica provavelmente servirá inicialmente como critério de eliminação –ou seja, para apontar quem não é o criminoso, em vez de quem é–, como acontecia nos primórdios da identificação pelo sistema ABO de tipo sanguíneo. CÂMERAS Outras técnicas que têm avançado e já auxiliam a resolver crimes se relacionam com a computação. Com tantas câmeras espalhadas pela cidade, por exemplo, reconstruir em código digital um retrato de um suspeito não é difícil –e esse recurso já tem sido bastante utilizado para se identificar (ou excluir) suspeitos. Funciona assim: o rosto na imagem é subdividido em pequenos pedaços que ganham uma codificação binária (0 ou 1). Esse código permite a comparação computacional com bancos de imagens de criminosos –se a chance de ser a mesma pessoa na foto for alta, o sistema avisa. Até o ritmo em que uma pessoa digita em um computador pode ser usado para identificá-la. Num mundo hiperconectado, não faltam recursos para que as pessoas se sintam tão seguras quanto vigiadas. ARTE A identificação de pessoas pelo DNA chegou ao nível da arte quando a artista americana Heather Dewey-Hagborg recolheu gomas de mascar e cigarros na rua para fazer o "retrato molecular" de como poderia ser o rosto dos porcalhões. O código genético foi lido para fazer uma previsão de várias características, como tom de pele ou mesmo o formato do rosto e a altura das "maçãs". Um projeto em Hong Kong usou o mesmo princípio e publicou um "mural da vergonha" com a imagem "prevista" de quem largou vestígios, como copos e camisinhas pelas ruas. A meta é conscientizar a população a manter a cidade limpa. Essa novidade, por enquanto, não será implantada no país, explica o perito da Polícia Federal Jorge Freitas. "Como a população é muito miscigenada, não dá para ter certeza nem sobre as características mais básicas." No Brasil, as características buscadas são aquelas não físicas e não comportamentais, como o sexo. Ou seja, o DNA não é mais que uma "superimpressão digital", tendo seu potencial de grande dedo duro ainda adormecido no país. BANCO DE GENES Como medida para melhorar a caça aos bandidos, a Polícia Federal criou um banco de dados para armazenar o perfil genético de criminosos. "Se o cara rouba um banco e deixa um chiclete, guardamos o perfil no banco de dados. Se ele for preso em algum outro delito, pode haver a identificação posterior", explica Freitas. Pela lei, quem é condenado por crime hediondo tem que fornecer DNA para o banco. A Inglaterra criou seu banco de dados genéticos na década de 1990 e já tem o perfil de mais de 5 milhões de indivíduos. Mais de 400 mil associações entre suspeitos e amostras foram realizadas. Incipiente, o banco nacional tinha, até março (data do último relatório), pouco mais de 2.500 perfis. | ciencia | 0 | 0.982695 |
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] | Parado desde 2013 para um amplo processo de modernização e atualizações, o LHC –maior e mais potente acelerador de partículas do mundo– voltou à ativa nesta semana. A segunda fase de operações do anel de 27 km, na fronteira entre a Suíça e a França, tem a difícil missão de superar a primeira, que em três anos desvendou um quebra-cabeças da física e levou um Prêmio Nobel. A energia das colisões vai quase dobrar, atingindo 13 TeV (eram 8 TeV antes da pausa). Nos corredores do LHC, os pesquisadores têm palpites nada modestos sobre as descobertas que a enxurrada de dados poderá proporcionar. A maior expectativa é que eles possam explicar a matéria escura. Invisível, a misteriosa entidade é responsável por 85% da força gravitacional do Universo, mas ninguém sabe bem o que ela é. Outra aposta diz respeito à supersimetria, teoria segundo a qual as partículas conhecidas teriam uma versão bem mais pesada, com características "espelhadas". Os novos experimentos também poderiam dizer se existem outras dimensões no Universo. A gravidade é bem mais fraca do que as outras forças fundamentais. Há quem teorize que isso aconteceria porque ela se espalha por outras dimensões. Testar tal conceito sempre foi muito difícil, mas as colisões do LHC turbinado poderiam resolver o problema, identificando partículas que deveriam ocorrer segundo a previsão destas teorias. "Supersimetria, matéria escura"¦ Certamente nós temos muitas apostas, mas são os resultados inesperados aqueles que nos interessam mais. Estamos muito animados", disse à Folha Dave Charton, físico que trabalha em um dos detectores do LHC. Para alguns críticos, a descoberta do bóson de Higgs já no primeiro ciclo de colisões tornou o LHC uma geringonça de US$ 10 bilhões com pouca justificativa de ser. No entanto, nos corredores do Cern (Centro Europeu de Pesquisa Nuclear), o clima é de alívio. Sem a pressão em torno da comprovação da partícula, os esforços do time de cientistas poderão se intensificar, repetem os cientistas. O trabalho de "recauchutagem" do LHC foi exaustivo. Trata-se de um máquina única, subterrânea e com milhões de componentes. Antes do retorno, um curto-circuito adiou em uma semana o reinício dos trabalhos. Durante os dois anos em que o LHC esteve fechado, os cientistas consolidaram mais de 10 mil interconexões no ímãs que garantem o funcionamento da máquina. Além disso, adicionaram sistemas de proteção magnéticos e aperfeiçoaram os esquemas de resfriamento e vácuo e os componentes eletrônicos. "Não é como reiniciar o computador de casa", brinca o físico Paolo Giubelino. Além disso, com a maior velocidade das colisões, haverá aumento no volume de dados gerado. Por isso, é preciso garantir que os sensores e computadores do acelerador aguentarão o tranco. Por enquanto, o LHC está só "aquecendo". As colisões devem começar até o junho. