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how come a burglar, who gets hurt while robbing a house, can sue the owner and win? | <p> burglary can also be committed in "part of a building" and in r v walkington 1979 1 wlr 1169 the defendant had entered a large shop during trading hours but went behind a counter and put his hand in an empty till. the court held that he had entered that part of the building normally reserved for staff as a trespasser with intention to steal money and was therefore guilty of burglary.
<p> a person commits the offense of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein, they enters or remains within the dwelling house of another or any building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another or enters or remains within any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof. a person convicted of the offense of burglary, for the first such offense, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 20 years. for the purposes of this code section, the term "railroad car" shall also include trailers on flatcars, containers on flatcars, trailers on railroad property, or containers on railroad property. o.c.g.a. § 16-7-1
<p> robbery occurs if an aggressor forcibly snatched a mobile phone or if they used a knife to make an implied threat of violence to the holder and then took the phone. the person being threatened does not need to be the owner of the property. it is not necessary that the victim was actually frightened, but the defendant must have put or sought to put the victim or some other person in fear of immediate force.
<p> in wisconsin, burglary is committed by one who forcibly enters a building without consent and with intent to steal or to commit another felony. burglary may also be committed by entry to a locked truck, car or trailer or a ship. the crime of burglary is treated as being more serious if the burglar is armed with a dangerous weapon when the burglary is committed or arms himself/herself during the commission of the burglary.
<p> in the united states, burglary is prosecuted as a felony or misdemeanor and involves trespassing and theft, entering a building or automobile, or loitering unlawfully with intent to commit any crime, not necessarily a theft--for example, vandalism. even if nothing is stolen in a burglary, the act is a statutory offense. buildings can include hangars, sheds, barns, and coops; burglary of boats, aircraft, trucks, and railway cars is possible. burglary may be an element in crimes involving rape, arson, kidnapping, identity theft, or violation of civil rights; indeed, the "plumbers" of the watergate scandal were technically burglars. as with all legal definitions in the u.s., the foregoing description may not be applicable in every jurisdiction, since there are 50 separate state criminal codes, plus federal and territorial codes in force.
<p> if the claimant is involved in wrongdoing at the time the alleged negligence occurred, this may extinguish or reduce the defendant's liability. the legal maxim "ex turpi causa non oritur actio", latin for "no right of action arises from a despicable cause". thus, if a burglar is verbally challenged by the property owner and sustains injury when jumping from a second story window to escape apprehension, there is no cause of action against the property owner even though that injury would not have been sustained but for the property owner's intervention.
<p> under florida state statutes, "burglary" occurs when a person "enter[s] a dwelling, a structure, or a conveyance with the intent to commit an offense therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the defendant is licensed or invited to enter." depending on the circumstances of the crime, burglary can be classified as third, second, or first-degree felonies, with maximum sentences of five years, fifteen years, and life, respectively. | If you're referring to the post on the front page about the burglar that was shot by a shotgun from a booby trap, someone in the comments said booby traps are illegal because if firefighters or someone like that had to go on the property for some reason. |
how come a burglar, who gets hurt while robbing a house, can sue the owner and win? | <p> burglary can also be committed in "part of a building" and in r v walkington 1979 1 wlr 1169 the defendant had entered a large shop during trading hours but went behind a counter and put his hand in an empty till. the court held that he had entered that part of the building normally reserved for staff as a trespasser with intention to steal money and was therefore guilty of burglary.
<p> a person commits the offense of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein, they enters or remains within the dwelling house of another or any building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another or enters or remains within any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof. a person convicted of the offense of burglary, for the first such offense, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 20 years. for the purposes of this code section, the term "railroad car" shall also include trailers on flatcars, containers on flatcars, trailers on railroad property, or containers on railroad property. o.c.g.a. § 16-7-1
<p> robbery occurs if an aggressor forcibly snatched a mobile phone or if they used a knife to make an implied threat of violence to the holder and then took the phone. the person being threatened does not need to be the owner of the property. it is not necessary that the victim was actually frightened, but the defendant must have put or sought to put the victim or some other person in fear of immediate force.
<p> in wisconsin, burglary is committed by one who forcibly enters a building without consent and with intent to steal or to commit another felony. burglary may also be committed by entry to a locked truck, car or trailer or a ship. the crime of burglary is treated as being more serious if the burglar is armed with a dangerous weapon when the burglary is committed or arms himself/herself during the commission of the burglary.
<p> in the united states, burglary is prosecuted as a felony or misdemeanor and involves trespassing and theft, entering a building or automobile, or loitering unlawfully with intent to commit any crime, not necessarily a theft--for example, vandalism. even if nothing is stolen in a burglary, the act is a statutory offense. buildings can include hangars, sheds, barns, and coops; burglary of boats, aircraft, trucks, and railway cars is possible. burglary may be an element in crimes involving rape, arson, kidnapping, identity theft, or violation of civil rights; indeed, the "plumbers" of the watergate scandal were technically burglars. as with all legal definitions in the u.s., the foregoing description may not be applicable in every jurisdiction, since there are 50 separate state criminal codes, plus federal and territorial codes in force.
<p> if the claimant is involved in wrongdoing at the time the alleged negligence occurred, this may extinguish or reduce the defendant's liability. the legal maxim "ex turpi causa non oritur actio", latin for "no right of action arises from a despicable cause". thus, if a burglar is verbally challenged by the property owner and sustains injury when jumping from a second story window to escape apprehension, there is no cause of action against the property owner even though that injury would not have been sustained but for the property owner's intervention.
<p> under florida state statutes, "burglary" occurs when a person "enter[s] a dwelling, a structure, or a conveyance with the intent to commit an offense therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the defendant is licensed or invited to enter." depending on the circumstances of the crime, burglary can be classified as third, second, or first-degree felonies, with maximum sentences of five years, fifteen years, and life, respectively. | It is illegal in all 50 states to have booby traps designed to maim or kill an intruder. Primarily this is because they do not differentiate between an innocent who was unaware one a person who has ill intent. Also, as law enforcement and 1st responders require the ability to enter your home in an emergency having a booby trap that you had forgotten about, or not disabled can harm them. Additionally, it is also illegal as it causes grave injury or suffering. |
how come a burglar, who gets hurt while robbing a house, can sue the owner and win? | <p> burglary can also be committed in "part of a building" and in r v walkington 1979 1 wlr 1169 the defendant had entered a large shop during trading hours but went behind a counter and put his hand in an empty till. the court held that he had entered that part of the building normally reserved for staff as a trespasser with intention to steal money and was therefore guilty of burglary.
<p> a person commits the offense of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein, they enters or remains within the dwelling house of another or any building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another or enters or remains within any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof. a person convicted of the offense of burglary, for the first such offense, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 20 years. for the purposes of this code section, the term "railroad car" shall also include trailers on flatcars, containers on flatcars, trailers on railroad property, or containers on railroad property. o.c.g.a. § 16-7-1
<p> robbery occurs if an aggressor forcibly snatched a mobile phone or if they used a knife to make an implied threat of violence to the holder and then took the phone. the person being threatened does not need to be the owner of the property. it is not necessary that the victim was actually frightened, but the defendant must have put or sought to put the victim or some other person in fear of immediate force.
<p> in wisconsin, burglary is committed by one who forcibly enters a building without consent and with intent to steal or to commit another felony. burglary may also be committed by entry to a locked truck, car or trailer or a ship. the crime of burglary is treated as being more serious if the burglar is armed with a dangerous weapon when the burglary is committed or arms himself/herself during the commission of the burglary.
<p> in the united states, burglary is prosecuted as a felony or misdemeanor and involves trespassing and theft, entering a building or automobile, or loitering unlawfully with intent to commit any crime, not necessarily a theft--for example, vandalism. even if nothing is stolen in a burglary, the act is a statutory offense. buildings can include hangars, sheds, barns, and coops; burglary of boats, aircraft, trucks, and railway cars is possible. burglary may be an element in crimes involving rape, arson, kidnapping, identity theft, or violation of civil rights; indeed, the "plumbers" of the watergate scandal were technically burglars. as with all legal definitions in the u.s., the foregoing description may not be applicable in every jurisdiction, since there are 50 separate state criminal codes, plus federal and territorial codes in force.
<p> if the claimant is involved in wrongdoing at the time the alleged negligence occurred, this may extinguish or reduce the defendant's liability. the legal maxim "ex turpi causa non oritur actio", latin for "no right of action arises from a despicable cause". thus, if a burglar is verbally challenged by the property owner and sustains injury when jumping from a second story window to escape apprehension, there is no cause of action against the property owner even though that injury would not have been sustained but for the property owner's intervention.
<p> under florida state statutes, "burglary" occurs when a person "enter[s] a dwelling, a structure, or a conveyance with the intent to commit an offense therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the defendant is licensed or invited to enter." depending on the circumstances of the crime, burglary can be classified as third, second, or first-degree felonies, with maximum sentences of five years, fifteen years, and life, respectively. | Did you just watch Liar Liar? |
how come a burglar, who gets hurt while robbing a house, can sue the owner and win? | <p> burglary can also be committed in "part of a building" and in r v walkington 1979 1 wlr 1169 the defendant had entered a large shop during trading hours but went behind a counter and put his hand in an empty till. the court held that he had entered that part of the building normally reserved for staff as a trespasser with intention to steal money and was therefore guilty of burglary.
<p> a person commits the offense of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein, they enters or remains within the dwelling house of another or any building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another or enters or remains within any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof. a person convicted of the offense of burglary, for the first such offense, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 20 years. for the purposes of this code section, the term "railroad car" shall also include trailers on flatcars, containers on flatcars, trailers on railroad property, or containers on railroad property. o.c.g.a. § 16-7-1
<p> robbery occurs if an aggressor forcibly snatched a mobile phone or if they used a knife to make an implied threat of violence to the holder and then took the phone. the person being threatened does not need to be the owner of the property. it is not necessary that the victim was actually frightened, but the defendant must have put or sought to put the victim or some other person in fear of immediate force.
<p> in wisconsin, burglary is committed by one who forcibly enters a building without consent and with intent to steal or to commit another felony. burglary may also be committed by entry to a locked truck, car or trailer or a ship. the crime of burglary is treated as being more serious if the burglar is armed with a dangerous weapon when the burglary is committed or arms himself/herself during the commission of the burglary.
<p> in the united states, burglary is prosecuted as a felony or misdemeanor and involves trespassing and theft, entering a building or automobile, or loitering unlawfully with intent to commit any crime, not necessarily a theft--for example, vandalism. even if nothing is stolen in a burglary, the act is a statutory offense. buildings can include hangars, sheds, barns, and coops; burglary of boats, aircraft, trucks, and railway cars is possible. burglary may be an element in crimes involving rape, arson, kidnapping, identity theft, or violation of civil rights; indeed, the "plumbers" of the watergate scandal were technically burglars. as with all legal definitions in the u.s., the foregoing description may not be applicable in every jurisdiction, since there are 50 separate state criminal codes, plus federal and territorial codes in force.
<p> if the claimant is involved in wrongdoing at the time the alleged negligence occurred, this may extinguish or reduce the defendant's liability. the legal maxim "ex turpi causa non oritur actio", latin for "no right of action arises from a despicable cause". thus, if a burglar is verbally challenged by the property owner and sustains injury when jumping from a second story window to escape apprehension, there is no cause of action against the property owner even though that injury would not have been sustained but for the property owner's intervention.
<p> under florida state statutes, "burglary" occurs when a person "enter[s] a dwelling, a structure, or a conveyance with the intent to commit an offense therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the defendant is licensed or invited to enter." depending on the circumstances of the crime, burglary can be classified as third, second, or first-degree felonies, with maximum sentences of five years, fifteen years, and life, respectively. | Kotka v Briney is probably what you're referring to. In that case it was because the home in question was not occupied and the would be burglar was attacked by a booby trap. The use of booby traps are illegal because they attack people indiscriminately and do not use force to protect human life rather only property. Life, even a burglar's life, is more valuable than a vacated property according to law. This case is famous because the press misrepresented the facts and a lot of people were upset by the non-factual scenario. |
how come a burglar, who gets hurt while robbing a house, can sue the owner and win? | <p> burglary can also be committed in "part of a building" and in r v walkington 1979 1 wlr 1169 the defendant had entered a large shop during trading hours but went behind a counter and put his hand in an empty till. the court held that he had entered that part of the building normally reserved for staff as a trespasser with intention to steal money and was therefore guilty of burglary.
<p> a person commits the offense of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein, they enters or remains within the dwelling house of another or any building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another or enters or remains within any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof. a person convicted of the offense of burglary, for the first such offense, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 20 years. for the purposes of this code section, the term "railroad car" shall also include trailers on flatcars, containers on flatcars, trailers on railroad property, or containers on railroad property. o.c.g.a. § 16-7-1
<p> robbery occurs if an aggressor forcibly snatched a mobile phone or if they used a knife to make an implied threat of violence to the holder and then took the phone. the person being threatened does not need to be the owner of the property. it is not necessary that the victim was actually frightened, but the defendant must have put or sought to put the victim or some other person in fear of immediate force.
<p> in wisconsin, burglary is committed by one who forcibly enters a building without consent and with intent to steal or to commit another felony. burglary may also be committed by entry to a locked truck, car or trailer or a ship. the crime of burglary is treated as being more serious if the burglar is armed with a dangerous weapon when the burglary is committed or arms himself/herself during the commission of the burglary.
<p> in the united states, burglary is prosecuted as a felony or misdemeanor and involves trespassing and theft, entering a building or automobile, or loitering unlawfully with intent to commit any crime, not necessarily a theft--for example, vandalism. even if nothing is stolen in a burglary, the act is a statutory offense. buildings can include hangars, sheds, barns, and coops; burglary of boats, aircraft, trucks, and railway cars is possible. burglary may be an element in crimes involving rape, arson, kidnapping, identity theft, or violation of civil rights; indeed, the "plumbers" of the watergate scandal were technically burglars. as with all legal definitions in the u.s., the foregoing description may not be applicable in every jurisdiction, since there are 50 separate state criminal codes, plus federal and territorial codes in force.
<p> if the claimant is involved in wrongdoing at the time the alleged negligence occurred, this may extinguish or reduce the defendant's liability. the legal maxim "ex turpi causa non oritur actio", latin for "no right of action arises from a despicable cause". thus, if a burglar is verbally challenged by the property owner and sustains injury when jumping from a second story window to escape apprehension, there is no cause of action against the property owner even though that injury would not have been sustained but for the property owner's intervention.
<p> under florida state statutes, "burglary" occurs when a person "enter[s] a dwelling, a structure, or a conveyance with the intent to commit an offense therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the defendant is licensed or invited to enter." depending on the circumstances of the crime, burglary can be classified as third, second, or first-degree felonies, with maximum sentences of five years, fifteen years, and life, respectively. | My father was in a situation sort of like this once. He new a local man was breaking into cars at night and stealing their radios. (this was over 40 years ago at this point) The guy would gain access to the car, go under the dash and pretty much rip the unit downwards and be out of there in no time. My father was fed up with him never being caught. He made a stronger bracket for his radio - and welded it in place... oh and he also welded a ton of treble hooks from fishing lures onto the case around the radio. He comes out in the morning to go to work and there are legs hanging out the driver side door with a semi-bloody radio theif inside who has both hand caught on all the fishhooks under the dash. The police were called - and the police told my father that they were not going to press charges on the thief, in return for the thief agreeing not to press charges on my father - bottom line is - no more radios were stolen from that neighborhood. |
when a relative gets into an accident, how do emergency services notify you? | <p> emergencies often require delivery of different versions of the same communication at the same time. for example, in an armed hostage-taking incident, occupants of a building may need to receive instructions to lock and barricade the door until further notice, while first responders to the incident need to be aware of the lockdown instructions and be provided more specific details of the hostage-taking event to inform their actions.
<p> emergencies can happen at any time, and the officer must be equipped to safeguard passengers and crew. after a collision or a grounding, the officer must be able to take initial action, perform damage assessment and control, and understand the procedures for rescuing persons from the sea, assisting ships in distress, and responding to any emergency which may arise in port.
<p> on some occasions callers will be put through to the wrong area service – this is called a "misrouted nines". the most common reason for this is when a mobile phone calls 999 and is using a radio transmitter that is located in another force area; most frequently these are calls that are made within a few miles of a border. upon establishing the incident location, the emergency service operator will relay the information to the responsible force for their dispatch. in most areas, other forces will respond to incidents just within the border if they could get there quicker, assist, and then hand over to the other force when they arrive.
<p> the operator will then transfer the call to the appropriate service's own call-taker. if the caller is unsure as to which service they require, the operator will default the call to the police, and if an incident requires more than one service, for instance a road traffic accident with injuries and trapped people, depending on the service the caller has chosen, this service will alert the other services for the caller (while the operator has to also contact each emergency service individually, regardless of whether the caller has remained on the line). the caller will be connected to the service which covers the area that they are (or appear to be) calling from.
<p> emergencies can happen at any time. the officer must be equipped to safeguard passengers and crew. the officer must be able to take initial action after a collision or a grounding. responsibilities include performing damage assessment and control, understanding the procedures for rescuing persons from the sea, assisting ships in distress, and responding to any emergency which may arise in port.
<p> for emergencies starting outside medical care, a key component of providing proper care is to summon the emergency medical services (usually an ambulance), by calling for help using the appropriate local emergency telephone number, such as 999, 911, 111, 112 or 000. after determining that the incident is a medical emergency (as opposed to, for example, a police call), the emergency dispatchers will generally run through a questioning system such as ampds in order to assess the priority level of the call, along with the caller's name and location.
<p> local area emergency (same code: lae) is an advisory issued by local authorities through the emergency alert system (eas) in the united states to notify the public of an event that does not pose a significant threat to public safety and/or property by itself, but could escalate, contribute to other more serious events, or disrupt critical public safety services. instructions, other than public protective actions, may be provided. examples include: a disruption in water, electric or natural gas service, road closures due to excessive snowfall, or a potential terrorist threat where the public is asked to remain alert. | Depending on the circumstances, there are a number of ways next of kin are notified of an accident: - if the accident is fatal, all efforts are made by the police to locate the next of kin and notify them in person. This allows for support and victim services to be made immediately available. This also ensures that the person being notified is safe and doesn't do anything to hurt themselves out of grief. - if the next of kin lives in another city/state/country then the local police agency is contacted and asked to assist in making the notification. - if the accident is not fatal than typically social workers at the hospital will contact the next of kin by phone, advise them of the accident, and ask them to come to the hospital. Sometimes the police will assist with this type of notification if needed. Source: I've done it many times and it sucks. |
what is the best argument against granting washington dc statehood? | <p> statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis, since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection. according to the government development bank, this might be the only solution to the debt crisis. congress has the power to vote to allow chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood, but in late 2015 there was very little support in the house for this concept. other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and medicaid funding, the right to vote in presidential elections and the higher (federal) minimum wage.
<p> statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis, since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection. according to the government development bank, this might be the only solution to the debt crisis. congress has the power to vote to allow chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood, but in late 2015 there was very little support in the house for this concept. other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and medicaid funding, the right to vote in presidential elections and the higher (federal) minimum wage.
<p> statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis, since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection. according to the government development bank, this might be the only solution to the debt crisis. congress has the power to vote to allow chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood, but in late 2015 there was very little support in the house for this concept.
<p> leading supporters of dc statehood include most of the organizations that led the civil and voting rights movement of the 1960s. it is viewed as the logical extension of the expansion of voting rights that has occurred over the course of american history. democrats are thought to favor statehood over retrocession, as it would most likely add new democratic seats in the united states senate. some republicans, in turn, have opposed enfranchisement for the american citizens in dc based on the expected political disadvantage to them. neither statehood nor retrocession are top priorities by democrats or republicans.
<p> according to the government development bank, statehood might be the only solution to the debt crisis. congress has the power to vote to allow chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood, but in late 2015 there was very little support in the house for this concept. other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and medicaid funding, the right to vote in presidential elections and the higher (federal) minimum wage.
<p> according to the government development bank, statehood might be the only solution to the debt crisis. congress has the power to vote to allow chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood, but in late 2015 there was very little support in the house for this concept. other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and medicaid funding, the right to vote in presidential elections and the higher (federal) minimum wage.
<p> while the people voted in favor of statehood, numerous challenges still exist that might hamper creation of the state, including lack of congressional support: dc currently does not have voting-level congressional representation, and the national republican party is against the idea of statehood, due to political concerns. | DC was created back when your state affiliation meant something. It was considered partisan to have the federal government housed in one particular state; people thought that the government would favor that state. Whether or not that still has weight is a matter of debate, but it certainly makes sense. |
why do kids like fast food that much? | <p> food and school are two interconnected topics. children spend a large part of their day in school, so the food that is served in and around school greatly influences eating habits. fast food in particular has proven to affect school children's health. fast food marketing targets children. in the united states, more than 13 million children and adolescents are obese. obesity prevalence was 13.9% among 2- to 5-year-olds, 18.4% among 6- to 11-year-olds, and 20.6% among 12- to 19-year-olds. the close proximity of fast food restaurants to schools has been speculated be one of the reasons for such high childhood obesity. in california, students with fast food restaurants within a half mile from their schools are more likely to be overweight, and are less likely to eat healthier foods.[] fast food restaurants are also concentrated around schools in chicago, increasing the risk of poor food choices for school children there.[] research has shown that at least 80% of schools in chicago have at least one fast food restaurant 10 minutes away.[] the close proximity of fast food restaurants to schools exposes us children to unhealthy, cheap meals that they can easily get to and from school, increasing the chances of childhood obesity.
<p> additionally, in the study children who ate fast food, compared to those who did not, tended to consume more total fat, carbohydrates, and sugar-sweetened beverages. children who ate fast food also tended to eat less fiber, milk, fruits, and non-starchy vegetables. after reviewing these test results, the researchers concluded that consumption of fast food by children seems to have a negative effect on an individual's diet, in ways that could significantly increase the risk for obesity. due to having reduced cognitive defenses against marketing, children may be more susceptible to fast food advertisements, and consequently have a higher risk of becoming obese. fast food is only a minuscule factor that contributes to childhood obesity. a study conducted by researchers at the university of north carolina at chapel hill's gillings school of global public health showed that poor diet and obesity as an overall factor are the leading causes of rising obesity rates in children. "while reducing fast-food intake is important, the rest of a child's diet should not be overlooked," jennifer poti, co author and doctoral candidate in the university's department of nutrition.
<p> fast food is commonly blamed for the obesity epidemic in the united states today. 60% of americans today are either overweight or obese. with obesity especially being seen among children, places like mcdonald's and other fast food restaurants take the majority of the blame. 34% of children and adolescents consume fast food on any given day, while 80% of children claim that mcdonald's is their favorite place to eat at. the number of children and adolescents as well as adults eating out everyday is only seen to progress and rise. research concludes that children and adolescents ranging from twelve to nineteen years old consume twice as many calories from fast food restaurants than children ranging from two to eleven years old.
<p> some fast food corporations considered youngsters their "most important" customers, owing to the success of the kids' meal. their effectiveness has been ascribed to the fact that the patronage of youngsters often means the patronage of a family and to the allure of the toys, which often are in collectable series. in 2006, $360 million of the expenditures of fast food corporations was for toys in kids' meals, which numbered over 1.2 billion.
<p> calorie-dense, prepared snacks are available in many locations frequented by children. as childhood obesity has become more prevalent, snack vending machines in school settings have been reduced by law in a small number of localities. some research suggests that the increase in availability of junk foods in schools can account for about one-fifth of the increase in average bmi among adolescents over the last decade. eating at fast food restaurants is very common among young people with 75% of 7th to 12th grade students consuming fast food in a given week. the fast food industry is also at fault for the rise in childhood obesity. this industry spends about $4.2 billion on advertisements aimed at young children. mcdonald's alone has thirteen websites that are viewed by 365,000 children and 294,000 teenagers each month. in addition, fast food restaurants give out toys in children's meals, which helps to entice children to buy the fast food. forty percent of children ask their parents to take them to fast food restaurants on a daily basis. to make matters worse, out of 3000 combinations created from popular items on children's menus at fast food restaurants, only 13 meet the recommended nutritional guidelines for young children. some literature has found a relationship between fast food consumption and obesity. including a study which found that fast food restaurants near schools increases the risk of obesity among the student population.
<p> increased consumption of fast food and predominance of sedentary lifestyles have led to this occurrence. these unhealthy eating habits are reinforced in school canteens, where high fat and high carbohydrate foods such as pizza, burgers, sandwiches, and za'atar, are available for lunch. between meal times, children prefer french fries, chocolate, and soda, which lack micronutrients and dietary fiber.
<p> increased consumption of fast food and predominance of sedentary lifestyles have led to this occurrence. these unhealthy eating habits are reinforced in school canteens, where high fat and high carbohydrate foods such as pizza, burgers, sandwiches, and za'atar, are available for lunch. between meal times, children prefer french fries, chocolate, and soda, which lack micronutrients and dietary fiber. | It’s that’s fast food has flavor profiles that appeal to kids, such as simple carbs, plain cheese, fried things and not overly strong and or sweet sauces. This is not a mere coincidence ;) |
how do people own nice properties and vehicles and remain either out of debt or have very little debt. | <p> under certain circumstances, the debtor in possession may be able to keep the property by paying the creditor the fair market value, as opposed to the contract price. for example, where the property is a personal vehicle which has depreciated in value since the time of the purchase, and which the debtor needs to find or continue employment to pay off his debts, the debtor may pay the creditor for the fair market value of the car to keep it.
<p> a debtor's vehicle can be immobilised or removed and goods can be taken up to the value of outstanding judgment plus additional bailiff/removal/auction house fees. vehicles may be immobilised/removed on both private or public land but if on private land the bailiff has to have the land owners permission to enter if the land doesn't belong to the person named on the warrant. however a vehicle used in the course of a debtors business may not be clamped or taken.
<p> in the automotive financing industry, many dealerships are allowed to designate personal loans which are payable to the ownership as subordinable debt. the finance institution and dealership may come to an agreement which allows this debt to stay within the confines of the financial statement and concurrently improve the dealership financial position from a liquidity perspective.
<p> the borrower was bound to return the equivalent thing. as owner, he bore liability for loss, theft, or damage; they were irrelevant to his liability for the thing. two exceptions were made, where repayment would be dependent on the success of the operation: the financing of a cargo ship, and the sponsorship of a professional athlete. neither was liable if they did not succeed; the risk was born by the lender. "mutuum" was unilateral and did not place the lender under any obligations or duties.
<p> bullet::::- the debtor’s total gross assets must not exceed £1000 (this includes houses so homeowners will not be eligible); the debtor will usually be allowed to keep a car if it is worth less than £1000 or it has been adapted for them because they have a physical impairment that has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on their ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities;
<p> a debtor borrows $10,000 from a car dealership to purchase an automobile, using the automobile itself as collateral for the loan (in other words the dealership retains a right to repossess the automobile in the event the debtor defaults on the loan). the dealership makes this loan using an authenticated security agreement - a signed agreement giving the dealership the secured right to repossess the car in the event of default of the debtor. the debtor also has two unsecured creditors who have made loans of $1000 each to the debtor. neither of these creditors has a security agreement - their only method of recovering their money in the event that the debtor defaults on the loan is through the judicial system, whereas the secured creditor can simply repossess the car at his option (this is called self-help repossession and is completely legal provided the secured creditor does not breach the peace in doing so). the debtor is in debt $10k to the secured creditor and $2000 to the unsecured creditors. assume the debtor defaults and his only asset is the automobile. the dealership can repossess the auto and sell it to satisfy its debt. two things can happen here: 1) the dealership sells the collateral (car) for more than the amount of the debt (let's say $15k). in this case, the debtor would receive the excess $5k (surplus) which he would use to satisfy the debts of his unsecured creditors (and then would have $3k left over). 2) the dealership repossess the car and sells it for less than the amount of the debt, let's say $9k (more likely scenario). in this case, the secured creditor dealership keeps the $9k, and the remaining $1k (deficiency) that the dealership is owed becomes unsecured - it is on the same level of priority as the other two unsecured loans. those three unsecured claims of $1k each will be paid off equally. thus, if the debtor has $1500 to satisfy its debts - each unsecured creditor would get $500 (1/3 of amount each). the remaining debt will probably never be repaid because, in cases such as these with the debtor having multiple loans on default, the debtor has most likely filed for ch. 7 bankruptcy.
