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Strictly Global Strictly Global was an American weekly music-television program, which aired from November 19, 2004, to June 3, 2011. It showcased music videos covering every genre of music from every corner of the globe. The program highlights international artists as well as independent and ethnic American talent. The program was produced by MHz Networks, and was broadcast every Friday night on MHz WorldView. History The program premiered on November 19, 2004. Co-produced and co-hosted by Terrance Averett and Mike Leyva, it was originally launched as an hour-long program airing at 9 PM ET. When Levya left the station in May 2005, Averett became sole producer and host. In 2007, Averett became senior producer and A.C. Evans and Jennifer Roh became alternating hosts, with occasional appearances by Averett. In the same year, it expanded to a two-hour block and started airing at 8 PM and 11 PM ET. Season 7 saw new hosts: Dawn Reed, Danni Rosner, and Christina Tkacik. The show was shot at the State Theatre, in Falls Church, Virginia. It is hosted in English, but music videos encompass a wide array of languages. The program reached 30 million households across the U.S. Hosts Dawn Reed Born March 2, 1981 in Misawa, Aomori, Japan, Reed is an American actress, model, director and television personality. She is most known as the hostess and VJ for the international music video television show Strictly Global. Reed joined the program in 2008, during its seventh season. She is also credited as an associate producer and editor for the show, and is a regular blogger for its website. In 2009, Reed created a new segment called "Beat Kitchen" which showcases recipes inspired by music videos. Danni Rosner A multilingual singer who grew up in Tokyo, Rosner returned to the United States during high school. An alumna of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, she holds degrees in musical analysis and English and has worked as a television reporter in Italy, a touring blues singer, and has sung the National Anthem at major sports venues in D.C. (Nationals Park, RFK Stadium, Verizon Center). Nextwave In its sixth season, the show introduced the new segment, "Nextwave", that spotlights new independent artists and bands with culturally diverse sounds and perspectives. Footage of Nextwave artists is featured between music videos during Strictly Global, as well as online. The segment is introduced with a short biography of the artist or band followed by their music video. Nextwave was launched on March 27, 2008, with singer-songwriter Sona Kay as the segment's first featured artist. Kay gave a short interview and performed two of her songs "Fight For Me" and "Contra Corriente" on the guitar. The segment is shot at the 8101A Studio. Cancellation The program's last new episode was aired on June 3, 2011. See also List of American television series References External links , Popmatters. (Article) Category:2004 American television series debuts Category:2011 American television series endings Category:2000s American music television series Category:2010s American music television series Category:English-language television programs Category:Falls Church, Virginia Category:Music videos Category:Pop music television series

Olivier Kamanda Olivier Kamanda is the Director of Learning and Impact Strategy at the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. He is a former Presidential Innovation Fellow and previously served as speechwriter and senior advisor to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. Education He obtained a bachelor of science degree from Princeton University in 2003 and his Juris Doctor from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 2009. It was during his third year at Penn Law that he founded the Foreign Policy Digest. Also while in law school, he was executive editor of the school's Journal of International Law and a columnist for The Huffington Post. Career He is the founding editor-in-chief of Foreign Policy Digest. Kamanda is a former Trustee of Princeton University and a fellow with the Truman National Security Project. Kamanda was president of the Montgomery County Young Democrats from 2004 to 2006. Since 2010, he has been an associate lawyer at White & Case in Washington, D.C. In 2011, Kamanda was named one of Washington, D.C.'s "Most Influential Leaders Under 40" by Washington Life Magazine. References External links Olivier Kamanda's blog on the Huffington Post Foreign Policy Digest website Penn Current Student Spotlight White & Case bio Category:American activists Category:American columnists Category:Living people Category:People from Chevy Chase, Maryland Category:African-American people Category:Princeton University alumni Category:University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

Gurazada Apparao University The Gurazada Apparao University is a public university located in Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh. It was established on 14 February 2019. The university was named after Gurazada Apparao, a noted Indian playwright, dramatist, poet, and writer known for his works in Telugu theatre. History Earlier, the university is the outgrowth initiative of the Post-Graduate centre of Andhra University, which was established in 21 September 2004 with the aim of ensure better education to poor and backward communities in and around Vizianagaram. The Engineering college of the university was earlier known as JNTUK Vizianagaram. This Engineering college was established as a constituent institute of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada on September 2007. On 14 February 2019, the University was formed by merging the Andhra University PG Centre, Vizianagaram and JNTUK Vizianagaram campus. It was inaugurated by then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Nara Chandrababu Naidu,. Campus The university is spread across an area of 189 acres. It serves the educational needs of Vizianagaram district. Vizianagaram is the main city of the Vizianagaram District of North Eastern Andhra Pradesh in Southern India. Vizianagaram translates to the "city of victory" and is also given the nickname of the "city of education". References Category:Universities in Andhra Pradesh Category:Universities and colleges in Vizianagaram district Category:Educational institutions established in 2019 Category:2019 establishments in India Category:Vizianagaram

Ingegärd Töpel Ingegärd Margareta Töpel (13 May 1906 – 11 July 1988) was a Swedish diver. She competed in the 10 m platform event at the 1928 Summer Olympics, alongside her elder sister Hjördis. References Category:1906 births Category:1988 deaths Category:Olympic divers of Sweden Category:Divers at the 1928 Summer Olympics Category:Swedish female divers

2013 Victorino Cunha Cup The Victorino Cunha Cup is an annual Angolan basketball tournament held in honour of former Angolan basketball coach Victorino Cunha. The 5th edition (2013), ran from October 22 to 24, and was contested by the top four teams of the 2013 BAI Basket, and played in a round robin system. Recreativo do Libolo ended the tournament undefeated to win its first title. Schedule Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Final standings Awards See also 2013 BAI Basket 2013 Angola Basketball Cup 2013 Angola Basketball Super Cup References Category:Victorino Cunha Cup seasons Victorino

Aorangi Forest Park Aorangi Forest Park is a protected area in the Wellington Region of New Zealand administered by the Department of Conservation (DOC). It had been called the Haurangi Forest Park but DOC changed to reflect the Māori name of the range protected by the park. There are six backcountry huts and a recreational hunting area in the park. There are deer, goats and pigs (in low numbers) in the park. See also Forest Parks of New Zealand Protected areas of New Zealand Conservation in New Zealand Tramping in New Zealand References External links Aorangi Forest Park at the Department of Conservation Aorangi Forest Park at Google Maps Category:Forest parks of New Zealand Category:Protected areas of the Wellington Region Category:Protected areas established in 1978

Scott Report The Scott Report (the Report of the Inquiry into the Export of Defence Equipment and Dual-Use Goods to Iraq and Related Prosecutions) was a judicial inquiry commissioned in 1992 after reports of arms sales to Iraq in the 1980s by British companies surfaced. The report was conducted by Sir Richard Scott, then a Lord Justice of Appeal. It was published in 1996. Much of the report was secret. Background In the late 1980s, Matrix Churchill, a British (Coventry) aerospace quality machine tools manufacturer that had been bought by the Iraqi government, was exporting machines used in weapons manufacture to Iraq. According to the International Atomic Energy Authority, the products later found in Iraq were among the highest quality of their kind in the world. They were 'dual use' machines that could be used to manufacture weapons parts. Such exports are subject to government control, and Matrix Churchill had the appropriate government permissions, following a 1988 relaxation of export controls. Crucially, however, this relaxation had not been announced to Parliament – indeed, when asked in Parliament whether controls had been relaxed, the then-Secretary of State for Trade and Industry replied incorrectly that they had not. Matrix Churchill was contacted by HM Customs and Excise, under suspicion of exporting arms components to Iraq without permission. It had this permission but this was denied by the government, in line with the most recently announced policy on the matter. Matrix Churchill's directors were therefore prosecuted in 1991 by Customs and Excise for breaching export controls. The trial did not go well for the government – public interest immunity certificates obtained by the government to suppress some critical evidence (supposedly on grounds of national security) were quickly overturned by the trial judge, forcing the documents to be handed over to the defence. The trial eventually collapsed when former minister Alan Clark admitted he had been 'economical with the actualité in answer to parliamentary questions regarding what he knew about export licenses to Iraq. Report The Scott Report represents possibly the most exhaustive study produced to that date of the individual responsibility of ministers to Parliament. Scott comments on the difficulty of extracting from departments the required documents (some 130,000 of them in all) and notes how Customs and Excise could not find out what Ministry of Defence export policy was, and how intelligence reports were not passed on to those who needed to know. The Economist commented that "Sir Richard exposed an excessively secretive government machine, riddled with incompetence, slippery with the truth and willing to mislead Parliament". The report characterised the nature of the government as: Scott identified three main areas of democratic concern. First, the Import, Export and Customs Powers (Defence) Act 1939 was emergency legislation passed at the outbreak of the Second World War. It allowed the government to issue regulations which were not subject to resolutions in Parliament, for the duration of the emergency, which would make it a criminal offence to export particular goods to particular countries. While the Act should have been lapsed in 1945, it remained in force, and had been modified in 1990 so as to become part of the Import and Export Control Act 1990. The second area was the failure of ministerial accountability; the principle that "for every action of a servant of the crown a minister is answerable to Parliament". The third area was that of public-interest immunity certificates, which had been issued during the Matrix Churchill trial. As a result of these certificates, innocent men were in danger of being sent to prison, because the government would not allow the defence counsel to see the documents that would exonerate their clients. While some of these contained potentially sensitive intelligence material, many were simply internal communications: the certificates were intended to protect the ministers and civil servants who had written the communications, rather than the public interest. Scott states: Publication The publication of the report was seen by many as the nadir of the 1990s Conservative governments of the UK. Prior to the report's publication, those ministers who were criticised were given the opportunity to comment and request revisions. The 1,806-page report was published, along with a press pack which included a few relatively positive extracts from the report presented as if representative of the entire report, at 3:30pm. Given a then largely pro-government press, this proved effective at stalling an extensive analysis in the media. The report had to be debated in Parliament. Ministers criticised in the report were given advanced access to the report and briefed extensively on how to defend themselves against the report's criticisms. In contrast, according to senior Labour MP Robin Cook, the opposition were given just two hours to read the million-plus words, during which scrutiny they were supervised and prevented from making copies of the report. Finally, the Prime Minister, John Major, stated that a vote against the Government would be in effect a vote of no confidence, ensuring that Conservative MPs would not vote against, while a vote for was a vote exonerating the Government of any wrongdoing. Robin Cook worked with a team of researchers to scrutinise the report, and delivered "what was regarded as a bravura performance". Nonetheless, the Government won the vote 320–319. References Commentary by David Butler Q&A: The Scott Report, BBC News Robin Cook's obituary, BBC News. Category:1992 in the United Kingdom Category:1996 in the United Kingdom Category:Public inquiries in the United Kingdom Category:Judicial inquiries

Clackmannanshire and Dunblane (Scottish Parliament constituency) Clackmannanshire and Dunblane is a constituency of the Scottish Parliament (Holyrood). It elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the plurality (first past the post) method of election. It is also one of nine constituencies in the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region, which elects seven additional members, in addition to the nine constituency MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation for the region as a whole. Created in 2011, the constituency covers much of the area previously in the abolished Ochil. Electoral region The other eight constituencies of the Mid Scotland and Fife region are Cowdenbeath, Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy, Mid Fife and Glenrothes, North East Fife, Perthshire North, Perthshire South and Kinross-shire and Stirling. The region covers all of the Clackmannanshire council area, all of the Fife council area, all of the Perth and Kinross council area and all of the Stirling council area. Constituency boundaries and council areas The Ochil constituency was created at the same time as the Scottish Parliament, in 1999, with the name and boundaries of a pre-existing Westminster (House of Commons) constituency. In 2005, however, Scottish Westminster constituencies were mostly replaced with new constituencies. The Ochil Westminster constituency, was divided between the Ochil and South Perthshire Westminster constituency and the Stirling Westminster constituency. The constituency covers all of the Clackmannanshire council area, while the rest of the Stirling council area is covered by the Stirling constituency. From the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, Ochil was largely replaced by an expanded constituency of Clackmannanshire and Dunblane. The electoral wards used in the creation of Clackmannshire and Dunblane are: Clackmannanshire West Clackmannanshire North Clackmannanshire Central Clackmannanshire South Clackmannanshire East Dunblane Bridge of Allan Member of the Scottish Parliament Election results 2010s Footnotes Category:Scottish Parliament constituencies and regions from 2011 Category:Politics of Stirling (council area) Category:Politics of Clackmannanshire Category:Constituencies of the Scottish Parliament Category:Constituencies established in 2011 Category:2011 establishments in Scotland

Medical Research Council Technology LifeArc, formerly known as the Medical Research Council Technology (MRC Technology, MRCT) is a British life science medical research charity. It was established in 2000 to translate the work of UK Medical Research Council (MRC) research scientists. Today, LifeArc provides intellectual property identification, protection and commercialisation, technology development, diagnostic development, early stage drug discovery and antibody humanization services for the MRC, academia, biotechnology and pharmaceutical organisations and charities, aiming to move promising medical research forward into viable and accessible patient treatments. Profits from LifeArc's activities are reinvested into further research. History LifeArc started as the Medical Research Council Liaison Office in 1984, and in 1986 the MRC Collaborative Centre, a laboratory-based technology transfer function, was founded. In 1993, the Liaison Office became MRC's Technology Transfer Group, responsible for office based patenting and licensing. The organisation was set up as a charity and a company limited by guarantee in 2000 to incorporate patenting, licensing and research functions. On 15 June 2017 it officially became LifeArc. Activities LifeArc has humanised a number of antibodies on behalf of other organisations. Four of these, Tysabri (Biogen Idec/Elan), Actemra (Hoffmann-La Roche/Chugai), Entyvio (Millenium Pharma/Takeda) and Keytruda (Merck/MSD), are now on the market. In 2010, LifeArc signed a deal with the drug company AstraZeneca to share chemical compounds to help identify potential treatments for serious diseases. LifeArc is a member of a Global Drug Discovery Alliance along with the Centre for Drug Research and Development, the Scripps Research Institute, Cancer Research Technology, the Lead Discovery Centre and the Centre for Drug Design and Discovery, dedicated to translating health research into new medicines and working together to improve the conversion of global early-stage research into much-needed new therapies. Through its earnings from licensing agreements, LifeArc provides funding for academic research and early-stage medical research. Dementia Consortium was launched in December 2013 - a unique £3m drug discovery collaboration between Alzheimer's Research UK, LifeArc and pharmaceutical companies Eisai and Lilly. In March 2019, LifeArc joined with Cancer Research UK and Ono Pharma to progress new immunotherapy drug targets for cancer. In May 2019, LifeArc announced it had sold part of its royalty rights for Keytruda to a subsidiary of Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB) for US$1.297 billion, making it one of the biggest UK medical charities by size of investment. Key achievements References External links LifeArc's website Category:Technology transfer Category:Companies based in the London Borough of Camden Category:Medical research institutes in the United Kingdom Category:Charities based in London

Nasr ibn Sayyar Naṣr ibn Sayyār al-Lāythi al-Kināni (; 663–748) was an Arab general and the last Umayyad governor of Khurasan in 738–748. Nasr played a distinguished role in the wars against the Turgesh, although he failed to decisively confront the rebellion of al-Harith ibn Surayj in its early stages. Although respected as a soldier and a statesman, he owed his appointment as governor more to his obscure tribal background, which rendered him dependent on the Caliph. His tenure was nevertheless successful, as Nasr introduced long-overdue tax reforms that alleviated social tension and largely restored and stabilized Umayyad control in Transoxiana, which had been greatly reduced under the Turgesh onslaught. His last years were occupied by inter-tribal rivalries and uprisings, however, as the Caliphate itself descended into a period of civil war. In 746 Nasr was driven from his capital by Ibn Surayj and Juday al-Kirmani, but returned after the latter fell out among themselves, resulting in Ibn Surayj's death. Preoccupied with this conflict, Nasr was unable to stop the outbreak and spread of the Abbasid Revolution, whose leader, Abu Muslim, exploited the situation to his advantage. Evicted from his province in early 748, he fled to Persia pursued by the Abbasid forces, where he died on 9 December 748. Early life and career Nasr was a military leader with long service and experience in Khurasan. As early as 705 he participated in a campaign along the upper Oxus River, led by Salih, the brother of Qutayba ibn Muslim, the general who had been tasked with subduing Transoxiana. For his service during this campaign, Nasr was awarded an entire village in this region. Despite the successes of Qutayba, much of Central Asia east of the Oxus remained outside effective Arab control; while garrisons had been established in places like Samarkand, Balkh, or Bukhara, the Caliphate largely relied on cliental relationships with the multitude of local rulers, who became tributary to the Umayyads. In addition, clashes with the Chinese-backed Türgesh, the ambiguous policy followed regarding conversion of the native population (mass conversions would lessen the taxable population and hence the amount of tribute received) and increasing inter-Arab tribal factionalism weakened Umayyad control over the region and necessitated increased military activity. In 724, Nasr is recorded as heading a Mudari army sent against Balkh, where restive Yemenite troops refused to participate in the expedition against Ferghana that resulted in the disastrous "Day of Thirst". His troops, reinforced by men from the subject Hephthalite principality of Chaghaniyan, clashed with the Yemenis at Baruqan and prevailed over them. This led to resentment towards his person among the Yemenis, especially from those around Balkh; and during the governorship of the Yemeni Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri, along with other Mudari leaders, Nasr fell into disfavour and was mistreated. Nasr was one of the few Muslim leaders to distinguish himself in the disastrous Battle of the Defile in July 731. In 734 he was appointed as governor of Balkh, after arresting the previous governor. There he faced the rebellion of the local Khurasani troops under al-Harith ibn Surayj, who called for reforms in taxation and the ending of discrimination towards the native converts (mawali). Ibn Surayj marched on Balkh and took the city with only 4,000 followers, even though Nasr commanded 10,000 men. It is unclear from the sources whether the town was seized from Nasr, or whether it was captured in his absence and then successfully held against him. In any case, Nasr and his army remained passive for the remainder of the revolt; they did not aid the provincial capital, Merv, when the rebels attacked it, and this stance encouraged several local tribes to join the uprising. Eventually however the rebels were defeated by Juday al-Kirmani, with Ibn Surayj fleeing across the Oxus to the Türgesh. Appointment as governor of Khurasan In July 738, at the age of 74, Nasr was appointed as governor of Khurasan. Despite his age, he was widely respected both for his military record, his knowledge of the affairs of Khurasan and his abilities as a statesman. Julius Wellhausen wrote of him that "His age did not affect the freshness of his mind, as is testified not only by his deeds, but also by the verses in which he gave expression to his feelings till the very end of his life". However, in the climate of the times, his nomination owed more to his appropriate tribal affiliation than his personal qualities. From the early days of the Muslim conquests, Arab armies were divided into regiments drawn from individual tribes or tribal confederations (butun or ʿashaʿir). Despite the fact that many of these groupings were recent creations, created for reasons of military efficiency rather than any common ancestry, they soon developed a strong and distinct identity. Eventually, and certainly by the beginning of the Umayyad period, this system progressed to the formation of ever-larger super-groupings, culminating in the two super-groups: the northern Arab Mudaris or Qaysis, and the southern Arabs or "Yemenis" (Yaman), dominated by the Azd and Rabi'ah tribes. By the 8th century, this division had become firmly established across the Caliphate and was a source of constant internal instability, as the two groups formed in essence two rival political parties, jockeying for power and separated by a fierce hatred for each other. During Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik's reign, the Umayyad government appointed Mudaris as governors in Khurasan, except for Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri's tenure in 735–738. Nasr's appointment came four months after Asad's death. In the interim, the sources report variously that the province was run either by the Syrian general Ja'far ibn Hanzala al-Bahrani or by Asad's lieutenant Juday al-Kirmani. At any rate, the sources agree that al-Kirmani stood at the time as the most prominent man in Khurasan and should have been the clear choice for governor. His Yemeni roots (he was the leader of the Azd in Khurasan), however, made him unpalatable to the Caliph. Nasr on the other hand, in addition to his other qualities, was a Mudari and married to a Tamimi wife. He would therefore be acceptable to the numerous Mudari element of the Khurasani army, which outnumbered the Yemenis, but could also, as a local, help to reduce the Khurasani Arabs' discontent towards the Syria-centric Umayyad government. Nasr's own relatively obscure tribal background—from a non-noble family of the Layth tribe from Kinanah—also suited the Caliph's purposes, as it meant that he lacked any local power base of his own. Indeed, Nasr's rule throughout his tenure was not fully accepted by many Arab tribesmen: aside from the Yemenis, who favoured their "own" candidate al-Kirmani and resented the shift in power back towards the Mudaris, the Qays around Nishapur refused to support him, and even the Syrian contingent sided with his opponents. Nasr was hence mostly reliant on the support of his wife's powerful Tamim tribe living around Marv. As long as he was supported by a strong central government in Damascus, Nasr was able to keep his internal enemies in check, but in the troubles that followed Hisham's death in 743, that support vanished. In the event, Nasr would succeed in retaining his office for a decade, despite the turmoil that swept the Caliphate after 743. When Yazid III came to power in early 744, he initially ordered Nasr replaced. Nasr refused to accept this, and held on to the post, being eventually confirmed to it a few months later. After Marwan II's rise to power in December 744, he likewise affirmed Nasr's position. Reforms and campaigns Nasr gave his province an unprecedented period of good government, stability and prosperity, so that, in the words of the 9th-century historian al-Mada'ini, "Khurasan was built up as it had never been before". His major achievements during his tenure were the reform of the tax system and the restoration of Umayyad control over Transoxiana. The Khurasani tax system had been established at the time of the Muslim conquest and remained unchanged since. It relied on the collection of a fixed tribute by the local non-Muslim (mostly Zoroastrian) gentry, the dihqans, who often discriminated against the Muslim settlers and the native converts. This contributed to the latter's increasing resentment of Umayyad rule, and the demand for a tax reform had fuelled past revolts like that of Ibn Surayj. Consequently, Nasr streamlined the tax system in 739, implementing a blanket imposition (the kharaj) on all owners of agricultural land and forcing the non-Muslims to pay an additional poll tax (the jizyah). In this way, the chroniclers report, 30,000 Muslims were absolved of the jizyah, and 80,000 non-Muslims were forced to pay it instead. Attention was also paid to the accurate collection of the kharaj in accordance with treaties with the local rulers, as a result of which the tax burden was generally eased. This reform is traditionally held to have assisted in regaining the loyalty of the local populations and their princes, who returned quickly to the Arab fold. Other modern scholars however consider the effect of this belated reform on the prevailing anti-Umayyad climate as minimal. Upon his appointment, Nasr also moved the provincial capital back to Merv from Balkh, where Asad had established it. Additionally, for the first time in the province's history he appointed sub-governors. They were drawn from among his allies and supporters in order to reward them and to improve his own control of the province. Taking advantage of the disintegration of the Türgesh khaganate after the murder of the khagan Suluk, Nasr moved aggressively across the Oxus. His first campaign, immediately after his appointment, was in the area of Chaghaniyan; his second campaign, in 740, recovered much territory in Sogdia, including Samarkand, with little apparent resistance. Aiming to recover all the lands previously conquered under Qutayba ibn Muslim and to curtail the activities of the renegade Ibn Surayj, who was based there, Nasr then launched an expedition targeting al-Shash (Tashkent). The principality of Usrushana submitted peacefully, but when the Muslim army reached the Jaxartes, it was confronted by a 15,000-strong force from Shash along with Ibn Surayj's men and some Türgesh; according to Arab tradition, the latter were led by Suluk's murderer and successor, Kursul. According to the Arab sources, Nasr was able to drive off the Türgesh and scored a victory against one of their detachments, killing its chief. He apparently failed to subdue al-Shash, for he was forced to content himself with an agreement with the ruler of Shash, whereby Ibn Surayj was evicted to Farab, where the latter was left unmolested to continue his opposition to the Umayyads. Nasr also launched two expeditions against Ferghana, which plundered and ravaged the countryside and took many captives. It seems, however, that the Muslim reconquest at this time did not extend much further than Samarkand, with occasional tribute being possibly levied from the remoter principalities. Outwardly at least, by 743 the Umayyad position in Khurasan appeared stronger than ever. The reality beneath the splendid façade however was different. Tension and mutual mistrust existed between the Khurasani Arab levies (muqatila) and the 20,000 Syrian troops introduced into the province as a security measure after the disastrous Battle of the Defile in 731, while tribal antagonisms continued to create trouble: apart from continued Yemeni resentment at Nasr, there was strong dislike of the Umayyads' Syrian regime, fanned by their unjust tax policies. Although Nasr tried to remedy the situation, it was too late. In addition, Khurasan was a major center of early Shiism, and specifically of the Kaysanite sect of the Hashimiyya, which had gained wide acceptance in the province, especially among the mawali. In 742–743, Nasr confronted and defeated a revolt led by Yahya, son of Zayd ibn Ali and the leader of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. Yahya was captured and executed, and the resulting vacuum in Hashimi leadership opened the path for the Khurasani branch of the movement to come under the control of the Abbasid family. It is however, a testament to the "respect and even affection" (Gibb) with which Nasr was regarded by the native population in Transoxiana, that in contrast to Khurasan no native city there welcomed the Hashimi missionaries, and that they remained loyal to him even during the later Abbasid Revolution. Civil wars and the Abbasid Revolution In 743, after the death of Caliph Hisham, his successor Walid II reconfirmed Nasr in his post, but the influential governor of Iraq, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, an opponent of Nasr, tried to lure him away from his province by calling him to Iraq. Nasr delayed his departure, stalling for time, and was saved by the murder of Walid in April 744. Walid's successor, Yazid III, moved to install a regime dominated by the Yemeni Kalb tribe. Nasr's position was severely undermined, and the Yemeni faction now hoped to see their leader Juday al-Kirmani appointed governor in his stead. Indeed, Yazid appointed his favourite, the Kalbi Mansur ibn Jumhur, as governor of Iraq, and he in turn nominated his own brother as Nasr's replacement. Nasr refused to accept this, and was again fortunate in his persistence, for Mansur fell out of favour and was dismissed after only two months. Agitation among the Yemeni faction persisted, amidst rumours that Nasr had intercepted letters appointing al-Kirmani as governor, and a dispute on the payment of stipends to the muqatila. Nasr tried to secure his own position by deposing al-Kirmani from his leadership of the Azd, as well as by trying to win over Azd and Rabi'ah leaders. This led to a general uprising by the Azd and Rabi'ah under al-Kirmani. It is indicative of the lingering inter-tribal antagonism of the late Umayyad world that the rebellion was launched in the name of revenge for the Muhallabids, an Azd family that had been purged after rebelling in 720—an act which had since become a symbol of Yemeni resentment of the Umayyads and their northern Arab-dominated regime. On 13 July 744, Nasr captured and imprisoned al-Kirmani. After barely a month, the latter escaped, and his rebellion was joined not only by Azd soldiers, but also by many of the Arab settlers around Marv. A tentative truce was initially agreed upon, during which fruitless negotiations were conducted, but after Yazid reconfirmed Nasr in his post, al-Kirmani and the Yemenis—in reality, al-Kirmani's followers included other tribes as well, including most of the Syrians and even some Mudaris, but they were collectively called Yamaniyya in the sources—resumed their revolt. Nasr in turn tried to strengthen his own position by enlisting the services of al-Harith ibn Surayj, al-Kirmani's one-time adversary, who enjoyed considerable support among some Arab tribes and especially his fellow Tamimis. When Ibn Surayj arrived at Merv in July 745 he was enthusiastically received by the town's inhabitants. Scorning Nasr's proposals for cooperation, Ibn Surayj soon withdrew to the countryside and rose in rebellion as well. Ibn Surayj was also able to exploit the unpopularity of Marwan II among the Mudaris and Nasr's followers, even though Nasr recognized him as the legitimate Caliph in exchange for his own confirmation to his post. Exploiting this resentment, Ibn Surayj soon gathered around him an army of over 3,000 men. In March 746 Ibn Surayj's army attacked Marv, but was repulsed with many casualties, and he then made common cause with al-Kirmani—of whose activities between his escape in 744 and this point nothing is known. With Marwan II still trying to consolidate his own position in Syria and Mesopotamia, Nasr was bereft of any hopes of reinforcement, and the allied armies of Ibn Surayj and al-Kirmani drove him out of Merv towards the end of 746. Nasr retreated to Nishapur, but within days al-Kirmani and Ibn Surayj fell out among themselves and clashed, resulting in the death of Ibn Surayj. Al-Kirmani then destroyed the Tamimi quarters in the city, a shocking act, as dwellings were traditionally considered exempt from warfare in Arab culture. As a result, the Mudari tribes, hitherto reserved towards Nasr, now came over to him. Backed by them, especially the Qays settled around Nishapur, Nasr now resolved to take back the capital. During summer 747, Nasr's and al-Kirmani's armies confronted each other before the walls of Marv, occupying two fortified camps and skirmishing with each other for several months. The fighting stopped only when news came of the start of the Hashimi uprising under Abu Muslim. Negotiations commenced, but were almost broken off when a member of Nasr's entourage, an embittered son of Ibn Surayj, attacked and killed al-Kirmani. Calmer heads prevailed for the moment, the two sides were able to tentatively settle their differences, and Nasr re-occupied his seat in Marv. Tensions however remained and Abu Muslim soon managed to persuade al-Kirmani's son and successor Ali that Nasr had been involved in his father's murder. As a result, both Ali al-Kirmani and Nasr separately appealed for aid against each other to Abu Muslim, who now held the balance of power. The latter eventually chose to support al-Kirmani. On 14 February 748, the Hashimi army occupied Marv, and Nasr again had to flee the city. Pursued by the Hashimi forces under Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i, Nasr was forced to abandon Nishapur too after his son Tamim was defeated at Tus, and retreat to the region of Qumis, on the western borderlands of Khurasan. At this point, the long-awaited reinforcements from the Caliph arrived, but their general and Nasr failed to coordinate their movements, and Qahtaba was able to defeat the Caliph's army at Rayy and kill its commander. Nasr was now forced to abandon Qumis and flee towards Hamadan. On the way, in the town of Sawa, he fell ill and died on 9 December, at the age of 85. His grandson, Rafi ibn al-Layth, led a large-scale rebellion against the misgovernment of the Abbasid governor Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan in 807–810, which spread across Khurasan and Transoxiana. References Sources Category:663 births Category:748 deaths Category:Umayyad governors of Khurasan Category:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate Category:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana Category:Arab generals Category:8th-century Arabs Category:Abbasid Revolution

21st Infantry Regiment (Thailand) The 21st Infantry Regiment, Queen Sirikit's Guard () (ร.21 รอ.) is a King's Guard regiment under the 2nd Infantry Division, Queen Sirikit's Guard of the Royal Thai Army. The regiment was created in 1950. It is known as the Queen's Guard or Thahan Suea Rachini (, translated as "Queen's Tiger Soldiers"). It is sometimes referred to as the "Eastern Tigers". The regiment is based in Chonburi. Origins The 21st Regiment of the Royal Thai Army, or the Queen's Guard, was formed on 22 September 1950 at the request of United Nations Command. Its purpose was to help the US-led UN troops fight the Korean People's Army and the Chinese People's Volunteers in the Korean War. Campaigns Korean War service Called "Little Tigers". Voluntary service in the Vietnam War in 1968-1969 Called the "Queen's Cobra". Suppressed communist terrorists and helped civilians in Nan Province in 1975. Received the Order of Rama for stopping Vietnamese border incursions on the Thai-Cambodian border in 1983. Organization The regiment is composed of three subordinate units: the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Infantry Battalions. 1st Infantry Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment, Queen's Guard 2nd Infantry Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment, Queen's Guard 3rd Infantry Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment, Queen's Guard Uniform Rajchawanlop hat with black tuft with the royal cypher of the queen. Purple woolen top with black woolen mane embroidered with the queen's cypher on the wrist. Black woolen trousers with two purple stripes per side. Training Selection Trainee must be serve in the 21st Regiment Queen's Guard or be permitted by the Royal Thai Army to attend the training. Training content The Queen's Tigers run a training course every two years. Its duration is 16 weeks. Physical and mental conditioning in preparation for the next phase. This phase takes four weeks. Only those who passing this phase move to the next phase. Forest and mountain training (four weeks): This phase focuses on infiltration by air and ground. Small unit tactics. Guerrilla warfare tactics. Sea phase (three weeks): Water infiltration and tactical diving. Coastal patrolling, amphibious warfare, living off the sea, parachuting into water. Urban phase (three weeks): Urban operations, anti-terrorist ops, hostage rescue, tactical us of motorbikes. Air phase (two weeks): Parachuting, parachute packing and problem solving. Award for completion Those who successfully complete the tiger training course receive a military capabilities plate from the queen. The metal plate is decorated with a purple heart and the queen's cypher. The lower part is a blue ribbon contain the honorific "Tiger Soldier". To both sides of the purple heart are tigers soaring above mountains, waves, and clouds. Political influence In the 1990s, according to one academic, "...the Eastern Tigers amassed considerable wealth by trading gems with Cambodian Khmer Rouge insurgents based along the two countries' border, a racket which 'directly benefited'... some of its commanders. Within a decade, the Eastern Tigers dominated the Thai military." The Queen's Guard have since had an inordinate influence on Thai politics. Former Queen's Guard commanders led the May 2014 Thai coup d'état that toppled the elected government. References External links Official Website of the 1st Infantry Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment, Queen's Guard Category:King's Guard units of Thailand Category:Military units and formations established in 1950 Category:1950 establishments in Thailand

Goshen, New Hampshire Goshen is a town in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 810 at the 2010 census. History Incorporated in 1791, Goshen was first settled in 1768 as a part of Saville (now Sunapee). The name Goshen may have been taken from Goshen, Connecticut, where many residents had relatives. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and is water, comprising 0.40% of the town. The long ridge of Mount Sunapee occupies the eastern edge of town. The highest point in Goshen is an unnamed knob on the ridge (near Goves Mountain) where the elevation reaches above sea level. Goshen lies almost fully within the Connecticut River watershed, though a small corner in the southeast of town is in the Merrimack River watershed. Adjacent municipalities Sunapee, New Hampshire (north) Newbury, New Hampshire (east) Washington, New Hampshire (south) Lempster, New Hampshire (southwest) Unity, New Hampshire (west) Newport, New Hampshire (northwest) Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 741 people, 279 households, and 219 families residing in the town. The population density was 32.9 people per square mile (12.7/km²). There were 389 housing units at an average density of 17.3 per square mile (6.7/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 97.03% White, 1.62% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.13% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.40% of the population. There were 279 households out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.5% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.5% were non-families. 17.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 2.96. In the town, the population was spread out with 24.2% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.5 males. The median income for a household in the town was $42,625, and the median income for a family was $45,208. Males had a median income of $33,333 versus $22,727 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,561. About 6.9% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 21.5% of those age 65 or over. Education Goshen and the neighboring town of Lempster maintained a combined elementary and middle school, called Goshen-Lempster Cooperative School, located in Lempster. The school served kindergarten through 8th grade. The cooperative was dissolved in June 2016. The majority of Goshen elementary and middle-school aged children now attend Newport, NH schools; the Newport school system now acts as the anchor system for Goshen students. After 8th grade, students are given the choice to attend several neighboring high schools, including Newport High School, Sunapee Senior High School, and Kearsarge Regional High School. Notable people John Williams Gunnison, US Army officer and explorer of the American West References External links Town of Goshen official website New Hampshire Economic and Labor Market Information Bureau Profile Sunapee-Ragged-Kearsarge Greenway Coalition Category:Towns in Sullivan County, New Hampshire Category:Towns in New Hampshire

Interstate 265 Interstate 265 (I-265) is a Interstate Highway encircling the Louisville, Kentucky, metropolitan area, which includes Southern Indiana. In Kentucky, it travels through Jefferson County, from I-65 in the southern part of Louisville, meeting I-65 again in Indiana, where the road continues west to I-64, where it ends. The entire Kentucky stretch of the road is co-signed with Kentucky Route 841 (KY 841). An additional stretch of freeway between US 31W/US 60/KY 1934 and I-65 in the south part of Louisville is solely designated as KY 841. The highway is named the Gene Snyder Freeway (originally named the Jefferson Freeway), after the former congressman, and usually called "the Snyder" by locals. It is considered part of Louisville's beltline. Route description |- | IN || 13.1 || 21.1 |- | KY || 38.9 || 62.6 |- | Total || 52 || 83.7 |} Indiana Interstate 265 (I-265) in the U.S. state of Indiana presently runs from I-64 at the western edge of New Albany to the Lewis and Clark Bridge near Utica. Beginning at its western terminus, the freeway is concurrent with Indiana State Road 62 until Exit 10. Kentucky Interstate 265 (I-265) in the U.S. state of Kentucky presently runs from the Lewis and Clark Bridge in northern Louisville to an interchange with I-65 in southern Louisville. The entire freeway is concurrent with Kentucky Route 841. The Gene Snyder Freeway in which KY 841 and I-265 overlap for between I-65 and the Indiana state line has seen an increase in serious accidents. The primary factors stem from its low-level grass median which offers little to no protection for crossover incidents. Driver inattention and increased traffic and congestion has led to a decline in the overall level-of-service. In 2006, cable barriers were installed in the median for between I-71 and I-64, with further installation possible in the near future. Part of the road is currently signed in kilometers, which is unusual in the United States. Kentucky Route 841 Kentucky Route 841 (KY 841) is a state highway in the suburbs of Louisville. The route is a partial beltway, encircling Louisville on its southern and eastern sides. Compass direction changes to the north and south of exit 23, Taylorsville Road interchange. The western terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 31W (US 31W) and US 60 in the southwest Louisville community of Valley Station, where KY 841 continues to the west as KY 1934 while the northern terminus is at the Lewis and Clark Bridge and to the north of the East End Tunnel. The section between its terminus at KY 1934 and I-65 is solely designated as KY 841. History Originally signed just as KY 841, the Jefferson Freeway was constructed originally with two sections, one between KY 155 (Taylorsville Road) and US 60 (Shelbyville Road) and a second section between KY 1447 (Westport Road) and US 42 in the 1960s as short connectors to the eastern suburban expansion as well as a new Ford plant. I-264 by 1970 was woefully congested and was in dire need of reconstruction and other improvements, therefore I-265 was proposed as an outer beltway to provide pass-through motorists relief from the congestion of I-264. Construction started in the early 1980s and was finished later that decade and signed in 1987. The road is signed as I-265 and KY 841 from the I-65 interchange to the Indiana state line. From I-65 west to US 31W (although it is up to Interstate Highway standards), is signed solely as KY 841 due to American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials numbering rules. KY 841 is signed throughout the entire designation of I-265. The exit numbering for the entire beltway starts at the western terminus of KY 841. Indiana State Road 265 The segment of the highway between I-65 and SR 60 at Exit 10 in Indiana was formerly known as Indiana State Road 265. It was changed in June 2019 to an Interstate under approval by AASHTO. Studies have also been conducted for the reconfiguration of the I-265 and I-64 interchange. It is currently an underpowered cloverleaf with no collector–distributor lanes, a relic of the original Jefferson Freeway. In late 2005, members of the Louisville Metro Council proposed a committee to begin planning a western bridge to link the southwestern end of the highway in Kentucky to Indiana. However the proposal of the western bridge was not put into action yet. On December 18, 2016, State Road 265 was extended east of State Road 62, which crosses the Ohio River connecting with KY 841, which was extended north of U.S. 42 in Kentucky as part of the Ohio River Bridges Project, creating a bypass around the eastern side of the city of Louisville. On June 4, 2019, the two disjointed sections of I-265 were finally connected under AASHTO approval, with the Indiana State Road 265 designation decommissioned and replaced by I-265. However, the signage has not yet been replaced to reflect the AASHTO approval. The Kentucky Route 841 designation mostly concurrent with I-265 in Kentucky has remained. Lewis and Clark Bridge In various discussions for over 30 years, the Lewis and Clark Bridge (previously referred to as the East End Bridge) is part of a new highway that connects State Road 265 in Indiana to KY 841 in Kentucky. The completion of the bridge connected the two disjointed highways to form a three-quarter beltway around the Louisville, Kentucky, metro area. The bridge was opened to traffic on December 18, 2016. There are currently no plans to construct a bridge on the west end of I-265. Exit list See also Roads in Louisville, Kentucky References External links KentuckyRoads.com: I-265 65-2 65-2 65-2 65-2 Kentucky Category:Transportation in Jefferson County, Kentucky 0265 Category:Transportation in Clark County, Indiana Category:Transportation in Floyd County, Indiana

Peshekee River The Peshekee River is a river on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the United States. It is a tributary of Lake Michigamme, and its waters flow via the Michigamme River and the Menominee River to Lake Michigan. See also List of rivers of Michigan References Michigan Streamflow Data from the USGS Category:Rivers of Michigan Category:Tributaries of Lake Michigan

Salisbury (1818 ship) Salisbury was launched c.1814 in the almost certainly under another name and was possibly a prize. She was possibly captured by the British or sold to British owners in 1815. She made one voyage seal hunting in 1820 and transported settlers to South Africa in 1821. She was lost in 1827. Origins and career Salisbury origins and career are difficult to untangle because there were at various times several vessels by that name, all ranging between 117 and 125 tons burthen, and having similar trades. In 1821 Lloyd's Register (LR) carried two vessels named Salisbury, and the Register of Shipping carried four. It appears that LR missed one vessel completely and may have conflated two different vessels. Salisbury first appeared in LR in 1815 with S. Creedy, master, London owners, and trade London–Sierra Leone. Her origins were given as a foreign prize. She first appeared in the Register of Shipping (RS) with J. Creedy, master, Craig, owner, and trade London–Africa. Her origins were given as Portugal, built in 1812.<ref name=RS1816>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024214267?urlappend=%3Bseq=650 '"RS (1816), Seq.№1119.]</ref> However, in 1818 RS had two listings for Salisbury while LR had one that seemingly combined the two listings in RS. Seal hunting voyage (1820–1821): On 8 September 1820 Messrs Cannan, Smith and Millars appointed Captain Thomas Hodges, late master of , to command of Salisbury to engage in seal hunting. He sailed from England on 15 September, bound for the South Shetland Islands. He arrived at New South Shetland in January 1821 and left on 16 February. Salisbury called at Buenos Aires and arrived in the Downs on 13 May and in the Thames by 22 May. She returned with 9000, or 9,821, or 8,926 seal skins. FateSalisbury, of Liverpool, was lost off Cape Mount, Africa, on 1 June 1827. Her crew survived. Lloyd's List gave the name of her master as Bryan. Citations and references Citations References Jones, A.G.E. Jones (April 1985) British Sealing on New South Shetland 1819-1826: Part I", Great Circle'', Vol.7, No.1, pp. 9-22. Category:1814 ships Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England Category:Sealing ships Category:Ships of the 1820 settlers Category:Maritime incidents in June 1827

Pharyngeal plexus (venous) The pharyngeal plexus (venous) is a network of veins beginning in the pharyngeal plexus on the outer surface of the pharynx, and, after receiving some posterior meningeal veins and the vein of the pterygoid canal, end in the internal jugular. See also pterygoid venous plexus References External links http://anatomy.uams.edu/AnatomyHTML/veins_head&neck.html Category:Veins

Panamanian Chess Championship The Panamanian Chess Championship is the individual national chess championship of Panama. The first edition was played in 1945 and won by Rubén Darío Cabrera. It was originally a biennial event, and from 1945 to 1961 six championships were played, and from 1962 to 1971 eight championships. From 1972 to 1976, it was held annually, but the tournament of 1977 never finished because the beginning of a long schism in Panamanian chess. From 1978 to 1988, it was again held annually. In 1982 and 1989, and from 1991 to 2004, two organizations held separate events, resulting in two champions, but in 1990 there was a single competition, and therefore one champion. In 2004 both federations made peace, and since 2005 then there has only been one championship each year. At the end of the 1970s, the first women's chess championship was started, and it became an annual event in 2002. Panama is the only country in the world where a father and daughter have been champions in the same year twice: 2004 and 2008. To show the rise of new isthmian chess, Panama took 2008 the Centroamerican Championship by the hand of Jorge Baúles, first IM of Panama. In the youth categories, the signal (abs) show a champion in one big tournament with various categories at same time. In 2010 there was no play because of official budget trouble with "Pandeportes", the government sports entity (which had three chiefs in only eleven months), and the tournament was played in the firsts months of 2011. In the final round of the 2014 tournament, two players were tied in all playoffs and were proclaimed champions. One is a foreigner, but changed his country flag as Panamanian in ratings.fide.com in March 2015, and is the fourth to win the title. Usually the Panamanian common considered overseas with over five years of residence, as one of their own. Champions References Federacion de Ajedrez de Panama Federacion de Ajedrez de Panama previous website Partial winners list from Ajedrez Ataque Detailed results: 2003-2005 editions AJEDREZ en Panamá www.bit.ly/ajedrezenpanama ..www.bit.ly/ajedrezpanama2..resultado www.bit.ly/ajedrezpanama coleccion # 7 chessresults.com - This website is for sale! - Chess Resources and Information. "Finales y Problemas Elementales de Ajedrez" author "Luis Farrugia", recompiled by "Juan Ramon Martinez D'Ettore". copyright "Editora de la Nacion, Rep. de Panama, orden no. 1636, 1977. Sánchez se imponen en el torneo nacional de ajedrez Specific <Sánchez se imponen en el torneo nacional de ajedrez /> Category:Chess national championships Category:Women's chess national championships Championship Category:1945 in chess Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1945

Flóra Gondos Flóra Gondos (born 11 April 1992) is a Hungarian diver. She competed in the 3 m springboard at the 2012 Summer Olympics. References External links https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/go/flora%2Dgondos%2D1.html Category:1992 births Category:Living people Category:Divers at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic divers of Hungary Category:Hungarian female divers

SA Promo SA Promo is a magazine published monthly in the United Kingdom since 2006. It is printed in A5-size format and is targeted at the community of approximately 1,500, 000 expatriate South Africans living in the United Kingdom. History SA Promo was founded in November 2006 by J. C. Muller and Justin Lester, who saw an opportunity after South Africa rejoined the Commonwealth post-apartheid. This allowed South Africans to apply for a working holiday visa to live and work in the United Kingdom for a period of two years. The United Kingdom saw an influx from South Africa, many of whom have subsequently settled in the country. On the 27 November 2008 the UK working holiday visa was replaced by a Point Based Visa System. The South African government does not have a reciprocal agreement with the British government and therefore no longer qualify for this category of visa. In 2014 the SA Promo changed focus to cater for all South Africans and not just South Africans abroad. Circulation & Distribution Internationally With South Africans relocating all over the world the demand for media aimed at South Africans abroad has increased. SA Promo magazine is now available as an online magazine accessible from anywhere in the world. Online SA Promo magazine is available to read online, providing access to the magazine from anywhere in the world. The website also offers a comprehensive directory of South African businesses and organisations abroad. References External links SA Promo Category:British magazines Category:Magazines established in 2006 Category:British monthly magazines

Kruczynek Kruczynek () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto nad Wartą, within Środa Wielkopolska County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately south of Środa Wielkopolska and south-east of the regional capital Poznań. References Kruczynek

Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Soviet prisoners of war in Finland during World War II were captured in two Soviet-Finnish conflicts of that period: the Winter War and the Continuation War. The Finns took about 5,700 POWs during the Winter War, and due to the short length of the war they survived relatively well. However, during the Continuation War the Finns took 64,000 POWs, of whom almost 30 percent died. Winter War The number of Soviet prisoners of war during the Winter War (1939–1940) was 5,700, of whom 135 died. Most of them were captured in Finnish pockets (motti) north of Lake Ladoga. The war lasted only 105 days and most of the deceased POWs were either seriously wounded or sick. Some of the POWs, at least 152 men, enlisted in the so-called Russian Liberation Army in Finland. They were not allowed to take part in combat. After the war, some members of the Liberation Army managed to escape to a third country. Continuation War The number of Soviet prisoners of war during the Continuation War (1941–1944) was about 64,000. Most of them were captured in 1941 (56,000 persons). The first Soviet POWs were taken in June 1941 and were transferred to reserve prisons in Karvia, Köyliö, Huittinen and Pelso (a village in modern-day municipality of Vaala). Soon Finnish administration realized that the number of POWs was much greater than initially estimated, and established 32 new prison camps in 1941–1944. However, all of them were not used at the same time as POWs were used as a labour force in different projects around the country. The Finns did not pay much attention to the living conditions of the Soviet POWs at the beginning of the war, as the war was expected to be of short duration. The quantity and quality of camp personnel was very low, as the more qualified men were at the front. It was not until the middle of 1942 that the quantity and quality of camp personnel was improved. There was a shortage of labour in Finland and authorities assigned POWs to forest and agricultural work, as well as the construction of fortification lines. Some Soviet officers cooperated with the Finnish authorities and were released from prison by the end of the war. Finnic prisoners who were captured on the fronts or transferred by Germany were separated from other Soviet POWs. At the end of 1942 volunteers could join the Finnish battalion Heimopataljoona 3, which consisted of Baltic Finns such as Karelians, Ingrian Finns, Votes and Veps. Prisoner exchange with Germany About 2,600–2,800 Soviet prisoners of war were handed over to the Germans in exchange for roughly 2,200 Finnic prisoners of war held by the Germans. In November 2003, the Simon Wiesenthal Center submitted an official request to Finnish President Tarja Halonen for a full-scale investigation by the Finnish authorities of the prisoner exchange. In the subsequent study by Professor Heikki Ylikangas it turned out that about 2,000 of the exchanged prisoners joined the Russian Liberation Army. The rest, mostly army and political officers, (among them a name-based estimate of 74 Jews), most likely perished in Nazi concentration camps. Deaths Most of the deaths among Soviet POWs, 16,136, occurred in the ten-month period from December 1941 to September 1942. Prisoners died due to bad camp conditions and the poor supply of food, shelter, clothing, and health care. About a thousand POWs, 5 percent of total fatalities, were shot, primarily in escape attempts. Food was especially scarce in 1942 in Finland due to a bad harvest. Punishment for escape attempts or serious violations of camp rules included solitary confinement and execution. Out of 64,188 Soviet POWs, from 18,318 to 19,085 died in Finnish prisoner of war camps. In 1942 the number of prisoner deaths had a negative effect on Finland's international reputation. The Finnish administration decided to improve living conditions and allowed prisoners to work outside their camps. Hostilities between Finland and the Soviet Union ceased in September 1944, and the first Soviet POWs were handed over to the Soviet Union on 15 October 1944. The transfer was complete by the next month. Some of the POWs escaped during the transportation, and some of them were unwilling to return to the Soviet Union. Furthermore, Finland handed over 2,546 German POWs from the Lapland War to the Soviet Union. Trials in Finland According to the Moscow Armistice, signed by Finland and the victorious Allies, mainly the Soviet Union, the Finns were to try those who were responsible for the war and those who had committed war crimes. The Soviet Union allowed Finland to try its own war criminals, unlike other losing countries of the Second World War. The Finnish parliament had to create ex post facto laws for the trials, though in the case of war crimes the country had already signed the Hague IV Convention. In victorious Allied countries war-crime trials were exceptional, but Finland had to arrange full-scale investigations and trials, and report them for the Soviet Union. Criminal charges were filed against 1,381 Finnish POW camp staff members, resulting in 723 convictions and 658 acquittals. They were accused of 42 murders and 342 other homicides. Nine persons were sentenced to life sentences, 17 to imprisonment for 10–15 years, 57 to imprisonment for five to ten years, and 447 to imprisonment varying from one month to five years. Fines or disciplinary corrections were levied out in 124 cases. Although the criminal charges were highly politicized, some war crime charges were filed already during the Continuation War. However, most of them were not processed during wartime. Aftermath Winter War POWs Returned to the Soviet Union After the Winter War, the Soviet POWs were returned to the USSR in accordance with the Moscow Peace Treaty. They were transported under heavy guard by the NKVD to special camps as suspected traitors. Prisoners were interrogated by 50 person research teams. After lengthy investigations about 500 of the prisoners were found guilty of high treason and sentenced to death. Some prisoners were released, but most of them, 4,354 men, were sentenced to five to eight years in labour camps (gulag). This would lead to the later death of some of the prisoners due to harsh camp conditions. Continuation War POWs Returned to the Soviet Union After the Continuation War, Finland handed over all Soviet and German prisoners of war in accordance with the 10th article of the Moscow Armistice. Furthermore, the article also stipulated the return of all Soviet nationals who were deported to Finland during the Continuation War. This meant that Finland also had to hand over all those who moved to Finland voluntarily, as well as those who fought in the ranks of the Finnish army against the Soviet union, though some had Finnish citizenship. The return to the Soviet Union was in many cases fatal for these people, as some of them were executed as traitors at the Soviet train station at Vyborg and some died in harsh camp conditions in Siberia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the survivors were allowed to return to Finland. Some of the Soviet prisoners of war co-operated with the Finns during the war. Before the end of the war all related Finnish archives, including interrogation documents relating to co-operating prisoners, were destroyed; and these POWs' destinations after the war are uncertain. Some of them were secretly transported by Finnish army personnel to Sweden and some continued on as far as the United States. The highest ranking Soviet prisoner of war was Major General Vladimir Kirpichnikov, who returned to the Soviet Union. He was tried, convicted of high treason, and executed in 1950. Legal position of Soviet POWs Finland had signed the 1907 Hague IV Convention in 1922 that covered the treatment of prisoners of war in detail. However, Finland announced that it could not completely obey the convention as the Soviet Union had not signed the same convention. The convention required ratification by both parties to the hostilities before going into effect. Finland did not sign the updated 1929 Third Geneva Convention, because it conflicted with some clauses of Finnish criminal law. Although the Soviet Union had not signed the Hague IV Convention, the reality was unclear and ambiguous. Soviet law specified that a Soviet soldier's surrender constituted treason which was punishable by death or imprisonment and seizure of the soldier's property. See also Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union East Karelian concentration camps War children § Soviet prisoners of war Notes References Citations Bibliography Category:Military history of the Soviet Union during World War II * Category:Finland–Soviet Union relations Category:Winter War Category:Continuation War

El Khasos 'Ain Shams El Sharkya () is a city in Cairo Governorate, Egypt. Category:Populated places in Cairo Governorate

The Necessary Beggar The Necessary Beggar is an adult science fiction novel written by Susan Palwick. Published on October 1, 2005 by Tor Books, it is the author's second novel. The book received the Alex Award in 2006 and was nominated for the Mythopoeic Fantasy Award in 2007. Plot The Necessary Beggar tells the story of alleged murderer Darroti and his family after he is exiled from the city of Lémabantunk in Gandiffri, a paradisaical land built on the central idea of community. Murder is the sole unforgivable crime in this world, and as Darroti is accused of murdering a mendicant (a holy beggar), his crimes are considered particularly egregious. Darroti's family follows him through the glowing doorway that leads to the randomly selected realm of his exile. They emerge at the entrance of an American refugee camp. Unable to speak the language or explain their origins, the family is prohibited from being officially admitted into the country but impossible to deport. The situation is made worse by the heightened xenophobia present in this year 2022 version of America. Faced with the guilt of his family’s exile, Darroti commits suicide to relieve his loved ones of his burden. Rather than be reincarnated in a new form as he would have been in his homeland, he becomes a ghost. To his dismay, his death throws his father into depression and embitters his other family members. He attempts to provide explanation by entering his father’s dreams, but his communications are interpreted as nightmares. Lisa and Stan, camp volunteers and evangelists, help the family adapt to the new culture. Zamatryna, one of Darroti’s nieces, is the quickest to adapt thanks to her high intelligence. When a bomb planted by an anti-immigration group explodes in the camp, Lisa helps the family escape under the guise of death. She allows them to live in the home inherited from her mother with the loose promise of payback at a later date. Zamatryna continues to flourish in school, convinced that education is the only way to make her family’s life easier, while the adults acquire work. She meets a boy named Jerry who slowly convinces her to consider her own desires and open up to those who wish to know her. The final push is made by Darroti when he manipulates the dreams of the more susceptible Jerry. Through Jerry, the family discovers that Darroti didn't murder the mendicant; she was in fact his lover, and under the impression that Darroti had been unfaithful, killed herself. With the truth now known, Darroti’s spirit is returned to Lémabantunk. Zama and Jerry marry so that she may gain citizenship and sponsor her family. Characters Darroti - Timbor's youngest child. Restless and impulsive, he was never quite as comfortable with life in Lémabantunk as the other members of the family. His displeasure with his place in life was expressed by excessive spending and alcoholism. It is when he locks himself in a friend's apartment to detox for his lover that she misinterprets his act of love as infidelity. Zamatryna - Eroloit and Harani's daughter. She arrives in the United States as a child and is unable to recall much of Lémabantunk. In addition to being highly intelligent, she assimilates to the new culture with the most ease. This results in the burden of the family's future being placed on her shoulders. Zama also carries a beetle into the U.S. which continually traces an X, the symbol of silence in Lémabantunk, which causes her to hide its existence. This beetle is the "murdered" mendicant in her reincarnated form. Timbor - the family's patriarch and the father of Eroloit, Darroti, and Macsofo. Their mother, Frella, died before the events of the story took place. In his move from Lémabantunk to America, TImbor transitions from carpet merchant to taxi driver. He is the only character to form a bond with Stan. Macsofo - the family member who harbors the most resentment towards Darroti and the situation that his alleged crime has put them in. He becomes short-tempered and verbally abusive to the point that his wife leaves the family home and takes the children with her. Gallicina - the mendicant Darroti is accused of murdering. It is unusual that she decides to become a mendicant, because it's normally a rite of passage reserved for men. In addition to being part of a protected class as a mendicant, she comes from a prestigious family which makes for a large class discrepancy between her and Darroti. Lisa's - Stan's wife. Her main occupation is helping Stan to grow the congregation of the small church that he operates from home. She is respectful of the family's culture and makes no overt attempts at converting them to Christianity. She served time in prison long ago. Stan - the pastor of a small, struggling church. He makes a concentrated effort to convert the family and considers the expression of their religion to be blasphemous. His portrayal of Christianity frightens the family making his efforts unsuccessful. Reception Publishers Weekly called the novel "a sharp meditation on refugees and displaced persons and a tragicomedy of cultural differences." References Category:2005 science fiction novels Category:American science fiction novels

Mellana Mellana is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. References Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database Category:Hesperiidae Category:Hesperiidae genera

Olev Vinn Olev Vinn (January 26, 1971) is Estonian paleobiologist and paleontologist. Vinn graduated from the biology class of Tallinn 3. Secondary School in 1989. He studied geology at the University of Tartu from 1989 to 1993. Vinn holds an M.Sc. degree in paleontology and stratigraphy from the University of Tartu in 1995 and a Ph.D. degree in geology from the same university in 2001. He is senior research fellow in paleontology at the University of Tartu since 2007. He has published more than 100 peer reviewed papers in international scientific journals. Taxonomic studies Vinn has described new genera and species of brachiopods, cornulitids, microconchids, serpulid polychaetes and trace fossils. He is a specialist of extinct tubicolous fossils. A microconchid species Microconchus vinni is named in honour of his taxonomic studies of tentaculitoid tubeworms. Biomineralization studies Vinn has described majority of annelid skeletal ultrastructures. Oriented tube structures are present in many serpulid species and cannot be explained by the standard carbonate slurry model. Vinn and his co-authors have hypothesized that oriented structures in serpulid tubes have been secreted in the same way as in mollusc shells, based on their ultrastructural similarity. Vinn and his co-authors proposed alternative ways to explain the calcified secretory granules described by Neff in the lumen of the calcium-secreting glands in serpulids. They proposed that worm actually produces calcium-saturated mucus in the glands. The mucus is then deposited on the tube aperture, where crystallization of the structure is controlled by an organic matrix, as in molluscs.The calcified granules in the glands may only be an artifact of fixation and formed after the death of the worm. Paleoecology studies Vinn has studied evolution of symbiosis in several groups of early invertebrates such as cornulitids, microconchids, bryozoans, brachiopods, crinoids, stromatoporoids, tabulates and rugosans. He has described serpulid faunas of Mesozoic to Recent hydrocarbon seeps. A Late Devonian coral species ?Michelinia vinni is named in honour of his contribution to knowledge of ecology of Palaeozoic bioconstructing organisms. A crinoid species name Hiiumaacrinus vinni recognizes his significant contributions to the Silurian paleontology of Estonia. Publications Some of Vinn's more important publications include: Vinn, O. and Mõtus, M.-A. 2012. Diverse early endobiotic coral symbiont assemblage from the Katian (Late Ordovician) of Baltica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 321–322, 137–141. References External links Estonian Science Portal ResearchGate Olev Vinn's publications Category:1971 births Category:Estonian paleontologists Category:Estonian geologists Category:Estonian biologists Category:People from Tallinn Category:University of Tartu alumni Category:Living people

Jianlin Cheng Jianlin Jack Cheng is the William and Nancy Thompson Missouri Distinguished Professor in the Computer Science Department at the University of Missouri, Columbia. He earned his PhD from the University of California-Irvine in 2006, his MS degree from Utah State University in 2001, and his BS degree from Huazhong University of Science and Technology in 1994. His research interests include bioinformatics, machine learning and data mining. His current research is focused on protein structure and function prediction, 3D genome structure modeling, biological network construction, and deep learning with applications to big data in biomedical domains. Dr. Cheng has more than 100 publications in the field of bioinformatics, computational biology, data mining and machine learning, which have been cited thousands of times according to Google Scholar statistics. His protein structure prediction methods (MULTICOM) supported by National Institute of Health were consistently ranked among the top methods during the last several rounds of the community-wide Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP). Dr. Cheng was a recipient of 2012 NSF CAREER award for his work on 3D genome structure modeling. Bibliography (selected recent publications) 1. X. Deng, J. Cheng. Enhancing HMM-Based Protein Profile-Profile Alignment with Structural Features and Evolutionary Coupling Information. BMC Bioinformatics. 15:252, 2014. paper 2. T. Jo, J. Cheng. Improving Protein Fold Recognition by Random Forest. BMC Bioinformatics. 15(S11):S14, 2014. paper 3. R. Cao, Z. Wang, Y. Wang, J. Cheng. SMOQ: a tool for predicting the absolute residue-specific quality of a single protein model with support vector machines. BMC Bioinformatics, 15:120, 2014. paper 4. T. Trieu, J. Cheng. Large-scale reconstruction of 3D structures of human chromosomes from chromosomal contact data. Nucleic Acids Research. 42(7):e52, 2014. paper 5. L. Sun, A.F. Johnson, J. Li, A.S. Lambdin, J. Cheng, J.A. Birchler. Differential effect of aneuploidy on the X chromosome and genes with sex-biased expression in Drosophila. Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences (P.N.A.S), USA. 110(41):16514-9, 2013. paper 6. M. Zhu, J. Dahmen, G. Stacey, J. Cheng. Predicting gene regulatory networks of soybean nodulation from RNA-Seq transcriptome data. BMC Bioinformatics. 14:278, 2013. paper 7. J. Eickholt, J. Cheng. A Study and Extension of DNcon: a Method for Protein Residue-Residue Contact Prediction Using Deep Networks. BMC Bioinformatics. 14(Suppl 14):S12, 2013. paper 8. D. Bhattacharya, J. Cheng. i3Drefine Software for Protein 3D Structure Refinement and its Assessment in CASP10. PLoS ONE. 8(7):e69648, 2013. paper 9. J. Eickholt, J. Cheng. DNdisorder: Predicting Protein Disorder Using Boosting and Deep Networks. BMC Bioinformatics. 14:88, 2013. paper 10. J. Li, X. Deng, J. Eickholt, J. Cheng. Designing and Benchmarking the MULTICOM Protein Structure Prediction System. BMC Structural Biology. 13:2, 2013. paper 11. Z. Wang, R. Cao, K. Taylor, A. Briley, C. Caldwell, J. Cheng. The Properties of Genome Conformation and Spatial Gene Interaction and Regulation Networks of Normal and Malignant Human Cell Types. PLoS ONE. 8(3):e58793, 2013. paper 12. P. Radivojac, W. Clark, T.B. Oron, A.M. Schnoes, T. Wittkop, A. Sokolov, K. Graim, C. Funk, K. Verspoor, A. Ben-Hur, G. Pandey, J.M. Yunes, A.S. Talwakar, S. Repo, M.L. Souza, D. Piovesan, R. Casadio, Z. Wang, J. Cheng, H. Fang, J. Gough, P. Koskinen, P. Toronen, J. Nokso-Koivisto, L. Holm, D. Cozzetto, D.W. Buchan, K. Bryson, D.T. Jones, B. Limaye, H. Inamdar, A. Datta, S.K. Manjari, R. Joshi, M. Chitale, D. Kihara, A.M. Lisewski, S. Erdin, E. Venner, O. Lichtarge, R. Rentzsch, H. Yang, A.E. Romero, P. Bhat, A. Paccanaro, T. Hamp, R. Kassner, S. Seemayer, E. Vicedo, C. Schaefer, D. Achten, F. Auer, A. Bohm, T. Braun, M. Hecht, M. Heron, P. Honigschmid, T. Hopf, S. Kaufmann, M. Kiening, D. Krompass, C. Landerer, Y. Mahlich, M. Roos, J. Bjorne, T. Salakoski, A. Wong, H. Shatkay, M.N. Wass, M.J.E. Sternberg, N. Skunca, F. Supek, M. Bosnjak, P. Panov, S. Dzeroski, T. Smuc, Y.A.I. Kourmpetis, A.D.J. van Dijk, C.J.F. ter Braak, Y. Zhou, Q. Gong, X. Dong, W. Tian, M. Falda, P. Fontana, E. Lavezzo, B.D. Camillo, S. Toppo, L. Lan, N. Djuric, Y. Guo, S. Vucetic, A. Bairoch, M. Linial, P.C. Babbitt, S.E. Brenner, C. Orengo, B. Rost, S.D. Mooney, I. Friedberg. A Large-Scale Evaluation of Computational Protein Function Prediction. Nature Methods. 10(13):221-7, 2013. paper 13. D. Bhattacharya, J. Cheng. 3DRefine: Consistent Protein Structure Refinement by Optimizing Hydrogen Bonding Network and Atomic Level Energy Minimization. Proteins, 81(1):119-31, 2013. paper 14. J. Eickholt, J. Cheng. Predicting Protein Residue-Residue Contacts Using Deep Networks and Boosting. Bioinformatics. 28(23):3066-3072, 2012. paper 15. M. Zhu, X. Deng, T. Joshi, D. Xu, G. Stacey, J. Cheng. Reconstructing Differentially Co-expressed Gene Modules and Regulatory Networks of Soybean Cells. BMC Genomics, 13:434, 2012. paper 16. J. Cheng, J. Li, Z. Wang, J. Eickholt, X. Deng. The MULTICOM Toolbox for Protein Structure Prediction. BMC Bioinformatics, 13:65, 2012. paper External links Dr. Cheng's Laboratory homepage. Category:American computer scientists Category:Living people Category:American scientists of Chinese descent Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

Conversations (Woman's Hour album) Conversations is the debut album by London-based group Woman's Hour. This album is mixture of indie pop, alternative and electronic pop. Adding swooning synths, clipped rhythms, and muted guitars, "Conversations" is new wave with a twist of some nocturnal R&B and soft disco. Track listing "Unbroken Sequence" (3:33) "Conversations" (3:20) "To the End" (4:27) "Darkest Place" (4:06) "In Stillness We Remain" (3:38) "Our Love Has No Rhythm" (4:27) "Her Ghost" (3:13) "Two Sides of You" (3:34) "Devotion" (4:23) "Reflections" (3:46) "The Day That Needs Defending" (3:32) References Category:2014 albums