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | Alunos de pós-graduação que são financiados com recursos da Capes (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) estão com as bolsas de estudo atrasadas. Segundo relatos feitos à Folha, os atrasos são raros, mas afetam muitos estudantes, de todo o país. Os bolsistas dependem do dinheiro para pagar as contas. Para receber a bolsa, muitos têm que se dedicar exclusivamente à pesquisa, diz Tamara Naiz, presidente da Associação Nacional dos Pós-Graduandos. É o caso, por exemplo de Diego de Melo, 28, doutorando em Zootecnia pela Universidade Federal do Ceará desde 2010. "Eu e todos os meus colegas de mestrado e doutorado bolsistas Capes, até hoje, 9 de janeiro, não recebemos as nossas bolsas", diz. Tamara também conta que a bolsa –que não tem um mecanismo de reajuste anual– teve seu último aumento em 2013 e que o reajuste daquele ano não teria compensado as perdas para a inflação, fazendo com que o benefício tenha se desvalorizado ao longo dos anos. As bolsas de mestrado e doutorado pagas pela instituição são de R$ 1.500 e R$ 2.200 mensais, respectivamente. "Os pós-graduandos estão envolvidos em 90% das pesquisas feitas no país. Sem o pós-graduando não há pesquisa nem desenvolvimento científico no Brasil", diz Tamara. "A bolsa de novembro, que foi paga em dezembro, também atrasou. Recebi com dois dias de atraso. No mês passado não pagaram todos de uma vez: foi aos poucos", conta Thatiane Oliveira, pós-doutoranda da UFMG, que estuda o prejuízo cognitivo causado pela falta de vitaminas. Ela conta ter um amiga com bolsa da Capes no exterior, que também está sofrendo com o atraso. "Eu ainda tenho o suporte de família e amigos. E ela que está lá sozinha?" "Eu não pretendo continuar morando em um país que não me valoriza. Não temos direito nem a 13º nem férias", diz Thatiane. FLUXO Procurado, o MEC, ao qual a Capes é ligada, reconheceu o problema. "A legislação referente a este beneficio estabelece o quinto dia útil do mês, portanto ontem (08/01), para o pagamento. O MEC trabalha junto ao Ministério da Fazenda para regularizar o fluxo financeiro e solucionar o problema." Em nota publicada nesta sexta (9) em seu site, a Capes disse que "o pagamento das bolsas de estudo relativo ao mês de dezembro foi realizado hoje (09/01) e que os valores serão creditados nas contas dos bolsistas dentro dos prazos de compensação bancária". "Em janeiro de 2013 tivemos um atraso de alguns dias (mas não excedeu um mês). Desde de outubro do ano passado venho observando que o pagamento não é mais efetuado até o 3º dia útil, como sempre foi. No mês passado recebi com uns 11 dias de atraso", relata a doutoranda Magna Guedes, que busca novos compostos para tratar doença de Chagas, na Fiocruz (RJ). Segundo Tamara, que é doutoranda em Historia Econômica na Universidade Federal de Goiás, a ANPG está pressionando o governo não só pela regularização do pagamento das bolsas, mas também pelo reajuste das mesmas e por benefícios trabalhistas ao qual eles não tem direito. Até o fechamento da reportagem, os estudantes ainda não haviam recebido o benefício. | ciencia | 0 | 1 |
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] | A Justiça de São Paulo homologou um acordo no qual a Odebrecht pagará uma multa de R$ 21,3 milhões à Prefeitura de São Paulo e outros órgãos por ter entregue esse montante para o caixa dois do ex-prefeito Gilberto Kassab (PSD).A contribuição ilícita ocorreu entre 2008 e 2014, segundo delatores da Odebrecht, e serviu para manter boas relações com o prefeito e ministro das Cidades do governo de Dilma Rousseff (PT).O montante também foi usado para criar o PSD em setembro de 2011, ainda de acordo com ex-executivos da Odebrecht. Kassab foi prefeito de São Paulo entre 2006 e 2012.Como revelou informações que os investigadores não conheciam e confessou crimes, a Odebrecht ficará livre de sofrer um processo após pagar a multa.“A ação contra Kassab é por enriquecimento ilícito e não dá para vincular a contribuição ilícita a alguma obra pública. Os delatores falaram que era para manter boas relações com o Kassab”, diz o promotor Silvio Marques, que atuou no acordo.O juiz que homologou o acordo, José Gomes Jardim Neto, diz que neste caso não houve prejuízo para os cofres públicos. Mais Chamado tecnicamente de termo de autocomposição, o acordo foi assinado entre a Odebrecht, a promotoria do Patrimônio Público do Ministério Público e a Prefeitura de São Paulo.A Prefeitura de São Paulo ficará com 90% dos R$ 21,3 milhões. O restante do valor será dividido entre o Fundo Estadual de Interesses Difusos do Estado (5%) e o Fundo Estadual de Perícias (5%).A Odebrecht e a promotoria do Patrimônio Público já assinaram cinco acordos para ressarcir órgãos públicos. Três destes acordos aguardam homologação judicial.Atual ministro de Ciência e Tecnologia do governo de Michel Temer, Kassab disse em nota “que na vida pública, as pessoas estão corretamente sujeitas à especial atenção do Judiciário, e ressalta sua tranquilidade e confiança na Justiça e no Ministério Público”.Prossegue a nota: “Como sempre, ao longo de sua vida pública, [Kassab] está à disposição para prestar quaisquer esclarecimentos que se façam necessários, e destaca que todos os seus atos seguiram a legislação e foram pautados pelo interesse público”. | poder | 1 | 1 |
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] | Cortejados por vários presidenciáveis antes de fecharem com Geraldo Alckmin (PSDB), os partidos do centrão, bloco considerado a “noiva da eleição”, foram os que mais fizeram caixa no ano passado com recursos oriundos do fundo partidário, que é distribuído para a manutenção das siglas. Esse dinheiro poderá ser usado na eleição, junto com a fatia que cada partido receberá do novo fundo eleitoral, o “fundão” de R$ 1,7 bilhão criado exclusivamente para financiar campanhas após a proibição de doações por empresas.O PR, com R$ 42,5 milhões em caixa, foi o partido que mais guardou recursos em 2017. Em seguida vem o PRB, com R$ 24,9 milhões, e, em terceiro lugar, o PP, com R$ 20,1 milhões. Somadas as economias dos três, o dote da noiva chega a R$ 88 milhões.Em maio, em resposta a uma consulta de um parlamentar do Solidariedade, que também integra o centrão, o TSE (Tribunal Superior Eleitoral) confirmou que os partidos poderão aplicar 100% das sobras do fundo partidário na campanha deste ano, junto com os recursos do novo fundo eleitoral.Será o maior volume de recursos públicos já posto numa disputa eleitoral. As legendas ainda poderão usar uma parte do fundo partidário que vem sendo distribuído ao longo deste ano, mas esse valor é impossível de calcular no momento porque os partidos ainda não fecharam suas contas de 2018.O PR e o PP disseram que vão empregar na campanha os recursos que guardaram em caixa. O PRB não foi específico, apenas informou que fará a campanha dentro da lei e com lisura.Para receber sua fatia do fundo eleitoral, os partidos precisaram