<p> notwithstanding the senior status of a loan or other debt instrument, another debt instrument (whether senior or otherwise) may benefit from security that effectively renders that other instrument more likely to be repaid in an insolvency than unsecured senior debt. lenders of a secured debt instrument (regardless of ranking) receive the benefit of the security for that instrument until they are repaid in full, without having to share the benefit of that security with any other lenders. if the value of the security is insufficient to repay the secured debt, the residual unpaid claim will rank according to its documentation (whether senior or otherwise), and will receive "pro rata" treatment with other unsecured debts of such rank. | How do you know they're out of debt? Almost everyone is in some sort of debt, but it's not hard to keep your debt manageable with smart decisions. |
why does the earth look so small in apollo 11 photos but much bigger from the dscovr images which capture the moon passing in front on the earth? | <p> bullet::::- the photo of earth from the moon, "earthrise", was released to the public by nasa along with eight other spectacular photographs taken during the apollo 8 mission. the display coincided with the first press conference (at houston) by astronauts borman, lovell and anders since their return to earth, and the images were shown on live television, then repeated on evening newscasts around the world and published in the next day's newspapers. in addition to the famous view of a half-lit image of earth were two pictures of craters on the moon's far side from an altitude of ; a photo of the nearside craters goclenius and magelhaens; a view of the mare tranquillitatis where the first earthmen would land in apollo 11; and two other views of the earth's western hemisphere.
<p> the halo area of the apollo 15 landing site, created by the lm's exhaust plume, was observed by a camera aboard the japanese lunar orbiter selene and confirmed by comparative analysis of photographs in may 2008. this corresponds well to photographs taken from the apollo 15 command module showing a change in surface reflectivity due to the plume, and was the first visible trace of crewed landings on the moon seen from space since the close of the apollo program.
<p> located southwest of orion in the southern-hemisphere constellation fornax, the rectangular image is 2.4 arcminutes to an edge, or 3.4 arcminutes diagonally. this is approximately one tenth of the angular diameter of a full moon viewed from earth (which is less than 34 arcminutes), smaller than 1 sq. mm piece of paper held at 1 meter away, and equal to roughly one twenty-six-millionth of the total area of the sky. the image is oriented so that the upper left corner points toward north (−46.4°) on the celestial sphere.
<p> scott's main problem was that there was very little detail on the surface. the best images of the site only had 66 ft (20 m) resolution and photoanalysers had overenhanced the images. the main problem was overestimating the depth of craters, so as to make them have shadows at higher sun angles. fortunately he was able to see four craters, matthew, mark, luke and index (the reason it was called index and not john was due to madalyn murray o'hair, an outspoken atheist who had sued nasa over the reading of genesis during apollo 8. although she lost the case, nasa remained squeamish on overtly religious announcements on later flights).
<p> photographs taken in 2009 by the lunar reconnaissance orbiter were released on july 17, and the fra mauro equipment was the most visible apollo hardware at that time, owing to particularly good lighting conditions. in 2011, the lro returned to the landing site at a lower altitude to take higher resolution photographs.
<p> among the most prominent features of the moon's sky is earth. earth's angular diameter (1.9°) is four times the moon's as seen from earth, although because the moon's orbit is eccentric, earth's apparent size in the sky varies by about 5% either way (ranging between 1.8° and 2.0° in diameter). earth shows phases, just like the moon does for terrestrial observers. the phases, however, are opposite; when the terrestrial observer sees the full moon, the lunar observer sees a "new earth", and vice versa. earth's albedo is three times as high as that of the moon (due in part to its whitish cloud cover), and coupled with the wider area, the full earth glows over 50 times brighter than the full moon at zenith does for the terrestrial observer. this earth light reflected on the moon's un-sunlit half is bright enough to be visible from earth, even to the unaided eye – a phenomenon known as earthshine.
<p> among the most prominent features of the moon's sky is earth. earth's angular diameter (1.9°) is four times the moon's as seen from earth, although because the moon's orbit is eccentric, earth's apparent size in the sky varies by about 5% either way (ranging between 1.8° and 2.0° in diameter). earth shows phases, just like the moon does for terrestrial observers. the phases, however, are opposite; when the terrestrial observer sees the full moon, the lunar observer sees a "new earth", and vice versa. earth's albedo is three times as high as that of the moon (due in part to its whitish cloud cover), and coupled with the wider area, the full earth glows over 50 times brighter than the full moon at zenith does for the terrestrial observer. this earth light reflected on the moon's un-sunlit half is bright enough to be visible from earth, even to the unaided eye – a phenomenon known as earthshine. | The dscovr photo is zoomed. It has a narrower angular field of view. With a constant field of view the Earth would be ~3.9 times smaller on account of the distance between camera and Earth being ~3.9 times further, while the Moon would be a million times smaller on account of the distance between camera and Moon being a million time further (assuming camera was placed ~1.5 metres above the surface on the Apollo photo). The same effect can be seen when taking a photo of yourself. If you use your selfie camera, your nose will appear up to 30% larger than if you use a mirror or tripod and zoom in. |
how are proper nouns 'coined' in sign languages? | <p> saussure realized that if linguistics was going to be an actual science, language could not be a mere nomenclature; for otherwise it would be little more than a fashionable version of lexicology, constructing lists of the definitions of words. thus he argued that the sign is ultimately determined by the other signs in the system, which delimit its meaning and possible range of use, rather than its internal sound-pattern and concept. "sheep", for example, has the same meaning as the french word "mouton", but not the same value, for "mouton" can also be used to mean the meal lamb, whereas "sheep" cannot, because it has been delimited by "mutton".
<p> the rules by which signs can be combined to form words and phrases are called syntax or grammar. the meaning that is connected to individual signs, morphemes, words, phrases, and texts is called semantics. the division of language into separate but connected systems of sign and meaning goes back to the first linguistic studies of de saussure and is now used in almost all branches of linguistics.
<p> while nim did learn 125 signs, terrace concluded that he had not acquired anything the researchers were prepared to designate worthy of the name "language" (as defined by noam chomsky) although he had learned to repeat his trainers' signs in appropriate contexts. language is defined as a "doubly articulated" system, in which signs are formed for objects and states and then combined syntactically, in ways that determine how their meanings will be understood. for example, "man bites dog" and "dog bites man" use the same set of words but because of their ordering will be understood by speakers of english as denoting very different meanings.
<p> some signs are spelled to convey the aura of another language (sometimes genuinely spelled as in the other language, other times fictionally), but are still meant to be understood by monolinguals. for example, some signs in english are spelled in a way that conveys the aura of german or french, but are still meant to be understood by monolingual english speakers. similarly, some signs use latin script that is aestheticized to look like chinese characters or cyrillic script, in order to evoke the associated languages while still being readable to people who don't know them. for example, leeman and modan (2010) describe the use of aestheticized latin script in the washington dc's chinatown and the arab quarter of granada, spain.
<p> linguists often prefer to define nouns (and other lexical categories) in terms of their formal properties. these include morphological information, such as what prefixes or suffixes they take, and also their syntax – how they combine with other words and expressions of particular types. such definitions may nonetheless still be language-specific since syntax as well as morphology varies between languages. for example, in english, it might be noted that nouns are words that can co-occur with definite articles (as stated at the start of this article), but this would not apply in russian, which has no definite articles.
<p> as a sign language develops, it sometimes borrows elements from spoken languages, just as all languages borrow from other languages that they are in contact with. sign languages vary in how and how much they borrow from spoken languages. in many sign languages, a manual alphabet (fingerspelling) may be used in signed communication to borrow a word from a spoken language, by spelling out the letters. this is most commonly used for proper names of people and places; it is also used in some languages for concepts for which no sign is available at that moment, particularly if the people involved are to some extent bilingual in the spoken language. fingerspelling can sometimes be a source of new signs, such as initialized signs, in which the handshape represents the first letter of a spoken word with the same meaning.
<p> ancient grammarians, such as aristotle in his "poetics" and dionysius thrax in his art of grammar, categorized letters () according to what speech sounds ( 'elements') they represented. they called the letters for vowels ('pronounceable', singular ); the letters for the nasals, liquids, and , and the letters for the consonant clusters , ('half-sounding', singular ); and the letters for the stops ('not-sounding', singular ). dionysius also called consonants in general ('pronounced with [a vowel]', ). | I had a deaf friend in grade 2, she used to just spell out names in sign language. Or, if you were close to her she would have a nickname sign for you. One I remember was the letter sign for C while brushing your hair behind your ear- for her sister who's name started with a C and who had long hair. |
when and how did offensive signs and language become offensive? | <p> the term aggression comes from the latin word "aggressio", meaning attack. the latin was itself a joining of "ad"- and "gradi"-, which meant step at. the first known use dates back to 1611, in the sense of an unprovoked attack. a psychological sense of "hostile or destructive behavior" dates back to a 1912 english translation of sigmund freud's writing. alfred adler theorized about an "aggressive drive" in 1908. child raising experts began to refer to aggression, rather than anger, from the 1930s.
<p> using a niche-construction view of human evolution, bickerton has hypothesized that human ancestors used iconic signs as recruitment signals in the scavenging of dead megafauna. this process "would have created new words and deployed old words in new contexts, further weakening the uncoupling of words from situations, from current occurrence—even from fitness", and thus allowing for the creation of symbolic language.
<p> the word was first recorded in 1632, probably as a form of onomatopoeia. it shares its beginning consonants with several other english words related to violence, such as "slash", "slay", and "slam". the word is found in several english colloquialisms, such as, "slap fight", "slap-happy", "slapshot", "slapstick", "slap on the wrist" (as a mild punishment), "slap in the face" (as an insult or, alternatively, as a reproof against a lewd or insulting comment), and "slap on the back" (an expression of friendship or congratulations).
<p> the spoken language included many homophones and near-homophones, and in the beginning similar-sounding words such as "life" [til] and "arrow" [ti] were written with the same symbol. after the semites conquered southern mesopotamia, some signs gradually changed from being pictograms to syllabograms, most likely to make things clearer in writing. in that way the sign for the word "arrow" would become the sign for the sound "ti".
<p> in 1668, john wilkins, in "an essay towards a real character and a philosophical language", proposed using an inverted exclamation mark to punctuate ironic statements. in 1841, marcellin jobard, a belgian newspaper publisher, introduced an irony mark in the shape of an oversized arrow head with small stem (rather like an ideogram of a christmas tree). the next year he expanded his idea, suggesting the symbol could be used in various orientations (on its side, upside down, etc.) to mark "a point of irritation, an indignation point, a point of hesitation".
<p> on 12 may 1958, parliament passed the restriction of offensive weapons act 1959. the law came in response to their perceived use by juvenile delinquents and gangs and associated media coverage, as well as by the 1958 passage of the switchblade knife act in the united states. indeed, much of the language in the restriction of offensive weapons act 1959 appears to be taken directly from the american law.
<p> after a word enters a language, its meaning can change as through a shift in the valence of its connotations. as an example, when "villain" entered english it meant 'peasant' or 'farmhand', but acquired the connotation 'low-born' or 'scoundrel', and today only the negative use survives. thus 'villain' has undergone pejoration. conversely, the word "wicked" is undergoing amelioration in colloquial contexts, shifting from its original sense of 'evil', to the much more positive one of 'brilliant'. | In English, a lot of our curse words came about because of the French. Almost one thousand years ago, England was invaded by the Normans (the descendants of the Vikings who had adopted Northern French language and customs), led by William the Conqueror. William and many of the Kings who followed him continued to speak "French" that slowly mixed with the Anglo-Saxon of the native population. A lot of the fancier words in modern English draw their roots from this noble French, for example, "smell" comes from an Anglo-Saxon Word, while an odor come from French. A lot of Anglo-Saxon words for sex and body parts, were scene as crass and eventually as offensive, since the nobility would use a "fancier" term instead. Ass for example comes form the Anglo-Saxon Arse. The French may have also made flipping the bird be offensive as well. During the Hundred Years war, the English Longbowmen were horrifically effective against the French mounted Knights (even a knight in full plate armor was in big trouble if his unarmored horse was shot out). The story goes is that if the French ever got their hands on any English Longbowman, they would have the two fingers the archers used to draw the bow string cut off. So, the English Longbowmen would start taunting the French by holding out their two fingers in a V shape out to the French as a "come and get them" gesture. Eventually this symbol became an insulting gesture (the two fingered V version is still offensive in England to this very day) and for whatever reason people in the US only used one finger instead of two. In short, curse words or offensive gestures usually is the result of a long historical circumstance that turned an innocent word or gesture into something that is seen as crass. |
why are vitamin recommended to be supplements but not replacements? at the end of the day, aren't we just intaking the same chemicals, regardless if it came from a pill or orange? | <p> as with the minerals discussed above, some vitamins are recognized as essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. (vitamin d is the exception: it can alternatively be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of uvb radiation.) certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, such as carnitine, are thought useful for survival and health, but these are not "essential" dietary nutrients because the human body has some capacity to produce them from other compounds. moreover, thousands of different phytochemicals have recently been discovered in food (particularly in fresh vegetables), which may have desirable properties including antioxidant activity (see below); experimental demonstration has been suggestive but inconclusive. other essential nutrients not classed as vitamins include essential amino acids (see above), essential fatty acids (see above), and the minerals discussed in the preceding section.
<p> it may be taken as a dietary supplement, as it is a source of vitamin c, b vitamins, vitamin e, vitamin k, potassium (475 mg), calcium, phosphorus, sulphur, iron, copper, zinc, magnesium and lactic acid.
<p> b taken in a low-solubility, non-chewable supplement pill form may bypass the mouth and stomach and not mix with gastric acids, but acids are not necessary for the absorption of free b not bound to protein; acid is necessary only to recover naturally-occurring vitamin b from foods.
<p> vitamin c dietary supplements are available as tablets, capsules, drink mix packets, in multi-vitamin/mineral formulations, in antioxidant formulations, and as crystalline powder. vitamin c is also added to some fruit juices and juice drinks. tablet and capsule content ranges from 25 mg to 1500 mg per serving. the most commonly used supplement compounds are ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate. vitamin c molecules can also be bound to the fatty acid palmitate, creating ascorbyl palmitate, or else incorporated into liposomes.
<p> it is reported that in 1996 the german delegation put forward a proposal that no herb, vitamin or mineral should be sold for preventive or therapeutic reasons, and that supplements should be reclassified as drugs. the proposal was agreed, but protests halted its implementation. the 28th session of the codex alimentarius commission was subsequently held july 4–9, 2005. among the many issues discussed were the "guidelines for vitamin and mineral food supplements", which were adopted during the meeting as new global safety guidelines: the guidelines state that "people should...be encouraged to select a balanced diet from food before considering any vitamin and mineral supplement. in cases where the intake from the diet is insufficient or where consumers consider their diet requires supplementation, vitamin and mineral food supplements serve to supplement the daily diet." this text has been the subject of considerable controversy among proponents of dietary supplements. many countries regulate such substances as therapeutic goods or pharmaceuticals or by some other category, without requiring them to be shown to be medically useful. the text does not seek to ban supplements, but subjects them to labeling and packaging requirements, sets criteria for the setting of maximum and minimum dosage levels, and requires that safety and efficacy are considered when determining ingredient sources. the united nations' food and agriculture organization (fao) and world health organization (who) will implement these criteria with "labelling to stop consumers overdosing on vitamin and mineral food supplements." the codex alimentarius commission (cac) has said that the guidelines call "for labelling that contains information on maximum consumption levels of vitamin and mineral food supplements." the who has also said that the guidelines "ensure that consumers receive beneficial health effects from vitamins and minerals."
<p> a vitamin is an organic compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts. an organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet. the term is conditional both on the circumstances and on the particular organism. for example, ascorbic acid (vitamin c) is a vitamin for anthropoid primates, humans, guinea pigs and bats, but not for other mammals. vitamin d is not an essential nutrient for people who get sufficient exposure to ultraviolet light, either from the sun or an artificial source, as then they synthesize vitamin d in skin. humans require thirteen vitamins in their diet, most of which are actually groups of related molecules, "vitamers", (e.g. vitamin e includes tocopherols and tocotrienols, vitamin k includes vitamin k and k). the list: vitamins a, c, d, e, k, thiamine (b1), riboflavin (b2), niacin (b3), pantothenic acid (b5), vitamin b6, biotin (b7), folate (b9) and vitamin b12. vitamin intake below recommended amounts can result in signs and symptoms associated with vitamin deficiency. there is little evidence of benefit when consumed as a dietary supplement by those who are healthy and consuming a nutritionally adequate diet.
<p> vitamin b is included in multivitamin pills; and in some countries grain-based foods such as bread and pasta are fortified with b. in the u.s. non-prescription products can be purchased providing up to 5,000µg per serving, and it is a common ingredient in energy drinks and energy shots, usually at many times the recommended dietary allowance of b. the vitamin can also be a prescription product via injection or other means. tablets have sufficiently large quantities of the vitamin such that 1% to 5% of the free crystalline b is absorbed along the entire intestine by passive diffusion. | By definition to be a replacement you would have to stop getting vitamins from other sources. Most foods have some vitamins, so the pill is supplementing what you got from the food. They can't be a replacement as long as you insist on continuing to eat food. |
how does a room that's closed off (sealed windows and doors, no sunlight getting in) get warm when the weather gets hotter outside? | <p> bullet::::- homogeneous interior temperature: it is impossible to have single rooms (e.g. the sleeping rooms) at a different temperature from the rest of the house. note that the relatively high temperature of the sleeping areas is physiologically not considered desirable by some building scientists. bedroom windows can be cracked open slightly to alleviate this when necessary.
<p> windows and doors make up for approximately one-third of a home’s total thermal loss, according to the natural resources defense council. this applies to heat loss in winter as well as entry of undesired heat in summer. when air inside the room comes in contact with windows, it is cooled or warmed. by convection this air then circulates around the room. cell shapes in the blinds hold trapped air and create a barrier between the window surface and the room, thus lessening the transfer of heat. shades, however, provide only slight control of air infiltration.
<p> an alternative explanation for the orientation of the window is that getting at least one corner of a window up as far as possible in the interior of the house allows hot air (which rises to the top of the room) to escape on summer afternoons. however, this reasoning seems suspect, as vermont is not as hot as many other locations, while the windows are not ubiquitous. if heat escape were the goal, diagonal windows could be placed in other walls as well.
<p> in recent years its age has made it a difficult building to keep warm in the wintertime. even with the windows closed, city hall has been drafty. the city installed cellular shades, and later window insulating panels, to keep it warm.
<p> the internal surfaces of the thermal mass should be dark in color. movable insulation (e.g., window coverings, shades, shutters) can be used help trap the warm air in the sunspace both after the sun has set and during cloudy weather. when closed during extremely hot days, window coverings can help keep the sunspace from overheating.
<p> the rooms on the southeastern side of the home, which were considered to be the hottest, did not have ceilings so hot air could rise into the roof space, therefore keeping the room as cool as possible. the kitchen, housed in a separate structure outside the home at the time of construction, was later installed in the southeastern section.
<p> the thick stone walls and dome of the trullo that cool pleasantly during the summer, tend to become unpleasantly cold during the winter months, condensing the moisture given off by cooking and breathing, making it difficult to feel warm even in front of the fire. the inhabitants simply leave the doors open during the day to keep the interior dry, and live more outdoors than in. | Sun will hit the outer walls and the walls will heat up to the temp outside. Outer walls transfer heat to inside walls which heats up the air in the room. |
why is it considered ok to wash dish soaps, detergents, laundry soaps, etc. down the drain if those things are considered harmful to us? | <p> according to newer regulations, each washing machine is equipped with a waste water filter. there are two reasons for that. on one hand it has to be ensured that no hazardous chemical substances are disposed of improperly through the waste water channel; on the other hand it must also be ensured that in case of a backwards shear in the waste water channel that is possible in case of technical problems, the feces and other waste could not enter the washing machine.
<p> most dishwasher detergent contains complex phosphates, as they have several properties that aid in effective cleaning. however, the same chemicals have been removed from laundry detergents in many countries as a result of concerns raised about the increase in algal blooms in waterways caused by increasing phosphate levels (see eutrophication).
<p> hand dishwashing detergents utilize surfactants to play the primary role in cleaning. the reduced surface tension of dishwashing water, and increasing solubility of modern surfactant mixtures, allows the water to run off the dishes in a dish rack very quickly. however, most people also rinse the dishes with pure water to make sure to get rid of any soap residue that could affect the taste of the food.
<p> because of their association with hand washing and hygiene, soap dishes themselves are often the focus of cleanliness. to aid in cleanup, some self-draining soap dishes are designed to allow soapy residue to collect in a compartment below the raised bar of soap. other such soap dishes funnel the soapy reside directly to the adjacent sink or bathtub, necessitating strategic placement of the soap dish.
<p> there have been further efforts to improve water quality using new technology which allows water to be disinfected immediately upon collection and during the storage process. clean water is necessary for cooking, cleaning, and laundry because many people come into contact with disease causing pathogens through their food, or while bathing or washing.
<p> bullet::::- household wastes: improper disposal of many common products can pollute ground water. these include cleaning solvents, used motor oil, paints, and paint thinners. even soaps and detergents can harm drinking water. these are often a problem from faulty septic tanks and septic leaching fields.
<p> items contaminated by chemicals such as wax, cigarette ash, poisons, mineral oils, wet paints, oiled tools, furnace filters, etc. can contaminate a dishwasher, since the surfaces inside small water passages cannot be wiped clean as surfaces are in hand-washing, so contaminants remain to affect future loads. objects contaminated by solvents may explode in a dishwasher. | Because the drain leads to a water treatment plant that cleans the water. Poop is pretty harmful to us... but you didn't question washing it down the drain... |
why does "shaking" a picture make it look 3d? | <p> also, in methods of rendering where vertices move from position to position during in-between frames, a distortion is created that does not happen when using skeletal animation. this is described by critics of the technique as looking "shaky". on the other hand, this distortion may be part of the desired "look".
<p> generally, it compensates for pan and tilt (angular movement, equivalent to yaw and pitch) of the imaging device, though electronic image stabilization can also compensate for rotation. it is used in image-stabilized binoculars, still and video cameras, astronomical telescopes, and also smartphones, mainly the high-end. with still cameras, camera shake is a particular problem at slow shutter speeds or with long focal length (telephoto or zoom) lenses. with video cameras, camera shake causes visible frame-to-frame jitter in the recorded video. in astronomy, the problem of lens-shake is amplified by variation in the atmosphere, which changes the apparent positions of objects over time.
<p> miniature faking, also known as diorama effect or diorama illusion, is a process in which a photograph of a life-size location or object is made to look like a photograph of a miniature scale model. blurring parts of the photo simulates the shallow depth of field normally encountered in close-up photography, making the scene seem much smaller than it actually is; the blurring can be done either optically when the photograph is taken, or by digital postprocessing. many diorama effect photographs are taken from a high angle to simulate the effect of looking down on a miniature. tilt–shift photography is also associated with miniature faking.
<p> shake is a discontinued image compositing package used in the post-production industry developed by nothing real for windows and later acquired by apple inc. shake was widely used in visual effects and digital compositing for film, video and commercials. shake exposed its node graph architecture graphically. it enabled complex image processing sequences to be designed through the connection of effects "nodes" in a graphical workflow interface. this type of compositing interface allowed great flexibility, including the ability to modify the parameters of an earlier image processing step "in context" (while viewing the final composite). many other compositing packages, such as blender, blackmagic fusion, nuke and cineon, also used a similar node-based approach.
<p> double images are usually caused by an exaggeration of the 3d effect from some angles of view, or an insufficient number of frames. poor design can lead to doubling, small jumps, or a fuzzy image, especially on objects in relief or in depth. for some visuals, where the foreground and background are fuzzy or shaded, this exaggeration can prove to be an advantage. in most cases, the detail and precision required do not allow this.
<p> the term illusory motion, also known as motion illusion, is an optical illusion in which a static image appears to be moving due to the cognitive effects of interacting color contrasts and shape position. apparent motion is the most common type of illusory motion and is perceived when images are displayed in succession at a specific frame rate such as in a movie.
<p> sometimes, when looking at rotating three-dimensional silhouettes, they will suddenly appear to change the direction in which they are rotating, even though nothing about the image has changed. this sudden change is because the silhouette lack any depth cues from shading. data from an experiment showed that subjects experienced changes more when the image was being processed by their left hemisphere which controls the right side of the visual field. | i've been staring at those pictures for the last 15 minutes, i'm just gonna sit here and wait for someone to answer this. |
why this whole college admissions scandal is illegal and not just unethical when the schools are private. | <p> california courts recently held that a private school's admissions office was not covered by the act, because it was not a "business." (a school had expelled two students who were perceived as bisexual.) "although the fact the school is nonprofit is not controlling, this does mean it should not be deemed a business unless it has some significant resemblance to an ordinary for-profit business." "doe v. california lutheran high school ass'n", 170 cal.app.4th 828 (2009).
<p> bullet::::- there is a historic connotation that community colleges and for-profit colleges are often considered schools of last resort, because of their open-admissions policies, which may reflect poorly upon students who were unable to receive admission to a college offering a wider variety of degree programs. their open-admissions policies have been the subject of sarcastic humor in popular media.
<p> after the scandal broke, multiple american news sources including "the atlantic", "vox", "rolling stone", and "the new york times" characterized it as a symptom of a broken college admissions system. alan dershowitz, professor emeritus at harvard law school, said it was "the worst scandal involving elite universities in the history of the united states". elizabeth warren, united states senator from massachusetts (where all the criminal cases were filed), told news media that the scandal represented "just one more example of how the rich and powerful know how to take care of their own".
<p> there was a report that more colleges are resorting to computerized fact-checking software, as well as anti-plagiarism tools such as turnitin, which checks documents for unoriginal content on the web, possibly as a response to well-publicized scandals in which a student won admission to harvard university by fraudulent means. supplementary materials generally carry "no weight" in college admissions, according to one view. a report in "time magazine" suggested that many elite colleges used a vaguer measure of "institutional fit" to decide who is admitted, which is based on nonacademic qualities and may favor "underrepresented minorities and students who demonstrate exceptional talent." students who take a "gap year" between high school and college can benefit if the year was enriching and developing and helped the student mature.
<p> in december 2015, had asked all private schools to make their own criteria for making the admission process transparent by uploading the criteria on the school website. in a follow-up move in early 2016, the aap government scrapped all admission quotas from private schools except for children belonging to extremely weak socioeconomic backgrounds.
<p> with public schools, the school must provide the student with limited constitutional due process protections as public educational institutions operate as an extension of state governments. conversely, with private schools, the student can be expelled for any reason – provided that the expulsion was not “arbitrary and capricious.” in virginia, as long as a private school follows the procedures in its student handbook, a court will likely not view its actions as arbitrary and capricious.
<p> cheating is very rampant, because of the huge pressure to passing the exam. schools and teachers are either ignoring it, encouraging it, or even do it. examples include using mobile phones to send answers to other students, giving the answer key, either openly or discreetly, and changing the answer on the answer sheet. school principals and teachers has been arrested on that case. | None of these colleges is "private" in the sense that matters. If you accept federal student loan money, you have to obey the government rules. Letting rich people buy their way in by bribing coaches is not, unsurprisingly, allowed by the rules. |
- entropy | <p> in information theory, "entropy" is the measure of the amount of information that is missing before reception and is sometimes referred to as "shannon entropy". shannon entropy is a broad and general concept which finds applications in information theory as well as thermodynamics. it was originally devised by claude shannon in 1948 to study the amount of information in a transmitted message. the definition of the information entropy is, however, quite general, and is expressed in terms of a discrete set of probabilities "p so that
<p> entropy was a decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship, much like freenet. entropy was an anonymous data store written in the c programming language. it pooled the contributed bandwidth and storage space of member computers to allow users to anonymously publish or retrieve information of all kinds. the name "entropy" was a backronym for "emerging network to reduce orwellian potency yield", referring to george orwell's novel "nineteen eighty-four" and its totalitarian thought police enslaving people by controlling their information.
<p> although the concept of entropy was originally a thermodynamic construct, it has been adapted in other fields of study, including information theory, psychodynamics, thermoeconomics/ecological economics, and evolution.
<p> the concept of entropy in statistical mechanics is developed, and its relationship to the way the concept is used in thermodynamics. by an analysis of the thought experiment maxwell's demon, he relates the concept of entropy to that of information.
<p> entropy has often been loosely associated with the amount of order or disorder, or of chaos, in a thermodynamic system. the traditional qualitative description of entropy is that it refers to changes in the status quo of the system and is a measure of "molecular disorder" and the amount of wasted energy in a dynamical energy transformation from one state or form to another. in this direction, several recent authors have derived exact entropy formulas to account for and measure disorder and order in atomic and molecular assemblies. one of the simpler entropy order/disorder formulas is that derived in 1984 by thermodynamic physicist peter landsberg, based on a combination of thermodynamics and information theory arguments. he argues that when constraints operate on a system, such that it is prevented from entering one or more of its possible or permitted states, as contrasted with its forbidden states, the measure of the total amount of "disorder" in the system is given by:
<p> entropy and life was made by erwin schrödinger, in his book "what is life?". in this book, schrödinger not only discusses entropy and life and associates entropy with disorder, he also "invents" the concept of "negative entropy," which was later renamed negentropy by léon brillouin. this erroneous application is further discussed in ben-naim's books.