9th Intelligence Squadron The United States Air Force's 9th Intelligence Squadron is an intelligence unit located at Beale Air Force Base, California. The 9th is associated with Lockheed U-2 and Distributed Common Ground System operations. The squadron was first active during World War II as the 9th Photographic Technical Unit, serving in the European Theater of Operations. The 9th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron was active from 1948 through 1950 and again from 1966 through 1991, primarily as the photographic interpretation unit of the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing. It was consolidated with the 9th Photographic Technical Unit in 1985 and the 9th Intelligence Squadron in 2009. Mission The 9th operates and maintains the $15M Deployable Shelterized System-Film, the Department of Defense's only mobile film processing capability, as part of the Air Force Distributed Common Ground System architecture. The unit also processes, exploits, and disseminates broad area, high-resolution imagery collected by the Lockheed U-2 to meet combatant commander requirements. History World War II The squadron was first organized in France during the fall of 1944 as the 9th Photographic Laboratory Section. The section would provide processing of reconnaissance photography for XXIX Tactical Air Command (Provisional). It continued this mission through V-E Day. It briefly acted as part of the army of occupation, returning to the United States in November 1945, where it was inactivated at the Port of Embarkation. Strategic reconnaissance support The second predecessor of the squadron was activated in July 1948 as the 12th Photographic Technical Squadron at Topeka Air Force Base, Kansas, where it was assigned to the 311th Air Division, which was the primary reconnaissance headquarters for Strategic Air Command (SAC). In 1949, SAC reorganized its reconnaissance assets, assigning the squadron to the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing and moving it to Fairfield-Suisun Air Force Base, California as the 9th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron. On 1 April 1950, however, the 9th Wing mission changed from long-range reconnaissance to strategic bombardment. Ten days later, the 9th Squadron moved to Rapid City Air Force Base, South Dakota, where it was assigned to the 28th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing. It was inactivated at the end of the month, with its assets forming the cadre for the 28th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron. The squadron was again organized in late June 1966, at Beale Air Force Base, California, where it absorbed the mission, personnel and equipment of the 4203d Reconnaissance Technical Squadron, which was discontinued the same day. The squadron processed reconnaissance products produced by the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing's Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird and, later, Lockheed U-2 Dragon Ladys until inactivating in July 1991. Intelligence The 9th Intelligence Support Squadron was activated at Beale in September 1991, the same day its predecessor was inactivated, assuming much of its mission, equipment and personnel. The squadron dropped "support" from its name in 2003, and in July 2009, the two squadrons were consolidated. Lineage 9th Photographic Technical Unit Constituted as the 9th Photographic Laboratory Section on 25 August 1944 Activated on 5 September 1944 Redesignated 9th Photographic Technical Unit on 13 October 1944 Inactivated on 4 October 1945 Consolidated with the 9th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron as the 9th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron on 16 October 1984 9th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron Constituted as the 12th Photographic Technical Squadron on 29 June 1948 Activated on 19 July 1948 Redesignated 9th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron on 4 March 1949 Inactivated on 1 May 1950 Activated on 18 May 1966 (not organized) Organized on 25 June 1966 Consolidated with the 9th Photographic Technical Unit on 16 October 1984 Inactivated on 1 September 1991 Consolidated with the 9th Intelligence Squadron as the 9th Intelligence Squadron on 21 July 2009 9th Intelligence Squadron Constituted as the 9th Intelligence Support Squadron on 29 August 1991 Activated on 1 September 1991 Redesignated 9 Intelligence Squadron on 9 January 2003 Consolidated with the 9th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron on 21 July 2009 Assignments Ninth Air Force, 5 September 1944 (attached to XXIX Tactical Air Command (Provisional) after 5 November 1944) IX Fighter Command, 1 December 1944 (attached to XXIX Tactical Air Command (Provisional)) 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 18 May 1945 XII Tactical Air Command, 5 August–4 Oct 1945 311th Air Division, 19 July 1948 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (later 9 Bombardment Wing), 1 June 1949 28th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, 10 April–1 May 1950 Strategic Air Command, 18 May 1966 (not organized) 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, 25 June 1966 – 1 September 1991 9th Operations Group, 1 September 1991 548th Intelligence Group, 1 December 2003 – present Stations Chantilly, Oise, France, 5 September 1944 Le Culot Airfield (Y-10), France [sic], 1 December 1944 Belgium, 16 February 1945 Gutersloh-Marienfelde Airfield (Y-99), Germany, 16 April 1945 Wiesbaden-Erbenheim Airfield (Y-80), Germany, 31 May 1945 Eschwege Airfield (R-11), Germany, 31 July–26 September 1945 Boston Port of Embarkation, Massachusetts, 3-4 October 1945 Topeka Air Force Base, Kansas, 19 July 1948 Fairfield-Suisun Air Force Base, California, 1 June 1949 Rapid City Air Force Base, South Dakota, 10 April–1 May 1950 Beale Air Force Base, California, 25 June 1966 – 1 September 1991 Beale Air Force Base, California, 1 Sep 1991 – present References Notes Explanatory notes Citations Bibliography Cate gory:Military units and formations in California 0009

Zimbabwe 'A' Level Top 100 Schools 2014 This is a list of the top 100 'A' level schools in Zimbabwe in 2014. References Category:Zimbabwe education-related lists Category:2014 in Zimbabwe

2004 Tuvalu A-Division The 2004 season of the Tuvalu A-Division was the fourth season of association football competition. The title was won by Lakena United, their first title and the first time the league was won by a team other than FC Niutao. References Category:Tuvalu A-Division seasons Tuvalu football

News broadcasting News broadcasting is the medium of broadcasting of various news events and other information via television, radio, or internet in the field of broadcast journalism. The content is usually either produced locally in a radio studio or television studio newsroom, or by a broadcast network. It may also include additional material such as sports coverage weather forecasts, traffic reports, commentary, and other material that the broadcaster feels is relevant to their audience. Television news Television news refers to disseminating current events via the medium of television. A "news bulletin" or a "newscast" are television programs lasting from seconds to hours that provide updates on international, national, regional, and/or local news events. There are numerous providers of broadcast news content such as BBC News, NBC News, CNN, Fox News Channel, and Al Jazeera, as well as numerous programs that regularly provide this content such as NBC Nightly News. In addition to general news outlets, there are specialized news outlets, for example about sports ESPNews, Fox Sports News, and Eurosport News, as well as finances, including CNBC, Bloomberg Television, and Fox Business Network. Television news is very visually-based, showing video footage of many of the events that are reported; still photography is also used in reporting news stories, although not as much in recent years as in the early days of broadcast television. Television channels may provide news bulletins as part of a regularly scheduled news program. Less often, television shows may be interrupted or replaced by breaking news reports ("news flashes") to provide news updates on events of great importance. Radio news Radio news is similar to television news, but is transmitted through the medium of the radio instead. It is based on the audio aspect rather than the visual aspect. Sound bites are captured through various reporters (generally through audio capture devices such as tape recorders) and played back through the radio. News updates occur more often on radio than on television – usually about once or twice an hour. Structure, content, and style Television Newscasts, also known as bulletins or news program(me)s, differ in content, tone, and presentation style depending on the format of the channel/station on which they appear, and their timeslot. In most parts of the world, national television networks will have bulletins featuring national and international news. The top-rated shows will often air in the evening during "prime time", but there are also morning newscasts of two to three hours in length. Rolling news channels broadcast news content 24 hours a day. The advent of the internet has allowed the regular 24-hour-a-day presentation of many video and audio news reports, which are updated when additional information becomes available; many television broadcasters provide content originally provided on-air as well as exclusive or supplementary news content on their websites. Local news may be presented by standalone local television stations, stations affiliated with national networks or by local studios which "opt-out" of national network programming at specified points. Different news programming may be aimed at different audiences, depending on age, socio-economic group, or those from particular sections of society. "Magazine-style" television shows (or newsmagazines) may mix news coverage with topical lifestyle issues, debates, or entertainment content. Public affairs programs provide analysis of and interviews about political, social, and economic issues. News programs feature one or two (sometimes, three) anchors (or presenters, the terminology varies depending on the world) segueing into news stories filed by a reporter (or correspondent) by describing the story to be shown; however, some stories within the broadcast are read by the presenter themselves; in the former case, the anchor "tosses" to the reporter to introduce the featured story; likewise, the reporter "tosses" back to the anchor once the taped report has concluded and the reporter provides additional information. Often in situations necessitating long-form reporting on a story (usually during breaking news situations), the reporter is interviewed by the anchor, known as a 'two-way', or a guest involved in or offering analysis on the story is interviewed by a reporter or anchor. There may also be breaking news stories which will present live rolling coverage. Television news organizations employ several anchors and reporters to provide reports (as many as ten anchors, and up to 20 reporters for local news operations or up to 30 for national news organizations). They may also employ specialty reporters that focus on reporting certain types of news content (such as traffic or entertainment), meteorologists or weather anchors (the latter term often refers to weather presenters that do not have degrees in meteorology earned at an educational institution) who provide weather forecasts – more common in local news and on network morning programs – and sports presenters that report on ongoing, concluded, or upcoming sporting events. Packages will usually be filmed at a relevant location and edited in an editing suite in a newsroom or a remote contribution edit suite in a location some distance from the newsroom. They may also be edited in mobile editing vans, or satellite vans or trucks (such as electronic news gathering vehicles), and transmitted back to the newsroom. Live coverage will be broadcast from a relevant location and sent back to the newsroom via fixed cable links, microwave radio, production truck, satellite truck, or via online streaming. Roles associated with television news include a technical director, floor director audio technician, and a television crew of operators running character graphics (CG), teleprompters, and professional video cameras. Most news shows are broadcast live. Radio Radio news broadcasts can range from as little as one minute to as much as the station's entire schedule, such as the case of all-news radio, or talk radio. Stations dedicated to news or talk content will often feature newscasts, or bulletins, usually at the top of the hour, usually between three and eight minutes in length. They can be a mix of local, regional, national, and international news, as well as sport, entertainment, weather, and traffic reports, or they may be incorporated into separate bulletins. There may also be shorter bulletins at the bottom of the hour, or three at 15-minute intervals, or two at 20-minute intervals. All-news radio stations exist in some countries (most commonly in North America), primarily located in major metropolitan areas such as Chicago, Los Angeles, New York City, and Toronto, which often broadcast local, national, and international news and feature stories on a set time schedule (sometimes known as a "wheel" format, which schedules the presentation of certain segments focused on a specific type of news content at a specific point each hour). News broadcasting by country Canada Terrestrial television Unlike in the United States, most Canadian television stations have license requirements (enforced by the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission) to offer locally produced newscasts (or any local programming, for that matter) in some form. Educational television stations are exempt from these requirements as are multicultural television stations, however some stations licensed as multicultural outlets do produce local newscasts in varied languages (such as the Omni Television station group). Canadian television stations normally broadcast newscasts between two and four times a day: usually at noon; 5:00, 5:30, and 6:00 p.m. in the evening, and 11:00 p.m. (there are some variations to this: stations affiliated with CTV usually air their late evening newscasts at 11:30 p.m., due to the scheduling of the network's national evening news program CTV National News at 11:00 p.m. in all time zones; most CBC Television-owned stations formerly carried a 10-minute newscast at 10:55 p.m., following The National, these were expanded to a half-hour and moved to 11:00 p.m. during the fall of 2012). Some stations carry morning newscasts (usually starting at 5:30 or 6:00 a.m., and ending at 9:00 a.m.). Unlike in the United States, primetime newscasts in the 10:00 p.m. timeslot are relatively uncommon (three Global owned-and-operated stations in Manitoba and Saskatchewan – CKND-DT, CFSK-DT, and CFRE-DT – and Victoria, British Columbia independent station CHEK-DT are the only television stations in the country carrying a primetime newscast); conversely, pre-5:00 a.m. local newscasts are also uncommon in Canada, Hamilton, Ontario independent station CHCH-DT, whose weekdaily programming consists largely of local news, is currently the only station in the country that starts its weekday morning newscasts before 5:30 a.m. (the station's morning news block begins at 4:00 a.m. on weekdays). Like with U.S. television, many stations use varied titles for their newscasts; this is particularly true with owned-and-operated stations of Global and City (Global's stations use titles based on daypart such as News Hour for the noon and early evening newscasts and News Final for 11:00 p.m. newscasts, while all six City-owned broadcast stations produce morning news/talk programs under the umbrella title Breakfast Television and its flagship station CITY-DT/Toronto's evening newscasts are titled CityNews). Overall umbrella titles for news programming use the titling schemes "(Network or system name) News" for network-owned stations or "(Callsign) News" for affiliates not directly owned by a network or television system (although the latter title scheme was used on some network-owned stations prior to the early 2000s). CBC Television, Global, and CTV each produce national evening newscasts (The National, Global National and CTV National News, respectively), which unlike the American network newscasts do not compete with one another in a common timeslot; while Global National airs at the same early evening time slot as the American evening network newscasts, The Nationals 10:00 p.m. Eastern Time slot competes against primetime entertainment programming on the private broadcast networks, while CTV National News airs against locally produced 11:00 p.m. newscasts on other stations. The National, which has aired on CBC Television since 1954, is the longest-running national network newscast in Canada. All three networks also produce weekly newsmagazines: CBC's The Fifth Estate (aired since 1975), Global's 16x9 (aired since 2008), and CTV's W5 (aired since 1966 and currently the longest-running network newsmagazine in Canada). CTV's Canada AM, which has aired since 1975, is the sole national morning news program on broadcast television in Canada, although it has since been relegated to semi-national status as most CTV owned-and-operated stations west of the Ontario-Manitoba border dropped the program during the summer and fall of 2011 in favor of locally produced morning newscasts. The Sunday morning talk show is relatively uncommon on Canadian television; for many years, the closest program having similarities to the format was CTV's news and interview series Question Period; Global would eventually debut the political affairs show The West Block in November 2011, which closely follows the format. Cable television Canada is host to several 24-hour cable news channels, consisting of domestically-operated cable channels and news channels operated outside Canada or North America. Domestic national news channels include CTV News Channel and Sun News Network, which offer general news programming; Business News Network, which carries business news; and The Weather Network, which offers national and local forecasts. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation operates two national news networks: the English-language CBC News Network and the French-language Réseau de l'information (RDI). Other Canadian specialty news channels broadcasting in French include general news networks Argent and Le Canal Nouvelles, and MétéoMédia, a French-language sister to The Weather Network. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission authorizes carriage of some cable channels from foreign countries on domestic cable and satellite operators provided that they are linked to a Canadian network. Amongst news channels, all four major U.S. cable news networks: CNN, HLN, MSNBC, and Fox News Channel are available on most providers, along with channels from outside North America such as Al Jazeera English from Qatar, BBC World News from the United Kingdom, Deutsche Welle from Germany, and RT from Russia. Regionally-based news channels are fairly uncommon in Canada in comparison to the United States. Two 24-hour regional news channels currently exist in the country: the Toronto-centered CP24 and the Vancouver-focused Global News: BC 1 (although CHCH-DT, a general entertainment station with a rolling daytime news block on weekdays (currently from 4:00 a.m.-4:30 p.m.) that has existed since August 2009 and hour-long local newscasts nightly at 6:00 and 11:00 p.m., serves as a de facto regional news channel for Southern Ontario's Golden Horseshoe region); CityNews Channel formerly operated as a competitor to CP24, although that channel shut down after a year-and-a-half of operation in May 2013. United States Broadcast television Local newscasts Local TV stations in the United States normally broadcast local news three to four times a day on average: commonly airing at 4:30, 5:00, 5:30, or 6:00 a.m.; noon; 5:00 and 6:00 p.m. in the early evening; and 10:00 or 11:00 p.m. Some stations carry morning newscasts at 4:00, 7:00, 8:00, or 9:00 a.m., midday newscasts at 11:00 or 11:30 a.m., late afternoon newscasts at 4:00 or 4:30 p.m., or early evening newscasts at 5:30 or 6:30 p.m. Many Fox affiliates, affiliates of minor networks (such as The CW and MyNetworkTV), and independent stations air newscasts in the final hour of primetime (i.e., 10:00 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific time zones or 9:00 p.m. in the Mountain and Central time zones in the U.S.). Stations that produce local newscasts typically broadcast as little as one to as much over twelve hours of local news on weekdays and as little as one hour to as much as seven hours on weekends; news programming on weekends are typically limited to morning and evening newscasts as the variable scheduling of network sports programming (if a station is affiliated with a network with a sports division) usually prevents most stations from carrying midday newscasts (however a few stations located in the Eastern and Pacific time zones do produce weekend midday newscasts). From the 1940s to the 1960s, broadcast television stations typically provided local news programs only one to two times each evening for 15 minutes (the normal length for many locally produced programs at the time); usually these programs aired as supplements to network-supplied evening news programs or leadouts for primetime programming. Reports featured on local and national television newscasts during this time were generally provided via film or still photography; eventually, videotape began to be used to provide live coverage of news events. The 1950s also saw the first use of airborne newsgathering; most notably, in 1958, Los Angeles television station KTLA began operating the "Telecopter", a helicopter equipped for newsgathering use that was the most advanced airborne television broadcast device of its time. The modern-day coverage of major breaking news events came to fruition following the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963; the news of Kennedy's death was first announced by Eddie Barker, the news director at KRLD-TV (now KDFW) in Dallas, who passed along word from an official at Parkland Hospital; Barker's scoop appeared live simultaneously on CBS and ABC as a result of a local press pool arrangement. Many local and national news organizations such as Dallas station WFAA-TV and CBS News provided continuous coverage of the events and aftermath for five days. The November 24, 1963 assassination of Kennedy's accused killer Lee Harvey Oswald by Jack Ruby was fed to NBC by a remote unit on loan to its Dallas affiliate WBAP-TV (now KXAS-TV) from competitor KTVT, and was the first murder to have been witnessed live on U.S. network television. The coverage provided by the local stations eventually led to further investments and technological developments to provide real-time news; newsgathering vehicles equipped with satellites began to be used on the local and national levels beginning in the 1970s. During the 1960s and 1970s, many stations began to provide additional news programming, beginning with midday news programs; in the late 1970s, the first local morning news programs debuted. Additional changes in local news content came during the 1980s and 1990s; in January 1989, WSVN in Miami became the first to adopt a news-intensive programming format; rather than fill its schedule with syndicated content as other Fox stations did at the time it joined that network, Ed Ansin (owner of WSVN parent Sunbeam Television) chose instead to heavily invest in the station's news department, and replace national newscasts and late-prime time network programs vacated as a result of losing its NBC affiliation (the byproduct of an affiliation switch caused by CBS and WSVN's former network partner NBC buying other stations in the market) with additional newscasts. This model was eventually replicated by many other stations affiliated with the post-1986 television networks as well as some news-producing independent stations (beginning with Fox's 1994 deals with New World Communications and SF Broadcasting that saw several major network stations change their affiliations), and also resulted in even NBC, CBS, and ABC affiliates adopting similar scheduling formats (tweaked to account for the larger amount of network programming that those networks carry). In 1990, WEWS-TV in Cleveland conceived a concept known as the "24-Hour News Source" (which has its origins in a news format used by short-lived Boston independent station WXPO-TV when it signed on in 1969), in which supplementary 30-second long news updates were produced at or near the top of each hour outside regular long-form newscasts during local commercial break inserts shown within network and syndicated programming. The format spread to other U.S. television stations (most notably, WISH-TV in Indianapolis, one of the few remaining users of the concept), most of which eventually disposed of the hourly update format by the early 2000s. Since the early 1990s, independent stations and stations affiliated with a non-Big Three network have entered into "news share agreements," in which news production is outsourced to a major network station (usually an affiliate of ABC, NBC, or CBS), often to avoid shouldering the cost of starting a news department from scratch or because of a lack of studio space. These commonly involve Fox, CW, and MyNetworkTV affiliates (and previously affiliate stations of the now-defunct predecessors of the latter two networks, The WB and UPN) and in some cases, independent stations; however such agreements exist in certain markets between two co-owned/co-managed Big Three affiliates. News share agreements are most common with stations co-owned with a larger network affiliate or whose operations are jointly managed through a shared service or local marketing agreement. In cases where a station with an existing news department enters into a news share agreement, it will result either the two departments merging or the outright conversion of newscast production from in-house to outsourced production. Minor network affiliates involved in news share agreements will often carry far fewer hours of local newscasts than would be conceivable with an in-house news department to avoid competition with the outsourcing partner's own newscasts, as a result, minor network affiliates involved in these NSAs often will carry a morning newscast from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. (in competition with the national network newscasts instead of airing competing with the Big Three affiliates' newscasts) or a primetime newscast at 10:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific or 9:00 p.m. Central and Mountain Time, with limited to no newscasts in other traditional news time periods (midday, late afternoon, or early evening). Because of the increased presence of duopolies and outsourcing agreements since the early 2000s, the number of minor network affiliates and independent stations that produce their own newscasts has markedly decreased compared to when duopolies were barred under Federal Communications Commission rules prior to 2000 (as of 2013, there are at least 15 minor network affiliates or independent stations that produce their own local newscasts, most are located within the 20 largest U.S. media markets). Duopolies and outsourcing agreements have also affected Fox stations in a similar manner; although Fox is considered to be a major network on the same level as NBC, ABC, and CBS and has urged its affiliates since the early 1990s to broadcast local news, about half of its stations broadcast local news programming through news share agreements with many of the remainder operating their own news departments. Several stations affiliated with Spanish-language networks (such as Univision and Telemundo) also broadcast their own newscasts, these stations often produce a substantially lower weekly newscast output compared to its English-language counterparts (usually limited to half-hour broadcasts in the evening, and often airing only on weeknights). Unlike international broadcast stations which tend to brand under uniform newscast titles based solely on network affiliation, U.S. television stations tend to use varying umbrella titles for their newscasts; some title their newscasts utilizing the station's on-air branding (such as combining the network affiliation and channel number with the word "News"), others use franchised brand names (like Eyewitness News, Action News and NewsChannel) for their news programming. Conversely, the naming conventions for a station's newscast are sometimes used as a universal on-air branding for the station itself, and may be used for general promotional purposes, even used in promoting syndicated and network programming (such as KFOR-TV in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, which uses the uniform news and general branding NewsChannel 4). Many stations title their newscasts with catchy names like Daybreak, Good Morning (city or region name), First at Four, Live at Five, Eleven @ 11:00, or Nightcast. These names are intended to set one station apart from the rest, especially for viewers who are chosen for audience measurement surveys. If the respondent was unable to provide a channel number or call letters, the newscast title is often enough for the appropriate station to receive Nielsen ratings credit. Network world news programs The Big Three broadcast television networks produce morning and evening national newscasts. These newscasts are focused on world news, national news, and sometimes local news items that have some national significance. (America This Morning, Good Morning America, and ABC World News are broadcast by ABC, CBS broadcasts the CBS Morning News, CBS This Morning, and the CBS Evening News, and NBC produces Early Today, Today, and NBC Nightly News) as well as weekly newsmagazine series (NBC's Dateline; ABC's 20/20 and Nightline; and CBS's CBS News Sunday Morning, 48 Hours, and 60 Minutes). Network morning newscasts usually air at 7:00 a.m. (English-language network morning shows air live in the Eastern Time Zone and tape delayed for the remaining time zones, while the Spanish-language morning shows air live in the Eastern, Central, and Mountain time zones and are tape delayed in the Pacific Time Zone); network evening newscasts usually are broadcast live at 6:30 p.m. on the East Coast and broadcast live in both the Eastern and Central Time Zones, with a secondary live broadcast (otherwise known as a 'Western Edition") at 6:30 p.m. Pacific Time. Today was the first morning news program to be broadcast on American television and in the world, when it debuted on January 14, 1952; the earliest national evening news program was The Walter Compton News, a short-lived 15-minute newscast that aired on the DuMont Television Network from 1947 to 1948. All four major English networks and the two largest Spanish networks also carry political talk programs on Sunday mornings (NBC's Meet the Press, ABC's This Week, CBS' Face the Nation, Fox's sole news program Fox News Sunday, Univision's Al Punto, and Telemundo's Enfoque); of these programs, Meet the Press holds the distinction of being the longest-running American television program as it has aired since November 6, 1947. The U.S. is one of the few countries in which broadcast networks provide overnight or early morning national news programs, in addition to those airing in the morning and early evening. CBS and ABC are currently the only networks that produce overnight news programs on weeknights in the form of Up to the Minute and World News Now, respectively; NBC previously produced overnight newscasts at different times, both of which have since been cancelled: NBC News Overnight from 1982 to 1983, and NBC Nightside from 1991 to 1998 (NBC currently does not offer a late night newscast, although the network currently airs rebroadcasts of the fourth hour of Today, and sister network CNBC's Mad Money on weeknights). Spanish-language news programs are provided by Univision, which produces early and late evening editions of its flagship evening news program Noticiero Univision seven nights a week (and was the only nightly newscast on the major Spanish networks until Telemundo resumed its weekend newscasts in October 2014), along with weekday afternoon newsmagazine Primer Impacto and weekday morning program Despierta America); Telemundo, which has a daily flagship evening newscast Noticiero Telemundo, along with weekday morning program Un Nuevo Día and weekday afternoon newsmagazine Al Rojo Vivo; MundoFox, which produces the weekday-only flagship newscast Noticias MundoFox, along with a weekday afternoon newsmagazine MundoFox ¡Y Ya!; Estrella TV, which produces the weekday-only flagship news program Noticiero Estrella TV and the primetime newscast Cierre de Edición; and Azteca América, which produces morning, early and late evening newscasts on weekdays under the umbrella title Hechos. In the cases of Univision and Telemundo, both of their evening news programs compete with national evening news programs on their English-language competitors. Fox, The CW, and MyNetworkTV do not produce national morning and evening news programs (although Fox made a brief attempt at a morning program from 1996 to 1997 with Fox After Breakfast; many CW and MyNetworkTV affiliates and independent stations air the syndicated news program The Daily Buzz, while some Tribune Broadcasting-owned CW and MyNetworkTV stations air a similar program called EyeOpener). Cable television 24-hour news channels are devoted to current events around the clock. They are often referred to as cable news channels. The originator of this format from which the name derives is CNN (which following its 1980 launch, spun off other national and international networks using the brand such as CNN International, CNN en Español, and CNN-IBN), originally standing for Cable News Network in reference to the then-new phenomenon of cable television. As satellite and other forms of television have evolved, the term "cable news" has become something of an anachronism, but is still in common use; many other television channels have since been established, such as BBC World News, BBC News Channel, Sky News, Al Jazeera, Newsmax TV, ABC News 24, France 24, STAR News, Fox News Channel, and MSNBC. Some news channels specialize even further, such as ESPNews (sports news; sister channel to ESPN); The Weather Channel (weather, although its status as a specialty news channel has become ambiguous due to its recent incorporation of non-news entertainment programming) and WeatherNation (weather); CNBC, Bloomberg Television, and Fox Business Network (financial news). Conversely, several cable news channels exist that carry news reports specifically geared toward a particular metropolitan area, region, or state such as New York City's NY1 (which focuses on the entire New York metropolitan area) and News 12 Networks (which serves portions of the area outside Manhattan), Orlando's News 13 (which is also carried in areas surrounding Greater Orlando), Tampa, Florida's Bay News 9, and Washington, D.C.'s NewsChannel 8. These channels are usually owned by a local cable operator and are distributed solely through cable television and IPTV system operators. Some broadcast television stations also operate cable channels (some of which are repeated through digital multicasting) that air the station's local newscasts in the form of live simulcasts from the television station, with rebroadcasts of the newscasts airing in time periods between the live broadcasts. A term which has entered common parlance to differentiate cable news from traditional news broadcasts is network news, in reference to the traditional television networks on which such broadcasts air. A classic example is the cable news channel MSNBC, which overlaps with (and, in the case of very significant breaking news events, pre-empts) its network counterpart NBC News; in some cases, viewers may have trouble differentiating between the cable channel and either a counterpart network news organization or a local news operation, such as is the case with Fox News Channel and the Fox network's owned-and-operated stations and affiliates (most of which use the Fox (channel #) News brand for their newscasts), due to the network's controversially perceived conservative-leaning political content that differs from the Fox broadcast stations' independent and generally nonpartisan reporting. Most U.S. cable news networks do not air news programming 24 hours a day, often filling late afternoon, primetime, and late night hours with news-based talk programs, documentaries, and other specialty programming. Radio More often, AM radio stations will air a 6½-minute newscast at the top of the hour, which can be either a local report, a national report from a radio network such as CBS Radio, CNN Radio, NPR, Fox News Radio, or ABC News Radio, or a mix of both local and national content, including weather and traffic reports. Some stations also air a two-minute report at the bottom of the hour. FM stations, unless they feature a talk radio format, usually only air an abbreviated weather forecast. Some also air minute-long news capsules featuring a quick review of events, and usually only in drive time periods or in critical emergencies, since FM stations usually focus more on playing music. Traffic reports also air on FM stations, depending on the market. In some countries, radio news content may be syndicated by a website or company to many stations in a particular region or even the entire country. A notable example is Israel, where there are groups of radio stations that broadcast the same hourly news capsule by an Israeli news website and television station. There are currently two groups of local Israeli stations: one broadcasts news from YNET, the other broadcasts them from Channel 10. Israeli Army Radio general public stations broadcast the same news capsule every hour, and IBA's Kol Israel stations broadcast theirs. See also List of news channels Template:Japanese television networks Television news music package List of news presenters United States cable news United States television news Television news screen layout Live streaming world news Footnotes Further reading Charles L. Ponce de Leon, That's the Way It Is: A History of Television News in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015. Category:Broadcast journalism Broadcasting Broadcasting Category:Television terminology

Ballymena Ballymena (, ) is a town in County Antrim, and the eighth largest in Northern Ireland. It is part of the Borough of Mid and East Antrim. It had a population of 29,551 people at the 2011 Census. The town is built on land given to the Adair family by King Charles I in 1626, on the basis that the town holds two annual fairs and a free Saturday market in perpetuity. , the Saturday market still runs. It is a popular shopping hub within Northern Ireland and is home to Ballymena United F.C. Ballymena incorporates an area of and is home to large villages such as Cullybackey, Galgorm, Ahoghill and Broughshane. The town used to host Ireland's largest one-day agricultural show at the Ballymena Showgrounds. The town centre has many historic buildings. The Town Hall was built in 1924 on the site of the old Market House, and was refurbished in 2007 at a cost of roughly £20 million. History Early history The recorded history of the Ballymena area dates to the Early Christian period from the 5th to the 7th centuries. Ringforts are found in the townland of Ballykeel and a site known as Camphill Fort in the townland of Ballee may also have been of this type. There are a number of souterrain sites within a radius of the centre of Ballymena. north in the townland of Kirkinriola, the ancient parish church and graveyard possess several indicators of Early Christian settlement, including a souterrain. Also in 1868, a gravedigger found a large stone slab on which was carved a cross with the inscription ord do degen. This refers to Bishop Degen, who lived in Ireland during the 7th century. This stone is now in the porch of St. Patrick's Church of Ireland, at the end of Castle Street. At the end of the 5th century, a church was founded in Connor, south of Ballymena. This was followed by a monastery at Templemoyle, Kells. In 831, however, the Norse invaded the Ballymena area and burned the church. In the 12th century, the Normans conquered much of County Antrim and County Down after having taken over England the century before. They created the core of the Earldom of Ulster. During this campaign, they built great mounds of earth topped by wooden towers, referred to as mottes, as defensive structures. The Harryville (Ulster-Scots: Herrieville) area's motte-and-bailey is one of the best examples of this type of fortification in Northern Ireland. Some sources, however, credit the Uí Fhloinn with building the mid-Antrim mottes and baileys in imitation of the invaders; the Uí Fhloinn defeated and repelled the Earl of Ulster, John de Courcy, in 1177 and 1178. In 1315, Edward Bruce (brother of King Robert I of Scotland, known as "Robert Bruce") invaded Ireland. On 10 September 1315, at the Battle of Tawnybrack ( south of Ballymena at Kells), Edward conquered the army of Richard De Burgo, the Norman Earl of Ulster. Post-medieval In 1576, Queen Elizabeth I granted land, including the town of Ballymena, to Sir Thomas Smith. The lands had been forfeited to the crown after Shane O'Neill's resistance in the 1560s. Smith brought English settlers to the area, among the first pioneers in planting English and Scots settlers in Ireland. By 1581, Smith's settlement failed and the lands reverted to the crown. On 10 May 1607, King James I granted the native Irish chief, Ruairí Óg MacQuillan the Ballymena Estate. The estate passed through several owners, eventually passing into the possession of William Adair, a Scottish laird from Kinhilt in southwestern Scotland. The estate was temporarily renamed "Kinhilstown" after Adair's lands in Scotland. The original castle of Ballymena was built in the early 17th century, situated to take advantage of an ancient ford at the River Braid. In 1626 Charles I confirmed the grant of the Ballymena Estate to William Adair, giving him the right to hold a market at Ballymena on every Saturday. He hired local Irish as workers on the estate; they served as tenant farmers for much of the next two centuries and more. In 1641, the local Ballymena garrison were defeated by Irish rebels in the battle of Bundooragh. Ballymena's first market house (on the site of the present town hall) was built in 1684. In 1690, the Duke of Württemberg, a Williamite general, used Galgorm Castle as his headquarters. Sir Robert Adair raised a Regiment of Foot for King William III and fought at the Battle of the Boyne. By 1704, the population of Ballymena had reached 800. In 1707, the first Protestant (Church of Ireland) parish church was built. In 1740, the original Ballymena Castle burned down. The Gracehill Moravian settlement was founded in 1765. During the 1798 rebellion, Ballymena was occupied from 7 to 9 June by a force of around 10,000 United Irishmen. They stormed the Market House (now the Town Hall), killing three of its defenders. The first modern Roman Catholic Church in Ballymena was consecrated in 1827. By 1834 the population of Ballymena was about 4,000. In 1848 the Belfast and Ballymena Railway was established. In 1865 Robert Alexander Shafto Adair (late Baron Waveney) started building Ballymena Castle, a magnificent family residence, in the Demesne. The castle was not completed until 1887. In 1870 The People's Park was established. Twentieth century In 1900, Ballymena assumed urban status. Under the provisions of the Irish Land Act of 1903, the Adairs disposed of most of their Ballymena estate to the occupying tenants in 1904. The "old" town hall building, which also contained the post office and estate office, burned down in 1919. Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI) laid the cornerstone to the new town hall on 24 July 1924, and it was officially opened on 20 November 1928. The Urban District Council petitioned for borough status and the Charter was granted in December 1937. The first meeting of councillors as a borough Council was held on 23 May 1939. The population of Ballymena reached 13,000. Ballymena Castle was demolished in the 1950s. In 1973, the Urban and Rural District Councils were merged to create Ballymena Borough Council. Following local government reoganisation in 2015, the Borough Council was merged with the Boroughs of Carrickfergus Borough Council and Larne Borough Council. During the Second World War, Ballymena was home to a large number of evacuees from Gibraltar. They were housed with local families. In the 1950s St Patrick's Barracks in Ballymena was the Regimental Training Depot of the Royal Ulster Rifles (83rd & 86th). Many young men who had been conscripted on the United Kingdom mainland, along with others who had volunteered for service in the British Army, embarked upon their period of basic training in the Regimental Depot, prior to being posted to the regular regimental battalions. Many of these young men were to serve in Korea, Cyprus and with the British Army of the Rhine. In 1968 due to a series of government austerity measures, the remaining three Irish regiments, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers (27th) Royal Ulster Rifles (83rd & 86th) and the Royal Irish Fusiliers (89th) merged to become the Royal Irish Rangers. Early in the 1990s the Royal Irish Regiment, whose Regimental Headquarters was at St Patrick's Barracks, was granted the Freedom of the Borough. Like other towns in Northern Ireland, Ballymena was affected by the Troubles, a lengthy period of religious and partisan tensions and armed confrontations from the 1960s through 1998. A total of eleven people were killed in or near the town by the IRA and various loyalist groups. During the later half of the 20th century, Ballymena, like many other once prosperous industrial centres in Northern Ireland, experienced economic change and industrial restructuring; many of its former factories closed. Since the 2010s Ballymena has seen a decline in its retail and manufacturing sectors. Both Michelin and JTI have left the area. Local firm Wrightbus is also struggling citing a downturn in orders. It is hoped that the creation of a manufacturing hub at the former Michelin site will attract businesses to the area. In March 2000, the actor Liam Neeson, a native of Ballymena, was offered the freedom of the borough by the council, which approved the action by a 12–9 vote. The Democratic Unionist Party objected to the offer and drew attention to his comments from an interview in 1999 with an American political magazine, George. Neeson declined the award, citing tensions, and affirmed he was proud of his connection to the town. Ian Paisley was eventually made a freeman of Ballymena in December 2004 instead. Ballymena is described by some observers as being at the heart of Northern Ireland's equivalent of the Bible Belt. It has a large Protestant majority. In the early 1990s the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP)-dominated town council banned a performance by the ELO Part II in the township, saying they would attract "the four Ds Drink, Drugs, Devil and Debauchery". The Council banned the screening of Brokeback Mountain (2005), starring Jake Gyllenhaal and Heath Ledger, as it featured a homosexual relationship. An impersonator of comic Roy 'Chubby' Brown was also banned. The majority of the town's Catholic population is situated around the Broughshane and Cushendall Road areas. Recently there has been tension in the Dunclug area of the town which now has a Catholic majority. These tensions have been associated with internment bonfires and the flying of republican flags; the town has tried to reduce tensions. Recreational drugs have been a major problem in the town, earning it the moniker "the drugs capital of the North". However major steps have been taken in recent times to deal with this. In 2011 it was revealed that Ballymena has the third-highest level of legal gun ownership in Northern Ireland. Slemish Mountain Ballymena is about from Slemish Mountain, the legendary first-known Irish home of Saint Patrick. The mountain rises about above the surrounding plain, and it is the central core of an extinct volcano, commonly known as a volcanic plug. According to legend, following Patrick's capture and being brought as a slave to Ireland, the young man worked as a shepherd at Slemish Mountain for about six years, from ages 16 through 22, for a man named Milchu (or Miluic). During this time Patrick turned to frequent prayer in his loneliness. In a vision he was encouraged to escape and return home. He did, became a Christian priest and returned to Ireland, allegedly to convert his old master. The legend tells that his true conversion occurred when he was on Slemish out in all weathers, communing with nature and praying continuously. As Patrick was not the first Christian bishop to visit Ireland, his ministry was confined to the North. Here he established churches and an episcopal system. One such church is thought to have been founded at the nearby site of Skerry Churchyard. Large animals have been reported. Slemish Mountain is open year-round, and on Saint Patrick's Day (17 March), large crowds hike to the top of the mountain as a pilgrimage. The 1.5-kilometre round walk to the summit and back takes approximately one hour in good weather. Excellent views can be had of the Antrim and Scottish coasts to the East. Ballymena town, Lough Neagh and the Sperrin Mountains are all normally visible to the West whilst the Bann Valley and the higher summits of the Antrim Hills can be seen to the North. Troubles Ballymena, throughout the course of The Troubles, had a large paramilitary presence in the town. The UDA South East Antrim Brigade was stationed here. Economy Ballymena was traditionally market town. The 1980s were a time of job losses in Ballymena as industry suffered and this has reoccurred in the 2010s Notable employers were Michelin in Broughshane, JTI Gallaher in Galgorm and Wrightbus November 2012, the Patton Group, a major builder entered administration with the loss of 320 jobs. October 2014 JTI Gallagher's would be closing with a loss of 877 jobs. November 2015 Michelin decided to close their Ballymena factory after 50 years, resulting in the loss of up to 850 jobs. Notable persons Arts and Media Ian Cochrane, novelist. Graham Forsythe, the Canadian artist, was born in Ballymena. Jackie Fullerton, BBC Sports broadcaster. Joanne Hogg, a vocalist, was born in Ballymena. Ronald Mason, a Head of Programmes for BBC Northern Ireland and BBC Head of Radio Drama, was born and raised in Ballymena. David McWilliams, singer, songwriter and guitarist was born in Belfast and moved to Ballymena at the age of 3. George Millar, singer, founding member of musical group The Irish Rovers, born and raised in Ballymena. Liam Neeson, the Oscar-nominated actor, was born and raised in Ballymena and was awarded the Freedom of the Town on 28 January 2013. The Key to the City was also provided pending approval from the magistrate. James Nesbitt, actor, born 15 January 1965 in Ballymena. Clodagh Rodgers, pop singer Politics Roger Casement, human rights activist in the Congo Free State and Peru, and Irish nationalist, was educated as a youth in this town. His father died and was buried here; relatives on both sides of his family cared for Roger and his brother Tom when they were orphaned. James McHenry, signatory of the United States Constitution. Ian Paisley, the former First Minister and founder of the Free Presbyterian Church, was raised in Ballymena. Richard Seymour, Marxist writer, activist and owner of the blog Lenin's Tomb. Academia and science Professor Darwin Caldwell, robotics expert and leader of iCub project. Sir Samuel Curran, physicist, inventor of the Scintillation Counter, and founder of Strathclyde University, was born in Ballymena. Religion Alexander Campbell, leader in the Restoration Movement in the United States. Military Joseph Dyas, led the Forlorn Hope at the Storming of Badajoz on two occasions in 1811 whilst serving with 51st (2nd Yorkshire, West Riding) Light Infantry. He was buried in Ballymena in 1850. Alexander Wright, a Victoria Cross recipient during the Crimean War, was born in the town. Business Timothy Eaton, the Canadian businessman who founded Eaton's department store, was born in Ballymena. Sport Steven Davis, Rangers F.C. and Northern Ireland International midfielder was born in Ballymena, though raised in Cullybackey. Jamie Hamilton, motorcycle racer. David Humphreys, Ulster and Ireland fly half. Ian Humphreys, Ulster and Ireland fly half and brother of David. Sharon Hutchings (née McPeake, born 22 June 1962) is a former high jumper from Northern Ireland. She won a silver medal at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh with a lifetime best of Eamonn Loughran, former WBO World Welterweight Champion Matt McCullough, Ulster and Ireland rugby jock. Tom McKinney, Jed-Forest rugby union; Salford, Warrington, St Helens, Great Britain rugby league footballer. Syd Millar, the former Ireland rugby player and current chairman of the IRB, was born in Ballymena; in 2004 he was awarded the Freedom of the town. Colin Murdock, Accrington Stanley F.C. and former Northern Ireland International. Mary Peters, Northern Irish Olympian, was raised in Ballymena. Jonathan Rea, MBE, motorcycle racer and five-time World Superbike champion. Brendan Rodgers, current Leicester City and former Watford F.C., Celtic F.C., Liverpool F.C. & Swansea City A.F.C. manager Jamie Smith, Irish Schools, Irish Universities, Ulster Rugby and Gwent Dragons ex Rugby Union player. Raised in Ahoghill. Has nickname of "Big Ahoghill". Nigel Worthington, the former Northern Ireland, Ballymena United and Sheffield Wednesday left back, as well as being the former international team manager. Bryan Young, Ulster and Ireland international rugby player. Demography On Census day (27 March 2011) there were 29,551 people living in Ballymena, accounting for 1.63% of the NI total, representing an increase of 2.9% on the 2001 Census population of 28,717. Of these: 19.20% were aged under 16 years and 17.61% were aged 65 and over; 52.00% of the usually resident population were female 48.00% were male; 65.76% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' religion and 26.71% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic religion; 65.51% indicated that they had a British national identity, 27.66% had a Northern Irish national identity and 11.25% had an Irish national identity (respondents could indicate more than one national identity); 39 years was the average (median) age of the population. 17.67% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots and 5.66% had some knowledge of Irish (Gaelic). Education There are a number of educational establishments in the town: Ballymena Academy Cambridge House Grammar School St Louis Grammar School, Ballymena Slemish College Dunclug College Ballee High School (closed 2014) St Patrick's College Cullybackey High School Northern Regional College Transport Ballymena railway station opened on 4 December 1855. A station was opened at Harryville on 24 August 1878, but closed on 3 June 1940. The Ballymena, Cushendall and Red Bay Railway operated narrow gauge railway services from Ballymena to Parkmore from 1875 to 1940. The Ballymena and Larne Railway was another narrow gauge railway. The line opened in 1878, but closed to passengers in 1933 and to goods traffic in 1940. Between 1878 and 1880 the line terminated at Harryville, but was then extended to the town's main railway station. Sport Ballymena RFC Ballymena United F.C. Ballymena United Allstars F.C. Wakehurst F.C. Ballymena and Antrim Athletic Club Carniny Amateur & Youth F.C. All Saints GAC Ballymena Lawn Tennis Club Ballymena Road Club Braid Angling Club Ballymena Cricket Club Ballymena Bowling Club Town Twinning Gibraltar, Gibraltar Castlebar, Republic of Ireland Sister City Morehead, Kentucky See also Market Houses in Northern Ireland List of localities in Northern Ireland by population References Other sources "Battle Over Ballymena's Heroes." (8 March 2000). Belfast News Letter, p. 1. Judd, Terri. (9 March 2000). "Old hatreds Flare Over Neeson Freedom Award." The Independent (London), p. 7. Watson-Smyth, Kate. (23 March 2000). "Row Over Religion Sours Ballymena's Award to Actor." The Independent (London), p. 12. Ballymena on the Culture Northern Ireland website. Ordnance Survey Memoirs of Ireland, Parishes of County Antrim V111, Vol 23, 1831–5,1837–8. The Institute of Irish Studies, The Queens University Belfast. External links Ballymena Directory for 1910 BBC crime figures for Ballymena Category:Ballymena

Gustavo Cañete Gustavo Cañete (born April 4, 1977 in Salamanca, Spain) is a Paraguayan footballer currently playing for Espoli of the Serie A of Ecuador. Teams Cerro Porteño 1997-1998 América 1999 Atlante 1999-2000 Guaraní 2000-2001 Veracruz 2002 12 de Octubre 2003 Tigrillos 2003-2004 San Luis Potosí 2004-2005 3 de Febrero 2005-2006 Millonarios 2007 Deportivo Pereira 2007 Deportivo Azogues 2008 Espoli 2009–present External links Profile at BDFA Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:Paraguayan footballers Category:Paraguay under-20 international footballers Category:Paraguayan expatriate footballers Category:12 de Octubre footballers Category:Cerro Porteño players Category:Club Guaraní players Category:Club América footballers Category:Atlante F.C. footballers Category:C.D. Veracruz footballers Category:San Luis F.C. players Category:C.D. ESPOLI footballers Category:3 de Febrero players Category:Millonarios F.C. footballers Category:Deportivo Pereira footballers Category:Liga MX players Category:Categoría Primera A players Category:Expatriate footballers in Mexico Category:Expatriate footballers in Ecuador Category:Expatriate footballers in Colombia Category:Association footballers not categorized by position

Lille Egholm Lille Egholm is a small privately-owned Danish island in the South Funen Archipelago, lying 150 meters southeast of Store Egholm. Lille Egholm covers an area of 0.04 km². References Category:Danish islands in the Baltic Category:Islands of Denmark

Stationers' Register The Stationers’ Register was a record book maintained by the Stationers' Company of London. The company is a trade guild given a royal charter in 1557 to regulate the various professions associated with the publishing industry, including printers, bookbinders, booksellers, and publishers in England. The Register itself allowed publishers to document their right to produce a particular printed work, and constituted an early form of copyright law. The Company's charter gave it the right to seize illicit editions and bar the publication of unlicensed books. For the study of English literature of the later sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries—for the Elizabethan era, the Jacobean era, the Caroline era, and especially for English Renaissance theatre—the Stationers' Register is a crucial and essential resource: it provides factual information and hard data that is available nowhere else. Together with the records of the Master of the Revels (which relate to dramatic performance rather than publication), the Stationers' Register supplies many of the certain facts scholars possess on the works of William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and all of their immediate predecessors, contemporaries, and successors. By paying a fee of 4 to 6 pence, a bookseller could register his right to publish a given work. One example: the Stationers' Register reveals that on 26 November 1607, the stationers John Busby and Nathaniel Butter claimed the right to print "A booke called Master William Shakespeare his historye of Kinge Lear, as yt was played before the Kinges maiestie at Whitehall vppon Sainct Stephens night at Christmas Last, by his maiesties servantes playinge vsually at the Globe on the Banksyde." (They paid sixpence.) Enforcement of regulations in this historical era was never as thorough as in the modern world; books were sometimes published without registration, and other irregularities also occurred. In some cases, the companies of actors appear to have registered plays through co-operative stationers, with the express purpose of forestalling the publication of a play when publication was not in their interest. In 1710, the Copyright Act or Statute of Anne entered into force, superseding company provisions pertaining to the Register. The company continued to offer some form of registration of works until February 2000. References Sources Arber, Edward, ed. A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London 1554–1640 A.D. 5 Volumes, London, privately printed, 1875–94. Chambers, E. K. The Elizabethan Stage. 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923. Eyre, G. E. B., and G. R. Rivington, eds. A Transcript of the Registers of the Worshipful Company of Stationers from 1640–1708. 3 Volumes, London, privately printed, 1913–14. Greg, W. W., and E. Boswell, eds. Records of the Court of the Stationer's Company, 1576 to 1602. London, The Bibliographical Society, 1930. Halliday, F. E. A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964. Baltimore, Penguin, 1964. Jackson, William A., ed. Records of the Court of the Stationers' Company 1602 to 1640. London, The Bibliographical Society, 1957. External links The Stationers' Company Register (1556–1695) Official site of the Stationers' Company in its current incarnation 2011–2013 project led by Giles Bergel. Category:Bibliography Category:English Renaissance plays Category:Media in the United Kingdom

Murder of Anni Dewani Anni Ninna Dewani (née Hindocha; 12 March 1982 – 13 November 2010) was a Swedish woman of Indian origin who was murdered while on her honeymoon in South Africa after the taxi in which she and her husband were travelling was hijacked. Arrests were made in the days following the crime; hijackers Mziwamadoda Qwabe and Xolile Mngeni, and hotel receptionist Monde Mbolombo admitted to their involvement in an unintentionally fatal robbery and kidnapping. Facing life in prison, Qwabe and Mbolombo later changed their stories to allege the crime had been a premeditated murder for hire at the behest of Anni's husband Shrien Dewani. Taxi driver Zola Tongo initially claimed to be an innocent victim of the incident but, faced with the weight of evidence implicating him in the crime and in the wake of his fellow conspirators' allegations of a "murder for hire" plot, he too changed his story to allege the husband was the instigator. Attractive plea bargains were offered to the conspirators in exchange for future testimony in legal proceedings related to the crime. The allegation of the husband's involvement made global headlines; Shrien Dewani's supporters emphatically denied the accusations, saying it was "ludicrous" to suggest he had solicited an attack on his wife from the first taxi driver he met within hours of their arrival in Cape Town. Zola Tongo pleaded guilty to murder in December 2010 and was sentenced to 18 years in prison. Mziwamadoda Qwabe pleaded guilty to murder in August 2012 and was sentenced to 25 years in prison. Xolile Mngeni was tried and convicted of murder in November 2012 and was sentenced to life in prison. Monde Mbolombo admitted his involvement but was offered immunity in exchange for testimony against the other men alleged to have been involved in the crime. South African prosecutors formulated charges against Shrien Dewani based on the later-discredited confessions of Tongo, Qwabe and Mbolombo, who were found to have committed perjury. Charges were brought on the basis Anni had been the victim of a premeditated kidnapping and murder for hire that was staged to appear as a random carjacking at the alleged behest of her husband. Following a long legal battle, Shrien was extradited from the UK to South Africa to face trial. He was exonerated by a Western Cape High Court, which in December 2014 ruled there was no credible evidence to support the allegations against him nor to support the allegation the crime was a premeditated murder for hire. Background Anni Dewani The Hindocha family was forced to leave Uganda in the early 1970s after the country's president Idi Amin expelled all Asians living there. They were granted residence in Sweden and settled in Mariestad, where their daughter Anni was born and raised. Marriage Anni Hindocha met Shrien Dewani in London in 2009; they maintained a long-distance relationship until Hindocha moved to the UK in March 2010, where they became engaged in May that year. The couple, whose relationship was sometimes troubled, married at Lake Powai near Mumbai, India, on 29 October 2010. They were planning to hold a civil ceremony in the UK in 2011 for friends who could not attend their wedding in India. Robbery, kidnapping and murder After landing at Cape Town International Airport on 7 November 2010, Dewani and her husband took a domestic flight and stayed at Kruger National Park for four nights. On 12 November, the couple returned to Cape Town International Airport, where they met and engaged taxi driver Zola Tongo to drive them to the five-star Cape Grace Hotel. On 13 November, having retained Tongo as a tour guide, the couple were driven through the city in his VW Sharan into Gugulethu. Tongo drove past a BBQ restaurant (Mzolis) and they continued to Surfside Restaurant in Strand, where the couple dined. After their meal, Tongo drove the Dewanis back into Gugulethu. Shortly after turning off the main road, two armed men hijacked the vehicle. After driving a short distance, Tongo was ejected from the taxi. Shrien Dewani was robbed of his money, wallet, designer watch and mobile telephone, and after being driven for about 20 minutes, he was also ejected from the vehicle. On the street, a bystander assisted him by calling the police. At 07:50 on 14 November, in Lingelethu West, Anni Dewani was found dead in the back of the VW Sharan taxi. She had suffered a single gunshot wound to her neck. Police later confirmed Anni's Giorgio Armani wristwatch, a white-gold and diamond bracelet, her handbag and her BlackBerry mobile telephone were missing, and assumed they were stolen. The items stolen in the robbery had an estimated value of R90,000. Post-mortem examination, repatriation and cremation Anni Dewani's body was taken to a Cape Town hospital. The post-mortem examination revealed bruising on her inner leg, indicating she had been involved in a struggle. It also indicated she had died from a single gunshot that passed through her hand and neck, severing an artery. There was no sign of sexual assault. On 17 November, Dewani's body was released by the South African authorities and returned to the United Kingdom on a British Airways flight, accompanied by her husband. Six months after her death, in a Hindu ceremony, her family scattered her ashes in her favourite area of the Vänern lake, close to her home town, Mariestad, Sweden. Investigation: sequence of arrests and confessions As a result of a palm print found on the abandoned taxi, Xolile Mngeni was arrested on Tuesday 16 November 2010. Mngeni made a videotaped confession in the presence of Captain Jonker of the South African Police Service, admitting involvement in a hijack, armed robbery and kidnapping operation. He described Shrien and Anni Dewani as victims and said Qwabe shot Anni Dewani during a struggle for her handbag. Mziwamadoda Qwabe was arrested at around 01:00 on Thursday 18 November 2010 as a result of a tip-off from a trusted township informant. After initial denials, Qwabe was allowed to consult with arrested co-conspirators Mbolombo and Mngeni, and subsequently admitted involvement in the hijack, armed robbery and kidnapping. He described Shrien and Anni Dewani as victims. He changed his story during an interview recorded at 17:21 that day, saying the incident was a murder planned at the behest of Shrien Dewani. Monde Mbolombo was arrested in the early hours of Thursday 18 November 2010 as a result of Qwabe providing his name to the police. After initially denying involvement, Mbolombo made a recorded confession at 16:30, admitting arranging a hijacking and armed robbery operation. The confession did not mention a planned murder or Shrien Dewani's involvement. The following day, Mbolombo changed his story, saying the operation was a planned murder at the behest of Shrien Dewani. Taxi driver Zola Tongo reported the hijacking to a police station in Gugulethu after he was ejected from the vehicle, and made a statement saying he was an unknowing victim. On 17 November, Tongo gave a statement to Officer Hendrikse of the SAPS, again saying he was an innocent victim. The following day, Tongo appointed attorney William De Grass, and on Saturday 20 November he surrendered to police and said the operation was a planned murder that was staged to appear as a random hijacking at the behest of Shrien Dewani. Media coverage In South Africa, there was much media coverage of the case following the discovery of the body. With an economy reliant on tourism, tour operators reported an immediate drop in bookings as potential visitors became aware of the country's murder rate; on average, 46 per day. There were also concerns the killing would negate the goodwill resulting from the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The assignment of the Police Hawks team, and the early arrests, conviction and statement implicating Shrien Dewani led to increased media coverage. BBC Panorama episode An episode of the BBC television documentary series Panorama in March 2012 reported that the original South African post-mortem report showed the bullet that killed Anni Dewani had passed through her left hand followed by her chest, and that the wound on her neck was an exit wound. The report said the bullet left "an irregular gunshot exit wound", which suggested there had been a struggle. A second Panorama programme broadcast in September 2013 revisited the case and highlighted numerous inconsistencies between the physical evidence, witness testimony, and the South African prosecutors' purported version of events. In particular it said the forensic evidence had not been collected properly and that it indicated an accidental shooting during a struggle rather than a deliberate killing. Trials, convictions and sentencing Plea bargains Mziwamadoda Qwabe and Zola Tongo were offered reduced sentences in exchange for guilty pleas and the promise of truthful testimony against Shrien Dewani and in other criminal proceedings related to the crime. These plea deals were granted in accordance with Section 105A of the Criminal Procedure Act. Monde Mbolombo was granted full immunity from prosecution in exchange for his promise of truthful testimony against Shrien Dewani and in other criminal proceedings related to the crime. This plea deal was granted in accordance with Section 204 of the Criminal Procedure Act. Conviction and sentencing of Zola Tongo On 7 December 2010, Zola Tongo appeared in the Western Cape High Court; in accordance with his plea deal under Section 105A of the Criminal Procedure Act, he pleaded guilty to the armed robbery, kidnapping and murder of Anni Dewani—crimes he alleged were committed at the behest of Shrien Dewani. According to the terms of his Section 105A agreement, Tongo was sentenced to 18 years in prison, contingent on him testifying truthfully against Dewani in any future legal proceedings. Tongo was expected to give evidence in the trials of Mngeni and Qwabe in 2011 and 2012. Qwabe avoided trial by pleading guilty pursuant to a Section 105A plea deal. Tongo was not called as a witness at Mngeni's trial in 2012. , Tongo was serving his 18-year sentence in Malmesbury Prison, and will be eligible for release in 2019. Conviction and sentencing of Mziwamadoda Qwabe In pre-trial hearings on 18 February at Wynberg Magistrates Court, counsel for Mziwamadoda Qwabe said the court was unable to provide a fair trial for his client. Thabo Nogemane said, "I am instructed that some unknown police officer assaulted him by means of a big torch. He was hit all over his body. He said the statement was a suggestion put to him by the police. They already had the allegations so they told him: 'Just sign here'. I wouldn't refer to it as a confession, just a statement." According to the terms of his Section 105A agreement, Qwabe was sentenced to 25 years in prison, contingent on him testifying truthfully in future legal proceedings relating to the case. Qwabe will be eligible for release in 2027. Trial of Xolile Mngeni and surrounding events In 2011, Mngeni's lawyer Vusi Tshabalala said his client had been suffocated with a plastic bag before signing a statement admitting his involvement in the killing, further saying police resorted to "irregular methods" because of the pressure they were under to solve the high-profile case. The start of Mngeni's trial was delayed, and on 13 June 2011 it was announced he had undergone brain surgery to remove a tumour. Despite having admitted to his role in the robbery and kidnapping of Anni Dewani in a videotaped confession, Mngeni pleaded not guilty at the start of his 2012 trial, saying he had an alibi and was not at the scene of the crime. Mngeni's lawyers said his initial confession should be ruled inadmissible as evidence because it was allegedly extracted using torture. Justice Robert Henney ruled against Mngeni and said the confession was admissible. Before testifying in the Mngeni trial, key witness Monde Mbolombo read out a prepared statement confessing to lying in his two previous affidavits and promised to tell the truth when testifying. On 19 November 2012, Mngeni was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in jail. The court accepted Mziwamadoda Qwabe's and Monde Mbolombo's version of events, according to which the crime was a contract killing. Mngeni was ruled to have been the person who shot Anni Dewani. The court's findings were superseded by the judgement in the later trial of Shrien Dewani, in which the court found the earlier determinations had been made on the basis of flawed forensic evidence, and perjury of Qwabe and Mbolombo, the two key witnesses. In July 2014, it was confirmed that a medical parole application had been made for Mngeni, who was terminally ill with a brain tumour. He was denied parole and died in jail at the Goodwood Centre of Excellence on 18 October 2014. Extradition and trial of Shrien Dewani After a long legal battle, Shrien Dewani was extradited from the United Kingdom to South Africa on 7 April 2014. Upon arrival he was arrested, charged and ordered to stand trial for allegedly arranging the murder of his wife. He was charged with five offences; conspiracy to commit kidnapping, robbery with aggravating circumstances, murder, kidnapping and obstructing the administration of justice. He pleaded not guilty to all five charges. Dewani's trial began on 6 October 2014. Under cross examination, the key witnesses who alleged Dewani's involvement—Zola Tongo, Mziwamadoda Qwabe and Monde Mbolombo—contradicted their previous statements and each other on most of the key elements of the "murder for hire" story. Tongo and Mbolombo were found to have fabricated telephone calls and text messages that did not exist and refused to identify a fifth conspirator referred to in taped recordings. Qwabe refused to explain to the court why Anni was driven into a residential area. On 24 November 2014, after the close of the prosecution's case, Dewani's counsel argued for the case to be dismissed under Section 174 of the Criminal Procedure Act, citing a lack of credible evidence linking his client to the crime. On 8 December, the application for dismissal under Section 174 was granted by the Honourable Judge Traverso; Dewani was acquitted and exonerated of all involvement with the crimes. In her judgement, Traverso ruled there was no credible evidence linking Shrien Dewani to the crime and explained her ruling by saying: The court overturned the finding of Justice Henney in the Mngeni trial, ruling that Xolile Mngeni could not have been the person who shot Anni, and that some of the key conclusions reached in the 2012 Mngeni trial were erroneous, being based on flawed forensic evidence and the admitted lies of Monde Mbolombo. The court also ruled that Monde Mbolombo had again committed perjury and would not be granted indemnity from prosecution. Judge Traverso said, "Before Mr. Mbolombo proceeded with his evidence, he delivered a pre-prepared speech which, from the record, appears to be virtually identical to a similarly emotive speech which he gave the court in the Mngeni trial, before blatantly lying about material aspects." Monde Mbolombo Monde Mbolombo has not been prosecuted or punished for his self-confessed role in the crime, nor for his self-confessed perjury whilst testifying. On 19 November 2015 the Director of Public Prosecutions decided Mbolombo could not be prosecuted. Complaint about judicial conduct On 22 January 2015, a complaint was lodged by the Higher Education Transformation Network (HETN), alleging judicial bias and prejudiced behaviour of Judge Traverso in the trial of Shrien Dewani. On 25 April that year, a Judicial Conduct Committee dismissed the HETN's complaint, describing it as "frivolous" and lacking in substance. The National Prosecuting Authority declined to appeal the judgement or lodge any complaint against Judge Traverso. Coroner's inquest After Shrien Dewani's exoneration in December 2014, Anni Dewani's family asked for a coroner's court in the UK to reopen the inquest into her death and to compel Dewani to publicly answer questions. On 9 September 2015, at Brent Coroner's Court in North London, Coroner Andrew Walker said he did not consider a full inquest was appropriate because a criminal trial had been conducted in South Africa. On 9 October, Walker confirmed there was insufficient cause to resume an inquest. He told the court he was prohibited from reaching a conclusion that was inconsistent with the findings of the South African courts. Hindocha family statement On 4 August 2018, Anni Hindocha's uncle, acting as spokesperson for the Hindocha family in response to media reports of Shrien Dewani's same-sex relationship, said: "We accept he did not murder Anni, but he lied to us and had a very secret gay life. He owes us an apology for his lies". References Category:2010 crimes in South Africa Category:2010 in England Category:Deaths by firearm in South Africa Category:2010 murders in Africa Category:People murdered in South Africa Category:Swedish murder victims Category:Swedish people murdered abroad Category:Deaths by person Category:Kidnappings in South Africa Category:Swedish people of Indian descent Category:2010s murders in South Africa

Buddleja alternifolia Buddleja alternifolia, known as alternate-leaved butterfly-bush, is a species of flowering plant in the figwort family, which is endemic to Gansu, China. A substantial deciduous shrub growing to tall and wide, it bears grey-green leaves and graceful pendent racemes of scented lilac flowers in summer. Description B. alternifolia is a vigorous deciduous shrub reaching tall with long, slender, pendulous stems. The leaves are alternate, entire, and lanceolate, 4–10 cm long by 0.6–1 cm wide, glabrous and dark green above. The inflorescences of the plants in cultivation are bright lilac-purple, and comprise flowers so densely crowded in clusters along the branch as to often obscure it. However, specimens from the Tsangpo valley in Tibet originally named B. tsetangensis by Marquand have creamy flowers. Flowering occurs in early summer; the flowers are fragrant, but less so than other buddlejas. 2n = 38. In its native territory it grows along river banks in thickets at elevations of . Taxonomy In his 1979 revision of the taxonomy of the African and Asiatic species of Buddleja, the Dutch botanist Anthonius Leeuwenberg sank two species, B. legendrei and B. tsetangensis, as B. alternifolia on the basis of the similarity in the individual flowers, dismissing the variations in plant structure, flower colour and leaf as attributable to environmental factors. It was Leeuwenberg's taxonomy which was adopted in the Flora of China published in 1996. Until DNA analysis can prove otherwise, it is this classification which is accepted here. Cultivation In the West this plant was first described and named by the Russian botanist Carl Maximowicz in 1880. It was not introduced to cultivation in the West until 1915, by Purdom and Farrer. The species has become very common in cultivation, a popular shrub for the larger garden, and is readily available from most garden centres in the UK. Fully hardy, it prefers a sunny position and loamy soil; pruning should immediately follow flowering. Like most buddlejas, the species is easily propagated from cuttings. Hardiness: RHS H5, USDA zones 7 – 9. B. alternifolia was accorded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (record 674) in 1993. Cultivars Buddleja alternifolia ‘Argentea’. References Hillier & Sons. (1977). Hilliers' Manual of Trees and Shrubs. David & Charles, Newton Abbot, UK alternifolia Category:Flora of China

Index Herbariorum The Index Herbariorum provides a global directory of herbaria and their associated staff. This searchable online index allows scientists rapid access to data related to 3,400 locations where a total of 350 million botanical specimens are permanently housed (singular, herbarium; plural, herbaria). The Index Herbariorum has its own staff and website. Overtime, six editions of the Index were published from 1952 to 1974. The Index became available on-line in 1997. The index was originally published by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy, which sponsored the first six editions (1952–1974); subsequently the New York Botanical Garden took over the responsibility for the index. The Index provides the supporting institution's name (often a university, botanical garden, or not-for-profit organization) its city and state, each herbarium's acronym, along with contact information for staff members along with their research specialties and the important holdings of each herbarium's collection. Editors 6th edition (1974) was co-edited by Patricia Kern Holmgren, Director of the New York Botanical Garden 7th printed edition, ed. by Patricia Kern Holmgren. 8th printed edition, ed. by Patricia Kern Holmgren. Online edition, prepared by Noel Holmgren of the New York Botanical Garden 2008+, ed. by Barbara M. Thiers, Director of the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium References Category:Directories Category:Herbaria