criar critérios —mesmo que muito imprecisos— e informar ao TSE como vão repartir o dinheiro entre seus candidatos. Já a repartição das sobras do fundo partidário poderá ser feita conforme a vontade dos dirigentes, sem divulgação prévia.O levantamento foi feito para a reportagem pela ONG Transparência Partidária a partir dos dados declarados pelas siglas ao TSE. Foi considerada a diferença entre todas as receitas e todas as despesas dos partidos nos três níveis (federal, estadual e municipal), excluídas as transferências internas entre os diretórios.Entre as receitas dos partidos também há doações e contribuições de filiados e simpatizantes, mas a maior parte em 2017 (cerca de 88%, na média) foi de dinheiro público proveniente do fundo partidário.Em outubro passado, quando a Câmara deliberou pela criação do fundão eleitoral, a orientação das bancadas do PR e do PRB foi para que seus deputados votassem contra essa nova forma de financiamento.Na ocasião, deputados de outras legendas afirmaram que as duas eram contrárias porque tinham conseguido fazer caixa e já teriam garantido algum dinheiro para a eleição.O PP e o PR também foram dois dos partidos que mais atraíram deputados neste ano na chamada janela partidária —período em que os parlamentares podem trocar de agremiação sem sofrerem punições por infidelidade.O que os políticos afirmavam à época é que o principal fator que justificava esse poder de atração era ter dinheiro em caixa para prometer para as campanhas dos novos filiados.Partidos grandes como PT e PSDB também conseguiram economizar no ano passado, mas em menor escala —o PT guardou, segundo os dados do TSE, R$ 13,8 milhões, e os tucanos, R$ 16,2 milhões.Na opinião de especialistas como o cientista político Fernando Limongi, professor da USP (Universidade de São Paulo), os dados do levantamento reforçam a ideia de que é muito grande a probabilidade de os partidos médios, como PR, PRB e PP, aumentarem suas bancadas na eleição de outubro.Uma das hipóteses dos analistas é que partidos como esses guardam mais recursos porque têm como foco prioritário eleger deputados federais e não têm uma vida partidária, ao longo do ano, tão ativa como os grandes.“Acho que são partidos que estão muito focados nisso, com a cabeça nisso [em ganhar cadeiras na Câmara]”, afirma Limongi.“É a única coisa que interessa, porque é a vaga na Câmara que vai definir a distribuição futura dos recursos. O fundo partidário é decidido lá, o fundo eleitoral, também, e o tempo de TV é distribuído lá [conforme o número de deputados]. Não querem saber de governar, de ganhar Executivo, não têm vida [partidária].”“Esses partidos do centrão que estão no topo da lista priorizam as eleições legislativas. Ter dinheiro em caixa, para eles, é vital, porque são muitos candidatos, eles fazem coligações, isso faz com que aumente o peso deles na capacidade de formar essas coligações”, diz Marcelo Issa, da Transparência Partidária.No geral, a terceira maior fonte de recursos dos partidos é a sobra do que eles destinaram no ano anterior para suas fundações. Por lei, todas as siglas são obrigadas a destinar 20% do que levam do fundo partidário para fundações. O que a fundação não executa volta no ano seguinte para o caixa do diretório nacional como receita.“As fundações foram criadas para promover educação e formação política e também desenvolver estudos, de modo a preparar os programas de governo dos partidos, para que quando alcançassem posição de comando pudessem contar com propostas bem estruturadas”, afirma Issa.Para ele, o que se nota é que essas fundações, com algumas exceções, não cumprem essa finalidade, daí devolverem o dinheiro para os partidos. “É de se questionar qual função as fundações vêm desempenhando, pois o nível de transparência sobre elas é muito baixo”, diz. | poder | 1 | 1 |
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] | A empresa MPE Montagens, citada na Operação Lava Jato como participante do esquema e denunciada no cartel de trens e metrô de São Paulo, fraudou documentos para se livrar de uma penhora de bens de R$ 3,5 milhões, afirma o TCU (Tribunal de Contas da União). A empresa tinha que devolver recursos por causa de um outro escândalo, o superfaturamento na construção do Metrô de Salvador, cujas obras demoraram mais de dez anos para ficarem prontas e estavam acima do preço, segundo o tribunal. Em 2012, o órgão de controle condenou a MPE a devolver parte do superfaturamento das obras ou oferecer uma garantia bancária até o fim do processo, já que cabe recurso da decisão. Uma primeira garantia bancária foi apresentada pela empresa e não foi aceita por não se enquadrar no que havia sido determinado na decisão do TCU. Na época, a companhia ainda tinha saldo a receber do Metrô de Salvador, a empresa da prefeitura então responsável pelas obras que eram financiadas pelo governo Federal. Com a garantia recusada, essa última parcela não poderia ser retirada. Para não ficar com o dinheiro retido, a MPE apresentou uma segunda garantia bancária, dessa vez aceita, e sacou os recursos. GARANTIA FALSA Mas, segundo o ministro do TCU responsável pelo processo, Augusto Sherman, a segunda garantia bancária dada pela MPE era falsa. Foi obtida junto a uma empresa que sequer é registrada como banco e só tinha no nome fantasia a palavra "Bank" (banco, em inglês). Antes de mudar o nome, a empresa era uma loja de colchões. "[Há] forte indício de intenção consciente da empresa MPE (...) de burlar o estabelecido por esta Corte e fraudar o atendimento a uma condição imposta com o único objetivo de se beneficiar irregularmente da liberação de valores retidos", afirma a decisão do tribunal. O ministro Sherman determinou a penhora de bens da empresa no valor do superfaturamento. Também decidiu encaminhar o processo para o Ministério Público Federal para que seja investigado o procedimento da companhia. CARTÉIS A MPE é apontada na Operação Lava Jato, da Polícia Federal, como uma das pertencentes ao "clube" -grupo de empreiteiras que dirigiam licitações com o objetivo de superfaturar obras da Petrobras. O executivo Ricardo Pessoa, da UTC-Constran, é apontado como coordenador do "clube" e negocia um acordo de delação premiada. A MPE também foi denunciada pelo Ministério Público de São Paulo como uma das integrantes do cartel dos trens e do metrô, que agia para combinar os preços das licitações ferroviárias em gestões tucanas do Estado. Procurada, a empresa informou que ainda não foi notificada pelo Tribunal de Contas da União da decisão e, por isso, não se pronunciaria sobre o caso. | poder | 1 | 1 |