<p> in quantum information theory, the wehrl entropy, named after alfred wehrl, is a classical entropy of a quantum-mechanical density matrix. it is a type of quasi-entropy defined for the husimi q representation of the phase-space quasiprobability distribution. see for a comprehensive review of basic properties of classical, quantum and wehrl entropies, and their implications in statistical mechanics. | In nature we observe that systems tend to dispel gradients rather than actively form them. For instance, if you take two blocks one at temperature 1 and another at temperature 2 and place them in contact, heat will flow from the hot block to the cold block until the temperatures of the two blocks are equal. **We never observe the spontaneous reversal of this process.** Because of the uni-directional nature of this phenomena there must be some quantity related to the system that either increases or stays the same as the system moves towards its final state. The quantity increases as the blocks come to equal temperature and stays constant once the blocks reach their final temperature. This quantity, we call entropy. |
how is 401k a retirement "plan" and not a gamble? | <p> economist paul krugman wrote in november 2013: "today, however, workers who have any retirement plan at all generally have defined-contribution plans—basically, 401(k)'s—in which employers put money into a tax-sheltered account that's supposed to end up big enough to retire on. the trouble is that at this point it's clear that the shift to 401(k)'s was a gigantic failure. employers took advantage of the switch to surreptitiously cut benefits; investment returns have been far lower than workers were told to expect; and, to be fair, many people haven't managed their money wisely. as a result, we're looking at a looming retirement crisis, with tens of millions of americans facing a sharp decline in living standards at the end of their working lives. for many, the only thing protecting them from abject penury will be social security."
<p> for employees to receive a contribution from their employer, the employee must contribute a specified percentage into a 401(k) plan. the employer will then match that contribution to the retirement plan being offered. the money that is put into the retirement plan is free. investing in a 401(k) plan is a great way to increase retirement savings and increase the money earned.
<p> an employee's 401(k) plan is a retirement savings plan. the option of an employer matching program varies from company to company. it is not mandatory for a company to offer a contribution to their 401(k) plans.
<p> in a 401(k) plan, the contributions are funded by the employee and are often matched by contributions from the employer. the contributions to an employee's 401(k) plan are made from the employee's salary before taxes. these funds grow tax-free until they are withdrawn; at that point the contributions can be converted into an individual retirement account. the funds may also be switched if one changes employers. an employer's matching program is situational and depends on if a workplace offers one. according to the profit sharing/401k council of america, an industry trade group, about 78% of 401(k) plans include some kind of employer match for employee contributions.
<p> in the united states, a 401(a) plan is a tax-deferred retirement savings plan defined by subsection 401(a) of the internal revenue code. the 401(a) plan is established by an employer, and allows for contributions by the employer or both employer and employee. contribution amounts, whether dollar-based or percentage-based, eligibility, and vesting schedule are all determined by the sponsoring employer.
<p> in the united states, a 401(k) plan is the tax-qualified, defined-contribution pension account defined in subsection 401(k) of the internal revenue code. under the plan, retirement savings contributions are provided (and sometimes proportionately matched) by an employer, deducted from the employee's paycheck before taxation (therefore tax-deferred until withdrawn after retirement or as otherwise permitted by applicable law), and limited to a maximum pre-tax annual contribution of $19,000 (as of 2019).
<p> the employer matching program and the tax deduction are great advantages to a 401(k) plan; these two alone keep many employees invested. economically 401(k) plans are good because it forces americans to invest in anything they want and build their wealth with certain tax breaks. most americans invest their 401(k) plan with in american soil stock exchanges or banks; this helps the economy because people are inclined to invest back into the economy. | How is it a gamble? 401k plans usually have you infest in funds etc that spread out any risk associated with the stock market. Over the life of the stock market you can basically expect 10% returns. Sure if everything goes to crap you could still lose money but if it was that bad then the world has bigger problems. So sure there is risk involved but it is very very small. 401k plans tend to be a great form of investing money. |
why does art usually face left? | <p> the painting seems to be behind a veil. the landscape reveals itself gradually to the concentrated and patient viewer: cliffs, water, and woodland. like classical chinese landscapes, qiu shihua's pictures are exempt from the laws of central perspective. there is no recognizable center, neither a horizontal nor a vertical axis, no left or right, perhaps not even an up and a down. in a few brief sentences the artist describes his “philosophy”—and in this case the term really is justified. “for me north, south, east, or west count for nothing, nor do red, yellow, or blue, and certainly not past, present, or future. with endless emptiness in the heart there is neither coming not going; they are one and the same. so are my works too: simple and pale, calm and empty. all being and non-being is hidden in them, completely self-contained. in the zero condition the original countenance of the soul reveals itself.” like the old chinese masters, qiu paints an inner world. the atmospheric perspective invites the eyes to roam over emptiness, a roving that permits nothing more than a diaphanous, mystical presentiment of another world. “according to qiu, his working process grounds on the premise of forgetting about such painterly matters as motive, technique, emotion, thus achieving pure sensuality in the void space from which the image must emerge rather than construct itself.” in their method, qiu shihua's white paintings follow a tradition that goes back more than a thousand years, but in their appearance they seem radically modern, even provocative. they are timeless, offer a wealth of perceptive possibilities, and can be regarded as one of the most interesting and certainly least expected contributions to painting in the past ten to fifteen years.
<p> the painting is structured by the increasing compression of space from right to left, as the rural relaxation on the right side is replaced by the concentrated labour in the middle and the urban crush on the far left. the workers in the centre break up the established relationship between the characters, throwing people together in new ways. brown reproduces the common triangular structure of the social system, with the horse-riding aristocrats at the top. but they are pushed to the back, stuck and unable to progress – forced into the shade in the background, while the workers occupy the brightly lit foreground. the railings around the excavations separate the realm of productive work from that of leisure, lassitude and unproductive work.
<p> in two-dimensional works of art, such as painting, printmaking, photography or bas-relief, repoussoir (, "pushing back") is an object along the right or left foreground that directs the viewer's eye into the composition by bracketing (framing) the edge. it became popular with mannerist and baroque artists, and is found frequently in dutch seventeenth-century landscape paintings. jacob van ruisdael, for example, often included a tree along one side to enclose the scene (see illustration). figures are also commonly employed as "repoussoir" devices by artists such as paolo veronese, peter paul rubens and impressionists such as gustave caillebotte.
<p> the transition between the top left, perhaps where the artist began, and the standard pattern, is somewhat awkward, leaving a rather bald spot (for an interlace pattern) to the left of the first curving yellow vertical. the change in pattern pushes the halfway point of the upper panel rather off-centre to the right, whereas in the lower panel it falls slightly to the left of dead centre. these vagaries in the design suggest that it was done freehand, without marking-out the pattern using compasses for example. the lowest horizontal raised line is not straight, being higher at the left, probably because of an error in the marking or drilling of the holes in the cover board through which the ends of the cord run. the simple twist or chain border in yellow between the two raised frames resembles an element in an initial in the durham gospel book fragment, an important earlier manuscript from lindisfarne.
<p> the left and right "wings" of the paintings illustrate the protestant concept of law and gospel, which emphasizes salvation through the forgiveness of sins in light of the person and work of jesus christ. "law", or the old covenant, is symbolized on the left, and "gospel" or "grace" on the right. the panels illustrate the lutheran idea that law is not sufficient for salvation, but gospel is. as luther wrote in 1522:
<p> the strong movement of the head to the left is contrasted by the extreme straightness of the right arm (not shown in the photograph displayed to the right). from another angle (displayed), the left arm isolates the upper body from the lower, generating a characteristically dynamic effect that is taught to art students as creating, mannerism.
<p> the terms are mainly used in discussing images of humans, whether in art history, medical contexts such as x-ray images, or elsewhere, but they can be used in describing any object that has an unambiguous front and back (for example furniture) or, when describing things that move or change position, with reference to the original position. however a more restricted use may be preferred, and the internal instructions for cataloguing objects in the "inventory of american sculpture" at the smithsonian american art museum say that "the terms "proper right" and "proper left" should be used when describing figures only". in heraldry, right and left is always used in the meaning of proper right and proper left, as for the imaginary bearer of a coat of arms; to avoid confusion, the latin terms dexter and sinister are often used. | It’s more common because the subjects face the light. The light in studios usually comes from the artists’ left (because it was easier for right handed people to work and see their work if their hand wasn’t casting a shadow). It outside, artists usually still kept the light to their left. |
what makes good sushi "good"? | <p> sushi has seen rapidly rising popularity recently in the western world. a form of fast food created in japan (where bentō is the japanese variety of fast food), sushi is normally cold sticky rice flavored with a sweet rice vinegar and served with some topping (often fish), or, as in the most popular kind in the west, rolled in nori (dried laver) with filling. the filling often includes fish, seafood, chicken or cucumber.
<p> the ingredients used inside sushi are called "gu", and are, typically, varieties of fish. for culinary, sanitary, and aesthetic reasons, the minimum quality and freshness of fish to be eaten raw must be superior to that of fish which is to be cooked. sushi chefs are trained to recognize important attributes, including smell, color, firmness, and freedom from parasites that may go undetected in commercial inspection. commonly used fish are tuna ("maguro, shiro-maguro"), japanese amberjack, yellowtail ("hamachi"), snapper ("kurodai"), mackerel ("saba"), and salmon ("sake"). the most valued sushi ingredient is "toro," the fatty cut of the fish. this comes in a variety of "ōtoro" (often from the bluefin species of tuna) and "chūtoro", meaning "middle toro", implying that it is halfway into the fattiness between "toro" and the regular cut. "aburi" style refers to "nigiri" sushi where the fish is partially grilled (topside) and partially raw. most nigiri sushi will have completely raw toppings, called "neta".
<p> the main ingredients of traditional japanese sushi, raw fish and rice, are naturally low in fat, high in protein, carbohydrates (the rice only), vitamins, and minerals, as are "gari" and "nori". other vegetables wrapped within the sushi also offer various vitamins and minerals. many of the seafood ingredients also contain omega-3 fatty acids, which have a variety of health benefits. the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish has certain beneficial property, especially on cardiovascular health, natural anti-inflammatory compounds, and play a role in brain function.
<p> generally sushi is not a particularly fattening food. however, rice in sushi contains a fair amount of carbohydrates, plus the addition of other ingredients such as mayonnaise added into sushi rolls might increase the caloric content. sushi also has a relatively high sodium content, especially contributed from "shoyu" soy sauce seasoning.
<p> kelly wetherille for cnn travel, described sushi saito as a "hidden gem". she said that "tender, flavorful seafood and perfectly seasoned rice are worth every penny". fodor's travel guide described the food there as being "the freshest sushi available in the world". chef joël robuchon, who holds the most michelin stars in the world of any chef, once described sushi saito as "the best sushi restaurant in the world".
<p> sushi originates in a southeast asian dish, known today as "narezushi" ( – "salted fish"), stored in fermented rice for possibly months at a time. the lacto-fermentation of the rice prevented the fish from spoiling; the rice would be discarded before consumption of the fish. this early type of sushi became an important source of protein for its japanese consumers. the term "sushi" comes from an antiquated grammatical form no longer used in other contexts, and literally means "sour-tasting"; the overall dish has a sour and umami or savoury taste. narezushi still exists as a regional specialty, notably as "funa-zushi" from shiga prefecture.
<p> in japan, sushi has traditionally been considered a delicacy. the original type of sushi, "nare-zushi", was first developed in southeast asia and then spread to southern china before its introduction to japan sometime around the 8th century ad. fish was salted and wrapped in fermented rice, a traditional lacto-fermented rice dish. "nare-zushi" was made of this gutted fish stored in fermented rice for months at a time for preservation. the fermentation of the rice prevented the fish from spoiling. the fermented rice was discarded and fish was the only part consumed. this early type of sushi became an important source of protein for the japanese. during the muromachi period, another way of preparing sushi was developed, called "namanare". "namanare" was partly raw fish wrapped in rice, consumed fresh, before it changed flavor. during the edo period, a third type of sushi was developed, "haya-zushi". "haya-zushi" was assembled so that both rice and fish could be consumed at the same time, and the dish became unique to japanese culture. it was the first time that rice was not being used for fermentation. rice was now mixed with vinegar, with fish, vegetables and dried foodstuff added. this type of sushi is still very popular today. each region utilizes local flavors to produce a variety of sushi that has been passed down for many generations. | the freshness of the fish and how the chef cuts it, i.e. not leaving the skin on it, thick or thin slices etc. Also with nigiri sushi (fish on rice with wasabi between) the right amount of wasabi. Some bad sushi ive had had insanely big slices, like hard to eat big, the salmon still had a little silver on the side, and there was about a baseballs worth of wasabi. |
if a country's currency loses almost all it's value, why doesn't that country just adopt the currency of a different country? | <p> on the other side, a currency being tied to the major commodities of a country can be problematic, as a decrease in demand for any specific commodity can take a huge toll on the country's currency, leading to deflation.
<p> if, on the other hand, a currency is undervalued, its exports will become cheaper and therefore more competitive internationally. at the same time, imports will also become more costly, stimulating the production of domestic substitutes to replace them. that will result in a growth of currency flowing into the country and a decline in currency flowing out of it, resulting in an improvement in the country's balance of trade.
<p> some small countries such as el salvador, ecuador and montenegro have unilaterally adopted the use of a more stable foreign currency as a means of controlling inflation. the cost of this is generally very high, as the adopting country loses all control over monetary policy, and all the benefits of seignorage. a currency board is a second tier solution, where the exchange rate of the currency is fixed to that of another country, or a "basket" of currencies.
<p> some of the world's currencies are still pegged to the dollar. some countries, such as ecuador, el salvador, and panama, have gone even further and eliminated their own currency (see dollarization) in favor of the united states dollar.
<p> a nation's ability to prevent a fall in the value of its own currency is limited mainly by the size of its foreign reserves: it needs to use the reserves to buy back its currency. starting in 2013, a trend has developed for some central banks to attempt to exert upward pressure on their currencies by means of currency swaps rather than by directly selling their foreign reserves. in the absence of foreign reserves, central banks may affect international pricing indirectly by selling assets (usually government bonds) domestically, which, however, diminishes liquidity in the economy and may lead to deflation.
<p> some economists argue that a single world currency is unnecessary, because the u.s. dollar is providing many of the benefits of a world currency while avoiding some of the costs. if the world does not form an optimum currency area, then it would be economically inefficient for the world to share one currency.
<p> other nations, including iceland, japan, brazil, and so on have had a policy of maintaining a low value of their currencies in the hope of reducing the cost of exports and thus bolstering their economies. a lower exchange rate lowers the price of a country's goods for consumers in other countries, but raises the price of imported goods and services for consumers in the low value currency country. | They sometimes do. For instance, Zimbabwe adopted the US dollar. But countries usually prefer to just make a new stable currency, rather than make themselves dependent on someone else's. |
why do countries try so hard to host the olympics? what are the benefits of hosting the olympics? | <p> while some economists are skeptical about the economic benefits of hosting the olympic games, emphasizing that such "mega-events" often have large costs, hosting (or even bidding for) the olympics appears to increase the host country's exports, as the host or candidate country sends a signal about trade openness when bidding to host the games. moreover, research suggests that hosting the summer olympics has a strong positive effect on the philanthropic contributions of corporations headquartered in the host city, which seems to benefit the local nonprofit sector. this positive effect begins in the years leading up to the games and might persist for several years afterwards, although not permanently. this finding suggests that hosting the olympics might create opportunities for cities to influence local corporations in ways that benefit the local nonprofit sector and civil society. the games have also had significant negative effects on host communities; for example, the centre on housing rights and evictions reports that the olympics displaced more than two million people over two decades, often disproportionately affecting disadvantaged groups.
<p> many economists are sceptical about the economic benefits of hosting the olympic games, emphasising that such "mega-events" often have large costs while yielding relatively few tangible benefits in the long run. conversely hosting (or even bidding for) the olympics appears to increase the host country's exports, as the host or candidate country sends a signal about trade openness when bidding to host the games. moreover, research suggests that hosting the summer olympics has a strong positive effect on the philanthropic contributions of corporations headquartered in the host city, which seems to benefit the local nonprofit sector. this positive effect begins in the years leading up to the games and might persist for several years afterwards, although not permanently. this finding suggests that hosting the olympics might create opportunities for cities to influence local corporations in ways that benefit the local nonprofit sector and civil society.
<p> one 2009 study found that countries which host the olympics experience a significant boost in trade. but this is also the case for countries which merely bid to host. "the benefit, in other words, came from the signal that a country was open for business, not from the spending itself."
<p> the games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. this growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, and a terrorist attack in 1972. every two years the olympics and its media exposure provide athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. the games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world.
<p> in fact, the world games were organized to welcome both olympic and non-olympic sports. the sport governing bodies that were members of the world games council desired to be accepted eventually into the olympic games. looking to the future, the council sought to rule out the potential for the ioc to deny a sport’s olympic acceptance based on an exclusion of the olympic sports from the world games program. therefore, the world games council encouraged the participation of the sport federations of the olympic games.
<p> australia, france, germany and greece have all hosted the summer olympic games twice. the ioc has selected tokyo, japan, to host the 2020 summer olympics, when it will become the first city outside the western world to have hosted the summer olympics more than once, having already hosted the games in 1964. the other countries that have hosted the summer olympics are belgium, brazil, china, canada, finland, italy, mexico, netherlands, south korea, spain, soviet union, and sweden; each of these countries has hosted the summer games on just one occasion.
<p> the ioc has enacted several initiatives to mitigate these concerns. firstly, the commission has agreed to fund part of the host city's budget for staging the games. secondly, the qualifying host countries are limited to those that have the resources and infrastructure to successfully host an olympic games without negatively impacting the region or nation; this consequently rules out a large portion of the developing world. finally, any prospective host city planning to bid for the games is required to add a "legacy plan" to their | It brings a huge amount of tourism and international attention to your country/city/state. Had you ever heard of Sochi before the Olympics? |
if i murder a spider in cold spider blood, does it feel pain like we would? | <p> "ero aphana" is a specialised spider killer. it attacks another spider by biting one of its legs and injecting toxins. it quickly retreats so that it does not get bitten itself and waits at a safe distance. the prey soon becomes paralyzed and the attacker can start to feed safely and suck out the body fluids of the victim.
<p> spiders in this genus are specialised spider killers. they attack potential victims by biting one of its legs and injecting toxins. it quickly retreats as the prey spider becomes paralysed. when its prey is immobile, it feeds by sucking out the victim's body fluids.
<p> they are not aggressive, and most injuries to humans are due to defensive bites delivered when a spider gets unintentionally squeezed or pinched somehow. it is possible that some bites result when a spider mistakes a finger thrust into its web for its normal prey, but ordinarily intrusion by any large creature will cause these spiders to flee.
<p> spiders in this genus are specialised spider killers. they spin no web but are slow moving, stalking or ambushing their prey. they sometimes invade the web of their potential victim, vibrating the silk to mislead the owner. an individual will attack a potential victim by biting one of its legs and injecting toxins. it then retreats and the prey spider quickly becomes paralysed. the attacker then advances and starts to feed, sucking out the body fluids of its victim.
<p> the venom of the darling downs funnel-web spider becomes more toxic in early summer after the spider has been fasting over the winter. male spiders at this time are mobile and searching for a mate, meaning people are more at risk of encountering them and being bitten.
<p> as their name suggests, brazilian wandering spiders are active ground hunters. if the spider has a reason to be alarmed, it will bite in order to protect itself, but unless startled or provoked, most bites will be without venom. venom bites will occur if the spider is pressed against something and hurt. in this case, the high levels of serotonin contained in the venom, plus at minimum-strong chelicera, will contribute to deliver a very painful bite.
<p> a common perception is that white tail spider bites can be associated with long term skin infections, and in rarer cases progression to necrosis. this is an attribution of infections presenting to medical care with a complaint of "spider bite." venom has no bacteria, and infections do not arise from spider bites. the well-described brown recluse bite causes direct damage to skin and tissue. it has a limited area and does not spread. no formal studies have found evidence for associating necrosis with white tail spider bites. | I've wonder how some can assume that one living being (e.g. humans) somehow interpret pain while another living being (e.g. a spider) doesn't necessarily. Their "wiring" might be different in that their response is quicker and seeming to be more automatic (not involving higher thought). But, I've yet to hear a compelling argument why an animal or insect feels pain differently than we do. I think some people make that argument to assuage their own guilt for killing other creatures. Full disclosure: I hunt for sport and kill spiders for my wife all the time. |
in history, ancient to mid 1900ish when everything was difficult, why were the buildings, machines, street lamps, etc. so ornate and well thought out? with all of our current technology, why are many things so boring, flimsy and ugly? | <p> there was a decline in its use when artificial lighting became prevalent, but the design re-emerged in the last quarter of the 20th century and early 21st century, as architects and designers placed greater importance and value in introducing natural light into buildings for environmental efficiency.
<p> artificial lighting of any sort was largely absent during the industrial development of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. using candles or oil lamps to illuminate a textile factory was costly, and economically unsound. with the advent of industrial means of production, not only were new textile halls physically larger, but they also had to be lit more brightly for longer periods of time. driven by great demand, and made possible through lavoisier's theoretical work regarding the role of oxygen in combustion, the end of the 18th century saw a continuous series of improvements in lighting technology.
<p> in classical antiquity, mirrors were made of solid metal (bronze, later silver) and were generally too expensive for use by common people, although during the roman empire even maid servants used widespread silver mirrors; they were also prone to corrosion. due to the low reflectivity of polished metal, these mirrors also gave a darker image than modern ones, making them unsuitable for indoor use with the artificial lighting of the time (candles or lanterns).
<p> the civilization of the old ones is implied to have collapsed because of the replacement of magic, which could last forever, with technology, which would disintegrate if left unattended, but which nevertheless was allowed to be responsible for maintaining the beams of the dark tower.
<p> technical innovations such as electric lighting and escalators were introduced from the late 19th century. from the late 20th century, entertainment venues such as movie theaters and restaurants began to be added. as a single built structure, early shopping centers were often architecturally significant constructions, enabling wealthier patrons to buy goods in spaces protected from the weather.
<p> the appearance of the city changed during the early modern era. the city walls and the whole defensive system suffered a progressive deterioration as the widespread adoption of modern artillery made them ineffective. already battered by the earthquake of 1504, the abandonment of regular repair and maintenance campaigns promoted the system's slow destruction, and presented new opportunities for the populace to occupy what were once unsafe wastelands.
<p> many of the city's most impressive buildings were built with red or blond sandstone, but during the industrial era those colours disappeared under a pervasive black layer of soot and pollutants from the furnaces, until the clean air act was introduced in 1956. in recent years many of these buildings have been cleaned and restored to their original appearance. | In the olden days, it took a long time to make something, so it was made well so as not to tarnish your brand or reputation to increase sales through word of mouth. In these days, things are made quickly, and the faster they're produced and the more generic they look (so as to be unoffensive to the masses), the more they'll sell. |
in a long long sequence as dna, what is a gene and how are they defined, discovered and named? | <p> in biology, a gene is a sequence of nucleotides in dna or rna that codes for a molecule that has a function. during gene expression, the dna is first copied into rna. the rna can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. the transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic trait. these genes make up different dna sequences called genotypes. genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gene–environment interactions. some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye color or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that constitute life.
<p> a gene is a sequence of dna that contains genetic information and can influence the phenotype of an organism. within a gene, the sequence of bases along a dna strand defines a messenger rna sequence, which then defines one or more protein sequences. the relationship between the nucleotide sequences of genes and the amino-acid sequences of proteins is determined by the rules of translation, known collectively as the genetic code. the genetic code consists of three-letter 'words' called "codons" formed from a sequence of three nucleotides (e.g. act, cag, ttt).
<p> it is popularly supposed that a gene is "a linear sequence of nucleotides along a segment of dna that provides the coded instructions for synthesis of rna" and even some current medical dictionaries define a gene as "a hereditary unit that occupies a specific location on a chromosome, determines a particular characteristic in an organism by directing the formation of a specific protein, and is capable of replicating itself at each cell division."
<p> in 1972, walter fiers and his team at the university of ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for bacteriophage ms2 coat protein. richard j. roberts and phillip sharp discovered in 1977 that genes can be split into segments. this led to the idea that one gene can make several proteins. the successful sequencing of many organisms' genomes has complicated the molecular definition of the gene. in particular, genes do not always sit side by side on dna like discrete beads. instead, regions of the dna producing distinct proteins may overlap, so that the idea emerges that "genes are one long continuum". it was first hypothesized in 1986 by walter gilbert that neither dna nor protein would be required in such a primitive system as that of a very early stage of the earth if rna could serve both as a catalyst and as genetic information storage processor.
<p> a gene is a stretch of dna that encodes information. genomic dna consists of two antiparallel and reverse complementary strands, each having 5' and 3' ends. with respect to a gene, the two strands may be labeled the "template strand," which serves as a blueprint for the production of an rna transcript, and the "coding strand," which includes the dna version of the transcript sequence. (perhaps surprisingly, the "coding strand" is not physically involved in the coding process because it is the "template strand" that is read during transcription).
<p> the vast majority of organisms encode their genes in long strands of dna (deoxyribonucleic acid). dna consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
<p> the nucleotide sequence of a gene's dna specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid. the principle that three sequential bases of dna code for each amino acid was demonstrated in 1961 using frameshift mutations in the riib gene of bacteriophage t4 (see crick, brenner et al. experiment). | For live, organisms need proteins to perform biological functions such as metabolism, building cells, etc. These proteins are built using the information from DNA. A typical definition of gene (there are many) is that it's a sequence of DNA that provides the "blueprints" for a single protein (this concept has since been expanded as some genes do not create proteins but other molecules. However, for introductory purposes saying a gene codes for a protein is sufficient). Proteins are composed of a chain of amino acids, each of which has a specific sequence of three nucleotides (part of the chain of DNA). There are also specific sequences that indicate indicate "hey, a gene is coming up!". Today, genes are often discovered by analyzing these sequences. Previously, genes were discovered by randomly picking pieces of DNA and seeing what type of protein it made (if it made anything at all). Naming genes is a complicated affair. Many times they are named based on the function of the protein that they make but most of the time we don't even know. Sometimes you get names that don't give much information. This is particularly true in fruit flies which have genes like "four way stop" and "sonic hedgehog". Other organisms like *Escherichia coli* have gene names that are basically four letter abbreviations of their functions which allows you to end up with some stuff like this. This is a really complicated question that might be better off being broken down into smaller "bite size" pieces because there's really no way to explain it all in one post. |
when did it become gramatically acceptable to put the dollar sign after the numeric as in "10$"? | <p> the sign is first attested in business correspondence in the 1770s as a scribal abbreviation "p", referring to the spanish american peso, that is, the "spanish dollar" as it was known in british north america. these late 18th- and early 19th-century manuscripts show that the "s" gradually came to be written over the "p" developing a close equivalent to the "$" mark, and this new symbol was retained to refer to the american dollar as well, once this currency was adopted in 1785 by the united states.
<p> yet another explanation suggests that the dollar sign was formed from the capital letters u and s written or printed one on top of the other. this theory, popularized by novelist ayn rand in "atlas shrugged", does not consider the fact that the symbol was already in use before the formation of the united states.
<p> the sign is first attested in spanish american, american, canadian, mexican and other british business correspondence in the 1770s, referring to the spanish american peso, also known as "spanish dollar" or "piece of eight" in north america, which provided the model for the currency that the united states adopted in 1792 and the larger coins of the new spanish american republics such as the mexican peso, peruvian eight-real and bolivian eight-sol coins.
<p> the symbol $, usually written before the numerical amount, is used for the u.s. dollar (as well as for many other currencies). the sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation "p" for the peso, the common name for the spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the new world from the 16th to the 19th centuries. these spanish pesos or dollars were minted in spanish america, namely in mexico city; potosí, bolivia; and lima, peru. the "p" and the "s" eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to "$".
<p> robert morris was the first to use this symbol in official documents and in official communications with oliver pollock. the u.s. dollar was directly based on the spanish milled dollar when, in the coinage act of 1792, the first mint act, its value was fixed (per the u.s. constitution, article i, section 8, clause 1 power of the united states congress "to coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures") as being "of the value of a spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver".
<p> according to a plaque in st andrews, scotland, the dollar sign was first cast into type at a foundry in philadelphia, united states in 1797 by the scottish immigrants john baine, archibald binney and james ronaldson.