Knox Cameron Knox Cameron (born September 17, 1983 in Kingston) is a Jamaican-born American soccer player who most recently played for AFC Ann Arbor in the National Premier Soccer League. Career College and Amateur Cameron grew up in New York City, attended Cardinal Spellman High School in The Bronx, and played college soccer at the University of Michigan, where he is second in the school's all-time record for goals (28) and points (72), and was named Big Ten Player of the Year his junior year. Playing in the indoor and rec league's while in Michigan, Cameron excelled in the bare-foot method of playing soccer, and once scored 14 goals in an indoor soccer game while playing with no shoes on. During his college years Cameron also played in the USL Premier Development League for the Brooklyn Knights and the Michigan Bucks. Knox also played for Pasco Soccer Club from Wayne, NJ during his high school years. He helped the team win countless tournaments and was one of a handful of players from the club to move on to play professional soccer. Professional Cameron suffered a serious knee injury while playing for the Michigan Bucks, and subsequently missed much of his senior year at Michigan. As a result of this, and doubts over his signability, Cameron slipped to the fourth round of the 2005 MLS SuperDraft, where he was drafted by Columbus Crew. He went on to play 30 games and score 4 goals for the team over the next two years, but following the 2006 season, he was waived by the team. During his time with the Crew he played a friendly against English side Everton and thanked them on the scoreboard for coming to Columbus so he could beat them. Following his release by Crew, Cameron played for amateur team Canton Celtic, which plays in Michigan's MUSL Men's Open 1st Division. Celtic won the Michigan section of the USASA National Amateur Cup Championship, and represented the state at the 2008 USASA Regional tournament in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Cameron returned to play for the Michigan Bucks in the USL Premier Development League in 2009, and then signed with Detroit City FC in 2012. He made his DCFC debut against the Erie Admirals on May 26, 2012, scoring the first goal in a 3-0 victory. He continued to play for DCFC in 2013, and scored two goals in their opener and another in the home opener. Cameron scored again in DCFC's 2-0 over Zanseville AFC, giving him 4 goals on the season. Post-Professional Cameron now is a co-owner and player for AFC Ann Arbor in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Cameron also helps with a youth soccer club called Saline FC. International Cameron elected to represent the United States internationally, and played for various youth national teams, being brought to UAE in 2003 for FIFA World Youth Championship. References External links Columbus Crew player profile Michigan bio Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:AFC Ann Arbor players Category:African-American soccer players Category:American soccer players Category:Association football forwards Category:Brooklyn Knights players Category:Columbus Crew SC draft picks Category:Columbus Crew SC players Category:Jamaican emigrants to the United States Category:Major League Soccer players Category:Flint City Bucks players Category:Michigan Wolverines men's soccer players Category:National Premier Soccer League players Category:Soccer players from New York (state) Category:Sportspeople from the Bronx Category:Sportspeople from Kingston, Jamaica Category:United States men's under-20 international soccer players Category:USL League Two players Category:Cardinal Spellman High School (New York City) alumni

Sarasota Reds The Sarasota Reds were a professional minor league baseball team, located in Sarasota, Florida, as a member of the Florida State League. However team originally started play in Sarasota as the Sarasota White Sox in 1989. They remained in the city for the next 21 seasons, going through a series of name changes due to their affiliation changes. They were known as the White Sox from 1989–1993, as the Sarasota Red Sox from 1994–2004, and the Reds from 2004–2009. In Sarasota, the team played in Payne Park (1989) and then Ed Smith Stadium (1990–2009). They won two division championships, in 1989 and 1992, and made playoff appearances in 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, and 2007. However the roots of the Reds can be traced back, even further, to the Tampa Tarpons. In the 1980s rumors arose that a major league team would come to Tampa, which would threaten the viability of the Tarpons and other minor league teams in the Tampa Bay Area. In 1988 the Chicago White Sox replaced Cincinnati as the Tarpons' affiliate, launching murmurs that the White Sox would themselves relocate to the area. Fearing his team would soon be displaced, in 1989 Tarpons owner Mitchell Mick sold his franchise to the White Sox, who moved it to Sarasota, Florida as the Sarasota White Sox. The team's Sarasota era produced many notable player who would go on to play in majors. Bo Jackson, Mike LaValliere, Dave Stieb, Hall of Famer Frank Thomas and Bob Wickman all played for the Sarasota White Sox. Meanwhile, Stan Belinda, David Eckstein, Nomar Garciaparra, Byung-hyun Kim, Jeff Suppan, Dustin Pedroia, Jonathan Papelbon, and Kevin Youkilis were alumni of the Sarasota Red Sox. The Sarasota Reds also produced many notable major league players such as Jay Bruce, Johnny Cueto, Joey Votto, Chris Heisey, and Drew Stubbs. After the Reds' spring-training departure from Florida's Grapefruit League to Arizona's Cactus League in 2009, the Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates did an "affiliate-swap". The Pirates took over the Sarasota Reds, while the Reds became the parent club of the Pirates' former Class A-Advanced affiliate, the Lynchburg Hillcats of the Carolina League. The Pittsburgh Pirates have had their spring training facilities based in Bradenton, Florida since in 1969, when the city met with Pirates' general manager Joe Brown and owner John W. Galbreath and both sides agreed to a lease of 40 years, with an option for another 40 years. On November 10, 2009, baseball officials voted to allow the Pirates to purchase and uproot the Sarasota Reds. The Pirates moved the team to Bradenton, where they were renamed the Bradenton Marauders. The Marauders became the first Florida State League team located in Bradenton since the Bradenton Growers folded in 1926. Logos and uniforms The Sarasota teams' names, logos and team colors were all closely associated with each's parent club. For example, the logos for Sarasota White Sox, Red Sox and Reds were just slightly altered versions of the parent club logos. However, there were attempts to allow some of these teams to find their own unique identities. In 2000, the Sarasota Red Sox introduced their mascot Gordy the Gecko. The Red Sox front office felt that since the team was based in Florida, its mascot should be reflective to the area. Soon Gordy found his way on to the team's caps as an alternate logo. Season-by-season record Notable alumni Former White Sox players Former Red Sox players Former Reds players References Category:Baseball teams established in 1989 Category:Defunct Florida State League teams Category:Sports in Sarasota County, Florida Category:Boston Red Sox minor league affiliates Category:Chicago White Sox minor league affiliates Category:Cincinnati Reds minor league affiliates Category:Defunct baseball teams in Florida Category:1989 establishments in Florida Category:2009 disestablishments in Florida Category:Baseball teams disestablished in 2009

Fray Mocho (magazine) Fray Mocho was an Argentine weekly magazine that published general interest topics. Its first number was published on May 3, 1912, with historian and journalist Carlos Correa Luna being its first director. Fray Mocho'''s staff included former collaborators of Caras y Caretas who had left the magazine in disagreement with its editorial line. The magazine was named after José Sixto Álvarez (1858–1903), writer and journalist who was notable for his humorous texts, apart of having been the founder of Caras y Caretas. Fray Mocho published 196 issues until its closure in 1929. History The magazine was founded with the purpose of continuing the editorial line of Caras y Caretas that had significantly changed since the death of Sixto Alvarez in 1903. Some of Fray Mocho founders and main collaborators were Carlos Correa Luna, Spanish illustrator José María Cao, writer Luis Pardo (under the seudonym "Luis García"), Félix Lima, painter Juan Peláez, Czech cartoonist José Friedriech,La Revista Fray Mocho y un tango dedicado by León Benarós on Todo Tango website and artist Juan Hohmann.Fray Mocho was an alternative to general-interest magazines such as Caras y Caretas or PBT, with an average of 80,000 copies printed. In 1922 the magazine added more articles about classical culture and art, ceasing the use of illustrations on its covers and adding more photographs and paintings until 1929 when it ceased to be published. The magazine covered a wide range of topics, some of its permanent sections were theatre activities, provinces, women, Montevideo, readers' letters, children's literature, horse racing, other countries' traditions and costumes, and everyday life, among others. Visual styleFray Mocho's visual aesthetic had influences of the romanticism and art nouveau styles at its first steps, then changing to art deco. The rise of art nouveau in Argentina in the 1900s influenced not only magazines' visual styles but facades of private houses, and was quickly adopted by the middle class. That aesthetic renovation was also visible on typography, illustration and design of Fray Mocho, as well as advertisement, facades of public buildings and even clothing in the Argentine society of that age. See also Caras y Caretas'' Notes References Category:Argentine satirical magazines Category:Magazines established in 1912 Category:Magazines disestablished in 1929 Category:Media in Buenos Aires Category:Argentine political magazines Category:Argentine political satire Category:Spanish-language magazines Category:Weekly magazines

Scars of Love Scars of Love is a 1918 Australian silent film. It is a lost film about which little is known except it is a melodrama featuring a Red Cross nurse and an Anzac soldier which climaxes in the European battlefields of World War I in which both leads die. It deals with the sins of the father visiting the children. Production The film was most likely made by wealthy amateur enthusiasts. It was shot in Melbourne. It was re-released in 1919 as Should Children Suffer. References External links Scars of Love at National Film and Sound Archive Category:Australian films Category:1918 films Category:Australian drama films Category:Australian black-and-white films Category:Australian silent feature films Category:Lost Australian films Category:1910s drama films

Penicillium atrovenetum Penicillium atrovenetum is a fungus species of the genus of Penicillium. Further reading H. Raistrick, A. Stössl: Studies in the biochemistry of micro-organisms. 104. Metabolites of Penicillium atrovenetum G. Smith: β-nitropropionic acid, a major metabolite* See also List of Penicillium species References atrovenetum Category:Fungi described in 1956

St Andrew's Church, Redbourne St Andrew's Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Redbourne, Lincolnshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. The church stands in the centre of the village, which is to the east of the A15 road, and some south of Brigg. History The church dates from the 14th–15th century. Rebuilding took place in the later part of the 18th century; this included new north and south chapels in the 1770s by William and Thomas Lumby of Lincoln. The plaster ceilings date from 1775–77, and the top two stages were added to the tower in 1785. A new west door, partial rebuilding of the aisles, the chancel, and the clerestory, probably also date from this period. The south chapel was rebuilt in early 19th century as a mausoleum for the Dukes of St Albans. The church was restored in 1888 by the local architect W. W. Goodhand. The restorations included removing the gallery, reordering the seating, and the addition of a new south porch. The church was declared redundant in May 1978. A vestry door was inserted and east side windows were removed in about 1985. Architecture Exterior St Andrew's is constructed in limestone with some rendering. The nave, aisles and clerestory have lead roofs; the mausoleum, vestry and porch are slated. Its plan consists of a three-bay nave with a clerestory, north and south aisles, a south porch, a single-bay chancel with a vestry and organ chamber to the north, and the mausoleum to the south, and a west tower. The tower has a rectangular staircase projection to the southeast. It is in four stages, divided by string courses, on a moulded plinth. In the bottom stage on the west side is a blocked doorway, an arched three-light window, and a square-headed two-light window. On the north and south sides are lighting slits. In the staircase turret are three slits, and a sundial. The second stage contains two-light windows, and in the third stage is a clock face on the west side. In the top stage are two-light bell openings, and the parapet is embattled. The aisles have pointed two-light windows and along the clerestory are square-headed two-light windows. In the south aisle there is a blocked doorway to the west, a blocked lancet window to the east, blocked circular windows to the east and west, and a blocked pointed south window. A carved stone dating from the 10th–11th century has been re-set in the west wall. The chancel has an east window. In the vestry are two two-light windows, and the mausoleum has a south door. All the parapets are embattled, some with crocketted pinnacles. Interior The arcades are carried on octagonal piers. The ceilings are plastered, the nave ceiling being decorated with foliate bosses. The floors are flagged. The baluster-shaped font was made in 1775 by Richard Hayward. The east window contains painted glass by William Collins dating from about 1840. This is a copy of The Opening of the Sixth Seal (part of the Last Judgment) by Francis Danby. Also by Collins are twelve stained glass windows depicting the Apostles. The organ is no longer present. There is a ring of six bells. Five of these were cast in 1774 by Henry Harrison II, and the undated sixth bell is by James Harrison III. Memorials In the north wall of the chancel is a niche containing a black marble graveslab depicting a knight and angels, and is dated 1410. On the south side of the chancel are marble wall tablets to members of the Carter family with dates in the 18th century, and to the 8th Duke of St Albans, who died in 1825, and his wife. On the north side of the chancel is a memorial to the 9th Duke of St Albans who died in 1851 by J. G. Lough, and to his wife, Harriet, who died in 1837, by Chantrey, and a memorial to Charlotte, Lady Beauclerk, dating from about 1825. In the mausoleum are two tiers of tombs of the St Albans family. External features In the churchyard is a gravestone dated 1737 to Rev Josias Morgan, vicar of the parish, It is listed at Grade II. There are also the war graves of a soldier of World War I, and another of World War II. See also List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in the East of England References Category:Grade I listed churches in Lincolnshire Category:Church of England church buildings in Lincolnshire Category:English Gothic architecture in Lincolnshire Category:Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust

Waßmannsdorf Waßmannsdorf is a village and a civil parish (Ortsteil) of the German town of Schönefeld, located in the district of Dahme-Spreewald in Brandenburg. As of 2007 its population was of around 1,000. History First mentioned in 1350 as Wasmanstorp, the village was an autonomous municipality until 2003, when it merged into Schönefeld. From 1961 to 1989 its municipal borders with West Berlin were crossed by the Berlin Wall. Geography Waßmannsdorf is located in the southeastern suburb of Berlin, near the districts of Tempelhof-Schöneberg, Neukölln and Treptow-Köpenick; and bordering with the quarter of Rudow. The nearest places are Großziethen, Selchow, Schönefeld and Blankenfelde-Mahlow. The village is 20 km far from Königs Wusterhausen, 28 from Ludwigsfelde and 34 from Potsdam. Transport Waßmannsdorf is situated close to the runway of Berlin Schönefeld Airport, that will be merged into the new Berlin Brandenburg Airport in 2017. Crossed by the Berlin outer ring, it will be served by a new railway station on the S-Bahn extension to the new airport (lines S45 and S9). The village is also interested by the Expressway Potsdam-Schönefeld projects. Gallery References External links Waßmannsdorf page on Schönefeld municipal website Waßmannsdorf Fire Service SV Waßmannsdorf football club Category:Villages in Brandenburg Category:Localities in Dahme-Spreewald Category:Bezirk Potsdam Category:Former municipalities in Brandenburg Category:Populated places established in the 1350s

Starch analysis Starch analysis or starch grain analysis is a technique that is useful in archaeological research to determine plant taxa. In certain samples of food plants, spices, drugs and desiccated archaeological plant matter, the histological elements can survive and thus be identified but in other samples, like carbonized (burnt) or older materials this is extremely difficult. However starch grains are much more hardy. The technique relies on the fact that a researcher can analyze or microscopically observe starch grains found on artifacts or in soils. Starch grains, ubiquitous in plants, have individual characteristics and resistance to grinding and drying and even to light burning so they are often preserved when other plant remains are lost - thus providing an additional tool to understand the past use of plants. Usefulness Starch grain analysis is not a perfect science, however, plant starch grain analysis is a diagnostic feature of multiple applications according to the peculiarities and to the origin of the plant material. The size, shape and structure of grains from plant species, varies little, which can lead to identification. Starch grains have been removed and identified from stone tools, ceramic sherds, organic materials, dental calculus, and sediments and animal remains to determine diet and when humans began to exploit wild food varieties. Disadvantages In some cases the grains can become degraded. Factors such as heat and water absorption may affect the structure of the grains, making identification more difficult. Even if the remains are well preserved, water logging, dehydration, desiccation or damage from fungi can destroy the starch. In some cases, even within the same species, starch grains can differ in shape and size and the size of the grain affects its survivability in the archaeological record. Biology of starch Starch is produced in plants as a form of energy storage through the process of photosynthesis. When the plant is in need of energy, the stored starch is converted back into glucose. Starch grain identification There are two basic methods for identifying starch: Diagnostic tests of chemical and physical properties Optical properties of the granules. Starch grains are typically microscopically identified with either optical or electron microscopy. Starch grains can become clearer if they are stained a darker color with Iodine Stains. Logol's Iodine is one, used for staining starch because iodine reagents easily bind to starch but less easily to other materials. Features that allow identification of starch grains include: presence of hilum (core of the grain), lamellae (or growth layers), birefringence, and extinction cross (a cross shape, visible on grains under revolving polarized light) which are visible with a microscope and shape and size. Low magnification Archaeological research focused on residue adhering to artifacts start at lower magnifications, commonly using a stereoscope. Most data obtained at this stage is qualitative, an important first stage to fuller analysis. Magnifications of between x10 and x50 are sufficient to locate target residues, describe features and confirm internal structures of the identified residues. High magnification Modern light, high powered microscopes have an internal light source, allowing illumination with both transmitted and reflected light. These microscopes can provide a magnification of up to x1000: good enough to provide clear images of starch granules as small as a few micrometres in diameter. Starch granules show different sizes. For example; Tapioca starch: 5-35 µm Potato starch: 15-100 µm Maize starch: 5-25 µm Rice starch: 3-8 µm but all are generally under 100 micrometres in size, and are, therefore, best observed under compound microscopes equipped with various lighting conditions and magnifications from x200 to x800. The starch grains are also compared to standard reference collections for comparison. Archaeologists and researchers can consider four issues in classification of the plant(s) and its use(s): Determination of whether evidence for the utilization of plants is present Study of the assemblage variation Determination of the presence of particular plant species Assign percentages of starch granules within a sample to a particular taxon, and present quantitative data regarding relative abundance within the sample. Identification of ancient starch is fairly easily for the first three levels of classification, whilst the fourth level requires continued improvement in the description, classification, and identification of individual starch granules. Starch in sediments Starch granules retrieved from sediments are used to reconstruct the habitats associated with human land use. Such studies address two areas of interest to the archaeologist: landscapes; specifically the reconstruction of historical plant communities at the widest scale of the environment specific contexts, such as settlements or activity areas; focusing on individual archaeological sites, or separate contexts within them, with the goal of identify specific human activities at a particular location. The stages involved in the analysis of starch from sediments are; sampling, extraction of starch, slide mounting and viewing, and interpretation. Sampling Sampling a sediment core or stratigraphic profile to gather information about an environment requires a detailed understanding of the way the sediments were formed. Extraction Most extraction techniques follow a general methodology of: sample preparation (sieving, drying, or soaking) disaggregation and deflocculation to break up the elements of the sample into single particles removal of undesired particles (sands, silts, minerals, organics). chemicals preservation of the starch granules. Slide mounting and viewing Starch granules are mounted onto a slide, using a variety of mounting medias including, but not limited, to water, glycerol, and glycerine jelly. It is important that the material is dried thoroughly before being mounted to ensure that no further degradation of the sample occurs. The slide is then viewed, as appropriate, for identification and counting. Interpretation After the starch granules have been examined, the findings are then recorded and interpreted with respect to the research questions that are being investigated. Starch on artifacts Artifacts collect starch granules and protect them from decay due to microorganisms, thus providing excellent conditions for long-term preservation. The analysis may focus on the function of the tool, to examine a broader range of human behaviour but starch analysis also allows insights into craft activities involving the preparation of adhesives, medicines, or other nonfood items. Modified starch Starch can also be investigated when it is not in its raw form. For example, Modified starch is created when the morphological or physico-chemical structure of native starch is disrupted in some way, such as in food preparation. The most common way to modify starch is to apply heat. Cooking pits, hearths, and ovens that may have come into contact with starchy material yield modified starches which can provide other insights. Modified starch is only likely to be preserved under specific conditions, such as arid regions because of its susceptibility to organic decay. Studies of ancient modified starch aid understanding of ancient food technology, variations in cuisine among different social groups, as well as provide an understanding the function of ancient food-processing equipment. Preserved forms of modified starch include: Discrete desiccated macroremains: coherent foods that are not attached to any other object and are among the most easily recognizable ancient starchy prepared foodstuffs. They can be either the intended final prepared food, like loaves of bread, or intermediate products of the food processing sequence, like starch-rich, chaffy lumps. Attached desiccated residues: collections of starchy foodstuffs adhered to a container or vessel. The ability to identify these residues is affected by the quantity and appearance of the residue, as well as the awareness of the excavators. Residues containing obvious plant tissue are most easily recognizable, while thin smears are not as easy to recognize. Charred residues: normally the result of accidental overcooking and can be preserved as discrete fragments or remain stuck to the cooking vessel. Due to their charred nature, these residues are very difficult to identify. See also Starch References Bibliography Hather, J.G. (ed.) 1994. Tropical Archaeobotany: Applications and New Developments, pp. 86-114. Routledge, London. Messner, Timothy C. 2011. Acorns and Bitter Roots: Starch Grain Research in the Prehistoric Eastern Woodlands. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL. Category:Methods in archaeology Category:Starch

Share Bazaar (film) Share Bazaar is a 1997 Bollywood film, directed by Manmohan and released in 1997. Synopsis In Bombay's business district, on Dalal Street, stands a multi-storied building called the "Bombay Stock Exchange" or the Share Bazaar. This is where fortunes are made and lost. Two of such traders in shares are the Mehta brothers, Hasmukh and Mansukh. They also manipulate people's lives, and this time they have chosen to financially ruin Shekar, by getting him arrested on trumped-up charges. And on the other hand, they have singled out a street-smart young man by the Raj, and get him to take Shekar's place. Will Raj be the next casualty of the influential Mehta brothers? Cast Soundtrack The Music Was Composed By Utpal Biswas and Released by Sony Music India. External links Category:1997 films Category:1990s Hindi-language films Category:Indian films

Macrocnemum jamaicense Macrocnemum jamaicense is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Jamaica. Sources Category:Flora of Jamaica Category:Macrocnemum Category:Near threatened plants Category:Endemic flora of Jamaica Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Canton of Saint-Affrique The canton of Saint-Affrique is an administrative division of the Aveyron department, southern France. Its borders were not modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Saint-Affrique. It consists of the following communes: La Bastide-Pradines Calmels-et-le-Viala Roquefort-sur-Soulzon Saint-Affrique Saint-Félix-de-Sorgues Saint-Izaire Saint-Jean-d'Alcapiès Saint-Rome-de-Cernon Tournemire Vabres-l'Abbaye Versols-et-Lapeyre References Category:Cantons of Aveyron

Finger Point (Victoria Land) Finger Point () is a narrow rocky point forming the eastern extremity of The Flatiron, in Granite Harbour, Victoria Land. It was mapped and descriptively named by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13, under Robert Falcon Scott. References Category:Headlands of Victoria Land Category:Scott Coast

Sardar Kamal Khan Sardar Kamal Khan Chang (; born 12 March 1972) is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan, from June 2013 to May 2018. Early life He was born on 12 March 1972. Political career He served as district nazim of Badin. He was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan as a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) from Constituency NA-224 (Badin-cum-Tando Muhammad Khan-I) in 2013 Pakistani general election. He received 128,723 votes and defeated Ali Asghar Halepoto, a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (F) (PML-F). References Category:Living people Category:Pakistan Peoples Party politicians Category:Sindhi people Category:Pakistani MNAs 2013–2018 Category:People from Sindh Category:1972 births

The Dark at the Top of the Stairs (film) The Dark at the Top of the Stairs is a 1960 American drama film. Academy Award winner Delbert Mann directed the work of Robert Preston and Dorothy McGuire in the production. Shirley Knight garnered an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and Lee Kinsolving was nominated for a Golden Globe Award as Best Supporting Actor. Knight was also nominated for two Golden Globes. Mann's direction was nominated for a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing in a Feature Film. It was based on the Tony Award-nominated play of the same name by William Inge. Plot During Prohibition in Oklahoma, Rubin Flood is a successful harness and saddle salesman. However, with the advent of the automobile, his job is becoming more difficult. He is married to Cora, someone he considers a demanding wife and over-protective mother. When he learns his company is closing, he is unable to face his wife, and stops at a pharmacy to partake of "medicinal" alcohol. Cora is out with her daughter Reenie, buying a dress for a birthday party of one of her classmates. Rubin cannot bring himself to tell Cora he has lost his job, arguing about how much Cora has spent on Reenie's dress, with Cora's lamenting that she always has to watch every penny. The couple's younger son Sonny is being bullied at school. Sonny has a fear of the dark. Determined to get him to stand up for himself, Rubin attempts to teach him to box. While sparring, he inadvertently strikes the boy too hard. Cora, now incensed, tears into Rubin, eventually accusing him of having an affair with Mavis Pruitt, a local widow. A livid Rubin slaps Cora, then storms out of the house. Reenie witnesses her parents' dispute. She runs into the street, causing a motorist to swerve and strike a tree. The driver, Sammy Golden, is relatively unhurt, and he and Reenie become attracted to one another. Cora calls her older sister Lottie to tell her that Rubin hit her. Rubin, still slightly intoxicated, shows up at Mavis' beauty salon, which also is where she lives. He is seen going in by two town gossips. Rubin tells her Cora has ignored him for years, and while he has remained faithful, he desires Mavis. When she doesn't accept his halfhearted advances, Rubin falls asleep on her parlor sofa. Days later, Lottie and her husband are there for dinner. Cora asks Lottie if she and the kids can come stay with her. Just as she asks, Rubin returns home to apologize. The two gossips call Cora to tell her, which re-ignites the argument. He accuses Cora of rejecting him sexually, and she argues that she can't be in the mood when she spends her days worrying about money. Reenie's friend Flirt and her boyfriend arrive, with a date for Reenie, Sammy. Lottie's bigotry is revealed when she suggests that Cora and Rubin might not want to allow Reenie to accompany a Jew to the party. Sammy and Reenie kiss at the party, but Harry Ralston and his wife walk in on them, berating her for bringing a Jew to the country club, where they are not allowed. Embarrassed, Sammy and Reenie leave. Sammy bemoans the bigotry in the world, and drops Reenie at home, where she finds Rubin on the sofa. He confesses that he has lost his job and doesn't know how to tell Cora. The following morning, they learn Sammy has attempted suicide. Reenie rushes to the hospital, telling him that she doesn't care what people think. Cora promises Sonny to stop being so over-protective so he can grow into a responsible adult, then receives a call letting her know that Sammy has died. Cora heads over to Mavis's salon. She pretends to be a customer, before revealing she is Rubin's wife. Mavis confesses that she has been in love with Rubin for years, but that Rubin has always been faithful to Cora. She also reveals that Rubin has lost his job. Rubin has found a new job as a salesman at an oil drilling equipment company. He returns home to find Cora waiting for him. She has sent Reenie to Lottie's for a few days to help her come to grips with Sammy's death. Cora and Rubin declare their love for one another and a commitment to paying more attention to each other's needs. As they embrace, Sonny returns home with a friend, one of his former tormentors from school. Rubin pays for the two boys to go see a movie, After they leave, he follows his wife up to the bedroom. Cast Robert Preston as Rubin Flood Dorothy McGuire as Cora Flood Eve Arden as Lottie Lacey Angela Lansbury as Mavis Pruitt Shirley Knight as Reenie Flood Lee Kinsolving as Sammy Golden Frank Overton as Morris Lacey Robert Eyer as Sonny Flood Penney Parker as Flirt Conroy Ken Lynch as Harry Ralston Paul Birch as Jonah Mills (uncredited) Peg LaCentra as Edna Harper (uncredited) Nelson Leigh as Ed Peabody (uncredited) Charles Seel as Percy Weems (uncredited) Mary Patton as Mrs Ralston (uncredited) Production Warner Brothers announced in January 1960 that it would be producing a film version of Inge's play, directed by Delbert Mann, and starring Robert Preston and Dorothy McGuire. During rehearsals for the production, Mann used the same process he had used since his first film, Marty, in 1955. First, the cast read through the entire script, then they rehearsed the entire screenplay on set prior to the commencement of filming. The film went into production in late January. By the beginning of March an actor's strike was looming, scheduled for March 7. Warner Brothers began going to seven days a week production schedules, in order to complete filming before the strike. In mid-July, it was announced that The Dark at the Top of the Stairs would headline the launch of the fall season, opening at Radio City Music Hall after Labor Day. The film opened on September 22, 1960 at Radio City Music Hall in New York. Reception Variety gave the film a favorable review, noting that it was "well cast and persuasively acted". However, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times did not give the film a favorable review, calling it a "flawed adaptation of the original stage play". The Film Bulletin gave the film a good review, if they did find it uneven, calling it a "rather absorbing drama, with goodly shares of humor, warmth, and tragedy". They felt that Preston's performance was fine, but would have been better if he had brought more "humility and tenderness" to the role. They found McGuire's performance "splendid", and thought Mann's direction was professional, but that he focused on "certain scenes singularly, rather than integrating them into the whole". Motion Picture Daily gave the film another good review, although they were not kind to Mann's direction, finding it to be the weakness in the picture, saying that he "failed to draw out some of the most vital scenes all the urgency and pathos that Inge had wrote into them". They praised the work of Harriett Frank and Irving Ravetch in their adaptation of Inge's play to the screen, and felt the acting was exceptional. They called Preston's work "excellent", and McGuire "warm and appealing"; they felt the rest of the cast was well-done, and singled out Lansbury's performance as outstanding. The one sour note in the acting corps, the felt, was Arden's performance as the aunt, which they felt worked during the comedic sections, but was "out of key" during the dramatic moments. Shirley Knight earned an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Reenie Flood. Knight also received two Golden Globe nominations for her performance: for Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture and New Star Of The Year - Actress. Lee Kinsolving also received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his role as "Sammy Goldenbaum". Mann's direction was nominated for a Directors Guild of America Award for "outstanding directorial achievement". The film was voted one of the ten best of the year in 1960 by the National Board of Review. Eve Arden's performance rated among the five best of the year by supporting actresses, according to The Film Daily's poll of over 1800 critics. References Category:1960 films Category:1960s drama films Category:American films Category:American films based on plays Category:American drama films Category:English-language films Category:Films about antisemitism Category:Films about dysfunctional families Category:Films directed by Delbert Mann Category:Films scored by Max Steiner Category:Films set in Oklahoma Category:Films set in the 1920s Category:Suicide in film Category:Warner Bros. films

New Tales of Gisaeng New Tales of Gisaeng (; also known as New Gisaeng Story) is a 2011 South Korean television series starring Im Soo-hyang, Sung Hoon and Han Hye-rin. Written by Im Sung-han and directed by Son Moon-kwon, it aired on SBS from January 23 to July 17, 2011 on Saturdays and Sundays at 21:45 for 52 episodes. Plot "Gisaeng" was the Korean equivalent of a geisha or courtesan knowledgeable in poetry, dance, music, culture and politics, who entertained noblemen and royalty of the Joseon Dynasty. This series explores the premise that gisaeng still existed in modern-day Korea. Dan Sa-ran (Im Soo-hyang) lost her mother at a young age, and never quite got along with her stepmother and stepsister. Despite her humble background, she carries herself with pride and grace, majoring in classical dance during college. Drawing the attention of Buyonggak's head gisaeng with her dancing talent and classic beauty, Sa-ran enters Korea's sole traditional gisaeng house, an exclusive establishment that serves only VIP guests. Ah Da-mo (Sung Hoon) is a cocky second-generation chaebol with his own set of daddy issues. He can't be bothered to give any woman the time of day... until he meets Sa-ran. Cast Main characters Im Soo-hyang as Dan Sa-ran Sung Hoon as Ah Da-mo Han Hye-rin as Geum Ra-ra Kim Bo-yeon as Oh Hwa-ran Kim Hye-sun as Han Soon-deok Jung Han-bi as young Soon-deok Supporting characters Dan family Baek Ok-dam as Dan Gong-joo Kim Joo-young as Dan Chul-soo Lee Sook as Ji Hwa-ja Geum family Han Jin-hee as Geum Eo-san Park Jin as young Eo-san Seo Woo-rim as Lee Hong-ah Lee Jong-nam as Jang Joo-hee Lee Dong-joon as Geum Kang-san Lee Dae-ro as Geum Shi-jo Lee Sang-mi as Shin Hyo-ri Ah family Im Hyuk as Ah Soo-ra Kim Hye-jung as Cha Ra-ri Ahn Young-joo as Park Ae-ja Buyonggak Lee Mae-ri as Lee Do-hwa Choi Sun-ja as Hwa-ran's mother Park Joon-myun as Noh Eun-ja Seo Dong-soo as Ma Dan-se Song Dae-kwan as Seo Saeng-kang Oh Ki-chan as Oh Bong-yi Kang Cho-hee as Han Song-yi Kim Yul as Baek Soo-jung Seol Yoon as Jang Soo-jin Yoon Ji-eun as Song Hye-eun Kim Eun-sun as Ye-rang Lee Sun-ah as Lee Ji-hyang Oh Ji-yeon as Kim-sshi Ha Na-kyung Extended cast Jeon Ji-hoo as Son-ja Jin Ye-sol as Jin Joo-ah Lee Soo-jin as Sung Ah-mi Park Yoon-jae as Oh Jin-ahm Kim Ho-chang as Yoo Tae-young Michael Blunck as Kyle Shin Goo as Master Joong-bong Jun Sung-hwan as Master Jung-do Lee Hyo-jung as Ma Yi-joon (CEO Joon Entertainment) The Midas Kim Joon-hyung as Do-suk Son Ga-young as Choi Young-mim Won Jong-rye as Young-nim's mother Kim Sun-il as Min-jae Min Joon-hyun as manager Ratings Awards and nominations International broadcast It aired in Japan on cable channel KNTV from September 9, 2012 to March 3, 2013, with reruns on cable channel BS Japan beginning February 20, 2013. In 2015, Hong Kong's HKTV also played this drama. References External links Category:Seoul Broadcasting System television dramas Category:2011 South Korean television series debuts Category:2011 South Korean television series endings Category:Korean-language television programs Category:2010s South Korean television series Category:South Korean romance television series

Mecel Mecel was a software and systems consulting firm, specializing in the automotive industry. The company has offices in Gothenburg and has approximately 120 employees. History Mecel was founded in Sweden in 1982 by Jan Nytomt and Hasse Johansson, who later became technical manager at Scania. The company idea was to provide the automotive industry with electronic engine control devices. In 1982 Saab-Scania Combitech Group, as the company was named at the time, acquired Mecel. When General Motors bought the Saab-Scania car operations in 1990 Mecel followed with it. In 1997 General Motors created the company Delphi Automotive Systems and subsequently Mecel became a wholly owned subsidiary of Delphi. Mecel has since been operating as an independent software and system house being able to offer services to all customers. In 1987 a software division, Mecel Gothenburg, was started in Chalmers University Science Park with the intention of investigating and developing multiplexed signaling in the vehicle based on CAN. In 1990 Mecel and Mecel Gothenburg together formed Mecel AB and Mecel Gothenburg has since 2000 has been organizational headquarters. In 2006 the Åmål office was purchased by co founder Jan Nytomt and in 2007 the Mecel Engine Systems was acquired by Hoerbiger In 2009 Mecel had an operating revenue of 107.3 million. President from 2000 until 2011 was Kent-Eric Lång [1], succeeded by Henrik Häggström in August 2011. Company Operations Some major contributions to the industry during the years: The IonSense technology was developed by the Mecel founders in the 80's and are presented in a number of patents. US patents 4785789, 4903676, 4947810, 5769049, 5992386, 6123057, 6827061. The technology are used in a number of applications among others Saab Direct Ignition where it was introduced in the Trionic T5.2 system. In the European Union research programme FP4 was Mecel a member and contributor of the X-by-wire project Mecel has also been contributing to the automotive standardization two examples are within ISO. ISO 14229 where Anders Lundqvist was (chairman). ISO 26262 where Håkan Sivencrona has been editor for subsection 10. Products Some of Mecels product areas are: Automotive Bluetooth Picea Populus References Category:Software companies of Sweden Category:Companies based in Gothenburg Category:Automotive companies of Sweden

Irfaan Ali Dr. Hon. Mohamed Irfaan Ali is a Guyanese politician, sitting Member of Parliament and a former Minister of Housing in Guyana. Ali was elected Presidential Candidate for the People's Progressive Party on January 19, 2019. Early life & education Ali was born in Leonora, a village in the West Coast Demarara region of Guyana. The child of two educators and one of two sons, Ali also spent much of his formative years on the island of Leguan. He is a past student of the Leonora Nursery and Primary schools and Cornelia Ida Primary. Ali completed his secondary education at St. Stanislaus College in Georgetown, Guyana. He holds a doctorate in Urban and Regional Planning from the University of the West Indies. Professional career Ali served as Project Manager of the Caribbean Development Bank's Project Implementation Unit in the Ministry of Finance and Senior Planner in the State Planning Secretariat. Political career Ali became a member of the National Assembly of Guyana in 2006. He was subsequently appointed to the portfolios of Minister of Housing and Water and Minister of Tourism Industry and Commerce. During his tenure as Minister, Ali performed the functions of President and Prime Minister on separate occasions. In 2015, the People's Progressive Party (PPP/C) went into opposition during which time he served as chair of the Public Accounts Committee and co-chair the Economic Services Committee of the Parliament of Guyana. Presidential candidacy Irfaan Ali is the Presidential Candidate of the People's Progressive Party (PPP/C) for the March 2, 2020 General and Regional Elections in Guyana. He was selected as the presidential candidate for the People's Progressive Party on January 19, 2019. His controversial selection came at a time after Ali had been charged with 19 counts of conspiracy and fraud by Guyana's Special Organized Crime Unit (SOCU). Immediately following his selection, Ali was accused of academic fraud. References Category:Living people Category:Guyanese politicians Category:Government ministers of Guyana Category:Guyanese politicians of Indian descent Category:1980 births

Ýazguly Hojageldiýew Yazguly Berdymuhammedovich Hojageldiyev (; born 16 February 1977) is a Turkmen football manager and former professional footballer who is currently the manager of the Altyn Asyr FK. Honored coach of Turkmenistan. Career Hojageldiyev was born in Büzmeýin. As a football player played as a midfielder for the Turkmen clubs FC Büzmeýin, FC Dagdan Aşgabat, FC Nebitçi, FC Garagum, Kopetdag and HTTU Aşgabat. Coaching career Turkmenistan national team In February 2010, led the Turkmenistan national football team. Under his leadership the team went to Sri Lanka to participate in the final tournament of the AFC Challenge Cup 2010. In a tournament team of Turkmenistan for the first time made it to the final of the AFC Challenge Cup, losing in the final match of the DPRK team in the penalty shootout. In March 2011, the national team of Turkmenistan has successfully entered the final round of the AFC Challenge Cup 2012, beating Pakistan, Taiwan, and played in a draw with India in the qualifying competition in Kuala Lumpur. In the summer of 2011 the first qualifying match against Indonesia in the race for getting into the final of the 2014 World Cup team beginning in Ashgabat draw (1:1), and the humiliating defeat in the party with a 4–3 team knocked out of the fight for the right to go to the World Cup 2014. In winter 2012 team gathered for a training camp in Turkey. In preparation for the AFC Challenge Cup 2012 team Yazguly Hodzhageldiev had a friendly match with Romania, as a result of devastating Turkmenistan team lost 4–0. In March 2012, the team went to Kathmandu to participate in the final tournament of the AFC Challenge Cup 2012. Turkmenistan national team beat the tournament hosts Nepal (0–3) and the team of the Maldives (3–1), the match with Palestine ended in a goalless draw. In the semifinals, Turkmen defeated the Philippines (2–1). Turkmenistan national team for the second time missed AFC Challenge Cup, losing to North Korea at the end of the match (1–2). In 2017, again headed the national team of Turkmenistan. Honours As a Coach Turkmenistan AFC Challenge Cup: Runners-up: 2010, 2012 HTTU Champion of Turkmenistan: 2006, 2009, 2013 Silver medalist in Turkmenistan: 2007, 2008, 2011 Bronze medalist in Turkmenistan: 2012 Winner of the Cup of Turkmenistan: 2006, 2011 Turkmenistan Cup finalist: 2008 Turkmenistan Super Cup: 2009 Turkmenistan President Cup: 2007, 2008, 2009 Semifinalist of the Commonwealth of Independent States Cup: 2010 Altyn Asyr FK Champion of Turkmenistan: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Winner of the Cup of Turkmenistan: 2015, 2016, 2019 Turkmenistan Super Cup: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Finalist 2018 AFC Cup References External links Profile in Goal.com Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:Turkmenistan footballers Category:Turkmenistan football managers Category:People from Ahal Region Category:Turkmenistan national football team managers Category:Association football midfielders Category:2019 AFC Asian Cup managers

Stamboul (film) Stamboul is a 1932 British drama film directed by Dimitri Buchowetzki and starring Warwick Ward, Rosita Moreno, Margot Grahame, and Garry Marsh. It was released by the British division of Paramount Pictures. The film's sets were designed by the art director Heinrich Richter, Hermann Warm and R. Holmes Paul. Buchowetski also co-directed El hombre que asesino with Fernando Gomis, the Spanish-language version of the film, also released by Paramount. The film is based on the novel L'homme qui assasina (1906) by Claude Farrère and on a play by Pierre Frondaie. Premise In the lead-up to the First World War, a French military attaché falls in love with the wife of a prominent German in Stamboul in the Ottoman Empire. Cast Warwick Ward as Col André de Sevigne Rosita Moreno as Baroness von Strick Margot Grahame as Countess Elsa Talven Henry Hewitt as Baron von Strick Garry Marsh as Prince Cernuwitz Alan Napier as Bouchier Abraham Sofaer as Mahmed Pasha Stella Arbenina as Mme. Bouchier Annie Esmond as Nurse Eric Pavitt as Franz See also The Right to Love (1920) The Man Who Murdered (1931) References External links Category:1932 films Category:British films Category:1930s drama films Category:English-language films Category:Films directed by Dimitri Buchowetzki Category:British drama films Category:British films based on plays Category:British multilingual films Category:British black-and-white films Category:1930s multilingual films

Pōmare Pōmare or Pomare may refer to: Pōmare Dynasty, the dynasty of the Tahitian monarchs Pōmare I (c.1742-1803), first king of the Kingdom of Tahiti Pōmare II (c.1774–1821), second king of Tahiti Pōmare III (1820-1827), third king of Tahiti Pōmare IV (1813-1877), queen of Tahiti (fourth monarch) Pōmare V (1839-1891), fifth and last king of Tahiti Notable New Zealand Māori people named Pōmare Pōmare I (Ngāpuhi) (d. 1826), Ngāpuhi leader, also called Whetoi Pōmare II (Ngāpuhi) (d. 1850), Ngāpuhi leader, nephew of Pōmare I, originally called Whiria, also called Whetoi Hare Pōmare (d. 1864), performer, son of Pōmare II Wiremu Piti (d. 1851), originally called Pomare and Pomare Ngatata, Ngāti Mutunga leader Māui Pōmare (1875 or 1876 – 1930), New Zealand Māori doctor and politician Places Pomare, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Pomare railway station, situated in the above suburb

Lorenzo Parodi Lorenzo Parodi (Genoa, 24 May 1926 – Genoa, 31 July 2011) was an Italian trade unionist, communist revolutionary and politician, founder in 1965 of Lotta Comunista with Arrigo Cervetto. From the small workshop to Ansaldo Lorenzo Parodi was born into a working-class family: his father "Bartolomeo Parodi" worked at the forging department "Ansaldo" of Genoa Sampierdarena. He started to work at fourteen years old in a small bolts of Genova Nervi, in the midst of World War II Lorenzo goes to the big factory, and the professional apprenticeship come before the first political experiences just over a year. Lorenzo Parodi starts to work at Ansaldo, as a turner at the department "small cars" (MAPI) in the summer of 1942. Half a century later, introducing the third edition of "Cronache Operaie", he remembers " We were among the boys entered the factories in the early forties to replace the "cannon fodder" sent to front ." The first political experiences in the fire of World War In the spring of 1943 Lorenzo Parodi joined the strike in progress at Ansaldo and in 1944, to escape the Nazi raids and deportation, he's forced to leave the factory. Parodi becomes partisan in SAP Brigade "Crosa" of Genova Nervi: here his political novitiate starts; due his anti-Stalinist choice, he meets the young libertarian communists of Nervi like Antonio Pittaluga, Vero Grassini, Agostino Sessarego and Mario Vignale and later the group of Genoa Sestri. It is especially "the refusal of Togliatti's opportunism" and the attempt "still confused to salvage the savable from the opportunistic wave that will block and overwhelm the class movement emerged from the struggle against fascism" the factors that will approaches him and his group to libertarian and anarchist ideas. The process of political maturation in the postwar The young Parodi return to Ansaldo at the end of the war. His political work is expressed in the commitment to bring the anarchist movement on a line of concrete political struggle; with Arrigo Cervetto and other people like them, he works for the foundation of the "Anarchist Groups of Proletarian Action" (GAAP), enshrined in the Convention of Genoa Pontedecimo of February 1951. "It is the search for another communism that was not the subjection to Moscow of stalinian PCI that will connect Lorenzo Parodi and Arrigo Cervetto between 1948 and 1949. The meeting land was an attempt of Pier Carlo Masini and Cervetto to group around the young of the FAI Italian Anarchist Federation in a libertarian communist movement, organized and federated, to leave the traditional anarchist individualism. The research for 'homogeneity as theoretical science of revolution' directs him to a serious study of "Capital" in Marx and to study Lenin. The Internationalist position on the uprising in Budapest The presence in the National Steering Committee of the CGIL provides the grandstand for a clear internationalist position on the workers' revolt in Budapest of October and November 1956. The Secretary-General Di Vittorio, after his deploring on Russia's military intervention expressed on October, made a rapid march back. Lorenzo Parodi supports the uprising in Budapest in connection with other significant events of that crucial 1956 (the Revolt of Poznan, the colonial war conducted in Algeria by the government of Guy Mollet, the Suez Crisis). The confluence in Azione Comunista After the confluence of the GAAP, in the spring 1957, in the group of "Azione Comunista" founded two years earlier by a "dissident" of PCI, Parodi is committed to the side of Arrigo Cervetto against the Maximalism of the group to attest an internationalist position. He presents with Cervetto, at the first conference of the Communist Left November 1957 in Livorno, the "Theses on imperialist development, the duration of the counter and on the development of the class party", that is now expressed in an organic strategic vision of the current Leninist. The Foundation of Lotta Comunista The strategic task for the proletariat, the class that can and should revolutionize the imperialist society, is now clearly outlined in the vision that Parodi shares with Cervetto's vision. The strategic vision of the Theses of '57 is in fact linked to the conception of the party's strategy: to Parodi Cervetto send in 1964 the drafts of the study (which will be collected two years later in volume, with the title of "Class Struggles and revolutionary party ", and over again until the sixth edition of 2004, which also republishes those letters) on the Leninist concept of political action, with the goal of having 'a text-based current Leninist in Italy". On that basis Cervetto and Parodi can turn the page on the experience of "Azione Comunista" in December 1965, year of the first issue of "Lotta Comunista" (which will Parodi director until his death) and begins a vast work of settlement organization. See also Arrigo Cervetto Lotta Comunista Category:1926 births Category:2011 deaths Category:People from Genoa

Old White Lion, Bury The Old White Lion is a public house at 6 Bolton Street, Bury, Greater Manchester BL9 0LQ. It is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors. It was built in the late 19th century. References Category:Pubs in Greater Manchester Category:National Inventory Pubs Category:Buildings and structures in Bury, Greater Manchester

1844 United States presidential election in North Carolina The 1844 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place between November 1 and December 4, 1844, as part of the 1844 United States presidential election. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President. North Carolina voted for the Whig candidate, Henry Clay, over Democratic candidate James K. Polk. Clay won North Carolina by a margin of 4.63%. With 52.39% of the popular vote, North Carolina would be Henry Clay's fourth strongest state after Rhode Island, Vermont and Kentucky. This was also the last presidential election until 1992 when a Democrat would win without carrying the state of North Carolina. Results References North Carolina 1844 Category:1844 North Carolina elections

James Loney (peace activist) James Loney (born 1964) is a Canadian peace activist who has worked for several years with Christian Peacemaker Teams in Iraq and Palestine. On November 26, 2005, he was kidnapped in Baghdad along with three others: Harmeet Singh Sooden (Canadian) and Norman Kember (British), both members of the delegation he was leading; and Tom Fox (American), a full-time member of CPT who had been working in Iraq since September 2004. The widely publicized hostage crisis (see 2005-2006 Christian Peacemaker hostage crisis) ended on March 23, 2006 when Loney, Kember and Sooden were freed in a clandestine military operation led by British Special Forces. Tom Fox was killed on March 9, two weeks before the release of the other hostages. While Loney was held as a hostage, his family and partner Dan Hunt withheld the fact of his homosexuality out of fear for his safety. The media was aware of this fact but cooperated in keeping it secret. He made a brief media appearance on March 30: "I'll take things slowly until I can get through a day without shaking legs and a pounding heart," he said. Early life Loney was born in Calgary, Alberta, and was raised in Thunder Bay and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. During his late teens he worked as a counsellor at Columbus Boys' Camp near Orillia, Ontario, on Lake Simcoe. This was a summer camp for underprivileged boys, funded by the Knights of Columbus and staffed by senior high school students from various schools run by the Basilian Fathers until 2002, when it was sold to Stu Saunders, who turned it into a leadership camp. Loney was a founding member Zacchaeus House, one of several houses that were part of the Toronto Catholic Worker. From 1990 to 2001 he was a member of the Zacchaeus House community—a house of hospitality which welcomes people in need of housing. While no longer an active part of the community, Zacchaues House continues to function today. After release In June 2006, Loney entered headlines again for joining in the protest against the controversial use of security certificates to detain foreign residents in Canada for years without charges or trial. On June 20, 2006, Loney and several other staff members of the Ontario Catholic Youth Leadership Camp held a press conference in Toronto in which they claimed the Knights of Columbus, a Catholic charitable organization, shut down the camp after learning about Loney's sexual orientation upon his return from captivity. The Ontario Knights of Columbus denied this was the reason for closing the camp. The camp re-opened the following summer under the same name but with a new director and staff. On that same day, Loney and his partner Hunt were honoured at the Toronto 2006 Pride Day Gala with the Fearless Award. According to a November 11, 2006 report in the Guelph Mercury of a speech he'd given to university students on November 9, Loney refused to wear a poppy on Remembrance Day. Loney claimed that it "says we have to be ready for the next time - vigilance." Canadian singer-songwriter, Jon Brooks, wrote two songs on Loney's CD Ours And The Shepherds in response to the controversy. Jim Loney's Prayer Part I and Jim Loney's Prayer Part II were chosen as bookends to the track-list on a CD about Canadian war stories. On December 8, 2006, Loney, Kember and Sooden publicly forgave their captors at a press conference held at St. Ethelburga's Peace Center, London, England. On this same day a year before their kidnappers had threatened to execute them. In their joint statement of forgiveness they said, "We unconditionally forgive our captors for abducting and holding us. We have no desire to punish them," and "Should those who have been charged with holding us hostage be brought to trial and convicted, we ask that they be granted all possible leniency. We categorically lay aside any rights we may have over them." On May 23, 2007, Loney released a public statement saying that he would not be testifying against his captors who are now in U.S. custody citing the lack of transparency in Iraqi courts, the limited access to lawyers and the death penalty.I recently informed the RCMP that I will not testify. I cannot participate in a judicial process where the prospects of a fair trial are negligible, and more crucially, where the death penalty is a possibility. Loney and Harmeet Singh Sooden were among 250 Canadians who risked charges under Canada's anti-terrorism legislation in the spring of 2009 for contributing towards a plane ticket for Abousfian Abdelrazik, a Canadian man who was detained by the Sudanese government at Canada’s request, tortured, imprisoned for two years without charge and then denied travel documents to return to Canada. The ticket Loney helped purchase exposed how the government was actively blocking his return and led to the June 2009 court ruling which forced the Canadian government to bring him home. Loney was one of 30 supporters who were on hand to welcome Abdelrazik home upon his arrival at Toronto's Pearson International Airport on June 27, 2009. References External links Christian Peacemaker Teams profile March 30 video: speeches to media by James Loney, his partner, & others in his family March 30 'Emotional Loney speaks of small things he missed' 'More about James Loney', SooToday.com, December 9, 2005 'Brothers of hostage in Iraq describe "gut-wrenching" wait', CBC News, December 11, 2005 'Family waits as deadline passes in silence', The Globe and Mail, December 11, 2005 Free The Captives: Petition for the release of Christian Peacemakers being held in Iraq – includes latest news and daily updates. Catholic Worker Communities Video report March 28, 2006 Category:1964 births Category:Canadian anti-war activists Category:Foreign hostages in Iraq Category:Canadian people taken hostage Category:Roman Catholic activists Category:LGBT people from Canada Category:LGBT Roman Catholics Category:Canadian people of Irish descent Category:Living people Category:People from Calgary Category:Canadian anti–Iraq War activists Category:Catholic Workers Category:Canadian Christian pacifists