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] | Líderes do "centrão", bloco de cerca de 200 deputados da base do governo, cobram do presidente Michel Temer uma manifestação de que o Planalto não irá interferir na eleição da Mesa Diretora da Câmara dos Deputados, em fevereiro. A cobrança veio depois que o próprio Temer voltou a negociar a ida do líder do PSDB na Câmara, Antonio Imbassahy (BA), para a Secretaria de Governo, no lugar de Geddel Vieira Lima (PMDB). Parlamentares do grupo argumentam que, sem uma declaração de Temer, a leitura que se faz é que a escolha de Imbassahy, pré-candidato a presidente da Câmara, significa apoio do Planalto à recondução do atual presidente, Rodrigo Maia (DEM-RJ). "O governo tem que governar. Não pode ficar refém de nenhum grupo. Mas o manual da política diz também que o diálogo é o melhor entendimento em uma possível crise", disse o líder do PTB, Jovair Arantes (GO), um dos pré-candidatos do centrão à presidência da Câmara. Em reserva, alguns líderes do grupo ameaçaram boicotar o minipacote de medidas econômicas que o governo quer apresentar até o final deste ano caso o Planalto confirme Imbassahy como ministro sem esta conversa com a base. Apesar de o presidente Michel Temer ainda não ter detalhado as medidas para "facilitação do crédito", interlocutores que estiveram com o presidente no domingo (11) disseram à Folha que alguns pontos dependem de aprovação do Congresso. A primeira demonstração de rebeldia do centrão em votações aconteceu na tarde desta segunda. Contrariando o governo, o líder do PSD na Câmara, Rogério Rosso (DF), fez coro à oposição e pediu que a CCJ (Comissão de Constituição e Justiça) adiasse a votação da proposta de reforma da Previdência, medida prioritária para o governo Temer. Rosso também tem interesse no comando da Câmara e chegou a ameaçar deixar a disputa caso o Planalto continuasse a demonstrar apoio a Rodrigo Maia. Na semana passada, o grupo já havia ameaçado retaliar a reforma da Previdência, o que levou Michel Temer a reavaliar a indicação do tucano da Bahia. Após a reticência do peemedebista, que chegou a dizer que Imbassahy iria para o governo somente "no momento oportuno", Michel Temer se reuniu com o tucano neste domingo (11). Nesta segunda-feira, conversou com Aécio Neves (MG) e com o governador Geraldo Alckmin (SP) para bater o martelo. | poder | 1 | 1 |
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] | Jornais nacionais Folha de S.Paulo Maior ato público da França leva às ruas 3,7 milhões contra terrorismo Agora S.Paulo Saiba garantir a revisão de sua aposentaria neste ano O Estado de S.Paulo Contra terrorismo, Europa amplia controle em aeroportos O Globo França repudia terror Valor Econômico Petrobras começa a chamar fornecedores estrangeiros Correio Braziliense Paris repudia o terror. Europa amplia controle Zero Hora Marcha para a história * Jornais internacionais The New York Times (EUA) Show de solidariedade em Paris contra o terrorismo The Washington Post (EUA) Mais de um milhão marcha em Paris El País (Espanha) Unidos pela liberdade | poder | 2 | 0.829937 |
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] | O líder da bancada do PMDB na Câmara, Leonardo Picciani, disse nesta sexta-feira (2) que não houve nenhuma restrição quanto a indicação do nome de seu colega de bancada, Celso Pansera, para a pasta de Ciência e Tecnologia. Picciani classificou o colega como correto e minimizou as declarações o doleiro Alberto Yousseff, que havia chamado o parlamentar de "pau-mandado do Eduardo Cunha", em depoimento da operação Lava Jato. "Não é a palavra de um bandido que está atras das grades que vai influenciar na decisão da bancada do PMDB e da presidente", disse. Quanto ao manifesto contra Dilma, assinado ontem por um terço da bancada do PMDB, Picciani disse que é um direito dos deputados assinarem o que quiserem. "Não é algo expressivo contra a liderança. Eu tenho que expressar posição da maioria, e a maioria é a favor", disse. Picciani disse ainda que não houve participação do presidente da Câmara, Eduardo Cunha, na escolha dos nomes indicados pela bancada da Casa. "O presidente Cunha não se meteu nessa discussão. Ele tem posição crítica que tem preservado, mas respeita a decisão da bancada. Ele não participou da discussão, não há nenhum comentário dele ou influencia na escolha do Pansera ou de outro deputado", disse. Picciani afirmou também que não houve nenhuma frustração da bancada em receber a pasta de Ciência e Tecnologia. A bancada pleiteava o Ministério da Infraestrutura. "Não houve nenhuma restrição. A bancada não tinha recebido o convite. A partir do momento que ela fez o convite, nós consideramos", disse. | poder | 1 | 1 |
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] | O ex-ministro José Dirceu (Casa Civil) divulgou um vídeo nesta quinta-feira (28) em que dedica ao ex-presidente Lula seu livro de memórias, que será lançado em agosto e foi escrito no período em que Dirceu esteve na prisão.Na gravação divulgada a amigos, o ex-ministro pede ajuda da militância petista para “ler e divulgar” a obra, "Zé Dirceu Memórias Volume I" (editora Geração). Segundo ele, é uma forma de defender o legado de Lula e do PT.“Minhas memórias são também uma homenagem a Lula, preso injustamente, condenado em um processo sumário, político, de exceção, mas que tem o apoio do povo brasileiro que o quer como presidente”, diz Dirceu.“Espero que leiam, divulguem, me apoiem e me ajudem, porque é uma forma de eu me defender, defender o legado de Lula e do PT”, completa. Solto pelo STF (Supremo Tribuna Federal) nesta semana, Dirceu aparece nas imagens bastante abatido, de camisa branca, e explica que seu livro fará um balanço sobre as vitórias mas também derrotas dos petistas. “Faço uma reflexão sobre as nossas vitórias, que foram muitas, mas também sobre nossas derrotas”, diz Dirceu.Segundo ele, a história relembra seus momentos de vida política, fundação do PT, passando pelos anos vividos na clandestinidade em Cuba, e para em 2006, quando ele foi condenado e preso no mensalão.Haverá um segundo volume para narrar os fatos a partir deste período. | poder | 1 | 0.979655 |