<p> bullet::::- 1966: the first and only small-sized $100 united states note was issued with a red seal and serial numbers. it was the first of all united states currency to use the new u.s. treasury seal with wording in english instead of latin. like the "series 1963" $2 and $5 united states notes, it lacked on the obverse and featured the motto on the reverse. the $100 united states note was issued due to legislation that specified a certain dollar amount of united states notes that were to remain in circulation. because the $2 and $5 united states notes were soon to be discontinued, the dollar amount of united states notes would drop, thus warranting the issuing of this note. $100 united states notes were last printed in 1969 and last issued in 1971. | I've never seen that before. Where are you seeing it? |
why do my cats wait to eat until i'm near their food bowls? | <p> once inside the cat searches for food in the kitchen, but comes up empty. his luck finally changes when he finds a can of cat food. he quickly opens the can and out of the can pops a mouse who is plopped down onto a dinner plate. the cat is about to dig in with a fork but the mouse puts a quick stop to that. he says that the cat can't eat him because he has already seen the cartoon they are in and that he winds up saving the cat's life later. the feline understands but wants some food as he is starving. the mouse points into the other room and tells him that there is a huge, fat, tasty canary in there. the cat charges out into the other room and stuffs the unseen canary into a sack heading back to the kitchen.
<p> a cat's eating pattern in domestic settings are essential for the cat/owner bond to form. this happens because cats form attachments to households that regularly feed them. some cats ask for food dozens of times a day, including at night, with rubbing, pacing, and meowing.
<p> there are some things that the cats are not able to digest. for example, cats clean themselves by licking their fur with their tongue, which causes them to swallow a lot of fur. this causes a build-up of fur in a cat's stomach and creates a mass of fur. this is often thrown up and is better known as a hair ball.
<p> catching and eating are two closely related but separate activities. domestic cats often store caught food for eating later. eating happens when the game is over, so incorporating food into hunting games tends to end the interest in play. hidden treats helps engage cat's senses such as sense of smell and can be a form of play which enables them to utilize their searching skills. this idea of treats linked with play helps cats form the association that treats signify happy behaviour.
<p> domestic cats select food based on its temperature, smell and texture; they dislike chilled foods and respond most strongly to moist foods rich in amino acids, which are similar to meat. cats may reject novel flavors (a response termed neophobia) and learn quickly to avoid foods that have tasted unpleasant in the past. they may also avoid sugary foods and milk. most adult cats are lactose intolerant; the sugars in milk are not easily digested and may cause soft stools or diarrhea. they can also develop odd eating habits. some cats like to eat or chew on other things, most commonly wool, but also plastic, cables, paper, string, aluminum foil, or even coal. this condition, pica, can threaten their health, depending on the amount and toxicity of the items eaten. see also animal psychopathology § pica.
<p> the digestion system of cats begins with their sharp teeth and abrasive tongue papillae, which help them tear meat, which is most, if not all, of their diet. cats naturally do not have a diet high in carbohydrates, and therefore, their saliva doesn't contain the enzyme amylase. food moves from the mouth through the esophagus and into the stomach. the gastrointestinal tract of domestic cats contains a small cecum and unsacculated colon. the cecum while similar to dogs, doesn't have a coiled cecum.
<p> cat food is food for consumption by cats. cats have specific requirements for their dietary nutrients. certain nutrients, including many vitamins and amino acids, are degraded by the temperatures, pressures and chemical treatments used during manufacture, and hence must be added after manufacture to avoid nutritional deficiency. the amino acid taurine, for example, which is found in meat, is degraded during processing, so synthetic taurine is normally added afterwards. long-term taurine deficiency may result in retinal degeneration, loss of vision, and cardiac arrest. contrary to popular belief, most cats dislike insects and probably eat them mistakenly, which may cause gastrointestinal upset and vomiting. | Animals are more vulnerable when they're eating. They feel safer when you're around, so they feel they can let their guard down to eat. Congratulations, you are the pride leader. |
how is a global recession possible? doesn't the reduction of money from one economy doing poorly have to go into another economy doing well? | <p> whereas a national recession is identified by two quarters of decline, defining a global recession is more difficult, because a developing country is expected to have a higher gdp growth than a developed country. according to the imf, the real gdp growth of the emerging and developing countries is on an uptrend and that of advanced economies is on a downtrend since late 1980s. the world growth is projected to slow from 5% in 2007 to 3.75% in 2008 and to just over 2% in 2009. downward revisions in gdp growth vary across regions. among the most affected are commodity exporters, and countries with acute external financing and liquidity problems.if a global recession were to occur in its full magnitude, an estimated 100 million jobs would be lost around the world, with total lost capital hovering at 120 trillion usd. countries in east asia (including china) have suffered smaller declines because their financial situations are more robust. they have benefited from falling commodity prices and they have initiated a shift toward macroeconomic policy easing.
<p> even when the recession ends, the metamorphosis of economic form shall continue, accelerate and expand. less and less we shall be able to tell the difference. pressures for increased productivity growth rates, declining employment and workforce participation, as well as budget cuts shall grow unabated. due to massive automation, sector gdp can grow even under the conditions of declining employment. more than that: increasing the minimum wage, historically rather neutral with respect to employment, will now be readily replacing low-level jobs with ever cheaper and more abundant automation - along with millions of jobs being lost due to the still uninformed and aimless political process. obscuring the difference between cyclical crisis and the ongoing transformation (metamorphosis) is not without consequences: when true diagnosis is not attempted, and people do not know what is happening with their economy and why, all forms of contagious social unrest follow worldwide.
<p> for example, if the u.s. economy is in recession then the world economy is likely to suffer. on the other hand, a recession in a small open economy like norway will likely not impact the world economy to a great extent.
<p> recession is an example of an economic factor. if the economy were to be in a recession, businesses may find they have to reduce jobs. this would affect corporate behaviour as business teams would be short of skills and ideas in order to operate effectively.
<p> the problem of having a recession can occur through forced savings through the use of investment. some investments can result in being funded from the ‘forced’ savings which can cause problems. over time, these investments will be seen to be errors and the liquidation process that occurs is what will in turn lead to a recession and a boom bust period cycle.
<p> since in the keynesian view, recessions are caused by inadequate aggregate demand, when a recession occurs the government should increase the amount of aggregate demand and bring the economy back into equilibrium. this the government can do in two ways, firstly by increasing the money supply (expansionary monetary policy) and secondly by increasing government spending or cutting taxes (expansionary fiscal policy).
<p> economist richard c. koo wrote that under ideal conditions, a country's economy should have the household sector as net savers and the corporate sector as net borrowers, with the government budget nearly balanced and net exports near zero. when these relationships become imbalanced, recession can develop within the country or create pressure for recession in another country. policy responses are often designed to drive the economy back towards this ideal state of balance. | If you have a factory making things, and then it shuts down, does the production of that factory go somewhere? No, it just disappears. GDP isn't about money, it's about how much valuable stuff is produced by an economy, and that can go up or down independent of what's going on elsewhere in the world. A global recession is when the production of most or all economies goes down. |
how is a global recession possible? doesn't the reduction of money from one economy doing poorly have to go into another economy doing well? | <p> whereas a national recession is identified by two quarters of decline, defining a global recession is more difficult, because a developing country is expected to have a higher gdp growth than a developed country. according to the imf, the real gdp growth of the emerging and developing countries is on an uptrend and that of advanced economies is on a downtrend since late 1980s. the world growth is projected to slow from 5% in 2007 to 3.75% in 2008 and to just over 2% in 2009. downward revisions in gdp growth vary across regions. among the most affected are commodity exporters, and countries with acute external financing and liquidity problems.if a global recession were to occur in its full magnitude, an estimated 100 million jobs would be lost around the world, with total lost capital hovering at 120 trillion usd. countries in east asia (including china) have suffered smaller declines because their financial situations are more robust. they have benefited from falling commodity prices and they have initiated a shift toward macroeconomic policy easing.
<p> even when the recession ends, the metamorphosis of economic form shall continue, accelerate and expand. less and less we shall be able to tell the difference. pressures for increased productivity growth rates, declining employment and workforce participation, as well as budget cuts shall grow unabated. due to massive automation, sector gdp can grow even under the conditions of declining employment. more than that: increasing the minimum wage, historically rather neutral with respect to employment, will now be readily replacing low-level jobs with ever cheaper and more abundant automation - along with millions of jobs being lost due to the still uninformed and aimless political process. obscuring the difference between cyclical crisis and the ongoing transformation (metamorphosis) is not without consequences: when true diagnosis is not attempted, and people do not know what is happening with their economy and why, all forms of contagious social unrest follow worldwide.
<p> for example, if the u.s. economy is in recession then the world economy is likely to suffer. on the other hand, a recession in a small open economy like norway will likely not impact the world economy to a great extent.
<p> recession is an example of an economic factor. if the economy were to be in a recession, businesses may find they have to reduce jobs. this would affect corporate behaviour as business teams would be short of skills and ideas in order to operate effectively.
<p> the problem of having a recession can occur through forced savings through the use of investment. some investments can result in being funded from the ‘forced’ savings which can cause problems. over time, these investments will be seen to be errors and the liquidation process that occurs is what will in turn lead to a recession and a boom bust period cycle.
<p> since in the keynesian view, recessions are caused by inadequate aggregate demand, when a recession occurs the government should increase the amount of aggregate demand and bring the economy back into equilibrium. this the government can do in two ways, firstly by increasing the money supply (expansionary monetary policy) and secondly by increasing government spending or cutting taxes (expansionary fiscal policy).
<p> economist richard c. koo wrote that under ideal conditions, a country's economy should have the household sector as net savers and the corporate sector as net borrowers, with the government budget nearly balanced and net exports near zero. when these relationships become imbalanced, recession can develop within the country or create pressure for recession in another country. policy responses are often designed to drive the economy back towards this ideal state of balance. | Imagine everyone in your town sells goods in one big market in the center of town, that all the townspeople participate in. Those stores, while usually competing, are also intricately connected. The sandwich maker depends on the baker for her bread, the baker depends the farmer stand for wheat, the farmer depends on the hardware store for farming tools, and so on and so forth. But one day, the baker decides to quit, and puts new owner in charge that plans to jack up the prices on everything they sell, but he refuses to specify how much the prices will go up, only saying that he'll figure out the exact amounts over the next two years. The sandwich shop, freaking out because the price of bread will go up, increases their prices out of fear that the bread will be so expensive that they can't make money. The farmer, assuming that the increased prices at the baker will lower overall sales and demand for bread, decides to make less wheat next season. All three companies will probably make less money over the next few years then they had under the old bakery management. Now, you might be thinking this is great for the other food vendors in the market, our competitors are shooting themselves in the foot and now we can make way more money, but there unintended consequences at play. For one, the bakery is beloved by the townsfolk, many would come to the marketplace just to have great bread. Oftentimes while in the marketplace to buy bread, they'd stop by other shops and buy things. So overall foot traffic in the market goes down. Even if the other vendors make a higher percentage of the markets overall revenue, they end up making less money overall from losing the people who came just for the bread. Additionally, now the baker, the sandwich shop, and the farmer will need fewer workers because the increased prices will lower demand and sales. Each of them lay off a couple of workers, who then have less money to spend in the marketplace, further exacerbating the problem. The baker in this story is the UK. The Sandwich shop and farmer are the EU. All the other stores in the market are other countries. Fear and uncertainty over Brexit has lead global investors to hold onto their money, or push money into stable goods like commodities, rather than investing in growing companies. This has created a global downturn because nobody knows what is going to happen in the next two years, so they'd rather wait and see, than continue to pour money into global markets. This lack of investment will lead to a recession, which leads to layoffs, which causes consumers to spend less money, making the recession even worse. |
why are the hebrew scriptures ("old testament") used by evangelicals to justify their harsh stance on homosexuality, but other parts of those same scriptures are completely ignored (killing adulterers, not eating shellfish, etc.)? | <p> christians who support the practice cite biblical evidence for its authenticity and use. christians who oppose the practice dispute the interpretation of those bible passages, arguing that there is no biblical precedent and that the practice may be satanic in origin. those skeptical of the practice have explained it as being caused by hypnosis, autosuggestion, or peer pressure.
<p> christians refer to the biblical books about jesus as the new testament, and to the canon of hebrew books as the old testament. judaism does not accept the retronymic labeling of its sacred texts as the "old testament", and some jews refer to the new testament as the christian testament or christian bible. judaism rejects all claims that the christian new covenant supersedes, abrogates, fulfills, or is the unfolding or consummation of the covenant expressed in the written and oral torahs. therefore, just as christianity does not accept that mosaic law has any authority over christians, judaism does not accept that the new testament has any religious authority over jews.
<p> many biblical studies scholars advocate use of the term "hebrew bible" (or "hebrew scriptures") as a substitute for less-neutral terms with jewish or christian connotations (e.g. "tanakh" or old testament). the society of biblical literature's "handbook of style", which is the standard for major academic journals like the "harvard theological review" and conservative protestant journals like the "bibliotheca sacra" and the "westminster theological journal", suggests that authors "be aware of the connotations of alternative expressions such as... hebrew bible [and] old testament" without prescribing the use of either. alister mcgrath points out that while the term emphasizes that it is largely written in hebrew and "is sacred to the hebrew people", it "fails to do justice to the way in which christianity sees an essential continuity between the old and new testaments", arguing that there is "no generally accepted alternative to the traditional term 'old testament.'" however, he accepts that there is no reason why non-christians should feel obliged to refer to these books as the old testament, "apart from custom of use."
<p> according to daniel a. helminiak, the bible may be interpreted literally or within historical-cultural context. under a literalist reading, the bible can be read as condemning homosexuality (and, by extension, gay marriage). read in cultural context, the bible "was not addressing our current questions about sexual ethics and does not condemn gay sex [or gay marriage]s as we understand it today." helminiak argues that biblical passages said to be against homosexuality (and same-sex marriages) do not actually say anything against gay and lesbian sexual relationships or identity. "the sin of sodom was inhospitality, not homosexuality. jude condemns sex with angels, not sex between two men. not a single bible text indisputably refers to lesbian sex. [...] there follows no valid conclusion whatsoever about homosexuality. biblical figures [...] may well have been involved in homogenital relationships, seen as part of god's plan. and jesus himself said nothing at all about homosexuality, not even when face to face with a man in a gay relationship." lisa miller also argues for a move beyond literalism. the bible was written for a world unlike our own. monogamy, for example, only became the norm in the christian world in the last 150 years or so. however, miller argues that the bible supports the idea of monogamous relationships, including gay marriage. robin kar argues that same-sex marriage is partly the result of certain religious and spiritual developments within judeo-christian society, which led to love-based marriages in the west. hence, there are now religious reasons for christians to support "transformative" marriage for all people and to dispense with the assumption that same-sex marriage reflects encroaching secularism.
<p> the majority of the opinion believes that the biblical prohibition is about all non-jews. however halacha does not consider islam as idolatry and therefore muslims are not subjected to the prohibition. regardless of whether christianity is idolatrous or not, almost all rabbi's believe that following christian customs would fall within the biblical prohibitions.
<p> jews discount the new testament and old testament deuterocanonicals, jews and most christians discredit the legitimacy of new testament apocrypha, and a view sometimes referred to as jesusism does not affirm the scriptural authority of any biblical text other than the teachings of jesus in the gospels.
<p> the southern baptist convention, the largest of the baptist denominations and the single largest protestant group in the u.s., believes that the bible says practicing homosexuality is a sin, stating clearly that its members "affirm god's plan for marriage and sexual intimacy – one man, and one woman, for life. homosexuality is not a 'valid alternative lifestyle.' it is not, however, an unforgivable sin. the same redemption available to all sinners is available to homosexuals. they, too, may become new creations in christ." independent fundamental baptist churches (in general) also view homosexuality as sinful or unnatural. | Because it fits what the person speaking wants the truth to be. Sadly, many religious people tend to cherry pick scriptural points that reinforce the belief they want to have. It's not about the scriptural truth, it's about having a stance or opinion validated by god. |
how have the voyager probes managed to propel themselves away from the sun's gravity for 35 years? | <p> the "huygens" probe system consists of the 318 kg probe itself, which descended to titan, and the probe support equipment (pse), which remained attached to the orbiting spacecraft. "huygens"' heat shield was 2.7 m in diameter. after ejecting the shield, the probe was 1.3 m in diameter. the pse included the electronics necessary to track the probe, to recover the data gathered during its descent, and to process and deliver the data to the orbiter, from where it was transmitted or "downlinked" to the earth.
<p> the spacecraft was designed to withstand both the heat of the inner solar system and the cold at jupiter's distance. extensive blanketing and electric heaters protected the probe against the cold temperatures of the outer solar system.
<p> prior to the probe's separation from the orbiter on december 25, 2004, a final health check was performed. the "coast" timer was loaded with the precise time necessary to turn on the probe systems (15 minutes before its encounter with titan's atmosphere), then the probe detached from the orbiter and coasted in free space to titan in 22 days with no systems active except for its wake-up timer.
<p> twenty days before entry, the atmospheric probe would separate from the spacecraft and enter the outer atmosphere of uranus at an altitude of 700 km at 21.8 km/s. it would descend by free fall and perform atmospheric measurements for about 90 minutes down to a maximum of pressure.
<p> evidence presented at a meeting of the american geophysical union in may 2005 by ed stone suggests that the "voyager 1" spacecraft passed the termination shock in december 2004, when it was about 94 au from the sun, by virtue of the change in magnetic readings taken from the craft. in contrast, "voyager 2" began detecting returning particles when it was only 76 au from the sun, in may 2006. this implies that the heliosphere may be irregularly shaped, bulging outwards in the sun's northern hemisphere and pushed inward in the south.
<p> to study the sun at all latitudes, the probe needed to change its orbital inclination and leave the plane of the solar system. to change the orbital inclination of a spacecraft to about 80° requires a large change in heliocentric velocity, the energy to achieve which far exceeded the capabilities of any launch vehicle. to reach the desired orbit around the sun, the mission's planners chose a gravity assist maneuver around jupiter, but this jupiter encounter meant that "ulysses" could not be powered by solar cells. the probe was powered instead by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (rtg).
<p> to maintain its orientation during the mission, the spacecraft rotates continuously at 60 rpm around its main axis. the orientation control system eventually makes corrections to the speed and orientation of the probe shaft. to determine its orientation using a rude sun sensor, a sun sensor and the end of a star seen that latch to the star canopus. guidance corrections are performed using cold gas thrusters 3 (7.7 kg nitrogen) with a boost of 1newton. the axis of the probe is permanently maintained, both perpendicular to the direction of the sun and perpendicular to the ecliptic plane. | In space there is no air/atmosphere, thus no friction do to it. The Voyager probe only needed to propel itself to a certain speed, then continue going potentially forever. Satellites and spacecraft also have the option to "slingshot" themselves around planets using that planet's gravity. |
if the fdic ensures 250k, how do billionaires organize so much money? | <p> the foundation has funded a wide range of interventions, many controversial, including oregon's open primary ballot, planned parenthood, the guttmacher institute, the network of abortion funds, the center of reproductive rights, education reform, efforts to end public pensions, a data-first approach to criminal justice, and improving reproducibility and transparency in science through the funding of open science and metascience. the organization has also been described as "another example of billionaire donors becoming ever more sophisticated about using private wealth to influence public policy—wielding exponentially more power in american life than ordinary citizens of more modest means."
<p> in the introduction to a 2009 interview with "forbes.com", former general manager nathan richardson was said to have built "annual revenue from $10 million to $110 million and expanded the site's content partners from 10 to 200. in 2005 "institutional investor" ranked [richardson] the most influential person in online finance." in the interview, richardson described the process of building the financial-information modules and creating a "moat" around the content (to keep visitors sticking to the site).
<p> ballmer was the second person after roberto goizueta to become a billionaire in u.s. dollars based on stock options received as an employee of a corporation in which he was neither a founder nor a relative of a founder. , his personal wealth is estimated at us$37.1 billion. while ceo of microsoft in 2009, ballmer earned a total compensation of $1,276,627, which included a base salary of $665,833, a cash bonus of $600,000, no stock or options, and other compensation of $10,794.
<p> some of the most popular fundraising drives are for commercial companies which use the process to reach customers and at the same time market their products and services. this favors companies like microbreweries and specialist restaurants – in effect creating a "club" of people who are customers as well as investors. in the usa in 2015, new rules from the sec to regulate equity crowdfunding will mean that larger businesses with more than 500 investors and more than $25 million in assets will have to file reports like a public company. the "wall street journal" commented: "it is all the pain of an ipo without the benefits of the ipo." these two trends may mean crowdfunding is most suited to small consumer-facing companies rather than tech start-ups.
<p> "the chronicle of philanthropy" is involved in research projects such as the philanthropy 400, which annually ranks the nation's largest nonprofit groups based on the amount of money they raise, and the philanthropy 50, which ranks the individuals who give the most money to nonprofit groups each year. according to a 2012 study by the "chronicle", the rich (those making over $100,000 a year) give a smaller share, averaging 4.2%, to charity than those poorer (between $50,000 - $75,000 a year), who give an average of 7.6%. in 2007, they evaluated the credibility of celebrity in charitable giving and found that often celebrity involvement isn't as effective as the broader press attention it is given.
<p> in order to validate the strategy and raise capital, brett sharenow and lynn morris from morris associates were hired to create the first detailed engineering-driven financial model consisting of isps, core network infrastructure, and server farms, allowing verio to raise substantial funds ($1.1b) from principal founders, several top tier vc's, ntt and institutional investors with which to purchase target acquisitions and build out centralized back office, support, national sales and infrastructure. the company rapidly succeeded and was known as the world's largest cloud hosting company for many years.
<p> the top donors to uani are a pair of trusts associated with the billionaire thomas kaplan and a family foundation operated by republican mega-donor sheldon and miriam adelson. together, the funding associated with kaplan and adelson accounted for more than three-quarters of the group’s total revenue of $1.7 million for the 2013 tax year. | They spread it out over many banks. They also have a ton of assets that simply aren't FDIC insured. The FDIC isn't designed to protect the money of billionaires. The purpose of the program is to prevent bank runs in times of desperation. |
how do topical parasite treatments for cats and dogs work and would a similar approach work on people to deal with bedbugs and the like? | <p> cats and dogs are frequently anesthetized for surgical procedures. small animals are most often placed under general anesthesia due to the types of procedures typically performed, the small size of the patient, their suitability to general anesthesia, and the greater degree of control. a balanced anesthesia protocol can be used whereby different drugs with different effects are used so that a high dose of just one drug can be avoided. for example, combining a sedative and an opioid will permit less inhalant anesthesia to be used, improving cardiovascular stability. a one-year study in a teaching hospital shows that dogs and cats typically experience a 1 in 9 chance of anesthetic complications, with a 1 in 233 risk of death. a larger-scale study states the risk of death in healthy dogs and cats as 1 in 1849 and 1 in 895 respectively. for sick dogs and cats, it was 1 in 75 and 1 in 71 respectively. for rabbits, the risk was 1 in 137 and 1 in 14 respectively for the healthy and sick groups.
<p> there are three main treatment options available to treat soft tissue sarcoma in cats and dogs: surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. surgery alone or in combination with radiation therapy are used to treat the tumor at its original location, and chemotherapy is usually used to prevent or at least slow down the process of metastasis in pets diagnosed with tumor subtypes known to be highly aggressive.
<p> generally, insecticidal pet shampoos contain pyrethrin, pyrethroids (such as permethrin and which may not be used on cats) and carbaryl. these ingredients are mostly found in shampoos that are meant to fight against parasite infestations.
<p> the main ingredients contained by pet shampoos can be grouped in insecticidals, antiseborrheic, antibacterials, antifungals, emollients, emulsifiers and humectants. whereas some of these ingredients may be efficient in treating some conditions, pet owners are recommended to use them according to their veterinarian's indications because many of them cannot be used on cats or can harm the pet if it is misused.
<p> cats with "demodex gatoi" must be treated with weekly or bi-weekly sulfurated lime rinses. "demodex cati" are treated similarly to canine demodicosis. with veterinary guidance, localized demodectic mange can also be treated with a topical keratolytic and antibacterial agent, followed by a lime sulfur drip or a local application of rotenone. ivermectin may also be used. generalized demodectic mange in cats is more difficult to treat. there are shampoos available that can help to clear dead skin, kill mites and treat bacterial infections. treatment is in most cases prolonged with multiple applications.
<p> diseases which affect cats include acute infections, parasitic infestations, injuries; and chronic diseases such as kidney disease, thyroid disease, and arthritis. vaccinations are available for many infectious diseases, as are treatments to eliminate parasites such as worms and fleas.
<p> shampoo intended for animals may contain insecticides or other medications for treatment of skin conditions or parasite infestations such as fleas or mange. these must never be used on humans. while some human shampoos may be harmful when used on animals, any human haircare products that contain active ingredients or drugs (such as zinc in anti-dandruff shampoos) are potentially toxic when ingested by animals. special care must be taken not to use those products on pets. cats are at particular risk due to their instinctive method of grooming their fur with their tongues. | Great question! I'm assuming you are referring to products like frontline or advantage? The products use an active ingredient, typically Fipronil. This product stores itself in the oil glands and hair follicles. As soon as the pest starts to feed, it will kill the pest. These products are not designed to destroy an infestation, but merely protect your pet. If your pet spends time outside the home or places at dog parks, it may be a good idea to use proactively so that you will not bring an infestation home. Usually it will kill the pest before they have a chance to establish themselves. If you have an existing infestation of fleas or ticks, you will need to treat the infestation, as well as giving the pet a flea and tick bath and use something like Frontline. Otherwise the pet will just keep getting bit as they don't repel them. For humans, it is a poor means of protection for something like say bed bugs. This is due to how bed bugs travel and plant themselves into a home. It would only kill the pests once they feed, and not affect them by just being on you. Bed bug eggs take roughly about 14 days to hatch, so if you have an infestation, you and everyone would need to constantly apply the product on your person month after month. Also humans being larger than most pets would require a lot more of the active ingredient into their body. The best solution is to be proactive with preventative measures. 1. Getting home from high risk areas such as public transportation, restaurants, movie theaters, hospitals, or known infestations is to make sure none of the items such as clothing goes into the house without bagging first and taking to get laundered in high heat. 2. Preventative dusting with food grade Diatomaceous earth. 3. Have encasements on the box springs and mattresses Source: licensed pest control professional |
in a building collapse, where would you be the safest? | <p> this collapse mode is known as "soft story collapse". in many buildings the ground level is designed for different uses than the upper levels. low rise residential structures may be built over a parking garage which have large doors on one side. hotels may have a tall ground floor to allow for a grand entrance or ballrooms. office buildings may have retail stores on the ground floor with continuous display windows.
<p> another dangerous scenario is the partial failure of an attempted implosion. when a building fails to collapse completely the structure may be unstable, tilting at a dangerous angle, and filled with un-detonated but still primed explosives, making it difficult for workers to approach safely.
<p> even in buildings which are capable of withstanding an earthquake without structural failure there may be risk to people due to interior hazards. items such as suspended ceilings and light fixtures have almost no seismic ruggedness. warehouse stores where heavy merchandise is stacked are a particular hazard.
<p> residents of the areas around the affected buildings live in a constant state of unease, not knowing if or when the buildings will collapse. some hotels, unable to guarantee the safety of their customers, have ceased operations.
<p> normally, according to building codes, structures are designed to "withstand" the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location. this means the loss of life should be minimized by preventing collapse of the buildings.
<p> while not an everyday occurrence, collapses happen often enough in chicago that city building inspectors make a point of checking porches when making inspections. people have been killed and injured by collapses of wooden porches in other cities as well.
<p> the safe fall distance is a function of the fall factor and the deployment of the "energy absorbers". as a rule of thumb for a factor 2 fall, a fall distance of approx 6 metres will be required. this is equivalent to 2 stories of a building. if the fall clearance is less than this the worker may strike the ground before his fall is arrested. | Not in the building > next to main support beams > standing in door frame > under a sturdy table |
what exactly is happening when my iphone compass app needs "calibrating" (turning my phone in a circle with no apparent proper method of doing so) | <p> typically the compass will have a stop in the side of the box, which the observer pushes when the sun is lined up in the sights. this fixes the compass card, from which the magnetic azimuth or amplitude can be read.
<p> in addition, since there is no guarantee given by individual manufacturers, it should not be assumed that the magnetometer axes, and the accelerometer axes, have been accurately aligned to the orientation of the iphone. professional digital compass software therefore requires a calibration procedure. as noted above, this can be attempted by comparing data from traditional compasses and a digital compass, for example by slowly rotating both compasses together on a fixed horizontal or inclined surface.