History of Schleswig-Holstein The history of Schleswig-Holstein consists of the corpus of facts since the pre-history times until the modern establishing of the Schleswig-Holstein state. Early history The Jutland Peninsula is a peninsula in Northern Europe with modern-day Schleswig-Holstein at its base. Schleswig is also called Southern Jutland (Sønderjylland). The old Scandinavian sagas, perhaps dating back to the times of the Angles and Jutes give the impression that Jutland has been divided into a northern and a southern part with the border running along the Kongeå River. Taking into account both archeological findings and Roman sources, however, one could conclude that the Jutes inhabited both the Kongeå region and the more northern part of the peninsula, while the Angles lived approximately where the towns Haithabu and Schleswig later would emerge (originally centered in the southeast of Schleswig in Angeln), the Saxons (earlier known apparently as the Reudingi) originally centered in Western Holstein (known historically as "Northalbingia") and Slavic Wagrians, part of the Obodrites (Abodrites) in Eastern Holstein. The Danes settled in the early Viking ages in Northern and Central Schleswig and the Northern Frisians after approximately the year 900 in Western Schleswig. The pattern of populated and unpopulated areas was relatively constant through Bronze Age and Iron Age. After the Dark Ages migrations After many Angles emigrated to the British Islands in the 5th century, the land of the Angles came in closer contact with the Danish islands — plausibly by partly immigration/occupation by the Danes. Later also the contacts increased between the Danes and the people on the northern half of the Jutish peninsula. Judging by today's placenames, then the southern linguistic border of the Danish language seems to have been (starting at the west) up the Treene river, along the Danevirke (also known as Danewerk), then cutting across from the Schlei estuary to Eckernförde, and leaving the Schwansen peninsula, while the West coast of Schleswig had been the area of the Frisian language. After the Slavic migrations, the eastern area of modern Holstein was inhabited by Slavic Wagrians (Vagri) a subgroup of the Obotrites (Obotritae). Nordalbingia and Wagria in 8th century-9th century Apart from northern Holstein and Schleswig inhabited by Danes there were Nordalbingia and Wagria in respectively, Western and Eastern Holstein. Nordalbingia (German: Nordalbingien, i.e. land north of the Elbe river) was one of the four administrative regions of the medieval Duchy of Saxony, the others being Angria, Eastphalia, and Westphalia. Nordalbingia consisted of four districts: Dithmarschen, Holstein, Stormarn (north of the Elbe) and Hadeln (south of the Elbe). The Wagri, Wagiri, or Wagrians were a tribe of Polabian Slavs inhabiting Wagria, or eastern Holstein in northern Germany, from the ninth to twelfth centuries. They were a constituent tribe of the Obodrite confederacy. Conquest of Nordalbingia by Obodrites and Franks In the Battle of Bornhöved (798) (German: Schlacht bei Bornhöved) on the field of Sventanafeld (Sventanapolje, Slavonic for "sacred field") near the village of Bornhöved near Neumünster in 798 the Obodrites, led by Drożko, allied with the Franks, defeated the Nordalbingian Saxons. Following defeat of Norgalbingians in the Battle of Bornhöved by combined forces of the Obodrites and the Franks, where the Saxons lost 4,000 people, 10,000 Saxon families were deported to other areas of the empire. Areas north of Elbe (Wagria) were given to the Obodrites, while Hadeln was directly incorporated. However, the Obodrites soon were invaded by Danes and only the intervention of Charlemagne pushed the Danes out of Eider river. Danish, Saxon, Franks struggle for control of Holstein As Charlemagne extended his realm in the late 8th century, he met a united Danish army which successfully defended Danevirke, a fortified defensive barrier across the south of the territory west of the Schlei. A border was established at the Eider River in 811. This strength was enabled by three factors: the fishing, the good soil giving good pasture and harvests in particular the tax and customs revenues from the market in Haithabu, where all trade between the Baltic Sea and Western Europe passed. The Danevirke was built immediately south of the road where boats or goods had to be hauled for approximately 5 kilometers between a Baltic Sea bay and the small river Rheider Au (Danish, Rejde Å) connected to the North Sea. There on the narrowest part of southern Jutland was established the important transit market (Haithabu, also known as Hedeby, near modern Haddeby), which was protected by the Danevirke fortification. Hedeby was located on the inlet Schlei opposite to what is now the City of Schleswig. The wealth of Schleswig, as reflected by impressive archeological finds on the site today, and the taxes from the Haithabu market, was enticing. A separate kingdom of Haithabu was established around year 900 by the Viking chieftain Olaf from Svealand. Olaf's son and successor Gnupa was however killed in battle against the Danish king, and his kingdom vanished. The southern border was then adjusted back and forth a few times. For instance, the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II occupied the region between the river Eider and the inlet Schlei in the years 974–983, called the March of Schleswig, and stimulating German colonisation. Later Haithabu was burned by Swedes, and first under the reign of King Sweyn Forkbeard (Svend Tveskæg) (986-1014) the situation was stabilised, although raids against Haithabu would be repeated. Haithabu was once again and ultimately destroyed by fire in 1066. As Adam of Bremen reported in 1076, the Eider River was the border between Denmark and the Saxon territories. From the time Danes came to Schleswig from today’s eastern part of Denmark and Germans colonised Schleswig migrating from Holstein, the country north of the Elbe had been the battleground of Danes and Germans, as well as certain Slavic people. Danish scholars point to the existence of Danish placenames north for Eider and Danevirke as evidence that at least the most of Schleswig was at one time Danish; German scholars claim it, on the other hand, as essentially "Germanic", due to the fact that Schleswig became an autonomous entity and a duchy (in the 13th century) since it has been populated and been dominated from the South. The Duchy of Schleswig, or Southern Jutland (Sønderjylland), had been a Danish fief, though having been more or less independent from the Kingdom of Denmark during the centuries, similarly to Holstein, that had been from the first a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, originating in the small area of Nordalbingia, in today western Holstein, inhabited then mostly by Saxons, but in 13th century expanded to the present Holstein, after winning local Danish overlord. Throughout the Middle Ages, Schleswig was a source of rivalry between Denmark and the nobility of the duchy of Holstein within the Holy Roman Empire. The Danish position can be exemplified with an inscription on a stone in the walls of the town of Rendsburg (Danish: Rendsborg) located on the border between Schleswig and Holstein: Eidora Terminus Imperii Romani ("The River Eider is the Border of the Holy Roman Empire"). A number of Holsatian nobles sought to challenge this. Danish, Saxon, Angles struggle for control of Schleswig The area of Schleswig (Southern Jutland) was first inhabited by the mingled West Germanic tribes Cimbri, Angles and Jutes, later also by the North Germanic Danes and West Germanic Frisians. Holstein was inhabited mainly by the West Germanic Saxons, aside Wends (such as Obotrites) and other Slavic peoples in the East. The Saxons were the last of their nation to submit to Charlemagne (804), who put their country under Frankish counts, the limits of the Empire being pushed in 810 as far as the Schlei in Schleswig. In 811 the river Eider was declared as borderline between the Frankish Empire and Denmark. Then began the secular struggle between the Danish kings and the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, and in 934 the German king Henry I established the March of Schleswig (Limes Danarum) between the Eider and the Schlei as an outpost of the Empire against the Danes. South of this raged the contest between the Empire and Slavs. The Slavs, conquered and Christianised, rose in revolt in 983, after the death of the emperor Otto II, and for a while reverted to paganism and independence. The Saxon dukes, however, continued to rule central Holstein, and when Lothair of Supplinburg became duke of Saxony (1106), on the extinction of the Billung line, he enfeoffed Lord Adolphus of Schauenburg with the County of Holstein, as a Saxon subfief, becoming Adolphus I, Count of Holstein with the Saxon, later Lower Saxon dukes as liege lords. 12th century The Earl (jarl) Knud Lavard (Eng. Canute Lavard)(killed 1131), son of a Danish king, became Duke of Jutland or Southern Jutland. His son ascended the Danish throne, and the main branch continued as Kings, and a cadet branch descended from Abel of Denmark received Southern Jutland (Slesvig) as their appanage. During the rule of the dynasty Southern Jutland functioned as the Duchy which provided for the expenses of Royal Princes. Rivalry of royal succession and particularly the tendency of autonomy led to long-lasting feuds between the Dukes of Schleswig and the Kings of Denmark 1253–1325. At that time, the Holy Roman Empire expanded northwards and had set up the Schauenburg family as counts of Holstein, under German suzerainty, first located in Nordalbingia, the Saxon part of the region, in what now is western Holstein. Knud Lavard had also gained awhile parts of Holstein, and thereby came in conflict with Count Adolphus I (Schauenburg) in the part of Holstein within the Empire, as they both were very keen on expanding their influence and pacifying the Wagrian tribe (see: Wends). Count Adolphus II, son of Adolphus I, succeeded and established the County of Holstein (1143) with about the borders it has had since then. Holstein was Christianised, many of the Wagrians were killed and the land was inhabited by settlers from Westphalia, Friesland and Holland. Soon the Holsatian towns, such as Lübeck and Hamburg, became serious trade competitors on the Baltic Sea. 13th century Adolphus II (1128–1164), succeeded in re-conquering the Slavonic Wagri and founded the city and see of Lübeck to hold them in check. Adolphus III (d. 1225), his successor, received Dithmarschen in fee from the emperor Frederick I, but in 1203 the fortunes of war compelled him to surrender Holstein to Valdemar II of Denmark who mandated Albert of Orlamünde, the cession being confirmed in a Golden bull by the emperor Frederick II in 1214 and the pope in 1217, thus provoking the nobles in Holstein. Valdemar appointed his lieutenant in Holstein. In 1223, King Valdemar and his eldest son were abducted by count Henry I, Count of Schwerin (also known as Heinrich der Schwarze), and held captive in Castle Dannenberg for several years. Count Henry demanded that Valdemar should surrender the land conquered in Holstein 20 years ago and become a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor who in fact tried to intervene and arrange the release of Valdemar. Danish envoys refused these terms and Denmark declared war. The war ended in defeat of the troops under the command of Albert of Orlamünde at Mölln in 1225, and Valdemar was forced to surrender his conquests as the price of his own release and take an oath not to seek revenge. Valdemar was released from captivity in 1226 and appealed to Pope Honorius III to have his oath repealed, a request the Pope granted. In 1226, Valdemar attacked the nobles of Holstein, and initially, had success. On July 22, 1227 the two armies clashed at Bornhöved in Holstein in the second Battle of Bornhöved. The battle ended in a decisive victory for Adolphus IV of Holstein. During the battle the troops from Dithmarschen abandoned the Danish army and joined Adolphus' army. In the following peace, Valdemar II relinquished his conquests in Holstein for good and Holstein was permanently secured to the house of Schauenburg. King Valdemar II, who had retained the former imperial March north of the Eider, in 1232 erected Schleswig as a duchy for his second son, Abel. Holstein on the other hand, after the death of Adolphus IV in 1261, was split up into several countships by his sons and again by his grandsons (1290): the lines of Holstein-Kiel (1261–1390), Holstein-Pinneberg and Schaumburg (1290–1640) south of the Elbe, Holstein-Plön (1290–1350), Holstein-Rendsburg (1290–1459), and at times also Holstein-Itzehoe (1261–1290) and Holstein-Segeberg (1273–1315), and again 1397–1403), all named after the comital residential cities. 14th century The connection between Schleswig and Holstein became closer during the 14th century as the ruling class and accompanying colonists intensely populated the Duchy Schleswig. Local lords of Schleswig had already early paid attention to keep Schleswig independent from the Kingdom of Denmark and to strengthen ties to Holstein within the Holy Roman Empire. This tradition of autonomy showed itself in future politics for centuries to come. The rivalry, sometimes leading into war between the kings of Denmark and the Abelian dukes of Schleswig was expensive, and Denmark had to finance it through extensive loans. The Dukes of Schleswig were allied with the Counts of Holstein, who happened to become the main creditors of the Danish Crown, too, in the reign of the utterly incompetent king Christopher II of Denmark. On the death of King Valdemar's descendant Eric VI of Denmark in 1319, Christopher II of Denmark attempted to seize the Duchy of Schleswig, the heir of which Duke Valdemar V (as of 1325) was a minor; but Valdemar's guardian and uncle, Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (1304–1340), surnamed the Great and a notable warrior, drove back the Danes and, Christopher having been expelled, succeeded in procuring the election of Duke Valdemar to the Danish throne (as Valdemar III as of 1326), while Gerhard himself obtained the Duchy of Schleswig. King Valdemar III was regarded as a usurper by most Danish nobles as he had been forced by the Schleswig-Holstein nobility to sign the Constitutio Valdemaria (June 7, 1326) promising that The Duchy of Schleswig and the Kingdom of Denmark must never be united under the same ruler. Schleswig was consequently granted to Count Gerhard, being the leader of one of the three lines of the Schauenburg dynasty. The constitution can be seen as a first precursor to the Treaty of Ribe and similarly laying down the principle of separation between the Duchy of Schleswig and the Kingdom of Denmark and indeed uniting Schleswig and Holstein for the first time, though in personal union. In 1330, Christopher II was restored to his throne and Valdemar III of Denmark abdicated his untenable kingship and returned to his former position as Duke of Schleswig which he held as Valdemar V of Schleswig. As compensation, Gerhard was awarded the island of Funen as a fief instead. In 1331 war broke out between Gerhard and King Christopher II, ending in Danish defeat. The peace terms were extremely harsh. King Christopher was only left in effective control of the small island of Langeland and faced the impossible task of raising 100,000 silver marks to redeem his country. Denmark had effectively been dissolved and was left without a king between 1332 and 1340. Gerhard, however, was assassinated in 1340 by a Dane. In 1340, King Valdemar IV of Denmark began his more than twenty-year-long quest to reclaim his kingdom. While succeeding in regaining control of Zealand, Funen, Jutland, and Scania he, however, failed to obtain control of Schleswig, and its ducal line managed to continue its virtual independence. This was the time when almost all of Denmark came under the supremacy of the Counts of Holstein, who possessed different parts of Denmark as pawns for their credits. King Valdemar IV (Atterdag) started to regain the kingdom part by part, and married his rival's sister Hedvig of Schleswig, the only daughter of Eric II, Duke of Schleswig. Duke Valdemar V of Slesvig's son, Henry, was in 1364 nominally entfeoffed with the Duchy, although he never reached to regain more than the northernmost parts as he couldn't raise the necessary funds to repay the loans. With him, the Abelian line became extinct. The true holder of the lands was the count of Holstein-Rendsburg, but Henry's feudal heirs were his first cousin Margaret of Denmark, queen of several Scandinavian realms, and Albert of Mecklenburg, son of Margaret's elder sister Ingeborg of Denmark. In 1372, Valdemar Atterdag turned his attention to Schleswig and conquered Gram in 1372 and Flensburg in 1373. Southern parts of Schleswig had been mortgaged to several German nobles by Duke Henry I, Duke of Schleswig (d. 1375, a son of the former king Valdemar III of Denmark), the last duke of that line. The childless, elderly Henry transferred his rights to his kinsman and brother-in-law King Valdemar IV in 1373. The ethnically German nobles, however, refused to allow the king to repay the mortgage and redeem the area in question. In 1374, Valdemar bought large tracts of land in the province and was on the verge of starting a campaign to conquer the rest when he died on October 24, 1374 and shortly hereon Duke Henry I died in 1375. It was then when the male lines both in the kingdom and the duchy became extinct, that the counts of Holstein-Rendsburg seized on Schleswig, assuming at the same time the style of lords of Jutland. The nobles quickly took action and managed to regain more control of the Duchy which they emphasised to be independent of the Danish Crown. In 1386, Queen Margaret I of Denmark, younger daughter of Valdemar IV of Denmark and Helvig of Schleswig, granted Schleswig as a hereditary fief under the Danish crown to Count Gerhard VI of Holstein-Rendsburg, grandson of Gerhard III, provided that he swore allegiance to her son King Oluf, although Schleswig actually still was held autonomously by the Count of Holstein-Rendsburg. Gerhard - after the extinction of the lines of Holstein-Plön (1350) and Holstein-Kiel (1390) – finally obtained also Holstein-Segeberg in 1403, ruling thus all of Holstein except of Holstein-Pinneberg with the small Schauenburg territories in Lower Saxony. With this merging of power begins the history of the union of Schleswig and Holstein. 15th century Gerhard VI died in 1404, and soon afterwards war broke out between his sons and Eric of Pomerania, Margaret's successor on the throne of Denmark, who claimed South Jutland as an integral part of the Danish monarchy, a claim formally recognised by the emperor Sigismund in 1424, it was not till 1440 that the struggle ended with the investiture of Count Adolphus VIII, Gerhard VI's son, with the hereditary duchy of Schleswig by Christopher III of Denmark. In 1409, King Eric VII of Denmark (Eric of Pomerania) forced the German nobles to surrender Flensburg to him. War broke out in 1410, and Eric conquered Als and Ærø. In 1411, the nobles retook Flensburg, but in 1412 both sides agreed to a count of Mecklenburg to settle the dispute (Danish history claims his name was Ulrich of Mecklenburg). He awarded the city to Denmark, and Margaret I of Denmark took possession of the city. In Flensburg she was struck by the plague and died shortly after. A new mediation attempt was undertaken in 1416 by the Hanseatic League. Both sides accepted, and Denmark pledged the city of Schleswig as security, and the Holsteiners the stronghold of Tönning. The mediation was unsuccessful. In 1421, the Holsteiners succeeded in regaining Haderslev, Schleswig and Tønder. In 1422, Duke Henry X of Silesia-Sagan (also known as duke Heinrich Rumpold), envoy of the Holy Roman Emperor, was recognised by both sides as arbitrator. He died, however, on January 18, 1423 before reaching a settlement. His master, Emperor Sigismund now wished to settle the issue, a decision strongly opposed by the nobles of Holstein. In 1424, Emperor Sigismund ruled, based on the fact that the people of Schleswig spoke Danish, followed Danish customs and considered themselves to be Danes, that the territory rightfully belonged to the King of Denmark. Henry IV, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, protested and refused to follow the verdict. In 1425 war broke out again. In 1431, a group of pro-German burghers opened the gates of Flensburg and an army of German nobles marched in. In 1432 peace was settled, and Eric recognised the conquests made by the German nobles. In 1439, the new Danish king Christopher III (also known as Christopher of Bavaria) bought the loyalty of count Adolphus VIII of Holstein-Rendsburg by granting him the entire Duchy of Schleswig as a hereditary fief but under the Danish crown. On the death of Christopher eight years later, Adolphus' influence secured the election of his nephew Count Christian VII of Oldenburg to the vacant Danish throne. In 1448 Adolphus, as Adolphus I Duke of Slesvig and as Adolphus VIII Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, who himself was one of the closest heirs to Scandinavian monarchies, was influential enough to get his nephew Count Christiern (Christian VII) of Oldenburg elected King of Denmark. When the Adolphus had died in 1459 without issue the Schauenburg dynasty in Holstein-Rendsburg had thus became extinct. The Schauenburg counts of Holstein-Pinneberg had no claim to succession in Schleswig; their election in Holstein-Rendsburg would have separated Schleswig and Holstein-Rendsburg. The separation of Schleswig and Holstein would have meant economic ruin for many nobles of Holstein. Moreover, the Holsatian nobles, mostly of German ethnicity, failed to agree on which course to take. Therefore, it was easy for King Christian I of Denmark (son of Hedwig, the sister of the late duke-count Adolphus) to secure his election both as duke of Schleswig and count of Holstein-Rendsburg. In 1460, King Christian called the nobility to Ribe, and on March 2, 1460, the nobles agreed to elect him as successor of Count Adolphus VIII as the new count of Holstein-Rendsburg, in order to prevent the separation of the two provinces. King Christian I, though he had been forced to swear to the Constitutio Valdemariana, succeeded in asserting his claim to Schleswig in right of his mother, Adolphus' sister. On 5 March 1460 Christian granted a coronation charter (or Freiheitsbrief), issued first at Ribe (Treaty of Ribe, , ) and afterwards at Kiel, which also repeated that Schleswig and Holstein-Rendsburg must remain united "dat se bliven ewich tosamende ungedelt" (Middle Low German or Low Saxon, i.e. that they remain for ever together undivided). Christian's ascension in the County of Holstein-Rendsburg was the first succession in Holstein in female line. The Treaty of Ribe was a proclamation made by King Christian I of Denmark to a number of German nobles enabling himself to become count of Holstein-Rendsburg and regain the Danish duchy of Schleswig. Another clause gave the nobility the right to revolt should the king break the agreement (a usual feature of medieval coronation charters). Regarding Holstein-Rendsburg, the arrangement was pretty straightforward, the King of Denmark became in personal union count of Holstein-Rendsburg but was not allowed to annex the county, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire, to Denmark proper in real union. Regarding Schleswig the arrangement seems at first rather odd, since Schleswig was a fief under the Danish crown, thus making the Danish king his own vassal. However, the nobles saw this arrangement as a guarantee against too strong Danish domination and as a guarantee against a partition of Holstein between Danish nobles. The most important consequence of this agreement was the exclusion of Schleswig in subsequent Danish laws (although the medieval Danish Code of Jutland (in Danish: Jyske Lov) was maintained as the legal code of the duchy of Schleswig. Finally, in 1472 the emperor Frederick III confirmed Christian I's overlordship over Dithmarschen (by claim, conquered only in 1559). Frederick III elevated Christian as Count of Dithmarschen, Holstein-Rendsburg, and Stormarn to Duke of Holstein, thus elevating Holstein-Rendsburg, a Lower Saxon subfief to imperial immediacy. In Holstein-Pinneberg, however, the emperor remained only the indirect overlord with the Lower Saxon Duke John V being the immediate liege lord. In the following period of a hundred years, Schleswig and Holstein were many times divided between heirs. Instead of incorporating South Jutland with the Danish kingdom, however, he preferred to take advantage of the feeling of the estates in Schleswig and Holstein in favour of union to secure both provinces. An important development was the gradual introduction of German administrators in the duchy of Schleswig leading to a gradual Germanification of southern Schleswig. The Germanification did not catch wind, however, before the end of the eighteenth century. Schleswig-Holstein soon got a better educational system some centuries before Denmark proper and Norway. The German nobility in Schleswig and Holstein was already a numerous range of people, and education added plenty of people to administrative officials pool of the kings. In 16th and 17th centuries particularly, educated Schleswig-Holsteiners were recruited to government positions in Norway (where they supplanted indigenous lower Norwegian nobility from its public positions, being a cause of them developing more like odalbonde class than privileged) and also in Denmark, where very many government officials came from German stock (but the Danish nobility was not suppressed, they other immersed most successful of the newcomers into their ranks). This feature of Schleswig-Holstein being an utilised source of bureaucrats was a reason of Denmark's governmental half-Germanisation in the subsequent centuries before 19th-century romantics. Early modern age 16th and 17th centuries Gradual Germanification of southern Schleswig became more intense following the Protestant Reformation, promoted by Duke Christian III in the duchies after his ascension there in 1523 as co-ruling duke with his father King Frederick I. After Christian had succeeded to become also King of Denmark and Norway in 1534 and 1537, respectively, he enforced Lutheranism in all his realm in 1537 (see Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein). The Duchy of Holstein adopted its first Lutheran Church Order in 1542 (written by Bugenhagen). The Counties of Holstein-Pinneberg and Schaumburg remained Catholic until 1559. With Lutheranism the High German liturgy was introduced in churches in Holstein and the southern half of Schleswig (although the vernacular of more than half of this area was Danish). Whereas at the west coast North Frisian prevailed, about the other half of the South Schleswigers used Low Saxon, which had developed from Middle Low German, as their mother tongue, also prevailing in Holstein. High German started superseding the Danish, Low Saxon and Frisian vernaculars in the area. After Christian III had consolidated his reign in Denmark and Norway against his adversaries there he concluded with his younger half-brothers, having come of age, to share with them in the rule of the duchies in 1544. Christian III, John II the Elder and Adolf partitioned the Duchies of Holstein (a fief of the Holy Roman Empire) and of Schleswig (a Danish fief) in an unusual way, following negotiations between the brothers and the Estates of the Realm of the duchies, which opposed a factual partition, referring to their indivisibility according to the Treaty of Ribe. The brothers determined their youngest brother Frederick for a career as Lutheran administrator of an ecclesiastical state within the Holy Roman Empire. So the revenues of the duchies, deriving from the rights of overlordship in the various towns and territories of Schleswig and Holstein, were divided in three equal shares by assigning the revenues of particular areas and landed estates, themselves remaining undivided, to each of the elder brothers, while other general revenues, such as taxes from towns and customs dues, were levied together but then shared among the elder brothers. The estates, whose revenues were assigned to the parties, made Holstein and Schleswig look like patchwork rags, technically inhibiting the emergence of separate new duchies, as intended by the estates of the duchies. The secular rule in the fiscally divided duchies thus became a condominium of the parties. As dukes of Holstein and Schleswig the three rulers bore the formal title of "Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Dithmarschen and Stormarn". With the independent peasant republic of Dithmarschen only claimed. The House of Schauenburg (Schaumburg) continued its rule in the Counties of Holstein-Pinneberg and Schaumburg. Adolf, the third son of Frederick I and the second youngest half-brother of King Christian III, founded the dynastic branch called House of Holstein-Gottorp, which is a cadet branch of the then royal Danish House of Oldenburg. The dynastic name Holstein-Gottorp comes as convenient usage from the technically more correct Duke of Schleswig and Holstein at Gottorp, the residential palace. John II the Elder, Duke of Schleswig and Holstein at Haderslev, produced no issue, so no branch emerged from his side. The Danish monarchs and the Dukes of Schleswig and Holstein at Gottorp and Haderslev ruled both duchies together as to general government, however, collected their revenues in their separate estates. In 1559 through the Final Feud they conquered and subjected the peasant republic of Dithmarschen, partitioning it into three shares. Similar to the above-mentioned agreement Christian III's youngest son John the Younger gained for him and his heirs a share in Holstein's and Schleswig's revenues in 1564, seated in Sønderborg, comprising a third of the royal share, thus a ninth of Holstein and Schleswig in fiscal respect. John the Younger and his heirs, the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg (Danish: Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg), however, had no share in the condominial rule, they were non-ruling only titular partitioned-off dukes. John the Younger‘s grandsons again partitioned this appanage, Ernest Günther (1609–1689), founding the line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (Danish: Slesvig-Holsten-Augustenborg), and Augustus Philip (1612–1675) that of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (known since 1825 as Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg). However, these had no share in the condominial rule and were always mediatised under the King as Duke in Schleswig and Holstein, and no immediate prince under the Emperor as liege lord of Holstein, where they held estates around Plön. The share of John II the Elder, who died in 1580, was halved between Adolf and Frederick II, thus increasing again the royal share by a fiscal sixth of Holstein and Schleswig. As an effect the complicated fiscal division of both separate duchies, Holstein and Schleswig, with shares of each party scattered in both duchies, provided them with a condominial government binding both together, partially superseding their legally different affiliation as Holy Roman and Danish fiefs. In 1640 the Princes of Schauenburg were extinct in the male line and the County of Holstein-Pinneberg was merged into the royal share of the Duchy of Holstein. Neither the agnatic heirs of Schauenburg nor Holstein-Pinneberg's liege lord the Lower Saxon Duke Augustus could help it. During the 30-years' War the relations between Duke and King worsened. Finally in 1658, after the Danes had invaded Swedish Bremen-Verden, the Duke cooperated with the Swedes in their counter-attack which almost eradicated the Danish Kingdom. The peace treaties (Treaty of Taastrup and Treaty of Roskilde) stipulated that the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp no longer was a vassal of the Danish Crown in Schleswig. Frederick III, duke from 1616 to 1659, established the principle of primogeniture for his line, and the full sovereignty of his Schleswig dominions was secured to him by his son-in-law Charles X of Sweden by the convention of Copenhagen (May 12, 1658) and to his son Christian Albert (d. 1695) by the Treaty of Oliva, though it was not till after years of warfare that Denmark admitted the claim by the convention of Altona (June 30, 1689). Christian Albert's son Frederick IV (d. 1702) was again attacked by Denmark, but had a powerful champion in King Charles XII of Sweden, who secured his rights by the Treaty of Travendal in 1700. Frederick IV was killed at the Battle of Kliszów in 1702, and his brother Christian August acted as regent for his son Charles Frederick until 1718. In 1713 the regent broke the stipulated neutrality of the duchy in favour of Sweden and Frederick IV of Denmark seized the excuse to expel the duke by force of arms. Holstein was restored to him by the peace of Frederiksborg in 1720, but in the following year king Frederick IV was recognised as sole sovereign of Schleswig by the estates and by the partitioned-off dukes of the Augustenburg and Glücksburg lines. 18th century As Sweden in the 1713 Siege of Tönning had lost its influence on Holstein-Gottorp, Denmark could again subjugate the entire Slesvig to the Danish realm; Holstein-Gottorps lost their lands in Schleswig, but continued as independent Dukes in their portion of Holstein. This status was cemented in the Treaty of Frederiksborg in 1720, by which the prior royal and ducal regions of Schleswig were united under the king, while the Duke remained Duke of Holstein-Gottorp under the German Emperor. The frustrated duke sought support for the recovery of Schleswig in Russia and married into the Russian imperial family in 1725. Russian Empress Elizabeth died childless in 1762, and she appointed her nephew, Duke Charles Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp, to be her successor in Russia. When he ascended the throne as Tsar Peter III of Russia, Holstein-Gottorp came to be ruled in personal union by the Emperor of Russia, creating a conflict of territorial claims between Russia and Denmark. Peter III threatened war with Denmark for the recovery of his ancestral lands, but before any fighting could begin he was overthrown by his wife, who took control of Russia as Tsarina Catherine II. Empress Catherine reversed Russia's stance, withdrawing her husband's ultimatum and even entering an alliance with Denmark in 1765. In 1767 Catherine resigned Russia's claims in Schleswig-Holstein, in the name of her son (later Paul I of Russia), who confirmed this action on coming of age in 1773 with the Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo. Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, surrendered by the Danish king in compensation, were handed over to Frederick August, bishop of Lübeck, the second son of Christian August, who thus founded the younger line of the house of Gottorp. Schleswig and Holstein were thus once more united under the Danish king (Christian VII), who now received all Holstein, but that formally under the Empire. 19th century On the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Holstein was practically, though not formally, incorporated in Denmark. Under the administration of the Danish prime minister Count Bernstorff, himself from Schleswig, many reforms were carried out in the duchies, for example, abolition of torture and of serfdom; at the same time Danish laws and coinage were introduced, and Danish was made the official language for communication with Copenhagen. Since, however, the Danish court itself at the time was largely German in language and feeling, this produced no serious expressions of resentment. The settlement of 1806 was reversed, and while Schleswig remained as before, the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg, the latter acquired in personal union by a territorial swap following the Congress of Vienna, were included in the new German Confederation. The opening up of the Schleswig-Holstein question thus became sooner or later inevitable. The Germans of Holstein, influenced by the new national enthusiasm evoked by the War of Liberation, resented more than ever the attempts of the government of Copenhagen to treat them as part of the Danish monarchy and, encouraged by the sympathy of the Germans in Schleswig, early tried to reassert in the interests of Germanism the old principle of the unity of the duchies. The political atmosphere, however, had changed at Copenhagen also; and their demands were met by the Danes with a nationalist temper as intractable as their own. Affairs were ripe for a crisis, which the threatened failure of the common male heirs to the kingdom and the duchies precipitated. The Duchy of Schleswig was originally an integrated part of Denmark, but was in medieval times established as a fief under the Kingdom of Denmark, with the same relation to the Danish Crown as for example Brandenburg or Bavaria had to the Holy Roman Emperor. Holstein had as a fief been part of the Holy Roman Empire, and was eventually established as a single united province. Schleswig and Holstein have at different times belonged in part or completely to either Denmark, the Holy Roman Empire, or been virtually independent of both nations. The exception is that Schleswig had never been part of the Holy Roman Empire or the German Confederation before the Second War of Schleswig in 1864. For many centuries, the King of Denmark was both a Danish Duke of Schleswig and a Duke of Holstein within the Holy Roman Empire. The short version is: Schleswig was either integrated in Denmark or a Danish fief, and Holstein was a Holy Roman Imperial fief. Since 1460 both were ruled by the Kings of Denmark with the Dukes of Holstein and Schleswig (since 1544). In 1721 all of Schleswig was united as a single Duchy under the King of Denmark, and the Great Powers of Europe confirmed in an international treaty that all future Kings of Denmark should automatically become Duke of Schleswig and Schleswig would consequently always follow the same line of succession as the one chosen in the Kingdom of Denmark. The duchy of Schleswig was legally a Danish fief and not part of the Holy Roman Empire or, after 1815, of the German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund, Danish: Tysk Forbund), but the duchy of Holstein was a Holy Roman fief and a state of both the Empire and later the German Confederation of 1815–1866. It was one of the oddities of both the Holy Roman Empire and of the German Confederation that foreign heads of state could be and often were also members of the constitutional organs of the Empire and the Confederation if they held a territory that was part of the Empire or the Confederation. The King of Denmark had a seat in the organs of the German Confederation because he was also Duke of Holstein and Duke of Lauenburg. Schleswig-Holstein Question The Schleswig-Holstein Question was the name given to the whole complex of diplomatic and other issues arising in the 19th century out of the relations of the two duchies, Schleswig and Holstein, to the Danish crown on one side and the German Confederation on the other. In 1806–1815 the government of Denmark had claimed Schleswig and Holstein to be parts of the monarchy of Denmark, which was not popular among the German population in Schleswig-Holstein, who had traditionally the majority in Holstein and had gradually increased its dominance in Schleswig as well. However, this development sparked a German national awakening after the Napoleonic wars and led to a strong popular movement in Holstein and Southern Schleswig for unification of both with a new Germany (see German unification), turning out to be Prussian-dominated, as it was. A controversy in the 19th century raged round the ancient indissoluble union of the two duchies, and the inferences to be drawn from it; the Danish National Liberals claimed Schleswig as an integral part of the Danish kingdom; Germans claimed, besides Holstein, being a member state of the German Confederation, also Schleswig. The history of the relations of Schleswig and Holstein thus became of importance in the practical political question. The childlessness of King Frederick VII of Denmark worked in favour of the movement for the German unification, as did the ancient Treaty of Ribe, which stipulated that the two duchies must never be separated. A counter-movement developed among the Danish population in northern Schleswig and (from 1838) in Denmark, where the Liberals insisted that Schleswig as a fief had belonged to Denmark for centuries and that the Eider River, the historic border between Schleswig and Holstein, should mark the frontier between Denmark and the German Confederation or a new eventually united Germany. The Danish nationalists thus aspired to incorporate Schleswig into Denmark, in the process separating it from Holstein. The movement for the German unity conversely sought to confirm Schleswig's association with Holstein, in the process detaching Schleswig from Denmark and bringing it into the German Confederation. The Danish succession When Christian VIII succeeded his first cousin Frederick VI in 1839 the elder male line of the house of Oldenburg was obviously on the point of extinction, the king's only son and heir having no children. Ever since 1834, when joint succession, consultative estates had been re-established for the duchies, the question of the succession had been debated in this assembly. To German opinion the solution seemed clear enough. The crown of Denmark could be inherited by female heirs (see Louise of Hesse); in the duchy of Holstein the Salic law had never been repealed and, in the event of a failure of male heirs to Christian VIII, the succession would pass to the Dukes of Augustenburg — although this was debatable as the dynasty itself had received Holstein by Christian I of Denmark being the son of the sister of the last Schauenburg, Adolphus VIII. Danish opinion, on the other hand, clamoured for a royal pronouncement proclaiming the principle of the indivisibility of the monarchy and its transmission intact to a single heir, in accordance with the royal law. To this Christian VIII yielded so far as to issue in 1846 letters patent declaring that the royal law in the matter of the succession was in full force so far as Schleswig was concerned, in accordance with the letters patent of August 22, 1721, the oath of fidelity of September 3, 1721, the guarantees given by France and Great Britain in the same year and the treaties of 1767 and 1773 with Russia. As to Holstein, he stated that certain circumstances prevented him from giving, in regard to some parts of the duchy, so clear a decision as in the case of Schleswig. The principle of the independence of Schleswig and of its union with Holstein were expressly reaffirmed. An appeal against this by the estates of Holstein to the German Federal Assembly received no attention. On January 28, Christian VIII issued a rescript proclaiming a new constitution which, while preserving the autonomy of the different parts of the country, incorporated them for common purposes in a single organisation. The estates of the duchies replied by demanding the incorporation of Schleswig-Holstein, as a single constitutional state, in the German Confederation. First Schleswig War In March 1848 these differences led to an open uprising by the German-minded Estate assemblies in the duchies in support of independence from Denmark and of close association with the German Confederation. The military intervention of Prussia helped the uprising: the Prussian army drove Denmark's troops from Schleswig and Holstein. Frederick VII, who had succeeded his father at the end of January, declared (March 4) that he had no right to deal in this way with Schleswig, and, yielding to the importunity of the Eider-Danish party, withdrew the rescript of January (April 4) and announced to the people of Schleswig (March 27) the promulgation of a liberal constitution under which the duchy, while preserving its local autonomy, would become an integral part of Denmark. A Liberal constitution for Holstein was not seriously considered in Copenhagen since it was a well-known fact that the German political elite of Holstein was far more conservative than the one in Copenhagen. This proved to be true, as the politicians of Holstein demanded that the Constitution of Denmark be scrapped, not only in Schleswig but also in Denmark, as well as demanding that Schleswig immediately follow Holstein and become a member of the German Confederation and eventually a part of the new united Germany. The rebels established a provisional government at Kiel; and the duke of Augustenburg had hurried to Berlin to secure the assistance of Prussia in asserting around 1848 his rights. This was at the very crisis of the revolution in Berlin, and the Prussian government saw in the proposed intervention in Denmark in a popular cause an excellent opportunity for restoring its damaged prestige. Prussian troops were accordingly marched into Holstein. This war between Denmark on the one hand and the two duchies and Prussia on the other lasted three years (1848–1850) and only ended when the Great Powers pressured Prussia into accepting the London Convention of 1852. Under the terms of this peace agreement, the German Confederation returned the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein to Denmark. In an agreement with Prussia under the London Protocol of 1852, the Danish government in return undertook not to tie Schleswig more closely to Denmark than to the duchy of Holstein. In 1848 King Frederick VII of Denmark declared that he would grant Denmark a Liberal Constitution and the immediate goal for the Danish national movement was to secure that this Constitution would not only give rights to all Danes, that is, not only to the Kingdom of Denmark, but also to Danes (and Germans) living in Schleswig. Furthermore, they demanded the protection of the Danish language in Schleswig since the dominating language in almost a quarter of Schleswig had changed from Danish to German since the beginning of the nineteenth century. Nationalist circles in Denmark advocated Danification of Schleswig (but not of Holstein) as Danish national culture had risen much in past decades. On April 12, 1848 the federal assembly recognised the provisional government of Schleswig and commissioned Prussia to enforce its decrees, General Wrangel was ordered to occupy Schleswig also. The new provisional government accounted for the respect of the two major languages, neglecting Frisian, in Schleswig and appointed two Lutheran general superintendents one each for parishes of Danish and of German language (Johannes Andreas Rehhoff and Nicolaus Johann Ernst Nielsen, respectively). But the German movement and Prussia had reckoned without the European powers, which were united in opposing any dismemberment of Denmark. Even Austria, like Holstein a member state of the German Confederation, refused to assist in enforcing the German view. Swedish troops landed to assist the Danes; Nicholas I of Russia, speaking with authority as Head of the elder Gottorp line, pointed out to King Frederick William IV the risks of a collision; Great Britain, though the Danes rejected her mediation, threatened to send her fleet to assist in preserving the status quo. Frederick William now ordered Wrangel to withdraw his troops from the duchies. The general refused to obey, pleading that he was under the command not of the king of Prussia but of the regent of the German Confederation, Archduke John of Austria, and proposed that, at least, any treaty concluded should be presented for ratification to the Frankfurt Parliament. This the Danes refused; and negotiations were broken off. Prussia was now confronted on one side by the German unification movement urging her clamorously to action, on the other by the European powers threatening with one voice dire consequences should she persist. On August 26, 1848, after painful hesitation, Frederick William chose what seemed the lesser of two evils, and Prussia signed at Malmö a convention which yielded practically all the Danish demands. The Holstein estates appealed to the Frankfurt Parliament, which hotly took up their cause; but it was soon clear that the provisional government in Frankfurt of the to-be-unified Germany had no means of enforcing its views, and in the end the convention was ratified at Frankfurt. The convention was only in the nature of a truce establishing a temporary modus vivendi, and the main issues, left unsettled, continued to be hotly debated. At a conference held in London in October, Denmark suggested an arrangement on the basis of a separation of Schleswig from Holstein, which was about to become a member of the eventually united Germany, Schleswig to have a separate constitution under the Danish crown. This was supported by Great Britain and Russia. On January 27, 1849 it was accepted by Prussia and the German Confederation. The negotiations broke down, however, on the refusal of Denmark to yield the principle of the indissoluble union with the Danish crown. On February 23 the truce was at an end, and on April 3, the war was renewed. The principles which Prussia was commissioned to enforce as the mandatory of the German Confederation were: that they were independent states that their union was indissoluble that they were hereditary only in the male line At this point the tsar intervened in favour of peace; and Prussia, conscious of her restored strength and weary of the intractable temper of the provisional Frankfurt government, determined to take matters into her own hands. On July 10, 1849 another truce was signed. Schleswig, until the peace, was to be administered separately, under a mixed commission. Holstein was to be governed by a vicegerent of the German Confederation – an arrangement equally offensive to German and Danish sentiment. A settlement seemed as far off as ever. The Danes of Schleswig still clamoured for the principle of succession in the female line and union with Denmark, the Germans for that of succession in the male line and union with Holstein. In 1849 the Constitution of Denmark was adopted. This complicated matters further, as many Danes wished for the new democratic constitution to apply for all Danes, including in the Danes in Schleswig. The constitutions of Holstein and Schleswig were dominated by the Estates system, giving more power to the most affluent members of society, with the result that both Schleswig and Holstein were politically dominated by a predominantly German class of landowners. Thus, two systems of government co-existed within the same state: democracy in Denmark, and pre-modern estates system in Schleswig and Holstein. The three units were governed by one cabinet, consisting of liberal ministers of Denmark who urged for economical and social reforms, and conservative ministers of the Holstein nobility who opposed political reform. This caused a deadlock for practical lawmaking. Moreover, Danish opponents of this so-called Unitary State (Helstaten) feared that Holstein's presence in the government and, at the same time, membership in the German Confederation would lead to increased German interference with Schleswig, or even into purely Danish affairs. In Copenhagen, the Palace and most of the administration supported a strict adherence to the status quo. Same applied to foreign powers such as Great Britain, France and Russia, who would not accept a weakened Denmark in favour of the German states, nor acquisition of Holstein (with its important naval harbour of Kiel and control of the entrance to the Baltic) by Prussia. In April 1850, in utter weariness Prussia proposed a definitive peace on the basis of the status quo ante bellum and the postponement of all questions as to mutual rights. To Palmerston the basis seemed meaningless, the proposed settlement to settle nothing. The emperor Nicholas, openly disgusted with Frederick William's weak-kneed truckling to the Revolution, again intervened. To him the duke of Augustenburg was a rebel; Russia had guaranteed Schleswig to the Danish crown by the treaties of 1767 and 1773; as for Holstein, if the king of Denmark was unable to deal with the rebels there, he himself would intervene as he had done in Hungary. The threat was reinforced by the menace of the European situation. Austria and Prussia were on the verge of war, The sole hope of preventing Russia from throwing her sword into the scale of Austria lay in settling the Schleswig-Holstein question as Russia desired. Frederick William's only alternative, an alliance with Louis Napoleon, who already dreamed of acquiring the Rhine frontier for France at the price of his aid in establishing German sea-power by the cession of the duchies, was abhorrent to him. After the First Schleswig War A peace treaty was signed between Prussia and Denmark on July 2, 1850. Both parties reserved all their antecedent rights. Denmark was satisfied, since the treaty empowered the King to restore his authority in Holstein as Duke with or without the consent of the German Confederation. Danish troops now marched in to coerce the refractory duchies; but while the fighting went on negotiations among the powers continued, and on August 2, 1850 Great Britain, France, Russia and Norway-Sweden signed a protocol, to which Austria subsequently adhered, approving the principle of restoring the integrity of the Danish monarchy. The provisional Schleswig government was deposed, as were the Lutheran general superintendents, who were even exiled from the Oldenburg-ruled monarchies in 1850. Their position remained vacant with Superintendent Christoph Carl Julius Asschenfeldt officiating per pro. The Copenhagen government, which in May 1851 made an abortive attempt to come to an understanding with the inhabitants of the duchies by convening an assembly of notables at Flensburg, issued on December 6, 1851 a project for the future organisation of the monarchy on the basis of the equality of its constituent states, with a common ministry; and on January 28, 1852 a royal letter announced the institution of a unitary state which, while maintaining the fundamental constitution of Denmark, would increase the parliamentary powers of the estates of the two duchies. This proclamation was approved by Prussia and Austria, and by the German Federal Assembly insofar as it affected Holstein and Lauenburg. The question of the succession was the next approached. Only the question of the Augustenburg succession made an agreement between the powers impossible, and on March 31, 1852 the duke of Augustenburg resigned his claim in return for a money payment. Further adjustments followed. Another factor which doomed Danish interests, was that not only was the power of German culture rising, but so were conflicts with German States in the south, namely Prussia and Austria. Schleswig and Holstein would, of course and inevitably, become the subject of a territorial dispute involving military encounters among the three states, Denmark, Prussia and Austria. Danish government found itself nervous as it became expected that Frederik VII would leave no son, and that upon his death, under Salic law, the possible Crown Princess would have no actual legal right to Schleswig and Holstein (of course that was debatable, as the dynasty itself had received Holstein by Christian I being son of the sister of last Schauenburg count of Holstein, but Salic Law was convenient to German nationalists in this case, furthermore Schleswig was a fief to the kings of Denmark with the Danish Kings Law, Kongeloven). Ethnic-Danish citizens of Schleswig (South Jutland) panicked over the possibility of being separated from their mother country, agitated against the German element, and demanded that Denmark declare Schleswig an integral part of Denmark, which outraged German nationalists. Holstein was part of the territory of the German Confederation, with which an annexation of whole Schleswig and Holstein to Denmark would have been incompatible. This gave a good pretext to Prussia to engage in war with Denmark in order to seize Schleswig and Holstein for itself, both by pleasing nationalists by 'liberating' Germans from Danish rule, and by implementing the law of the German Confederation. After the renunciation by the emperor of Russia and others of their eventual rights, Charlotte, Landgravine of Hesse, sister of Christian VIII, and her son Prince Frederick transferred their rights to the latter's sister Louise, who in her turn transferred them to her husband Prince Christian of Glücksburg. On May 8, 1852, this arrangement received international sanction by the protocol signed in London by the five great powers and Norway and Sweden. On July 31, 1853, Frederick VII of Denmark gave his assent to a law settling the crown on Prince Christian, prince of Denmark, and his male heirs. The protocol of London, while consecrating the principle of the integrity of Denmark, stipulated that the rights of the German Confederation in Holstein and Lauenburg should remain unaffected. It was, in fact, a compromise, and left the fundamental issues unsettled. The German Federal Assembly had not been represented in London, and the terms of the protocol were regarded in German states as a humiliation. As for the Danes, they were far from being satisfied with the settlement, which they approved only insofar as it gave them a basis for a more vigorous prosecution of their unionist schemes. On February 15 and June 11, 1854 Frederick VII, after consulting the estates, promulgated special constitutions for Schleswig and Holstein respectively, under which the provincial assemblies received certain very limited powers. On July 26, 1854 he published a common Danish constitution for the whole monarchy; it was little more unitary than a veiled absolutism. In 1854 the Lutheran church bodies of Schleswig and Holstein, until then led by general superintendents, until 1640 titled general provosts, were converted into Lutheran dioceses called Stift Schleswig (Danish: Slesvig Stift) and Stift Holstein (Danish: Holsten Stift), each presided by a Lutheran bishop. Ulrich Sechmann Boesen became Bishop for Schleswig (as of 1854), and Wilhelm Heinrich Koopmann was appointed Bishop for Holstein (offic. 1855–1871). On October 2, 1855 the common Danish constitution was superseded by a parliamentary constitution of a modified type. The legality of this constitution was disputed by the two German great powers, on the ground that the estates of the duchies had not been consulted as promised in the royal letter of December 6, 1851. On February 11, 1858 the federal assembly of the German Confederation refused to admit its validity so far as Holstein and Lauenburg were concerned. In the early 1860s the "Schleswig-Holstein Question" once more became the subject of lively international debate, but with the difference that support for the Danish position was in decline. The Crimean War had crippled the power of Russia, and France was prepared to renounce support for Danish interests in the duchies in exchange for compensations to herself elsewhere. Queen Victoria and her consort Prince Albert had sympathy for the German position, but it was tempered by British ministers who saw the growth of German sea-power in the Baltic Sea as a danger to British naval supremacy, and consequently Great Britain sided with the Danes. To that was added a grievance about tolls charged on shipping passing through the Danish Straits to pass between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. To avoid that expense, Prussia planned the Kiel Canal, which could not be built as long as Denmark ruled Holstein. The secessionist movement continued throughout the 1850s and 1860s, as proponents of German unification increasingly expressed the wish to include two Danish-ruled provinces Holstein and Schleswig in an eventual 'Greater Germany'. Holstein was completely German, while the situation in Schleswig was complex. It was linguistically mixed between German, Danish and North Frisian. The population was predominantly of Danish ethnicity, but many of them had switched to the German language since the 17th century. German culture dominated in clergy and nobility, whereas Danish had a lower social status. For centuries, when the rule of the King was absolute, these conditions had created few tensions. When ideas of democracy spread and national currents emerged from ca. 1820, some professed sympathy with German, others with Danish nationality. The medieval Treaty of Ribe had proclaimed that Schleswig and Holstein were indivisible, however in another context. As the events of 1863 threatened to politically divide the two duchies, Prussia was handed a good pretext to engage in war with Denmark to seize Schleswig-Holstein for itself, both by pleasing nationalists in "liberating" Germans from Danish rule, and by implementing the law of the German Confederation. On July 29, 1853, In response to the renewed Danish claim to Schleswig as integral Danish territory, the German Federal Assembly (instructed by Bismarck) threatened German federal intervention. On November 6, 1853, Frederick VII issued a proclamation abolishing the Danish constitution so far as it affected Holstein and Lauenburg, while keeping it for Denmark and Schleswig. Even this concession violated the principle of the indissoluble union of the duchies, but the German Federal Assembly, fully occupied at home, determined to refrain from further action till the Danish parliament should make another effort to pass a law or budget affecting the whole kingdom without consulting the estates of the duchies. In July 1860 this happened, and in the spring of 1861 the estates were once more at open odds with the Danish government. The German Federal Assembly now prepared for armed intervention; but it was in no condition to carry out its threats, and Denmark decided, on the advice of Great Britain, to ignore it and open negotiations directly with Prussia and Austria as independent powers. These demanded the restoration of the union between the duchies, a question beyond the competence of the Confederation. Denmark replied with a refusal to recognise the right of any foreign power to interfere in her relations with Schleswig; to which Austria, anxious to conciliate the smaller German princes, responded with a vigorous protest against Danish infringements of the compact of 1852. Lord John Russell now intervened, on behalf of Great Britain, with a proposal for a settlement of the whole question on the basis of the independence of the duchies under the Danish crown, with a decennial budget for common expenses to be agreed on by the four assemblies, and a supreme council of state consisting in relative proportion of Danes and Germans. This was accepted by Russia and by the German great powers, and Denmark found herself isolated in Europe. The international situation, however, favoured a bold attitude, and she met the representations of the powers with a flat defiance. The retention of Schleswig as an integral part of the monarchy was to Denmark a matter of life and death; the German Confederation had made the terms of the protocol of 1852, defining the intimate relations between the duchies, the excuse for unwarrantable interference in the internal affairs of the Denmark. On March 30, 1863, as a result of this, a royal compact's proclamation was published at Copenhagen repudiating the compacts of 1852, and, by defining the separate position of Holstein in the Danish monarchy, negativing once for all the German claims upon Schleswig. Three main movements had evolved, each with its goal: A German movement in the two duchies dreamt of an independent Schleswig-Holstein under a liberal constitution. First a personal union with Denmark was outlined, as proposed by Uwe Jens Lornsen in 1830. Later, as it the succession problem appeared and the national sympathies of Danish royalty became evident, the Schleswig-Holstein movement called for an independent state ruled by the house of Augustenburg, a cadet branch of the Danish royal House of Oldenburg. The movement largely ignored the fact that the northern half of Schleswig was predominantly Danish-minded. In Denmark, nationalists wished a "Denmark to the Eider River", implying a reincorporation of Schleswig into Denmark and an end to the century-long German dominance in this region's politics. This scenario would mean a total exclusion of Holstein from the Danish monarchy, barring the conservative aristocracy of Holstein from Danish politics, thus easing liberal reforms. The Eider movement underestimated the German element of Southern Schleswig or thought they could be re-convinced of their Danish heritage. A less vociferous, but more influential stance was the keeping of the Danish unitary state as it was, one kingdom and two duchies. This would avoid any partition, but it would also not solve the ethnical controversy and the constitutional issues. Most Danish civil servants and the major powers of Russia, England and France supported this status quo. A fourth scenario, that Schleswig and Holstein should both be incorporated into Prussia as a mere province, was hardly considered before or during the war of 1864. However, it was to be the outcome after the Austro-Prussian War two years later. As the heirless king Frederick VII grew older, Denmark's successive National-Liberal cabinets became increasingly focused on maintaining control of Schleswig following the king's future death. Both duchies were ruled by the kings of Denmark and shared a long mutual history, but their association with Denmark was extremely complex. Holstein was a member of the German Confederation. Denmark, and Schleswig (as it was a Danish fief), were outside the German Confederation. German nationalists claimed that the succession laws of the two duchies were different from the similar law in Denmark. Danes, however, claimed that this only applied to Holstein, but that Schleswig was subject to the Danish law of succession. A further complication was a much-cited reference in the 1460 Treaty of Ribe stipulating that Schleswig and Holstein should "be together and forever unseparated". As counter-evidence, and in favour of the Danish view, rulings of a Danish clerical court and a German Emperor, of 1424 and 1421 respectively, were produced. In 1863 King Frederick VII of Denmark died leaving no heir. According to the line of succession of Denmark and Schleswig, the crowns of both Denmark and Schleswig would now pass to Duke Christian of Glücksburg (the future King Christian IX), the crown of Holstein was considered to be more problematic. This decision was challenged by a rival pro-German branch of the Danish royal family, the House of Augustenburg (Danish: Augustenborg) who demanded, like in 1848, the crowns of both Schleswig and Holstein. This happened at a particularly critical time as work on a new constitution for the joint affairs of Denmark and Schleswig had just been completed with the draft awaiting his signature. In the Duchy of Lauenburg the personal union with Denmark ended and her estates elected a new dynasty in 1865. The November Constitution The new so-called November Constitution would not annex Schleswig to Denmark directly, but instead create a joint parliament (with the medieval title Rigsraadet) to govern the joint affairs of both Denmark and Schleswig. Both entities would maintain their individual parliaments as well. A similar initiative, but also including Holstein, had been attempted in 1855, but proved a failure because of the opposition of the people in Schleswig and their support in German states. Most importantly, Article I clarified the question of succession: The form of government shall be that of a constitutional monarchy. Royal authority shall be inherited. The law of succession is specified in the law of succession of July 31, 1853 applying for the entire Danish monarchy. Denmark's new king, Christian IX, was in a position of extraordinary difficulty. The first sovereign act he was called upon to perform was to sign the new constitution. To sign was to violate the terms of the London Protocol which would probably lead to war. To refuse to sign was to place himself in antagonism to the united sentiment of his Danish subjects, which was the basis of his reign. He chose what seemed the lesser of two evils, and on November 18 signed the constitution. The news was seen as a violation of the London Protocol, which prohibited such a change in the status quo. It was received in German states with manifestations of excitement and anger. Frederick, duke of Augustenburg, son of the prince who in 1852 had renounced the succession to the duchies, now claimed his rights on the ground that he had had no share in the renunciation. In Holstein an agitation in his favour had begun from the first, and this was extended to Schleswig when the terms of the new Danish constitution became known. His claim was enthusiastically supported by the German princes and people, and in spite of the negative attitude of Austria and Prussia the federal assembly at the initiative of Otto von Bismarck decided to occupy Holstein pending the settlement of the decree of succession. Second Schleswig War On December 24, 1863, Saxon and Hanoverian troops marched into the German duchy of Holstein in the name of the German Confederation, and supported by their presence and by the loyalty of the Holsteiners the duke of Augustenburg assumed the government under the style of Duke Frederick VIII. It was clear to Bismarck that Austria and Prussia, as parties to the London Protocol of 1852, must and uphold the succession as fixed by it, and that any action they might take in consequence of the violation of that compact by Denmark must be so correct as to deprive Europe of all excuse for interference. The publication of the new constitution by Christian IX was in itself sufficient to justify them. As to the ultimate outcome of their effective intervention, that could be left to the future to decide. Austria had no clear views. King William wavered between his Prussian feeling and a sentimental sympathy with the duke of Augustenburg. Bismarck alone knew exactly what he wanted, and how to attain it. "From the beginning", he said later (Reflections, ii. 10), "I kept annexation steadily before my eyes." After Christian IX of Denmark merged Schleswig (not Holstein) into Denmark in 1863 following his accession to the Danish throne that year, Bismarck's diplomatic abilities finally convinced Austria to participate in the war, with the assent of the other European large powers and under the auspices of the German Confederation. The protests of Great Britain and Russia against the action of the German federal assembly, together with the proposal of Count Beust, on behalf of Saxony, that Bavaria should bring forward in that assembly a formal motion for the recognition of Duke Frederick's claims, helped Bismarck to persuade Austria that immediate action must be taken. On December 28 a motion was introduced in the federal assembly by Austria and Prussia, calling on the Confederation to occupy Schleswig as a pledge for the observance by Denmark of the compacts of 1852. This implied the recognition of the rights of Christian IX, and was indignantly rejected; whereupon the federal assembly was informed that the Austrian and Prussian governments would act in the matter as independent European powers. On January 16, 1864 the agreement between them was signed. An article drafted by Austria, intended to safeguard the settlement of 1852, was replaced at Bismarck's instance by another which stated that the two powers would decide only in concert on the relations of the duchies, and that they would in no case determine the question of the succession save by mutual consent; and Bismarck issued an ultimatum to Denmark demanding that the November Constitution should be abolished within 48 hours. This was rejected by the Danish government. The Austrian and Prussian forces crossed the Eider into Schleswig on February 1, 1864, and war was inevitable. An invasion of Denmark itself had not been part of the original programme of the allies; but on February 18 some Prussian hussars, in the excitement of a cavalry skirmish, crossed the frontier and occupied the village of Kolding. Bismarck determined to use this circumstance to revise the whole situation. He urged upon the Austrians the necessity for a strong policy, so as to settle once for all not only the question of the duchies but the wider question of the German Confederation; and Austria reluctantly consented to press the war. On March 11 a fresh agreement was signed between the powers, under which the compacts of 1852 were declared to be no longer valid, and the position of the duchies within the Danish monarchy as a whole was to be made the subject of a friendly understanding. Meanwhile, however, Lord John Russell on behalf of Great Britain, supported by Russia, France and Sweden, had intervened with a proposal that the whole question should once more be submitted to a European conference. The German powers agreed on condition that the compacts of 1852 (London Protocol) should not be taken as a basis, and that the duchies should be bound to Denmark by a personal tie only. But the proceedings of the conference, which opened at London on April 25, only revealed the inextricable tangle of the issues involved. Beust, on behalf of the Confederation, demanded the recognition of the Augustenburg claimant; Austria leaned to a settlement on the lines of that of 1852; Prussia, it was increasingly clear, aimed at the acquisition of the duchies. The first step towards the realization of this latter ambition was to secure the recognition of the absolute independence of the duchies, and this Austria could only oppose at the risk of forfeiting her whole influence among the German states. The two powers, then, agreed to demand the complete political independence of the duchies bound together by common institutions. The next move was uncertain. As to the question of annexation Prussia would leave that open, but made it clear that any settlement must involve the complete military subordination of Schleswig-Holstein to herself. This alarmed Austria, which had no wish to see a further extension of Prussia's already overgrown power, and she began to champion the claims of the duke of Augustenburg. This contingency, however, Bismarck had foreseen and himself offered to support the claims of the duke at the conference if he would undertake to subordinate himself in all naval and military matters to Prussia, surrender Kiel for the purposes of a Prussian war-harbour, give Prussia the control of the projected Kiel Canal, and enter the Prussian Customs Union. On this basis, with Austria's support, the whole matter might have been arranged without—as Beust pointed out (Mem. 1. 272) Austria, the other leading state of the German Confederation, was reluctant to engage in a "war of liberation" because of its own problems with various nationalities. After Christian IX of Denmark merged Schleswig into Denmark in 1863 following his accession to the Danish throne that year, Bismarck's diplomatic abilities finally convinced Austria to participate in the war, with the assent of the other European large powers and under the auspices of the German Confederation. On June 25 the London conference broke up without having arrived at any conclusion. On the 24th, in view of the end of the truce, Austria and Prussia had arrived at a new agreement, the object of the war being now declared to be the complete separation of the duchies from Denmark. As the result of the short campaign that followed, the preliminaries of a treaty of peace were signed on August 1, the king of Denmark renouncing all his rights in the duchies in favour of the emperor of Austria and the king of Prussia. The definitive treaty was signed at Vienna on October 30, 1864. By Article XIX, a period of six years was allowed during which the inhabitants of the duchies might opt for Danish nationality and transfer themselves and their goods to Denmark; and the right of indigency was guaranteed to all, whether in the kingdom or the duchies, who enjoyed it at the time of the exchange of ratifications of the treaty. This Second War of Schleswig of 1864 was presented by invaders to be an implementation of the law of the German Confederation (Bundesexekution). After the defeat in the Battle of Dybbøl, the Danes were unable to defend the borders of Schleswig, then had to retreat to Denmark proper, and finally were pushed out of the entire Jutland peninsula. Denmark capitulated and Prussia and Austria took over the administration of Schleswig and Holstein respectively under the Gastein Convention of August 14, 1865. Already in 1864 the Prussian occupying authorities had deposed Bishop Sechmann Boesen. The north border of Schleswig-Holstein as from 1864 to 1920 differs a little from the north border of the modern Danish county of Sønderjylland: in the east Hejls and the Skamlingsbanke hill were not in Schleswig-Holstein but are now in Sønderjylland county; in the west Hviding and Rejsby were in Schleswig-Holstein. They used to be in Ribe County before the 2007 Danish Municipal Reform. After the Second Schleswig War It did not take long for disagreements between Prussia and Austria over both the administration and the future of the duchies to surface. Bismarck used these as a pretext to engineer what became the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Austria's defeat at the Battle of Königgrätz was followed by the dissolution of the German Confederation and Austria's withdrawal from Holstein, which, along with Schleswig, in turn was annexed by Prussia. Following the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, section five of the Peace of Prague stated that the people of Northern Schleswig should be granted the right to a referendum on whether they would remain under Prussian rule or return to Danish rule. This promise was never fulfilled, neither by Prussia, nor by united Germany (as of 1871). In any case, because of the mix of Danes and Germans who lived there and the various feudal obligations of the players, the Schleswig-Holstein Question problem was considered intractable by many. Lord Palmerston said of the issue that only three people understood the Schleswig-Holstein question: one was dead, the other had gone insane, and the third was himself, but he had forgotten it. This was convenient for Palmerston, as the government knew that Britain was almost powerless on the continent and had no chance of countering Prussia's military or manufacturing might. Meanwhile, in 1864, the Danish royal family, impressed by Victoria's trappings of Empire, arranged the marriage of the Princess to the future Edward VII, so helping to reverse the Anglo-German alliance, which led to the 1914 war. Niall Ferguson in Empire quotes Kitchener in 1914: "We haven't an army, and we have taken on the foremost military power in Europe". The Schleswig-Holstein Question from this time onwards became merged in the larger question of the general relations of Austria and Prussia, and its later developments are a result of the war of 1866. It survived, however, as between Danes and Germans, though narrowed down to the question of the fate of the Danish population of the northern duchy. This question is of great interest to students of international law and as illustrating the practical problems involved in the assertion of the modern principle of nationality. In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 Prussia took Holstein from Austria, and seized Austria's German allies, the defeated Kingdom of Hanover, Electorate of Hesse, Duchy of Nassau, and the republic of the city-state of Frankfurt. The annexed states became provinces of Prussia, the Holstein and Schleswig merged in the Province of Schleswig-Holstein. The Lutheran Stifter Schleswig and Holstein were merged in the new Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Schleswig-Holstein in 1867. In 1868 the Holy See established the Prefecture Apostolic of Schleswig-Holstein for Catholic parishioners. Danes under German rule The position of the Danes in Schleswig after the cession was determined, so far as treaty rights are concerned, by two instruments: the Treaty of Vienna (October 30, 1864) and the Peace of Prague (August 23, 1866). Under Article XIX of the former treaty the Danish subjects domiciled in the ceded territories had the right, within six years of the exchange of ratifications, of opting for the Danish nationality and transferring themselves, their families and their personal property to Denmark, while keeping their landed property in the duchies. The last paragraph of the Article ran: "Le droit d'indigénat, tant dans le royaume de Danemark que dans les Duchés, est conservé à tous les individus qui le possèdent a l'époque de l'échange des ratifications du présent Traité". ("The right of an indigenous person, as well in the kingdom of Denmark as in the Duchies, is preserved for all individuals who have it at the time of the exchange of the ratifications of this Treaty.") By Article V of the Peace of Prague, Schleswig was ceded by Austria to Prussia with the reservation that the populations of the North of Schleswig shall be again united with Denmark in the event of their expressing a desire so to be by a vote freely exercised. Taking advantage of the terms of these treaties, about 50,000 Danes from North Schleswig (out of a total population of some 150,000) opted for Denmark and were expelled across the frontier, pending the plebiscite which was to restore their country to them. The plebiscite never came. Its inclusion in the treaty had been no more than a diplomatic device to save the face of the emperor Napoleon III; Prussia had from the first no intention of surrendering an inch of the territory that had been conquered; the outcome of the Franco-German War made it unnecessary to pretend that the plebiscite might occur; and by the Treaty of Vienna of October 11, 1878, the clause relating to the plebiscite was formally abrogated with the assent of Austria. Meanwhile, the Danish optants, disappointed of their hopes, had begun to stream back over the frontier into Schleswig. By doing so they lost, under the Danish law, their rights as Danish citizens, without acquiring those of Prussian subjects; and this disability was transmitted to their children. By Article XIX of the Treaty of 1864, indeed, they should have been secured the rights of indigenacy, which, while falling short of complete citizenship, implied, according to Danish law, all the essential guarantees for civil liberty. But in then Prussian law the right of Indigenat is not clearly differentiated from the status of a subject; and the supreme court at Kiel decided in several cases that those who had opted for Danish citizenship had forfeited their rights under the Indigenat paragraph of the Treaty of Vienna. Thus, in the frontier districts, a large and increasing class of people dwelt in a sort of political limbo, having lost their Danish citizenship through ceasing to be domiciled in Denmark, and unable to acquire Prussian citizenship because they had failed to apply for it within the six years stipulated in the Treaty of 1864. Their exclusion from the rights of Prussian subjects was due, however, to causes other than the letter of the treaty. The Danes, in spite of every discouragement, never ceased to strive for the preservation and extension of their national traditions and language; the Germans were equally bent on effectually absorbing these recalcitrant Teutons into the general life of the German empire; and to this end the uncertain status of the Danish optants was a useful means. Danish agitators of German nationality could not be touched so long as they were careful to keep within the limits of the law; pro-Danish newspapers owned and staffed by German subjects enjoyed immunity in accordance with the constitution, which guarantees the liberty of the press. The case of the optants was far different. These unfortunates, who numbered a large proportion of the population, were subject to domiciliary visits, and to arbitrary perquisitions, arrest and expulsion. When the pro-Danish newspapers, after the expulsion of several optant editors, were careful to appoint none but German subjects, the vengeance of the authorities fell upon optant type-setters and printers. The Prussian police, indeed, developed an almost superhuman capacity for detecting optants: and since these pariahs were mingled indistinguishably with the mass of the people, no household and no business was safe from official inquisition. One instance, out of many, may serve to illustrate the type of offence that served as excuse for this systematic official persecution. On April 27, 1896 the second volume for 1895 of the Sønderjyske Aarboger was confiscated for having used the historic term Sonderjylland (South Jutland) for Schleswig. To add to the misery, the Danish government refused to allow the Danish optants expelled by Prussia to settle in Denmark, though this rule was modified by the Danish Nationality Law of 1898 in favour of the children of optants born after the passing of the law. It was not till the signature of the treaty between Prussia and Denmark on January 11, 1907 that these intolerable Treaty of Conditions was ended. By this treaty, the German January government undertook to allow all children born of Danish optants before the passing of the new Danish Nationality Law of 1898 to acquire Prussian nationality on the usual conditions and on their own application. This provision was not to affect the ordinary legal rights of expulsion as exercised by either power, but the Danish government undertook not to refuse to the children of Schleswig optants who should not seek to acquire or who could not legally acquire Prussian nationality permission to reside in Denmark. The provisions of the treaty apply not only to the children of Schleswig optants, but to their direct descendants in all decrees. This adjustment, brought about by the friendly intercourse between the courts of Berlin and Copenhagen, seemed to close the last phase of the Schleswig question. Yet, so far from allaying, it apparently only served to embitter the inter-racial feud. The autochthonous Germans of the Northern Marches regarded the new treaty as a betrayal, and refused to give the kiss of peace to their hereditary enemies. For forty years Germanism, backed by all the weight of the empire and imposed with all the weapons of official persecution, had barely held its own in North Schleswig; despite an enormous emigration, in 1905 139,000 of the 148,000 inhabitants of North Schleswig spoke Danish, while of the German-speaking immigrants it was found that more than a third spoke Danish in the first generation, although from 1864 onward, German had gradually been substituted for Danish in the churches, the schools, and even in the playground. After 1888, German was the only language of instruction in schools in Schleswig. But the scattered outposts of Germanism could hardly be expected to acquiesce without a struggle in a situation that threatened them with social and economic extinction. Forty years of dominance, secured by official favour, had filled them with a double measure of aggressive pride of race, and the question of the rival nationalities in Schleswig, like that in Poland, remained a source of trouble and weakness within the frontiers of the German empire. After World War I After Germany had lost World War I, in which Denmark had been neutral, the victors offered Denmark a chance to redraw the border between Denmark and Germany. The sitting government of Carl Theodor Zahle chose to hold the Schleswig Plebiscite to let the inhabitants of Schleswig decide which nation they, and the land they lived on, should belong to. King Christian X of Denmark, supported by various groups, was opposed to the division. Using a clause in the Danish constitution that the king appointed and dismissed the Danish cabinet, and using the justification that he felt the Danish population was at odds with Zahle's politics, the king dismissed Zahle and asked Otto Liebe to form the Cabinet of Liebe to manage the country until a parliamentary election could be held and a new cabinet formed. Since Zahle's had support from a small majority in the Folketing his Social Liberal Party and the allied Social Democrats felt that the king had effectively staged a state coup against the Danish democracy. A general strike was organised by Fagbevægelsen to put pressure on the king and his allies. As Otto Liebe was unable to organise an election, M. P. Friis replaced him after a week, and succeeded in holding the election, and as a result the Social Liberal Party lost half their electoral support and their rivals the Liberal Party (Denmark) were able to form the minority cabinet led by Niels Neergaard: the Cabinet of Neergaard II. The whole affair was called the Easter Crisis of 1920. The Allied powers arranged a referendum in Northern and Central Schleswig. In Northern Schleswig on February 10, 1920 75% voted for re-unification with Denmark and 25% voted for Germany. In Central Schleswig on March 14, 1920 the results were reversed; 80% voted for Germany and just 20% for Denmark, primarily in Flensburg. While in Northern Schleswig some smaller regions (for example Tønder) had a clear majority of voters for Germany in Central Schleswig all regions voted for Germany (see Schleswig Plebiscites). No vote ever took place in the southern third of Schleswig, because the result for Germany was predictable. On June 15, 1920, North Schleswig officially returned to Danish rule. Germany continued to hold the whole of Holstein and South Schleswig, remaining within the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein. The Danish-German border was the only one of the borders imposed on Germany following World War I which was never challenged by Hitler. World War II In the Second World War, after Nazi Germany occupied the whole of Denmark, there was agitation by local Nazi leaders in Schleswig-Holstein to restore the pre-World War I border and re-annex to Germany the areas granted to Denmark after the plebiscite — as the Germans did in Alsace-Lorraine at the same period. However, Hitler vetoed any such step, out of a general German policy at the time to base the occupation of Denmark on a kind of accommodation with the Danish Government, and avoid outright confrontations with the Danes. After World War II After Germany had lost World War II there again was a possibility that Denmark could reacquire some of its lost territory in Schleswig. Though no territorial changes came of it, it had the effect that Prime Minister Knud Kristensen was forced to resign after a vote of no confidence because the Folketing did not support his enthusiasm for incorporating South Schleswig into Denmark. Although there was, as a result, a Danish minority in Southern Schleswig and a German minority in Northern Schleswig. Because of the Expulsion of Germans after World War II the population of Schleswig-Holstein increased by 33 percent (860,000 people). See also Danish exonyms for places in Germany David Blackbourn, History of Germany, 1780-1918 German exonyms for places in Denmark List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein Timeline of Lübeck References Further reading Carr, Carr. Schleswig-Holstein, 1815–1848: A Study in National Conflict (Manchester University Press, 1963). Price, Arnold. "Schleswig-Holstein" in Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions (2005) online Steefel, Lawrence D. The Schleswig-Holstein Question. 1863-1864 (Harvard U.P. 1923). External links Historical Atlas of Schleswig-Holstein Searchable dictionary of German and Danish and Frisian forms of Schleswig placenames da:Slesvig-Holsten de:Schleswig-Holstein#Geschichte fi:Schleswig-Holstein

Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945) A timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context, dating from the Progressive Era to the end of World War II, which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States. Copyright protection secures a person's right to his or her first-to-invent claim of the original invention in question, highlighted in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the United States Constitution which gives the following enumerated power to the United States Congress: In 1641, the first patent in North America was issued to Samuel Winslow by the General Court of Massachusetts for a new method of making salt. On April 10, 1790, President George Washington signed the Patent Act of 1790 (1 Stat. 109) into law which proclaimed that patents were to be authorized for "any useful art, manufacture, engine, machine, or device, or any improvement therein not before known or used." On July 31, 1790, Samuel Hopkins of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, became the first person in the United States to file and to be granted a patent under the new U.S. patent statute. The Patent Act of 1836 (Ch. 357, 5 Stat. 117) further clarified United States patent law to the extent of establishing a patent office where patent applications are filed, processed, and granted, contingent upon the language and scope of the claimant's invention, for a patent term of 14 years with an extension of up to an additional 7 years. From 1836 to 2011, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has granted a total of 7,861,317 patents relating to several well-known inventions appearing throughout the timeline below. Some examples of patented inventions between the years 1890 and 1945 include John Froelich's tractor (1892), Ransom Eli Olds' assembly line (1901), Willis Carrier's air-conditioning (1902), the Wright Brothers' airplane (1903), and Robert H. Goddard's liquid-fuel rocket (1926). Progressive Era (1890–1919) Through most of the 1800s, Americans viewed the nation’s westward expansion as a symbol of its providence as a land of wealth and progress. But Indian tribes resisted the encroachment of settlers in their territories, setting off decades of violence. The federal government gradually pushed the tribes to more isolated areas, offering U.S. citizenship, but few opportunities, to those who agreed to accept allotments of land on reservations. 1890 Stop sign A stop sign is a traffic sign, usually erected at road junctions such as a four-way intersection, that instructs drivers to stop and then to proceed only if the way ahead is clear. The idea of placing stop signs at road junctions was first conceived in 1890 when William Phelps Eno of Saugatuck, Connecticut proposed and devised the first set of traffic laws in an article published in Rider and Driver. However, the first use of stop signs did not appear until 1915 when officials in Detroit, Michigan installed a stop sign with black letters on a white background. Throughout the years and with many alterations made to the stop sign, the current version with white block-lettering on a red background that is used in the United States as well as emulated in many other countries around the world today, did not come into use until the Joint Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices adopted the design in 1975. 1890 Tabulating machine The tabulating machine is an electrical device designed to assist in summarizing information and, later, accounting. The results of a tabulation are electrically coupled with a sorter while displayed on clock-like dials. The concept of automated data processing had been born. In 1890, Herman Hollerith invented the mechanical tabulating machine, a design used during the 1890 Census which stored and processed demographic and statistical information on punched cards. 1890 Shredded wheat Shredded wheat is a type of breakfast cereal made from whole wheat. Shredded wheat also comes in a frosted variety, which has one side coated with sugar and usually gelatin. Shredded wheat was invented in 1890 by Henry Perky of Watertown, New York. 1890 Babcock test The Babcock test was the first inexpensive and practical test which were used to determine the fat content of milk. Invented by Stephen Moulton Babcock in 1890, the test was developed to prevent dishonest farmers who could, until the 1890s, water down their milk or remove some cream before selling it to the factories because milk was paid by volume. 1890 Smoke detector A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke and issues a signal. Most smoke detectors work either by optical detection or by physical process, but some of them use both detection methods to increase sensitivity to smoke. Smoke detectors are usually powered by battery while some are connected directly to power mains, often having a battery as a power supply backup in case the mains power fails. The first automatic electric fire alarm was co-invented in 1890 by Francis Robbins Upton and Fernando J. Dibble. Upton and Dibble were issued U.S. patent #436,961. Upton was an associate of Thomas Alva Edison, although there is no evidence that Edison contributed to this invention. 1891 Incandescent Lamp One of the most dramatic improvements occurred in artificial lighting. Thomas Edison’s development of an electric lamp that did not rely on open flames made lighting more practical for factories, offices, and homes, and transformed city life. 1891 Ferris wheel A Ferris wheel is a non-building structure, consisting of an upright wheel with passenger gondolas attached to the rim. Opened on June 21, 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair, the original Ferris Wheel was invented two years earlier by the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania bridge-builder George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. in 1891. 1891 Dow process The Dow process is the electrolytic method of bromine extraction from brine, and was Herbert Henry Dow's second revolutionary process for generating bromine commercially in 1891. 1891 Tesla coil A Tesla coil is a type of resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla around 1891. Nikola Tesla used these coils to conduct innovative experiments in electrical lighting, phosphorescence, x-ray generation, high frequency alternating current phenomena, electrotherapy, and the transmission of electrical energy without wires for point-to-point telecommunications, broadcasting, and the transmission of electrical power. 1891 Rotary dial The rotary dial is a device mounted on or in a telephone or switchboard that is designed to send electrical pulses, known as pulse dialing, corresponding to the number dialed. The early form of the rotary dial used lugs on a finger plate instead of holes. The rotary dial was invented by Almon Brown Strowger in 1891. Strowger filed U.S. patent#486,909 on December 21, 1891 that was later issued on November 29, 1892. 1891 Pastry fork A pastry fork, also known as a "pie fork", is a fork designed for eating pastries and other desserts while holding a plate. The fork has 3 or 4 tines. The 3 tine fork has a larger, flattened and beveled tine on the side while the 4 tine fork has the 1st and 2nd tine connected or bridged together and beveled. On July 7, 1891, Anna M. Mangin of Queens, a borough of New York City, filed the first patent for the pastry fork. U.S. patent #470,005 was later issued on March 1, 1892. 1891 Schrader valve A Schrader valve consists of a hollow cylindrical metal tube, typically brass, with the exterior end threaded. The interior end takes a variety of forms depending on its application. In the center of the exterior end is a metal pin pointing along the axis of the tube; the pin's end is flush with the end of the valve body. Generally, all Schrader valves are used on tires. They have threads and bodies of a single standard size at the exterior end, so caps and tools generally are universal for the valves on all automobile and bicycle pneumatic tires. Also, pressure valves can be used on Schrader valves in place of caps in order to measure the pressure of pneumatic tires. In 1891, George Schrader, the son of German-American immigrant August Schrader, invented the Schrader valve. A patent was issued on April 11, 1893. 1892 Bottle cap Bottle caps, or closures, are used to seal the openings of bottles of many types. They can be small circular pieces of metal, usually steel, with plastic backings, and for plastic bottles a plastic cap is used instead. Caps can also be plastic, sometimes with a pour spout. Flip-Top caps like Flapper closures provide controlled dispensing of dry products. The crown cork, the first form of a bottle cap, possessed flanges bent over a sealed bottle to compress the liquid inside. It was invented and patented in 1892 by William Painter of Baltimore, Maryland. 1892 Dimmer Dimmers are devices used to vary the brightness of a light. By decreasing or increasing the RMS voltage and hence the mean power to the lamp it is possible to vary the intensity of the light output. Although variable-voltage devices are used for various purposes, a dimmer is specifically those devices intended to control lighting. Dimmers are popularly used in venues such as movie theatres, stages, dining rooms, restaurants, and auditoriums where the need or absence of light during activities requires constant change. The dimmer was invented in 1892 by Granville Woods. 1892 Bicycle seat (padded) A bicycle seat, unlike a bicycle saddle, is designed to support the rider's buttocks and back, usually in a semi-reclined position. First known as the "Garford Saddle", the padded bicycle seat was invented in 1892 by Arthur Lovett Garford of Elyria, Ohio. 1892 internal combustion-powered tractor A tractor is a distinctive farm vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanized. While steam powered tractors had been built earlier, In 1892, John Froelich invented and built the first gasoline-powered tractor in Clayton County, Iowa. 1893 Zipper The zipper is a popular device for temporarily joining two edges of fabric. Zippers are found on trousers, jeans, jackets, and luggage. Whitcomb L. Judson was an American mechanical engineer from Chicago who was the first to invent, conceive of the idea, and to construct a workable zipper. Using a hook-and-eye device, Judson intended for this earliest form of the zipper to be used on shoes. He also conceived the idea of the slide fastener mechanism in conjunction with the invention of the zipper. Patents were issued to Judson for the zipper in 1891, 1894, and 1905. 1893 Spectroheliograph The spectroheliograph is an instrument used in astronomy that captures a photographic image of the Sun at a single wavelength of light, a monochromatic image. The spectroheliograph was invented in 1893 by George Ellery Hale and independently later by Henri Alexandre Deslandres in 1894. 1893 Pinking shears Pinking shears are a type of scissors that have blades of which are sawtoothed instead of straight. Used to cut woven cloth, pinking shears leave a zigzag pattern instead of a straight edge. The earliest patent for pinking shears was U.S. patent #489,406 which was issued to Louise Austin of Whatcomb, Washington on January 3, 1893. Early 1890s Phantoscope A film projection machine created by Charles Francis Jenkins in the early 1890s. Jenkin's machine was the first projector to allow each still frame of the film to be illuminated long enough before advancing to the next frame sequence. 1894 Stadimeter A stadimeter, a type of optical rangefinder, is an optical device for estimating the range to an object of known height by measuring the angle between the top and bottom of the object as observed at the device. It is similar to a sextant, in that the device is using mirrors to measure an angle between two objects but differs in that one dials in the height of the object. The stadimeter was invented in 1894 by Bradley Allen Fiske, a Rear-Admiral in the United States Navy. The first sea tests, conducted in 1895, showed that it was equally useful for fleet sailing and for navigation. Likewise, the stadimeter proved useful during the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War. U.S. patent #523,721 was issued to Fiske on July 31, 1894. 1894 Mousetrap A mousetrap is a specialized type of animal trap designed primarily to catch mice. However, it may also trap other small animals. Mousetraps are usually set in an indoor location where there is a suspected infestation of rodents. The first mouse trap was invented by William C. Hooker of Abingdon, Illinois, exactly three years before James Henry Atkinson developed a prototype called the "Little Nipper". Atkinson probably saw the Hooker trap in shops or in advertisements, and copyied it as the basis for his own model. Hooker received US patent #528671 for his invention, the mousetrap, in 1894. 1894 Medical glove Medical gloves are disposable gloves used during medical examinations and procedures that help prevent contamination between caregivers and patients. Medical gloves are made of different polymers including latex, nitrile rubber, vinyl and neoprene; they come unpowdered, or powdered with cornstarch to lubricate the gloves, making them easier to put on the hands. In 1894, William Stewart Halsted, the Surgeon-in-Chief of Johns Hopkins Hospital, invented the medical glove in an effort to make medical care safer and more sterile for patients and health care workers. 1895 Cyclocomputer A cyclocomputer or cyclometer is a device mounted on a bicycle that calculates and displays trip information, similar to the instruments in the dashboard of a car. The computer with display, or head unit, usually is attached to the handlebar for easy viewing. In 1895, Curtis Hussey Veeder invented the cyclometer. 1895 Clipless pedal Clipless pedals are bicycle pedals that require a special cycling shoe with a cleat fitted to the sole, which locks into a mechanism in the pedal and thus holds the shoe firmly to the pedal. Most clipless pedals lock onto the cleat when stepped on firmly and unlock when the heel is twisted outward, although in some cases the locking mechanism is built into the cleat instead of the pedal. The clipless pedal was invented in 1895 by Charles Hanson of Peace Dale, Rhode Island. 1895 Volleyball Volleyball is an Olympic sport in which two teams of 6 active players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points against one another by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. William G. Morgan invented the sport first known as "Mintonnette" in 1895 while studying at a YMCA in Holyoke, Massachusetts. It was later renamed volleyball by Alfred S. Halstead. 1897 Cotton candy Cotton candy is a soft confection made from sugar that is heated and spun into slim threads that look like a mass of cotton. It was co-invented in 1897 by William Morrison and John C. Wharton, candy-makers from Nashville, Tennessee. 1897 Muffler A muffler is a device for reducing the amount of noise emitted by a machine. On internal combustion engines, the engine exhaust blows out through the muffler. The internal combustion engine muffler was invented by Milton O. Reeves who received a patent in 1897. 1897 Tapered roller bearing Tapered roller bearings are bearings that can take large axial forces as well as being able to sustain large radial forces. They were co-invented by German-American Henry Timken and Reginald Heinzelman. On August 27, 1897, Timken and Heizelman filed U.S. patent #606,635 which was issued to them jointly on June 28, 1898. 1897 Ice cream scoop An ice cream scoop is any specialized spoon used to dish and serve ice cream. Most ice cream scoops are hemispherical-shaped and contain a mechanical device to force the ice cream out of the scoop. The ice cream scoop was invented by African-American Alfred L. Cralle who was issued U.S. patent #576,395 on February 2, 1897. 1897 Charcoal briquette A charcoal briquette, or briquet is a block of flammable charcoal matter which is used as fuel to start and maintain a fire, mainly used for food preparation over an open fire or a barbecue. Charcoal briquettes are made by using a process which consists of compressing charcoal, typically made from sawdust and other wood by-products, with a binder and other additives. The binder is usually starch. Some charcoal briquettes may also include brown coal, mineral carbon, borax, sodium nitrate, limestone, raw sawdust, and other additives like paraffin or petroleum solvents to aid in ignition. The design of the charcoal briquette was invented and patented by Ellsworth B. A. Zwoyer in 1897. 1897 Billiards cue chalk Cue chalk is a calcite or carbonate base applied to the tip of the cue stick used in billiards in order for players to reduce friction between the cue and bridge hand during shooting, as well as for a smoother stroke. Cue tip chalk was co-invented in its modern form by straight rail billiard pro William A. Spinks and chemist William Hoskins in 1897. U.S. patent #578,514 for cue chalk was issued to Spinks and Hoskins on March 9, 1897. 1898 Candy corn Candy corn is a confection in the United States and Canada, popular primarily in autumn around Halloween, that mimics the shape and coloration of corn kernels—a broad yellow end, a tapered orange center, and a pointed white tip. Candy corn is made primarily from sugar, corn syrup, artificial coloring and binders. It is generally thought that George Renninger, an employee of the Wunderlee Candy Company, invented candy corn in the 1880s. However, the earliest references credit the Goelitz Confectionery Company, now known as the Jelly Belly Candy Company, for introducing candy corn or "chicken feed" to the American public in 1898. 1898 Remote control A remote control is an electronic device used to operate any machine, such as a television, remotely. Many of these remotes communicate to their respective devices through infrared signals and radio control. In Madison Square Garden, at the Electrical Exhibition, Nikola Tesla gave the first demonstration of a boat propelling in water, controlled by his remote control which he designed using radio signals. Tesla received a patent for his invention in 1898. 1898 Semi-automatic shotgun A semi-automatic, or self-loading shot gun is a firearm that requires only a trigger pull for each round that is fired, unlike a single-action revolver, a pump-action firearm, a bolt-action firearm, or a lever-action firearm, which all require the shooter to chamber each successive round manually. In 1898, John Moses Browning invented the first semi-sutomatic shot gun, later patenting it in 1900. Naming it the Auto-5, Browning's semi-automatic relied on long recoil operation. This design remained the dominant form in semi-automatic shotguns for approximately 50 years, being widely used and the preferred weapon of choice among soldiers fighting in World War I. Production of the Auto-5 ceased in 1999. 1898 Semi-truck A type of truck connected to a detachable semi-trailer that carries freight. Developed by Alexander Winton as a means of transporting cars without wasting their mileage. 1898 Filing cabinet (vertical) A filing cabinet is a piece of office furniture usually used to store paper documents in file folders. In the most simple sense, it is an enclosure for drawers in which items are stored. A vertical file cabinet has drawers that extend from the short side (typically 15 inches) of the cabinet. The vertical filing cabinet was invented by Edwin G. Seibels in 1898, thus revolutionizing efficient record-keeping and archiving by creating space for offices, schools, and businesses. 1898 Installer bit Installer bits are a type of twist drill bit for use with a hand-portable power tool. Installer bits are also known as bell-hanger bits or fishing bits. The key distinguishing feature of an installer bit is a transverse hole drilled through the web of the bit near the tip. Once the bit has penetrated a wall, a wire can be threaded through this transverse hole, and the bit pulled back through the drilled hole. The installer bit was invented and patented by Sinclair Smith of Brooklyn, New York in 1898. 1898 Sousaphone The sousaphone, sometimes referred to as a marching tuba, is a wearable tuba descended from the hélicon. It was designed such that it fits around the body of the wearer and so it can be easily played while being worn. The sousaphone is named after John Philip Sousa but was invented by C.G. Conn in 1898. 1899 Wing warping Wing warping consists of the twisting motion of the wings of an aircraft to produce lateral control. The entire wing structure twists slightly in a helical motion in the desired direction. The concept of wing warping is attributed to Wilbur Wright who in 1899, came up with the idea and with the conclusion that the roll of an aircraft could be controlled by the motion of that aircraft's wings. Exemplified by the twisting of a long, narrow box, the Wright brothers incorporated wing warping on their 1899 glider that used ropes to pull on the wings. Later on, the young French engineer Robert Esnault-Pelterie replaced wing warping in 1904 with the aileron on a copy he made of a 19th-century Wright glider. However, it was Henry Farman, a French aviator, who was the first to use the aileron as an integral part of the wing structure in place of wing warping in 1908. 1899 Flash-lamp The electric flash-lamp is a device that uses an electrical circuit to trigger a fuse to ignite explosive powder such as magnesium, for a brief sudden burst of bright light "flash" from a chemical reaction of flash powder burning. It was principally used for flash photography in the early 20th century, but had other uses as well. The flash-lamp was invented and patented on November 7, 1899 by New York City resident Joshua Lionel Cowen. 1900 Duckpin bowling Duckpin bowling is a variation of bowling that uses balls which are significantly smaller than those used in ten-pin bowling, weighing each, which are devoid of finger holes. The pins are correspondingly shorter and lighter than their ten-pin equivalents. Hence, when the pins are knocked down, they resemble a "flock of flying ducks". While the rules remained almost identical to those of the Ten-pin game, one rule change was made: A bowler is allowed to use three bowls on each turn. Strikes would still be strikes and spares still spares, but when all pins were knocked down on the third ball, it counts as a score of ten. During the summer of 1900, some bowlers at Diamond Alleys in Baltimore, Maryland thought it might be interesting to resize the pins to match the 6-inch ball. Thus, the inventor of duckpin bowling, John Van Sant, used a wood turner to do exactly that. 1900 Nickel-zinc battery A nickel-zinc battery is a type of rechargeable battery that may be used in cordless power tools, cordless telephone, digital cameras, battery operated lawn and garden tools, professional photography, flashlights, electric bike, and light electric vehicle sectors. In 1900, Thomas Alva Edison filed U.S. Patent #684,204 for the nickel-zinc battery. It was issued on October 8, 1901. 1900 Merrill-Crowe process The Merrill-Crowe process is a separation technique for removing gold from a cyanide solution. The basic process was conceptualized and patented by Charles Washington Merrill around 1900, then later refined by Thomas B. Crowe, working for the Merrill Company. 1900 Carbide lamp Carbide lamps, also known as acetylene gas lamps, are simple lamps that produce and burn acetylene which is created by the reaction of calcium carbide with water. The first carbide lamp was invented and patented in New York City on August 28, 1900 by Frederick Baldwin. 1900 Fly swatter A fly swatter is a hand-held device for swatting and killing flies and other insects. The first modern fly-destruction device was invented in 1900 by Robert R. Montgomery, an entrepreneur based in Decatur, Illinois. On January 9, 1900, Montgomery was issued U.S. patent #640,790 for the "Fly-Killer". 1900 Thumbtack A thumbtack is a short nail or pin with a large, slightly rounded head made of metal which is used to fasten documents to a background for public display and which can easily be inserted or removed by hand. The thumbtack was invented by Edwin Moore around 1900, the year in which he founded the Moore Push-Pin Company. 1901 Key punch A keypunch is a device for manually entering data into punched cards by precisely punching holes at locations designated by the keys struck by the operator. Early keypunches were manual devices. Later keypunches were mechanized, often resembling a small desk, with a keyboard similar to a typewriter, and with hoppers for blank cards and stackers for punched cards. In 1901, Herman Hollerith invented and patented the mechanical key punch that was operated by keys, like a typewriter, and that advanced the card automatically to the next column after each punch. Later models would be motor driven with rudimentary programming features. 1901 Mercury-vapor lamp A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses mercury in an excited state to produce light. The arc discharge is generally confined to a small fused quartz arc tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass bulb. The outer bulb may be clear or coated with a phosphor. In either case, the outer bulb provides thermal insulation, protection from ultraviolet radiation, and a convenient mounting for the fused quartz arc tube. In 1901, Peter Cooper Hewitt invented and patented the mercury-vapor lamp. 1901 Assembly line Used globally around the world, an assembly line is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner in order to create a finished product more quickly than with older methods. This type of manufacturing greatly reduces the amount of time taken to assemble a product, thus reducing production, material, and labor costs so that an affordable product cost can be passed onto consumers. According to a book entitled Michigan Yesterday & Today authored by Robert W. Domm, the assembly line and its basic concept is credited to Ransom Olds, who used it to build the first mass-produced automobile, the Oldsmobile Curved Dash. Olds patented the assembly line concept, which he put to work in his Olds Motor Vehicle Company factory in 1901. This development is often overshadowed by Henry Ford, who perfected the assembly line by installing driven conveyor belts that could produce a Model T in ninety-three minutes. 1901 Safety razor (disposable) A safety razor protects the skin from all but the edge of the blade while shaving skin. King Camp Gillette, a traveling hardware salesman of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin invented the double-edged, disposable safety razor attached to a re-usable razor handle. Beforehand, dull razors were taken to barbers for sharpening. With Gillette's double-edged and disposable blades, a uniform shave on a man's face could be achieved with a fresh blade and disposed after it was used. Gillette applied for a patent in 1901. It was granted in 1904. 1901 Windowed envelope A windowed envelope is a conventional envelope with a plastic window to allow the recipient's address to be printed on the paper contained within. Windowed envelopes save the expense of printing or labor of addressing, and in addition save time in preparing the message for dispatch when the customary addresses are already on the letter paper itself. Calling it the "outlook envelope", Americus F. Callahan of Chicago was the first to patent the windowed envelope. U.S. patent #701,839 was filed on December 9, 1901 and issued on June 10, 1902. 1901 Radio direction finder A radio direction finder (RDF) is a device for finding the direction to a radio source. Due to radio's ability to travel very long distances and "over the horizon", it makes a particularly good navigation system for ships, small boats, and aircraft that might be some distance from their destination. The radio direction finder is the earliest form of radio navigation. It was first patented by American physicist John Stone Stone. He filed on January 23, 1901 and was granted the patent (U.S. Patent 716,134) on December 16, 1902. 1902 Hearing aid A hearing aid is an electro-acoustic body-worn apparatus which typically fits in or behind the wearer's ear, and is designed to amplify and modulate sounds for the wearer. Although hearing aids in some form or fashion such as the ear trumpet were developed in previous years, the first electric hearing aid was invented by Miller Reese Hutchison in 1902. 1902 Postage meter A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage, or franking, to mailed matter. Postage meters are regulated by a country's postal authority; for example, in the United States, the United States Postal Service specifies the rules for the creation, support, and use of postage meters. A postage meter imprints an amount of postage, functioning as a postage stamp, a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one. The postage meter was invented by Chicago inventor Arthur Pitney, receiving a patent for the invention on October 14, 1902. 1902 Teddy bear A teddy bear is a stuffed toy bear. They are usually stuffed with soft cotton and have smooth and soft fur. It is an enduring form of a stuffed animal that has become a collector's item. The first teddy bear was invented in 1902 by Morris Michtom, owner of a Brooklyn toy store, who was inspired by Clifford Berryman's political cartoon Drawing the Line in Mississippi that depicted President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt on a hunting trip in Mississippi who spared the life of a Louisiana black bear cub. Michtom asked for and received President Roosevelt's permission to use his name for the hand-sewn bears called "Teddy bears" that he invented and his wife helped construct. 1902 Periscope (collapsible) A periscope is an instrument for observation from a concealed position, known for use in submarines. In a simple form, it is a tube in each end of which are mirrors set parallel to each other and at an angle of 45 with a line between them. Periscopes allow a submarine, submerged at a shallow depth, to search for targets and threats in the surrounding sea and air. When not in use, the periscope is retracted into the hull. A sub commander in tactical conditions must exercise discretion when using his periscope, since it creates an observable wake and may be detectable to radar, giving away the sub's position. The invention of the collapsible periscope for use in submarine warfare is credited to Simon Lake in 1902, who called his device the omniscope or skalomniscope. Later, it was made to be raised and turned by hand. 1902 Mercury arc valve A mercury arc valve is a type of electrical rectifier which converts alternating current into direct current. Rectifiers of this type were used in electric motor power supplies for industry, in electric railways, streetcars, and diesel-electric locomotives. They also found use in static inverter stations and as rectifiers for high-voltage direct current power transmission. Mercury arc rectifiers were invented by Peter Cooper Hewitt in 1902. 1902 Air conditioning Air conditioning is the cooling and de-humidification of indoor air for thermal comfort. Using a system of coils as a solution to cool and remove moisture from muggy air in a printing plant that was wrinkling magazine pages, Willis Carrier invented and manufactured the world's first mechanical air conditioning unit in 1902. Carrier's invention – encompassing the first system to provide man-made control over temperature, humidity, ventilation and air quality, was first installed as a solution to the quality problems experienced at a Brooklyn printing plant, Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Company. Air conditioning not only spawned a company and an industry, but also brought about profound economic, social and cultural changes. 1903 Tea bag A tea bag is a small, porous paper, silk or nylon sealed bag containing tea leaves for brewing tea. Tea bags were invented by Thomas Sullivan around 1903. The first tea bags were made from silk. Sullivan was a tea and coffee merchant in New York who began packaging tea samples in tiny silk bags, but many customers brewed the tea in them. 1903 Offset printing press Offset printing is a commonly used printing technique where the inked image is transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface. Ira Washington Rubel invented the first offset printing press in 1903. 1903 Airplane A fixed-wing aircraft, or airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft whose lift is generated by air pressure differential between the upper and lower wing surfaces. The Wright brothers, Wilbur and Orville Wright of Dayton, Ohio, made the first powered and sustained airplane flights under control of the pilot in the Wright Flyer I on December 17, 1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In the two years afterward, they developed their flying machine into the world's first practical fixed-wing aircraft. By October 1905, the Wright Flyer III was capable and proven to circle in the air 30 times in 39 minutes for a total distance of 24.5 miles. The brothers' fundamental breakthrough was their invention of "three-axis control", which enabled the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and to maintain its equilibrium. This required method has become standard on all fixed-wing aircraft. From the beginning of their aeronautical work, the Wright brothers focused on unlocking the secrets of control to conquer "the flying problem", rather than on developing more powerful engines as some other experimenters did. Charles Edward Taylor built the first aircraft engine and was a vital contributor of mechanical aspects in the building and maintaining of early Wright engines and airplanes. Although there were many earlier attempts at heavier-than-air powered flight, some of which achieved successful short hops, and disputed earlier claims of sustained flight, the Wright brothers are officially credited by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, the international record-setting body for aeronautics and astronautics, as achieving "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight". In addition, U.S. patent number #821393 for the airplane, was filed by Orville Wright on March 23, 1903 and was issued in May 1906. 1903 Windshield wipers The windshield wiper is a bladed device used to wipe rain and dirt from a windshield. In 1903, Mary Anderson is credited with inventing the first operational windshield wiper. In Anderson's patent, she called her invention a window cleaning device for electric cars and other vehicles. Operated via a lever from inside a vehicle, her version of windshield wipers closely resembles the windshield wiper found on many early car models. Anderson had a model of her design manufactured. She then filed a patent (U.S. patent number 743,801) on June 18, 1903 that was issued to her by the U.S. Patent Office on November 10, 1903. 1903 Wood's glass Wood's glass is a light filter used in communications during World War I. An "invisible radiation" technique which worked both in infrared daylight communication and ultraviolet night communications, it does not transmit visible light, leaving the 'invisible radiation' as a signal beam. Wood's glass was invented by Robert Williams Wood in 1903. 1903 Wood's lamp A Wood's lamp is a diagnostic tool used in dermatology which shines ultraviolet light onto the skin of the patient; a technician then observes any subsequent fluorescence. Though the technique for producing a source of ultraviolet light was devised by Robert Williams Wood in 1903 using "Wood's glass", not until 1925 was the technique used in dermatology by Margarot and Deveze for the detection of fungal infection of hair. 1903 Baler (round) A baler is a piece of farm machinery used to compress a cut and raked crop (such as hay, straw, or silage) into compact bales that are easy to handle, transport and store. Several different types of balers are commonly used, each producing a different type of bales – rectangular or cylindrical (round), of various sizes, bound with twine, netting, or wire. The round hay baler was invented by Ummo F. Luebben of Sutton, Nebraska, which he conceived with his brother Melchior in 1903, and then patented in 1910. The invention of the round hay baler revolutionized the laborious task of haying into a one-man, low-cost operation with a machine that automatically gathered the hay, rolled into a round bale, and ejected it.1904 Automatic transmissionAn automatic transmission is an automobile gearbox that changes gear ratios automatically as the vehicle moves, freeing the driver from having to shift gears manually. Modern automatic transmissions trace their origins to an early "horseless carriage" gearbox that was developed in 1904 by the Sturtevant brothers of Boston, Massachusetts.1904 Banana split A banana split is an ice cream-based dessert. In its classic form it is served in a long dish called a boat. A banana is cut in half lengthwise (hence the split) and laid in the dish. There are many variations, but the classic banana split is made with scoops of vanilla, chocolate and strawberry ice cream served in a row between the split banana. Although the banana as an exotic fruit was introduced to the American public in the 1880s, it was later in 1904, that the banana split was invented in the town of Latrobe, Pennsylvania by 23-year-old pharmacy apprentice David Strickler, who was inspired to create a new sundae after seeing a soda jerk during a visit to Atlantic City. According to The Food Chronology, written in 1995 by James Trager, Strickler concocted his sundae to include three scoops of ice cream on a split banana, topped with chocolate syrup, marshmallow, nuts, whipped cream, and a cherry that sold for a dime. Other soda jerks soon imitated Strickler's banana split, albeit in other forms.1904 Pantograph (diamond-shaped) A pantograph is a device that collects electric current from overhead lines for electric trains or trams. The term stems from the resemblance to pantograph devices for copying writing and drawings. In 1904, the diamond-shaped roller pantograph was invented by John Q. Brown of the Key System shops for their commuter trains which ran between San Francisco and the East Bay section of the San Francisco Bay Area in California. A patent was issued on July 5, 1904.1904 Dragline excavator Drag-line excavation systems are heavy equipment used in civil engineering and surface mining. In civil engineering the smaller types are used for road and port construction. The larger types are used in strip-mining operations to move overburden above coal, and for tar-sand mining. A drag line bucket system consists of a large bucket which is suspended from a boom, a large truss-like structure, with wire ropes. The bucket is maneuvered by means of a number of ropes and chains. The hoist rope, powered by large diesel or electric motors, supports the bucket and hoist-coupler assembly from the boom. The drag rope is used to draw the bucket assembly horizontally. By skillful maneuvre of the hoist and the drag ropes the bucket is controlled for various operations. The dragline excavator was invented in 1904 by John W. Page.1905 Batting helmetA batting helmet is the protective headgear worn by batters in the game of baseball or softball. It is meant to protect the batter's head from errant pitches thrown by the pitcher. A batter who is "hit by pitch", due to an inadvertent wild pitch or a pitcher's purposeful attempt to hit him, may be seriously, even fatally, injured. In 1905, a New York Giants (the team now known as the San Francisco Giants) baseball player named Roger Bresnahan, after missing thirty days of the baseball season and lying in a hospital bed due to a head injury (or beaning), created, with assistance from the A.J. Reach Company, a crude, leather, vertically sliced football helmet over his cap that is considered to be the first batting helmet. The headgear was unpopular, even with Bresnahan at the time, and it wasn't until the mid-1950s that his idea was accepted.1905 Liquid ring pumpA liquid ring pump is a rotating positive displacement pump that is powered by an induction motor and is typically used as a vacuum pump or as a gas compressor. The liquid ring pump was invented in 1905 by Lewis H. Nash. Production soon began thereafter at the Nash Engineering Company. Nash filed U.S. patent #1,091,529 on February 24, 1910 and was issued to him on March 31, 1914.1905 Ice pop An ice pop is a frozen water-based dessert on a stick. It is made by freezing a colored, flavored liquid around a stick. Once the liquid freezes solid, the stick can be used as a handle to hold the ice pop. The ice pop was invented by 11-year-old Frank Epperson in 1905. Living in San Francisco, California, Epperson had left a fruit drink out overnight, with a stirrer in it, thus making it freeze. In 1923, Epperson got a patent on his "frozen ice on a stick". Epperson also invented the twin ice pop, with two sticks so it could be shared by two children. The most famous brand name associated with the ice pop is Popsicle.1906 Typesetting Typesetting is the retrieval of the stored letters and the ordering of them according to a language's orthography for visual display. Typesetting was invented by John Raphael Rogers of Brooklyn, New York who filed U.S. patent #837127 on October 8, 1906 and issued to him on November 27, 1906.1906 Flushometer A flushometer, or royal flushometer is a water pressure system that uses an inline handle to flush toilets and urinals. By using pressurized water directly from the supply line, there is a faster recycle time between flushes. The flushometer is still in use today in homes and public restrooms around the world. The flushometer was invented in 1906 by American businessman and inventor William Elvis Sloan.1906 Audion tube The Audion is an electronic amplifier device and was the forerunner of the triode, in which the current from the filament to the plate was controlled by a third element, the grid. A small amount of power applied to the grid could control a larger current from the filament to the plate, allowing the Audion both to detect radio signals and to provide amplification. The Audion tube was invented by Lee De Forest in 1906.1907 Curtain rod A curtain rod or traverse rod is a device used to suspend curtains, usually above windows or along the edges of showers, though also wherever curtains might be used. The flat, telescoping curtain rod was invented by Charles W. Kirsch of Sturgis, Michigan, in 1907. However, they were not in use until the 1920s. Kirsch also invented the traverse curtain rod in 1928.1907 Electrostatic precipitator An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream. In 1907, the California physicist Frederick G. Cottrell invented and received a patent for the electrostatic precipitator.1907 Paper towel A paper towel has the same purposes as conventional towels such as drying hands, wiping windows, dusting, cleaning up spills. However, paper towels can only be used once after they blot wet surfaces. A school teacher in Ashland, Ohio, named Kurt Klier, gave students individual paper squares, so that the single towel in the bathroom would not be infected with germs. When Arthur Scott, head of the Scott Paper Company heard about it, he decided to try to sell a load of paper that had been made too thick to use as toilet paper.1908 Candy appleCandy apples, also known as toffee apples outside of North America, are whole apples covered in a hard sugar candy coating. While the topping varies from place to place, they are almost always served with a wooden stick of sorts in the middle making them easier to eat. Toffee apples are a common treat at autumn festivals in Western culture in the Northern Hemisphere, such as Halloween and Guy Fawkes Night because these festivals fall in the wake of the annual apple harvest. Dipping fruits into a sugar syrup is an ancient tradition. However, the origin of the red candy apple is attributed to Newark, New Jersey candymaker who conceived the idea of dipping apples into a red cinnamon candy mixture he had on hand. In addition, dipping apples in hot caramel a 1950s American invention attributed to Kraft salesman Dan Walker.1909 Skee ballSkee ball is a common game found in arcades and one of the first redemption games. Skee ball is similar to bowling except it is played on an inclined lane and the player aims to get the ball to fall into a hole rather than knock down pins. The object of the game is to collect as many points as possible by rolling balls up an incline and into the designated point value holes. Skee ball was invented and patented in 1909 by J.D. Estes of Philadelphia.1909 Paper shredderPaper shredders are used to cut paper into chad, typically either strips or fine particles. Government organizations, businesses, and private individuals use shredders to destroy private, confidential, or otherwise sensitive documents. The first paper shredder is credited to prolific inventor Abbot Augustus Low of Horseshoe, New York. His patent for a "waste paper receptacle" to offer an improved method of disposing of waste paper received a U.S. patent on August 31, 1909.1909 Suppressor A suppressor or silencer is a device either attached to or part of the barrel of a firearm to reduce the amount of noise and flash generated by firing the weapon. It generally takes the form of a cylindrically shaped metal tube with various internal mechanisms to reduce the sound of firing by slowing the escaping propellant gas, and sometimes by reducing the velocity of the bullet. Hiram Percy Maxim, the son of famous machine gun inventor Hiram Stevens Maxim, is credited with inventing the suppressor in 1909.1909 Gin rummy Gin rummy, or Gin for short, is a simple and popular two-player card game with a standard 52-card pack. The objective of Gin Rummy is to score more points than your opponent improving one's hand by forming melds and eliminating deadwood. Gin rummy was invented by Elwood T. Baker and his son, C. Graham Baker in 1909.1910 Headset A headset is a headphone combined with a microphone. Headsets provide the equivalent functionality of a telephone handset with hands-free operation. They are used in call centers and by people in telephone-intensive jobs. The first-ever headset was invented in 1910, by a Stanford University student named Nathaniel Baldwin.1911 Fifth wheel coupling The fifth wheel coupling provides a pivoting link between a semi-trailer and the towing truck, tractor unit, leading trailer or dolly. Some recreational vehicles have a fifth wheel configuration, requiring the coupling to be installed in the bed of a pickup truck as a towing vehicle. The coupling consists of a coupling pin (or kingpin) on the front of the semi-trailer, and a horseshoe-shaped coupling device called a fifth wheel on the rear of the towing vehicle. In 1911, Charles Martin invented the fifth wheel coupler consisting of a round plate with a hole in it, attached to a frame mounted on his tractor.1911 Erector Set An Erector Set is a toy construction set that consists of collections of small metal beams with regular holes for nuts, bolts, screws, and mechanical parts such as pulleys, gears, and small electric motors. Popular in the United States, the brand name is currently used for Meccano sets (themselves patented in 1901). The erector set was invented in 1911 by Alfred Carlton Gilbert and was manufactured by the A. C. Gilbert Company at the Erector Square factory in New Haven, Connecticut. The first sets were called by A.C. Gilbert "The Erector / Structural Steel & Electro-Mechanical Builder". Accessory sets were also available to allow children to upgrade basic sets.1911 Binder clipA binder clip, or a banker's clip or foldback clip, is a simple device for binding sheets of paper together. It leaves the paper intact and can be removed quickly and easily unlike the staple. The binder clip was invented in 1911 by Washington, D.C. resident Louis E. Baltzley who was motivated by a desire to help his father, Edwin, a prolific writer and inventor, keep manuscripts in order. The original design was modified five times, but the essential mechanism has never changed.1911 Automobile self starterAn automobile self-starter is an electric motor that initiates rotational motion in an internal combustion engine before it can power itself, therefore eliminating the hand crank used to start engines. In 1911, Charles F. Kettering invented the automobile self-starter while working at National Cash Register and then sold them for installation on cars at the Cadillac company. There had been many attempts at producing an electric starter before, but none of them were successful. Most designs at that time called for the use of an electric motor attached to the engine's flywheel. However, in order to fit in the car's engine compartment, the device would have to be small, and therefore it would be unable to produce a sufficient enough amount of torque.1911 Road surface markingA road surface marking is any kind of device or material that is used on a road surface in order to convey official information for drivers and pedestrians. Edward N. Hines originated the concept of painting a line down the center of a road to separate traffic in opposing directions. They were first used in Wayne County, Michigan in 1911.1912 AutopilotAn autopilot is a mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic system used to guide a vehicle without assistance from a human being. Most people understand an autopilot to refer specifically to aircraft, but self-steering gear for ships, boats, space craft, and missiles is sometimes also called autopilot. The first aircraft autopilot was invented by Lawrence Sperry in 1912. Sperry demonstrated it in 1914, and proved the credibility of the invention by flying the aircraft with his hands away from the controls and visible to onlookers.1912 Electric blanketAn electric blanket is a blanket with an integrated electrical heating device usually placed above the top bed sheet. The first electric blanket was invented in 1912 by American physician Sidney I. Russell. This earliest form of an electric blanket was an 'underblanket' under the bed that covered and heated from below. In 1937, Electric 'overblankets which lie on top of the sleeping person were introduced in the United States.1912 Traffic light (electric)The traffic light, also known as traffic signal, is a signaling device positioned at a road intersection, pedestrian crossing, or other location. Its purpose is to indicate, using a series of colors, the correct moment to stop, drive, ride or walk, using a universal color code. The color of the traffic lights representing stop and go are likely derived from those used to identify port (red) and starboard (green) in maritime rules governing right of way, where the vessel on the left must stop for the one crossing on the right. In Salt Lake City, Utah, policeman Lester Wire invented the first red-green electric traffic lights.1913 Formica (plastic)Formica is a hard durable plastic laminate used for countertops, cupboard doors, and other surfaces which are heat-resistant and easy to clean. Formica was invented in 1913 by Herbert A Faber and Daniel J. O'Connor of Westinghouse Electric.1914 Regenerative circuitThe regenerative circuit allows an electronic signal to be amplified many times by the same vacuum tube or other active component such as a field effect transistor. A regenerative circuit is often an AM detector, converting the RF signal on the antenna to an audio waveform. Their use of positive feedback greatly increases both the selectivity and sensitivity of a simple receiver. Positive feedback builds up the input signal to very high levels. Edwin Armstrong, invented and patented the regenerative circuit while he was a junior in college, in 1914.1914 Traffic cone Traffic cones, also called toddlers, road cones, safety cones, construction cones, pylons, or Witches' Hats, are usually cone-shaped markers that are placed on roads or sidewalks to temporarily redirect traffic in a safe manner. Traffic cones were invented in 1914 by Charles P. Rudabaker.1914 Fortune cookie A fortune cookie is a crisp cookie usually made from flour, sugar, vanilla, and oil with a "fortune" wrapped inside. A "fortune" is a piece of paper with words of faux wisdom or a vague prophecy. In the United States, it is usually served with Chinese food in Chinese restaurants as a dessert. The message inside may also include a list of lucky numbers and a Chinese phrase with translation. Contrary to belief, the fortune cookie associated as a Chinese invention is a fallacy. In 1914, the Japanese-American named Makoto Hagiwara of the Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco, California, introduced the fortune cookie and is thus recognized as its inventor.1915 Skeet shooting Skeet shooting is an Olympic sport where participants attempt to break clay disks flung into the air at high speed from a variety of angles. The firearm of choice for this task is usually a high quality, double-barreled over and under shotgun with 28/30 inch barrels and open chokes. The event is in part meant to simulate the action of bird hunting. The shooter shoots from eight positions on a semicircle with a radius of , and an 8th position halfway between stations 1 and 7. There are two houses that hold devices known as "traps" that launch the targets, one at each corner of the semicircle. Skeet shooting began in Andover, Massachusetts in 1915, when grouse hunter Charles Davis invented a game he called "shooting around the clock" to improve his wingshooting.1915 Single-sideband modulation Single-sideband modulation (SSB) is a refinement of amplitude modulation that more efficiently uses electrical power and bandwidth. Single-sideband modulation produces a modulated output signal that has a bandwidth identical to that of the original baseband signal, unlike amplitude modulation which has double the bandwidth. Although John Renshaw Carson invented SBB in 1915, his patent was not granted until March 27, 1923.1916 Hamburger bun A hamburger bun is a bread roll sliced horizontally containing a hamburger, usually a patty consisting of ground meat that also typically contains lettuce, bacon, tomato, onion, pickles, cheese and condiments such as mustard, mayonnaise, ketchup and relish. The hamburger bun was invented in 1916 by a fry cook named Walter Anderson, who co-founded White Castle in 1921.1916 Lincoln Logs Lincoln Logs is the name of a children's toy consisting of notched miniature wooden logs, used to build miniature forts, cabins, and buildings. Lincoln Logs were invented in 1916 by John L. Wright, son of famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. 1916 Supermarket A supermarket is a self-service store offering a wide variety of food and household merchandise, organized into departments. It is larger in size and has a wider selection than a traditional grocery store. The concept of a "self-service" grocery store was invented by American entrepreneur Clarence Saunders and his Piggly Wiggly stores. Beforehand, customers would shop at a general store where a clerk behind a counter would fetch inventory in limited quantity for customers to purchase. With Saunders' new innovation of self-service, customers would be able to choose a wider selection of goods at competitive prices. Saunders' first store opened in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1916. 1916 Cloverleaf interchange A cloverleaf interchange is a two-level interchange in which left turns, in countries that drive on the right, are handled by loop roads. To go left, in right-hand traffic, vehicles first pass either over or under the other road, then turn right onto a one-way three-fourths loop ramp (270°) and merge onto the intersecting road. The cloverleaf was first patented in the United States by Arthur Hale, a civil engineer in Maryland, on February 29, 1916. 1916 Tow truck A tow truck is a vehicle used to transport motor vehicles to another location, generally a repair garage, or to recover vehicles which are no longer on a drivable surface. Vehicles are often towed in the case of breakdowns or collisions, or may be impounded for legal reasons. The tow truck was invented in 1916 by Ernest Holmes, Sr., of Chattanooga, Tennessee. He was a garage worker who was inspired to create the invention after he was forced to pull a car out of a creek using blocks, ropes, and six men. An improved design led him to manufacture wreckers. 1916 Condenser microphone A condenser microphone, also called a capacitor microphone or electrostatic microphone, is a microphone containing a capacitor that has two plates with a voltage between them. In the condenser microphone, one of these plates is made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound waves, changing the distance between the two plates and therefore changing the capacitance. Specifically, when the plates are closer together, capacitance increases and a charge current occurs. When the plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a discharge current occurs. A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to work. This voltage is supplied either by a battery in the mic or by external phantom power. The condenser microphone was invented in 1916 at Bell Laboratories by Edward Christopher 'E.C.' Wente, which became possible with the advent of the vacuum tube (valve) to act as an amplifier of the low signal output. 1916 Light switch (toggle) A toggle light switch is a switch, most commonly used to operate electric lights, permanently connected equipment, or electrical outlets whereby the switch handle does not control the contacts directly, but through an intermediate arrangement of internal springs and levers. The toggle light switch is safe, reliable, and durable, but produces a loud "snap" or "click" noise when a person's finger manually flips the toggle light switch into the on/off position. The design for the toggle light switch was patented in 1916 by William J. Newton and Morris Goldberg of Lynbrook, New York. 1917 Stream cipher In cryptography, a stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext bits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher bit stream, typically by an exclusive-or (xor) operation. In a stream cipher the plaintext digits are encrypted one at a time, and the transformation of successive digits varies during the encryption. Also known as a state cipher, the stream cipher was invented in 1917 by Gilbert Sandford Vernam at Bell Labs. 1917 Marshmallow creme Marshmallow creme, better known as marshmallow "fluff" in the United States, is a food item that is a sweet, spreadable, marshmallow-like confection. It is typically used with peanut butter on the fluffernutter sandwich. In addition, marshmallow creme and Nutella can be spread on graham crackers to emulate s'mores. Marshmallow creme is a New England creation invented in 1917 by Archibald Query of Somerville, Massachusetts. 1918 Superheterodyne receiver In electronics, a superheterodyne receiver uses frequency mixing or heterodyning to convert a received signal to a fixed intermediate frequency, which can be more conveniently processed than the original radio carrier frequency. Virtually all modern radio and television receivers use the superheterodyne principle. The superheterodyne receiver was invented in 1918 by Edwin Armstrong. It was introduced to the market place in the late 1920s. 1918 French dip sandwich A French dip sandwich, also known as a beef dip, is a hot sandwich consisting of thinly sliced roast beef (or, sometimes, other meats) on a "French roll" or baguette. It is usually served au jus ("with juice"), that is, with beef juice from the cooking process. Beef broth or beef consommé is sometimes substituted. Despite the sandwich's name, the French dip sandwich was not invented in France, but in the United States. Both Philippe the Original's and Cole's Pacific Electric Buffet, two restaurants in Los Angeles, claim to have invented the French dip sandwich. Philippe Mathieu may have possibly invented the sandwich by accident around the year 1918, who according to one story, accidentally dropped a sandwich in a pan of au jus. Another story is that a fireman to Philippe's restaurant found his roast beef sandwich roll to be too hard. Thus, Philippe had it dipped in juice. Whatever the origin, Cole's Pacific Electric Buffet also claims to have invented the French dip sandwich as well.1918 Torque wrench A torque wrench is a tool used to precisely apply a specific torque to a fastener such as a nut or bolt. It is usually in the form of a socket wrench with special internal mechanisms. It was invented by Conrad Charles Bahr in 1918. However, it wasn't until much later on March 16, 1937, that Bahr received U.S. patent #2,074,079 for the invention of the torque wrench.1918 Crystal oscillator A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time as used in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The first crystal-controlled oscillator, using a crystal of Rochelle Salt, was invented by Alexander M. Nicholson. However, it is generally accepted that Dr. Walter Guyton Cady was the first to use a quartz to control the frequency of an oscillator circuit. Nevertheless, Nicholson is still regarded as the inventor of the crystal oscillator.1918 Grocery bag Shopping bags are medium-sized bags, typically around 10–20 litres (2.5 to 5 gallons) in volume, that are often used by grocery shoppers to carry home their purchases. They can be single-use (disposable), used for other purposes or designed as reusable shopping bags. The grocery bag with handles was invented in 1918 by Walter Deubener of St. Paul Minnesota. U.S. patent #1,305,198 was issued to Deubener on May 27, 1919.1918 Hydraulic brake The hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking mechanism which uses brake fluid, typically containing ethylene glycol, to transfer pressure from the controlling unit, which is usually near the operator of the vehicle, to the actual brake mechanism, which is usually at or near the wheel of the vehicle. In 1918, the hydraulic brake was invented by Malcolm Loughead, which replaced the mechanical brake which was used previously on automobiles.1919 Blender A blender is an upright, stationary kitchen appliance used to mix alcoholic beverages and puree food. Blenders are also used to prepare emulsions, such as mayonnaise, and cream soups. In 1919, Polish-American Stephen J. Poplawski of Racine, Wisconsin invented, designed, and manufactured beverage mixers used in preparation for malted milk served at soda fountains. It consisted of a spinning blade on a long rod extending down into a cup. Poplawski patented his invention of the blender in 1922.1919 Silica gel Silica gel is a granular, porous form of silica made from sodium silicate. Silica gel is a solid. The synthetic route for silica gel was invented and patented by chemistry professor Walter A. Patrick at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland in 1919.1919 Toaster (pop-up) The toaster is typically a small electric kitchen appliance designed to toast multiple types of bread products such as sliced bread, bagels, and English muffins. Although not the first to invent the toaster, the pop-up toaster was invented by Charles Strite in 1919, consisting of a variable timer and springs in order to prevent burnt toast. Strite received a patent for his invention on May 29, 1919. Roaring Twenties and the Jazz Age (1920–1928)1920 Eskimo Pie An Eskimo Pie is a vanilla ice cream bar between two wafers of chocolate and wrapped in aluminum foil. The confection was invented in Iowa in the year 1920 by Danish-American Christian Nelson. First known as the I-Scream Bar, the name was changed the following year to Eskimo Pie at the suggestion of American chocolatier Russell Stover.1920 Jungle gym The jungle gym, also known as monkey bars or climbing frame, is a piece of playground equipment made of many pieces of thin material, such as metal pipe or, in more current playgrounds, rope, on which children can climb, hang, or sit. The monkey bar designation was for the resemblance that playing children had to the rambunctious, climbing play of monkeys, though the term nowadays often refers specifically to a single row of overhead bars designed to be swung across. The jungle gym was invented and patented by Sebastian Hinton of Chicago in 1920.1921 PolygraphNot to be confused with an earlier and different invention with the same name, a polygraph, popularly referred to as a lie detector, is an instrument that measures and records several physiological indices such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while the subject is asked and answers a series of questions, in the belief that deceptive answers will produce physiological responses that can be differentiated from those associated with non-deceptive answers. The polygraph was invented in 1921 by John Augustus Larson, a medical student at the University of California at Berkeley and a police officer of the Berkeley Police Department in Berkeley, California. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the polygraph was on its 2003 list of the 325 greatest inventions.1921 FlowchartA flowchart is common type of chart, representing an algorithm or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields. The second structured method for documenting process flow, the "flow process chart", was invented by Frank Gilbreth to members of ASME in 1921 as the presentation "Process Charts—First Steps in Finding the One Best Way".1921 Adhesive bandagePopularly known by the brand name Band-Aid, an adhesive bandage is a self-sticking taped and small dressing used for injuries not serious enough to require a full-size bandage. This easy-to-use dressing with adhesive tape was invented by Earle Dickson in 1921.1921 HeadrestIn an automobile, the headrest or head restraint is a device attached to the top of the seat behind the occupant's head. Most headrests are cushioned for comfort, are height adjustable and most commonly finished in the same material as the rest of the seat. The automobile headrest was invented by Benjamin Katz, a resident of Oakland, California, in 1921. U.S. patent #1,471,168 for the headrest was issued to Katz on October 16, 1923.1921 Garage doorA garage door is a large door on a garage that can either be opened manually or by a garage door opener. Garage doors are necessarily large to allow passage of automobiles and/or trucks. In 1921, C. G. Johnson of Detroit, Michigan invented the "Overhead Door", the first upward-lifting garage door. To market the garage door, Johnson mounted a small prototype of his door on the back of his Model T Ford and drove around the United States signing up distributors.1922 Blowout preventer (ram)A ram blowout preventer is a large valve that can seal off a wellhead by using ram-types employing steel cut off rams to seal the borehole. During drilling or well interventions, the valve may be closed if overpressure from an underground zone causes formation fluids such as oil or natural gas to enter the wellbore and threaten the rig. In 1922, James Smither Abercrombie collaborated with Harry S. Cameron with the idea of creating a mechanically operated ram-type blowout preventer. A patent was issued in January 1926.1922 Convertible A convertible is a type of automobile in which the roof can retract and fold away having windows which wind-down inside the doors, converting it from an enclosed to an open-air vehicle. Many different automobile body styles are manufactured and marketed in convertible form. Ben P. Ellerbeck conceived the first practical retractable hardtop system in 1922—a manually operated system on a Hudson coupe that allowed unimpeded use of the rumble seat even with the top down.1922 Water skiingWater skiing is a sport where one or more persons is pulled behind a motor boat or a cable ski installation on a body of water wearing one or more skis. Water skiing began in 1922 when Ralph Samuelson used two boards as skis and a clothesline as a tow rope on Lake Pepin in Lake City, Minnesota. The sport remained a little-known activity for several years. Samuelson took stunts on the road, performing shows from Michigan to Florida. In 1966 the American Water Ski Association formally acknowledged Samuelson as the first on record. Samuelson was also the first ski racer, first to go over a jump ramp, first to slalom ski, and the first to put on a water ski show.1922 Radial arm sawA radial arm saw has a circular saw mounted on a sliding horizontal arm. In addition to making length cuts a radial arm saw may be configured with a dado blade to create cuts for dado, rabbet or half lap joints. Some radial arm saws allow the blade to be turned parallel to the back fence allowing a rip cut to be performed. In 1922, Raymond De Walt of Bridgeton, New Jersey invented the radial arm saw. A patent was applied for in 1923 and awarded to De Walt in 1925.1922 Audiometer An audiometer is a machine used for evaluating hearing loss. Audiometers are standard equipment at ENT clinics and in audiology centers. They usually consist of an embedded hardware unit connected to a pair of headphones and a feedback button, sometimes controlled by a standard PC. The invention of this machine is generally credited to Dr. Harvey Fletcher of Brigham Young University who invented the first audiometer in 1922.1922 Neutrodyne The neutrodyne is a particular type of Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) radio receiver, in which the instability-causing inter-electrode capacitance of the triode RF tubes is cancelled out or "neutralized". Louis Alan Hazeltine invented and patented the neutrodyne circuit in 1922 while under contract to the U.S. Naval Yard outside Washington, D.C. Hazeltine's invention effectively neutralized the high-pitched squeals that plagued early radio sets.1923 BulldozerA bulldozer is a crawler or a continuous tracked tractor, equipped with a substantial metal plate or blade, used to push large quantities of soil, sand, or rubble during construction work. In 1923, a farmer named James Cummings and a draftsman named J. Earl McLeod co-invented and created the first designs. A replica is on display at the city park in Morrowville, Kansas where the two built the first bulldozer.1923 Cotton swabCotton swabs consist of a small wad of cotton wrapped around either one or both ends of a small rod. They are commonly used in a variety of applications including first aid, cosmetics application, for cleaning, and arts & crafts. The cotton swab was invented by Leo Gerstenzang in 1923, who invented the product after attaching wads of cotton to a toothpick. His product, which he named "Baby Gays", went on to become the most widely sold brand name, "Q-tip".1923 Instant cameraAn instant camera is a type of camera with self-developing film. The earliest instant camera, which consisted of a camera and portable darkroom in a single compartment, was invented in 1923 by Samuel Shlafrock. In 1947, Edwin H. Land invented a new camera that produced photographic images in 60 seconds. A colored photograph model would follow in the 1960s and eventually receive more than 500 patents for Land's innovations in light and plastic technologies.1924 Locking pliers Locking pliers, Mole grips or Vise-Grips are pliers that can be locked into position, using an over-center action. One side of the handle includes a bolt that is used to adjust the spacing of the jaws, the other side of the handle, especially in larger models, often includes a lever to push the two sides of the handles apart to unlock the pliers. William Petersen of DeWitt, Nebraska, invented and patented a primitive version of a wrench in 1921. However, it wasn't until 1924 that the first locking pliers with a locking handle that Petersen called the Vise-Grip was patented.1924 CheeseburgerA cheeseburger is a hamburger with cheese added to it. Traditionally the cheese is placed on top of the patty, but the burger can include many variations in structure, ingredients, and composition. The term itself is a portmanteau of the words "cheese" and "hamburger." The cheese is usually sliced, and then added to the cooking hamburger patty shortly before the patty finishes cooking which allows the cheese to melt. Lionel C. Sternberger is believed to have invented the "cheese hamburger" in the 1920s in the Northeast portion of Los Angeles County. The earliest year attributed to the invention of the cheeseburger by Sternberger is in 1924, while others claimed that he invented it as late as 1926. According to American Heritage, "a local restaurateur was identified as the inventor of the cheeseburger at his death in 1964. Cooking at his father's short-order joint in Pasadena in the early 1920s, the lad experimentally tossed a slice (variety unknown) on a hamburger 'and lo! the cheeseburger sizzled to life."1924 Earth inductor compassThe Earth inductor compass is a device for determining aircraft direction using the magnetic field of the Earth. The operation of the compass is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction with the Earth's magnetic field acting as the induction field for an electric generator. A variation generated voltage, thus allows the Earth inductor compass to determine direction. The earth inductor compass is an American invention. It was designed in 1924 by Morris Titterington at the Pioneer Instrument Company. Designed to compensate for the weaknesses of the magnetic compass, the Earth inductor compass provided pilots with a more stable and reliable reference instrument.1924 Gas chamber execution A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a toxic gas is introduced. The most commonly used poisonous agent is hydrogen cyanide; carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide have also been used. In an effort to make capital punishment more humane, the State of Nevada introduced death by gas chamber. Convicted murderer John Gee took 6 minutes to die.1924 Moviola A Moviola is a device that allows a film editor to view film while editing. It was the first machine for motion picture editing in order to study individual shots in their cutting rooms that determine where the best cut-point might be. The vertically oriented Moviolas were the standard for film editing in the United States until the 1970s when horizontal flatbed editor systems became more common. In 1924, the Moviola was invented in the United States by Dutch-American Iwan Serrurier.1924 Radio altimeter A radio altimeter measures altitude above the terrain presently beneath an aircraft or spacecraft. This type of altimeter provides the distance between the plane and the ground directly below it, as opposed to a barometric altimeter which provides the distance above a pre-determined datum, usually sea level. In 1924, American engineer Lloyd Espenschied invented the radio altimeter. However, it took 14 years before Bell Labs was able to put Espenschied's device in a form that was adaptable for aircraft use.1925 Automatic volume control Automatic volume control or automatic gain control (AGC) is an adaptive system found in many electronic devices. The average output signal level is fed back to adjust the gain to an appropriate level for a range of input signal levels. In 1925, Harold Alden Wheeler invented the automatic volume control which remains today, a standard feature of AM radio.1925 Masking tape Masking tape is a pressure-sensitive tape made with an easy-to-tear thin paper, and fly back and a removable pressure-sensitive adhesive. In 1925, Richard G. Drew, an employee of the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M), invented the first masking tape, a two-inch-wide tan paper strip backed with a light, pressure-sensitive adhesive. Drew filed U.S. patent #1,760,820 on May 28, 1928 and was issued to him on May 27, 1930.1925 Reuben sandwich A Reuben sandwich is a hot sandwich of layered meat, sauerkraut and Swiss cheese, with a dressing, usually Russian or Thousand Island dressing, that is grilled between slices of rye bread. The origins of the Reuben sandwich is disputed. The earliest claim of inventing the Reuben sandwich comes from Omaha, Nebraska, in 1925 when Ukrainian-American grocer Reuben Kulakofsky fed players in a late-night poker game at the Blackstone Hotel in downtown Omaha. The owner of the hotel was so taken with Reuben's sandwich that he put it on the hotel restaurant menu, designated by its inventor's name. It wasn't until 1956 when a waitress at the Blackstone named Fern Snider entered Reuben's sandwich in a national sandwich competition, one of the earliest documentations given to the name of the sandwich. Another story is that the Reuben sandwich hails from New York City. Arnold Reuben, who opened his deli counter in Manhattan in 1928, has been claimed to have invented the Reuben "eleven years earlier as a sandwich stand in Atlantic City."1926 Tilt-A-Whirl Tilt-A-Whirl is an amusement ride that consists of seven freely spinning cars, each holding three or four passengers, attached at fixed pivot points on a rotating platform. Designed for commercial use at amusement parks, fairs and carnivals in which it is commonly found, the Tilt-A-Whirl is commonly known for making riders experience nausea. The Tilt-A-Whirl was invented in 1926 by Herbert Sellner, who first operated it at an amusement park in White Bear Lake, Minnesota. More than likely, Sellner discovered its unpredictable dynamics not through mathematical analysis but by building one and trying it out.1926 Garage door openerA garage door opener is a motorized device that opens and closes a garage door. Most are controlled by switches on the garage wall, as well as by a remote control carried in the garage owner's vehicle. In 1926, the electric garage door opener was invented by C.G. Johnson, the inventor of the garage door and founder of the Overhead Door Corporation.1926 Power steeringPower steering is a system for reducing the steering effort on vehicles by using an external power source to assist in turning the roadwheels. In 1926, Francis W. Davis of Waltham, Massachusetts invented power steering.1926 Drive throughA drive-through, or drive-thru, allows customers to purchase products without leaving their cars. In 1926, City Center Bank, which became UMB Financial Corporation under R. Crosby Kemper opened what is considered the first drive-up window. In-n-Out Burger claims to have built the first drive-through restaurant in 1948. Harry and Esther Snyder, the chain's founders, built their first restaurant in Baldwin Park, California, with a two-way speaker to enable patrons to order directly from their cars without the intermediation of a carhop.1926 Liquid-fuel rocketThe liquid-fuel rocket is a rocket with an engine that uses propellants in liquid form. On March 16, 1926 in Auburn, Massachusetts, Dr. Robert H. Goddard, the "father of modern rocketry", launched the first liquid-fueled rocket in history, which used liquid oxygen and gasoline as propellants.1927 Bread slicerSliced bread is a loaf of bread which has been pre-sliced and packaged for commercial convenience. The automatic commercial bread slicer was invented in 1927 by Otto Frederick Rohwedder. His machine both sliced and wrapped a loaf of bread. In 1928, the bread slicer was improved by Gustav Papendick, a baker from St. Louis, Missouri.1927 JukeboxA jukebox is a partially automated music-playing device, usually a coin-operated machine, that can play specially selected songs from self-contained media. The traditional jukebox is rather large with a rounded top and has colored lighting on the front of the machine on its vertical sides. The classic jukebox has buttons with letters and numbers on them that, when combined, are used to indicate a specific song from a particular record. The Automatic Music Instrument Company built and introduced the first electric automated musical instrument which later became known as the jukebox during the 1930s.1927 Garbage disposalA garbage disposal is a device, usually electrically powered, installed under a kitchen sink between the sink's drain and the trap which shreds food waste into pieces small enough to pass through plumbing. The garbage disposal was invented in 1927 by John W. Hammes. After eleven years of development, his InSinkErator company put his disposer on the market in 1968.1927 Pressure washerA pressure washer is a high pressure mechanical sprayer that can be used to remove loose paint, mold, grime, dust, mud, and dirt from surfaces and objects such as buildings, vehicles, and concrete road surfaces. Frank Ofeldt in the United States invented the steam pressure washer or "high-pressure Jenny" in 1927.1927 Resonator guitarA resonator guitar or resophonic guitar is an acoustic guitar whose sound is produced by one or more spun metal cones resonators instead of the wooden sound board (guitar top/face). The resonator guitar was invented in 1927 by John Dopyera.1927 Kool-AidKool-Aid is a powdered drink mix that comes in an assortment of different flavors. "Kool-Ade" was invented in 1927 by Edwin Perkins in Hastings, Nebraska. Perkins devised a method of removing the liquid from a drink called "Fruit Smack" so the remaining powder could be re-packaged in envelopes, which Perkins designed and printed, all under a new name to be called "Kool-Ade". The name of the powdered drink was later to be changed at a later time to Kool-Aid.1927 Corn dogThe corn dog, pogo, dagwood dog, pluto pup or corny dog is a hot dog coated in cornbread batter and deep fried in hot oil, although some are baked. Almost all corn dogs are served on wooden sticks, though some early versions were stickless. Although a contending topic as numerous claims of the origins of the corn dog have surfaced, the earliest reference to what resembles a corn dog appeared in U.S. patent 1,706,491 filed in 1927 by Stanley S. Jenkins and issued in 1929. A competing claim to the invention of the corn dog is by George Boyington, the creator of Pronto Pups (made of pancake batter) who in 1938 or 1939, created a "batter-dipped, deep fried hot dog" after a rain storm in Rockaway Beach, Oregon ruined and made his hot dogs mushy. Another story is that Neil Fletcher supposedly invented corn dogs, first selling them at the Texas State Fair in 1942.1927 Negative feedback amplifierA negative feedback amplifier, or more commonly simply a feedback amplifier, is an amplifier which uses negative feedback to improve performance and reduce sensitivity to parameter variations due to manufacturing or environmental uncertainties. It was invented by Harold Stephen Black in 1927.1927 Quartz clockThe quartz clock is a clock that keeps time by using an electronic oscillator regulated by a quartz crystal. This allows for significantly better accuracy than mechanical clocks. The first quartz clock was built in 1927 by Warren Marrison and J.W. Horton at Bell Telephone Laboratories.1928 Recliner A recliner is a reclining armchair. It has a backrest that can be tilted back, causing a footrest to extend from the front. Edward Knabusch and Edwin Shoemaker invented the first recliner in Monroe, Michigan in 1928 when they modified a wooden porch chair so that the seat moved forward as the back reclined. A padded model was later developed.1928 Ice cube tray An ice cube tray is a tray divided into compartments. It is designed to be filled with water, then placed in a freezer until the water freezes to ice, producing ice cubes. The first flexible ice cube tray was invented by Lloyd Groff Copeman in 1928.1928 Bubble gum Bubblegum is a type of chewing gum especially designed for blowing bubbles. Bubblegum was invented by Frank Henry Fleer in 1906, but was not successful; the formulation of Fleer's "Blibber-Blubber", was too sticky. In 1928, Walter E. Diemer invented a superior formulation for bubble gum, which he called " Double Bubble."1928 Clip-on tie The clip-on tie is a bow tie or four-in-hand tie which is permanently tied, with a dimple just below the knot, and which is fixed to the front of the shirt collar by a metal clip. Alternately, the tie may have a band around the neck fastened with a hook and eye. The clip-on tie was reportedly invented on December 13, 1928 in Clinton, Iowa, USA. The name of the inventor remains unknown.1928 Electric razor The electric razor has a rotating, vibrating or oscillating blade to remove unwanted hair. The electric razor does not require the use of shaving cream, soap, or water. The razor is powered by a small DC motor, and usually has rechargeable batteries, though early ones were powered directly by house current. The electric razor was invented in 1928 by Col. Jacob Schick.1928 Iron lung An iron lung is a large machine that enables a person to breathe when normal muscle control has been lost or the work of breathing exceeds the person's ability. It is a form of a medical ventilator. Philip Drinker invented the iron lung while working at Harvard University in 1928. Great Depression and World War II (1929–1945)1929 Freon Freon is an odorless, colorless, nonflammable, and noncorrosive chlorofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, which is used in air conditioning, refrigeration and some automatic fire-fighting systems. Refrigerators from the late 19th century until 1929 used toxic gases, ammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide as refrigerants. This new "miracle compound" was co-invented in 1929 by Charles Midgley Jr. and Charles Kettering.1929 Tampon (applicator) A tampon is a mass of absorbent material into a body cavity or wound to absorb bodily fluid. The most common type in daily use is disposable and designed to be inserted into the vagina during menstruation to absorb the flow of blood. The ancient Egyptians first invented disposable tampons made of softened papyrus around 2500 B.C. The ancient Greeks followed this with tampons made from lint wrapped around a small piece of wood. But it was not until 1929 that Earle Haas of Denver, Colorado first invented the modern tampon with an applicator. Dr. Haas submitted the design for patent in 1931, and in 1936, the tampon was first sold in the United States. He later gave his invention the brandname Tampax, which is still one of the main tampon brands today.1929 Eyelash curler An eyelash curler is a hand-operated mechanical device for curling eyelashes for cosmetic purposes. The earliest patent for an eyelash curler was filed on August 15, 1929 and issued to William E. McDonell and Charles W. Stickel of Rochester, New York on April 7, 1931.1929 SunglassesSunglasses or sun glasses are a visual aid which feature lenses that are coloured or darkened to prevent strong light from reaching the eyes. For centuries, Chinese judges had routinely worn smoke-colored quartz lenses to conceal their eye expressions in court. However, these were not intended for blocking sunlight from eyes. It wasn't until the 20th century that what is now considered to be sunglasses were invented. In 1929, Sam Foster invented and mass-produced the first tinted eyewear pieces solely intended to block out sunlight.1929 Frozen foodFrozen food is food preserved by the process of freezing. Freezing food is a common method of food preservation which slows both food decay and, by turning water to ice, makes it unavailable for most bacterial growth and slows down most chemical reactions. Clarence Birdseye offered his quick-frozen foods to the public. Birdseye got the idea during fur-trapping expeditions to Labrador in 1912 and 1916, where he saw the natives use freezing to preserve foods.1929 Cyclotron A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator that accelerate charged particles using a high-frequency, alternating voltage. The cyclotron was invented in 1929 by Ernest O. Lawrence at the University of California at Berkeley.1930 TiltrotorA tiltrotor is an aircraft which uses a pair or more of powered rotors (sometimes called proprotors) mounted on rotating shafts or nacelles at the end of a fixed wing for lift and propulsion, and combines the vertical lift capability of a helicopter with the speed and range of a conventional fixed-wing aircraft. In September 1930, George Lehberger devised the basic concept of tilt rotor aircraft, that is, a relatively low disc loading thruster (propeller) that can tilt its axis from the vertical (for vertical lift) to the horizontal (for propulsive thrust). On September 16, 1930, Lehberger was issued U.S. patent #1,775,861.1930 Car audioCar audio/video (car AV) is a sound or video system fitted in an automobile. In 1930, the Galvin Corporation introduced the first commercial car radio, the Motorola model 5T71, which sold for between $110 and $130 and could be installed in most popular automobiles. Inventors Paul Galvin and Joe Galvin came up with the name Motorola when their company started manufacturing car radios.1930 CheesesteakA cheesesteak, or a Philly cheesesteak, is a long, crusty roll filled with thinly sliced sautéed ribeye beef and melted cheese. Generally, the cheese of choice is Cheez Whiz, but American and provolone are common substitutions. The art of cheesesteak preparation lies in the balance of flavors, textures and what is often referred to as the "drip" factor. Other toppings may include fried onions, sautéed mushrooms, ketchup and hot or sweet peppers. The cheesesteak was invented in 1930 by Philadelphian hot dog vendor Pat Olivieri who one day decided to substitute beef instead of a hot dog in a hoagie bun. A taxicab driver noticed the alluring aroma and asked for his own sandwich. Through word of mouth, Olivieri's sandwiches the following day were highly sought after by taxi cab drivers around Philadelphia. Due to booming business, Olivieri soon opened up his own shop, Pat's King of Steaks on 9th Street and Passyunk Avenue. Eventually, according to legend, he added cheese to the steak. The cheesesteak is considered to be a cultural icon of the city of Philadelphia.1930 Bathysphere A bathysphere is a pressurized metal sphere that allows people to go deep in the ocean, to depths at which diving unaided is impossible. This hollow cast iron sphere with very thick walls is lowered and raised from a ship using a steel cable. The bathysphere was invented by William Beebe and Otis Barton in 1930. William Beebe, an American naturalist and undersea explorer, tested the bathysphere in 1930, going down to in a diameter bathysphere. Beebe and Otis Barton descended about in a larger bathysphere in 1934. They descended off the coast of Nonsuch Island, Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean. During the dive, they communicated with the surface via telephone.1930 Chocolate chip cookie A chocolate chip cookie is a drop cookie which features chocolate chips as its distinguishing ingredient. The traditional recipe combines a dough composed of butter and both brown and white sugar with semi-sweet chocolate chips. Ruth Wakefield of Whitman, Massachusetts invented chocolate chips and chocolate chip cookies in 1930. Her new cookie invention was called the "Toll House Cookie" which used broken-up bars of semi-sweet chocolate.1930 Thermistor A thermistor is a type of resistor with electrical resistance inversely proportional to its temperature. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. The thermosistor was invented by Samuel Ruben in 1930.1931 Electric guitarAn electric guitar is a guitar using pickups to convert its metal string vibration into electricity. This is amplified with an instrument amplifier. The output is altered with guitar effects such as reverb or distortion. The earliest electric guitar, known as a "frying pan", was a hollow bodied acoustic instrument with tungsten steel pickups invented by George Beauchamp and Adolph Rickenbacker in 1931. The electric guitar was a key instrument in the development of musical styles that emerged since the late 1940s, such as Chicago blues, early rock and roll, rockabilly, and 1960s blues rock. Electric guitars are used in almost every popular music genre. U.S. patent #2,089,171 was filed by Beauchamp on June 2, 1934 and issued on August 10 1937.1931 Strobe lightThe strobe light, commonly called a strobe, is a device used to produce regular flashes of light. Modern uses of strobe lights serve a purpose for safety warning, and motion detection. Strobes can be found atop most police cars, ambulances, and fire trucks. The origin of strobe lighting dates to 1931, when Harold Eugene Edgerton invented a flashing lamp to make an improved stroboscope for the study of moving objects, eventually resulting in dramatic photographs of objects such as bullets in flight.1931 AerogelAerogel is a low-density solid-state material derived from gel in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with gas. The result is an extremely low-density solid with several remarkable properties, most notably its effectiveness as a thermal insulator. It was first invented by Samuel Stephens Kistler in 1931, as a result of a bet with Charles Learned over who could replace the liquid inside of a Fruit preserves jar with gas without causing shrinkage.1931 Bug zapper A bug zapper is a device that attracts and kills insects that are attracted by light. A light source attracts insects to an electrical grid, where they are electrocuted by touching two wires with a high voltage between them. The earliest bug zappers appear as early as 1911. However, the first bug zapper patented was by Harrison L. Chapin and William F. Folmer who filed on September 23, 1931 and received U.S. patent #1,962,439 on June 12, 1934.1932 Miniature snap-action switch A miniature snap-action switch, also trademarked and frequently known as a micro switch, is an electric switch that is actuated by very little physical force, through the use of a tipping-point mechanism, sometimes called an "over-center" mechanism. Common applications of micro switches include the door interlock on a microwave oven, levelling and safety switches in elevators, vending machines, and to detect paper jams or other faults in photocopiers. The miniature snap-action switch was invented in 1932 by Peter McGall, who was an employee of the Burgess Battery Company in Freeport, Illinois.1932 Toilet brush A toilet brush is a domestic implement designed for the cleaning of the lavatory pan. The modern plastic version was invented by William C. Schopp of Huntington Park, California, USA. U.S. patent #1,927,350 was submitted on March 24, 1932 and issued on September 19, 1933.1932 Golf cart A golf cart or golf buggy is a small vehicle designed originally to carry two golfers and their golf clubs around a golf course. The earliest known golf cart was an electric one, built in California around the year 1932 by an unnamed golfer who was physically unable to walk to all 18 holes on a golf course. However, it was Merle Williams of Long Beach, California who in 1951, introduced golf carts to the public.1932 Staple remover A staple remover allows for the quick removal of a staple from a material without causing damage. The form of destapler described was invented by William G. Pankonin of Chicago, Illinois. A patent application for the same was filed on December 12, 1932, granted on March 3, 1936, and published on April 3, 1936 as a patent.1932 Radio telescopeA radio telescope is a form of directional radio antenna used in radio astronomy. They differ from optical telescopes in that they operate in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum where they can detect and collect data on radio sources. Radio telescopes are typically large parabolic or dish antenna used singularly or in an array. Karl Guthe Jansky started the field of radio astronomy serendipitous in 1932 when his directional antenna found radio static that he later identified as coming from the Milky Way.1932 Tape dispenserA tape dispenser holds a roll of tape and has a mechanism on one end to easily shear the tape. Dispensers vary widely based on the tape they dispense. Clear tape dispensers are commonly made of plastic, and may be disposable. Other dispensers are stationary and may have sophisticated features to control tape usage and improve ergonomics. The first tape dispenser with a built-in cutting edge was invented in 1932 by John A. Borden, another 3M employee.1933 Landing Vehicle TrackedA Landing Vehicle Tracked (LVT), also known as amtracks, alligators, or in their fire support variants as buffaloes, were amphibious tracked vehicles capable of crawling out of the water and onto the beach and beyond. Used primarily by the United States Armed Forces in the Pacific War against the Empire of Japan during World War II, later versions were thinly armored, and some were equipped with a light tank turret to provide fire support, making them equivalent to light amphibious tanks. Highly versatile in their use, LVT's landed supplies ashore at Guadalcanal and soldiers ashore at Tarawa, other variations of the LVT were equipped with flamethrowers during the Peleliu Campaign. The LVT was derived from the Alligator, an amphibious vehicle invented by Donald Roebling in 1933 as a rescue vehicle for downed aviators in the Florida Everglades.1933 Multiplane cameraThe multiplane camera is a special motion picture camera used in the traditional animation process that moves a number of pieces of artwork past the camera at various speeds and at various distances from one another, creating a three-dimensional effect, although not stereoscopic. Various parts of the artwork layers are left transparent, to allow other layers to be seen behind them. The movements are calculated and photographed frame-by-frame, with the result being an illusion of depth by having several layers of artwork moving at different speeds. The further away from the camera, the slower the speed. The multiplane effect is sometimes referred to as a parallax process. As a former director and animator of Walt Disney Studios, Ub Iwerks in 1933 invented the multiplane camera using four layers of flat artwork before a horizontal camera.1933 Frequency modulation In telecommunications, frequency modulation (FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency. While working in the basement laboratory of Columbia's Philosophy Hall, Edwin Armstrong invented wide-band frequency modulation radio in 1933. Rather than varying the amplitude of a radio wave to create sound, Armstrong's method varied the frequency of the wave instead. FM radio broadcasts delivered a much clearer sound, free of static, than the AM radio dominant at the time. Armstrong received a patent on wideband FM on December 26, 1933.1933 Impact sprinklerAn impact sprinkler is a type of irrigation sprinkler that pivots on a bearing on top of its threaded attachment nut, and is driven in a circular motion by a spring-loaded arm that is pushed back by the water stream, then returning to "impact" the stream. This produces an intermittent diffusion of the stream that provides a uniform waterfall closer to the sprinkler. In 1933, the impact sprinkler was invented and patented by lemon tree grower and farmer Orton Englehardt of Glendora, California.1934 Trampoline (modern)A trampoline is a gymnastic and recreational device consisting of a piece of taut, strong fabric stretched over a steel frame using many coiled springs to provide a rebounding force which propels the jumper high into the air. In a trampoline, the fabric is not elastic itself; the elasticity is provided by the springs which connect it to the frame. While the trampoline is an old invention which relied on crude and flawed designs, the modern trampoline was invented by George Nissen and Larry Griswold around 1934.1934 Acrostic (puzzle)An acrostic is a type of word puzzle, related somewhat to crossword puzzles, that uses an acrostic form with lettered clues and numbered blanks. The acrostic puzzle was invented in 1934 by Elizabeth Kingsley, first appearing in the March 31 edition of the Saturday Evening Post.1935 Richter magnitude scale The Richter magnitude scale, or local magnitude scale, assigns a number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake. It is a base-10 logarithmic scale obtained by calculating the logarithm of the combined horizontal amplitude of the largest displacement from zero on a Wood–Anderson torsion seismometer output. Co-invented in 1935 by Charles Richter along with Beno Gutenberg of the California Institute of Technology, the Richter magnitude scale was firstly intended to be used only in a particular study area in California, and on seismograms recorded on a particular instrument, the Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer.1935 Black light A Black light or UV Light is a lamp emitting electromagnetic radiation that is almost exclusively in the soft ultraviolet range, and emits little visible light. The black light was invented by William H. Byler, in 1935.1935 Parking meter A parking meter is a device used to collect money in exchange for the right to park a vehicle in a particular place for a limited amount of time. The parking meter was invented by Carl C. Magee of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in 1935. Magee also holds the patent for a "coin controlled parking meter", filed on May 13, 1935 and issued on May 24, 1938.1935 Surfboard fin The surfboard fin, or keel, is the part of the back of a surfboard that enters the water. Similar to a rudder on a boat the surfboard fin works to steer the board and provide stability. The surfboard fin prevents a surfer from uncontrollably spinning in circles while trying to ride a wave. The surfboard fin was invented by Tom Blake in 1935.1935 pH meter A pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid. In 1935, Arnold Orville Beckman invented the pH meter.1935 Gomco clamp A Gomco clamp, otherwise known as a Yellen clamp, is a specialized clamp for performing circumcisions on a human male's penis. y using a Gomco clampe, the time required is less than that by any other method, sutures are never used, no bleeding is encountered, and it leaves a clean-cut incision which heals perfectly in 36 hours with practically no chance of infection because the mucous membrane and skin are securely clamped together. The Gomco clamp was inented in 1935 by Hiram S. Yellen and Aaron Goldstein. The Gomco clamp was then market by Goldstein through his private company, the Goldstein Manufacturing Company and later patented in 1940.1936 Reed switchA reed switch is an electrical switch consisting of two ferromagnetic and specially shaped contact blades (reeds) positioned in a hermetically sealed glass tube with a gap between them and in a protective atmosphere. Operated by an applied magnetic field, reed switches are used as reed relays, automotive sensors, robotics sensors, security sensors and are found in many toys and games. The reed switch was invented in 1936 by W. B. Elwood at Bell Telephone Laboratories.1936 Phillips-head screwThe Phillips-head screw is a crosshead screw design lying in its self-centering property, useful on automated production lines that use power screwdrivers. The Phillips-head screw was invented and patented by Henry F. Phillips in 1936.1936 Stock car racingStock car racing is a form of automobile racing. Shorter ovals are called short tracks, unpaved short tracks are called dirt tracks, and longer ovals are known as superspeedways. On March 8, 1936, the first stock car race was held on the Daytona Beach Road Course, promoted by local racer Sig Haugdahl. The race was 78 laps (250 miles) long for street-legal family sedans sanctioned by the American Automobile Association (AAA) for cars built in 1935 and 1936. The city posted a $5000 purse with $1700 for the winner. In 1948, stock car racing became a regulated sport when Bill France, Sr. created NASCAR.1936 Programming languagesA programming language is a machine-readable artificial language. Programming languages can be used to create programs that specify the behavior of a machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication. The first programming languages predate the modern computer. In mathematical logic and computer science, lambda calculus, also written as λ-calculus, is a formal system designed to investigate function definition, function application and recursion. It was invented by Alonzo Church and Stephen Cole Kleene in the 1930s as part of an investigation into the foundations of mathematics, but has now emerged as a useful tool in the investigation of problems in computability, recursion theory, and as a fundamental basis and a modern paradigm to computer programming and software languages.1936 Compact fluorescent lampA compact fluorescent lamp is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lightbulb. Some CFL's fit into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps and they are designed to produce the same amount of visible light found in incandescent light. CFLs generally use 70% less energy and have a longer rated life. In 1941, George Inman devised the first practical fluorescent lamp while working for General Electric. The key patent for this light source, U.S. patent #2,259,040 was filed by Inman on April 22, 1936 and issued to him on October 14, 1941. In 1976, Edward E. Hammer invented the first helical or spiraled compact fluorescent lamp, but due to the difficulty of the manufacturing process for coating the interior of the spiral glass tube, General Electric did not manufacture or sell the device. Other companies began manufacturing and selling the device in 1995.1936 Chair liftA chair lift is a type of aerial lift, which consists of a continuously circulating steel cable loop strung between two end terminals and usually over intermediate towers, carrying a series of chairs. They are the primary onhill transport at most ski areas, but are also found at amusement parks, various tourist attractions, and increasingly, in urban transport. James Curran, an engineer from the Union Pacific Railroad, invented and built the first chair lift in the world. Known as the Proctor Mountain Ski Lift, it was located in Sun Valley, Idaho.1936 Strain gaugeA strain gauge is a device used to measure the strain of an object. As the object is deformed, the foil is deformed, causing its electrical resistance to change. The strain gauge was invented in 1936 by Edward E. Simmons, a professor at the California Institute of Technology, and re-invented in 1938 by Arthur C. Ruge, an earthquake specialist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.1936 Bass guitarThe bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb (either by plucking, slapping, popping, tapping, or thumping), or by using a plectrum. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to an electric guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length, and four, five, or six strings. In 1936, the Audiovox bass, the earliest electric solid-body bass guitar made out of walnut and neck-through construction, was invented by Paul Tutmarc of Seattle, Washington. Later in 1951, the bass guitar was perfected when Leo Fender introduced the precision bass, a fretted, solid-body instrument.1937 O-ring An O-ring, also known as a toric joint, is a mechanical gasket in the shape of a torus containing a loop of elastomer with a disc-shaped cross-section. It is designed to be seated in a groove and compressed during assembly between two or more parts, creating a seal at the interface. The O-ring was invented in 1937 by Danish-American machinist Niels Christensen.1937 Photosensitive glass Photosensitive glass is a clear glass in which microscopic metallic particles can be formed into a picture or image by exposure to short wave radiations such as ultraviolet light. Photosensitive glass was invented in November 1937 by S. Donald Stookey of Corning Glass Works.1937 Digital computer A digital computer is a device capable of solving problems by processing information on discrete form. It operates on data, including magnitudes, letters, and symbols that are expressed in binary form. While working at Bell Labs in November 1937, George Stibitz, who is internationally recognized as the father of the modern digital computer, built the world's first relay-based computer which calculated binary addition.1937 Shopping cartA shopping cart is a metal or plastic basket on wheels supplied by a shop, especially a supermarket, for use by customers inside the shop for transport of merchandise to the check-out counter during shopping. Often, customers are allowed to leave the carts in the parking lot, and store personnel return the carts to the shop. The first shopping cart was invented by Sylvan Goldman in 1937, owner of the Humpty Dumpty supermarket chain in Oklahoma City.1937 Sunglasses (polarized)Polarized sunglasses are protective eyewear which incorporate oscillated lenses shifting the sun's rays in the opposite direction. Polarized sunglasses were invented in 1937 by Edwin Land.1937 KlystronA klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube. Klystrons are used as amplifiers at microwave and radio frequencies to produce both low-power reference signals for superheterodyne radar receivers and to produce high-power carrier waves for communications and the driving force for modern particle accelerator. Russell and Sigurd Varian of Stanford University are generally considered to be the inventors. Their prototype was completed in August 1937.1937 Cyclamate Cyclamate is an artificial sweetener 30–50 times sweeter than sugar, making it the least potent of the commercially used artificial sweeteners. It was invented in 1937 by graduate student Michael Sveda at the University of Illinois.1938 Beach ballA beach ball is an inflatable ball for beach and water games. Their large size and light weight take little effort to propel; they travel very slowly and generally must be caught with two hands, making them ideal for lazy games and for children. Their lightness and size make them difficult to use in even moderate wind. The beach ball was invented in California by Jonathon DeLonge in 1938.1938 FiberglassThe technique of heating and drawing glass into fine fibers has been used for millennia. The use of these fibers for textile applications is more recent. The first commercial production of fiberglass was in 1936. In 1938, fiberglass was invented by Russell Games Slayter of Owens-Corning.1938 XerographyXerography, which means "dry writing" in Greek, is a process of making copies. Xerography makes copies without using ink. In this process, static electricity charges a lighted plate; a plastic powder is applied to the areas of the page to remain white. The photocopier was invented in 1938 by Chester Floyd Carlson who marketed his revolutionary device to about 20 companies before he could interest any. The Haloid Company, later called the Xerox Corporation, marketed it, and xerography eventually became common and inexpensive.1938 Nylon In 1938, a team of researchers working under Wallace H. Carothers at E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company invented a plastic that can be drawn into strong, silk-like fibers. Nylon soon became popular as a fabric for hosiery as well as industrial applications such as cordage.1938 Operant conditioning chamber Also known as a Skinner box, an operant conditioning chamber is a laboratory apparatus used in the experimental analysis of behavior to study animal behavior. The operant conditioning chamber was invented in 1938 by B. F. Skinner.1938 Soft serve ice creamNot to be confused with regular ice cream of the slow, churned type which was invented in China over two millennia ago, soft serve is a distinctive type of frozen dessert that is similar to, but much softer than, ice cream. In 1938, J.F. "Grandpa" McCullough and his son Alex co-invented soft serve ice cream, devising a new way to serve ice cream in its soft, creamy form that it takes before going into the deep freeze to make it scoopable. After Alex McCullough commissioned Harry Oltz in 1939 to design the first soft serve ice cream machine, similar to ones used for making frozen custard, the Dairy Queen franchise was founded when Sherb Noble opened the first store in 1940.1938 TeflonIn chemistry, polytetrafluoroethylene is a synthetic fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications. PTFE is best known by the DuPont brand name Teflon. PTFE was accidentally invented by Roy Plunkett of Kinetic Chemicals in 1938.1939 Yield signIn road transport, a yield sign or give way sign indicates that a vehicle driver must prepare to stop if necessary to let a driver on another approach proceed. However, there is no need to stop if his way is clear. A driver who stops has yielded his right of way to another. The yield sign, but not the yield traffic rule itself, was invented in 1939 by Tulsa police officer Clinton Riggs.1939 VU meterA VU meter is often included in analog circuit, audio equipment to display a signal level in Volume Units. It is intentionally a "slow" measurement, averaging out peaks and troughs of short duration to reflect the perceived loudness of the material. It was originally invented in 1939 by the combined effort of Bell Labs and broadcasters CBS and NBC for measuring and standardizing the levels of telephone lines. The instrument used to measure VU is called the volume indicator (VI) instrument. Most users ignore this and call it a VU meter.1939 Starting gate A starting gate, also known as starting stalls, is a machine used in the sports of thoroughbred horse and dog racing to ensure a fair start in a race. The starting gate was invented by Clay Puett of Chillicothe, Texas when it was used at Lansdowne Park in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada for the first time on July 1, 1939. U.S. patent #2,232,675 was filed by Puett on August 7, 1939 and issued to him on February 18, 1941.1939 Twist tie A twist tie is a metal wire that is encased in a thin strip of paper or plastic and is used to tie the openings of bags, such as garbage bags or bread bags. A twist tie is used by wrapping it around the item to be fastened, then twisting the ends together. The original twist tie was invented by the California-based packaging company T and T Industries, Inc. It was patented in 1939 and marketed as the Twist-Ems.1939 Automated teller machineAn automated teller machine (ATM) is a computerized telecommunications device that provides the clients of a financial institution with access to financial transactions in a public space without the need for a cashier, human clerk or bank teller. ATMs are known by various other names including automatic banking machine, cash machine, and various regional variants derived from trademarks on ATM systems held by particular banks. Financial transcationssuch as deposits, withdrawals, and transfers of accounts may be conducted at ATM's by inserting an ATM card. In 1939, Armenian-American inventor Luther George Simjian initially came up with the idea of creating a hole-in-the-wall machine that would allow customers to make financial transactions. The idea was met with a great deal of skepticism after Citicorp tested it. In later years and after Simjian filed 20 patents related to the device, the idea and the gradual usage of ATM's became more widespread around the world.1939 VocoderA vocoder, a portmanteau of the words voice and encoder, is an analysis and synthesis system, mostly used for speech. In the encoder, the input is passed through a multiband filter, each band is passed through an envelope follower, and the control signals from the envelope followers are communicated to the decoder. The decoder applies these control signals to corresponding filters in the (re)synthesizer. Research physicist Homer Dudley invented the Vocoder at Bell Labs in 1939 which served the purpose of improving the voice-carrying capabilities of his employer's telephone lines.1940 Fluxgate magnetometer A fluxgate magnetometer measures the direction and magnitude of magnetic fields. Fluxgate magnetometer sensors are manufactured in several geometries and recently have made significant improvements in noise performance, crossfield tolerance and power utilization. The fluxgate magnetometer was invented by Victor Vacquier in 1940 while working for Gulf Research in Pittsburgh.1941 Aerosol Bomb An Aerosol bomb is a hand-held container or dispenser from which an aerosol is released. Developed in 1941 by Lyle D. Goodhue and William N. Sullivan and patented in 1943. 1941 Deodorant Deodorants are substances applied to the body to reduce body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration. Jules Montenier holds a number of patents. Arguably, his January 28, 1941 patent for Astringent Preparation is his most famous which dealt with solving the problem of the excessive acidity of aluminum chloride, then and now the best working antiperspirant, by adding a soluble nitrile or a similar compound. This innovation found its way into "Stopette" deodorant spray, which Time Magazine called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s".1941 Acrylic fiber Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer Polyacrylonitrile with an average molecular weight of ~100,000, about 1900 monomer units. To be called acrylic in the United States, the polymer must contain at least 85% acrylonitrile monomer. Typical comonomers are vinyl acetate or methyl acrylate. The Dupont Corporation invented the first acrylic fibers in 1941 and trademarked them under the name "Orlon".1941 Electric guitar (solid body) A solid body electric guitar, made up of hardwood with a lacquer coating, is an electric guitar that has no hollow internal cavity to accommodate vibration. There are no sound holes such as those used to amplify string vibrations in acoustic guitars. The sound that is audible in music featuring electric guitars is produced by pickups on the guitar that convert the string vibrations into an electrical signal, usually fed into an amplifier or a speaker. The solid body guitar was invented in 1941 by American recording artist Les Paul.1942 BazookaA bazooka is a shoulder-fired, man-portable recoilless rocket anti-tank weapon that features a solid rocket motor for propulsion, allowing for high explosive (HE) and high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warheads to be delivered against armored vehicles, machine gun nests, and fortified bunkers at ranges beyond that of a standard thrown grenade or mine. The bazooka was co-invented in February 1942 by Edward Uhl, then a lieutenant in the United States Army, and Colonel Leslie Skinner.1943 Magnetic proximity fuzeA magnetic proximity fuze is a type of proximity fuze that initiates a detonator in a piece of ordnance such as a land mine, naval mine, depth charge, or shell when the fuse's magnetic equilibrium is upset by a magnetic object such as a tank or a submarine. In 1943, Panayottis John Eliomarkakis of Philiadelphia filed U.S. patent #2,434,551 which was issued on January 13, 1948.1943 Modern Coal Burning Steam LocomotiveThis invention was only primarily used with steam locomotives that had booster valves or superchargers to heat the fire even hotter to produce extra power. The coal used was semi-bituminous and bituminous coal only inside the steam locomotives. Sadly, this invention lasted until 1960 when Diesel's fully replaced American railroads.1943 SlinkyA Slinky or "Lazy Spring" is a toy consisting of a helical spring that stretches and can bounce up and down. It can perform a number of tricks, including traveling down a flight of steps end-over-end as it stretches and re-forms itself with the aid of gravity and its own momentum. The Slinky was invented in 1943 by American engineer Richard T. James while working in his home laboratory to invent a set of springs that could be used to support sensitive instruments on board ships and stabilize them even in rough seas. When he once accidentally knocked one of his springs off a shelf, James saw that, rather than flopping in a heap onto the floor, the spring "stepped" in a series of arcs from the shelf, to a stack of books, to a tabletop, to the floor, where it re-coiled itself and stood upright. In 1945, the James first exhibited his new toy at the Gimbels, a department store located in Philadelphia. He sold 400 Slinkys in 90 minutes which was the start of a sensation that continues to this day. 1945 Microwave ovenA microwave oven cooks or heats food by dielectric heating. Cooking food with microwaves was discovered by Percy Spencer on October 8, 1945, while building magnetrons for radar sets at Raytheon. Spencer was working on an active radar set when he noticed a strange sensation, and saw that a peanut candy bar he had in his pocket started to melt. Although he was not the first to notice this phenomenon, as the holder of 120 patents, Spencer was no stranger to discovery and experiment, and realized what was happening. The radar had melted his candy bar with microwaves. The first food to be deliberately cooked with microwaves was popcorn, and the second was an egg. In 1947, Raytheon under Percy Spencer demonstrated the world's first microwave oven built at the company which was called the "Radarange".1945 Cruise controlCruise control automatically controls the rate of motion of a motor vehicle. The driver sets the speed and the system will take over the throttle of the car to maintain the same speed. Cruise control was invented in 1945 by a blind inventor and mechanical engineer named Ralph Teetor. His idea was born out of the frustration of riding in a car driven by his lawyer, who kept speeding up and slowing down as he talked. The first car with Teetor's system was the Chrysler Imperial in 1958. This system calculated ground speed based on driveshaft rotations and used a solenoid to vary throttle position as needed.1945 Block heater A block heater warms the engine of an automobile in order to ease and speed starting and vehicle warm-up in cold weather. The most common type is an electric heating element connected through a power cord often routed through the vehicle's grille. The block heater may replace one of the engine's core plugs, or may be installed in line with one of the radiator or heater hoses. The block heater, first known as a head bolt heater, was invented in 1945 by Andrew Freeman in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Freeman used some scrap hoses and copper tubing onto the heating element of an old flat-iron and produced the first headbolt heater, which warmed the engine's water jacket and the oil film between cylinder heads and pistons. U.S. patent #2,487,326 was filed on November 4, 1946 and issued to Freeman on November 8, 1949. See alsoTimelines of United States inventionsTimeline of United States inventions (before 1890) Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991) Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)Related topics' History of United States patent law Lemelson Foundation Lemelson–MIT Prize List of African-American inventors and scientists List of inventors List of inventors killed by their own inventions List of military inventions List of prolific inventors List of Puerto Ricans List of Puerto Ricans in the United States Space Program NASA spinoff technologies National Inventors Hall of Fame Native American contributions Science and technology in the United States Technological and industrial history of the United States Timeline of United States discoveries United States Patent and Trademark Office United States patent law Yankee ingenuity Footnotes Further reading Deitch, Joanne Weisman, "A Nation of Inventors", Carlisle, Massachusetts : Discovery Enterprises Limited, 2001 Haven, Kendall, "100 Greatest Science Inventions of All Time", Westport, Connecticut : Libraries Unlimited, 2006 Hopping-Egan, Lorraine, "Inventors and Inventions", New York City, New York : Scholastic, Incorporated, 1997 Ngeow, Evelyn, "Inventors and Inventions", New York City, New York : Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2008 Philbin, Tom, "The 100 Greatest Inventions of All Time", New York City, New York : Kensington Publishing Corporation, 2003 External links American Inventors Google: U.S. Patents Search PBS: They Made America MIT: Invention Dimension NASA: Scientific and Technical Information: NASA Spinoff National Inventors Hall of Fame Foundation The Great Idea Finder United States Patent and Trademark Office * *List of United States inventions and discoveries United States United States inventions Inventions 1890 1945