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] | Jornais nacionais Folha de S.Paulo França eleva segurança após ataques terroristas Agora S.Paulo Veja como vai ficar o valor das novas pensões do INSS O Estado de S.Paulo Nova ameaça faz Paris reforçar segurança antes da marcha O Globo Petrobras gasta R$ 59 bi com empresas paralelas Correio Braziliense A França é Charlie Estado de Minas ...e assim sumiram R$ 18,3 bilhões Zero Hora A Europa depois do atentado * Jornais internacionais The New York Times (EUA) Em nova era do terrorismo, uma voz ecoa no Iêmen The Washington Post (EUA) França em guerra Le Monde (França) Marcha contra o terror El País (Espanha) Podemos consolida sua ascensão e Ciudadanos ganha força | poder | 2 | 0.912516 |
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] | Um dia após ver o presidente Michel Temer tentar frear o avanço sobre rebeldes do PSB, lideranças do DEM procuraram encerrar o assunto nesta quarta-feira (19). O primeiro gesto no sentido de virar a página foi do presidente da Câmara, Rodrigo Maia (DEM-RJ), que começou o dia negando que a movimentação de Temer tenha sido discutida no jantar que aconteceu na noite de terça-feira (18), na residência oficial do deputado. "Não existiu esta conversa. [Não houve] nenhuma conversa objetiva. [Falamos de] assuntos do passado e agenda da Casa. Apenas isso. Quem falou diferente mentiu. Pode escrever aí se quiser", disse Maia à Folha no começo desta manhã. Pouco antes de embarcar para seu Estado, no final da manhã, o vice-líder do DEM, Pauderney Avelino (AM), foi ao Palácio do Planalto para conversar com Temer. Saiu do encontro afirmando que houve uma "falsa crise" e que este episódio é "página virada". "Consta que o presidente não convidou parlamentares para ingressarem no partido dele e nem tentou dissuadir deputados para virem para o Democratas. Dentre outros assuntos, a gente tratou também dessa questão. Eu disse para ele e ele também entende, isso é página virada. A conversa com o deputado Rodrigo Maia ontem, no jantar, foi absolutamente de dois amigos", disse Pauderney. Para Avelino, se a crise com Temer foi superada, o momento agora é de retomar a busca por deputados para engordar a bancada do DEM. "Aqueles deputados que tiverem dificuldade nas suas legendas para exercer livremente o seu desejo de reformar o país encontrarão abrigo no nosso partido. Se quiserem vir, a porta está aberta", afirmou o vice-líder do DEM. PANOS QUENTES O líder do DEM na Câmara, Efraim Filho (PB), também disse que os ânimos esfriaram. "O clima melhorou. O partido se posicionou e recebeu o reconhecimento de que foi infeliz a ofensiva do PMDB para atravessar as conversas entre Democratas e PSB. Essa não é hora para construir muros, mas sim pontes na relação com os aliados", disse o líder à Folha. Desde que a cúpula do PSB decidiu punir os parlamentares que votassem a favor das reformas trabalhista e da Previdência, praticamente metade dos 36 deputados da legenda se rebelou e manteve-se governista. É justamente sobre este grupo que Maia tem avançado. Como a Folha mostrou no sábado (15), o presidente da Câmara articula uma migração para turbinar seu partido, hoje com apenas 29 deputados. A meta é chegar a 50 e tomar o lugar do PSDB como a terceira maior bancada. Alguns integrantes do DEM identificaram um recuo do governo e dizem acreditar que houve até benefícios para o partido. "Acabou precipitando a definição de muitos do PSB pelo Democratas", disse Efraim. Na terça-feira, Temer deu origem a uma grande confusão com o DEM ao visitar a líder do PSB na Câmara, Tereza Cristina (MS), na terça, para convidar os governistas da legenda a ingressar no PMDB. O presidente, seus auxiliares e aliados negam que ele tenha feito o convite. Mas Tereza Cristina disse a Folha na manhã de terça-feira que o objetivo do peemedebista na conversa foi exatamente este. "Estamos sendo assediados por alguns partidos. Ele [Temer] falou com a gente sobre a possibilidade do PMDB. [Perguntou] se já tínhamos pensado nisso", disse Tereza Cristina na terça. Ela disse ainda que o presidente do PMDB, senador Romero Jucá (RR), já havia procurado os insatisfeitos do PSB e que Temer quis sondar como andavam as conversas para que o grupo de seis a 15 insatisfeitos deixasse o PSB. O avanço de Temer revoltou a cúpula do PSB e obrigou Temer a cancelar uma visita a Pernambuco, principal reduto eleitoral da legenda. JANELA PARTIDÁRIA Integrantes do PSB dizem estar sendo cortejados não apenas por DEM e PMDB, mas também por PSD, PR e PRB. A intenção dos que querem mudar de partido é esperar pela janela partidária, em março do ano que vem, para um movimento unificado. Uma antecipação dessa janela, no entanto, está em discussão para que, até o final do ano, se tenha uma ideia do tamanho real de cada legenda para o cálculo do fundo partidário de 2018, quando há eleições. | poder | 1 | 1 |
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] | A discussão acerca da troca dos comandantes militares após o presidente Jair Bolsonaro demitir o ministro da Defesa, Fernando Azevedo, trouxe ao noticiário um elemento hermético: o sistema de promoções das Forças Armadas.Tomando o Exército como modelo, já que as regras se aplicam à Marinha e à Aeronáutica, com apenas a diferença no nome de cada grau hierárquico: o topo da carreira da Força terrestre é general-de-exército, enquanto na naval é almirante-de-esquadra e na aérea, tenente-brigadeiro.Só isso já causa confusão aos leigos —a denominação tenente, por exemplo, se espraia por diversos níveis, indicando pontos absolutamente diferentes da carreira.Para ficar no Exército, maior Força com 220 mil dos 380 mil militares da ativa, todo ano são formados cerca de 400 cadetes na Aman (Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras).Eles saem de lá aspirantes a oficiais. Apenas quatro de cada turma chegam ao posto máximo de general-de-exército, com quatro estrelas nos ombros.O caminho leva décadas e depende de vários fatores. As promoções ao longo da carreira são determinadas por antiguidade, mérito e escolha específica —e bravura, em tempos de guerra.O grosso da tropa, contudo, está nos escalões inferiores, que vão de soldado até suboficial e somam quase 85% do efetivo da