<p> at first sight it appears confusing to the novice user, for the numbers on the compass dial ascend in an anticlockwise direction. this is because the compass is used to determine dip and dip-direction of surfaces (foliations), and plunge and plunge-direction of lines (lineations). to use the compass one aligns the lid of the compass with the orientation of the surface to be measured (to obtain dip and dip direction), or the edge of the lid of the compass with the orientation of the line (to obtain plunge and plunge direction). the compass must be twisted so that the base of the compass becomes horizontal, as accomplished using the spirit level incorporated in it. the needle of the compass is then freed by using the side button, and allowed to spin until the damping action slows its movement, and then stabilises. the side button is released and the needle is then firmly held in place, allowing the user thereafter to conveniently read the orientation measured. one first reads the scale that shows the angle subtended by the lid of the compass, and then depending on the colour shown (red or black) the end of the compass needle with the corresponding colour. data are then recorded as (for example) 25°-333° (dip and dip-direction) or (plunge and plunge-direction).
<p> in a simple implementation, the user holds their phone in front of them and each step causes position to move forward a fixed distance in the direction measured by the compass. accuracy is limited by the sensor precision, magnetic disturbances inside structures, and unknown variables such as carrying position and stride length. another challenge is differentiating walking from running, and recognizing movements like bicycling, climbing stairs, or riding an elevator.
<p> the modern hand-held protractor compass always has an additional direction-of-travel (dot) arrow or indicator inscribed on the baseplate. to check one's progress along a course or azimuth, or to ensure that the object in view is indeed the destination, a new compass reading may be taken to the target if visible (here, the large mountain). after pointing the dot arrow on the baseplate at the target, the compass is oriented so that the needle is superimposed over the orienting arrow in the capsule. the resulting bearing indicated is the magnetic bearing to the target. again, if one is using "true" or map bearings, and the compass does not have preset, pre-adjusted declination, one must additionally add or subtract magnetic declination to convert the "magnetic bearing" into a "true bearing". the exact value of the magnetic declination is place-dependent and varies over time, though declination is frequently given on the map itself or obtainable on-line from various sites. if the hiker has been following the correct path, the compass' corrected (true) indicated bearing should closely correspond to the true bearing previously obtained from the map.
<p> a 3-axis accelerometer senses the orientation of the phone and changes the screen accordingly, allowing the user to easily switch between portrait and landscape mode. photo browsing, web browsing, and music playing support both upright and left or right widescreen orientations. unlike the ipad, the iphone does not rotate the screen when turned upside-down, with the home button above the screen, unless the running program has been specifically designed to do so. the 3.0 update added landscape support for still other applications, such as email, and introduced shaking the unit as a form of input (generally for undo functionality). the accelerometer can also be used to control third-party apps, notably games. it is also used for fitness tracking purposes, primarily as a pedometer. starting with the iphone 5s, this functionality was included in the m7 motion coprocessor and subsequent revisions of the embedded chip.
<p> the device contains a gps chip to show the location of the phone, a proximity sensor to turn the screen off during phone calls so that the face doesn't accidentally click the screen, a g-sensor, an ambient light sensor to dim the light in dark rooms and increase the brightness in direct sunlight, and a digital compass. | It's aligning the internal gyroscope to the local magnetic field. A magnetic compass points to the strongest magnetic field, always. However, cell phone's magnetic sensor doesn't have that capability. Instead, it has a gyroscope that always points in the "same" direction; however, the way you probably use your phone (in and out of your pocket, flipping it, etc), as well as the fact that your gyro is usually unpowered, means that it needs to figure out what that direction is. Once your phone has figured out where the strongest magnetic signal is (north), it aligns its gyro to point in that direction. From there, you can pick up direction by comparing the orientation of the phone with the internal gyro. |
why do some online services (banks etc.) require passwords of a specific length. for example my online banking requires a password that is exactly 6 characters. this seems less secure than allowing any length. why do they do this? | <p> many policies require a minimum password length. eight characters is typical but may not be appropriate. longer passwords are generally more secure, but some systems impose a maximum length for compatibility with legacy systems.
<p> authentication programs vary in which characters they allow in passwords. some do not recognize case differences (e.g., the upper-case "e" is considered equivalent to the lower-case "e"), others prohibit some of the other symbols. in the past few decades, systems have permitted more characters in passwords, but limitations still exist. systems also vary in the maximum length of passwords allowed.
<p> google used the evaluation framework of bonneau et al. to compare security keys to passwords and one-time passwords. they concluded that security keys are more usable and deployable than one-time passwords, and more secure than both passwords and one-time passwords.
<p> passwords and pins are categorized as "something you know" method. a combination of numbers, symbols, and mixed cases are considered to be stronger than all-letter password. also, the adoption of transport layer security (tls) or secure socket layer (ssl) features during the information transmission process will as well create an encrypted channel for data exchange and to further protect information delivered. currently, most security attacks target on password-based authentication systems.
<p> bullet::::4. if the password is 7 characters or less, then the second half of hash will always produce same constant value (0xaad3b435b51404ee). therefore, if the length of password is less than or equal to 7 characters, then a password length of 7 characters or less can be identified visibly without using tools.
<p> a password is a mandatory security measure that accompanies usernames. the use of personal data to construct passwords i.e. family members’ names, pet’s names or birth dates increases the risk to confidential information and are easier to crack than long complicated passwords so password strength is a key strategy for protecting personal information. a password can be weak or strong:a weak password is "cutekittens", a strong password is "?lacpas56ikms".
<p> the level of password strength required depends, among other things, on how easy it is for an attacker to submit multiple guesses. some systems limit the number of times a user can enter an incorrect password before some delay is imposed or the account is frozen. at the other extreme, some systems make available a specially hashed version of the password, so that anyone can check its validity. when this is done, an attacker can try passwords very rapidly; so much stronger passwords are necessary for reasonable security. (see password cracking and password length equation.) stricter requirements are also appropriate for accounts with higher privileges, such as root or system administrator accounts. | Passwords are usually stored not as themselves but as a random looking number that is created from the password called a hash. Hashes are only really reversable by trying every combination until they find the correct one. Each character you add onto the password increases the number of passwords needed to try in order to find all passwords of that length exponentially. A computer could figure out a 4 letter password in seconds or less, but by the time you are at 10 it's nearly impossible. As for why exactly 6? Probably some stupid system limitation. |
why doesn't everyone capitalize the word "internet?" there is only one internet and the chicago manual of style capitalizes it, so why would anyone spell it in lowercase? | <p> when the term "internet" is used to refer to the specific global system of interconnected internet protocol (ip) networks, the word is a proper noun that should be written with an initial capital letter. in common use and the media, it is often not capitalized, viz. "the internet." some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, but not capitalized when used as an adjective. the internet is also often referred to as "the net", as a short form of "network". historically, as early as 1849, the word "internetted" was used uncapitalized as an adjective, meaning "interconnected" or "interwoven". the designers of early computer networks used "internet" both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks.
<p> while "web site" was the original spelling (sometimes capitalized "web site", since "web" is a proper noun when referring to the world wide web), this variant has become rarely used, and "website" has become the standard spelling. all major style guides, such as "the chicago manual of style" and the "ap stylebook", have reflected this change.
<p> the internet standards community historically differentiated between "the" internet and "an" internet (or internetwork), treating the former as a proper noun with a capital letter, and the latter as a common noun with lower-case first letter. an internet is any internetwork or set of inter-connected internet protocol (ip) networks. the distinction is evident in request for comments documents from the early 1980s, when the transition from the arpanet to the internet was in progress, although it was not applied with complete uniformity.
<p> the term "internet of things" was likely coined by kevin ashton of procter & gamble, later mit's auto-id center, in 1999, though he prefers the phrase "internet "for" things". at that point, he viewed radio-frequency identification (rfid) as essential to the internet of things, which would allow computers to manage all individual things.
<p> in 2002 a "new york times" column said that "internet" has been changing from a proper noun to a generic term. words for new technologies, such as "phonograph" in the 19th century, are sometimes capitalized at first, later becoming uncapitalized. in 1999 another column said that "internet" might, like some other commonly used proper nouns, lose its capital letter.
<p> since the widespread deployment of the internet protocol suite in the 1980s, the internet engineering task force (ietf), the internet society, the internet corporation for assigned names and numbers (icann), the w3c, and others have consistently spelled the name of the worldwide network, the internet, with an initial capital letter and treated it as a proper noun in the english language; the "oxford english dictionary" notes that the global network is usually "the internet", and most of the historical sources it cites use the capitalized form (in one case "the darpa internet"). before the transformation of the arpanet into the modern internet, the term "internet" in its lower case spelling was a common short form of the term internetwork, and this spelling and use may still be found in discussions of networking.
<p> a few of the publications that do not capitalize "internet" are "the economist", the "financial times", "the times" of london, "the guardian", "the observer", the bbc, and "the sydney morning herald". "wired news", an american news source, adopted the lower-case spelling in 2004. media companies like buzzfeed and vox media avoid capitalizing the "internet" similarly. around april 2010, cnn shifted its house style to adopt the lowercase spelling. the associated press announced that the 2016 "ap stylebook" will no longer capitalize "internet". "the new york times" announced their decision in may 2016 to decapitalize all instances of "internet" for reasons similar to ap's. as internet connectivity has expanded, it has started to be seen as a service similar to television, radio, and telephone, and the word has come to be used in this way (e.g. "i have the internet at home" and "i found it on the internet"). | Because it's inconvenient to hit the shift key any more than necessary. And by necessary, I mean that most people won't notice is it's casually omitted. |
w4 tax paperwork and claiming exempt? | <p> one contention of tax protesters is that they are not liable to file returns or pay taxes because, they argue, form 1040 or some other federal tax form, or the related instructions, or a treasury regulation, does not contain an "omb control number" (a number issued by the u.s. office of management and budget under the paperwork reduction act.) the courts have rejected the omb control number arguments, primarily on two grounds: (1) with respect to form 1040 itself, form 1040, u.s. individual income tax return, does contain the omb control number, and has included the number for every tax year since 1981; and (2) according to the court rulings (listed below), the absence of an omb control number on a tax form (or instructions), or in tax regulations, would not eliminate the statutory legal obligation to file tax returns or pay taxes.
<p> tax exemption generally refers to a statutory exception to a general rule rather than the mere absence of taxation in particular circumstances, otherwise known as an exclusion. tax exemption also refers to removal from taxation of a particular item rather than a deduction.
<p> however, tax law does not exempt compensatory damages just because they are a return of capital—exemption applies only to the portion that recovers the cost basis of that capital; any excess damages serve to realize prior appreciation, and should be taxed as income.
<p> nonresidents for tax purposes may not be allowed to take the standard deduction that is available to residents for tax purposes. the tax exemptions (as well as withholding exemptions) permitted for a nonresident depend on the nature of tax agreement between the nonresident's country of tax residence and the united states.
<p> the tax court also addressed constructive receipt in two cases, both entitled "veit v. commissioner". in "veit i", as part of redoing his employment contract, the taxpayer agreed to defer receiving a bonus that he was owed until the next year. the tax court upheld the agreement over the irs's protest because it was the result of an arm's length business transaction, not a sham to evade paying taxes for a year. indeed, the deferral was requested by the taxpayer's employer. in "veit ii", the tax court upheld a subsequent agreement by which the taxpayer would receive five equal payments over the course of five years, rather than the one lump-sum payment previously agreed-upon. again, the irs objected to the deferral, and again, the tax court found for the taxpayer. the deferral was requested by the employer, and the full amount of the bonus was never "unqualifiedly subject to [the taxpayer's] demand or withdrawal."
<p> however, the supreme court of california construed the constitutional amendment to deny the tax exemption only to claimants who may be criminally punished under the california criminal syndicalism act (california statute 1919, c. 188) or the federal smith act (18 u.s.c. 2385).
<p> a related argument that has been raised is that the taxpayer may not be penalized for tax evasion unless the taxpayer knows that section 7201 is the specific section of the internal revenue code that criminalizes the conduct. the united states court of appeals for the seventh circuit has rejected this argument as "frivolous," and has stated: | You should file taxes regardless of how much money you make. There are refundable credits that you can qualify for. If you expect to owe no taxes, and did not owe any last year, you can tell your employer not to withhold anything by indicating as such on line 7 of form W4. They cannot change your withholding status without a signed W4 from you. If your employer did withhold taxes and you want to switch to exempt, you have to file a tax return in order to get that money they withheld back. Make sense? |
how did neanderthals communicate? | <p> most specialists credit the neanderthals with speech abilities not radically different from those of modern "homo sapiens". an indirect line of argument is that their tool-making and hunting tactics would have been difficult to learn or execute without some kind of speech. a recent extraction of dna from neanderthal bones indicates that neanderthals had the same version of the foxp2 gene as modern humans. this gene, once mistakenly described as the "grammar gene", plays a role in controlling the orofacial movements which (in modern humans) are involved in speech.
<p> it is not known whether neanderthals were anatomically capable of speech and whether they actually spoke. a once-widely believed theory that the neanderthal vocal tract was different from that of living humans and so probably could not speak is now discredited. the only bone in the vocal tract is the hyoid but is so fragile that no neanderthal hyoid was found until 1983, when excavators discovered a well-preserved one on neanderthal kebara 2, israel. it was largely similar to that of living humans. although the original excavators claimed that the similarity of this bone with that of living humans implied neanderthals were anatomically capable of speech, it is not possible to reconstruct the vocal tract with information supplied by the hyoid. in particular, it does not allow to determine whether the larynx of its owner was in a low-lying position, a feature considered important in producing speech.
<p> archaeologist steven mithen speculates that the neanderthals possessed some such system, expressing themselves in a "language" known as "hmmmmm", standing for holistic, manipulative, multi-modal, musical and mimetic. in bruce richman's earlier version of essentially the same idea, frequent repetition of the same few songs by many voices made it easy for people to remember those sequences as whole units. activities that a group of people were doing while they were vocalising together — activities that were important or striking or richly emotional — came to be associated with particular sound sequences, so that each time a fragment was heard, it evoked highly specific memories. the idea is that the earliest lexical items (words) started out as abbreviated fragments of what were originally communal songs.
<p> the discovery in 1989 of the (neanderthal) kebara 2 hyoid bone suggests that neanderthals may have been anatomically capable of producing sounds similar to modern humans. the hypoglossal nerve, which passes through the hypoglossal canal, controls the movements of the tongue, which may have enabled voicing for size exaggeration (see size exaggeration hypothesis below) or may reflect speech abilities.
<p> neanderthals had the same dna-coding region of the foxp2 gene as living humans, but are different in one position of the gene's regulatory regions, and the extent of foxp2 expression might hence have been different in neanderthals. although the gene appears necessary for language—living humans who don't have the normal human version of the gene have serious language difficulties—it is not necessarily sufficient. it is not known whether foxp2 evolved for or in conjunction with language, nor whether there are other language-related genes that neanderthals may or may not have had. similarly, the size and functionality of the neanderthal broca's and wernicke's areas, used for speech generation in modern humans, is debated.
<p> other scholars believe that, based on the position of the larynx, not even neanderthals had the anatomy necessary to produce the full range of sounds modern humans make. it was earlier proposed that differences between "homo sapiens" and neanderthal vocal tracts could be seen in fossils, but the finding that the neanderthal hyoid bone (see below) was identical to that found in "homo sapiens" has weakened these theories. still another view considers the lowering of the larynx as irrelevant to the development of speech.
<p> neanderthals inhabited much of europe and western asia from as far back as 130,000 years ago. they existed in europe as late as 30,000 years ago. they were eventually replaced by anatomically modern humans (amh; sometimes known as cro-magnons), who began to appear in europe circa 40,000 years ago. given that the two hominid species likely coexisted in europe, anthropologists have long wondered whether the two interacted. the question was resolved only in 2010, when it was established that eurasian populations exhibit neanderthal admixture, estimated at 1.5–2.1% on average. the question now became whether this admixture had taken place in europe, or rather in the levant, prior to amh migration into europe. | yes. They communicated babies into us, that's for sure. |
the missouri compromise | <p> the missouri compromise was the legislation that provided for the admission of maine to the united states as a free state along with missouri as a slave state, thus maintaining the balance of power between north and south in the united states senate. as part of the compromise, slavery was prohibited north of the 36°30′ parallel, excluding missouri. the 16th united states congress passed the legislation on march 3, 1820, and president james monroe signed it on march 6, 1820.
<p> the missouri compromise was controversial at the time, as many worried that the country had become lawfully divided along sectional lines. the bill was effectively repealed in the kansas–nebraska act of 1854, and declared unconstitutional in "dred scott v. sandford" (1857). this increased tensions over slavery and eventually led to the civil war.
<p> in 1820, the u.s. congress passed an agreement known as the "missouri compromise" that was intended to resolve the dispute. the compromise created missouri out of a portion of the louisiana purchase territory and admitted it into the union as a slave state, but at the same time prohibited slavery in the rest of the territory that lay north of the parallel 36°30′ north, of which most of the territory did. the legal effects of a slaveowner taking his slaves from missouri into the free territory north of the 36°30′ north parallel, as well as the constitutionality of the missouri compromise itself, eventually came to a head in the "dred scott" case.
<p> aside from settling the issue of missouri's statehood, the missouri compromise had several important effects. it helped forestall a split in the democratic-republican party along sectional lines at a time when the federalists offered little effective opposition, and set a precedent whereby free states and slave states were admitted in pairs in order to avoid upsetting the balance of the senate. the compromise also elevated the stature of both henry clay and the united states senate. perhaps most importantly, the missouri compromise indicated a shift away from gradual emancipation, a policy that had once held wide support among southern leaders. the planned slave revolt of denmark vesey, who was captured and executed in 1822, further contributed to a hardening of pro-slavery attitudes in the south during monroe's tenure as president.
<p> on december 18, 1860, the crittenden compromise was proposed to re-establish the missouri compromise line by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of the line while guaranteeing it to the south. the adoption of this compromise likely would have prevented the secession of every southern state apart from south carolina, but lincoln and the republicans rejected it. it was then proposed to hold a national referendum on the compromise. the republicans again rejected the idea, although a majority of both northerners and southerners would likely have voted in favor of it. a pre-war february peace conference of 1861 met in washington, proposing a solution similar to that of the crittenden compromise, it was rejected by congress. the republicans proposed an alternative compromise to not interfere with slavery where it existed but the south regarded it as insufficient. nonetheless, the remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the confederacy following a two-to-one no-vote in virginia's first secessionist convention on april 4, 1861.
<p> as the secession crisis deepened, missouri attempted to follow a policy of armed neutrality, in which the state would not support either side in the war but remain in the union. a special election in february established a missouri constitutional convention to determine the relationship between missouri and the united states. the convention voted against secession and affirmed the state's neutrality.
<p> as the secession crisis deepened, missouri attempted to follow a policy of armed neutrality, in which the state would not support either side in the war but remain in the union. a special election in february established a missouri constitutional convention to determine the relationship between missouri and the united states. the convention voted against secession and affirmed the state's neutrality. | The Missouri compromise disallowed slavery north of latitude 36.5 N, but compromised that Missouri (north of that latitude) could have slaves. This was between abolitionists and pro-slavery states, and It helped keep the status quo. Slave states wanted more slave states, and non-slave states wanted more non slave states for the House of Representatives and senate, so it became a 1:1 slave:non-slave thing for a long time. The Kansas-Nebraska act threw a wrench in the machine. The writer of the act wanted to let those who settled decide what they wanted, but since settlers were both pro and anti slavery it created a pretty bad situation. Wikipedia is your friend. |
can erradicated diseases and/or pandemics occur from the rediscovery of artifacts, buried treasures, etc? | <p> a second major project was a report produced in 2005 called the heritage health index, which included data from more than 3,000 institutions, among them museums, historical societies, government archives, libraries, scientific organizations and universities. this report was funded by the institute of museum and library services. the survey found that some 612 million artifacts - from photographs and paintings to nature specimens and pottery - are at risk of deterioration because they are not cared for properly.
<p> the persistent risk of disappearing "last copies". and the declines seen in the condition of national treasures, as exemplified by the 2005 heritage health index report on the state of america's collections provide the rationale for establishing priorities and balancing access with preservation needs. the transient nature of electronic information can contribute to a phenomenon called "memory loss." this is a result of data extinctions as technologies become obsolete. there is also a drift away from original bibliographic contexts as time passes.
<p> particularly in herculaneum, the earliest excavations revolved around collecting valuable artifacts and antiquities rather than systematic excavation. by merely digging for objects with aesthetic and commercial value, they were taken from being in situ to private collections, and thus much of the information on them was lost. additionally, other objects not considered worthy by pursuers of antiquarianism were destroyed, or damaged in the process of retrieving other items.
<p> many of the artefacts used for this were genuine, which means that they were removed from their original context (at sites as far afield as switzerland), thus losing most of their archaeological information. further, since the artefacts had not been recorded into the archaeological record previously, their presence on this site attests to significant plundering of unknown sites to feed a market for illicit archaeological artefacts.
<p> some artifacts have been recovered by accident. an archeologist was watching a home decorating show when he saw a second century stone head from hatra sitting on the decorator's mantle. the illegal black market for goods became so saturated that prices in the market were going down after 2003 according to an antiquities researcher specializing in illicit dealings.
<p> assemblages of sites being destroyed was an issue in early archaeology. archaeologists, being funded by rich donors or governments, would remove artifacts from their sites and bring them back to the archaeologist's country. by removing the artifact from the site the assemblage was destroyed because the artifact was being taken out of its context. some pieces would even become parts of private collections, which would completely remove them from the public eye. if the artifact is looked at as a scientific component of its site it can be seen that the overall scientific understanding of the site would be compromised. as a whole, artifacts, or scientific components, can shed light on the behaviors of a particular place and time. an example of this is the tomb of tutankhamen and the egyptian government requiring that artifacts found within the tomb stay in egypt. the government wanted each artifact to stay within the country, and therefore with its assemblage, instead of being removed and shown in museums or stored in private collections."
<p> in addition, the museum's above-ground storage rooms were looted. approximately 3,100 excavation site pieces (jars, vessels, pottery shards, etc.) were stolen, of which only 3,000 have been recovered. the thefts did not appear to be discriminating; for example, an entire shelf of fakes was stolen, while an adjacent shelf of much greater value was undisturbed. | Im pretty sure. I heard one about smallpox, thankfully we have the vaccination for it now. If bacteria is trapped in an artifact, upon discovery it can infect people. |
why do lizards do push-ups when sitting on a sunny wall | <p> they live in large colonies (with social hierarchies) on crags, rocky outcrops and mountain summits. they can often be seen sunbathing on top of prominent rocks. the lizards hide in rocky cracks, but come out in the morning and evening to forage. if threatened, they retreat to their holes and cracks in the rocks, wedge themselves in and lock their bodies there by inflating their lungs. jammed into the cracks like this, with their thorny tail wrapped protectively over their faces, they are incredibly difficult to prise out.
<p> the most distinct feature of these lizards is the large ruff of skin which usually lies folded back against its head and neck. the neck frill is supported by long spines of cartilage which are connected to the jaw bones. when the lizard is frightened, it produces a startling deimatic display: it gapes its mouth, exposing a bright pink or yellow lining; it spreads out its frill, displaying bright orange and red scales; raises its body; and sometimes holds its tail above its body. this reaction is used for territorial displays, to discourage predators, and during courtship. the red and orange parts of its frill contain carotenoid pigments.
<p> open surfaces are often the place where "draco", (black bearded) gilding lizards communicate with each other. when not flying, their heads are usually seen sitting head up on the trunks of the trees; their wings creatively folded to their bodies. most of their day is spent feeding on ants up and down trees, making for the majority of their diet. once in a while, they will want to change outings and leap from the tree, extend their ribs to open their wings, and glide to the next tree. the degree and speed of the glide depends on a couple of aspects: the height of the lizard on the tree and the surface area of the wing comparative to the weight of the body.
<p> there are zoology observations that certain animals emulate a "push up" action. most notably various taxa of the fence lizard exhibit this display, primarily involving the male engaging in postures to attract females. the western fence lizard is a particular species that also engages in this behavior. (it may be noted that in mexican spanish push-ups are called "lagartijas", which means "lizards".)
<p> a large lizard with a flattened head and body, its length is a maximum of . the soles of the feet have black rubber-like balls, an adaptation to living on rock outcrops. it is called the plated lizard because of the platelike scales on the back. this lizard is very shy and hard to approach. when threatened, it will jam itself into rock crevices (aided by its flattened body) and inflate with air, making it impossible to extricate it.
<p> it enjoys basking in the sun in the morning and evening. when threatened, the lizard will shoot blood out of the corners of its eyes. however, this is mainly used in desperate emergencies, else it will try to run to the nearest bush it can find, dive in a rodent's burrow, or bury/shuffle into the sand like a shovel. if it is grabbed, it will swell, hiss, stab with its horns, and try to bite. if further provocation occurs, the blood-squirting starts.
<p> they are generally a gentle species, but have been known to try to push their cranial spines into the hand while held. when excited, they puff themselves up with air, similar to the way a chuckwalla does, making themselves look bigger. if spotted near a bush, they will dash into it in an attempt to find cover from any threat. like several other horned lizard species, desert horned lizards are able to squirt blood from their eyes. | I searched, and apparently it's to display fitness and to claim territory. Since it takes more energy to bob its head up and down than most other things it does (apart from maybe running), the action acts as proof that it is fit and its offspring is also likely to be. |
why do we wake up with those lines on our arm sometimes? | <p> signs of these conditions include the slow onset of discomfort and pain in the upper shoulder or upper third of the arm and/or difficulty sleeping on the shoulder, similar condition can have sharp pain or discomfort when the upper shoulder is positioned at certain angles. tendinitis and bursitis also cause pain when the arm is lifted away from the body or overhead. if tendinitis involves the biceps tendon (the tendon located in front of the shoulder that helps bend the elbow and turn the forearm), pain will occur in the front or side of the shoulder and may travel down to the elbow and forearm. pain may also occur when the arm is forcefully pushed upward overhead.
<p> pain is often aggravated by elevation of the arm above shoulder level or by lying on the shoulder. pain may awaken the patient from sleep. other complaints may be stiffness, snapping, catching, or weakness of the shoulder.
<p> the pain felt on kernig's sign is due to meningeal irritation caused by movement of the spinal cord within the meninges. in the brudzinski's neck sign, this movement with neck flexion is cancelled out by the flexion of the hip; much like two persons pulling on either side of a single rope.
<p> restless legs syndrome (rls) is generally a long term disorder that causes a strong urge to move one's legs. there is often an unpleasant feeling in the legs that improves somewhat with moving them. this is often described as aching, tingling, or crawling in nature. occasionally the arms may also be affected. the feelings generally happen when at rest and therefore can make it hard to sleep. due to the disturbance in sleep, people with rls may have daytime sleepiness, low energy, irritability, and a depressed mood. additionally, many have limb twitching during sleep.
<p> he has tattoos on each forearm. his left arm reads "must not sleep..." and the right says "...must warn others." these are inspired by childhood antics where he and his friends would act as robots arms outstretched quoting the line which has its origins in the 1956 film "invasion of the body snatchers". aesop rock has used these quotes as lyrics in the chorus of his song "commencement at the obedience academy": "must not sleep; must warn others / trust blocks creep where the dust storm hovers." he also used them in his song "antisocial," in the line "must not sleep; must warn others / i'll tourniquet your turbulence then trample on your stutters."
<p> after i got to the military base, there were several soldiers who told me to put my hands up and then to hold them straight out to the front of me. i did what they told me to do. they then put two sandbags on my arms and made me walk around back and forth with them like that all night. they were extremely heavy, and if i dropped the bags, the soldiers put them back on my arms. they got so heavy that i had to kind of place them on my stomach as i moved. they did not let me sleep at all for the rest of that night but forced me to keep moving with bags on my arms. when they moved me from one location to another, the soldiers were extremely rough and shoved me around with their knees and elbows in a very painful and frightening way. in the morning before sunrise, i was taken into a room and interrogated by three or four soldiers. they told me that they would kill me if i didn't talk. after i told them i didn't know the answers to their questions, one of them knocked me to the floor. he took out a long knife and started sharpening it in front of me. i could hear the sounds of the knife being sharpened. he then lifted my hood and showed me the knife. he put it on the back of my head and said now start talking… i was terrified and fully believed that they might kill me.