5 Para A Meia-Noite 5 Para A Meia-Noite (5 to Midnight) is a late-night talk show that airs on Thursdays on the Portuguese TV channel RTP1 (formerly on RTP2). Its format is based on several American late-night talk shows. External links References Category:2009 Portuguese television series debuts Category:Portuguese television talk shows Category:2000s Portuguese television series

Rod Andrews The Rt. Rev Rodney Osborne Andrews is a retired Anglican bishop. Born on 11 November 1940, educated at the University of Saskatchewan and ordained in 1965 he was involved in parish work and native ministry within the Diocese of Calgary until 1984. He was a military chaplain in the Diocese of Montreal after which he was Archdeacon of Algoma until 2000. He was Rector of St Alban’s, Richmond and University Chaplain at UBC until 2004 when he became the Bishop of Saskatoon. He resigned his See in 2010. Bishop Rodney holds an airline transport pilot’s licence and is currently a flight instructor. References Category:1940 births Category:University of Saskatchewan alumni Category:Anglican bishops of Saskatoon Category:21st-century Anglican bishops Category:Living people Category:Canadian military chaplains

Cochylimorpha nomadana Cochylimorpha nomadana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China (Xinjiang), Afghanistan, Iran, Russia (the Caucasus and south-eastern part of European Russia), Armenia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The wingspan is 22–31 mm. Adults have been recorded from wing from July to August. References Category:Moths described in 1874 Category:Cochylimorpha Category:Moths of Asia

1912 Mürefte earthquake The 1912 Mürefte earthquake occurred at 03:29 local time on 9 August. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing 216 casualties. See also List of earthquakes in 1912 List of earthquakes in Turkey References External links 1912 Mürefte Category:1912 in the Ottoman Empire 1912

Creosote gall midge Creosote gall midges are a species of gall-inducing flies in the Asphondylia auripila group (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). This group consists of 15 closely related species of flies which inhabit creosote bush (Zygophyllaceae: Larrea tridentata) sensu lato. They have partitioned the plant ecologically with different gall midge species inhabiting the leaves, stems, buds, and flowers of creosote bush. Each species induces a uniquely shaped gall but the insects are otherwise morphologically very similar and very difficult to tell apart. Their life cycle begins when the female oviposits into the part of the plant which her species prefers, she inserts her egg along with a fungal spore from a mycangia (a small pocket to store fungal spores). A gall forms and the fungal mycelium grows to line the inside of the gall, when the egg hatches the developing larva feeds upon the fungus. Adult emergence is timed with periods of plant growth associated with winter, spring, or summer rain fall. In contrast to many other groups of plant-feeding insects (which form new species through changes to new host plants) the evolution of new species in the A. auripila group seems to be a result of colonizing new parts of the same plant and/or colonization of new seasons of plant growth. List of species The Asphondylia genus has over 60 described species. Within the genus the creosote gall midge species form a species group, the A. auripila group. Species described this far (by host-plant part) include: Asphondylia clavata – leaf gall Asphondylia pilosa – leaf gall Asphondylia villosa – leaf gall Asphondylia barbata – leaf gall Asphondylia digitata – leaf gall Asphondylia discalis – leaf gall Asphondylia silicula – leaf gall Asphondylia fabalis – leaf gall Asphondylia bullata – stem gall Asphondylia resinosa – stem gall Asphondylia foliosa – stem gall Asphondylia auripila – stem gall Asphondylia rosetta – stem gall Asphondylia florea – flower gall Asphondylia apicata – bud gall References Gagne, R.J, and Waring, G. 1990. The Asphondylia (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera) of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in North America. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 92:649–671. Category:Cecidomyiidae

Linotype machine The Linotype machine ( ) was a "line casting" machine used in printing sold by the Mergenthaler Linotype Company and related It was a hot metal typesetting system that cast blocks of metal type for individual uses. Linotype became one of the mainstay methods to set type, especially small-size body text, for newspapers, magazines, and posters from the late 19th century to the 1970s and 1980s, when it was largely replaced by phototypesetting and computer typesetting. The name of the machine comes from the fact that it produces an entire line of metal type at once, hence a line-o'-type, a significant improvement over the previous industry standard, i.e., manual, letter-by-letter typesetting using a composing stick and shallow subdivided trays, called "cases". The linotype machine operator enters text on a 90-character keyboard. The machine assembles matrices, which are molds for the letter forms, in a line. The assembled line is then cast as a single piece, called a slug, from molten type metal in a process known as hot metal typesetting. The matrices are then returned to the type magazine from which they came, to be reused later. This allows much faster typesetting and composition than original hand composition in which operators place down one pre-cast glyph (metal letter, punctuation mark or space) at a time. The machine revolutionized typesetting and with it especially newspaper publishing, making it possible for a relatively small number of operators to set type for many pages on a daily basis. Ottmar Mergenthaler invented the linotype in 1884. History In 1876, a German clock maker, Ottmar Mergenthaler, who had emigrated to the United States in 1872, was approached by James O. Clephane and his associate Charles T. Moore, who sought a quicker way of publishing legal briefs. By 1884 he conceived the idea of assembling metallic letter molds, called matrices, and casting molten metal into them, all within a single machine. His first attempt proved the idea feasible, and a new company was formed. Improving his invention, Mergenthaler further developed his idea of an independent matrix machine. In July, 1886, the first commercially used Linotype was installed in the printing office of the New York Tribune. Here it was immediately used on the daily paper and a large book. The book, the first ever composed with the new Linotype method, was titled, The Tribune Book of Open-Air Sports. Initially, the Mergenthaler Linotype Company was the only company producing linecasting machines, but in time, other companies would begin manufacturing. The Intertype Company produced the Intertype, a machine closely resembling the Linotype, and using the same matrices as the Linotype, started production around 1914. Where Mergenthaler prided themselves on intricately formed cast-iron parts on their machine, Intertype machined many of their similar parts from steel and aluminum. Major newspaper publishers retired Linotype and similar "hot metal" typesetting machines during the 1970s and 1980s, replacing them with phototypesetting equipment and later computerized typesetting and page composition systems. , the last-known newspaper still using linotype in the United States, and possibly the world, is The Saguache Crescent. Overview The linotype machine consists of four major sections: Magazine Keyboard Casting mechanism Distribution mechanism The operator interacts with the machine via the keyboard, composing lines of text. The other sections are automatic; they start as soon as a line is completely composed. Some linotype machines included a paper tape reader. This allowed the text to be typeset to be supplied over a telegraph line (TeleTypeSetter). It also allowed for several tape perforator operators to prepare paper tape to be processed by a single linotype machine, essentially decoupling the typing speed of the operators from the operating speed of the linotype machine. Design Matrices Each matrix contains the letter form for a single character of a font of type; i.e., a particular type design in a particular size. The letter form is engraved into one side of the matrix. For sizes up to 14 points, and in some matrices of size 16 to 24 points, the matrix has two letter forms on it, the normal and auxiliary positions. The normal position has the upright (Roman) form of a given character, and on the auxiliary, the slanted (Italic) form of that character will be used, but this can also be the boldface form or even a different font entirely. The machine operator can select which of the two will be cast by operating the auxiliary rail of the assembler, or, when setting entire lines of italics, by using the flap, which is a piece that can be turned under a portion of the first elevator column. This is the origin of the old typesetting terms upper rail for italic and lower rail for Roman characters. These terms have persisted in phototypesetting technology even though the mechanics of the auxiliary rail do not exist there. The character on a Linotype matrix, when viewed, is not inverted as a letter for conventional movable type would be, and the letter is incised below the surface rather than raised above it. This is because the matrix is not used directly to print onto the paper—rather, it is used as part of a mold from which a metal slug will be cast. The slug has its features reversed: therefore, the matrix does not. Magazine section The magazine section is the part of the machine where the matrices are held when not in use, and released as the operator touches keys on the keyboard. The magazine is a flat box with vertical separators that form "channels", one channel for each character in the font. Most main magazines have 90 channels, but those for larger fonts carried only 72 or even 55 channels. The auxiliary magazines used on some machines typically contained 34 channels or, for a magazine carrying larger fonts, 28 channels. The magazine holds a particular font of type; i.e., a particular type design in a particular size. If a different size or style was needed, the operator would switch to a different magazine. Many models of the Linotype machine could keep several magazines (as many as four) available at a time. In some of these, the operator could shift to a different magazine by raising or lowering the stack of magazines with a crank. Such machines would not allow mixing fonts within a single line. Others, such as the Models 25 and 26 allowed arbitrary mixing of text from two magazines within the same line, and the Model 9 extended this capability to mixing from up to four magazines within a single line. Escapement In a linotype machine, the term escapements refers to the mechanisms at the bottom of the magazine that release matrices one at a time as keys are pressed on the keyboard. There is an escapement for each channel in the magazine. Maintenance and lubrication To keep the matrices circulating smoothly throughout the machine, it is necessary that oil not be allowed anywhere near the matrix path. If oil is found in the matrix's path (due to careless maintenance or over-lubrication of nearby parts), it combines with dust, forming a gummy substance that is eventually deposited in the magazine by the matrices. The most common result is that the matrix will not be released from the magazine at its usual speed, and almost always results in a letter or two arriving out of sequence in the assembler — a "matrix transposition". When these machines were in heavy use, it was not uncommon for an operator to set type at the rate of over 4,000 ems per hour, with the fastest operators being able to exceed 10,000 ems per hour (approximately 10 to 30 words per minute in today's units) so careful lubrication and regular cleaning were essential to keep these machines operating at their full potential. Keyboard and composing section In the composing section, the operator enters the text for a line on the keyboard. Each keystroke releases a matrix from the magazine mounted above the keyboard. The matrix travels through channels to the assembler where the matrices are lined up side by side in the order they were released. When a space is needed, the operator touches the spaceband lever just to the left of the keyboard. This releases a spaceband from the spaceband box. Spacebands are stored separately from the matrices because they are too big to fit in the magazine. Once enough text has been entered for the line, the operator depresses the casting lever mounted on the front right corner of the keyboard. This lifts the completed line in the assembler up between two fingers in the "delivery channel", simultaneously tripping the catch holding it in position. The spring-operated delivery channel then transports the line into the casting section of the machine, and engages the clutch that drives the casting section and the subsequent transfer into the distribution section. The operator is now finished with the line; the remaining processing is automatic. While the line is being cast, the operator can continue entering text for the next line. Keyboard The keyboard has 90 keys. The usual arrangement is that black keys on the left were for small letters, white keys on the right were for capital letters, and blue keys in the center for numbers, punctuation marks, spaces, small caps and other items. There is no shift key of the kind found on typewriters. The arrangement of letters corresponds roughly to letter frequency, with the most frequently used letters on the left. The first two columns of keys are: e, t, a, o, i, n; and s, h, r, d, l, u. A Linotype operator would often deal with a typing error by running the fingers down these two rows, thus filling out the line with the nonsense words etaoin shrdlu. This is known as a "run down". It is often quicker to cast a bad slug than to hand-correct the line within the assembler. The slug with the run down is removed once it has been cast, or by the proofreader. The linotype keyboard has the same alphabet arrangement given twice, once for lower-case letters, the keys in black, on the left side of the keyboard, and once for upper-case letters, the keys in white, located on the right side of the keyboard. The blue keys in the middle are punctuation, digits, small capital letters and fixed-width spaces. In proper keyboard operation, an experienced operator's left hand operates only the spaceband key and the left column of keys. The operator's right hand strokes the remaining keys on the entire keyboard. The keys of the keyboard are connected by vertical pushrods to the escapements. When a key is pressed, the corresponding escapement is actuated, which releases a matrix from the magazine. With one exception, each key corresponds directly to a channel in the standard (90 channel) magazine. The one exception is the lower-case letter e: that letter is used so often that the 90 channel magazine actually has 91 channels, with two channels (the leftmost two) both used for the letter e. Similarly, the 72 channel magazine actually has 73 channels, with the leftmost two being used for lower-case e. Alternate lines release matrices alternately from the two e channels in the magazine. On machines that support multiple magazines, there is a shifting mechanism that controls which magazine is currently connected to the keyboard. In most machines, this is done by raising or lowering the stack of magazines. Spaceband box In justified text, the spaces are not fixed width; they expand to make all lines equal in width. In linotype machines this is done by spacebands. A spaceband consists of two wedges, one similar in size and shape to a type matrix, one with a long tail. The wide part of the wedge is at the bottom of the tail, so pushing the tail up expands the spaceband. Due to their size, spacebands are not held in the magazine, but in a spaceband box and released one at a time by pressing the spaceband lever at the left edge of the keyboard. Assembler Matrices released from the magazine, and spacebands released from the spaceband box, drop down into the assembler. This is a rail that holds the matrices and spacebands, with a jaw on the left end set to the desired line width. When the operator judges that the line is close enough to full, he raises the casting lever on the bottom of the keyboard to send the line to the casting section of the linotype machine. The remaining processing for that line is automatic; as soon as the finished line has been transferred to the casting section, the operator can begin composing the next line of text. Casting section The casting section of the machine operated intermittently, when triggered by the operator at the completion of a line. The full casting cycle time was less than nine seconds. Motive power for the casting section came from a clutch-operated drive running large cams (the keyboard and distributor sections ran all the time, since distribution may take much longer; however, the front part of the distributor completed its job before the next line of matrices was distributed). The construction of the machine was such that both the return of the former line to the magazine and the composition of the next line could occur while the current line was being cast, enabling very high productivity. Older machines typically had a 1/3 hp 850 or 1140 revolution per minute motor geared to the main clutch wheel, the inner shaft engaging this wheel while the casting cycle was in operation. An external leather belt on this wheel ran a second jackshaft, which powered the distributor and keyboard matrix conveyor and escapements through additional belting off this shaft. Gas fired pots, such as in the illustration below, were most common in the earlier years, with the pot being thermostatically controlled (high flame when under temperature and low flame when up to temperature), and then a second smaller burner for the mouth and throat heating, with the more modern installations running on 1500 watt electric pots with an initially rheostat controlled mouth and throat heaters (several hundred watts on the electric models). The temperature was precisely adjusted to keep the lead and tin type metal liquified just prior to being cast. Newer machines, and the larger machines above 36 EM Matrix size typically used the more standardized 1/2 horsepower motor after v-belts came into common use in the 1930s. The large machines also had the so-called 'double pot', with either larger gas burners, or else 2250 watt pot heaters and larger mouth and throat heaters. The most modern Linotypes had the mouth and throat heaters thermostatically controlled, an improvement over the manual rheostat adjustment, or gas flame adjustment. The Linotype company would even supply kerosene heaters and line-shaft operated machines, in locales without electricity. The casting section receives completed lines from the assembler, and uses these to cast the type slugs that are the product of the linotype machine. The casting section is automatic: once it is activated by the operator sending a completed line by raising the casting lever, a series of cams and levers move the matrices through the casting section and control the sequence of steps that produce the slug. The casting material is an alloy of lead (85%), antimony (11%), and tin (4%), and produces a one-piece casting slug capable of 300,000 impressions before the casting begins to develop deformities and imperfections, and the type must be cast again. The continuous heating of the molten alloy causes the tin and antimony in the mixture to rise to the top and oxidize along with other impurities into a substance called "dross" which has to be skimmed off. Excessive dross formation leads to the alloy softening as the proportion of lead increases. The mixture must then be assayed and tin and antimony added back (in the form of a specially proportioned alloy) to restore the original strength and properties of the alloy. Justification From the assembler, the assembled line moves via the first elevator to the justification vise. The vise has two jaws (1 and 2 in the illustration) which are set to the desired line width. The spacebands are now expanded to justify the line. When the line is justified, the matrices fit tightly between the vise jaws, forming a tight seal which will prevent the molten type metal from escaping when the line is cast. Justification is done by a spring-loaded ram (5) which raises the tails of the spacebands, unless the machine was equipped with a Star Parts automatic hydraulic quadding attachment or Linotype hydraquadder. If the operator did not assemble enough characters, the line will not justify correctly: even with the spacebands expanded all the way, the matrices are not tight. A safety mechanism in the justification vise detects this and blocks the casting operation. Without such a mechanism, the result would be a squirt of molten type metal spraying out through the gaps between the matrices, creating a time-consuming mess and a possible hazard to the operator. If a squirt did occur, it was generally up to the operator to grab the hell bucket and catch the flowing lead. It was so called because the bucket would often "go to hell", or melt, while holding the molten lead that was still extremely hot. Also, in conjunction with possible hazards facing an operator, toxic lead fumes were possible, as they were the result of melting the lead ingots for casting. Mold disk and crucible The justification vise holds the assembled line against the face of the mold disk. The mold disk has rectangular openings which correspond to the line length and point thickness of the slugs (cast lines) to be made. Mold liners fit into these openings for specific slug dimensions. The maximum line length of the typical linecaster is 30 picas. A less common variant was fitted with 42 pica molds, though these are now rare to non-existent. Directly behind the mold disk is the crucible, which contains molten type metal at an optimal 535°. At the moment before casting, the mold disk moves forward on its slide. Studs in the mold disc engage with blocks on the vise so that the mold disc seats gently, yet tightly and squarely against the line of matrices held in the first elevator jaws and between the vise jaws. The vise jaws compress the line of matrices so molten metal is prevented from squeezing between the mats on cast. The crucible tilts forward, forcing the mouthpiece tightly against the back of the mold. The plunger in the well of the crucible quickly descends, forcing the molten metal up the crucible throat and injecting it into the mold cavity through the array of orifices in the mouthpiece. The jets of molten metal first contact against the casting face of the matrices, and then fills the mold cavity to provide a solid slug body. These have character shapes punched into them, so the result is a cast slug with the character shapes of the line on its top face. The mold disk is sometimes water-cooled, and often air-cooled with a blower, to carry away the heat of the molten type metal and allow the cast slugs to solidify quickly. When casting is complete, the plunger is drawn upward, pulling the metal back down the throat from the mouthpiece. The pot pulls backward away from the mold. The mold disk retracts from the vise studs which held it in perfect relation to the mold, thus breaking the slug away from the matrices. The mold disc then rotates counter-clockwise. In its travel, the slug base is trimmed by the back knife for height to paper (.918") and then returns to its neutral position in front of the ejector blades and aligned with the knife block assembly a pair of honed knives with a fixed knife, and a knife which is set to the point thickness of the mold liners being cast with. The knives are set to dead parallel. The fixed knife on the left bears against the smooth side of the slug (the mold body face of the slug) as it brushes next to it, and the right knife trims the ribs on the slug (the mold cap face of the slug). The disk stops when the mold is vertical, on the right, directly in front of the ejector. The ejector is a stacked series of narrow blades that push the completed slug from the mold aperture in the mold disk. The blades are narrow enough to pass through a mold set to 6-points in thickness with .004" clearance between the fixed mold face and the left side of the blades. The blades are each 2 picas in width and the number of blades engaged on ejection are set based on the line length being cast. All blades are engaged for a 30 pica slug, fewer are engaged as the measure of the slug body is narrowed by the use of progerssively longer mold liners. This prevents the ejector blades from striking the back of a mold liner on narrow slugs. As the slug is pushed from the mold, the slug passes a set of knife edges in the knife block, which trims off any small irregularities in the casting and produces a slug of exactly the desired point thickness. From there, the slug drops into the galley tray which holds the lines in the order in which they were cast. Distribution mechanism The most significant innovation in the linotype machine was that it automated the distribution step; i.e., returning the matrices and space bands back to the correct place in their respective magazines. This is done by the distributor. After casting is completed, the matrices are pushed to the second elevator which raises them to the distributor at the top of the magazine. The space bands are separated out at this point and are returned to the spaceband box. The matrices have a pattern of teeth at the top, by which they hang from the distributor bar. Some of the teeth are cut away; which pattern of teeth is cut away depends on the character on the matrix; i.e., which channel in the magazine it belongs in. Similarly, teeth are cut away along portions of the distributor bar. The bar on the elevator has all teeth, so it will hold any matrix (but not the space bands, which have no teeth at all). Distributor bar and matrix teeth coding As the matrices are carried along the distributor bar by the distributor screws, they will hang on only so long as there are teeth to hold them. As soon as the matrix reaches the point where each of its teeth corresponds to a cut-away tooth on the distributor bar, it is no longer supported and will drop into the matrix channel below that point. The pattern of teeth is a 7-bit binary code, with the innermost pair of teeth at the bottom of the notch being the most significant bit. The codes count up from the left side of the main magazine. Code 0 (no teeth) is for spacebands, which are not carried up to the distributor. Code 1 is skipped (no reason for this is given in the Linotype manual). Codes 2 through 92 are for the 91-channel main magazine, and the codes above that are for the auxiliary magazine, if one is installed on the machine. The widest auxiliary magazine has 34 channels, so its rightmost channel is code 125. Code 126 is unused while code 127 is used for pi matrices (described below). Pi matrices In typesetting, it is sometimes necessary to use characters that are uncommon or obscure enough that it does not make sense to assign them to a magazine channel. These characters are referred to as pi characters or sorts ("pi" in this case refers to an obscure printer's term relating to loose or spilled type). Footnote marks, rarely used fractions, and mathematical symbols are examples of pi characters. In the linotype machine, a pi matrix has all teeth present (code 127, no teeth cut away) so it will not drop from the distributor bar and will not be released into either the main or the auxiliary magazine. Instead, it travels all the way to the end and into the flexible metal tube called the pi chute and is then lined up in the sorts stacker, available for further use. See also Ottmar Mergenthaler Monotype System Monotype Corporation Lanston Monotype Saguache Crescent Etaoin shrdlu Notes References Basil Kahan: Ottmar Mergenthaler – The Man and his Machine; Oak Knoll Press, New Castle (DE), 2000 – External links Linotype: The Film – In Search of the Eighth Wonder of the World (Doug Wilson, 2012) is a feature-length documentary centered around the Linotype type casting machine. "Farewell, Etaoin Shrdlu". short film about history of Linotype and transition to modern methods. New York Times, 2016-10-14. The Printing (Holmes Burton Films Inc., 1947) documentary about linotype tech. in printing industry Metal Type—"For Those who Remember Hot Metal Typesetting" Intertype Book of Instruction is a complete manual on the operation and maintenance of the Intertype linotype machines Linotype Machine on Woodsidepress.com Linecast typesetting service at linotypesetting.com Typesetting: Linotype vocational instruction film: partand part 2. 1/13/1894;The Linotype a Machine To Supersede Typesetting The 1966 Automatically Controlled Elektron (ACE) Linotype, Teletype, Intertype and more Linotype machine patents Category:Printing Category:Typography Category:American inventions

Dependent source In the theory of electrical networks, a dependent source is a voltage source or a current source whose value depends on a voltage or current elsewhere in the network. Dependent sources are useful, for example, in modelling the behavior of amplifiers. A bipolar junction transistor can be modelled as a dependent current source whose magnitude depends on the magnitude of the current fed into its controlling base terminal. An operational amplifier can be described as a voltage source dependent on the differential input voltage between its input terminals. Practical circuit elements have properties such as finite power capacity, voltage, current, or frequency limits that mean an ideal source is only an approximate model. Accurate modelling of practical devices requires using several idealized elements in combination. Classification Dependent sources can be classified as follows: Voltage-controlled voltage source: The source delivers the voltage as per the voltage of the dependent element. Voltage-controlled current source: The source delivers the current as per the voltage of the dependent element. Current-controlled current source: The source delivers the current as per the current of the dependent element. Current-controlled voltage source: The source delivers the voltage as per the current of the dependent element. Dependent sources are not necessarily linear. For example, MOSFET switches can be modeled as a voltage-controlled current source when and . However, the relationship between the current flowing through it and is approximately: In this case, the current is not linear to , but rather approximately proportional to the square of . As for the case of linear dependent sources, the proportionality constant between dependent and independent variables is dimensionless if they are both currents (or both voltages). A voltage controlled by a current has a proportionality factor expressed in units of resistance (ohms), and this constant is sometimes called "transresistance". A current controlled by a voltage has the units of conductance (siemens), and is called "transconductance". Transconductance is a commonly used specification for measuring the performance of field effect transistors and vacuum tubes. See also Circuit theory Ground (electricity) Mathematical methods in electronics Open-circuit voltage Lumped-element model Distributed-element model Series and parallel circuits Superposition theorem SPICE Topology (electronics) Trancitor Mesh analysis References Category:Power supplies Category:Electrical power control

Corrasion (album) Corrasion is third studio album released by the Canadian drone doom band Nadja. Originally released in 2003 and limited to 200 copies, the album was rerecorded and re-released with three bonus tracks on August 13, 2007. Track listing Bonus tracks Line-up Aidan Baker - guitars, vocals, drum machines, production Leah Buckareff - bass guitars Additional notes Track five on the rerelease, I Am as Earth, originally appeared on a split that Nadja did with Moss. Tracks six and seven on the rerelease on Nadja compilation albums. References Category:2003 albums Category:Nadja (band) albums

Javier Velázquez Javier Rubén Velázquez (born February 3, 1984 in Zárate, Argentina) is an Argentine footballer currently playing for Talleres Córdoba of the Torneo Federal A in Argentina. Teams Defensores Unidos 2000-2005 Huracán de Comodoro Rivadavia 2005-2006 Defensores Unidos 2006-2009 Racing Club 2009 Independiente Rivadavia 2010-2011 Palestino 2011–2012 Independiente Rivadavia 2012 Instituto 2012-2015 Talleres Córdoba 2015– References Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:Argentine footballers Category:Argentine expatriate footballers Category:Independiente Rivadavia footballers Category:Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers Category:Club Deportivo Palestino footballers Category:Talleres de Córdoba footballers Category:Chilean Primera División players Category:Argentine Primera División players Category:Expatriate footballers in Chile Category:Association footballers not categorized by position