Força. Ali os critérios de promoção são mais automáticos.Um oficial bem-sucedido como o ex-ministro Azevedo, por exemplo, entrou em 1973 na Aman, formando-se em 1976. Só chegou a general-de-brigada (duas estrelas, não há generais de uma estrela no Brasil), início do generalato, em 2007.Uma vez no quadro de oficiais-generais, o militar pode ficar no máximo 12 anos. Se for sempre promovido, como o caso de Azevedo, em média passa quatro anos em cada nível. O ex-ministro ascendeu a general-de-divisão (três estrelas) em 2011 e, em 2014, ganhou a quarta estrela de general-de-exército.Deixou a Força para a reserva em 2018, quando iniciou sua carreira na política, assessorando Dias Toffoli no Supremo Tribunal Federal e, depois, integrando o governo do capitão reformado (aposentado) Bolsonaro. Mais Todo ano, em duas ou três ocasiões, há reuniões do Alto-Comando do Exército para determinar quem será promovido nos três níveis do generalato. Aqui, diferentemente da carreira de oficiais que se estende do aspirante ao coronel, há sempre considerações política envolvidas, além dos méritos.Como em toda corporação, há grupos de oficiais com mais afinidade, usualmente aqueles que trabalharam juntos em relação de subordinação.O atual chefe da Casa Civil, Luiz Eduardo Ramos, sempre secundou Azevedo ao longo de seus principais postos, por exemplo, acompanhando-o em diversas unidades.O ramo do Exército escolhido, arma no jargão, importa em especial nos oficiais combatentes: cadetes formados na Infantaria, Cavalaria e Artilharia tendem a se aglutinar.Quando ocorrem as promoções, toda a escala se mexe. Se abre uma vaga de quatro estrelas, por antiguidade, a disputa por ela será dada entre os generais de três estrelas usualmente de uma turma abaixo —pode haver variações.Será então escolhido sempre o militar da turma mais antiga. Se ele for mais moderno, ou seja, com menos tempo de caserna e idade que os colegas, isso geralmente empurra os outros para a reserva —já que eles teoricamente já estão no limite usual de quatro anos para cada posto do generalato.Claro que pode haver variações na regra, porque há filigranas. Na Marinha, só há um quatro estrelas fuzileiro naval por vez, então eles manobram para ficar mais tempo como duas e três estrelas, aumentando o número daqueles que poderão disputar a vaga no topo.Voltando ao exemplo hipotético do Exército, assumindo que dois colegas do escolhido para ganhar a quarta estrela tenham ido para casa, isso abre três vagas no nível de três estrelas para concorrentes com duas nos ombros, e assim por diante.No nível de Alto-Comando, se isso acontece, há uma tendência de que os preteridos acabem antecipando sua saída, que de todo modo ocorreria em um ou dois anos. Mas não é uma norma rígida.Por isso houve reações à preferência do Planalto ao general Marco Antônio Freire Gomes para a vaga do chefe do Exército, general Edson Leal Pujol. Há cinco militares mais antigos que ele no Alto-Comando, ainda que dois tivessem sua ida marcada para a reserva nesta quarta (31).A escolha ao fim de Paulo Sérgio Nogueira de Oliveira para o comando deixou apenas dois mais antigos acima, um deles (José Luiz Freitas) com a ida à reserva marcada para agosto.Como se vê, é um sistema intrincado e com diversos atalhos, mas a base dele é dar previsibilidade para uma carreira que, se chegar ao topo, ultrapassa quatro décadas. Isso explica por que os militares torcem o nariz quando a ordem das coisas é quebrada.Isso também gera ruído quando o escolhido para o Ministério da Defesa é um general mais moderno do que os seus subordinados, caso de Walter Braga Netto agora.Não é obrigatório, dado que militares do serviço ativo podem servir em cargos civis por dois anos, mas atendeu a uma pressão do Comando do Exército —que também funcionou com Ramos, mas foi infrutífera no caso do general Eduardo Pazuello, ex-Saúde.Na previsão do Ministério da Defesa para 2021 há 148 oficiais-generais no Exército (15 de quatro estrelas, 48 de três, 85 com duas), 86 na Marinha (8 com quatro estrelas, 26 com duas, 52 de três) e 86 na Aeronáutica (8 de quatro estrelas, 24 com três, 54 de duas).Os números flutuam um pouco. Hoje há 16 generais da ativa no Alto-Comando do Exército, 1 deles lotado no ministério, além do comandante da Força —que passa à reserva assim que assume o cargo. Mais | poder | 1 | 1 |
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] | THAIS BILENKY DE SÃO PAULO O deputado estadual Campos Machado (PTB) acusou a candidata Marta Suplicy (PMDB) de "caminhar pela estrada da mentira" e afirmou que ela "não pode" ser prefeita de São Paulo. Em vídeo ao qual a Folha teve acesso, o deputado reage à fala da senadora, que acusou o oponente Celso Russomanno (PRB) de ser contra os direitos dos trabalhadores. Marta vem associando o candidato ao ministro do Trabalho, Ronaldo Nogueira, que é do PTB. O partido é o mesmo da mulher de Campos Machado, Marlene, candidata a vice na chapa do PRB. "Para ganhar alguns votos, a candidata mentiu despudoradamente dizendo que o Russomanno era contra os direitos trabalhistas e que o ministro Ronaldo Nogueira defendia essa tese", criticou o deputado. Ele lembrou que Nogueira foi escolhido pelo presidente Michel Temer, presidente licenciado do PMDB, partido de Marta. "O ministro defende com a sua própria vida os direitos trabalhistas, ele que começou no chão de fábrica", afirmou Machado. "Ora, candidata, não é assim que se age. Quer votos? Busque-os não na mentira, não na infâmia, não na injúria." Marta chegou a se aliar ao PTB, mas abriu mão ao conseguir a adesão do PSD, que indicaria Andrea Matarazzo candidato a vice, no lugar de Marlene Campos Machado. O deputado, então, declarou apoio a Russomanno. | poder | 1 | 1 |
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] | * Jornais nacionais Folha de S.Paulo Dilma atrasa repasses para cursos técnicos Agora S.Paulo Calcule quanto vai receber quem pedir a aposentadoria ainda neste ano O Estado de S.Paulo Levy diz que vai cumprir meta fiscal sem 'corte draconiano' O Globo Brasil deve ter dois anos seguidos de queda do PIB Correio Braziliense Impasse ameaça deixar 460 mil alunos sem aulas Estado de Minas Rumo à prorrogação Zero Hora Mercado financeiro prevê recessão em 2015 * Jornais internacionais The Guardian (Reino Unido) A democracia está falhando, dizem bispos aos políticos El País (Espanha) PSOE busca estratégia para atenuar golpe do ERE | poder | 2 | 0.925229 |