<p> because of the extreme position into which the arms are sometimes forced, many armbinders, and especially monogloves, can cause problems with the soft tissues of the shoulder joints and with the circulation and innervation of the arms and hands. only the most flexible people can wear them for any length of time; | It's because you slept still, while crushing certain stitches in the sheets and pillows. You were so still that they left an imprint. |
is being disgusted by fat people just social conditioning, or is there more to it? | <p> anti-fat bias leads people to associate individuals who are overweight or obese with negative personality traits such as "lazy", "gluttonous", "stupid", "smelly", "slow", or "unmotivated". this bias is not restricted to clinically obese individuals, but also encompasses those whose body shape is in some way found unacceptable according to society's modern standards (although still within the normal or overweight bmi range). it is a classical example of the halo effect in cultures where physical preferences favor low body fat. fat-shaming is fairly common in the united states, even though most adult americans are overweight. "huffington post" wrote "two-thirds of american adults are overweight or obese. yet overweight and obese individuals are subject to discrimination from employers, healthcare professionals and potential romantic partners". charlotte gill argues in the independent that fat-shaming women is much less accepted than short-shaming men, although the latter is even worse.
<p> the fat acceptance movement argues that fat people are targets of hatred and discrimination. in particular, that obese women are subjected to more social pressure than obese men. the movement argues that these attitudes comprise a fat phobic entrenched societal norm, evident in many social institutions, including the mass media; where fat people are often ridiculed or held up as objects of pity. discrimination includes lack of equal access to transportation and employment. members of the fat acceptance movement perceive negative societal attitudes as persistent, and as being based on the presumption that fatness reflects negatively on a person's character. fat activists continue to strive for change in societal, personal, and medical attitudes toward fat people. fat acceptance organisations engage in public education about what they describe as myths concerning fat people.
<p> reviewer linda holmes of npr said the show willfully misunderstood the realities of fat-shaming and the concerns of fat people like herself; arguing that being fat should be respected and treated with kindness: "let me assure you: it is not satire. "insatiable" is satire in the same way someone who screams profanities out a car window is a spoken-word poet."
<p> anti-fat bias refers to the prejudicial assumption of personality characteristics based on an assessment of a person as being overweight or obese. it is also known as "fat shaming". fat activists allege anti-fat bias can be found in many facets of society, and blame the media for the pervasiveness of this phenomenon.
<p> broadly speaking, experiencing weight stigma is associated with psychological distress. there are many negative effects connected to anti-fat bias, the most prominent being that societal bias against fat is ineffective at treating obesity, and leads to long-lasting body image issues, eating disorders, suicide, and depression.
<p> black comedy has the social effect of strengthening the morale of the oppressed and undermines the morale of the oppressors. according to wylie sypher, "to be able to laugh at evil and error means we have surmounted them."
<p> additional stress from outside the home environment influence disordered eating characteristics. social stresses from peer environments, such as feeling out of place or discriminated against, has been shown to increase feelings of body shame and social anxiety in studies of minority groups that lead to a prevalence of disordered eating. | It's a combination of biology and social condition. Biologically, we are coded to find attributes of the opposite sex that we perceive as an indication of fertility and ability to raise a child. In women that means wide hips (better for birthing children), large breasts (better for nursing a baby), and general fitness (long life span to be around to raise child), and physical symmetry (a sign of unflawed genetics). In men that usually means physical size & fitness (to better provide and protect children), intelligence (to better provide), wealth (to better provide), and physical symmetry (unflawed genetics). So, we are naturally drawn to women with a healthy hourglass shape and men with a large, lean build. However, social constructs do have their part. For instance, how do you measure intelligence or wealth? In the olden days, over-weight people were actually found to be attractive because it was a sign that they did not work a manual labor job (intelligence, status, wealth) and they had the means to properly feed a family (wealth). That perception of over-weight people lasted as long as food scarcity did. However, these days, food scarcity is a thing of the past, so we gravitate towards people who exhibit "superior" genetic traits, or as well call it today, beauty. |
special relativity says that objects' perception of time slows down to 0 as it approaches/reaches the speed of light. if this is the case, why does light itself have speed? | <p> special relativity indicates that, for an observer in an inertial frame of reference, a clock that is moving relative to him will be measured to tick slower than a clock that is at rest in his frame of reference. this case is sometimes called special relativistic time dilation. the faster the relative velocity, the greater the time dilation between one another, with the rate of time reaching zero as one approaches the speed of light (299,792,458 m/s). this causes massless particles that travel at the speed of light to be unaffected by the passage of time.
<p> common sense would dictate that, if the passage of time has slowed for a moving object, said object would observe the external world's time to be correspondingly sped up. counterintuitively, special relativity predicts the opposite. when two observers are in motion relative to each other, each will measure the other's clock slowing down, in concordance with them being moving relative to the observer's frame of reference.
<p> while special relativity prohibits objects from moving faster than light with respect to a local reference frame where spacetime can be treated as flat and unchanging, it does not apply to situations where spacetime curvature or evolution in time become important. these situations are described by general relativity, which allows the separation between two distant objects to increase faster than the speed of light, although the definition of "separation" is different from that used in an inertial frame. this can be seen when observing distant galaxies more than the hubble radius away from us (approximately 4.5 gigaparsecs or 14.7 billion light-years); these galaxies have a recession speed that is faster than the speed of light. light that is emitted today from galaxies beyond the cosmological event horizon, about 5 gigaparsecs or 16 billion light-years, will never reach us, although we can still see the light that these galaxies emitted in the past. because of the high rate of expansion, it is also possible for a distance between two objects to be greater than the value calculated by multiplying the speed of light by the age of the universe. these details are a frequent source of confusion among amateurs and even professional physicists.tamara m. davis and charles h. lineweaver, "expanding confusion: common misconceptions of cosmological horizons and the superluminal expansion of the universe". astro-ph/0310808 due to the non-intuitive nature of the subject and what has been described by some as "careless" choices of wording, certain descriptions of the metric expansion of space and the misconceptions to which such descriptions can lead are an ongoing subject of discussion within education and communication of scientific concepts.
<p> while special relativity prohibits objects from moving faster than light with respect to a local reference frame where spacetime can be treated as flat and unchanging, it does not apply to situations where spacetime curvature or evolution in time become important. these situations are described by general relativity, which allows the separation between two distant objects to increase faster than the speed of light, although the definition of "distance" here is somewhat different from that used in an inertial frame. the definition of distance used here is the summation or integration of local comoving distances, all done at constant local proper time. for example, galaxies that are more than the hubble radius, approximately 4.5 gigaparsecs or 14.7 billion light-years, away from us have a recession speed that is faster than the speed of light. visibility of these objects depends on the exact expansion history of the universe. light that is emitted today from galaxies beyond the cosmological event horizon, about 5 gigaparsecs or 16 billion light-years, will never reach us, although we can still see the light that these galaxies emitted in the past.
<p> the special theory of relativity limits the speed at which all such influences can travel to the speed of light, formula_1. therefore, the principle of locality implies that an event at one point cannot cause a simultaneous result at another point. an event at point formula_2 cannot cause a result at point formula_3 in a time less than formula_4, where formula_5 is the distance between the points.
<p> newtonian physics assumes that absolute time and space exist outside of any observer; this gives rise to galilean invariance. it also results in a prediction that the speed of light can vary from one reference frame to another. this is contrary to observation. in the special theory of relativity, einstein keeps the postulate that the equations of motion do not depend on the reference frame, but assumes that the speed of light is invariant. as a result, position and time in two reference frames are related by the lorentz transformation instead of the galilean transformation.
<p> frames of reference are especially important in special relativity, because when a frame of reference is moving at some significant fraction of the speed of light, then the flow of time in that frame does not necessarily apply in another frame. the speed of light is considered to be the only true constant between moving frames of reference. | > time dilation says that objects traveling at that speed experience no time That's not how time dilation works exactly. Every object always experiences time as normal. When you move relative to some other observer, you see them moving more slowly through time, and they perceives *you* as moving more slowly through time, but you each perceive your own clocks as ticking at the normal rate. |
why are some trains and subways shaky while others barely shake even when stopping? | <p> in subways, derailment is usually less dangerous (speeds are lower, trains cannot jackknife in tunnels and so on). it is dangerous to stop in a tunnel if a fire develops; an emergency exit could lead to electrocution by the third rail (typically energized with 825 volts dc). instead drivers try to reach the next station, even in an emergency. as a result, there are no emergency brakes directly visible to passengers. however, there are hidden stop valves and simplified train controls, allowing each coach to act on its own in need. in an emergency, there are door-control handles (visible to passengers) which are intended to make the pneumatic train doors able to be opened by removing air pressure. subway trains have mechanisms and alarms which prevent trains from moving if the doors are open, and alert the driver or engage the brakes if doors open while a train is moving. penalties for misuse of emergency door-opening handles are similar to those for stop-valve misuse.
<p> by early 2016, delays as a result of overcrowding were up to more than 20,000 every month, four times the amount in 2012. the overcrowded trains have resulted in an increase of assaults because of tense commuters. with less platform space, more passengers are forced to be on the edge of the platform resulting in the increased possibility of passengers falling on the track. one possible solution that the mta is considering is platform screen doors, which exist on the airtrain jfk to prevent passengers from falling onto the tracks. in order to prevent hitting passengers who could fall onto the tracks, train operators are being instructed to go into stations at lower speeds. the increased proximity of riders could result in the spread of contagious diseases.
<p> this station is noteworthy because the station building is on ground level and the single side platform is located below, inside a tunnel. the platform level is closed unless a local train is scheduled to arrive because of the strong winds generated by high pressure difference between the tunnel and the ground level. passengers alighting at this station cannot loiter. they must leave the platform level within 2 minutes or pa system with monitoring camera will ask the passengers to leave immediately. there are two automatic doors, one on the ground level and another at the platform level. the automatic door on the ground level is locked, preventing access to the platform level, until the train driver remotely unlocks the door. the two automatic doors never open at the same time, again, to avoid creating strong winds caused by pressure gradient. there is an underground waiting room between the two doors with wooden bench, timetable, and a suggestion box. above ground, the waiting room features tatami and is air-conditioned.
<p> as with most modern roller coasters, a block system keeps trainsets moving and prevents trains from colliding with each other. rarely, trains will "roll back" into the tunnel from the end of the station platform. the control program is set up to handle this problem so that another train cannot collide with the stalled train. when this happens, guests are unloaded in the tunnel (which has lights and a stairway for such an event) and a winch pulls the empty train back into the station.
<p> trains move on fixed rails, making them uniquely susceptible to collision. this susceptibility is exacerbated by the enormous weight and inertia of a train, which make it difficult to quickly stop when encountering an obstacle. also, trains generally do not stop at grade crossings (level crossings), instead relying upon pedestrians and vehicles to clear the tracks when they pass. therefore, from their beginnings locomotives have been equipped with loud horns or bells to warn vehicles or pedestrians that they are coming. steam locomotives had steam whistles, operated from steam produced by their boilers.
<p> trains operate at a maximum of on the surface portion of the system and in the subway portion and over the bridge. trains used to have a top speed of on the surface portion, but this caused excessive wear on the traction motors and was cut back to in the 1970s.
<p> in high-speed rail, passing trains are a significant safety problem as the safe distance from the platform edge increases with the speed of the passing train. a study done by the united states department of transportation in 1999 found that trains passing station platforms at speeds of can pose safety concerns to passengers on the platforms who are away from the edge due to the aerodynamic effects created by pressure and induced airflow with speeds of to depending on the train body aerodynamic designs. additionally, the airflow can cause debris to be blown out to the waiting passengers. if the passengers stand closer at , the risk increases with airflow that can reach speeds of to . | It depends on a few things. If the ride is always shaky, even on different trains, then it's probably the track. A lot of the shake comes from how the rail is connected and how it's connected to the ground. When you could only place rail by a bunch of guys working by hand, the results weree inconsistent, and the joints are frequent, as humans, even working as a team, can only lift rail segments of a certain weight. Nowadays they can use machines that place the railroad ties at a precise height, and anchor 1/4 mile long rails securely, AND weld the joints at the ends together. Smooth! And absolutely *essential* to making high speed rail. As a rule of thumb, the oldest and least used track is probably the roughest. If you only get shaky rides occasionally and not every time you ride, then it's probably the train itself. The axles that trains ride on can get flat spots if the train locks up the brakes, much like how tires skid. Brakes can also warp, causing vibrations, much like a car with worn brakes. The trains can also have wear in their suspension, which can make every imperfection in the track feel so much worse. Keep an eye during your next journey and see if you can detect where the problem might be for yourself! |
why are under cover police cars still ford crown victorias? wouldn't something like a subaru outback be less conspicuous? | <p> police forces of north america have heavily used full-size fords for decades because of their preference for v8 power and torque, the pulling power provided by rear-wheel drive, and the robust body-on-frame construction that can be cheaply repaired (important for american police due to usage of the pit maneuver). however, with the demise of any vehicles with these characteristics from general motors and chrysler, the ford crown victoria police interceptor has held a virtual monopoly on police cruisers sold in north america since 1996. the crown victoria has become equally commonplace as a taxi cab.
<p> in late 2007, ops purchased a small group of on wheels equipped with ford's "street appearance package", making the cars look more like civilian crown victorias. the vehicles are recognizable, however, by their police wheel covers and led strips at the top of the front windshields and rear windows.
<p> although the ford crown victoria police interceptor was not sold to the general public, they are widely available via secondhand in north america once they are decommissioned and no longer in service in law enforcement and fleet duty. the cars are in demand by taxi companies, those who want a safe, durable and/or inexpensive car, and those who need a car with a bench seat which can take three passengers in the back. the crown victoria police interceptor came equipped with many heavy duty parts such as a revised transmission, and a engine. used crown victoria police interceptors are normally stripped of any police decals, computer equipment, police radios, and emergency lights before being sold or auctioned to the public.
<p> the ford crown victoria police interceptor (colloquially referred to simply as the cvpi, p71, or crown vic) is a four-door body-on-frame sedan that was manufactured by ford from 1992 to 2011. it is the law enforcement version of the ford crown victoria. from 1997 to 2011, the ford crown victoria police interceptor was the most widely used automobile in law enforcement operations in the united states and canada. they were also used for this purpose on a more limited scale in other countries.
<p> the steel body-on-frame crown victoria police interceptor fares better in crashes than current unibody counterparts such as the chevrolet impala and dodge charger. many law enforcement officers and departments swear by the proven crown victoria, and are reluctant to purchase other police sedans in spite of the crown vic's departure. some departments have purchased the chevrolet tahoe 9c1, a full-size suv, due in part to its body-on-frame construction.
<p> as the crown victoria became increasingly ubiquitous within north america as a police vehicle, media from the late 1990s up to at least the mid-to-late-2010s began to follow suit and as a result the crown victoria has become a common set-piece in television, cinema, and video games with a north american focus. this came especially after the discontinuation of the chevrolet caprice 9c1. even years after its discontinuation, the crown victoria continues to hold a reputation as a tool of authority within north america.
<p> the ford crown victoria (and crown victoria police interceptor) were produced at the now-closed st. thomas assembly in southwold, ontario, canada. the final vehicle produced at the facility was a 2012 crown victoria, as part of a small group of vehicles intended for export to the middle east. in total, over 1.5 million examples of the ford crown victoria (including police interceptors) were manufactured by st. thomas assembly from 1991 to 2011. within the ford model line, the crown victoria was not directly replaced, with the front/all-wheel drive ford taurus most closely matching it in interior and trunk dimensions. | There are different levels of undercover. The police interceptor Crown Victorias are *unmarked* cars, but at a glance are still clearly police cars. Many departments also have *undercover* cars that can be any make and model, but may not perform police duty as well as the specialized police interceptor cars can. |
why do memories of earlier times in your life feel so pleasant regardless of all the bad things that were also occurring during those times? | <p> when simple objects such as a photograph, or events such as a birthday party, bring traumatic memories to mind people often try to bar the unwanted experience from their minds so as to proceed with life, with varying degrees of success. the frequency of these reminders diminish over time for most people. there are strong individual differences in the rate at which the adjustment occurs. for some the number of intrusive memories diminish rapidly as the person adjusts to the situation, whereas for others intrusive memories may continue for decades with significant interference to their mental, physical and social well being.
<p> people exhibit better memory for more intensely emotional events than less intensely emotional events. the precise cause of this is unclear, but it has been demonstrated, for decades, across a wide variety of surveys and experiments. in addition, people do not always recognize that the events that they remember are more emotionally intense than the "average" event of its kind. this failure to correct for the atypicality of extreme memories can lead people to believe those extreme moments are representative of the "set" being judged. boston red sox fans asked to recall any one game they saw when the red sox won, for example, tended to recall the best game they could remember. they only realized this game was unrepresentative of past winning games by the red sox if they were explicitly asked to recall the best game they could remember, as evidenced by their subsequent "affective forecasts". this bias for more intense emotional experiences is evident in "nostalgic preferences". people asked to recall a television show or movie from the past tend to recall the most enjoyable show or movie that they can remember, and use this extreme example to rate all shows from its era unless they are also able to spontaneously recall shows or movies that are worse than the first show or movie they remember.
<p> there were indeed many special memories, but actually we should not forget something which wasn't so funny. most of the time in the early days it was very hard: often we would go hungry. [we had] hardly any possessions, no money, no protection. it often got very cold. we had nothing. all we had was love for shrila prabhupada.
<p> the lack of remembered detail especially affects positive memories; generally people remember positive events with more detail than negative events, but the reverse is seen in those with depression. negative memories will seem more complex and the time of occurrence will be more easily remembered than positive and neutral events. this may be explained by mood congruence theory, as depressed individuals remember negatively charged memories during frequent negative moods. depressed adults also tend to actively rehearse negative memories, which increases their retention period and vividness.
<p> emotion plays a strong role in relation to memory. it has been found that memories associated with stronger emotions (e.g.: being happy at your wedding) are more easily remembered and quickly recalled, as are those formed during moments of intense stress. the same holds true for involuntary memories, with happy involuntary memories occurring twice as often as unhappy or neutral involuntary memories.
<p> researchers have found that there seems to be a "reminiscence bump" where older adults recall more memories from their adolescence and early adulthood years. it seems to researchers that the memories of first-time or novel events during this time stand out in memory later in life. in other words, memories of a first time personal experience stand out better in the mind than memories of repetition or routine. there are multiple hypotheses regarding the high occurrence of memory recall during adolescence and early adulthood; self-image hypothesis, cognitive hypothesis, and cultural life script hypothesis. the self-image hypothesis suggests that memory is heightened for events that happen while a young person is assuming a self-image or life identity. the cognitive hypothesis proposes that memory encoding is better during the rapid changes that occur during adolescence and early adulthood. the final explanation, cultural life script hypothesis, advocates the idea that there are culturally shared expectations that structure recall.
<p> reliving past memories may provide comfort and contribute to mental health. one notable recent medical study has looked at the physiological effects thinking about past 'good' memories can have. they found that thinking about the past 'fondly' actually increased perceptions of physical warmth. | I think that's because of the natural tendency to keep remembering the good things of the past ( their intensity is maintained) while otherwise for the bad memories. Please take it with a pinch of salt as I am no expert. |
did the movies of the 1920's - 1940's portray voices and language accurate to the way common american people spoke at the time? | <p> by late 1929, virtually all films in production in the us were "100 percent all talking", although there were rare but sometimes notable and successful exceptions. charlie chaplin's "modern times", released in 1936, is an example of an unusually late part-talkie. the only voices heard in the film are those of the factory foreman, of a salesman making his pitch by means of a phonograph record, and of chaplin when he sings a gibberish song in a nightclub sequence. the soundtrack for the rest of the film is simply an orchestral score accompanying the action, with occasional sound effects.
<p> authentic models of german and soviet aircraft were used in the film, and all dialogue involving non-americans was in the native tongue of the speaker, without subtitles, both rarities in films of this era.
<p> the voice of the child is a 1911 american drama film directed by d. w. griffith and starring blanche sweet. the film was made by the american mutoscope and biograph company when it and many other early film studios in america's first motion picture industry were based in fort lee, new jersey at the beginning of the 20th century.
<p> american cinema began in the early 1900s in new york city and philadelphia before becoming largely transplanted to los angeles beginning in the mid-1910s. with the evolution of talkies in the late 1920s, a voice was first heard in motion pictures. it was then that the majority of audiences first heard hollywood actors speaking predominantly in the elevated stage pronunciation of the mid-atlantic accent. many adopted it starting out in the theatre, and others simply affected it to help their careers on and off in films.
<p> in the hispanic community the dubbed voices of famous film actors are remembered better and became widely recognizable (e.g. the spanish voice of homer simpson from "the simpsons" (translated as "homero"), performed by humberto vélez, is one of the most famous in latin america).
<p> however, roger ebert, in his "chicago sun-times" review, praised the film's dialogue. he wrote that "the language is strange, too: it's tough, but not with 1984 toughness. it sounds like the way really mean guys would have talked in the late 1950s, only with a few words different--as if this world evolved a slightly different language."
<p> in the early years of "talkie" films (beginning in 1927, see "the jazz singer") a few actors continued to act silently for comedic effect, most famously charlie chaplin, whose last great "silent" comedies "city lights" (1931) and "modern times" (1936) were both made in the sound age. another late example was harpo marx, who always played a mute in the marx brothers' films. | No, its called the Mid-Atlantic accent, and it was taught at acting schools and created to be a hybrid of American and British, which makes it more equally understandable on both sides of the pond. |
in standoffs or hostage situations where two people point guns at each other (and the occasional knife), why don't they just shoot and kill the other person? | <p> unless all kidnappers can be hit and killed by sniper gunfire almost simultaneously, generally extreme prejudice (e.g., shooting at gunmen)is not used as freely due to the danger of other kidnappers killing the hostages, as in the 1972 munich example.
<p> bullet::::- one should never hand a knife directly to another person, as it is said that the two will get into a fight. instead a person should always place the knife down on a surface, and only then can the other person pick it up. in several cases you can give it directly, but only pointing the sharp end to yourself and making the knife's handle accessible for the opposite person.
<p> while target shooting with a handgun, if a grouping is consistently off-center then the shooter is instructed to alter the body angle or the stance, rather than shifting the arm, wrist or hand, which should remain in position.
<p> this is not true in lone wolf situations, where the hostage taker is often shot by a snipers with armor-piercing or wall-piercing ammunition if talk or negotiation resolution is impossible. in all situations the preferred method is to talk the kidnappers into releasing the hostages for ransom or otherwise talking them down using therapeutic or diplomatic techniques, to protect the safety of the hostages and, ideally, have the suspect surrender peacefully.
<p> for one hand shooting, the gun is held in a low ready position and on center of the body, and with the wrist and arm locked. the arm stays locked (stiff), as the pistol is then raised from the shoulder. and when on target, a convulsive squeeze is used to fire.
<p> in 2001, he answered the question of a girl in a seattle school by saying that it is permissible to shoot someone with a gun in self-defense if that person was "trying to kill you," and he emphasized that the shot should not be fatal.
<p> with pistol quick kill, the pistol is gripped and pointed at a target much like a person would point their finger. "when you point, you naturally do not attempt to sight or aim your finger. it will be somewhat below your eye level in your peripheral vision, perhaps 2-4 inches below eye level." | Because that's only in the movies, it's fiction, and it increases dramatic suspense. |
how do shows like orphan black, who has a actor who plays multiple roles, show the same actor playing several different characters interacting with each other, in the same shot? (example inside) | <p> many cast members provide voices for multiple characters. the voice actors, in portraying the various character personalities on the show, draw inspiration from celebrities and pop culture. "family guy" characters have been played by more than one actor, after members of the show left the series or had conflicting obligations.
<p> several actors have portrayed more than one character throughout the continuity, many of them appearing as regulars on one series and as guest stars on another. in some cases, a performer has appeared in different roles on the same show.
<p> the casting directors prepared themselves for a long audition process. they were adamant they wanted to find actors who looked alike to accurately portray twins. honda, who plays david recalled the process as being a strange experience which involved many call backs. each actor originally auditioned for both roles because directors wanted to see who best suited which character. kano has stated that his first ever audition had him switching character from leo to david in seconds. kano praised "neighbours" for introducing two ethnic actors into their show. he believed it was "fantastic" that the tanakas were regular characters with a "really strong plot line".
<p> bullet::::- mike (labeled the "multiple personality disorder") is the winner in "total drama all-stars". mike is the only character in the whole series to have multiple voices in the same season all with the same voice actor. the animators had to illustrate five different faces and personalities in the character's body, making mike the most complicated and diverse character in the series. cory doran had to record six different types of voices for mike. in "total drama all-stars", the character mike serves as the season's main protagonist, while his evil alternate personality, mal (short for "the malevolent one"), serves as the main antagonist. mike's evil personality is a close reference to yami marik from "yu-gi-oh!", as both are evil split personalities who reside within a person and eventually take over their host, as well as undergoing a change in hairstyle and voice when assuming control. mal's name and personality was also inspired by the character, mal cobb from the movie, "inception. voiced by cory doran.
<p> in addition to both its main cast and guest stars, "family guy" utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors. some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently. some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of quahog or characters in cutaway gags.
<p> most voice actors have only voiced one character, while some actors have voiced two characters. peter oldring and clé bennett are the only two voice actors who have voiced more than two characters, oldring voicing three and bennett voicing four (five if counting dj's mother). however, if the spin-offs are to be included, then multiple voice actors have voiced multiple characters throughout the franchise. brian froud, rochelle wilson, and bennett are the only voice actors to voice contestants from more than one generation. claire-barlow revealed that courtney was originally voiced by an unnamed voice actress, later revealed to be rochelle wilson as the first voice of courtney in the first two episodes of "total drama island" before the role was later given to her. alejandro is the only character to have three voice actors; he was voiced by marco grazinni in "total drama world tour", keith oliver while he was in the robot suit and alex house in "total drama all-stars". josh is the only minor character to have a voice actor of his own, dwayne hill, as these roles are usually given to one of the main cast members.
<p> beside ken jeong and mike bell, who reprise their roles of kim ly and white shadow, the cast features all new members. one of the reasons for this was the desire to have the actors working together. "the thing is that these actors are really busy, and we want to get talent in the same room at the same time to get that chemistry. and that's a lot easier to do with professional voice actors," said dreamworks animation head of television margie cohn. the cast was selected by the titmouse's casting and voice director andrea romano, who chose people titmouse already knew and had worked with. | In scenes where you see the actor interacting with herself, you've got a few methods at work. Sometimes they shoot the same shot multiple times with the same actor then overlay them digitally which puts them all in the same shot. They use stand ins when filming so she doesn't have to look at dead space or a tennis ball on a stick. They can also digitally add her face over the stand-ins but that's a little more difficult to do and doesn't look as good as the above technique. |
why are bank accounts seemingly free? where is the profit for the bank if i don't have a lot of money? | <p> bullet::::6. since banks have more free reserves, they may loan out the money, because holding the money would amount to accepting the cost of foregone interest when a loan is granted, a person is generally granted the money by adding to the balance on their bank account.
<p> author ric edelman writes: "you don't make any money in bank accounts (in real economic terms), simply because you're not supposed to." on the other hand, he says, bank accounts and cds are fine for holding cash for a short amount of time.
<p> a study of banking software demonstrates that the bank does nothing else than adding an amount to the two accounts when they issue a loan. the observation that there appears to be no limit to the amount of credit money that banks can bring into circulation in this way has given rise to the often-heard expression that ""banks are creating money out of thin air"".
<p> the bank's client has a strong incentive to report less profit to the bank than it has actually earned, as it will lose a fraction of that to the bank. as the client knows more about its business, its accounting, its flow of income, etc., than the bank, the business has an informational advantage over the bank determining levels of profit. (for example, one way a bank can under report its earnings is by depreciating assets at a higher level than actual wear and tear.) banks can attempt to compensate with monitoring, spot-checks, reviewing important decisions of the partner business, but this requires "additional staff and technical resources" that competing conventional banks are not burdened with.
<p> by transferring the ownership of deposits from one party to another, banks can avoid using physical cash as a method of payment. commercial bank deposits account for most of the money supply in use today. for example, if a bank in the united states makes a loan to a customer by depositing the loan proceeds in that customer's checking account, the bank typically records this event by debiting an asset account on the bank's books (called loans receivable or some similar name) and credits the deposit liability or checking account of the customer on the bank's books. from an economic standpoint, the bank has essentially created economic money (although not legal tender). the customer's checking account balance has no dollar bills in it, as a demand deposit account is simply a liability owed by the bank to its customer. in this way, commercial banks are allowed to increase the money supply (without printing currency, or legal tender).
<p> any cost or fees charged by the financial institution that maintains the account, whether as a single monthly maintenance charge or for each financial transaction, will depend on a variety of factors, including the country's regulations and overall interest rates for lending and saving, as well as the financial institution's size and number of channels of access offered. this is why a direct bank can afford to offer low-cost or free banking, as well as why in some countries, transaction fees do not exist but extremely high lending rates are the norm. this is the case in the united kingdom, where they have had free banking since 1984 when the then midland bank, in a bid to grab market share, scrapped current account charges. it was so successful that all other banks had no choice but offer the same or continue losing customers. free banking account holders are now charged only if they use an add-on service such as an overdraft.