List of Uchu Sentai Kyuranger characters is a Japanese tokusatsu drama and the 41st in the Super Sentai series. Taking place in the distant future of a parallel universe, the series follows twelve individuals chosen by the constellations to fight Jark Matter, an evil organization that has taken over the galaxy. Kyurangers The Kyurangers are a team of warriors composed of humanoids, androids, and some with animal-like features from different star systems whose powers derive from magical stones known as the Kyutamas. They are part of the , an insurrection army fighting to liberate the universe from the evil Jark Matter syndicate. They travel around space in a spaceship known as the , whose design pays homage to the homonymous character from Greek mythology and is named after an old ally of Tsurugi's. After the Orion is destroyed, they obtain a second, stronger ship known as the Battle Orion Ship. All Kyurangers are based on the Twelve Olympians (Dii Consentes). Each Kyuranger carries a , a gauntlet-like sidearm they use to both transform and access the powers of their Kyutama, such as when they perform the finisher (which also has two variations: with the first 11 Kyurangers and with all 12 Kyurangers), and a , which is composed of three separate parts (handle, lower blade, and upper blade). Each is assembled into one of nine different modes, according to the user's fighting style, as their main weapon and can be used to perform the finisher. They each possess a on their belts for them to access their Skill Kyutamas. Once the Kyurangers have been declared enemies of Jark Matter, the Shogunate establishes a bounty of 10.000.000 for each member. Due to the excess number of team members and to preserve the energy of the Kyutamas, only a limited number of Kyurangers are permitted to be deployed initially for each mission after being randomly chosen using a bingo tumbler-like device called the . The others remain on standby to assist them if needed. Once all nine Kyurangers have been assembled, the team decides to start their counterattack on Jark Matter by liberating Earth which is being tightly guarded by them for a yet unexplained reason. They later add three other members, one being their commander and two others from Earth. After obtaining the Tokei Kyutama, the team splits into two factions; one stays in the present to rescue one of their companions who has turned evil, while the other travels to the past to learn more about Jark Matter's leader, Don Armage. After they reunite again in the present, the Kyurangers depart from Earth to confront Don Armage on Planet Southern Cross in the Crux System. There they stop his Planedium Bomb from destroying the entire universe. They later return to Earth to confront and defeat Don Armage once and for all. Lucky/Shishi Red is a naïve young man with both amazing luck and a strong will from in the . Because of his interpersonal skills and faith in others, he becomes a key member of the Kyurangers, not only helping the entire team to gather, but also helping with their personal troubles on several occasions. Apparently a man who is blissfully unaware of Jark Matter's universal campaign, Lucky later learns that he is actually a refugee prince from in the . This eventually resulted in Lucky becoming his homeworld's king after it is revealed that his father Aslan was supposed to be murdered by Jark Matter's Fuku Shogun Kukulga years ago. He eventually finds out, along with Tsurugi, that Aslan is actually alive, but was turned into one of Don Armage's brainwashed thralls. Thanks to his fellow Kyurangers, Lucky agrees with their advice that their main priority is to save the entire universe first, in order to save his father from Don Armage's control. Lucky is also a descendant of Orion, meaning he and his royal family inherited the blood of the Orion and Leo Systems. After Don Armage is defeated, Lucky resumes his travels through the universe with Garu accompanying him. Despite his amazing luck, Lucky is subjected to constellation fortune and his prowess is badly affected when receiving bad luck. His luck and spirit is actually so much stronger than his ancestors. This makes him immune from having Don Armage project the fragments of his soul for his future resurrection onto Lucky's body. He transforms into . As the Shishi Red, Lucky's main weapon is the . Shishi Red has two finishers: via the Seiza Blaster and via the Kyu Sword. Unlike the others, Lucky's suit has no unique features. He is based on Zeus (Jupiter). Lucky is portrayed by . As a child, Lucky is portrayed by . Stinger/Sasori Orange is a cool, mysterious man with a scorpion-like tail that can conjure a poison in its stinger to poison his targets, organic and robot alike. He is from in the . Following his brother's betrayal of their planet, Stinger spent the rest of his life searching for him until he was scouted by Shou as the first Kyuranger, . Ever since that day, he spied on Jark Matter for the Rebellion until he exposed his cover on Earth to save Kotaro and Jiro. At one point, he was a witness to the death of Dr. Anton's good-half and was accused of murder by Champ before he cleared up the misunderstanding as the two became partners with Stinger's encounter with Mika Reetz reaffirming his goal to kill Scorpio. During his final battle with Scorpio, Stinger injected himself with own venom to use their people's technique to boost his strength while depleting his life. Fortunately, Scorpio extracted the poison from Stinger's body after being defeated by him. When Champ is kidnapped by none other than a still alive Dr. Anton, who is later revealed to be his evil-half in a robotic body, Stinger destroys the mind control chip within Champ's body, freeing him on behalf of Good Dr. Anton's spirit. After Don Armage is defeated, Stinger is promoted as a new commander of the Kyurangers. As the Sasori Orange, Stinger's main weapon is the . Sasori Orange has two finishers in his usual form: via the Seiza Blaster and via the Kyu Spear. When Sasori Orange uses the Ikkakuju Kyutama, he becomes whose finisher is the impalement attack. Stinger's suit differs from the others in that he retains his tail, which he can utilize as a weapon. He is based on Poseidon (Neptune). Stinger is portrayed by . As a child, Stinger is portrayed by . Garu/Ookami Blue is a wolf-like alien from the who lost his pride, homeworld, and entire clan to Jark Matter. He speaks in a Hiroshima accent and often ends his sentences with "~garu" and "~ja ke". He lived on , where refugees live, until Lucky helped him to recover from his trauma and move on to fight for his own life. While not the brightest or most patient, Garu is always reliable in battle and becomes Lucky's most trusted partner. He transforms into . After Don Armage is defeated, Garu now travels with Lucky through space. As the Ookami Blue, Garu's main weapon is the . When exposed to moonlight-like energy from Shishi Red Moon, he gains a power boost where his intelligence is increased to give him a more swift and elegant fighting style. Ookami Blue has two finishers: via the Seiza Blaster and via the Kyu Claw. Garu's suit differs from the others in that it has claws on both the boots and the gloves while the velvety fabric resembles wolf fur rather than spandex. It is complete with a furry collar. He is based on Apollo. Garu is voiced by . Balance/Tenbin Gold is a mechanical life form with the ability to control machines from the . He is the youngest member of his clan despite having lived for about 300 years. He is smooth-talking and dramatic. He met Naga during a robbery on the Ophiucus System and formed the duo. Since then, the two either started stealing goods from Jark Matter or served as bounty hunters for said faction until their encounter with Lucky and the Kyurangers allowed them to unlock their Kyutamas and join the Rebellion. He transforms into . After Don Armage's defeat, Balance and Naga restart their BN Thieves team, dedicating themselves to salvaging treasures pilfered by Jark Matter. As the Tenbin Gold, Balance's main weapon is the . When exposed to sunlight-like energy from Taiyou Shishi Red, he gains a power boost where his speed and agility are increased to give him a more rapid-fire attack fighting style. Tenbin Gold has two finishers: via the Seiza Blaster and via the Kyu Crossbow. Balance's suit differs from the others in that it is more mechanical and resembles armor rather than spandex. He is based on Hermes (Mercury). Balance is voiced by . Champ/Oushi Black is a bull-themed fighting robot from the , happy-go-lucky yet hot-blooded ladies' man while incredibly loyal to his friends. As Champ later found out, he was originally built as a war machine designated as a meant for Jark Matter's use. But the project's overseer, Champ's creator Doctor Anton, later revealed to be his good-half after separating himself from his evil-half, ran off with Champ as he made the robot good-willed, while teaching him to value all life in the universe. He was a professional wrestler for nine years until he became champion the day the good Anton was assassinated by Scorpio. Champ, assuming Stinger was the good Anton's killer, joined the Rebellion. He transforms into . Champ eventually makes amends with Stinger once learning the truth of the good Anton's death as the two join forces to hunt down Scorpio. But Champ is damaged after taking a blow for Stinger and taken to Rebellion Headquarters to be repaired before joining in the Kyurangers' final battle with Scorpio. After placing Shou in suspended animation when they remain in the past to help him set up the Kyurangers' formation in the future, Champ learns the truth of his origins and feels ashamed to the point of disguising himself and going by the alias (although all the other Kyurangers, except for Garu, easily see through the disguise) while hunting his "older brother" Zero. Though he rejoins the Kyurangers, Champ is subjected to a series of berserker rages due to a mind control chip created by a still alive Anton's evil-half. This causes him to be brainwashed into his war machine directive before Stinger saves him through surgical precision. After Don Armage is defeated, Champ returns to the robot wrestling circuit, regaining his championship belt and going on to have a 99-win streak. As the Oushi Black, Champ's main weapon is the . Oushi Black has two finishers: via the Seiza Blaster and via the Kyu Axe. Champ's suit differs from the others in that it is bulkier and more mechanical in appearance, with the sides of his visor extended past his helmet to resemble bull horns. The only difference between Oushi Black's untransformed state and his transformed state is that the latter has a helmet and chest armor. He is based on Hephaestus (Vulcan). Champ is voiced by . Naga Ray/Hebitsukai Silver is a young man with the ability to paralyze his targets for a short time from the , whose people are identical in facial appearance. Although his race had long ago sealed their emotions as a result of a catastrophic war on their planet, his peculiar interest in emotions led to an encounter with Balance and they partnered as bounty hunters. Once he and Balance initially met the first five Kyurangers as their bounties, Naga quickly befriends Lucky instead of tricking them to be handed over to Jark Matter in the hopes of learning more about emotions as well as the difference between good and evil. Because of Naga's decision to risk his life to stand by Lucky's side, this influenced Balance to save them and unlock their respective Kyutamas, allowing Naga to transform into . After the team's mission on Planet Toki, Naga becomes troubled by his lack of emotions which causes him to be manipulated by Akyanba into becoming and swaying him to Jark Matter's side. Lucky and Balance manage to regain him by exorcising the Micro Tsuyoindaver from his brain. After Don Armage's defeat, Naga and Balance reform the BN Thieves, dedicating themselves to retrieve treasures stolen by Jark Matter. As the Hebitsukai Silver, Naga's main weapon is the . Hebitsukai Silver has two finishers: via the Seiza Blaster and via the Kyu Sickle. After Akyanba unlocks his emotions, the brainwashed Dark Naga uses the and Dark Kyutama to transform into . In this form, his suit gains some extra purple and yellow coloring, with the snake emblem on his helmet partially painted red, as well as a snake eye-like ornament on his chest that allows him to fire a powerful laser beam. The edge of his Kyu Sickle, known as the , is also colored purple. Naga retains this power-up, minus the chest ornament and helmet emblem repaint, after being freed from his brainwashing. Hebitsukai Metal has two finishers: via the (Dark) Seiza Blaster in conjunction with the Kyutama and via the (Dark) Kyu Sickle in conjunction with the Dark Kyutama. He is based on Ares (Mars). Naga Ray is portrayed by , who also portrays the residents of Ophiucus System. Hammie/Chameleon Green is a young ninja girl with the ability to become invisible from the who has mastered the powerful ninja arts, passed down through the generations of her family. As a child, she was an introvert who gained courage to speak after alerting her villagers of Jark Matter's invasion. This eventually changed her into an outspoken woman. She is usually envious of Lucky's fortunate streaks, which he is completely oblivious to. She transforms into . After Don Armage is defeated, Hammie attends university to become a school teacher. During the events of Uchu Sentai Kyuranger vs. Space Squad, Hammy is extorted by Space Ninja Demost while he held her mentor Tsurukiku captive to steal the four Neo Kyutama being developed by the Space Federation for his use in taking over Earth. This caused a conflict of interest among the Kyurangers as Hammie gives the Neo Kyutama to Demost for his use as cores to resurrect past Super Sentai villains Basco Ta Jolokia, Escape, Juzo Fuwa and Mele. While regretting her actions before Lucky's group cleared her name while saving Tsurukiku, Hammy bonded with Mele and took her sacrifice to heart as she helps defeat Demost. As the Chameleon Green, Hammie's main weapon is the . Chameleon Green has two finishers: via the Seiza Blaster and via the Kyu Rapier. Hammie's suit differs from the others in that her helmet resembles a chameleon's head facing upward, with the eyes popped out and the mouth acting as a visor. She is based on Athena (Minerva). Hammie is portrayed by . As a child, Hammie is portrayed by . Raptor 283/Washi Pink is an android built on Planet Rebellion in the , based on non-combatant android designs developed by Tsurugi, to serve as both Shou's secretary and the pilot for the Orion. Serious and loyal, she is a daydreamer who is often prone to delusions. Raptor is encouraged by Lucky to make her dream of becoming a Kyuranger a reality, allowing her to acquire the Washi Kyutama and become . As the Washi Pink, Raptor's main weapon is the . Washi Pink has two finishers: via the Seiza Blaster and via the Kyu Shot. Raptor's suit differs from the others in that it has a pair of eagle wings in the back, which allow her to fly. She is based on Aphrodite (Venus). Raptor 283 is voiced by M·A·O, who previously played Luka Millfy/Gokai Yellow in Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger. Spada/Kajiki Yellow is a man from the who aims to become the best cook in the universe. Often serving as a parent figure to his teammates, he is reliable albeit not always sincere. He likes to make food or cooking-related metaphors which appear to be based on Italian and Greek cuisines, including some with his accented speech deriving from the Italian language. His dream to become a chef stems from his poor background after his planet was invaded by Jark Matter. This resulted in a great shortage of food. He had to take care of his starving siblings by cooking meals for them. He transforms into . After Don Armage is defeated, Spada finally fulfills his dream of opening a restaurant, where all the Kyurangers reunite. As the Kajiki Yellow, Spada's main weapon is the . Kajiki Yellow has two finishers: via the Seiza Blaster and via the Kyu Slasher. Spada's suit differs from the others in that the front of his visor protrudes significantly to resemble a swordfish's nose, which he can use to attack his targets. He is also capable of perfectly swimming underwater. He is based on Demeter (Ceres). Spada is portrayed by . Shou Ronpo/Ryu Commander is a dragon-like alien from the and commander of the Kyurangers. He tries to come off as imposing but just ends up behaving more like a mischievous old man. In reality, he is a guilt-ridden old man due to the loss of his predecessor and friend, Big Bear, constantly discouraging insubordination with the Kyurangers in fear of repeating his mistake. Despite that, he always manages to keep his composure even in the direst situations. Before forming the Kyurangers, Shou journeyed across various constellations to acquire the Skill Kyutamas. Originally, Shou's Change Kyutama, which allowed him to transform into , was incomplete due to the limit of its transformation state as a Skill Kyutama. Encouraged by the other Kyurangers to move on in honor of Big Bear, his Kyutama is upgraded by the combined energy of their Change Kyutamas to help complete its transformation state, allowing him to transform into . His meeting with Big Bear's spirit gives him the confidence to find the Argo and stop Jark Matter. Unlike the main Kyurangers, Shou uses the , a staff that he carries around like a cane, instead of a Seiza Blaster to transform into Ryu Violet/Commander. After Orion's death, Shou stays in the past with Champ to make the necessary preparations for the Kyurangers to assemble in the future, before he is put in a cold sleep inside the Battle Orion Ship, where he is found by the other Kyurangers in the present. After Don Armage is defeated, Shou, now the supreme commander of the Rebellion, promotes Stinger to succeed him as the new commander of the Kyurangers. As the Ryu Violet/Commander, Shou's main weapon is the Ryu Tsueider which has two modes: staff and rifle. Ryu Commander's finisher is the . Shou's suit differs from the others in that it has gold edging on the visor of his helmet, a pair of black shoulder pads and the jewel-like ornament seen on the other Kyurangers' left chest is displayed within the center instead. Once he upgrades into Ryu Commander, his suit is covered in a trenchcoat-like fabric, with gold edging, and he wears a golden version of the Kyu Buckle known as the . He is based on Hera (Juno). Shou Ronpo is voiced by , who also voices the dragon in Space 9. Kotaro Sakuma/Koguma Sky Blue is a young boy from Earth. Soon after his younger brother Jiro was born, they lost their mother to illness. He is first seen with Jiro by Lucky and the others defying Jark Matter's occupation. They are captured by Eriedrone to be used as bait to attract the Kyurangers, but Stinger, pretending to be his ally, rescues the two brothers. Kotaro reveals himself to be a spy sent by Shou and remind Stinger of his bond with his older brother Scorpio prior to the latter's betrayal and siding with Jark Matter. Inspired by Stinger, Kotaro decides to join the Rebellion. Stinger reminds him not to follow his brother's mistake. He later gains his own Change Kyutama from the spirit of Shou's predecessor, Big Bear, allowing him to transform into . Some time after joining, Kotaro leaves the team temporarily for training at the Rebellion HQ to become a full-fledged Kyuranger. He later returns to the team for the final battle against Scorpio and Jark Matter. As the Koguma Sky Blue, Kotaro utilizes hand-to-hand combat instead of a Kyu The Weapon like the main Kyurangers, though he later gains a Kyu Spear as his main weapon. Koguma Sky Blue has two finishers: via the Seiza Blaster and via the Kyu Spear. Kotaro's suit differs from the others in that, aside from being child-sized to reflect his young age, it is decorated with two accessories: a scarf around his neck, which he can remove to wield as a meteor hammer, and a pair of mittens over his gloves, which he can uncover to reveal bear-like claws for scratching enemies. His helmet also has protrusions that resemble bear ears. He is based on Hestia (Vesta). Kotaro Sakuma is portrayed by . Tsurugi Ōtori/Houou Soldier is the former head scientist of the now abandoned Tsurugi Ōtori Science Laboratory from three centuries ago. He became the first human to travel into space where he obtained the Houou Kyutama, thus becoming immortal and uniting the universe as the first president of the Space Federation. When Jark Matter was founded to destroy what he established, Tsurugi founded the Kyurangers which he led alongside Orion. Ultimately, losing allies like his team strategist Cuervo, Tsurugi sacrificed his immortality in an attempt to destroy Don Armage. But the attack failed and Orion placed Tsurugi in suspended animation within the Argo while splitting up its Kyutama into the Ho, Ryukotsu and Tomo Kyutamas. In the present day, Tsurugi is revived by the Kyurangers after they reform the Argo Kyutama. Tsurugi soon realizes that the records of his past achievements and the original Kyurangers have been erased from history by Jark Matter, Armage having targeted Earth for being Tsurugi's home world. Unlike the main Kyurangers, but similar to Shou and his Ryu Tsueider, Tsurugi uses the and combo instead of a Seiza Blaster to transform into the red and navy-colored . During the final battle, Tsurugi ends up being possessed by Armage and forced to absorb Shou Ronpo. However, thanks to Lucky's plan, both Tsurugi and Shou are rescued from inside Don Armage, leaving him hostless and vulnerable. After Jark Matter's, Tsurugi resumes his position as president of the Space Federation. As the Houou Soldier, Tsurugi's main weapons are the Houou Blade and Houou Shield. Houou Soldier's finisher is the . When joined by a Kyuranger using their Kyu The Weapon, they can perform the finisher. Tsurugi's suit differs from the others in that it is made from a leather-like fabric, with a collar that resembles the base piece of the Kyutamas. His helmet is also both adorned with a monaural headset-like piece and covered with a visor in the front. He is based on Artemis (Diana). Tsurugi Ōtori is portrayed by . Kyutamas The are magical stones that give the Kyurangers their powers. Each of them are numbered and contain a power associated with a different constellation. By setting a Kyutama into their Kyu The Weapon, a Kyuranger can perform a variation of its finisher. Change The allow the Kyurangers to transform and pilot their Kyu Voyagers. 01. : Lucky's personal Leo-based Change Kyutama which allows him to transform into Shishi Red and pilot the Shishi Voyager. 02. : Stinger's personal Scorpio-based Change Kyutama which allows him to transform into Sasori Orange and pilot the Sasori Voyager. 03. : Garu's personal Lupus-based Change Kyutama which allows him to transform into Ookami Blue and pilot the Ookami Voyager. 04. : Balance's personal Libra-based Change Kyutama which allows him to transform into Tenbin Gold and pilot the Tenbin Voyager. 05. : Champ's personal Taurus-based Change Kyutama which allows him to transform into Oushi Black and pilot the Oushi Voyager. 06. : Naga's personal Ophiuchus-based Change Kyutama which allows him to transform into Hebitsukai Silver and pilot the Hebitsukai Voyager. In Dark Naga's hands, it becomes the Kyutama which allows him to transform into Hebitsukai Metal. Its digit number is replaced with a small Jark Matter emblem. 07. : Hammie's personal Chamaeleon-based Change Kyutama which allows her to transform into Chameleon Green and pilot the Chameleon Voyager. 08. : Raptor's personal Aquila-based Change Kyutama which allows her to transform into Washi Pink and pilot the Washi Voyager. 09. : Spada's personal Dorado-based Change Kyutama which allows him to transform into Kajiki Yellow and pilot the Kajiki Voyager. 10. : Shou's personal Draco-based Change Kyutama which allows him to transform into Ryu Commander and pilot the Ryu Voyager. It was originally a Skill Kyutama that could only transform him into Ryu Violet until the other Kyurangers upgraded it using the energy of their Change Kyutamas. 11. : Kotaro's personal Ursa Minor-based Change Kyutama which allows him to transform into Koguma Skyblue and pilot the Kuma Voyager. It was created from the Ooguma Kyutama by Big Bear. 12. : Tsurugi's personal Phoenix-based Change Kyutama which allows him to transform into Houou Soldier and pilot the Houou Voyager. It also granted him the power of immortality, which he relinquished in order to defeat Don Armage 300 years ago. Skill The either give extra powers to the Kyurangers or bring unusual effects that reflect a real-life basis. 13. : An Orion-based Skill Kyutama that is used to pilot the Orion Voyager and the Orion Battler. It was originally lost in the past until Shishi Red met Orion's spirit, who transforms his abandoned club into his Kyutama namesake. 14. : A Horologium-based Skill Kyutama with the power to travel briefly to the past. It was detected on in the and retrieved after the Kyurangers twisted all twelve keys within 30 minutes. Because of energy consumption, it can only be used twice before disappearing. 15. : A Boötes-based Skill Kyutama that increases the user's speed. 16. : A Serpens-based Skill Kyutama that creates multiple projections of snakes. 17. : An Antlia-based Skill Kyutama that generates an energy pump. 18. : A Hercules-based Skill Kyutama that enhances the user's strength. 19. : A Pyxis-based Skill Kyutama that projects a holographic map for the user to locate the components of the Argo. However, it takes some time to recharge after being used to find each of them. It was detected on in the and retrieved by the Kyurangers. 20. : A Telescopium-based Skill Kyutama that projects a homing scope for the user to shoot at long distances. 21. : A Cancer-based Skill Kyutama that generates an energy pincer claw on the user's hand. 22. : An Ursa Major-based Skill Kyutama that causes Koguma Skyblue to grow to giant size. 23. : A Pisces-based Skill Kyutama that materializes a large fish. 24. : A Scutum-based Skill Kyutama that generates an energy shield. 25. : A Gemini-based Skill Kyutama that creates duplicates of the user or anyone the user shoots. 26. : An Aries-based Skill Kyutama that puts anyone the user shoots to sleep. 27. : A Monoceros-based Skill Kyutama that allows Sasori Orange to become where he can perform the finisher. It was created when Mika Retsu's energy was absorbed into an empty Kyutama immediately after her death. 28. : An Aquarius-based Skill Kyutama that fires a stream of water. 29. : A Capricorn-based Skill Kyutama that records a video message for later reproduction. 30. : A Corona Borealis-based Skill Kyutama that materializes a crown. 31. : A Centaurus-based Skill Kyutama. 32. : A Pavo-based Skill Kyutama. 33. : A Pegasus-based Skill Kyutama that summons , a horse-themed sentient body armor who speaks in a Kansai accent, which a Kyuranger can combine with to become a , also known as the , where they gains the ability to utilize blinding dash attacks. Shishi Red combines with Pega-san to become . By setting this Kyutama into the Kyu Sword, he can perform the finisher while assisted by four other Kyurangers using their Kyu The Weapons. Kajiki Yellow can also combine with Pega-san to become . Pega-san is voiced by . 34. : A Coma Berenices-based Skill Kyutama that gives people new hairstyles. 35. : A Sagittarius-based Skill Kyutama that fires countless energy arrows. 36. : A Perseus-based Skill Kyutama that is one of the four components necessary to break Jark Matter's powerful barrier protecting the Crux System. It was created when the energy in the treasure box was absorbed into an empty Kyutama after the Kyurangers found the box, hidden in the castle on in the Perseus System. 37. : A Cetus-based Skill Kyutama that fires a stream of water. 38. : A Cassiopeia-based Skill Kyutama that materializes a 12-colored baseball-sized bomb used for a finisher and is one of the four components necessary to break Jark Matter's powerful barrier protecting the Crux System. It was created when the Cassiopeia System's energy was absorbed into an empty Kyutama on in the Cassiopeia System. 39. : A Lacerta-based Skill Kyutama that enables the user to climb on wall structures. 40. : An Andromeda-based Skill Kyutama that materializes chains and is one of the four components necessary to break Jark Matter's powerful barrier protecting the Crux System. 41. : A Microscopium-based Skill Kyutama that gives the user microscopic vision. After modified by Balance, it can also shrink the user to a micro size. 42. : A Canes Venatici-based Skill Kyutama that increases the user's sense of smell. 43. : A Camelopardalis-based Skill Kyutama that elongates the user's neck. 44. : A Volans-based Skill Kyutama that enhances the user's swimming capabilities. 45. : A Corvus-based Skill Kyutama that traps the target in a world of despair created by the Kyutama. 46. : A Norma-based Skill Kyutama that materializes a ruler and a chalk. 47. : A Sculptor-based Skill Kyutama. 48. : A Delphinus-based Skill Kyutama. 49. : A Circinus-based Skill Kyutama that materializes a chalkboard compass. 50. : An Ara-based Skill Kyutama. 51. : A Virgo-based Skill Kyutama that increases the user's feminine qualities. If the user is male, it disguises them as a female. 52. : A Canis Major-based Skill Kyutama that enables the user to use the dog fighting style. 53. : A Triangulum-based Skill Kyutama. 54. : A Cepheus-based Skill Kyutama that is one of the four components necessary to break Jark Matter's powerful barrier protecting the Crux System. It was created when the great monk infused his energy into an empty Kyutama as his sign of gratitude after the Kyurangers saved him at the on in the Cepheus System. 55. : A Lyra-based Skill Kyutama that produces soothing music. 56. : A Cygnus-based Skill Kyutama. 57. : A Musca-based Skill Kyutama. 58. : A Columba-based Skill Kyutama that materializes several doves. 59. : A Pictor-based Skill Kyutama that enhances the user's painting capabilities, allowing them to predict the intermediate future by painting a scene. It was given to Naga by Hoshi Minato. 60. : An Eridanus-based Skill Kyutama that generates a stream of water that reveals the target's true identity. 61. : A Tucana-based Skill Kyutama. 62. : An Auriga-based Skill Kyutama that turns anyone into a motorcycle for the user. 63. : An Equuleus-based Skill Kyutama. 64. : A Crater-based Skill Kyutama that materializes several drinking glasses. 65. : A Hydrus-based Skill Kyutama that enables the user to use the snake fighting style. 66. : A Canis Minor-based Skill Kyutama that enables the user to act like a playful puppy. 67. : A Hydra-based Skill Kyutama. 68. : A Lepus-based Skill Kyutama that enhances the user's jumping capabilities. 69. : A Caelum-based Skill Kyutama that generates an energy chisel. 70. : An Indus-based Skill Kyutama. 71. : A Mensa-based Skill Kyutama. 72. : An Apus-based Skill Kyutama that enables the user to move instantly from one place to another. 73. : A Crux-based Skill Kyutama. 74. : A Piscis Austrinus-based Skill Kyutama. 75. : A Triangulum Australe-based Skill Kyutama. 76. : A Corona Austrina-based Skill Kyutama. 77. : A Leo Minor-based Skill Kyutama that is used to summon the Kojishi Voyager. 78. : A Reticulum-based Skill Kyutama. 79. : A Sextans-based Skill Kyutama that materializes a sextant. 80. : An Octans-based Skill Kyutama that materializes an octant. 81. : A Grus-based Skill Kyutama that enables the user to use the crane fighting style. 82. : A Vulpecula-based Skill Kyutama that enables the user to turn invisible. 83. : A Fornax-based Skill Kyutama that materializes a perfectly lit campfire. 84. : A Sagitta-based Skill Kyutama that materializes baseball clothing and equipment. 85. : A Lynx-based Skill Kyutama that enables the user to use the cat fighting style. 86. : A Vela-based Skill Kyutama that is one of the three components necessary to complete the Argo Kyutama. It was detected on Planet Vela in the Vela System and given to the Kyurangers by the planet's natives as their sign of gratitude. 87. : A Carina-based Skill Kyutama that is one of the three components necessary to complete the Argo Kyutama. It was detected on Planet Keel in the Carina System and stolen by Scorpio. 88. : A Puppis-based Skill Kyutama that is one of the three components necessary to complete the Argo Kyutama. It was detected from within a Death Worm on Earth. Although the Kyutama was ejected from said monster by Ryuteioh, it falls into Ikargen's hands until it is reclaimed by the Kyurangers after defeating him. 89. : An Argo Navis-based Skill Kyutama, obtained by assembling the Ho, Ryukotsu and Tomo Kyutamas. When used, it reveals the Argo where Tsurugi was put in a cryogenic sleep waiting to be called out again to defend the universe. 111. : A Cerberus-based Skill Kyutama that is used to summon the Kerberos Voyager. It was created when the Shishi Kyutama Cockpit combined with the Kerberos Voyager. 315. : A Kyutama that allows Shishi Red to become the white-colored , also known as the , where he gains the ability to open portals for teleportation purposes. He can also summon any of the 12 Kyurangers' weapons. By pressing this Kyutama's top button before spinning its ring-like disc, he can perform the finisher. This Kyutama was created when Lucky fought alongside his ancestor, Orion. Special These unique Kyutama possess exclusive attributes. Unlike other Kyutamas, they are inscribed with letters instead of numbers. KR. : A Kamen Rider-based Kyutama that summons Kamen Rider Ex-Aid. This Kyutama was only used once, as it vanished after Ex-Aid finished his deed. SP. : A Kyutama whose power is unknown, but is placed in the Kyulette along with the Change Kyutamas. When chosen, it indicates that all of the Kyurangers must be deployed for the mission. SP. : A Kyutama that is used to summon all of the Kyurangers' Kyu Voyagers at once. SUN/MOON. : A dual-sided Kyutama with two modes that is used by a Kyuranger, mostly Shishi Red, to upgrade their form depending on which half is loaded into the Seiza Blaster. By pressing the top button of this Kyutama's currently unused mode, they can perform the finisher. : A Sun-based half which allows a Kyuranger to become a , also known as the , where their personalities are more enthusiastic for them to enhance their attacks with solar energy. They can also execute an attack called where they emit a sunlight-like glow that can increase Tenbin Gold's power. Shishi Red uses it to become . Chameleon Green can also use it to become . : A Moon-based half which allows a Kyuranger to become a , also known as the , where their personalities are more sophisticated for them to enhance their attacks with lunar energy. They can also execute an attack called where they emit a moonlight-like glow that can increase Ookami Blue's power. Shishi Red uses it to become . Chameleon Green can also use it to become . Xmas. : A holiday-based Kyutama that materializes Christmas decorations. Kyu Voyagers The are the Kyurangers' mecha, each associated with one of the Kyutamas. The Kyurangers' nine main personal Kyu Voyagers are stored within the Orion. After the Orion's destruction, most of them are launched into battle from the Battle Orion Ship. : Shishi Red's personal Leo-themed Kyu Voyager. : Shishi Red's auxiliary lion-themed Kyu Voyager, which can combine with the Shishi Voyager to form the . It is in a palm-sized form until it is enlarged via the Kojishi Kyutama. It was named by Lucky when he was a child and given to him by his father. Somehow, Garu is able to communicate with it. : Sasori Orange's personal Scorpius-themed Kyu Voyager. : Ookami Blue's personal Lupus-themed Kyu Voyager. : Tenbin Gold's personal Libra Kyu Voyager. Its finisher is the . : Oushi Black's personal Taurus-themed Kyu Voyager. : Hebitsukai Silver's personal Ophiuchus Kyu Voyager. Its finisher is the Happy Splash. : Chameleon Green's personal Chamaeleon-themed Kyu Voyager. : Washi Pink's personal Aquila-themed Kyu Voyager. : Kajiki Yellow's personal Dorado-themed Kyu Voyager. : Ryu Commander's personal Draco-themed Kyu Voyager. Originally, it did not have the golden helmet-like when Ryu Commander was in his incomplete Ryu Violet form. Its finisher is the . : Koguma Skyblue's personal Ursa-themed Kyu Voyager. Unlike other Kyu Voyagers, it is composed of two separate Kyu Voyagers. : A Ursa Minor-themed Kyu Voyager that is much smaller than the rest of the Kyu Voyagers. : An Ursa Major-themed Kyu Voyager that carries the Koguma Voyager on its back. : Houou Soldier's personal phoenix-themed Kyu Voyager. : A satellite-like structure used as part of Gigant Houoh. : The Houou Voyager's self-propelled launch pad where it is stored between missions. : A giant battleship that becomes the Kyurangers' base of operations after the Orion's destruction. It was created by Orion as the ultimate weapon against Jark Matter, with Shou modifying its interior to match the Kyurangers' previous Orion. It is large enough to store the Kyu Voyagers (excluding Houou Voyager) inside. It can also transform into a cannon weapon to be empowered by the Kyurangers' giant robots for them to perform the finisher. : Shishi Red Orion's personal Kyu Voyager, which is part of the Battle Orion Ship. : A Cerberus-themed Kyu Voyager that appears in the film Uchu Sentai Kyuranger the Movie: Geth Indaver Strikes Back. Originally known as the for possessing the power to destroy planets, the needed to summon it was split into three fragments hidden on the Planets , , and in the dangerous . Geth Indaver manages to summon Kerberos before the Kyurangers manage to pacify it into a Voyager Machine which they used to destroy the Geth Star, the Kerberos Stone fragments returning to their respective planets. Kyutama Combinations The Kyu Voyagers can be assembled into larger mecha via . The finisher for all three robots is the . Kyurenoh is the Kyurangers' first giant robot composed of the Shishi Voyager and four other Kyu Voyagers. As each Kyu Voyager possesses a specific ability, its myriad of possible combinations give Kyurenoh much more flexibility in combat along with a variation of its finisher. Kyurenoh (01-03-05-07-09): The primary arrangement composed of the Shishi, Ookami, Oushi, Chameleon, and Kajiki Voyagers. Its finisher is the . Kyurenoh (01-02-04-06-08): The secondary arrangement composed of the Shishi, Sasori, Tenbin, Hebitsukai, and Washi Voyagers. This arrangement appears exclusively in the film Kamen Rider × Super Sentai: Ultra Super Hero Taisen. Kyurenoh (01-03-04-05-06): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Ookami, Tenbin, Oushi, and Hebitsukai Voyagers. Its finisher is the . Kyurenoh (01-03-06-07-09): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Ookami, Hebitsukai, Chameleon, and Kajiki Voyagers. Its finisher is the . Kyurenoh (01-03-05-08-09): A alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Ookami, Oushi, Washi, and Kajiki Voyagers. Its finisher is the Kyurenoh Meteor Break. Kyurenoh (01-04-06-08-09): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Tenbin, Hebitsukai, Washi, and Kajiki Voyagers. Its finishers are the Kyurenoh Meteor Break and , which is first performed in the film Kamen Rider × Super Sentai: Ultra Super Hero Taisen. Kyurenoh (01-02-03-05-07): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Sasori, Ookami, Oushi, and Chameleon Voyagers. Its finisher is the , which is performed with the other four Kyu Voyagers. Kyurenoh (01-03-04-07-09): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Ookami, Tenbin, Chameleon, and Kajiki Voyagers. Its finisher is the , which is performed via the power of the Pegasus Kyutama. Kyurenoh (01-02-04-06-07): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Sasori, Tenbin, Hebitsukai, and Chameleon Voyagers. Kyurenoh (01-02-03-07-08): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Sasori, Ookami, Chameleon, and Washi Voyagers. Its finisher is the Kyurenoh Meteor Break. Kyurenoh (01-02-07-08-09): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Sasori, Chameleon, Washi, and Kajiki Voyagers. Its finisher is the , which is performed with the Ryu Voyager. Kyurenoh (01-02-03-05-11): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Sasori, Ookami, Oushi, and Kuma Voyagers. Kyurenoh (01-06-07-08-09): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Hebitsukai, Chameleon, Washi, and Kajiki Voyagers. Its finisher is the Kyurenoh Meteor Break. Kyurenoh (01-04-06-07-09): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Tenbin, Hebitsukai, Chameleon, and Kajiki Voyagers. Its finisher is the Kyurenoh Meteor Break. Kyurenoh (01-03-07-08-09): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Ookami, Chameleon, Washi, and Kajiki Voyagers. Its finisher is the Kyurenoh Meteor Break. Kyurenoh (01-03-06-07-08-09): A special arrangement composed of the Shishi, Ookami, Hebitsukai, Chameleon, Washi, and Kajiki Voyagers. Kyurenoh (01-02-07-09-11): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Sasori, Chameleon, Kajiki, and Kuma Voyagers. Its finisher is the Triple Meteor Break alongside Ryuteioh and Gigant Houoh. Kyurenoh (01-03-03-07-07): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Ookami, duplicated Ookami, Chameleon, and duplicated Chameleon Voyagers. Its finisher is the . Kyurenoh (01-02-05-08-09): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Sasori, Oushi, Washi, and Kajiki Voyagers. Its finisher is the Kyurenoh Meteor Break. Kyurenoh (01-02-05-07-09): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Sasori, Oushi, Chameleon, and Kajiki Voyagers. Kyurenoh (01-06-07-09-11): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Hebitsukai, Chameleon, Kajiki, and Kuma Voyagers. Its finisher is the Kyurenoh Meteor Break. Kyurenoh (04-06-09-11-77): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Tenbin, Hebitsukai, Kajiki, and Kuma Voyagers. Unlike other arrangements, the Kojishi Kyutama Cockpit replaces the Shishi Kyutama Cockpit in this combination. Kyurenoh (01-04-05-07-09): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Tenbin, Oushi, Chameleon, and Kajiki Voyagers. Its finisher is the Triple Meteor Break alongside Ryuteioh and Gigant Houoh. Kyurenoh (01-02-04-05-06): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Sasori, Tenbin, Oushi, and Hebitsukai Voyagers. This arrangement is piloted with Koguma Skyblue operating the Shishi Voyager instead of Shishi Red. Super Kyurenoh is an enhanced version of Kyurenoh composed of the Super Shishi Voyager and four other Kyu Voyagers. It is armed with a giant cannon that can activate a to shoot multiple enemies in rapid succession. Super Kyurenoh (03-05-07-09-77): The default arrangement composed of the Ookami, Oushi, Chameleon, Kajiki, and Super Shishi Voyagers. Its finisher is the . Super Kyurenoh (03-04-06-09-77): An alternate arrangement composed of the Ookami, Tenbin, Hebitsukai, Kajiki, and Super Shishi Voyagers. Super Kyurenoh (04-06-09-11-77): An alternate arrangement composed of the Tenbin, Hebitsukai, Kajiki, Kuma, and Super Shishi Voyagers. Its finisher is the Super Kyurenoh Final Break. Super Kyurenoh (02-05-09-11-77): An alternate arrangement composed of the Sasori, Oushi, Kajiki, Kuma, and Super Shishi Voyagers. Its finisher is the Super Kyurenoh Final Break. Super Kyurenoh (02-05-07-09-77): An alternate arrangement composed of the Sasori, Oushi, Chameleon, Kajiki, and Super Shishi Voyagers. Its finisher is the Super Kyurenoh Final Break. Super Kyurenoh (02-06-07-09-77): An alternate arrangement composed of the Sasori, Hebitsukai, Chameleon, Kajiki, and Super Shishi Voyagers. Super Kyurenoh (02-07-09-11-77): An alternate arrangement composed of the Sasori, Chameleon, Kajiki, Kuma, and Super Shishi Voyagers. Its finisher is the , which is performed via the power of the Pegasus Kyutama. Super Kyurenoh (04-05-07-09-77): An alternate arrangement composed of the Tenbin, Oushi, Chameleon, Kajiki, and Super Shishi Voyagers. Its finisher is the Super Kyurenoh Final Break. Ryuteioh is the Kyurangers' second giant robot composed of the Ryu Voyager and two other Kyu Voyagers. Ryuteioh (02-10-11): The default arrangement composed of the Sasori, Ryu, and Kuma Voyagers. Its finishers are the and the Triple Meteor Break alongside Kyurenoh and Gigant Houoh. Ryuteioh (07-09-10): An alternate arrangement composed of the Chameleon, Kajiki, and Ryu Voyagers. Its finisher is the Ryuteioh Meteor Break. Ryuteioh (04-06-10): An alternate arrangement composed of the Tenbin, Hebitsukai, and Ryu Voyagers. Its finisher is the Ryuteioh Meteor Break. Ryuteioh (03-04-10): An alternate arrangement composed of the Ookami, Tenbin, and Ryu Voyagers. Its finisher is the Ryuteioh Meteor Break. Ryuteioh (03-07-10): An alternate arrangement composed of the Ookami, Chameleon, and Ryu Voyagers. Ryuteioh (06-10-11): An alternate arrangement composed of the Hebitsukai, Ryu, and Kuma Voyagers. Its finisher is the Ryuteioh Meteor Break. Ryuteioh (03-05-10): An alternate arrangement composed of the Ookami, Oushi, and Ryu Voyagers. Its finisher is the Triple Meteor Break alongside KyurenOh and Gigant Houoh. Ryuteioh (08-09-10): An alternate arrangement composed of the Washi, Kajiki, and Ryu Voyagers. Its finisher is the Ryuteioh Meteor Break. Ryuteioh (03-06-10): An alternate arrangement composed of the Ookami, Hebitsukai, and Ryu Voyagers. Ryuteioh (07-08-10): An alternate arrangement composed of the Chameleon, Washi, and Ryu Voyagers. Ryuteioh (03-06-07-08-10): A special arrangement composed of the Ryu Voyager, the Ookami, Hebitsukai, Chameleon, and Washi Kyutamas and the rockets of Houou Voyager. Its finisher is the . Ryuteioh (03-08-10): An alternate arrangement composed of the Ookami, Washi, and Ryu Voyagers. Its finisher is the Ryuteioh Meteor Break. Ryutei Kyurenoh is the Kyurangers' first super giant robot composed of the Shishi Voyager, Ryu Voyager, and six other Kyu Voyagers. Ryutei Kyurenoh (01-02-03-05-07-09-10-11): The default arrangement composed of the Shishi, Sasori, Ookami, Oushi, Chameleon, Kajiki, Ryu, and Kuma Voyagers. Its finisher is the . Ryutei Kyurenoh (01-02-04-05-07-09-10-11): An alternate arrangement composed of the Shishi, Sasori, Tenbin, Oushi, Chameleon, Kajiki, Ryu, and Kuma Voyagers. Its finisher is the All-Star Scramble Break. Gigant Houoh is Houou Soldier's giant robot composed of the Houou Voyager and Houou Station, which is armed with the . Its finishers are the , the and the Triple Meteor Break alongside Kyurenoh and Ryuteioh. Kerberios is a special robot composed of the Kerberos, Oushi, Hebitsukai, Chameleon and Kajiki Voyagers, which has the ability to temporarily enlarge itself with the power of the Hikari Kyutama's Tsuki Mode to thousands of kilometers high. Its finisher is the . This combination appears exclusively in the film Uchu Sentai Kyuranger the Movie: Gath Indaver Strikes Back. Kyutamajin is the Kyurangers' second super giant robot composed of the Shishi Voyager, Houou Voyager, Houou Station and Houou Base, which are combined with the of the twelve Kyurangers' Kyu Voyagers. Its finishers are the and . In the finale, Kyutamajin uses a new finished called . Orion Battler is the Kyurangers' third super giant robot composed of the Battle Orion Ship and Orion Voyager. Although usually piloted by Shishi Red Orion, it can move on its own and support the Kyurangers in battle. Its finisher is the . Allies Hoshi Minato is known as the No.1 artist in the universe. He appears occasionally throughout the series but is formally introduced when the Kyurangers investigate his connection with Jark Matter. On that occasion, they discover he is being controlled by one of Don Armage's copies. After the copy is destroyed, Minato is released from his control and rallies his fans to rebel against Jark Matter. He is based on Hades (Dīs Pater). Hoshi Minato is portrayed by , who previously played Tsubasa Ozu/Magi Yellow in Mahou Sentai Magiranger and Masato Jin/Beet Buster in Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters. Jiro Sakuma is Kotaro's younger brother. Jiro Sakuma is portrayed by . Big Bear is a bear-like alien who was the Rebellion's original supreme commander and Shou's superior. After Big Bear sacrifices himself to save Shou by defeating both Ikargen and Mardakko, Shou leads the Kyurangers but is still traumatized by his death. It was later revealed that he is unable to ascend to the afterlife because of his worries over Shou's foolishness in commanding the Rebellion. With his ghost unveiled once Shishi Red used the Ooguma Kyutama. However, after Lucky told him how Shou commanded the team, and seeing Kotaro's bravery despite being a child, Big Bear entrusted the young boy with Koguma Kyutama, giving Big Bear a means to transform. After the battle, he finally gains confidence in Shou's team and returns to inhabit the Koguma Kyutama. Big Bear is voiced by . Eris is the forest spirit of Planet Keel in the Carina System who has the ability to manipulate plants. She has been charged with the protection of the Ryukotsu Kyutama, entrusted by Orion for centuries until Scorpio stole it. She later tells the Kyurangers about Tsurugi's past. Eris later met the Shou from the future, who entrusted her with the location of the Battle Orion Ship. In spite of her role, she has a ditzy personality, and a tendency to fall in love with whoever impresses her. Eris is portrayed by . Echidna is a woman from the Ophiucus System who came to Earth in the wake of Naga's brainwashing into Dark Naga. Although initially wanting to punish her own kin for obtaining emotions (something that is considered a crime in their home world), she decided to have faith in Naga after his purification and left the fate of the universe to the Kyurangers before departing. Echidna's main weapons are a sword and a gun. Like Naga and the rest of her kin, she can paralyze her targets for a short period. As with all members of Ophiucus System residents, she is portrayed by Taiki Yamazaki while being voiced by . Orion is a warrior from and one of the legendary 88 saviors who fought alongside Tsurugi in the past against Jark Matter. After Don Armage's apparent defeat, he placed Tsurugi into a slumber within Argo and entrusted Eris with the Ryukotsu Kyutama. His name would later be used by the Kyurangers' own ship, which he encountered sometime later in the past when they crashed from an attack. On that occasion, he joins forces with the Kyurangers and helps Lucky, who is his distant descendant, to unlock the Saiko Kyutama. However, after Don Armage is destroyed in the past, he dies from his wounds, thus Shou Ronpo and Champ both decide to stay in the past to play the part Orion would in setting up the events for the Kyurangers' assembling in the present. Aside from being regarded as the strongest warrior to exist, he wields a club during combat. It is also revealed that Orion is actually the ancestor of Planet Kaien's royal family, making Lucky his descendant. Orion is portrayed by . Aslan Lucky's father, was originally the king of Planet Kaien in the Leo System prior to Jark Matter's invasion. Though apparently killed by Kukulga, with Jumottsu using a facsimile to rule over Kaien, Aslan is revealed to be alive and possessed by Don Armage into his thrall to face the Kyurangers as one of Armage's lines of defense. Once freed from Don Armage's control by Lucky and his friends, Aslan covers the Kyurangers' escape as he sacrifices himself by using the Black Hole Kyutama to prevent Jark Matter's Planedium Bomb from destroying the universe. He is based on Rhea (Ops) Aslan is portrayed by . Jark Matter The is an organization of aliens that have conquered an untold number of planets, including and the 88 constellations that surround it. They gather , the planets' core energy, for a used to destroy the entire universe. The top members have an inrō-like as proof of authority which can also be used to enlarge them. Their troops are composed of , masked battle pseudo-lifeform combatants who are armed with the saber-like and pilot fighter crafts known as , and , enhanced battle pseudo-lifeform combatants who lead the Indavers, are armed with the club-like that double as a gun, and have the ability to enlarge. The top members' ranks mirror those of the shogunates from Japan's Edo period and those of the tyrants from Greece's ancient era. They are based on the Titans. Their main base of operations is within the , which is protected by an invisible barrier and heavily guarded. After Don Armage's plan to destroy the universe is revealed, most of its remaining members decide to rebel as well. Don Armage is the leader, or , of Jark Matter who was born from the collective despair of all life in the universe. Revealing himself when Tsurugi united the universe 300 years earlier, Armage established Jark Matter to destroy everything Tsurugi had built to thrive on the resulting misery, increase his power, and become a god. Although seemingly killed by Tsurugi, with one of his numerous clones destroyed by a time-displaced Shishi Red Orion, Armage survived by possessing Cuervo and retaliates by conquering Earth along with erasing records of Tsurugi and his comrades' achievements. Leading Jark Matter for the next 333 years, overseeing his campaign through holograms from in the Crux System, later revealed to be a test site for his doomsday device, Armage has his forces drain Planedium from conquered planets to create the universally destructive Planedium Bomb which he intends to use on Earth. After being expelled from Cuervo, Armage takes Tsurugi as his new host to become an immortal able to harness energy, until the other Kyurangers take measures to rescue him. Once forced out of Tsurugi and fully revealed in his natural form, Armage converts every life form in the universe besides himself and the Kyurangers into Planedium energy which he absorbs to assume a new form while calling himself the universe incarnate. But as Armage battles the Kyurangers, they manage to reach the despair-ridden people who help them before Armage is forced to release them all. A fatally wounded Armage makes a final attempt at cheating death by implanting the fragment of himself inside Lucky's body to eventually resurrect, but it backfires and the fragment is forced back into Armage's body as the Kyurangers finish him off. Despite appearing in holograms, Armage is able to transmit his energy for attacks or transform others into monsters by imparting a fragment of his essence into them. But as the Kyurangers learned when they faced his clones in the past, Armage is extremely powerful enough to easily overwhelm his opponents by launching massive blasts of dark energy. A small bullet that he fired was enough to penetrate a Kyuranger suit and would have succeeded in killing Lucky had Tsurugi not interfered. In combat, Armage and his clones wield the and later the . Armage and his clones are also capable of possessing other beings and use their innate abilities as his own, as was the case with Hoshi Minato, Aslan, Cuervo, and Tsurugi. Only Lucky is immune to Armage's possession ability. He is based on Cronus (Saturn). Don Armage is voiced by . Cuervo/Don Cuervo is a former prisoner of Jark Matter's boot camp from of . After his escape route was proven crucial in a plot to free his fellow inmates, Cuervo was hired by Tsurugi as his partner and since then travelled across the universe to hire another 86 warriors to overthrow Jark Matter. In the final battle against Don Armage, Cuervo sacrificed himself to shield Tsurugi so his friend could deal what they thought would be the deathblow on the tyrant. But what Tsurugi did not know was that Cuervo sold his soul to the surviving Armage to live, resulting in his rebirth as Armage's thrall . As Jark Matter begins their final experiment on Dark Planedium, having revealed his survival to Tsurugi on Southern Cross, Cuervo reveals himself to the Kyurangers and that he subverted Armage's will. Cuervo reveals his intent to allow Armage's goal to have the universe destroyed as an act of mercy so it can be recreated as a utopia, only for Armage to be extracted from him before Tsurgi lands the deathblow. As one of the 88 legendary saviors, Cuervo's main weapons are a pair of sai. When under the possession of Don Armage, becoming Tsurugi's equal in combat, Don Cuervo wields a pair of swords. Cuervo is voiced by . Vice Shoguns The are the second-highest-ranking trio of members of the Jark Matter, serving directly under the Shogun answering only to him. Instead of a Kyodainro, each of them carry a golden dragon pad on the right shoulder that allows them to enlarge and to shrink back to normal. They first appeared 300 years ago at the time of Jark Matter's creation, having battled Tsurugi while feigning knowledge of him. They were turned into cyborgs by Doctor Anton to prolong their lives. When Don Armage decides to treat the Kyurangers as an actual threat to himself, with his Fuku Shoguns being killed, he offers open positions of Fuku Shogun to the Karos who can destroy them. Doctor Anton gathers the remains of the Fuku Shoguns and combines them to create three-headed who use the Fuku Shoguns' weapons and use the . An enlarged Akyachuga is sent to defend Planet Southern Cross's core against the Kyurangers before being destroyed by Kyurenoh (01-02-03-05-11), Ryuteioh (07-09-10), and Gigant Houoh using Battle Orion Ship as a cannon. Tecchu is a Vice Shogun from in the . Initially a bare-fisted fighter in the past, his cyborg modifications armed him with the flail-like on his left arm. He is the oldest of the Vice Shoguns and fought Tsurugi in the past, though he feigned not knowing him while given orders to exterminate him with extreme prejudice. He is eventually defeated by the 12 Kyurangers on Planet Toki where he is destroyed by Kyutamajin. His remains are retrieved and used by Anton to create Akyachuga. Tetchu is voiced by . Akyanba is a Vice Shogun from in the . She is armed with the microphone-like , an upgraded version of the she used in the past. Following Tetchu's death, Akyanba is sent to deal with the Kyurangers and to unlock Naga's emotions with the aid of Micro Tsuyoindaver to serve her as Hebitsukai Metal. But Naga is later freed from her control and leads the Kyurangers in destroying Akyanba. Akyanba's remains are retrieved and used by Anton to create Akyachuga. Akyanba is voiced by , who previously played Yoko Usami/Yellow Buster in Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters, while her humanoid form is portrayed by . Kukuruga is a Vice Shogun from in the . He oversaw the conquest of Planet Kaien and secretly killed King Aslan while his son Lucky was spirited away into hiding within the Leo Minor System. In reality, he did not murder Aslan, but was involved with his downfall turning him into one of Don Armage's brainwashed servants and potential hosts. Originally armed with the saber when Jark Matter was founded, Kukulga has his left arm outfitted with cannon during the present. When sent by Don Armage to support Akyanba following Tetchu's death, Kukulga had an interest in Lucky as a result of the youth traveling back in time and defeating his past self. Kukulga later fights Shishi Red Orion on Kaien, where his act of supposedly murdering Aslan and Jumottsu and deceiving the Kaien people is exposed. Upon being defeated by Shishi Red Orion and the Kyurangers, Kukulga enlarges and dies fighting Super Kyurenoh (04-06-09-11-77) and Orion Battler. His remains are retrieved and used by Anton to create Akyachuga. Kukulga is voiced by . Aides is Tetchu's aide from in the . He has the hair-like and is armed with the lance-like . Though defeated by Shishi Red and Houou Soldier, Gyabura is enlarged before being destroyed by Kyutamajin. Voiced by . is Kukulga's aide from in the . He has the and the . Though defeated by Shishi Red Orion, Sasori Orange, Ookami Blue, Hebitsukai Silver, Chameleon Green, Washi Pink, and Houou Soldier, Dogyun is enlarged before creating a and being destroyed by Kyutamajin. Voiced by . Doctor Anton is a scientist who once worked for Jark Matter for many centuries, gradually turning himself into a cyborg to prolong his life. Anton also suffered from a dissociative identity disorder before his evil persona transferred itself into a receptacle called to stop his other self's ethical meddling and life forever. This resulted in Anton being able to act independent of his evil half, allowing him to leave Jark Matter to prevent the newly built Champ from being used for evil, and teaching his creation to value all forms of life. The good Anton is later murdered by Scorpio, while his surviving evil counterpart works for Jark Matter unopposed and transforms a majority of its high-ranked members into cyborgs. Briefly appearing before Champ on Planet Toki, the evil Anton later reveals himself to the Kyurangers during their search for Kyutamas to access the Crux system. With Mecha Mardakko's help, Anton Brain kidnaps Champ and restores his prime directive as a war machine before Stinger destroyed the berserker chip while freeing his ally from Anton Brain's control. Following the destruction of Planet Southern Cross, Anton Brain flees from the Kyurangers while installing himself into a Zero to regain full mobility as . Anton Zero is defeated by Shishi Red, Sasori Orange, Tenbin Gold, Oushi Black, Hebitsukai Silver and Koguma Skyblue's All Star Crash and upon enlarged, is destroyed by Kyurenoh (01-02-04-05-06) and Orion Battler. He is based on Janus. Doctor Anton is portrayed by . Zero The androids are a series created by Doctor Anton, appearing skeletal compared to Champ while outfitted with , the , and the . The first Zero is created by Akyanba and Kukulga using the blueprints left behind by Doctor Anton in a scheme to destroy the Kyurangers. While originally identical to Champ, the android's casing is destroyed by the real Champ to reveal its true appearance. Though defeated by the Kyurangers, Zero is enlarged before being destroyed by Kyurenoh (01-02-03-05-11), Ryuteioh (07-09-10), and Gigant Houoh armed with the Battle Orion Ship as a cannon. Since then, Jark Matter has mass-produced the Zero, employing them on several occasions against the Kyurangers. One such Zero was modified by the evil Doctor Anton to function as his new body, dubbed Anton Zero. Karos The are elite members responsible for controlling the conquered star systems. Each Karo has a customized space battleship known as . Eriedrone is the Karo of the from . He is armed with the that doubles as a spear. Ordered by Don Armage to eliminate the Kyurangers, he pursued them across the galaxy all the way to Earth. He is killed when his Big Morimers is destroyed by Kyurenoh (01-02-03-05-07)'s Super Meteor Break after he learns of Stinger's alignment with the Rebellion. Eriedrone is voiced by . Scorpio is Stinger's older brother who betrayed him and his people to join Jark Matter. He becomes Don Armage's top assassin as he kills countless rebels including Champ's creator, Dr. Anton. Because of his great success, his position is only known to Don Armage and he is eventually promoted to the Karo of the Scorpius System. He was sent to Earth after the Kyurangers become a huge threat to their campaign. Once meeting Stinger again, Scorpio tricks him into believing that he joined Jark Matter with the intention of killing Don Armage and saving the universe. But on learning that the Kyurangers are looking for Argo, Scorpio reveals his true objective is to dispose of Don Armage and assume control of Jark Matter for himself. After being defeated by Stinger, Scorpio reforms, removing the deadly poison in his brother's body, and sacrificing himself to protect the Kyurangers from Don Armage's attack. His main ability is to transform the victims of his tail stinger's venom into his zombie slaves, with the only known cure being Stinger's own poison. Although originally being humanoid like Stinger and their people, Scorpio was mutated into a monstrous being by Don Armage's power with the ability to wrap his tail around his leg to unleash a powerful kick attack. In addition to his tail, he wields the as his weapon. Scorpio is portrayed by . Zandabarudo , the main antagonist of Uchu Sentai Kyuranger: Episode of Stinger, is the Karo of the from in the Aquila System. He is armed with the sword. He was previously a Daikaan on Earth around the time Scorpio was stationed on Earth, earning his current status by manipulating the townsfolk he terrorized into ostracizing Mika and exploiting her revenge for Don Armage's enjoyment. Zandabarudo makes his presence known when the Kyurangers were liberating Planet 3B from Kouchou Indaver, ending up being destroyed by Sasori Orange using the Ikkakuju Arm. Zandabarudo is voiced by . Minor Karos is the Karo of the from . He is armed with the machine gun. Though defeated by Shishi Red, Tenbin Gold, Hebitsukai Silver, Chameleon Green, Kajiki Yellow, and Houou Soldier, Magera is enlarged before being destroyed by Orion Battler. Voiced by . is the Karo of the Leo Minor System from in the Leo Minor System. He pilots the exosuit. Though defeated by Shishi Red Orion, Sasori Orange, Ookami Blue, Oushi Black, Chameleon Green, and Kajiki Yellow, Unjet is enlarged before being destroyed by Super Kyurenoh (03-05-07-09-77). Voiced by . is the Karo of the Leo System from in the Leo System, using his ability to create sand dolls to assume the identity of King Aslan to rule Planet Kaien with an iron fist until his rouse was exposed. Jumottsu is armed with the launchers and the handguns. He is killed when his Big Morimers is destroyed by Gigant Houoh. Voiced by . is the Karo of the Cepheus System from in the Cepheus System. He is armed with a pair of the chakram-like blades. Though defeated by Ookami Blue, Hebitsukai Silver, Chameleon Green, Washi Pink, Ryu Commander, and Houou Soldier, Desugon is enlarged before being destroyed by Ryuteioh (03-06-07-08-10). Voiced by . is the Karo of the Cassiopeia System from in the Cassiopeia System. Though defeated by Shishi Red Orion, Gloven is enlarged before being destroyed by Kyutamajin and Orion Battler. Voiced by . is the Karo of the Crux System from in the Crux System, having ruled his home world before willingly swearing allegiance to Don Armage and Jark Matter's cause to obtain greater power at the cost of his people. He has the head and is armed with the blades. He serves as the first of Armage's line of defense after the Kyurangers bypassed the barrier keeping them from entering the Crux System, facing them on Planet Southern Cross before being destroyed by Shishi Red Orion. Voiced by . Assassins The assassins are members responsible for eliminating rebels, and rank between Karo and Daikaan. Ikargen is an assassin from in the Crux System who destroyed over one thousand planets with Mardakko. He and Mardakko once brought the Rebellion to the brink of destruction. He is armed with the that doubles as a sword. After Eriedrone's death, he is sent to eliminate the Kyurangers. Ikargen is able to dodge multiple attacks with ease thanks to the hundreds of eyes in his body that allow him to perceive every movement around him, until Lucky destroys almost all of his eyes with the power of the Futago Kyutama. Though defeated by the 11 Kyurangers, Ikargen is enlarged and sprays his ink into the air to produce torrential acid rain. However, he ends up being destroyed by Ryutei Kyurenoh (01-02-03-05-07-09-10-11). Ikargen is voiced by . Mardakko is an assassin from in the who can regenerate from her physical remains, though she develops a new personality as a result. Initially a rude and hot-blooded woman, Maradakko is deployed to Earth with her partner Ikargen to eliminate the Kyurangers following the Eriedrone's demise. Following Ikargen's death, developing secretary mannerisms following her first death and then a sensual and flirty persona later, Mardakko becomes Scorpio's right hand following Don Armage's orders to keep an eye on him. Though Mardakko is killed off while in the dimension of Space Squad while attempting to steal the Rashinban Kyutama, she is revived from a fragment on Scorpio's person. The over dramatic Mardakko born from the fragment activates all the Morimers on Earth to siphon its Planesium before Scorpio's Big Morimers were destroyed by Houou Soldier, who killed her in the duel that followed. She is revived again on Planet Toki, by Tetchu, with a groupie-like personality that spends more time idolizing the Kyurangers than actually fighting them. She is destroyed by them as well. The sixth Mardakko, similar to her original self, becomes Karo of the Perseus System and allows herself to be converted into a cyborg for more power at the cost of her regenerative abilities. As , she confronts the Kyuranger during their search for a means to enter the Crux System, helping Anton Brain capture Champ. Though defeated by the 10 Kyurangers (excluding Washi Pink and Ryu Commander) during the battle on Planet Southern Cross, Mecha Mardakko is enlarged and summons a Death Worm before she is destroyed along with the creature by Kyutamajin armed with the Battle Orion Ship as a cannon. She is armed with the , the gatling gun, the sword, the morning star, and the handgun. Her main ability is to regenerate any of her dismembered limbs. She is able to be revived from any remaining body part, though her personality changes with each resurrection. She loses this ability after being refitted into Mecha Mardakko. Mardakko is voiced by . Independent units The independent units are the main antagonists of the film Uchu Sentai Kyuranger the Movie: Geth Indaver Strikes Back. Geth Indaver is the leader of the independent units from in the . He is armed with the pistol and the sword. He was originally a Rebellion member named and was Shou Ronpo's colleague, cooperating to research the Kerberos' legend until Shou was forced to banish him from Rebellion on learning of Hoi's malicious intent. After that, Hoi joined Jark Matter and had his body cybernetically modified with command of the planet-sized superweapon . Geth Indaver's desire for revenge and seeking out Kerberos fueled his intent to smash the Geth Star into Earth. Though he manages to revive Kerberos before it was turned into the Kerberos Voyager, Geth Indaver is destroyed by Ryu Commander as the Geth Star is destroyed by Kerberios. Geth Indaver is portrayed by . Omo Indaver is a member of the independent units. He is armed with the kusari-fundo. Though defeated by Tenbin Gold, Hebitsukai Silver, Washi Pink, and Koguma Skyblue, Omo Indaver is enlarged before being destroyed by Gigant Houoh. Omo Indaver is voiced by . Kaal Indaver is a member of the independent units. He is armed with the sword that doubles as a gun, and possesses a motorcycle. He is destroyed by Oushi Black, Chameleon Green, and Kajiki Yellow. Kaal Indaver is voiced by . Daikaans The are commanders who are sent to conquer and control planets. Each Daikaan has a space battleship known as that drains the planets' Planedium and is capable of changing into a armed with a spear. While other planets are occupied by one Daikaan, Earth is controlled by multiple Daikaans since it is rich in Planedium. Several Daikaans are based on cryptids and the constellation system they hail from, while others are Tsuyoindavers who were promoted and received modification in the Jark Matter Laboratory. is the first Daikaan to appear in the series, and the Daikaan of in the Sagittarius System from in the . He has the and is armed with the . Though defeated by Shishi Red, Tenbin Gold, and Hebitsukai Silver, Gamettsui is enlarged before being destroyed by Kyurenoh (01-03-04-05-06). Voiced by . is the Daikaan of Planet Needle in the Scorpius System who is a promoted Tsuyoindaver. He wears the and is armed with the Bazookon. He is destroyed by Sasori Orange for intervening in his battle with Shishi Red. Voiced by . is one of the Daikaans of Earth from in the . He has the and is armed with the spear-like . Though defeated by Shishi Red, Yumepakkun is enlarged before being destroyed by Kyurenoh (01-04-06-08-09). Voiced by . is one of the Daikaans of Earth from in the . He has the neck-like and is armed with the . He is killed when his Morimers Robo is destroyed by Kyurenoh (01-03-04-07-09). Voiced by . is one of the Daikaans of Earth from in the . He has the breast and is armed with the blades mounted on his forearms. Though defeated by Shishi Red, Sasori Orange, Tenbin Gold, Hebitsukai Silver, and Chameleon Green, Tome is enlarged before being destroyed along with his Morimers by the Tenbin and Hebitsukai Voyagers. Voiced by . is one of the Daikaans of Earth who is a promoted Tsuyoindaver. He wears the and is armed with the Bazookon. An enlarged Mamoritsuyoindaver is destroyed along with his Morimers by the Shishi and Kajiki Voyagers. Voiced by . is one of the Daikaans of Earth who is a promoted Tsuyoindaver. He wears the and is armed with the Bazookon. He is killed when his Morimers Robo is destroyed by Kyurenoh (01-02-03-07-08). Voiced by Yasunao Sakai. is one of the Daikaans of Earth who is a promoted Tsuyoindaver. He wears the helmet and is armed with the Bazookon. He is destroyed by Shishi Red, Chameleon Green, and Kajiki Yellow. Voiced by . is one of the Daikaans of Earth who is a promoted Tsuyoindaver. He wears the and is armed with the Bazookon. Though defeated by Shishi Red, Ookami Blue, and Washi Pink, Metchatsuyoindaver is enlarged before being destroyed by the Ryu Voyager. is one of the Daikaans of Earth who is a promoted Tsuyoindaver. He wears the helmet and is armed with the Bazookon. Though defeated by Sasori Orange, Chameleon Green, and Kajiki Yellow, Mutchatsuyoindaver is enlarged before being destroyed by the Ryu Voyager. is one of the Daikaans of Earth from in the Aquila System. He has scales on his wings. He is destroyed by Shishi Red and Koguma Skyblue. Voiced by . is one of the Daikaans of Earth who is a promoted Tsuyoindaver. He wears the hood. Though defeated by Shishi Red, Sasori Orange, Oushi Black, Ryu Commander, and Koguma Skyblue, Mondomuyoindaver is destroyed along with his Morimers Robo by Ryutei Kyurenoh (01-02-03-05-07-09-10-11). Voiced by . is one of the Daikaans of Earth from in the Taurus System. He is armed with the whip. He is destroyed by Shishi Red, Ookami Blue, and Kajiki Yellow. Voiced by . is the Daikaan of in from in the . He has the head and is armed with the trident. Though defeated by Shishi Red, Hebitsukai Silver, Chameleon Green, Washi Pink, and Kajiki Yellow, Goneshi is enlarged before being destroyed along with his Morimers by Kyurenoh (01-06-07-08-09). Voiced by . is one of the Daikaans of Earth from in the . He has the and the claws. Though defeated by Shishi Red Moon, Shaidos is enlarged before being destroyed by Ryuteioh (03-04-10). Voiced by . is the Daikaan of in the from in the . He has the fists. Though defeated by Tenbin Gold, Hebitsukai Silver, Chameleon Green, and Kajiki Yellow, Omega is enlarged before being destroyed along with his Morimers by Kyurenoh (01-04-06-07-09). Voiced by . is one of the Daikaans of Earth from Planet Jaji in the Monoceros System who is also the president of the Earth Branch of Jark Matter University. He has the and is armed with the pointing stick. Though defeated by Washi Pink, Kajiki Yellow, and Houou Soldier, Manavil is enlarged before being destroyed by Gigant Houoh. Voiced by . is one of the Daikaans of Earth who is a promoted Tsuyoindaver. He wears the protector, is armed with the Bazookon, and is accompanied by an Indaver using the television camera. Though defeated by Shishi Red, Ookami Blue, Chameleon Green, Washi Pink, and Kajiki Yellow, Media Tsuyoindaver is enlarged before being destroyed by Kyurenoh (01-03-07-08-09) and Ryuteioh (06-10-11). Voiced by . is the Daikaan of Naga Ray who is a promoted Tsuyoindaver. He has the . Though defeated by Shishi Red, Micro Tsuyoindaver is enlarged to a human size before being destroyed by Tenbin Gold and Hebitsukai Silver. In his final breath he created a giant replica of Hebitsukai Metal, but the copy is destroyed by Kyutamajin. Voiced by . Other Daikaans is the Daikaan of in the Aries System. Though defeated by Shishi Red, Ookami Blue, Hebitsukai Silver, Chameleon Green, and Kajiki Yellow, Clocku is enlarged before being destroyed by Kyurenoh (01-03-06-07-09). This Daikaan appears exclusively in the special drama sessions of the first original soundtrack of the series. Voiced by . is the Daikaan of in the Norma System, serving as the principal of a Jark Matter school which brainwashes the galaxy's prodigies into becoming Jark Matter members. The Kyurangers infiltrated the school, Kouchou Indaver attacked them after they defeated his wife serving as the vice principal of the school, and their son , serving as the student council president of the school. Kouchou Indaver is killed when his Morimers Robo is destroyed by Kyurenoh (01-06-07-09-11). This Daikaan appears exclusively in the web-exclusive series From Episode of Stinger: Uchu Sentai Kyuranger: High School Wars and the film Uchu Sentai Kyuranger: Episode of Stinger, while Kyoutou and Seitokaichou Indavers appear exclusively in High School Wars. Kouchou and Seitokaichou Indavers are voiced by , who would appear in the series proper reprising his Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger role as Senichi Enari/Deka Green, and Kyoutou Indaver by . is a Daikaan of Earth who was initially a Jark Matter recruit under Zandabarudo who wanted the power to exact revenge on the prejudice she suffered from being a human-alien hybrid by the townsfolk. Possessing the genetic code of a alien, Mika uses the alicorn-like as a weapon. After Don Armage infused some of essence into her once promoted after slaughtering the townsfolk, Mika is transformed into a partial monster with Stinger and Champ attempting to save her. But she was murdered Zandabarudo, who later revealed to have manipulated her life for his own ambitions, using the last of her life to give Stinger the Ikkakuju Kyutama. This Daikaan appears exclusively in the film Uchu Sentai Kyuranger: Episode of Stinger. Portrayed by . is the Daikaan of in the . He is destroyed by Shishi Red, Hebitsukai Silver, Washi Pink, Kajiki Yellow, and Ryu Commander. This Daikaan appears exclusively in the CD audio drama Uchu Sentai Kyuranger: Make Him Cry! The Tamakyu Troupe Hot Match!. Voiced by . Don Arkage is a Jark Matter remnant, Don Armage's body double, and the main villain of Lupinranger VS Patranger VS Kyuranger, seeking , the lost treasure of Jark Matter, to surpass Armage as the greatest evil in their universe. He wields a pair of swords in combat and has the ability to create clones of Indavers and the three Vice Shoguns as his pawns. Though defeated by the three Super Sentai teams, Arkage enlarges before being destroyed by Good Kuru Kaiser VSX. He is based on Atlas. Don Arkage is voiced by Atsuki Tani. Other villains Space Ikadevil is a revived squid monster from Shocker who attracts the attention of Shishi Red and Sasori Orange who mistook him as Ikargen. After Shishi Red summons Kamen Rider Ex-Aid with the Ex-Aid Kyutama to join forces with him, Space Ikadevil ends up destroyed by the two warriors. reprises his role as the voice of Space Ikadevil. Death Worms The are creatures living underground. This species is widely distributed on desert planets. They have and can change their size at will from a human to a giant size. Known Death Worms in the series are shown below: The first Death Worm housed the Tomo Kyutama after fighting against Orion. 333 years later, it was destroyed by Ryuteioh (02-10-11), causing it to release the Tomo Kyutama from its body. But Shishi Red's bad luck streak caused it to fall briefly into Ikargen's hands. The second Death Worm controlled by Scorpio is destroyed by Kyurenoh (01-06-07-08-09). The third Death Worm is summoned by Mardakko, defeated first by Hebitsukai Silver and Space Sheriff Gavan Type-G, then destroyed by Ryu Voyager and Electronic Starbeast Dol after it enlarges. The fourth Death Worm summoned by Mecha Mardakko is destroyed by Kyutamajin armed with the Battle Orion Ship as a cannon A is a Death Worm subspecies with teeth, which Tetchu kept as a pet before it is destroyed by Gigant Houou. A is an improved breed of Death Worm with poison, which Doctor Anton created from 999 Death Worms before it is destroyed by Super Kyurenoh (02-07-09-11-77). References Category:Lists of children's television characters Category:Lists of superheroes Category:Super Sentai characters

Flamingo, Finland Flamingo Entertainment Centre is the biggest entertainment centre in the Nordic countries. It is located in Vantaa next to the Jumbo Shopping Centre. Flamingo was opened in 2008 and there is a hotel, variety of entertainment activities (eg. a movie theater, spa, bowling, laser games, virtual experiences) and 40 different stores under its roof. Services Flamingo has entertainment for kids and adults. Flamingo has the biggest indoor water park in Finland. In addition to normal swimming pools there are several water slides, kids pool and Jacuzzi. There is also a spa and wellness section for adults, with different kinds of saunas and relaxing and wellness treatments. Spa and wellness section is for adults only (18 years and above). Flamingo also has a bowling alley, a laser tag arena, a minigolf, an kids escape room, a 6-screen cinema, a gym, a hotel and numerous shops and restaurants. There is a bridge that connects Flamingo with shopping centre Jumbo. Location and transportation Flamingo is located on the side of Ring III, next to the shopping centre Jumbo. Helsinki-Vantaa Airport is also located near Flamingo. Car There are 800 parking spots in Flamingo that are free for 5 hours. The parking lot is guarded by Q-Park. Entrance to the parking lot is from the Tasetie, next to the main entrance of Flamingo. Public transportation Flamingo is well served by the buses of the Helsinki Region Transport (HRT) around the clock. It takes only few minutes from airport to Flamingo by buses 615 and 617. The bus stop for these buses is right next to Flamingo. The other option is to take the train I to Aviapolis railway station and take the bus 561 or 562 from there. Other buses: from Tikkurila railway station the bus 562, from Myyrmäki railway station the buses 571, 572, 574, from Helsinki city centre buses 614, 615, 415. References Category:Shopping centres in Vantaa

1996 Australian Open – Mixed Doubles Natasha Zvereva and Rick Leach were the defending champions but only Leach competed that year, with Rennae Stubbs. Stubbs and Leach lost in the first round to Rene Simpson and Daniel Nestor. Larisa Neiland and Mark Woodforde won in the final 4–6, 7–5, 6–0 against Nicole Arendt and Luke Jensen. Seeds Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated. Draw Final Top Half Bottom Half References 1996 ITF Australian Open Mixed Doubles Draw Australian Open - Mixed Doubles Mixed Doubles Category:Australian Open (tennis) by year – Mixed Doubles

Cao Cao may refer to: Companies or organizations Air China Cargo, ICAO airline designator CAO CA Oradea, Romanian football club CA Osasuna, Spanish football club Canadian Association of Orthodontists Central Allocation Office, cross border electricity transmission capacity auction office Central Applications Office, Irish organisation that oversees college applications Civil Aviation Office of Poland Iran Civil Aviation Organization Office of the Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman Job titles Chief administrative officer of a company Chief accounting officer of a company Chief Academic Officer of a University, often titled the Provost Chief analytics officer of a company Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman, an independent office that reviews complaints Names Cao (Chinese surname) (曹) Cao (Vietnamese surname) People Cao Yupeng, a snooker player Cao Cao (died 220), founder of Cao Wei, China Diogo Cão, a 15th-century Portuguese explorer Joseph Cao (born 1967), United States politician Lady of Cao, a Moche mummy, Peru Longbing Cao (born 1969), data scientist Places Cao (state), a Chinese vassal state of the Zhou Dynasty (1046 - 221 BCE) Cao Wei, also called Wei, one of the regimes that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period (220 - 280 CE) Cao County, Shandong, China Other uses Cão!, an album by Portuguese band Ornatos Violeta CA Osasuna, a Spanish sport club Controller Access Object, as described in the ORiN robot interface The chemical symbol for calcium oxide Chlorophyllide-a oxygenase, an enzyme Cold air outbreak, an intense and/or prolonged cold weather wave of air

Camille Norment Camille Norment (born 1970 in Silver Spring, Maryland) is an Oslo-based multimedia artist who works with sound, installation, sculpture, drawing, performance and video. Norment also works as a musician and composer. She performs with Vegar Vårdal and Håvard Skaset in Camille Norment Trio. Education and career Norment studied interactive technologies at New York University and literary science and history of art at the University of Michigan. In the late 1990s, Norment worked at Interval Research, a research and development technology laboratory co-founded by Paul Allen and David Liddle. There, she worked on haptically manipulating media, among other projects. In 2015 the Office for Contemporary Art Norway (OCA) selected her to represent Norway in the Nordic Pavilion at the Venice Biennale, where she presented her work "Rapture". Additionally, Norment has completed several commissioned works to public spaces, amongst others the sound installation "Within the Toll" (2011) for Henie Onstad Kunstsenter and her 2008 work "Triplight", which in 2013 was featured at the entrance of the MoMA exhibition "Soundings: A Contemporary Score." In 2017 Camille Norment presented a solo exhibition at Oslo Kunstforening. This constituted her first solo presentation in Norway. Public art "Dead Room", 2000, The Project, New York. "Triplight", 2008, September Gallery, Berlin, Germany "Within the Toll", 2011, Henie Onstad Kunstsenter Musical work Within the Camille Norment Trio, Norment notably plays the glass armonica, electric guitar, and the Hardanger fiddle. Her own armonica is composed of 24 glass bowls ranging two octaves. Norment has described the sound of the armonica as "...extremely visceral. It's a very pure crystalline sound." References External links Official website Category:21st-century women artists Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:New York University alumni Category:University of Michigan alumni