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] | A Folha realizou nesta segunda-feira (22), às 10h, um debate entre os candidatos à presidência da seccional paulista da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB). O evento foi transmitido ao vivo no site do jornal e no canal da Folha no YouTube.Participaram do debate os representantes das cinco chapas concorrentes: Alfredo Scaff, Caio Augusto Silva dos Santos, Dora Cavalcanti, Mário de Oliveira Filho e Patricia Vanzolini.No primeiro, os candidatos fizeram as considerações iniciais. No segundo, a mediadora Renata Galf, repórter do caderno Poder da Folha, fez uma pergunta a cada um dos representantes.Na terceira rodada, os candidatos perguntaram uns aos outros, com resposta e réplica. O último bloco foi reservado às considerações finais dos debatedores.A eleição para definir a nova diretoria da OAB-SP, maior seccional do Brasil, acontece na próxima quinta-feira (25), das 9h às 17h. Mais de 350 mil advogados estão aptos para votar. Mais Data e horário: 22 de novembro (segunda-feira), às 10hCandidatos: Alfredo Scaff, Caio Augusto Silva dos Santos, Dora Cavalcanti, Mário de Oliveira Filho e Patricia Vanzolini Alfredo Scaff, 51 Formado em direito pela PUCCAMP (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas). Atua na área de consultoria jurídica e de relações governamentais. É candidato às eleições da OAB pela primeira vez.Caio Augusto Silva dos Santos, 46 Mestre em direito constitucional e graduação pela Instituição Toledo de Ensino (Bauru). É presidente da OAB-SP desde 2019. Foi secretário-geral da OAB-SP por dois mandatos, de 2013 a 2018, e antes integrou a subseção de Bauru.Dora Cavalcanti, 50 Formada pela Faculdade de Direito da USP. Advogada criminalista, conselheira do IDDD (Instituto de Defesa do Direito de Defesa), uma das fundadoras do Innocence Project Brasil e integrante do Grupo Prerrogativas. É candidata pela primeira vezMário de Oliveira Filho, 68 Formado em direito pela Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie. É advogado criminalista e atuou na Lava Jato. Fez parte como conselheiro da OAB-SP de seis gestões não consecutivasPatricia Vanzolini, 49 Possui graduação, mestrado e doutorado em direito pela PUC (Pontifícia Universidade Católica) de São Paulo. É advogada criminalista e professora na Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie. Em 2018, concorreu à vice-presidência da OAB-SP | poder | 1 | 1 |
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] | * Jornais nacionais Folha de S.Paulo CPI da Petrobras deverá investigar só era petista Agora S.Paulo Veja profissões com garantia de emprego antes de se aposentar O Estado de S.Paulo Empresas da Lava Jato pedem R$31bi ao BNDES O Globo Petistas no Congresso rejeitam ajuste fiscal * Jornais internacionais The New York Times (EUA) Perigoso choque de culturas para policias mulheres afegãs The Guardian (Reino Unido) "O melhor empregado que eu já tive" - sobre Emwazi El País (Espanha) A oposição a Putin ganha força com uma grande marcha de protesto | poder | 2 | 0.906403 |
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] | Alvo de um mandado de busca e apreensão cumprido pela Polícia Federal na semana passada, Luciano Cavalcante, auxiliar próximo do presidente da Câmara dos Deputados, Arthur Lira (PP-AL), foi demitido do cargo que ocupava na liderança do PP na Casa.A exoneração foi divulgada no boletim administrativo da Casa nesta segunda-feira (5). Luciano exercia cargo em comissão de secretário particular no gabinete do líder do Progressistas. A liderança do partido atualmente é ocupada pelo deputado André Fufuca (PP-MA).De acordo com a assessoria de Lira, a exoneração ocorreu a pedido de Cavalcante. Questionado sobre a demissão na noite desta segunda, durante jantar do grupo Esfera, em São Paulo, Lira não respondeu.Luciano é conhecido em Brasília como uma das pessoas de maior confiança do político, que o acompanha em agendas diversas e viagens.A PF investiga um esquema de desvios em contratos de kits de robótica custeados pelo FNDE (Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação) no governo de Jair Bolsonaro (PL).Uma das suspeitas é que Luciano e sua mulher, Glaucia, possam ser beneficiários de valores desviados de contratos para compra de kit robótica, custeados em parte com dinheiro de emendas do relator.O caso teve origem em reportagem da Folha publicada em abril do ano passado sobre as aquisições em municípios de Alagoas, todas assinadas com uma mesma empresa pertencente a aliados do presidente da Câmara.A investigação começou ainda em 2022 após a revelação da Folha. O pedido de buscas e prisões foi feito pela PF em março de 2023, e as ordens, expedidas pela Justiça Federal de Alagoas.Como mostrou a Folha à época, os kits foram contratados com recursos, em boa parte, das bilionárias emendas de relator do Orçamento —naquele momento, durante o governo Bolsonaro, Lira era responsável por controlar em Brasília a distribuição de parte desse tipo de verba.A investigação da PF sobre supostos desvios em contratos para compra de kit de robótica com dinheiro federal descobriu que o empresário Edmundo Catunda repassou R$ 550 mil à empresa que construiu a casa em que mora Luciano CavalcanteCatunda é de uma família alagoana aliada de Lira e um dos sócios da Megalic, empresa que ganhou os contratos do kit de robótica sob suspeita de desvios de dinheiro público.Informações em posse da PF mostram que Catunda repassou R$ 550 mil para a Construtora EMG, que ergueu o condomínio onde está localizada a casa de Cavalcante. Os dados levantados mostram, inclusive, que a conta de energia elétrica da casa ainda está em nome da EMG.A PF chegou até Luciano Cavalcante e Glaucia ao investigar movimentações financeiras da Megalic.Na semana passada, o advogado André Callegari, que defende Luciano Cavalcante, disse que analisava os fatos, que "as simples imagens mencionadas não demonstram qualquer atividade ilícita do investigado" e que Cavalcante não tem ligação com a Megalic.Em entrevista também na semana passada, após a eclosão do caso, Arthur Lira afirmou não se sentir atingido pela operação da PF que mira seus aliados.Em entrevista à GloboNews, ele disse que não tem "absolutamente nada a ver com o que está acontecendo"."Não posso emitir nenhum juízo de valor. O que eu posso dizer é que eu, tendo a postura que tenho em defesa das emendas parlamentares que levam benefícios para todo o Brasil e toda a população, não tenho absolutamente nada a ver com o que está acontecendo e não me sinto atingido nem acho que isso seja provocativo", afirmou Lira na ocasião. Mais | poder | 1 | 1 |