<p> in normal times, the central bank does not fix the amount of money in circulation, nor is central bank money ‘multiplied up’ into more loans and deposits. although commercial banks create money through lending, they cannot do so freely without limit. banks are limited in how much they can lend if they are to remain profitable in a competitive banking system. prudential regulation also acts as a constraint on banks’ activities in order to maintain the resilience of the financial system. and the households and companies who receive the money created by new lending may take actions that affect the stock of money – they could quickly ‘destroy’ the money or currency by using it to repay their existing debt, for instance. | Banks make money off of having your money. The federal reserve requires that banks can only make loans if they have X% of the loans they make in solid cash backed reserves known as "required reserves". The percentage is usually between 10% and 15% so your money may be worth a couple grand in money the bank is now allowed to loan out. Obviously this means they can make bank (pun intended) off of the interest rate of the loan they make to somebody and they have much more money to loan thanks to you even though you didn't put much money in. |
how does c4 plastic explosive work? | <p> the composition c-4 used by the united states armed forces contains 91% rdx ("research department explosive", an explosive nitroamine), bound by a mixture of 5.3% dioctyl sebacate (dos) or dioctyl adipate (doa) as the plasticizer (to increase the plasticity of the explosive), thickened with 2.1% polyisobutylene (pib, a synthetic rubber) as the binder, and 1.6% of a mineral oil often called "process oil." instead of "process oil," low-viscosity motor oil is used in the manufacture of c-4 for civilian use.
<p> it is often used in mixtures with other explosives and plasticizers or phlegmatizers (desensitizers); it is the explosive agent in c-4 plastic explosive. rdx is stable in storage and is considered one of the most energetic and brisant of the military high explosives.
<p> c-4 or composition c-4 is a common variety of the plastic explosive family known as composition c. a similar british plastic explosive, based on rdx but with different plasticizer than composition c-4, is known as pe-4 (plastic explosive no. 4). c-4 is composed of explosives, plastic binder, plasticizer to make it malleable, and usually a marker or odorizing taggant chemical.
<p> note: booby traps and improvised explosive devices frequently use plastic explosive as the booster charge, for example, some c4 or semtex stuffed into the empty fuze pocket of a 120mm mortar shell. this is because any standard detonator will initiate plastic explosive as is.
<p> the last two compounds (they are very poor explosives) are oily liquids and plasticise the mixture. the most important later innovation of c-3 introduced the non-explosive plasticiser butyl phthalate instead of this mixture of nitro compounds. this reduced the toxicity while increasing the concentration of rdx and improving safety of use and storage. it also opened the way to begin study of new non-explosive low-toxicity plasticisers (esters of dicarboxylic acid) and binder (branched polymers).
<p> a polymer-bonded explosive, also called pbx or plastic-bonded explosive, is an explosive material in which explosive powder is bound together in a matrix using small quantities (typically 5–10% by weight) of a synthetic polymer. pbxs are normally used for explosive materials that are not easily melted into a casting, or are otherwise difficult to form. pbx was first developed in 1952 in los alamos national laboratory, as rdx embedded in polystyrene with dioctyl phthalate plasticizer. hmx compositions with teflon-based binders were developed in 1960s and 1970s for gun shells and for apollo lunar surface experiments package (alsep) seismic experiments, although the latter experiments are usually cited as using hexanitrostilbene (hns).
<p> nitrocellulose (also known as cellulose nitrate, flash paper, flash cotton, guncotton, and flash string) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. when used as a propellant or low-order explosive, it was originally known as guncotton. | Nice try, NSA! Just kidding- but in all seriousness, if you want it ELY5, someone makes the C4, attaches it to something, and then is set with a charge/fuse. The type of charge/fuse varies based on the purpose of the C4 and what they are trying to do with it. To my understanding, C4 isn't volatile like, say, nitroglycerine, but it is still essentially a bomb in some packaging so I would imagine that if you were to put enough pressure on it, it would explode. |
- how does high octane fuel actually benefit a car in the real world? | <p> the octane rating of a given fuel is a measure of the fuel's resistance to self-ignition. a fuel with a higher numerical octane rating allows for a higher compression ratio, which extracts more energy from the fuel and more effectively converts that energy into useful work while at the same time preventing engine damage from pre-ignition. high octane fuel is also more expensive.
<p> the advantage of propane in cars is its liquid state at a moderate pressure. this allows fast refill times, affordable fuel cylinder construction, and price ranges typically just over half that of gasoline. meanwhile, it is noticeably cleaner (both in handling, and in combustion), results in less engine wear (due to carbon deposits) without diluting engine oil (often extending oil-change intervals), and until recently was a relative bargain in north america. the octane rating of propane is relatively high at 110. in the united states the propane fueling infrastructure is the most developed of all alternative vehicle fuels. many converted vehicles have provisions for topping off from "barbecue bottles". purpose-built vehicles are often in commercially owned fleets, and have private fueling facilities. a further saving for propane fuel vehicle operators, especially in fleets, is that pilferage is much more difficult than with gasoline or diesel fuels.
<p> propane as an automotive fuel shares many of the physical attributes of gasoline while reducing tailpipe emissions and well to wheel emissions overall. propane is the number one alternative fuel in the world and offers an abundance of supply, liquid storage at low pressure, an excellent safety record and large cost savings when compared to traditional fuels.
<p> the power of the engine could also change according to the octane rating of the aviation fuel being used. higher octane fuels allowed boost pressures to be increased without the risks of pre-ignition or knocking.
<p> an octane rating, or octane number, is a standard measure of the performance of an engine or aviation fuel. the higher the octane number, the more compression the fuel can withstand before detonating (igniting). in broad terms, fuels with a higher octane rating are used in high-performance gasoline engines that require higher compression ratios. in contrast, fuels with lower octane numbers (but higher cetane numbers) are ideal for diesel engines, because diesel engines (also referred to as compression-ignition engines) do not compress the fuel, but rather compress only air and then inject fuel into the air which was heated by compression. gasoline engines rely on ignition of air and fuel compressed together as a mixture, which is ignited at the end of the compression stroke using spark plugs. therefore, high compressibility of the fuel matters mainly for gasoline engines. use of gasoline with lower octane numbers may lead to the problem of engine knocking.
<p> the other rarely-discussed reality with high-octane fuels associated with "high performance" is that as octane increases, the specific gravity and energy content of the fuel per unit of weight are reduced. the net result is that to make a given amount of power, more high-octane fuel must be burned in the engine. lighter and "thinner" fuel also has a lower specific heat, so the practice of running an engine "rich" to use excess fuel to aid in cooling requires richer and richer mixtures as octane increases.
<p> using high octane gasoline fuel in a vehicle that does not need it is generally considered an unnecessary expense, although toyota "has" measured slight differences in efficiency due to octane number even when knock is not an issue. all vehicles in the united states built since 1996 are equipped with obd-ii on-board diagnostics and most models will have knock sensors that will automatically adjust the timing if and when pinging is detected, so low octane fuel can be used in an engine designed for high octane, with some reduction in efficiency and performance. if the engine is designed for high octane then higher octane fuel will result in higher efficiency and performance under certain load and mixture conditions. the energy released during combustion of hydrocarbon fuel increases as the molecule chain length decreases, so gasoline fuels with higher ratios of the shorter chain alkanes such as heptane, hexane, pentane, etc. can be used under certain load conditions and combustion chamber geometries to increase engine output which can lead to lower fuel consumption, although these fuels will be more susceptible to predetonation ping in high compression ratio engines. gasoline direct injection compression ignition engines make more efficient use of the higher combustion energy short chain hydrocarbons as the fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber during high compression which auto-ignites the fuel, minimizing the amount of time that the fuel is available in the combustion chamber for predetonation. | In a car meant to take regular, no. In a luxury or sporty car designed for premium/super, yes. Engines use gasoline by igniting it, high octane gas ignites at a higher temperature than regular octane does, so it can withstand more compression. With modern cars, there is no real negative to adding high octane in a car not designed for it. As for any pros, the gas has a slight chance of being better quality; however, going to say a Shell and getting regular compared to a regional company will also be higher quality. With cars made for high octane, using low octane used to result in engine ping, but now it just results in slower acceleration. |
how is it possible to plug a single device or multiple devices into the same electric power outlet (for example using a surge protector) without a noticeable difference in power output? | <p> plug adaptors permit two or more plugs to share one socket-outlet, or allow the use of a plug of different type. there are several common types, including double- and triple-socket blocks, shaver adaptors, and multi-socket strips. adaptors which allow the use of non-bs 1363 plugs, or more than two bs 1363 plugs, must be fused. appliances are designed not to draw more power than their plug is rated for; the use of such adaptors, and also multi-socketed extension leads, makes it possible for several appliances to be connected through a single outlet, with the potential to cause dangerous overloads.
<p> the powercube is a cubic shaped power socket equipped with multiple sockets. this allows differently shaped ac adapters to be plugged in next to each other, which is not necessarily possible on a conventional powerboard due to shape and geometry. a typical scenario may be a laptop, a tablet computer and multiple smartphones charging simultaneously. the device is available in several different modules, including an optional extension cord and usb outlet, and catering for the target country's appropriate power supply.
<p> power is generally supplied "by" a plug "to" a receptacle. cables are available with one in-line receptacle fanning out to a number of plugs, so that many devices may be supplied by one supply. as the use of a plug implies a cable, even a short stub, some power supplies carry panel-mounted receptacles instead to avoid this cable, i.e. the normal convention of power from plug to receptacle is reversed. cables for such cases are available with a plug at each end, although cables or adapters with two "receptacles" are not widely available.
<p> a common direct current power plug is intended to make life easier by eliminating the confusion regarding what voltage and current transformer one needs to buy and carry. this can help mobile devices, laptops, many consumer electronic devices, office devices like ethernet switches/hubs, and wireless routers to use the same power adapter around the world.
<p> transformers may come semi-wired, where the installer completes the last internal connections to have the unit perform the amount of buck or boost needed. units may have multiple taps on both the primary and secondary coils to achieve this flexibility. they may be designed for hard-wired installations (no plugs) or with plug and receptacle to allow the same transformer to be used in several different applications. the same transformer can be rewired to raise or lower voltage by 5%, 10% or 15%. the primary may have wiring combinations for dual voltage usage: example for either 120 v ac or 240 v ac applications, depending on the final wiring done by the electrician.
<p> external power supplies are used both with equipment with no other source of power and with battery-powered equipment, where the supply, when plugged in, can sometimes charge the battery in addition to powering the equipment.
<p> if sockets on a power strip are grouped closely together, a cable with a large "wall wart" transformer at its end may cover up multiple sockets. various designs address this problem, some by simply increasing the spacing between outlets. other designs include receptacles which rotate in their housing, or multiple short receptacle cords feeding from a central hub. a simple diy method for adapting problematic power strips arrangements to large "wall warts" is to use a three-way socket adapter to extend the socket above its neighbors, providing the required clearance. the powercube adapter is arranged as a cube, meaning the adapters do not fight for space next to each other. | It's only possible up to a point. I'm in the US so I'm going use 110v as an example. The voltage will be available to all the outlets on the circuit, but as you plug in more devices, the amount of current (in amperes) required increases. Eventually, you will overload the circuit and trip the breaker, or blow the fuse. |
what are the procedures to follow/avoid when someone gets involved in a traffic accident? | <p> the road traffic act 1988 requires a driver to stop if an accident has occurred due to the presence of their vehicle that results in injury to another person, livestock animal, dog, or damage to another's property. the driver must then give their name and address at the scene to anyone reasonably requiring it, and if there has been an injury to another person, they must produce their certificate of insurance to anyone reasonably requiring it. anyone failing to stop or provide such details must report the incident in person to a police station or police constable as soon as practicable, and in all cases within 24 hours.
<p> most such traffic breaks are used to clear a hazardous obstruction from the road or to allow a stalled vehicle to safely make its way off the road and onto the shoulder. for example, a highway patrol officer may arrive at the site of the accident and then radio to another officer to initiate a traffic break. the second officer enters traffic before the site of the accident, turns on their warning lights, and begins weaving across multiple lanes to signal that other drivers are to slow down and remain behind the officer. the speed to which the officer slows is based on the amount of time needed to clear the accident ahead. an officer may completely stop traffic to yield larger separation. the second officer then radios ahead to the first officer, who is still at the site of the accident, and gives them a description of the last vehicle traveling ahead at regular speeds. the first officer will use this information to determine when it is safe to move the accident off the road and onto the shoulder.
<p> when an officer conducts a traffic stop based on reasonable suspicion that the driver has committed a traffic violation, the fourth amendment permits the officer to conduct a number of investigative inquiries before resolving the traffic stop. for example, officers may question the vehicle’s occupants about matters unrelated to the traffic violation, and officers may walk a drug detection dog around the outside of the vehicle during the stop. officers may briefly prolong traffic stops to conduct these inquiries so long as the officer performs his tasks in an amount of time "reasonably needed to effectuate" the law enforcement purpose of the stop.
<p> conduct at accident scenes is tightly regulated by the act. for example, any person at an accident scene or at any time between the time the vehicle is towed from an accident scene and the time when the vehicle is first stored must not tout or solicit for the business of repairing the vehicle or offer or seek to reach an agreement about a quotation or the repair of the vehicle. persons are also prohibited from touting or soliciting for the towing or storage of a damaged vehicle at an accident site or attempting to reach an agreement in respect of such matters.
<p> a traffic stop is automatically a terry stop. in "ohio v. robinette" (1996) the supreme court decided an officer does not need to inform the driver that the stop has ended. he can continue questioning and request a search of the vehicle. since the encounter has now become a consensual encounter it is outside the protection of the fourth amendment. the supreme court assumed that a reasonable person would know the encounter was over and feel free to drive away.
<p> generally, a significant number of police officers or other officials are needed to manually direct traffic during a lane reversal (especially at interchanges, where ramp traffic in the wrong direction must intersect with other roadways that are operating normally).
<p> during a traffic stop, the police may order occupants to exit the vehicle pending completion of the stop. a police officer may pat down a driver once he exits a vehicle if the officer reasonably believes that the driver is armed and dangerous. passengers are seized under the fourth amendment once the vehicle they're in, when stopped by the police, comes to a complete stop on the side of the road, and therefore have standing to challenge the constitutionality of the traffic stop. | - If you can, move your vehicle out of traffic. - Don't get out of the vehicle if it's not safe. - Make sure the other passengers are OK. - Don't admit fault to the other driver, even if it's your fault. - Don't blame the other driver, even if it's their fault. - Call 911 if there's any suspicion of injury or you can't drive away (when you've done the insurance swap) - Take pictures of all the damage, as well as DLs, insurance cards, etc. Hmmm, everything else I can think of is case-by-case. |
what do people mean when they say 'we went to iraq for the oil' | <p> 2008 republican presidential candidate john mccain was forced to clarify his comments suggesting the iraq war involved u.s. reliance on foreign oil. "my friends, i will have an energy policy that we will be talking about, which will eliminate our dependence on oil from the middle east that will prevent us from having ever to send our young men and women into conflict again in the middle east," mccain said. to clarify his comments, mccain explained that "the word 'again' was misconstrued, i want us to remove our dependency on foreign oil for national security reasons, and that's all i mean."
<p> speaking at the catholic university of america columbus school of law in 2008, chuck hagel, the former united states secretary of defense, defended greenspan's comments regarding oil as a motivation for the invasion of iraq: "people say we're not fighting for oil. of course we are." general john abizaid, centcom commander from 2003 until 2007, said of the iraq war during a round table discussion at stanford university in 2008, "of course it's about oil, it's very much about oil and we can't really deny that."
<p> then australian prime minister john howard has dismissed on multiple occasions the role of oil in the iraq invasion: "we didn't go there because of oil and we don't remain there because of oil." in early 2003 john howard stated, "no criticism is more outrageous than the claim that united states behaviour is driven by a wish to take control of iraq's oil reserves."
<p> the oil-for-food programme (oip), established by the united nations in 1995 (under un security council resolution 986) was established to allow iraq to sell oil on the world market in exchange for food, medicine, and other humanitarian needs for ordinary iraqi citizens without allowing iraq to boost its military capabilities.
<p> on may 29, 2004, pachachi said, referring to the 2003 invasion of iraq, "the americans thought they were marching into an underdeveloped country, expecting to face little resistance and be welcomed with flowers. the americans quickly realized that the iraqi is a patriot, one who defends his country, just as his ancestors have done for thousands of years. we are an educated people with a long history, and we are a cultured people. the americans also did not expect the infrastructure they found in iraq. they were surprised. they couldn't understand that a dictator like saddam hussein had invested a large share of oil revenues in infrastructure projects, such as highways, modern irrigation canals and industrial plants, which one doesn't find in just any country. the marines were confused by this new realization, as well as by their failure to achieve a swift victory and by the ongoing resistance. it also confounded the american concept, that is, if a sound and credible concept ever existed. no people in the world wishes to live with occupiers, and we iraqis are no different." pachachi also commented on the abu ghraib torture and prisoner abuse "what kind of reaction do you expect from the iraqis? regardless of age, profession and political affiliation, we are all horrified and furious about these atrocities. i had already heard about the brusque approach taken by the americans during house searches early on. however, i was completely taken aback by the gruesome scope of the torture and human rights violations that have now come to light. not just i, but all iraqis demand a tough investigation and punishment of the perpetrators and the people behind them. we also need guarantees that such atrocities will cease once and for all. what has happened cannot be undone, and the long-term psychological consequences are unforeseeable."
<p> i'm suggesting that we start bringing this war to the civilians, the consequences of this war, to the civilians who are harboring and helping and supporting the insurgents in fallujah and other places. ... i would like to see the united states turn fallujah into dust, and tell the iraqis: if you're going to continue to support the insurgents you will not have homes, you will not have schools, you will not have mosques ...
<p> during the 2016 campaign, trump repeatedly advocated that the united states should "take the oil" from iraq as "spoils of war", a decision which technically would require an invasion and occupation of the country. trump's statements caused criticism and controversy, as most legal experts agreed that the action would be an illegal war crime under the geneva conventions and because many believed that it would increase support for islamic fundamentalism across the middle east. trump defended his statements by claiming that they would recoup the cost of u.s. military assistance to iraq and prevent iraqi oil infrastructure from falling under isil control. trump reiterated his support for seizing other nations' oil after taking office as president. in january 2017, he said that the united states "should have kept the oil" after the iraq invasion and "maybe we'll have another chance". axios reported in 2018 that, as president, trump had twice brought the issue up with iraqi prime minister haider al-abadi, causing consternation among his advisers. national security adviser h.r. mcmaster is reported to have told trump "we can't do this and you shouldn't talk about it. because talking about it is just bad ... it's bad for america's reputation, it'll spook allies, it scares everybody," while secretary of defense jim mattis publicly stated that the united states did not intend "to seize anybody's oil." | After the first Gulf War, the rest of the world didn't want Saddam Hussein to use the money from oil sales to fund his military, so the UN made a rule that said he couldn't sell very much oil and that whatever money he made from it was supposed to go towards buying food and medicine for the Iraqi people and not towards guns and tanks. But, the problem is that Iraq had a ton of oil and we really wanted it! We just didn't want Hussein to be the one making a profit from it because we knew he'd buy weapons with the money. So, we used 9-11 as an excuse to wipe out Hussein and replace his government with a government that would sell us the oil we want and would not buy weapons with the profits. This government is called the Coalition Provisional Authority. Who got the oil? Right now there are many companies all over the world that are buying oil from Iraq. Doesn't this mean oil prices should drop? It's not quite as easy as that. I mean, yes, your idea is correct but there's a ton of other factors that drive the price of oil beyond 'how much is flowing out of Iraq right now', and those factors are why you aren't seeing a dramatic effect on the price. Weren't we getting oil from Iraq anyway? Before Gulf War 1, yes, we were getting a lot of oil from Iraq. After Gulf War 1, yes, but only a little bit. |
what exactly is the ‘human condition’? | <p> the human condition is "the characteristics, key events, and situations which compose the essentials of human existence, such as birth, growth, emotionality, aspiration, conflict, and mortality". this is a very broad topic which has been and continues to be pondered and analyzed from many perspectives, including those of religion, philosophy, history, art, literature, anthropology, psychology, and biology.
<p> in humans, "disease" is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain, dysfunction, distress, social problems, or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. in this broader sense, it sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories. diseases can affect people not only physically, but also mentally, as contracting and living with a disease can alter the affected person's perspective on life.
<p> notable uses of the term "the human condition" include andré malraux's novel "man's fate", rené magritte's painting "la condition humaine", hannah arendt's political philosophy, and masaki kobayashi's film trilogy.
<p> while the term "medical condition" generally includes mental illnesses, in some contexts the term is used specifically to denote any illness, injury, or disease except for mental illnesses. the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm), the widely used psychiatric manual that defines all mental disorders, uses the term "general medical condition" to refer to all diseases, illnesses, and injuries except for mental disorders. this usage is also commonly seen in the psychiatric literature. some health insurance policies also define a "medical condition" as any illness, injury, or disease except for psychiatric illnesses.
<p> disease is any condition that impairs the normal physical or mental (or both) function of an organism. (though this definition includes injuries, it will not be discussed here). diseases can arise from infection, environmental conditions, accidents, and inherited diseases.
<p> public health refers to "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals." it is concerned with threats to health based on population health analysis. the population in question can be as small as a handful of people, or as large as all the inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a pandemic). the dimensions of health can encompass "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity", as defined by the united nations' world health organization. public health incorporates the interdisciplinary approaches of epidemiology, biostatistics and health services. environmental health, community health, behavioral health, health economics, research methodology, project planning and development, food and nutrition, public policy, insurance medicine and occupational safety and health are other important subfields.
<p> the term medical condition is a nosological broad term that includes all diseases, disorders, injuries and syndromes, and it is specially suitable in the last case, in which it is not possible to speak about a single disease associated to the clinical course of the patient. | Why we do what we do, how we do what we do, and the experience of being a person in modern settings and how it affects different generations both psychologically and culturally |
i still don't understand the story of warhammer 40k, can somebody explain it? | <p> warhammer 40,000: rites of war is a turn-based strategy game based on the panzer general 2 engine by ssi. it is set in the fictional "warhammer 40,000" universe. it was produced by games workshop in 1999, and concerns the invasion of a tyranid hive fleet and the eldar and imperial efforts to defeat it. the game was re-released in 2015 on gog.com.
<p> the old ones of warhammer 40,000 history are possibly an ancient species of nearly immortal, cold-blooded beings, who were probably the first race in the galaxy to have evolved sentience (the c'tan predate the old ones, but the c'tan didn't partake in the affairs of the galaxy until the necrontyr gave them physical bodies just before the war in heaven). a supposedly benevolent and gentle race, they appear to have wished to nurture the younger races and protect them from the c'tan. the old ones were inherently patient as a race, and before attempting to explore the galaxy they made an extensive study of astronomy, which led them to discover the immaterium. at the time, the immaterium was as yet unaffected by the psychic emissions of other intelligent races, and so it was a calm and steady realm. the old ones were able to exploit the immaterium, allowing them to travel across the galaxy at a whim without the need of starships.
<p> an ongoing series of warhammer 40,000 started publishing in october 2016. "will of iron" was the first four-issue story-arc. in addition, a zero issue was published that preceded the story. it was followed by a four-issue storyline titled "revelations" and a four-issue arc titled "fallen".
<p> the second edition of "warhammer 40,000" was published in late 1993. this new course for the game was forged under the direction of editor andy chambers. the second edition came in a boxed set that included space marine and ork miniatures, scenery, dice, and the main rules. an expansion box set titled "dark millennium" was later released, which included rules for psychic powers. another trait of the game was the attention given to "special characters" representing specific individuals from the background, who had access to equipment and abilities beyond those of others; the earlier edition only had three generic "heroic" profiles for each army: "champion", "minor hero" and "major hero".
<p> warhammer 40,000: dawn of war iii is a real-time strategy video game with multiplayer online battle arena influences, released by relic entertainment and sega in partnership with games workshop, the creators of the "warhammer 40,000" universe. it is the third stand-alone title in the "dawn of war" series, and the first new release in the series since "" in 2011. it was released for microsoft windows on april 27, 2017. on may 26, 2017, feral interactive announced that the linux version would use both the opengl and vulkan graphics apis, while the macos port would use apple's metal. the macos and linux versions were released on june 8, 2017.
<p> warhammer 40,000 is a miniature wargame created by rick priestley and produced by games workshop. the first edition of the rulebook was published in october 1987; the latest edition is the eighth, which was published in june 2017.
<p> "warhammer 40,000" is set mostly in the 41st millennium (roughly 38,000 years in the future). although "warhammer 40,000" is mostly a science-fiction setting, it also adapts a number of tropes from fantasy fiction, such as magic, supernatural beings, daemonic possession, and races such as orks and elves; "psykers" fill the role of wizards in the setting. | In the far future humanity masters interstellar space travel and spreads out to colonize the galaxy. At some point there is a massive warp storm that cuts off travel between worlds for thousands of years. (A bit of back story, this warp storm is what caused the Maelstrom and the destruction of most of the Eldar.) Separate from each other many planets descend into chaos and revert to earlier stages of development (think Stone Age). Approximately 30,000 AD the Emperor is born on some lone planet. By this time the warp storm has subsided but the various worlds of humanity are still disconnected. The Emperor goes on a crusade to reunite humanity, by force if necessary. In order to help him in this holy war he creates the Primarchs. Twenty super soldiers to help him lead the crusade. From each of them comes the First Founding chapters of the space marines. After managing to reunite humanity the Emperor is betrayed by his most trusted Primarch, Horus. Half of the space marine legions follow him and start worshiping the Chaos gods. Eventually the fight between the loyalists and the Chaos space marines ends with a hand-to-hand fight between Horus and the Emperor. Horus is slain but the Emperor is mortally wounded. He is encased in the Golden Throne which keeps him alive but a shell of a man. For the next 10,000 years the Empire continues with the Emperor as the figurehead. Any questions? |
do our pets recognize when we kiss them as an act of caring? | <p> expressions of affection are displayed in the animal kingdom as well. affectionate behaviors do not include penetration or genital rubbing, but are still seen as a manner of sexual behavior. an affectionate activity can be as simple as licking. male lions are known for head rubbing, bats engage in licking, and mountain sheep rub horns and faces with each other. animals have also engaged in kissing, touching of noses, mouths and muzzles have been witnessed in african elephants, walruses, and mountain zebras. primates also engage in kissing that is incredibly similar to human display of kissing. chimpanzees have full mouth-to-mouth contact, and bonobos kiss with their mouth open and mutual tongue stimulation. there are a variety of acts to show affection such as african elephants intertwining their trunks, giraffes engaging in “necking”, and hanuman langurs cuddling with each other in a front to back sitting position.
<p> anthropologists have not reached a conclusion as to whether kissing is learned or a behavior from instinct. it may be related to grooming behavior also seen between other animals, or arising as a result of mothers premasticating food for their children. non-human primates also exhibit kissing behavior. dogs, cats, birds and other animals display licking, nuzzling, and grooming behavior among themselves, and also towards humans or other species. this is sometimes interpreted by observers as a type of kissing.
<p> jo-anne mcarthur firmly believes that animals are individuals and have feelings. and if proof were needed she supplied it with this magnificent picture full of tenderness. a moment when it transpires that animals too know a feeling of safety and comfort, are able and willing to trust and need affection. and that they recognize when it is offered to them.
<p> these touches serve to lighten an interaction. these touches communicate a double message since they always involve a play signal, either verbal or nonverbal, which indicates the behavior is not to be taken seriously. these touches can be further classified as affectionate and aggressive.
<p> "love": watson said that love was an automatic response from infants when they were stroked lightly, tickled or patted. the infant then responds with smiles and laughs and other affectionate responses. according to watson, infants do not love specific people but they are conditioned to do so. because the mother's face is progressively associated with the patting and stroking it becomes the conditioned stimulus eliciting the affection towards her. affectionate feelings for other people later generate the same response because they are somehow associated with the mother.