Wheel of the Year The Wheel of the Year is an annual cycle of seasonal festivals, observed by many modern Pagans, consisting of the year's chief solar events (solstices and equinoxes) and the midpoints between them. While names for each festival vary among diverse pagan traditions, syncretic treatments often refer to the four solar events as "quarter days" and the four midpoint events as "cross-quarter days", particularly in Wicca. Differing sects of modern Paganism also vary regarding the precise timing of each celebration, based on distinctions such as lunar phase and geographic hemisphere. Observing the cycle of the seasons has been important to many people, both ancient and modern. Contemporary Pagan festivals that rely on the Wheel are based to varying degrees on folk traditions, regardless of actual historical pagan practices. Among Wiccans, each festival is also referred to as a sabbat (), based on Gerald Gardner's claim that the term was passed down from the Middle Ages, when the terminology for Jewish Shabbat was commingled with that of other heretical celebrations. Contemporary conceptions of the Wheel of the Year calendar were largely influenced by mid-20th century British Paganism. Origins Historical and archaeological evidence suggests ancient pagan and polytheist peoples varied in their cultural observations; Anglo-Saxons celebrated the solstices and equinoxes, while Celts celebrated the seasonal divisions with various fire festivals. In the 10th century Cormac Mac Cárthaigh wrote about "four great fires...lighted up on the four great festivals of the Druids...in February, May, August, and November." The contemporary Neopagan festival cycle, prior to being known as the Wheel of the Year, was influenced by works such as The Golden Bough by James George Frazer (1890) and The Witch-Cult in Western Europe (1921) by Margaret Murray. Frazer claimed that Beltane (the beginning of summer) and Samhain (the beginning of winter) were the most important of the four Gaelic festivals mentioned by Cormac. Murray used records from early modern witch trials, as well as the folklore surrounding European witchcraft, in an attempt to identify the festivals celebrated by a supposedly widespread underground pagan religion that had survived into the early modern period. Murray reports a 1661 trial record from Forfar, Scotland, where the accused witch (Issobell Smyth) is connected with meetings held "every quarter at Candlemas, Rud−day, Lambemas, and Hallomas." In The White Goddess (1948) Robert Graves claimed that, despite Christianization, the importance of agricultural and social cycles had preserved the "continuity of the ancient British festal system" consisting of eight holidays: "English social life was based on agriculture, grazing, and hunting" implicit in "the popular celebration of the festivals now known as Candlemas, Lady Day, May Day, Midsummer Day, Lammas, Michaelmas, All-Hallowe'en, and Christmas; it was also secretly preserved as religious doctrine in the covens of the anti-Christian witch-cult." By the late 1950s the Bricket Wood coven led by Gerald Gardner and the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids led by Ross Nichols had both adopted eight-fold ritual calendars, in order to hold more frequent celebrations. Popular legend holds that Gardner and Nichols developed the calendar during a naturist retreat, where Gardner argued for a celebration of the solstices and equinoxes while Nichols argued for a celebration of the four Celtic fire festivals, and combined the two ideas into a single festival cycle. Though this coordination eventually had the benefit of more closely aligning celebrations between the two early Neopagan groups, Gardner's first published writings omit any mention of the solstices and equinoxes, focusing exclusively on the fire festivals. Gardner initially referred to these as "May eve, August eve, November eve (Hallowe'en), and February eve." Gardner further identified these modern witch festivals with the Gaelic fire festivals Beltene, Lugnasadh, Samhuin, and Brigid. By the mid-1960s, the phrase Wheel of the Year had been coined to describe the yearly cycle of witches' holidays. Aidan Kelly gave names to the summer solstice (Litha) and equinox holidays (Ostara and Mabon) of Wicca in 1974, and these were popularized by Timothy Zell through his magazine Green Egg. Popularization of these names happened gradually; in her 1978 book Witchcraft For Tomorrow influential Wiccan Doreen Valiente did not use Kelly's names, instead simply identifying the solstices and equinoxes ("Lesser Sabbats") by their seasons. Valiente identified the four "Greater Sabbats", or fire festivals, by the names Candlemas, May Eve, Lammas, and Hallowe'en, though she also identified their Irish counterparts as Imbolc, Beltane, Lughnassadh, and Samhain. Due to early Wicca's influence on Modern Paganism and the syncretic adoption of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic motifs, the most commonly used English festival names for the Wheel of the Year tend to be the Celtic ones introduced by Gardner and the mostly Germanic-derived names introduced by Kelly, even when the celebrations are not based on those cultures. The American Ásatrú movement has adopted, over time, a calendar in which the Heathen major holidays figure alongside many Days of Remembrance which celebrate heroes of the Edda and the Sagas, figures of Germanic history, and the Viking Leif Ericson, who explored and settled Vinland (North America). These festivals are not, however, as evenly distributed throughout the year as in Wicca and other Heathen denominations. Festivals In many traditions of modern Pagan cosmology, all things are considered to be cyclical, with time as a perpetual cycle of growth and retreat tied to the Sun's annual death and rebirth. This cycle is also viewed as a micro- and macrocosm of other life cycles in an immeasurable series of cycles composing the Universe. The days that fall on the landmarks of the yearly cycle traditionally mark the beginnings and middles of the four seasons. They are regarded with significance and host to major communal festivals. These eight festivals are the most common times for community celebrations. While the "major" festivals are usually the quarter and cross-quarter days, other festivals are also celebrated throughout the year, especially among the non-Wiccan traditions such as those of polytheistic reconstructionism and other ethnic traditions. In Wiccan and Wicca-influenced traditions, the festivals, being tied to solar movements, have generally been steeped in solar mythology and symbolism, centered on the life cycles of the sun. Similarly, the Wiccan esbats are traditionally tied to the lunar cycles. Together, they represent the most common celebrations in Wiccan-influenced forms of Neopaganism, especially in contemporary Witchcraft groups. Winter Solstice (Yule) Midwinter, known commonly as Yule or within modern Druid traditions as Alban Arthan, has been recognised as a significant turning point in the yearly cycle since the late Stone Age. The ancient megalithic sites of Newgrange and Stonehenge, carefully aligned with the solstice sunrise and sunset, exemplify this. The reversal of the Sun's ebbing presence in the sky symbolizes the rebirth of the solar god and presages the return of fertile seasons. From Germanic to Roman tradition, this is the most important time of celebration. Practices vary, but sacrifice offerings, feasting, and gift giving are common elements of Midwinter festivities. Bringing sprigs and wreaths of evergreenery (such as holly, ivy, mistletoe, yew, and pine) into the home and tree decorating are also common during this time. In Roman traditions additional festivities take place during the six days leading up to Midwinter. Imbolc (Candlemas) The cross-quarter day following Midwinter falls on the first of February and traditionally marks the first stirrings of spring. It aligns with the contemporary observance of Groundhog Day. It is time for purification and spring cleaning in anticipation of the year's new life. In Rome, it was historically a shepherd's holiday, while the Celts associated it with the onset of ewes' lactation, prior to birthing the spring lambs. For Celtic pagans, the festival is dedicated to the goddess Brigid, daughter of The Dagda and one of the Tuatha Dé Danann. Among Reclaiming tradition Witches, this is the traditional time for pledges and rededications for the coming year and for initiation among Dianic Wiccans. Spring Equinox (Ostara) Derived from a reconstruction produced by linguist Jacob Grimm of an Old High German form of the Old English goddess name Ēostre, Ostara marks the vernal equinox in some modern Pagan traditions. Known as Alban Eilir, meaning Light of the Earth, to modern Druid traditions, this holiday is the second of three spring celebrations (the midpoint between Imbolc and Beltane), during which light and darkness are again in balance, with light on the rise. It is a time of new beginnings and of life emerging further from the grips of winter. Beltane (May Eve) Traditionally the first day of summer in Ireland, in Rome the earliest celebrations appeared in pre-Christian times with the festival of Flora, the Roman goddess of flowers, and the Walpurgisnacht celebrations of the Germanic countries. Since the Christianisation of Europe, a more secular version of the festival has continued in Europe and America, commonly referred to as May Day. In this form, it is well known for maypole dancing and the crowning of the Queen of the May. Celebrated by many pagan traditions, among modern Druids this festival recognizes the power of life in its fullness, the greening of the world, youthfulness and flourishing. Summer Solstice (Litha) Midsummer is one of the four solar holidays and is considered the turning point at which summer reaches its height and the sun shines longest. Among the Wiccan sabbats, Midsummer is preceded by Beltane, and followed by Lammas or Lughnasadh. Some Wiccan traditions call the festival Litha, a name occurring in Bede's The Reckoning of Time (, 8th century), which preserves a list of the (then-obsolete) Anglo-Saxon names for the twelve months. (first or preceding ) roughly corresponds to June in the Gregorian calendar, and (following ) to July. Bede writes that "Litha means gentle or navigable, because in both these months the calm breezes are gentle and they were wont to sail upon the smooth sea". Modern Druids celebrate this festival as Alban Hefin, "Light of Summer." The sun in its greatest strength is greeted and celebrated on this holiday. While it is the time of greatest strength of the solar current, it also marks a turning point, for the sun also begins its time of decline as the wheel of the year turns. Arguably the most important festival of the Druid traditions, due to the great focus on the sun and its light as a symbol of divine inspiration. Druid groups frequently celebrate this event at Stonehenge. Lughnasadh (Lammas) Lammas or Lughnasadh () is the first of the three Wiccan harvest festivals, the other two being the autumnal equinox (or Mabon) and Samhain. Wiccans mark the holiday by baking a figure of the god in bread and eating it, to symbolise the sanctity and importance of the harvest. Celebrations vary, as not all Pagans are Wiccans. The Irish name Lughnasadh is used in some traditions to designate this holiday. Wiccan celebrations of this holiday are neither generally based on Celtic culture nor centered on the Celtic deity Lugh. This name seems to have been a late adoption among Wiccans. In early versions of Wiccan literature the festival is referred to as August Eve. The name Lammas (contraction of loaf mass) implies it is an agrarian-based festival and feast of thanksgiving for grain and bread, which symbolises the first fruits of the harvest. Christian festivals may incorporate elements from the Pagan Ritual. Autumn Equinox (Mabon) The holiday of the autumnal equinox, Harvest Home, Mabon, the Feast of the Ingathering, or (in Neo-Druid traditions), is a modern Pagan ritual of thanksgiving for the fruits of the earth and a recognition of the need to share them to secure the blessings of the Goddess and the God during the coming winter months. The name Mabon was coined by Aidan Kelly around 1970 as a reference to , a character from Welsh mythology. Among the sabbats, it is the second of the three Pagan harvest festivals, preceded by Lammas / Lughnasadh and followed by Samhain. Samhain (Hallowe'en) Samhain () is considered by Wiccans to be one of the four Greater Sabbats. Samhain is considered by some as a time to celebrate the lives of those who have passed on, and it often involves paying respect to ancestors, family members, elders of the faith, friends, pets, and other loved ones who have died. Aligned with the contemporary observance of Halloween and Day of the Dead. In some rituals the spirits of the departed are invited to attend the festivities. It is seen as a festival of darkness, which is balanced at the opposite point of the wheel by the festival of Beltane, which is celebrated as a festival of light and fertility. Many Pagans believe that at Samhain the veil between this world and the afterlife is at its thinnest point of the whole year, making it easier to communicate with those who have left this world. Minor festivals In addition to the eight major holidays common to most modern Pagans, there are a number of minor holidays during the year to commemorate various events. Germanic Some of the holidays listed in the "Runic Era Calender" of the Ásatrú Alliance: Vali's Blot, celebration dedicated to the god Váli and to love — 14 February Feast of the Einherjar, celebration to honor kin who died in battle — 11 November Ancestors' Blot, celebration of one's own ancestry or the common ancestors of a Germanic ethnicity — 11 November Yggdrasil Day, celebration of the world tree Yggdrasil, of the reality world it represents, of trees and nature — 22 April Winterfinding, celebration which marks the beginning of winter, held on a date between Haustblot and Winternights (mid-October) Summerfinding, celebration which marks the beginning of summer, held on a date between Ostara and Walpurgis Night (mid-April) Practice Celebration commonly takes place outdoors in the form of a communal gathering. Dates of celebration The precise dates on which festivals are celebrated are often flexible. Dates may be on the days of the quarter and cross-quarter days proper, the nearest full moon, the nearest new moon, or the nearest weekend for secular convenience. The festivals were originally celebrated by peoples in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Consequently, the traditional times for seasonal celebrations do not agree with the seasons in the Southern Hemisphere or near the equator. Pagans in the Southern Hemisphere often advance these dates by six months to coincide with their own seasons. Offerings Offerings of food, drink, various objects, etc. have been central in ritual propitiation and veneration for millennia. Modern Pagan practice strongly avoids sacrificing animals in favour of grains, herbs, milk, wines, incense, baked goods, minerals, etc. The exception being with ritual feasts including meat, where the inedible parts of the animal are often burned as offerings while the community eats the rest. Sacrifices are typically offered to gods and ancestors by burning them. Burying and leaving offerings in the open are also common in certain circumstances. The purpose of offering is to benefit the venerated, show gratitude, and give something back, strengthening the bonds between humans and divine and between members of a community. Narratives Celtic It is a misconception in some quarters of the Neopagan community, influenced by the writings of Robert Graves, that historical Celts had an overarching narrative for the entire cycle of the year. While the various Celtic calendars include some cyclical patterns, and a belief in the balance of light and dark, these beliefs vary between the different Celtic cultures. Modern preservationists and revivalists usually observe the four 'fire festivals' of the Gaelic Calendar, and some also observe local festivals that are held on dates of significance in the different Celtic nations. Slavic Slavic mythology tells of a persisting conflict involving Perun, god of thunder and lightning, and Veles, the black god and horned god of the underworld. Enmity between the two is initiated by Veles' annual ascent up the world tree in the form of a huge serpent and his ultimate theft of Perun's divine cattle from the heavenly domain. Perun retaliates to this challenge of the divine order by pursuing Veles, attacking with his lightning bolts from the sky. Veles taunts Perun and flees, transforming himself into various animals and hiding behind trees, houses, even people. (Lightning bolts striking down trees or homes were explained as results of this.) In the end Perun overcomes and defeats Veles, returning him to his place in the realm of the dead. Thus the order of the world is maintained. The idea that storms and thunder are actually divine battle is pivotal to the changing of the seasons. Dry periods are identified as chaotic results of Veles' thievery. This duality and conflict represents an opposition of the natural principles of earth, water, substance, and chaos (Veles) and of heaven, fire, spirit, order (Perun), not a clash of good and evil. The cosmic battle between the two also echoes the ancient Indo-European narrative of a fight between the sky-borne storm god and chthonic dragon. On the great night (New Year), two children of Perun are born, Jarilo, god of fertility and vegetation and son of the Moon, and Morana, goddess of nature and death and daughter of the Sun. On the same night, the infant Jarilo is snatched and taken to the underworld, where Veles raises him as his own. At the time of the spring equinox, Jarilo returns across the sea from the world of the dead, bringing with him fertility and spring from the evergreen underworld into the realm of the living. He meets his sister Morana and courts her. With the beginning of summer, the two are married bringing fertility and abundance to Earth, ensuring a bountiful harvest. The union of Perun's kin and Veles' stepson brings peace between two great gods, staving off storms which could damage the harvest. After the harvest, however, Jarilo is unfaithful to his wife and she vengefully slays him, returning him to the underworld and renewing enmity between Perun and Veles. Without her husband, god of fertility and vegetation, Morana – and all of nature with her – withers and freezes in the ensuing winter. She grows into the old and dangerous goddess of darkness and frost, eventually dying by the year's end only to be reborn again with her brother in the new year. Modern Wicca and Neo-druidism In Wicca, the narrative of the Wheel of the Year traditionally centres on the sacred marriage of the God and the Goddess and the god/goddess duality. In this cycle, the God is perpetually born from the Goddess at Yule, grows in power at the vernal equinox (as does the Goddess, now in her maiden aspect), courts and impregnates the Goddess at Beltane, reaches his peak at the summer solstice, wanes in power at Lammas, passes into the underworld at Samhain (taking with him the fertility of the Goddess/Earth, who is now in her crone aspect) until he is once again born from Her mother/crone aspect at Yule. The Goddess, in turn, ages and rejuvenates endlessly with the seasons, being courted by and giving birth to the Horned God. Many Wiccan, Neo-Druid, and eclectic Neopagans incorporate a narrative of the Holly King and Oak King as rulers of the waning year and the waxing year respectively. These two figures battle endlessly with the turning of the seasons. At the summer solstice, the Holly King defeats the Oak King and commences his reign. After the Autumn equinox the Oak King slowly begins to regain his power as the sun begins to wane. Come the winter solstice the Oak King in turn vanquishes the Holly King.After the spring equinox the sun begins to wax again and the Holly King slowly regains his strength until he once again defeats the Oak King at the summer solstice. The two are ultimately seen as essential parts of a whole, light and dark aspects of the male God, and would not exist without each other. The Holly King is often portrayed as a woodsy figure, similar to the modern Santa Claus, dressed in red with sprigs of holly in his hair and the Oak King as a fertility god. See also List of Neo-Pagan festivals and events Celtic calendar Gaelic calendar Welsh seasonal festivals Germanic calendar Runic calendar Hellenic calendars Attic calendar Ancient Macedonian calendar Roman calendar Roman festivals Ember days Medicine wheel—a metaphor for a variety of spiritual concepts in some Native American cultures. Solar terms—divisions of the year in China and East Asia References External links Ásatrú Alliance holidays Sacred Calendar of Asatru by Odin's Volk Norse Holidays and Festivals Seasons (astronomically) by Archaeoastronomy Guide to the Equinoxes and Solstices The Wheel of the Sun Year and Twelve Moon Months List of traditional Indo-European festivals Category:Neopagan holidays Category:Time in religion Category:Wicca cs:Sabat (wicca)

Norman Peterkin George Norman Peterkin (Liverpool, 21 December 1886 - Guildford, 15 December 1982), known to all as Norman, was an English composer and music publisher. He is perhaps best known today for his brief song “I heard a piper piping”. Peterkin was born in Liverpool and was mostly self-taught in music. He started work with the local organ builder Rushworth & Dreaper in the late 1900s, moving to their Singapore office in 1911, and later to Hong Kong. While there he established himself as a pianist and also began to compose, much influenced by Cyril Scott. He returned to England in 1918. In 1924 he became second-in-command to Hubert Foss at the Oxford University Press Music Department (which had published some of his songs), taking over as head of department when Foss resigned in 1941. The strain of keeping things going almost alone throughout the war exhausted him, and he asked for early retirement at the end of 1947. He was succeeded at OUP by Alan Frank. As a composer, Peterkin wrote mostly songs and a few short piano pieces. Most of these were composed during his stay abroad, on his return to Liverpool in the early 1920s and then on to London. His contemporaries there were Peter Warlock and Bernard van Dieren. He also became friendly with Kaikhosru Sorabji and Elizabeth Poston, whom he encouraged. Sorabji dedicated four of his works to Peterkin. Recordings The Songs of Norman Peterkin Charlotte de Rothschild (soprano), Adrian Farmer (piano) Lyrita Records References Category:1886 births Category:1982 deaths Category:English composers See also Klemm, Gustav.Norman Peterkin: The Man and his Music, in Monthly Musical Record, 1933. Chisholm, Alastair. A tribute to Norman Peterkin, 1982.

Colón Department, Córdoba Colón Department is a department of Córdoba Province in Argentina. The provincial subdivision has a population of about 171,067 inhabitants in an area of , and its capital city is Jesús María, which is located from Buenos Aires. Settlements Agua de Oro Ascochinga Colonia Caroya Colonia Tirolesa Colonia Vicente Agüero Dumesnil El Manzano Estación General Paz Estación Juárez Celman Jesús María La Calera La Granja Malvinas Argentinas Mendiolaza Mi Granja Río Ceballos Saldán Salsipuedes Tinoco Unquillo Villa Allende Villa Cerro Azul Category:Departments of Córdoba Province, Argentina

Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (abbreviated Li-NMC, LNMC, NMC or NCM) are mixed oxides of lithium, nickel, manganese and cobalt. They have the general formula LiNixMnyCozO2. The most important representatives have a composition with x + y + z = 1 and are closely related to lithium cobalt(III) oxide (LiCoO2) and have a layered structure like these. Nowadays, NMCs they are among the most important storage materials for lithium ions in lithium ion batteries. They are used there on the positive pole side, which acts as the cathode during discharge. Use of NMC accumulators NMC batteries are found in most electric cars. NMC batteries were installed in the BMW ActiveE in 2011/2011, and from 2013 in the BMW i8. Electric cars with NMC batteries include, as of 2020: Audi e-tron GE, BAIC EU5 R550, BMW i3, BYD Yuan EV535, Chevrolet Bolt, Hyundai Kona Electric, Jaguar I-Pace, Jiangling Motors JMC E200L, NIO ES6, Nissan Leaf S Plus, Renault ZOE, Roewe Ei5, VW e-Golf and VW ID.3. There are only a few electric car manufacturers that do not use NMC in their traction batteries. The most important exception is Tesla, as Tesla uses NCA batteries for its vehicles. However, the home storage Tesla Powerwall is said to be based on NMC. NMC is also used for mobile electronics such as mobile phones/smartphones, laptops in most pedelec batteries. For these applications, batteries with lithium cobalt oxide LCO were still used almost exclusively in 2008. Another application of NMC batteries are battery storage power stations. In Korea, for example, two such storage systems with NMC for frequency regulation were installed in 2016: one with 16 MW capacity and 6 MWh energy and one with 24 MW and 9 MWh. In 2017/2018, a battery with over 30 MW capacity and 11 MWh was installed and commissioned in Newman in the Australian state of Western Australia. Properties of NMC accumulators The cell voltage of lithium ion batteries with NMC is 3.6–3.7 V. References Category:Manganese compounds Category:Lithium compounds Category:Nickel compounds Category:Cobalt compounds Category:Oxygen compounds

East Brunswick Township East Brunswick Township may refer to the following townships in the United States: East Brunswick Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey East Brunswick Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania

Cal Poly San Luis Obispo College of Architecture and Environmental Design The California Polytechnic State University College of Architecture and Environmental Design (or CAED) is one of Cal Poly San Luis Obispo's six colleges. Cal Poly's CAED program has nearly 1,900 students and is one of the largest programs in the United States. The college offers bachelor's degrees in five departments, as well as two master's degree programs. General information In the 2014 edition of "America's Best Architecture & Design Schools" published by the leading architecture and design journal DesignIntelligence, Cal Poly was rated the No. 1 undergraduate architecture program in the nation. The landscape architecture program is ranked No. 1 in the Western region and No. 4 in the nation. Departments Architectural Engineering Department Head Allan Estes. The Architectural Engineering department is accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology to offer Bachelor of Science (BS) degrees. Architecture Department Head Margot McDonald.The Architecture department is accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB), and offers both Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) and Masters of Science in Architecture (MS-Arch) degrees. The undergraduate program is a five-year program. About one in twenty architects in the United States, and one in five in California, are graduates of Cal Poly. The journal DesignIntelligence has continually ranked the architecture program among the top 10 in the nation in its annual edition of "America's Best Architecture & Design Schools. More specifically, Cal Poly's undergraduate architecture program placed sixth in 2007, fourth in 2008, third in 2009, third in 2010, fourth in 2011, fourth in 2012, and fifth in 2013. In 2014, Cal Poly's program ranked first. City and Regional Planning Department Head Hemalata Dandekar.The City and Regional Planning department is accredited by the Planning Accreditation Board and offers Bachelor of Science in City and Regional Planning (BSCRP) and Master of City and Regional Planning (MCRP) degrees. Construction Management Department Head Allan J. Hauck.The Construction Management department is accredited by the American Council for Construction Education. Landscape Architecture Interim Department Head Omar Faruque.The Landscape Architecture department is accredited by the Landscape Architectural Accreditation Board and offers Bachelor of Landscape Architecture (BL Arch) degrees. Admissions For freshmen entering Fall 2017, the College of Architecture and Environmental Design accepted 38% of applicants (805 accepted/2,114 applied); entering freshmen had an average GPA of 3.97, average ACT Composite of 29, and average SAT score of 1314. See also Architecture Landscape architecture Urban planning Regional planning Environmental design California Polytechnic State University Notes References Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo - College of Architecture and Environmental Design, university-directory.eu External links California Polytechnic State University California Polytechnic State University College of Architecture & Environmental Design Category:Universities and colleges in San Luis Obispo County, California Category:Buildings and structures in San Luis Obispo, California Category:California Polytechnic State University Category:Architecture schools in California Category:Landscape architecture schools Category:Educational institutions established in 1948 Category:1948 establishments in California

Death and Diamonds (film) Death and Diamonds () is a 1968 German thriller film directed by Harald Reinl and starring George Nader, Carl Möhner, and Heinz Weiss. It was part of the Jerry Cotton series of films about an FBI agent. It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art director Ernst H. Albrecht. Location shooting took place in Los Angeles, Berlin and the Dalmatian coast. Plot Jerry Cotton goes undercover to take out a criminal organisation including its bosses. Disguised as a British specialist for alarm systems he joins the gang which has a preference for diamonds. Taking part in their current activities he tries to get to their leaders. Although he works as prudent as he can he arouses suspicion and becomes a target himself. Cast References Bibliography External links Category:1968 films Category:West German films Category:1960s action thriller films Category:1960s heist films Category:1960s sequel films Category:1960s spy thriller films Category:German action thriller films Category:German sequel films Category:German spy thriller films Category:German heist films Category:German-language films Category:Films directed by Harald Reinl Category:Films set in the United States Category:Films based on crime novels Category:Films based on German novels Category:Constantin Film films Category:Films shot at Tempelhof Studios

Tiran, Iran Tiran (, also Romanized as Tīrān; also known as Tehrān, Tihrān, and Tirūn) is a city in and the capital of Tiran and Karvan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 15,673, in 4,431 families. References Category:Populated places in Tiran and Karvan County Category:Cities in Isfahan Province

HMS Arrow Seven ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Arrow, after the projectile: , a 20-gun sloop launched in 1796 that the French frigates and captured near Gibraltar on 4 February 1805; she sank the same day , a 14-gun cutter launched at Deptford Dockyard on 7 September 1805, and converted to a breakwater in May 1815. Broken up in May 1828. , a 10-gun cutter launched at Portsmouth on 14 March 1823 and broken up in January 1852. , a 477-ton wooden screw dispatch vessel launched at Leamouth on 26 June 1854 and sold on 19 May 1862. , an Ant-class iron gunboat launched at Greenwich on 22 April 1871 and sold on 1 March 1922. , launched 1929, was an destroyer that served in World War II and was damaged beyond repair in Algiers harbour in 1944 when an ammunition ship exploded. The hulk was broken up in May 1949. , launched 1974, was a Type 21 frigate that served in the Falklands War. She was sold to Pakistan in 1994 and renamed . The Royal Australian Navy had a 146-ton patrol boat . Launched on 17 February 1968, it was wrecked on 25 December 1974 at Darwin, Australia during Cyclone Tracy. Battle honours Ships named Arrow have earned the following battle honours: Copehagen, 1801 Cape Tenez, 1805 San Sebastian, 1813 Crimea, 1854−55 Norway, 1940 Atlantic, 1940−43 North Sea, 1942 Libya, 1942 Malta Convoys, 1942 Sicily, 1943 Falkland Islands, 1982 References Category:Royal Navy ship names

Shay Elliott Memorial Race The Shay Elliott Memorial race is a one-day race held in Spring in Ireland. It is run in honour of former Irish professional cyclist Seamus Shay Elliott. The race was previously known as the Route de Chill Mhantain. It became the Shay Elliott Trophy in the late sixties, then the Shay Elliott Memorial after his death in 1971. The race is the most prestigious Irish one-day event after the national championships. History In 1958, the first Route de Chill Mhantáin was held, organised by Bray Wheelers, a cycling club from Bray, Co. Wicklow. It was devised by Joe Loughman one of the main organisers of the club who wanted to make a tough race over the Wicklow Mountains. The race begins and finishes in Bray after taking a loop that goes over the Wicklow Mountains including the steep ascent of the Old Wicklow Gap, locally known as Croghan, as well as the Glenmalure climb where there is the Shay Elliott monument. The Route de Chill Mhantáin was the first open massed start race that Bray Wheelers had organised. The first edition was won by John Lackey. The race was renamed ‘The Shay Elliott Memorial’ in later years. The trophy presented each year was won by Elliott himself as a prize for best amateur in France in 1955. Winners of the race include the best of Irish cycling including two-time champion Sean Kelly (who was the only rider to have won the race while still a junior), former professional Peter Crinnion, two time Tour of Ireland winner Pat McQuaid, Peter Doyle (the first rider to win the Tour of Ireland and the Ras Tailteann) and Phil Cassidy (a two-time winner of the Ras Tailteann). In 2002 the race became an international race. The 2015 edition of the race was won by former Track World Champion Martyn Irvine. References Past winners External links Official Website of the organisers of the Shay Elliot Memorial –Bray Wheelers Category:Cycle races in Ireland Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1958 Category:1958 establishments in Ireland Category:Men's road bicycle races Category:Spring (season) events in the Republic of Ireland

Timeline of the Mensalão scandal The Mensalão scandal () took place in Brazil in 2005 and threatened to bring down the government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Mensalão is a neologism and variant of the word for "big monthly payment" (salário mensal or mensalidade). June 8 June 2005 - A CPI is installed to investigate alleged corruption in the Post Office after the testimony of Roberto Jefferson. Workers Party treasurer Delúbio Soares denied the claims in a press conference and said that he would authorize the investigation of all of his personal bank accounts. 14 June - Additional testimony of Roberto Jefferson in front of the Council of Ethics of the Chamber of the Deputies. Jefferson says that he informed the ministers Aldo Rebelo, , Ciro Gomes, Miro Teixeira, José Dirceu and Antônio Palocci about the alleged payments. Palocci and Dirceu deny they were warned by Jefferson; Rebelo, Guia, and Gomes, and Teixeira confirm that Jefferson warned them about the existence of the "mensalão". Roberto Jefferson states that José Dirceu should resign from the government "quickly". 16 June - Minister of Civilian Household José Dirceu resigns. Dirceu was labeled by his opponents the "Rasputin" of the government because he was a strong figure with influence over President Lula. 17 June - Roberto Jefferson leaves the presidency of the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB) 22 June - Deputy Raquel Teixeira (Goiás) testifying in front of the Council of Ethics confirms that on 18 February 2004 deputy Sandro Mabel of the Liberal Party (PL) invited her to leave the PSDB in exchange for a monthly payment if she also promised to support the government. According to Raquel, the offer was R$30,000 (about 12,913 USD) a month - which could be increased up to a sum of R$50,000 (about 21,521 USD) with R$1 million ($430,420) as a "bonus" at the end of the year. Raquel says she denounced the request and spoke to the governor of Goiás Marconi Perillo about it. 22 June - Governor Marconi Perillo (PSDB-Goiás) tells the Council of Ethics that on 5 March 2004 during an official visit of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to the food enterprise Perdigão S.A. in Rio Verde, he notified and warned the president about the offer received by deputy Raquel Teixeira (PSDB-Goiás). 30 June – With his left eye injured due to an accident moving an armoire - Deputy Roberto Jefferson (PTB-Rio de Janeiro) testifies to the Post Office CPI. Jefferson says that the agency of the Rural Bank at the 9th floor of Brasilia Shopping mall is used to withdraw the money of mensalão since the delivery by suitcases got very risky. July 4 July – Workers Party member Silvio Pereira resigns from his post as secretary general of the party. According to Jefferson he was the manager of the "mensalão". 4 July – The magazine Veja publishes photos of a contract from the Bank BMG S/A indicating Marcos Valério as the guarantor of a 17 February 2003 R$2.4 million bank loan to the Workers Party (PT). The document was signed by Workers Party President José Genoíno and party treasurer Delúbio Soares. Genoino claimed that he didn’t read the document when he signed it. Valério had paid back the first R$300,000 of the loan. 5 July – Workers Party (PT) treasurer Delúbio Soares resigned. Deputy (leader of the PMDB) claimed that Valério, despite not having a public post, directly took part in the nomination of directors for strategic positions in state-run enterprises. Valério denied the claim. 6 July – It is discovered that Marcos Valério had moved more than R$800 million within his bank accounts in the past 3 years. 6 July – Marcos Valério testified before the Post Office CPI and maintained that he did not do anything illegal. The veracity of his testimony was questioned by parliamentarians and many political analysts because Valério spoke under a preemptive habeas corpus (exempting the individual from certain legal sanctions for not telling the truth) granted by Brazilian courts. 6 July – Deputy (PL-RJ), former bishop of the Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) denied involvement in the scandal. 7 July – It became public that the Bank of Brazil (BB) had loaned R$20 million to the Workers' Party without any guarantor or guarantees. The CPI for the Post Office began to investigate loans to the Workers’ Party. There were also new claims that members or supporters of the Workers' Party had unique control of the bank. 7 July – The bank, postal, and telephone records of Roberto Jefferson, Delúbio Soares, José Genoíno and José Dirceu were subpoenaed. 8 July - José Adalberto Vieira da Silva, an adviser to deputy José Nobre Guimarães, who is the brother of Workers’ Party President José Genoíno, was detained at Cumbica airport in Guarulhos (SP) with US$100,000 in cash stuffed in his underpants and R$200,000 in his luggage. 9 July - Workers' Party president José Genoíno resigns. 12 July - Lula completes a ministerial reform which includes the removal of cabinet-level ministerial status from Luiz Gushiken, the Secretariat of Government Communication and Strategic Management (Secom), who had been suspected of having questionable relationships with pensions firms under his jurisdiction. 14 July – Mauro Marcelo, director of the Agência Brasileira de Inteligência (Abin), resigns after calling the Post Office CPI a "circus ring" and their members "wild beasts". Henrique Pizzolato, director of Marketing and Communications for the Banco do Brasil petitions for retirement. Several days earlier, Fernanda Karina Somaggio, former secretary of Marcos Valério had accused the director of being part of the circle that connected Valério to the government. Pizzolato had already been attacked because he used Banco do Brasil funds to pay for a Brazilian country music (sertaneja) concert which returned profits to the Workers Party (PT). 15 July - During an interview with the national newscast Jornal Nacional (Rede Globo) Marcos Valério admits that the funds in his bank accounts were used as loans to the Workers Party (PT), thereby administering an illegal off-book accounting scheme for the party. 15 July - A number of non-governmental parties assert that Valerio's concessions are actually a strategy to reduce the apparent severity of the crimes since the penalties for off-book accounting are less severe. Some parliamentarians on the CPI recall the "Uruguay Operation", a fictitious financial entity created by some supporters of the impeached President Fernando Collor de Mello to explain his alleged large financial gains. The deputy Eduardo Paes (PSDB-RJ) labels the Marcos Valério claims as the "Paraguay Operation" as an allusion to this episode. The Paraguayan ambassador to Brazil Luis González Arias protests against the use of the name of his country in this "pejorative manner". 17 July - During an interview to Rede Globo, Workers Party treasurer Delúbio Soares says that the only impropriety he committed was the use of off-book accounting as described by the businessman Marcos Valério two days earlier. 17 July - In Paris for the Bastille Day celebrations, Brazilian President Lula says during an exclusive interview with a Brazilian freelance journalist aired in Brazil by Rede Globo that off-book accounting is a "common practice in Brazil". 19 July - The former secretary-general of the Workers Party (PT) Silvio Pereira testifies with habeas corpus protection before the CPI on the Post Office. He does not explain how he received a Land Rover from an employee of the firm GDK whose president César Oliveira Silvio he admits to knowing. GDK had won a major contract of R$90 million together with Petrobras in 2004. Silvio Pereira, whose salary as a worker of the PT is R$9,000 per month, is accused of living a lifestyle incompatible with his inheritance and income, including a penthouse apartment in São Paulo and a mansion in Ilhabela 19 July - The subpoenaed bank records of Marcos Valério and his businesses reveal connections to the leaders of a number of parties, including the PT. The then former President of the House of Deputies João Paulo Cunha (PT-SP) appears to be the beneficiary of a withdrawal of R$50 thousand made by wife. This information denies his previous claim that his wife was seen at the Banco Rural branch only while paying a cable television bill. It is also discovered that there were withdrawals of R$320 thousand made by Anita Leocádia, an advisor to the leader of the PT in the House Paulo Rocha (PT-BA), in addition to numerous other withdrawals made by advisors to PT members and other party leaders. 20 July - The Vote Buying Congressional Inquiry (CPI) is installed. 20 July - Workers' Party (PT) treasurer Delúbio Soares testifies under habeas corpus protection before the Post Office CPI. He says that the only irregularity practiced by his party is book-off accounting and that he is the only guilty party. 20 July - Maria Christina Mendes Caldeira, the former wife of Deputy Valdemar Costa Neto (PL), accuses Valdemar of receiving the "mensalão". She says her former husband illegally brought dollars into Brazil and that he is a compulsive gambler. 20 July - Also, the STF, after a communication from the Council for Control of Financial Activities (COAF), blocks an account of Marcos Valério's wife Renilda Fernandes de Souza after she tried to withdraw R$1.8 million from a Bank Boston account in Belo Horizonte, MG 20 July - The President of the Municipal Foundation of Culture in Belo Horizonte Rodrigo Barroso Fernandes resigns because of accusations related to money laundering. He has ties to Belo Horizonte mayor Fernando Pimentel (PT) because of his work as treasurer during the 2002 election campaign. Rodrigo's name had appeared in the lists of withdrawals from the accounts of Valério's firms SMP&B and DNA (including a R$350 thousand withdrawal from an account of SMP&B with Banco Rural). 21 July - Deputy Paulo Rocha resigns as the leader of the Workers' Party (PT) in the Chamber of Deputies. 22 July – In Rio de Janeiro, Lula states that "among 180 million Brazilians, there is not a single man or woman" that can lecture him about ethics and that the "Brazilian elite" will not bring him down. 22 July - The head of the CPI on the Post Office Delcídio Amaral admits that Roberto Costa Pinho worked for his election campaign in 2002. Roberto was discovered to have initiated a withdrawal of R$350 thousand from an account of SMP&B, a firm of Valério's. Also, Amaral confirms that he was guarantor of a rent contract for a house in Campo Grande/Mato Grosso do Sul for Costa Pinho. 22 July - The former secretary-general of the Workers' Party (PT) Silvio Pereira admits that it was improper to accept a Land Rover from a businessman. He apologizes and requests his disaffiliation from the Workers' Party. 22 July - Newspapers, including O Globo, report that the police have recorded a phone conversation between members of the "máfia da previdência", a gang specializing in fraud against the National Social Security Institute (INSS) and the Receita Federal (Federal Revenue Service), mentioning the names of political figures Delúbio Soares, José Dirceu and Roberto Jefferson. The Ministério Público Federal (the Federal Prosecutor's Office) begins to investigate the new connection. here 28 July - Newspapers report that Delúbio Soares had told the General Public Prosecution Office that the loans guaranteed by Marcos Valério paid expenses connected to the government transition and Presidential inauguration. 28 July – In Rio Grande do Sul, Lula states that the economy is vulnerable and that the policies of his government had antagonized the opposition. August 1 August - President of the PL, Valdemar Costa Neto, resigns. He concedes that he received illegal money to pay off debts from his political campaigns. 2 August - President of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) Eduardo Azeredo confesses that his reelection campaign for the state of Minas Gerais maintained a system of off-book funds and received money from Marcos Valério. Azeredo tries to minimize the weight of the accusations against him by claiming they attempt to divert attention from the investigations of the CPI for the Post Office. He maintains that funding irregularities in the election campaigns should not be confused with the more serious charges regarding monthly payments to influence congressional votes. 2 August - Deputy and former minister José Dirceu (PT-SP) testifies before the Ethics Council. Deputy Roberto Jefferson (PTB-RJ) sits in the front row at the hearing. Dirceu denies Jefferson's accusations regarding the payment of monthly allowances. Jefferson reaffirms all of his previous accusations and makes a new allegation as well. Jefferson claims that in January 2005 PT and PTB emissaries were sent to Portugal to request money from the firm Portugal Telecom. 3 August - It is discovered that Marcos Valério had paid the lawyers for the Workers' Party (PT) in the case of the murder of Mayor Celso Daniel (PT-SP). 3 August - The Brazilian government denies that Marcos Valério was ever authorized to present himself as an "adviser of the President of Brazil to the government of Portugal or in any other situation". 3 August - Lula visits his birthplace Garanhuns and Teresina. He says that "with or without hatred, they will to have to swallow me", "who should pay, will pay", and that "it is necessary to separate the wheat from the chaff". 4 August - Public Works Minister of Portugal Antonio Mexia has a meeting with the Brazilian ambassador Antônio Paes de Andrade in Portugal. Mexia says that he had "the opportunity to make clear to the ambassador the total repudiation of the attempt to involve his name in internal political questions in Brazil." 4 August - Mexia says that Marcos Valério didn't introduce himself as a "consultant of Brazilian government". Mexia's declarations contradict his statements in an earlier interview to the Portuguese newspaper Expresso, on 16 July 2005. Mexia had said to Expresso that he had received Valério as the "consultant of the Brazilian government".' 4 August - The press reports that the official schedule reveals that Marcos Valério had met with the President of the bank that controlled shares in Portugal Telecom thirteen days before his trip to Lisbon with the treasurer of the PTB and meeting with officials from the firm. 5 August - Portugal Telecom repudiates the insinuations that they had an underhanded relationship with Marcos Valério. The President of the firm Miguel Horta e Costa says that the company could sue Roberto Jefferson. 8 August - Marcos Valério distributes a statement to the press denying the version of his trip presented by Roberto Jefferson and says that the trip to Portugal was to have negotiations with Portugal Telecom in relation to the business Telemig Celular. Valério says that he and his friend, the secretary of the PTB Emerson Palmieri accompanied him on his trip in order to "relax" . 11 August – The vice-president of the Vote-Buying CPI, deputy Paulo Pimenta (PT-RS) resigns. The day before Pimenta had released a controversial list of the names of politicians who had supposedly received money from Marcos Valério. The list was attacked by the President of the CPI Senator Amir Lando and others. The lawyers of Marcos Valério stated that the list was unknown. Pimenta had been accused of having had a secret encounter with Marcos Valério in the Senate's garage where they rode together in Valerio's car. 11 August - Public relations specialist and advertiser Duda Mendonça testifies suddenly and spontaneously before the Post Office CPI. He accuses Marcos Valério of asking him to open an offshore bank account to receive payments for his services managing political campaigns for the PT in 2002 and 2004. Deputies from the PT announce their separation from the party in Congress. 12 August - The magazine Época'', number 378, prints an interview with the former deputy Valdemar Costa Neto. Costa Neto says, according to the magazine, that Lula and José Alencar knew about the payment of R$10 million from the Workers Party (PT) to the Liberal Party to form an alliance which resulted in the election list that stood in the 2002 presidential election. 12 August - In a public pronouncement transmitted on television, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva says, "I have no shame to say the Brazilian people that we need to apologize. The PT needs to request forgiveness. The government, when it errs, needs to request forgiveness." Without citing names, he says he was "betrayed." 16 August - Lawyer Rogério Tadeu Buratti is arrested in Ribeirão Preto accused of money laundering. He worked as a municipal secretary in Ribeirão Preto during the term of mayor Antonio Palocci, later the Minister of Finance in the government of Lula. 16 August - The Post Office CPI travels to São Paulo to speak with the dollar dealer Antonio Oliveira Claramunt, aka "Toninho da Barcelona", who has been sentenced to 25 years in prison for money laundering. Toninho claims he has information about the financial activities of important politicians including members of the Workers' Party. He promises to reveal his information in exchange for protection and a reduction of his sentence. 16 August - The chief secretary and unofficial treasurer of the PTB, Emerson Palmieri testifies in front of the Vote Buying CPI that he traveled along with Marcos Valério to Portugal to attend a meeting of Portugal Telecom where Valério was supposed to request financial help for the Workers Party and PTB. He says that he doesn't consider himself a friend of Valério . 17 August - The Workers Party (PT) National Executive Committee issues a request asking the nation's forgiveness. It states: "For the first time the party is asking for the country's pardon, for acts practiced by leaders of the party without the knowledge of other party members, acts that in the eyes of the Brazilian nation, were morally and politically condemnable." 19 August - Buratti makes an agreement with the authorities and reveals the alleged plan and receipt of money in numerous local districts in Minas Gerais and São Paulo. The most controversial element is his allegation regarding the Minister of Finance Antonio Palocci who was mayor (1993–1996) of Ribeirão Preto and whom Buratti accuses of receiving 50 million reals from garbage collection firms. 19 August - Buratti makes an agreement with the authorities and reveals the alleged plan and receipt of money in numerous local districts in Minas Gerais and São Paulo. The most controversial element is his allegation regarding the Minister of Finance Antonio Palocci who was mayor (1993–1996) of Ribeirão Preto and whom Buratti accuses of receiving 50 million reals from garbage collection firms. 20 August - the magazine Veja, edition 1919, dated 24 August, releases the allegations of Rogério Tadeu Buratti and the currency dealer "Toninho da Barcelona". 21 August - the Minister of Finance Antonio Palocci makes a statement transmitted on television that denies "with vehemence" all of the allegations made by former advisor Rogério Tadeu Buratti. 23 August - Former deputy and President of the Liberal Party Valdemar Costa Neto tells the CPI for the investigation of the Bingo scandal that he received from Workers' Party treasurer Delúbio Soares checks from the account of Marcos Valério of a total of R$6.5 million over 18 months until January 2005. According to Costa Neto, the money was used to pay debts of the campaign of Lula in São Paulo. He says that at first he didn't believe that the money he was receiving was illegal and he alleges the political agreement between PL and PT was normal and proper. 24 August - The Supreme Federal Tribunal, responsible for judging criminal proceedings against parliamentarians due to parliamentary immunity, accepted the indictments of 40 individuals relating to the Mensalão scandal, most which are former or current federal deputies, all of which were allies of Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. 25 August - Rogério Buratti testifies in front of the CPI investigating the Bingo scandal and confirms the claims about irregularities in the local government of Ribeirão Preto during the term of mayor Antonio Palocci, present day Minister of Finance. 25 August - The House accepts the retirement of deputy Valdemar Costa Neto, granting his petition. Valdemar is able to receive a monthly pension of R$5.542 until the end of his life, except if he is reelected. 29 August - Deputy André Costa (PT-RJ) announces his separation with the Workers Party (PT) and states that because of the scandal accusations he no longer supports the government and the party. Costa is the first deputy to abandon the party since the breaking of the scandal. 29 August - The Ethics Council recommends the expulsion of deputy Roberto Jefferson (PTB-RJ). The resolution needs to be affirmed by a Congressional vote to be enacted. 30 August - In Minas Gerais state, Lula recalls the experiences of previous Brazilian Presidents: Jânio Quadros, João Goulart, Getúlio Vargas, and Juscelino Kubitschek. Lula claims that he is inspired by Juscelino Kubitschek. Lula says that he considers the crisis "extremely serious" and says that "it is necessary to be very patient in order to avoid any hasty decisions." 30 August - The newspaper Folha de S. Paulo publishes an interview with the President of the Chamber of the Deputies Severino Cavalcanti (PP-PE) where he defends lighter punishments for the guilty deputies. 30 August - Brazilian parliamentarians criticize Cavalcanti's statements. Senator Demostenes Torres (PFL-GO) accuses Cavalcanti of promoting an agreement to avoid the expulsion of some deputies. September 1 September - The CPI for the Bingo scandal hears the ophthalmologist João Francisco Daniel, brother of the assassinated mayor of Santo André (SP), Celso Daniel (PT-SP). João says that his brother participated in a corruption scheme in the local district of Santo André used to collect funds for the Workers' Party (PT). According to João, Celso died after discovering that some people including the ex-bodyguard Sérgio Gomes da Silva (aka "O Sombra" or "The Shadow", suspected of having assassinated Celso Daniel) were diverting funds intended for the Workers' Party to themselves. 1 September - João Francisco Daniel testifies before the CPI for the Bingo scandal that the money in the corruption scheme in Santo André was transported in suitcases and delivered to José Dirceu, during the period he was President of the Workers' Party (PT). João says that the present chief of Lula's cabinet Gilberto Carvalho took part in the scheme. Dirceu and Carvalho deny the accusations. 1 September - The Post Office and Vote Buying parliamentary commissions unanimously approve their first joint preliminary report. The report accuses 18 deputies of involvement in the scandal. 9 September - Senator Cristovam Buarque (DF) leaves the Workers Party (PT). He later joins the Democratic Labour Party (PDT). 12 September - Deputy Carlos Rodrigues resigns. Rodrigues' name had appeared in the CPIs' first joint preliminary report in the list of the 18 deputies accused of involvement in the scandal. 13 September - Political Coordination and Institutional Affairs ex-Minister Aldo Rebelo (PCdoB) confirms in front of the Council of Ethics that the deputy Roberto Jefferson warned Lula in March 2005 about the payments to deputies. According to Rebelo, Lula ordered an investigation and the question was shelved because of a concluded lack of evidence. 14 September - The Brazilian Chamber of Deputies approves the expulsion of Deputy Roberto Jefferson (PTB-RJ), following the recommendation of the Council of Ethics. 15 September - Post Office CPI reports that the bank accounts of eight enterprises belonging to Marcos Valério received 4.9 billion reals (about 2.24 billion U.S. dollars) between 2000 and 2005. The big financial activities are from DNA propaganda (2.6 billion reals) and SMPB (1,8 billion reals). The CPI's assistant reporter on financial activities, deputy Gustavo Fruet (PSDB-PR), says that the investigations show evidence of misrepresentation, corruption, illegal inducement, dishonest acts of administration and crimes against the financial system. 20 September - The convicted dollar dealer, Antônio Oliveira Claramunt - A.K.A. "Toninho da Barcelona", tells the Post Office, Bingo and Mensalão CPIs the money transferred to the Workers' Party (PT) by the Rural Bank came from foreign accounts belonging to Marcos Valério, and was introduced into Brazil through transactions with money changers. "Two schemes fattened the PT's account. These schemes involved the Rural Bank and the Bonus-Banval brokerage firm," says Barcelona. 21 September - The President of the House of Deputies Severino Cavalcanti resigns. He was under pressure in relation to accusations about bribes received from a restaurant located in the Congression building. Deputy José Thomaz Nonô (Liberal Front Party - Alagoas) assumes power temporarily. 22 September - President of Banco Rural Kátia Rabelo tells the Council of Ethics that "the Banco Rural was used by Marcos Valério" but denies any bank involvement in the corruption scheme. Rabelo says that Valério had scheduled meetings between the bank's leadership and government minister José Dirceu. 23 September - The Executive offers 500 million reals to Brazilian parliamentarians' pet projects. The Minister of Planning, Budget, and Management Paulo Bernardo denies any relationship between the funds granted by the government and the upcoming election for the new President of the Congress. 27 September - Testifying in the front of the Council of Ethics, Ex-minister and deputy José Dirceu denies participation by Lula or himself in any corruption scheme. 28 September - The Government's candidate Aldo Rebelo from the Brazilian Communist Party wins the election for the Presidency of the House. The election is perceived as a victory for Lula and other politicians under pressure by the scandal. October 5 October - The main suspects in connection to the corruption allegations regarding contracts between the Brazilian public bank Caixa Econômica Federal and the enterprise Gtech confront each other in front of the Bingo CPI. , Enrico Gianelli, Rogério Buratti, Marcelo José Rovai, and Carlos Augusto de Almeida Ramos (Carlinhos Cachoeira) exchange insults and accusations. 6 October - Bruno José Daniel Filho, younger brother of Celso Daniel, tells the Bingo CPI that the President's cabinet chief Gilberto Carvalho was aware of the alleged corruption scheme in the municipality of Santo André. 11 October - Lula's former minister Ricardo Berzoini is elected president of the Workers Party. 12 October - The medical examiner responsible for examining the body of Celso Daniel, Carlos Delmonte Printes (55), is found dead in his residence by police. The physician is allegedly the seventh person in connection with the case to have been found dead under mysterious circumstances. 18 October - The Council of Ethics' rapporteur in the case against deputy José Dirceu, deputy Júlio Delgado (PSB-Minas Gerais), calls for Dirceu's expulsion for breach of parliamentary decorum. 19 October – Ex-treasurer for the President of the PSDB, Senator Eduardo Azeredo (Minas Gerais), tells the Post Office CPI of having received US$4.863 million (R$11 million) from Marcos Valério during Azeredo's gubernatorial reelection campaign in 1998. 22 October – The Workers Party approves the expulsion of the ex-treasurer Delúbio Soares, nearly five months since the original denunciations made by Roberto Jefferson. 25 October – The President of PSDB, Senator , resigns his post. 25 October – Federal judge João Carlos da Rocha Mattos, arrested in November 2003 in São Paulo for alleged involvement in corruption involving influencing judicial sentences, testifies in front of the Bingo CPI claiming that the Workers Party didn’t want a full investigation of the murder of mayor Celso Daniel. 26 October – Brothers of Celso Daniel, João Francisco and Bruno, confront presidential cabinet chief Gilberto Carvalho in the Bingo CPI. The brothers claim that Carvalho is aware of the alleged corruption scheme in Santo André, São Paulo. Both say that Carvalho transported a suitcase with money from the corruption scheme in Santo Andre by car to then Workers Party President José Dirceu. They also accuse the Workers Party of putting obstacles in the way of the investigation. Gilberto Carvalho denies all the accusations and accuses the brothers of disrespecting the memory of Celso Daniel. 28 October - Attorney general Luciano Sampaio Gomes Rolim initiates legal action against José Dirceu for alleged impropriety. Documents brought forward by the Attorney General's office indicate that between 2003 and 2004 Dirceu organized a special privileged structure for granting federal money for his son, the mayor of Cruzeiro do Oeste (Paraná), José Carlos Becker de Oliveira (aka Zeca Dirceu). 29 October – Vladimir Poleto and Rogerio Buratti, two former advisers to Finance Minister Antonio Palocci, are quoted in the Brazilian magazine Veja claiming that Cuban funds were used to support the political campaign of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2002. According to the magazine's different sources, either $3 or $1.4 million are brought to Brazil through former diplomat and Cuban Communist Party leader Sergio Cervantes. Poleto states that he personally carried the money by plane from Brasília to Campinas. He claimed the money was then carried by car to São Paulo and finally delivered to the Workers Party treasurer Delúbio Soares in Vila Mariana. He explicitly states that the money was hidden in boxes of liquor: Johnnie Walker Red Label and Black Label and Havana Club. 30 October – The Cuban embassy in Brasilia denies the allegations that Cuba illegally contributed to da Silva’s political campaign: "The Government of Cuba categorically rejects this slander and confirms it has never interfered in the internal affairs of a sister nation and attributes full responsibility for this propaganda scheme on the aggressive plans of the imperialists against Cuba and Lula". 31 October - Leader of the Cuban Communist Party Sérgio Cervantes leaves Brazil without commenting on the information regarding Cuba. November 1 November - In Congress, deputy Antonio Carlos Magalhães Neto (PFL) said that he and his family were being spied on by ABIN agents. Like Virgílio, Magalhães Neto says that he is able to "trash" President Lula. In the Senate, senator Heloísa Helena (PSOL) says that she is also able to "trash" President Lula due to threats to her family. 1 November - The Council of Ethics dismisses the expulsion process against the leader of the Liberal Party, deputy Sandro Mabel. The deputy Raquel Teixeira (PSDB) accused Mabel of trying to bribe her. The Council of Ethics' conclusion is that there is no evidence to back such a claim and it is boils down to the word of one against the other. 2 November - The president of the Council of Ethics, deputy Ricardo Izar (PTB-SP) declares that he found a covert listening device in his office. 3 November – The Post Office CPI rapporteur, deputy Osmar Serraglio (PMDB-PR) and the deputy Eduardo Paes (PSDB-RJ) believe they are victims of eavesdropping attempts as well. 3 November – The Post Office CPI rapporteur deputy Osmar Serraglio (PMDB-PR) claims to have discovered a scheme for diverting 10 million Reais (approximately US$4.5 million) from the state-run Banco do Brasil to the Worker's Party. According to Serraglio the money was transferred via the Visanet company to bank accounts held by the advertising executive Marcos Valério, and from there to the Workers Party. 3 November – The businessman Roberto Colnaghi confirms he lent his Seneca airplane prefix PT-RSX on 31 July 2002, though he refuses to say to whom he loaned the plane, declaring that “the identity is implicity”. 5 November – The pilot Alécio Fongaro tells Folha de S. Paulo and Veja he flew from Brasilia to Campinas on 31 July 2002. The pilot says that he flew in company of Vladimir Poleto and 3 sealed boxes of whiskey. The Brazilian Civil Aviation Department (DAC) confirms the airplane’s route. 7 November – President Lula tells Brazilian TV show Roda Viva that the “mensalão” has never existed and it is piece of “folklore of the Congress”. Lula defends his former minister José Dirceu against the charges of improbity. 9 November – The former Minister of Transportation (PL) tells the Vote Buying CPI that he used undeclared funds in 11 political campaigns. Adauto confirms he received 410,000 Reais (about U$187,138) from Marcos Valério. 9 November – The Congress approves the Council of Ethics report which absolves the deputy Sandro Mabel (PL-GO). 10 November – The former aide of Finance Minister Antonio Palocci, , tells the Bingo CPI that he was consulted by Ralf Barquete -close advisor of Palocci- about how to bring $3 million from Cuba in 2002. According to Buratti, the money came and it was used in Lula’s political campaign. 10 November – Lula prepares a political operation to the time-extension of the Post Office CPI. The Executive branch promises to free 1.2 billion Reais (547.72 million dollars) in appropriations for deputies who do not sign the extension bill. 35 deputies decide to remove their signatures. A preliminary count shows 170 signatures of deputies supporting the bill. Since the minimum number of signatures of deputies is 171, it seems that the extension will not be approved. 11 November – A new count shows that there are signatures of 171 deputies and 35 senators supporting the extension of the works of the Post Office CPI. The bill is approved and the Post Office CPI is extended for 120 days more, until 2006. 11 November – The economist Vladimir Poleto - former aid of Treasury Minister Antonio Palocci when he was the Mayor of the city of Ribeirão Preto- speaks under a writ of habeas corpus (preventing his immediate arrest in case of perjury) to the Bingos CPI. Poleto alleges his interview to the Brazilian magazine Veja should not be considered reliable because he was threatened by the journalist and he spoke under the influence of alcohol. The economist told he transported 3 boxes of Johnnie Walker whiskey from Brasília to Campinas (by airplane) and from Campinas to São Paulo (by car) on 31 July 2002 as a favor to his friend Ralf Barquete. Poleto guarantees the shipment was only whiskey. The senators of the CPI ask Poleto to explain the motives for a complex and expensive operation to deliver an alcoholic beverage which can be easily bought in any Brazilian supermarket, including in São Paulo, the ultimate destination. Vladimir Poleto does not answer. 11 November – The magazine Veja publishes on its website the audio file of the interview given by Vladimir Poleto. The senators of the Bingos CPI play the file in front of Poleto. The tape contradicts Poleto's previous statements. In the recording, the journalist begins the conversation with Poleto's verbal permission. Poleto's voice is also not slurred in any way, indicating that he was not drunk. The senators ridicule the testimony of Vladimir Poleto and they approve a statement asking for the indictment of Poleto for perjury. 16 November – Afternoon. The minister of Finance Antonio Palocci speaks to the Brazilian Senate Economic Affairs Commission (CAE). The senators don't ask about the allegations of corruption involving the name of the Minister. The senators understand that the Minister should explain the accusations before a CPI. Palocci does make a short statement denying the accusations of corruption during his administration in Ribeirão Preto and of Cuban, FARC and Angola funds tied to the political campaign of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2002, of which Palocci was one of the main coordinators. References Category:Political history of Brazil Category:Contemporary history timelines Category:Corruption in Brazil

Scott Gordon (soccer) Scott Joseph Gordon (born April 6, 1988) is an American soccer player. Career College and amateur Gordon grew up in Boca Raton, Florida, attended Spanish River High School, and began his college soccer career at Mercer University, transferring to Lynn University prior to his sophomore year in 2007. After missing all of 2008 due to injury Gordon returned to the field for his junior season in 2009, appearing in 12 games and receiving an All-Sunshine State Conference Honorable Mention. He finished his college career with 28 games, logging five goals, four assists and 14 points. He was a two-time All-Sunshine State Conference honoree, and collected NSCAA All-South Region recognition honors as a senior. During his college years Gordon also played for the Baton Rouge Capitals in the USL Premier Development League, scoring one goal in 14 games and helping the Capitals to the PDL national playoff semi finals in 2010. Professional Gordon was drafted in the third round (53rd overall) of the 2011 MLS SuperDraft by FC Dallas, after a standout performance in a friendly organized by Ft. Lauderdale Strikers scout Marcelo Castillo vs the United States U20 national team just days before the MLS SuperDraft, but was not offered a professional contract by the team. Gordon subsequently signed with the Fort Lauderdale Strikers of the North American Soccer League and made his professional debut—and scored his first professional goal—for the Strikers on April 29, 2011 in a 2–2 tie with the Puerto Rico Islanders. On March 16, 2012, Chivas USA signed Gordon from the Fort Lauderdale Strikers. Chivas USA waived Gordon on July 6, 2012. Career statistics Statistics accurate as of March 29, 2013 References External links Lynn profile Category:1988 births Category:Living people Category:American soccer players Category:Lynn Fighting Knights men's soccer players Category:Baton Rouge Capitals players Category:Fort Lauderdale Strikers players Category:Chivas USA players Category:USL League Two players Category:North American Soccer League players Category:Major League Soccer players Category:FC Dallas draft picks Category:Soccer players from Florida Category:Sportspeople from Boca Raton, Florida Category:Association football defenders Category:Boca Raton FC players

Merritt Island Dragon The Merritt Island Dragon or Merrit Island River Dragon was a dragon-shaped green concrete structure that stood at the southern tip of Merritt Island, known as Dragon Point, where the Indian River Lagoon splits to form the Banana River Lagoon. The dragon was built in 1971 by Florida artist Lewis VanDercar and property owner Aynn Christal. In 1981, the statue was expanded for new property owner Warren McFadden, with the addition of a tail, an extended neck, two cavepeople a caveman named Fred and a cavewoman named Wilma and four hatchling dragons named Joy, Sunshine, Charity, and Freedom. The statues were located in the city of Melbourne, Florida, north of the Eau Gallie Causeway. The dragon was created from of concrete and steel, and stood high and long. Known as "Annie", the dragon served as a landmark for both locals and boaters, and also as a playhouse for children. On special occasions, the dragon would breathe fire. In August 2002, the sculpture was badly damaged, and partially collapsed into the water during a storm; vandalism was blamed for contributing to the statue's destruction. The owner and the Brevard County Commissioners were unable to agree on a rehabilitation effort; there was a plan in 2004 to reconstruct the sculpture, while in 2008, a developer planned a luxury hotel and spa on the Dragon Point site with a reconstructed dragon statue as its centerpiece, but both plans fell through. A children's book about the dragon, River Dragon: A Real Florida Fairy Tale, was published in 2003. Save Dragon Point, an organization dedicated to rebuilding the dragon statue, was founded in May 2012. In August, the mansion on the property where the dragon had stood was scheduled to be demolished and the property sold. Save Dragon Point changed its name to Annie and Kids Arts and Education Foundation. In January 2015, Don Facciobene, local builder and developer, bought the property. He announced that a new dragon named "Rojak" will be built. According to the story of Dragon Point Rojak is Annie's fifth hatchling who was kept hidden. In April Rojak was revealed to be built by 2017. The inaugural Dragon Boat Festival is planned for June 13, 2015. Proceeds are intended to benefit Save Dragon Point. Demolition work began at Dragon Point in March of 2017, clearing room for a future multi-million dollar riverfront mansion and for "Rojak." Notes External links Save Dragon Point Often confused with Documentary Video Spotlights Merritt Island's Dragon A video of the dragon The current state of Dragon Point, 2016 Category:1971 sculptures Category:Buildings and structures in Merritt Island, Florida Category:Concrete sculptures in the United States Category:Destroyed sculptures Category:Indian River Lagoon Category:Landmarks in Florida Category:Merritt Island, Florida Category:1971 establishments in Florida Category:Sculptures of dragons Category:Vandalized works of art

Barbara Seal Barbara Seal is a former judge from Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Seal has been involved in a number of community organisations and foundations, serving in both leadership and advisory roles. Seal was appointed as judge of Canada's citizenship court in 1997, retiring in 2016. Seal is a recipient of the Order of Canada Award (OAM). Career Barbara Seal is a former city councillor for the city of Hampstead, Quebec. Charity work Seal's charity and community leadership work has included membership on the boards of the Children's Wish Foundation, the Canadian Cancer Society. In the arts, Judge Seal has served on the boards of Place des Arts, the Montreal Arts Council, and serves on the board of directors for the National Arts Centre Foundation. She is the National President of the Canadian Friends of Tel Aviv University. Barbara Seal Scholarship In 2012, Seal established the Barbara Seal Scholarship for Newcomers to Canada at McGill University, dedicated to permanent residents and new citizens. References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Jewish Canadian philanthropists Category:Members of the Order of Canada Category:Canadian judges Category:Canadian citizenship judges Category:20th-century Canadian judges Category:21st-century Canadian judges

Tight Tight may refer to: General High and tight, a hairstyle typical in the U.S. military Tight end, a position in American football on the offensive team Tight playing style, in poker, a style of play which means to rarely call/play a hand Clothing Skin-tight garment, a garment that is held to the skin by elastic tension Tights, a type of leg coverings fabric extending from the waist to feet Tightlacing, the practice of wearing a tightly-laced corset Tighty-whiteys, a derogatory term for men's or boys' classic briefs Mathematics Tight frame, a mathematical term defining the bounding conditions of a vector space Tightness of measures, a concept in measure (and probability) theory Science and technology Tight gas, natural gas which is difficult to access Tight oil, shale oil which is difficult to access American car racing term for when the car is understeering Music Tight (Mindless Self Indulgence album), 1999 Tight (Hank Crawford album), 1996 "Tight" (song), a song by INXS "Tight", a song by The Coup from their 2001 album Party Music Slang Miser Drunkenness Cool (aesthetic)

2019 NCHC Tournament The 2019 NCHC Tournament is the sixth tournament in league history. It will be played between March 15 and 23, 2019. Quarterfinal games will be played at home team campus sites, while the final four games will be played at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota. By winning the tournament, that team will receive the NCHC's automatic bid to the 2019 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. Format The first round of the postseason tournament features a best-of-three games format. All eight conference teams participate in the tournament. Teams are seeded No. 1 through No. 8 according to their final conference standing, with a tiebreaker system used to seed teams with an identical number of points accumulated. The top four seeded teams each earn home ice and host one of the lower seeded teams. The winners of the first round series advance to the Xcel Energy Center for the NCHC Frozen Faceoff. The Frozen Faceoff uses a single-elimination format. Teams are re-seeded No. 1 through No. 4 according to the final regular season conference standings. Game 1 of the series between Western Michigan and Colorado College was delayed 1 day due to the effects from Winter Storm Ulmer. Standings Bracket Teams are reseeded for the Semifinals * denotes overtime periods Results All times are local. Quarterfinals (1) St. Cloud State vs. (8) Miami (2) Minnesota–Duluth vs. (7) Omaha (3) Western Michigan vs. (6) Colorado College (4) Denver vs. (5) North Dakota Semifinals (1) St. Cloud State vs. (6) Colorado College (2) Minnesota–Duluth vs. (4) Denver Third place (4) Denver vs. (6) Colorado College Championship (1) St. Cloud State vs. (2) Minnesota–Duluth Tournament awards Frozen Faceoff All-Tournament Team F Robby Jackson (St. Cloud State) F Blake Lizotte (St. Cloud State) F Patrick Newell (St. Cloud State) D Jimmy Schuldt (St. Cloud State) D Mikey Anderson (Minnesota–Duluth) G Hunter Shepard* (Minnesota–Duluth) * Most Valuable Player(s) References NCHC Men's Ice Hockey Tournament 2019 Category:Ice hockey in Minnesota Category:College sports in Minnesota Category:2019 in sports in Minnesota Category:March 2019 sports events in the United States

Caswain Mason Caswain Mason (born 12 February 1978) is a Vincentian former footballer who spent the majority of his career in the Canadian Soccer League. Playing career Mason began his career with the Toronto Olympians of the Canadian Professional Soccer League in 2000. He would appear in one match against the North York Astros on September 12, 2000, coming on as a substitute for Gus Kouzmanis. In 2001, he went a step higher in his professional career by signing with the Toronto Lynx of the USL A-League. His signing was announced along with the rest of the roster on April 24, 2001. Throughout the season he appeared in 14 matches and recorded one goal. Though the Lynx failed to reach the postseason. In 2002, he returned to CPSL to sign with the Metro Lions, where in his debut season he helped the club achieve a seven-game undefeated streak and a place in the playoffs; but were eliminated by the Ottawa Wizards the semi-final match. On May 17, 2004, he extended his contract with the Lions for the 2004 season. He was named into the CPSL all-star squad that would face Boavista FC in a friendly match. The following year he signed with league powerhouse Toronto Croatia, making his debut on May 29, 2005 in a match against Vaughan Shooters. During his tenure with the club he helped the team reach the postseason, but were eliminated in the semi-finals. In 2007, he had a spell overseas with Mahindra United of the I-League. He would return to the CSL to play with the Canadian Lions; making his debut on September 19, 2007 against Trois-Rivieres Attak. In 2008, he signed with CSL powerhouse with the Serbian White Eagles, where he captured the CSL Championship by defeating the Trois-Rivieres in penalties. International career Mason made his debut for the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines national football team on May 8, 2004 against Grenada. Honours Serbian White Eagles CSL Championship: 1 2008 References Category:1978 births Category:Living people Category:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines footballers Category:Toronto Croatia players Category:Toronto Lynx players Category:Toronto (Mississauga) Olympians players Category:Serbian White Eagles FC players Category:Association football midfielders Category:USL A-League players Category:Canadian Soccer League (2006–present) players Category:Canadian Professional Soccer League (1998–2005) players Category:Brampton United players

Nyhavn 11 Nyhavn 11 is a listed property overlooking the Nyhavn canal in central Copenhagen, Denmark. History A two-storey building was built at the site in about 1700. One of its first owners was Jacob Severin. He had married rich and was in 1733 granted a full monopoly on trade with Greenland where he founded the town Jacobshavn (literally "Port Jacob"). Ludvig Ferdinand Römer established a sugar refinery in the building in 1754. He had been governor of the Danish Gold Coast. His wife was Anna Cathrine Widderkamp and the couple had 14 children. The property was expanded with two extra storeys in 1835-1836 for a grocer named Harboe. The actor Christian Niemann Rosenkildelived in the building with his family from 1842 to 1749. His daughter, Julie, later known by her married name Julie Sødring, who became one of the leading Danish actresses of her time, had her debut at the Royal Danish Theatre in the play Den Sorte Dronning (The Black Queen) in 1843. Many artist frequented the home, including the Swedish singer Jenny Lind. Another well-known actor, Poul Reumert, have also lived in the building. He grew up at Nyhavn 63. The building was listed by the Danish Heritage Agency in the Danish national registry of protected buildings in 1932. Building The building is four storeys tall and five bays wide. It has a red tile roof with four dormers. Above the gate is a figure of a sugar-baker holding a sugarloaf in one hand and a sugar tin in the other. The figure dates from Römer's sugar refinery. It served as a means of identifications at a time when house numbers had not yet been introduced. Many other houses along the Nyhavn quay feature similar signs. An appendix with staircase on the rear side of the building dates from 1875. The courtyard was refurbished in 1963 to design by the landscape architect Knud Lund-Sørensen. Today The leading Danish lamp manufacturer Louis Poulsen has been headquartered in the building since 1908. References External links Photographs of the courtyard Category:Houses in Copenhagen Category:Listed residential buildings in Copenhagen Category:Houses completed in 1836 Category:Sugar refineries in Copenhagen

Kirsten Sinding-Larsen Kirsten Sinding-Larsen (4 August 1898 – 10 December 1978) was a Norwegian architect. She was born in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway. She was the daughter of colonel Birger Fredrik Sinding-Larsen (1867–1941) and Emilie Rustad (1871–1904). She was a paternal granddaughter of jurist and writer Alfred Sinding-Larsen, niece of physician Christian Magnus Sinding-Larsen, architect Holger Sinding-Larsen and painter Kristofer Sinding-Larsen, first cousin of journalist Henning Sinding-Larsen and grandniece of architect Balthazar Lange. She finished her secondary education in 1912, and studied at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry (now Oslo National Academy of the Arts) from 1915 to 1917. She worked as an apprentice to architect Sigurd Lunde in Bergen from 1919 to 1921. She worked with architect Håkon Ahlberg in Stockholm from 1923–25 and Tage William-Olsson to 1927. She studied architecture at the Royal Institute of Technology from 1927 to 1929. She was employed by architects Gustav Classon and Wolter Gahn in Stockholm from 1929-1932. She returned to Oslo in 1932 and worked for a short time with her uncle architect Holger Sinding-Larsen before establishing her own practice in 1933. During the period 1933-38, she designed a number of homes in Moss and Jeløy in Østfold. Her most notable single work was the design of Sunnaas Hospital at Nesodden in the mid-1950s. She is also remembered as a debater of housing policy. References Category:1898 births Category:1978 deaths Category:Artists from Oslo Category:Norwegian architects Category:Norwegian women architects Category:Norwegian expatriates in Sweden Category:Oslo National Academy of the Arts alumni Category:KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni

Marko Klasinc Marko Klasinc (born 14 May 1951) is Slovenian chess problemist. He composed almost 200 chess problems, mostly heterodox and retrograde ones (12 included in FIDE Album). He has title FIDE solving master and international judge of FIDE for chess composition. As a good solver he represented Yugoslavia 1982 in Varna, where the team became World Champion solving chess problems. He is the president of Committee for Chess Compositions of Chess Federation of Slovenia. References Notes Bibliography Drinovec, Aleš (editor). Slovenski šah. Šahovska zveza Slovenije, Ljubljana 2002. External links Website PDB Server Category:1951 births Category:Living people Category:Chess composers Category:International Judges of Chess Compositions Category:Slovenian chess players

From Four Until Late "From Four Until Late" (or "From Four Till Late") is a blues song written by Delta blues musician Robert Johnson. He recorded it in Dallas, Texas, during his second to last session for producer Don Law on June 19, 1937. The lyrics contained his philosophical lines of "a man is like a prisoner, and he's never satisfied". British rock group Cream recorded the song for their debut album Fresh Cream in 1966. Guitarist Eric Clapton provided the lead vocal. Clapton also recorded another version of the song on his Sessions for Robert J album in 2004. References Category:Robert Johnson songs Category:Songs written by Robert Johnson Category:1937 songs Category:Cream (band) songs Category:Blues songs

Falevi Umutaua Falevi Umutaua is a Samoan professional football manager. Career In 2007, he coached the Samoa national football team. References External links Profile at Soccerway.com Profile at Soccerpunter.com Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Samoan football managers Category:Samoa national football team managers Category:Place of birth missing (living people)