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] | João Doria (PSDB) desistiu nesta quinta-feira (31) do plano anunciado a aliados, renunciou ao Governo de São Paulo e manteve sua pré-candidatura à Presidência.A repentina mudança de rumos se soma a um histórico de controvérsias na trajetória do tucano na política, como promessas não cumpridas e embates com aliados de quem se manteve muito próximo.Nos seis anos desde que disputou um cargo público pela primeira vez, o tucano se indispôs, por exemplo, com nomes como o ex-governador Geraldo Alckmin, fiador de sua primeira candidatura.Dentro do PSDB, consolidou sua liderança nacionalmente a partir de 2019, mas se viu diante de um progressivo racha interno.Nas prévias de 2021, foi cobrado pela aposta feita em 2018 na aproximação com o então presidenciável Jair Bolsonaro. "Comprometo-me a cumprir integralmente meu mandato nos anos de 2017, 2018, 2019 e 2020 caso seja eleito prefeito", dizia carta assinada por João Doria em evento de campanha municipal de 2016.Foi apenas uma das diversas ocasiões em que o tucano rejeitou a hipótese de abreviar o período à frente do município para alçar outros voos políticos.A promessa durou poucos meses. Ainda como pouco tempo como prefeito, Doria começou a articular sua pré-candidatura a presidente pelo PSDB para 2018. Não decolou nas pesquisas nem conseguiu apoio interno suficiente e decidiu disputar o governo do estado. Deixou o cargo em 6 de abril de 2018, com pouco mais de 15 meses de mandato. Na disputa estadual, teve proporcionalmente mais votos no interior do que na capital. Mais Doria se projetou na política a partir de 2015 como protegido do então governador de São Paulo Geraldo Alckmin, à época em seu quarto mandato no estado. A força política do governador o impulsionou na vitória em prévias do PSDB, em 2016, e contribuiu para a eleição à prefeitura naquele ano.Ao longo de 2017, porém, os dois entraram em choque por causa de articulação do então prefeito para se lançar candidato a presidente no ano seguinte. Doria passou a percorrer o país para se tornar mais conhecido, rivalizando dentro do PSDB com seu padrinho político.Alckmin indiciou o rompimento em setembro de 2017. "Uma vez meu pai me falou: 'Lembre-se de santo Antônio do Pádua. Quando não puder falar bem, não diga nada'", disse, sobre o correligionário, em entrevista.O então governador fez valer sua força dentro do partido, assumiu o comando nacional da legenda e garantiu a condição de presidenciável para 2018. Doria disputou o Governo de São Paulo.Na reta final da campanha, quando a candidatura Alckmin naufragava nas intenções de voto, Doria tentou manter distância e flertava com o bolsonarismo. A dois dias do primeiro turno, por exemplo, desmarcou em cima da hora agenda com o correligionário em São Paulo.Confirmada a derrota na eleição presidencial, Alckmin reclamou, dias depois, do aliado em reunião interna. "Traidor eu não sou", disse na ocasião. Ele fez teve apenas 4,8% dos votos válidos e ficou em quarto lugar.Encerrada a votação do primeiro turno em 2018, João Doria se apressou em declarar apoio ao à época presidenciável Jair Bolsonaro (então no PSL), que disputaria a segunda rodada contra o petista Fernando Haddad.A iniciativa visava se aproximar de um eleitorado que tinha virado à direita naquela eleição e que não tinha um representante claro no segundo turno da eleição estadual. Doria concorria contra Márcio França, do PSB.A declaração de apoio não teve respaldo no PSDB, que se manteve neutro no segundo turno presidencial. O movimento foi apelidado de voto "BolsoDoria" e virou mote em camisetas e materiais de campanha.A estratégia de se vincular a Bolsonaro chegou ao ponto de Doria viajar ao Rio, sem agenda marcada, para tentar ser recebido pelo presidenciável e aparecer em fotos. Bolsonaro preferiu não recebê-lo.Os dois foram eleitos. No início do mandato, em 2019, a convivência parecia que seria amigável, com fotos sorridentes em eventos.Ainda naquele ano, Bolsonaro, porém, demonstrava contrariedade com a hipótese de o tucano se tornar adversário na eleição de 2022. Uma das razões iniciais para a desavença foi negociação para levar o Grande Prêmio do Brasil de Fórmula 1 de São Paulo para o Rio de Janeiro, que acabou não concretizada.Os atritos mudaram de patamar com a eclosão da pandemia do coronavírus, em março de 2020. Doria liderava mobilização de governadores por medidas de restrição e passou a ser alvo do presidente e de seus apoiadores."Subiu à sua cabeça a possibilidade de ser presidente do Brasil. Não tem responsabilidade", disse Bolsonaro ao governador, em reunião naquele mês.Doria passou a chamá-lo de psicopata e a defender o impeachment. Mais Vencedor das prévias do PSDB em novembro passado, Doria não decolou nas pesquisas de intenção de voto à Presidência.No Datafolha divulgado na semana passada, marcou apenas 2%. Para piorar, seu oponente nas prévias, Eduardo Leite, renunciou ao Governo do Rio Grande do Sul de olho na possibilidade de ainda assumir a candidatura tucana a presidente.Nesta quarta-feira (30), nas vésperas do prazo para se desligar do governo, Doria avisou seu vice, Rodrigo Garcia, de que pretendia permanecer no posto.A reviravolta deixou correligionários atônitos e abriu uma nova crise no PSDB. Rodrigo, também do PSDB, tinha acordo para assumir o governo e se lançar à reeleição com o apoio de Doria.O apresentador de TV José Luiz Datena, que havia se filiado à União Brasil para disputar o Senado em São Paulo, criticou Doria e disse que não teria mais compromisso em aliança."Acho um movimento completamente equivocado do Doria se ele fizer isso, porque passa de traído a traidor do Garcia. Implode a candidatura dele [a governador]", afirmou.Em evento na tarde desta quinta (31), Doria recuou, anunciou sua saída do governo do estado e afirmou que vai manter a pré-candidatura à Presidência. Mais | poder | 1 | 1 |