<p> a large number of studies show that animals can offer relief and serenity to a wide age range of vulnerable people with various different emotional issues. ross dejohn jr. of dejohn funeral homes in ohio says magic, a portuguese water dog, "makes people smile even when they don't want to." (qtd. in sinatra-ayers). amy sather, rincon valley assistant principal, brings her 2-year-old golden retriever to the school to assist in the therapy of the children. sather says, "i've got kids whose parents are going through a divorce and they are so depressed by it. i've had children literally hug and cry into his fur." (qtd. in warren). principal brad cosorelli claims the students will flock to the dog in time of distress instead of the counselor. children were found during a study to find their pet (in most cases dogs) a bigger comfort in sharing secrets or scary situations than they found the adults in the family to be. in some cases, life experience has led people to believe they will be hurt by the people closest to them; animals can provide non-judgmental and unrestricted emotional support. this is true for both children and adults. in a survey done by the american animal hospital association, many of those who responded specified that they were emotionally dependent on their pet. therapists believe they can utilize clients' attachment to animals for therapeutic reasons (urichuk). the presence of a dog in a therapy session has indicated improvements in a patient's outlook, as well as their willingness to share on a deeper level. the petting of an animal can also put a patient at ease, whereas a therapist must maintain a professional state and thus is unable to provide physical support. this creates a unique bridge for patient-therapist communication (urichuk).
<p> young children's interaction with classroom pets can also help them manage feelings and emotions. research has shown that children need an empathetic listener whenever they feel troubled. children can be encouraged to share their feelings with their animals if they do not want to express them with an adult. a study surveying 75 elementary teachers, revealed that most teachers believed students displayed an increase in compassion and empathy when pets were used in the classroom. additional findings have shown that classroom pets, not only improve compassion and empathy but also teach children to have respect for the living things in the world around them. | Sort of. Ish. For Dogs. Canidae lick the corners of the mouths of other canidae higher in the pecking order to show submission. By kissing them (around their mouth) you prompt them to lick around your mouth. That is basically how they communicate "you are my better but we are better off having you as my better". So they do appreciate it, but only on a dog level. Side note: interacting with your pets at all (for mammals and birds mostly) helps to satisfy their social needs. Even if they don't think that you wuv dem more dan anyting else in da whole wide world, they enjoy having an entity to interact with. |
why didn’t clinton get in trouble for the steele dossier. | <p> during intense questioning the fbi "alluded to some of their own findings of ties between russia and the trump campaign", and "asked steele about papadopoulos, and he [steele] said that he hadn't heard anything about him." the agents "raised the prospect of paying steele to continue gathering intelligence after election day", but steele "ultimately never received payment from the fbi for any 'dossier'-related information". the subsequent public release of the dossier stopped discussions between steele and the fbi. simpson testified that "steele wasn't paid by the fbi, but was possibly reimbursed for a trip to rome to meet with fbi officials." according to mayer, steele "did request compensation for travelling to rome, but he never received any."
<p> vice president joe biden told reporters that, while he and obama were receiving a briefing on the extent of election hacking attempts, there was a two-page addendum which addressed the contents of the steele dossier. top intelligence officials told them they "felt obligated to inform them about uncorroborated allegations about president-elect donald trump out of concern the information would become public and catch them off-guard".
<p> the memo also confirms that the spark for the fbi investigation into potential collusion between trump's campaign and the russians was not the steele dossier, but rather the comments made by trump adviser george papadopoulos, who told an australian diplomat in may 2016 that the russians possessed "dirt" on hillary clinton in the form of hacked emails. that confirmation contradicts earlier claims by some that the investigation had been triggered by the steele dossier. the memo notes that papadopoulos is mentioned in the page fisa application, and says "there is no evidence of any cooperation or conspiracy between page and papadopoulos." it also says the fbi's russia investigation was opened nearly three months before the fisa surveillance application in late july 2016 by peter strzok, who is accused of having "a clear bias against trump and in favor of clinton."
<p> the nunes memo falsely asserted that "comey briefed president-elect trump on a summary of the steele dossier, even though it was—according to his june 2017 testimony—'salacious and unverified.'" factcheckers noted that comey actually testified that "some personally sensitive aspects of the information" were "salacious and unverified," rather than the entire dossier.
<p> he led a team of a dozen investigators during the fbi's investigation into hillary clinton's use of a personal email server and assisted in the drafting of public statements for then-fbi director james comey. he changed the description of clinton's actions from "grossly negligent", which could be a criminal offense, to "extremely careless". the draft was reviewed and corrected by several people and its creation was a team process. in his statement to congress, comey said that "no reasonable prosecutor" would bring charges based on available evidence. later, when additional emails were discovered a few days before the election, strzok supported reopening the clinton investigation. he then co-wrote the letter that comey used to inform congress, which "reignited the email controversy in the final days" and "played a key role in a controversial fbi decision that upended hillary clinton's campaign."
<p> rather than the steele dossier as asserted by, among others, president donald trump, nunes, and several fox news hosts such as tucker carlson and sean hannity. a rebuttal memo by democrats in the house intelligence committee confirmed that the investigation was opened on july 31, 2016, and stated that christopher steele's memos "played no role in launching the counterintelligence investigation into russian interference and links to the trump campaign." the counter-memo added that the fbi investigative team only received the steele dossier in mid-september, "because the probe's existence was so closely held within the fbi." "the new york times" reported in april 2019 that investigators received the dossier on september 19, 2016.
<p> finally, the memo asserts that former fbi director james comey testified to congress that the steele dossier was "salacious and unverified." however, comey's prepared remarks show that he was referring specifically to "some personally sensitive aspects" of the dossier, not the entire dossier. | She had enough people at the justice dept in cahoots to yeet away, although justice may not fully be in the wind. Grand jury proceedings have been quitely underway hearing evidence Attorney General Barr and Inspector General Horowitz reviewed and referred to prosecutors after the while OIG report thingy came out. It didn't confirm the russiagate hoax, so it's not national media news, but the justice department is indeed investigating evidence of criminal wrongdoing - whomever the culprit. Trump finally squashed all the leaking that had been going on, so there haven't been any bombshells to interfere with the ongoing investigations. I'm skeptical of publicized criminal prosecutions, as opposed to what it seems they're doing - which is cleaning house of corruption by giving the culprits a chance to quietly leave. If they dig in their heels and fight against justice, then the hammer comes down without mercy (i.e. Comey, Strzok, Ohr, etc.). The smart ones quietly cash thier chips and fade into obscurity instead of going up in flames, and since there aren't leaks nor showboating for political points happening, it's not well known. |
why people like me feel tired all day everyday | <p> fatigue is generally considered a more long-term condition than sleepiness (somnolence). although sleepiness can be a symptom of medical issues, it usually results from lack of restful sleep, or a lack of stimulation. chronic fatigue, on the other hand, is a symptom of a greater medical problem in most cases. it manifests in mental or physical weariness and inability to complete tasks at normal performance. both are often used interchangeably and even categorized under the description of 'being tired.' fatigue is often described as an uncomfortable tiredness, whereas sleepiness is comfortable and inviting.
<p> ... the travelling is tough, the lack of sleep is a killer (3–4 hours over 2–3 days), giving up your weekends for 25 years needs understanding from friends and family, being dead tired on a tuesday is really a bummer, being in cars for hours on end when you want/need to sleep can drive you mad, being in a club when people really get you and all is syncopated is pure magic ...
<p> fatigue can be a symptom of a medical problem, but more commonly it is a normal physiological reaction to exertion, lack of sleep, boredom, changes to sleep-wake schedules (including jet lag), or stress.
<p> some fatigue is caused by cancer treatments. this may show a characteristic pattern. for example, people on many chemotherapy regimens often feel more fatigue in the week after treatments, and less fatigue as they recover from that round of medications. people receiving radiation therapy, by contrast, often find their fatigue steadily increases until the end of treatment.
<p> bullet::::- psychology: peter k. jonason, amy jones, and minna lyons, for amassing evidence that people who habitually stay up late are, on average, more self-admiring, more manipulative, and more psychopathic than people who habitually arise early in the morning.
<p> bullet::::- sleeping during the day especially in autumn and winter is not advised to these people. they should sleep in warmer places relatively stretching the body and soft sports after getting up is beneficial to them. doing this in the morning would decreases the chances of dizziness, tiredness, puffiness, post nasal discharge (pnd) and memory loss.
<p> surveys show that 40 to 70 percent of those 65 years old and older suffer from chronic sleep disturbances. the elderly tend to go to bed early in the evening and wake earlier in the morning than younger adults. furthermore, the elderly often wake several times throughout the night and have difficulty falling asleep. they are prone to taking numerous naps during the day. furthermore, constant lighting in assisted living facilities has been demonstrated to impair sleep ability. | How many hours of sleep do you get? Also have you checked if you actually do get some quality sleep? Do you wake up often during the night, do you have vivid nightmares? Sleep paralysis? That can be a cause of fatigue. One of the first things I would check is whether you have a iron deficiency anaemia. Ask your doctor about it...that's a very likely cause for fatigue in men. You could also check whether you have any food allergies (especially gluten). Also you mentioned that you suffer from anxiety... you could have GAD (generalised anxiety disorder) in case you feel those feelings of anxiety are very frequent and uncontrollable. |
why does 98% of our genome not code for anything useful? | <p> the number of genes in the human genome is not entirely clear because the function of numerous transcripts remains unclear. this is especially true for non-coding rna (see below). the number of protein-coding genes is better known but there are still on the order of 1,400 questionable genes which may or may not encode functional proteins, usually encoded by short open reading frames. table 2 gives estimates from various projects and shows these discrepancies.
<p> in many species, only a small fraction of the total sequence of the genome encodes protein. for example, only about 1.5% of the human genome consists of protein-coding exons, with over 50% of human dna consisting of non-coding repetitive sequences. the reasons for the presence of so much noncoding dna in eukaryotic genomes and the extraordinary differences in genome size, or "c-value", among species, represent a long-standing puzzle known as the "c-value enigma". however, some dna sequences that do not code protein may still encode functional non-coding rna molecules, which are involved in the regulation of gene expression.
<p> the genome of an organism may consist of hundreds to tens of thousands of genes, which encode for hundreds of thousands of different protein sequences. due to the relatively low cost of genome sequencing, determining gene and protein sequences is fast and inexpensive. thousands of species have been sequenced so far, yet many of the proteins are not well characterized. the process of experimentally determining the role of a protein in the cell, is an expensive and time consuming task. further, even when functional assays are performed they are unlikely to provide complete insight into protein function. therefore it has become important to use computational tools in order to functionally annotate proteins. there are several computational methods of protein function prediction that can infer protein function using a variety of biological and evolutionary data, but there is significant room for improvement. accurate prediction of protein function can have longstanding implications on biomedical and pharmaceutical research.
<p> although the human genome project has progressively improved the fidelity of sequence determination, the overbearing complexity of the genome hinders the identification of associated or ultimately causal variants. in particular, there are likely to be a large number of implicated genetic loci which exhibit small marginal effects.
<p> although the human genome has been completely sequenced for some practical purposes, there are still hundreds of gaps in the sequence and an uncertainty of about 5-10% (300 million basepairs added in 2018). a recent study noted more than 160 euchromatic gaps of which 50 gaps were closed. however, there are still numerous gaps in the heterochromatic parts of the genome which is much harder to sequence due to numerous repeats and other intractable sequence features.
<p> of these programs, because they use direct comparisons, and do not require translations. however, since protein sequences are better conserved evolutionarily than nucleotide sequences, tblastn, tblastx, and blastx, produce more reliable and accurate results when dealing with coding dna. they also enable one to be able to directly see the function of the protein sequence, since by translating the sequence of interest before searching often gives you annotated protein hits.
<p> in the future, it is likely that it will become even cheaper and quicker to sequence a genome. this will allow for complete genome sequences to be determined from many different individuals of the same species. for humans, this will allow us to better understand aspects of human genetic diversity. | I maybe wrong, but one would think that that 98% is not useless. Just that we've only discovered the use for 2% of it |
islamic banking system. how is it different from interest? | <p> interest rate benchmarks have been used to set islamic "profit" rates so that "the net result is not materially different from interest based transactions". ignoring basic principles such as these has weakened the case for islamic banking "before non-muslims" and "before the masses especially", who usmani believes, have now gotten the impression that islamic banking is "nothing but a matter of twisting documents ..."
<p> islam forbids lending money at interest, the mode of operation of capitalist finance, although islamic banks have developed alternative methods of making profits in transactions that are traditionally arranged using interest.
<p> although islamic banking forbids interest, its "profit rates" often are benchmarked to interest rates. islamic banker harris irfan states "there is no question" that benchmarks such as libor "continue to be a necessary metric" for islamic banks, and that the "overwhelming majority of scholars have come to accept this, however imperfect a solution this may seem",
<p> although islamic banking forbids interest, its "profit rates" often are benchmarked to interest rates. islamic banker harris irfan states "there is no question" that benchmarks such as libor "continue to be a necessary metric" for islamic banks, and that the "overwhelming majority of scholars have come to accept this, however imperfect a solution this may seem",
<p> the most noticeable and/or important objective of islamic banking has been a ban on the charging of interest on loans. the quran (3: 130) condemns "riba" (which is usually translated as "interest"): "o, you who believe! devour not "riba", doubled and redoubled, and be careful of allah; but fear allah that you may be successful."
<p> islamic banking or islamic finance () or sharia-compliant finance is banking or financing activity that complies with sharia (islamic law) and its practical application through the development of islamic economics. some of the modes of islamic banking/finance include "mudarabah" (profit-sharing and loss-bearing), "wadiah" (safekeeping), "musharaka" (joint venture), "murabahah" (cost-plus), and "ijara" (leasing).
<p> or whether its use should be punished by humans rather than allah. it is often used as an islamic term for interest charged on loans, and the belief this is based on — that there is a consensus among muslims that all loan/bank interest is "riba" — forms the basis of a $2 trillion islamic banking industry. however not all scholars equated "riba" with all forms of interest, or agree whether its use is a major sin and against sharia (islamic law), or simply discouraged ("makruh"). | There are two methods that can be used: 1) The bank acts as a traditional investor and just directly invests money into a project in exchange for an ownership stake. This is usually what people hold up as being the definitive model used by Islamic banking. The problem with this is that it only works for investments in which taking a long-term ownership position is a viable option. IE, this works great when you're financing a startup or an established company that's ok with trading stock for cash. It doesn't work *at all* for consumer debt, such as home/car mortgages or credit cards. It also doesn't work for most established companies, as they're usually unwilling to trade stock for cash, the exception being that they may use that stock as the basis for a Murabaha contract. 2) Murabaha. Murabaha is when you and the bank make a contract for you to sell something trivial to the bank and then buy it back in the future for more money. IE, the bank pays you $100 for a loaf of bread. You agree that in 1 week you will buy the bread back for $120, and to pay the bank you make 12 monthly payments of $10 each. The value of the bread isn't anywhere near $100 or $120, even though you have agreed that it is. This is how the overwhelming majority of Islamic banking transactions are structured, and is functionally identical to making a traditional loan. The only difference is that the terms of the loan have been phrased to eliminate any mention of the word interest and an Islamic cleric has issued a fatwa legitimizing the loan. |
why causes long wait times in the er? what can be done to shorten wait times? is this bad for patients? | <p> it is unclear how many of the patients waiting longer have to. some may be by choice, because they wish to go to a well-known specialist or clinic that many people wish to attend, and are willing to wait to do so. waiting times may also vary by region. one experiment reported that uninsured patients experienced longer waits; patients with poor insurance coverage probably face a disproportionate number of long waits.
<p> for the patient, the time spent at the hospital can be substantially longer due to various waiting times, administrative steps or additional care from other health personnel. regarding wait time, patients that are well informed of the necessary procedures in a clinical encounter, and the time it is expected to take, are generally more satisfied even if there is a longer waiting time.
<p> there has also been a sharp decline in long waiting lists. james reilly instructed his department to start collating an outpatient waiting list for the first time. when it was first published in march 2013 it showed over 100,000 patients waiting over a year. thousands of them were waiting over four years. by december 2013, this waiting list had been reduced by 95 percent. the number of patients waiting over 8 months for an inpatient or daycase procedure has now been reduced by 99%.
<p> there are plans to discontinue waiting time targets in the coming year. patients' groups fear patients will have to wait in pain for longer before getting treatment. despite unprecedented demand for hospital beds and unprecedented pressure on the health service in september 2017 there were 82 wards closed and 1429 beds were empty because the nhs did not have the funding or the staff to keep them open.
<p> length time bias is often discussed in the context of the benefits of cancer screening, and it can lead to the perception that screening leads to better outcomes when in reality it has no effect. fast-growing tumors generally have a shorter asymptomatic phase than slower-growing tumors. thus, there is a shorter period of time during which the cancer is present in the body (and so might be detected by screening) but not yet large enough to cause symptoms, that would cause the patient to seek medical care and be diagnosed without screening.
<p> since the blair government reforms of the nhs, strict rules apply to waiting lists (see hospital choice in the nhs). that and the allocation of better funding in hospitals both reduced waiting times significantly. most hospital patients are in fact not admitted from a list at all, and those that do, on average, wait less than 9 weeks. nobody should wait more than 18 weeks. the 18 weeks is not dead time because it includes the time taken to book a first appointment, to conduct all the tests, for the doctor and patient to agree on the desired treatment, and to book and execute an operation or commence the treatment regime. a patient not seen in the 18-week period without just cause has the legal right to go private at the nhs's expense.
<p> sometimes, waiting times can be affected by temporary specialist shortages relative to demand rather than urgency, although patients waiting on the same list are often triaged; the author of this paragraph only waited a little over 3 months to see a dermatologist because of a skin problem that itched slightly once a week and was not at all urgent (in the early 2000s) in halifax, nova scotia, while cumulative waiting times (including referral to medical test to appointment with a surgeon to radiation or cancer surgery) for cancer patients can be 2–3 months in areas with long waiting times. waiting lists for cancer treatment are prioritized by level of urgency, but the triage process (while generally accurate) can occasionally assign a low priority to what turned out to be an urgent case. | It's called triage. As each person arrives they are assessed and then put into the queue. Just because they arrived last doesn't mean they get seen last. If they're the next worst off person they'll go in next. A few years ago I was in an ER here in Australia. A guy was yelling at a nurse because he'd been there for hours and was in pain. They told him that since he'd come in there'd been a number of other people arrive with heart attacks and even a few stabbings and since he wasn't going to die from either a bad sprain or a broken bone he'd just have to wait. He looked at me pretty pissed off because I'd been seen right away and then put back into the ER for observation since there were no beds available. I'd been bitten by a spider and reacted so too bad for him. |
space time travel? | <p> in her time trader novels norton tacitly assumes that the physics of time travel differs so significantly from the physics of space travel, especially hyperdrive-propelled interstellar flight, that a civilization that discovers the technology of one simply will not discover the technology of the other. earth’s physicists have discovered the secret of time travel, but the engineers and scientists who built and use the time transporters have devised a clever way to obtain the secrets of space travel: if it is not possible to discover the secrets, we get them from someone who did.
<p> time travel is the concept of movement between certain points in time, analogous to movement between different points in space by an object or a person, typically using a hypothetical device known as a time machine. time travel is a widely-recognized concept in philosophy and fiction. the idea of a time machine was popularized by h. g. wells' 1895 novel "the time machine".
<p> because they oversimplify world lines, which traverse four-dimensional spacetime, into one-dimensional timelines, almost all purported science-fiction stories about time travel would not be possible in reality. some device or superpowered person is generally portrayed as departing from one point in time, and with little or no subjective lag, arriving at some other point in time—but at the same literally geographic point in space, typically inside a workshop or near some historic site. however, in reality the planet, its solar system, and its galaxy would all be at vastly different spatial positions on arrival. thus, the time travel mechanism would also have to provide instantaneous teleportation, with infinitely accurate and simultaneous adjustment of final 3d location, linear momentum, and angular momentum.
<p> bullet::::- space travel: interstellar travel is through the use of the faster-than-light (ftl) jump drive, which moves a ship through "jump space" a few light-years at a time. each jump always takes about one week. normal-space travel is accomplished through relatively efficient and powerful gravitic drives. newtonian physics tends to be followed.
<p> time travel in modern fiction is sometimes achieved by space and time warps, stemming from the scientific theory of general relativity. stories from antiquity often featured time travel into the future through a time slip brought on by traveling or sleeping, or in other cases, time travel into the past through supernatural means, for example brought on by angels or spirits.
<p> the concept of time travel—travelling backwards and forwards through time—has always been a popular staple of science fiction film and science fiction television series. time travel usually involves the use of some type of advanced technology, such as h. g. wells' classic "the time machine", the commercially successful 1980s-era "back to the future" trilogy, "bill & ted's excellent adventure", the "terminator" series, "déjà vu" (2006), "source code" (2011), "edge of tomorrow" (2014), and "tomorrowland" (2015). other movies, such as the "planet of the apes" series, "timeline" (2003) and "the last mimzy" (2007), explained their depictions of time travel by drawing on physics concepts such as the special relativity phenomenon of time dilation (which could occur if a spaceship was travelling near the speed of light) and wormholes. some films show time travel not being attained from advanced technology, but rather from an inner source or personal power, such as the 2000s-era films "donnie darko", "mr. nobody", "the butterfly effect", and "".
<p> in the twenty-fourth century, time travel is realized by the journeyman project, the secret program to construct pegasus, the world's first time machine. after a brief test period proves time travel is possible, the journeyman project is deactivated and the pegasus device is put under the secret watch of the temporal security agency or tsa for short (also the acronym of its base of operations, the temporal security annex). the tsa exists to prevent temporal rips in the space/time continuum, by which changes in the past can alter the present. the player controls a character named gage blackwood, agent 5 of the temporal security agency. the games revolve around agent 5's exploits throughout time to save earth in the present. | Yes, if it were possible to travel at very near the speed of light, the effects on the traveler would be a slowdown in apparent time for them. Time would pass more slowly. This ignores the fact that it would be nearly impossible to accelerate a real space ship to nearly the speed of light. It is a favorite paradox and is included in at least one Heinlein book. As to how, it would be harder to explain how to get up to those speeds. Time passes more slowly for things moving very fast. This is called a relativistic effect. Your GPS devices are more accurate because this effect is taken into account during the calculations necessary to determine your location. Your position calculation is adjusted to get a better result using the formulas accounting for the relativistic effect. The speed of light is very fast and your position is plotted down to a few feet. |
when a sound or person wakes you up while dreaming, is it just me or is the noise always perfectly timed with an event in the dream? | <p> during the night, many external stimuli may bombard the senses, but the brain often interprets the stimulus and makes it a part of a dream to ensure continued sleep. dream incorporation is a phenomenon whereby an actual sensation, such as environmental sounds, is incorporated into dreams, such as hearing a phone ringing in a dream while it is ringing in reality or dreaming of urination while wetting the bed. the mind can, however, awaken an individual if they are in danger or if trained to respond to certain sounds, such as a baby crying.
<p> a false awakening is one in which the subject believes he/she has woken up, whether from a lucid or a non-lucid dream, but is in fact still asleep. sometimes the experience is so realistic perceptually (the sleeper seeming to wake in his or her own bedroom, for example) that insight is not achieved at once, or even until the dreamer really wakes up and realises that what has occurred was hallucinatory. such experiences seem particularly liable to occur to those who deliberately cultivate lucid dreams. however, they may also occur spontaneously and be associated with the experience of sleep paralysis.
<p> however, since the person is still acting in the dream-like state from which they woke, they will assimilate any hallucinations or delusions into their communication, often speaking to a hallucinatory person or speaking of events or thoughts normally pertaining to the dream they were having or other hallucination.
<p> another type of false awakening is a continuum. in a continuum, the subject falls asleep in real life, but in the dream following, the brain simulates the subject as though they were still awake; i.e. the subject thinks he or she is still awake, but in reality, is asleep. at times the individual can perform actions unknowingly. the movie "a nightmare on elm street" popularized this phenomenon. this phenomenon can be related to that of sleep-walking or carrying out actions in a state of unconsciousness.
<p> imagined sounds such as humming, hissing, static, zapping and buzzing noises are reported during sleep paralysis. other sounds such as voices, whispers and roars are also experienced. these symptoms are usually accompanied by intense emotions such as fear and panic. people also have sensations of being dragged out of bed or of flying, numbness, and feelings of electric tingles or vibrations running through their body.
<p> by playing themed sounds to sleepers when they are dreaming, it is hoped to alter the content of their dreams. for instance, sound effects evoking large echoey spaces might result in dreams set in large or open spaces. the question of whether a participant's altered dream could be said to be art is still open to debate, and indeed jerram encourages this discussion.
<p> oftentimes people experience external stimuli, such as an alarm clock or music, being distorted and incorporated into their dreams. freud explained that this is because "the mind is withdrawn from the external world during sleep, and it is unable to give it a correct interpretation ..." he further explained that our mind "wishes" to continue sleeping, and therefore will try to suppress external stimuli, weave the stimuli into the dream, compel a person to wake up, or encourage him or her to overcome it. | Memory of what happened in dreams is quite inaccurate. Your brain can actually construct the memory afterward, for example showing you that something happened simultaneously that didn't. |
why do we share what we know? | <p> those who have information are obliged to share it with those who need it. this is a principle attributed to peter drucker in his 1988 hbr article, “the coming of the knowledge-based organization”. since information is intangible, it is difficult for potential consumers of information to perceive its source and hence the principle. the principle implicitly assumes that reasons for excluding information specifically from a person do not exist.
<p> zeleny formerly described information as "know-what", but has since refined this to differentiate between "what to have or to possess" (information) and "what to do, act or carry out" (wisdom). to this conceptualization of information, he also adds "why is", as distinct from "why do" (another aspect of wisdom). zeleny further argues that there is no such thing as explicit knowledge, but rather that knowledge, once made explicit in symbolic form, becomes information.
<p> often information can be viewed as a type of input to an organism or system. inputs are of two kinds; some inputs are important to the function of the organism (for example, food) or system (energy) by themselves. in his book "sensory ecology" dusenbery called these causal inputs. other inputs (information) are important only because they are associated with causal inputs and can be used to predict the occurrence of a causal input at a later time (and perhaps another place). some information is important because of association with other information but eventually there must be a connection to a causal input. in practice, information is usually carried by weak stimuli that must be detected by specialized sensory systems and amplified by energy inputs before they can be functional to the organism or system. for example, light is mainly (but not only, e.g. plants can grow in the direction of the lightsource) a causal input to plants but for animals it only provides information. the colored light reflected from a flower is too weak to do much photosynthetic work but the visual system of the bee detects it and the bee's nervous system uses the information to guide the bee to the flower, where the bee often finds nectar or pollen, which are causal inputs, serving a nutritional function.
<p> for bion, "knowledge is not a thing we have, but a link between ourselves and what we know ... k is being willing to know but not insisting on knowledge." by contrast, -k is "not just ignorance but the active avoidance of knowledge, or even the wish to destroy the capacity for it" — and "enacts what 'attacks on linking' identifies as hatred of emotion, hatred of reality, hatred of life itself."
<p> sharing is the joint use of a resource or space. it is also the process of dividing and distributing. in its narrow sense, it refers to joint or alternating use of inherently finite goods, such as a common pasture or a shared residence. still more loosely, "sharing" can actually mean giving something as an outright gift: for example, to "share" one's food really means to give some of it as a gift. sharing is a basic component of human interaction, and is responsible for strengthening social ties and ensuring a person’s well-being.
<p> what kind of knowledge do humans try to acquire? "it is the knowledge about the world and about things in general, both living and nonliving; knowledge about themselves, their mind and body; knowledge about histories, economies and societies."
<p> knowledge sharing is an activity through which knowledge (namely, information, skills, or expertise) is exchanged among people, friends, families, communities (for example, wikipedia), or organizations. | > Why did the first person who learnt how to make fire, spread that knowldege? Because he wasn't alone. Humans have always thrived in communities, so teaching your fellow man to make fire doesn't take anything away from you. Quite the opposite, since now that they know how to do it you can spend your time inventing wheels and hand axes instead of lighting fires for the morons. At its core, humans have empathy. We can put ourselves in the position of others, and as such the whole "do unto others as you would have them do unto" is somewhat ingrained in our very genes. Why personally? Helping people is fun. |
how do the arrests of democracy spring protesters in washington not violate their first amendment right to protest? | <p> on august 25, 13 protesters were arrested after they refused to leave the capitol after the designated 7 pm closing time. the protest came on the first day that higher pension and health contributions kick in for state employees.
<p> the existing law had until then allowed authorities to ban those demonstrations which they believed were aimed, among other things, at a "violent overthrow of constitutional order." one of the amendments of the new law complements the clause with cases where authorities have "reliable information" that street protests would pose a threat to "state security, public order, public health and morality," and that any such information coming from the armenian police and the national security service (nss) will be automatically deemed "reliable."
<p> protesters broke through the gates of the parliamentary precinct and began to stage a sit-in protest, but riot police soon moved in to disperse them using stun grenades, tasers, coloured gas, riot shields and truncheons. after the riot police had cleared the precinct of protesters and shut the gates, police warned protesters that they were contravening the national key points act and that if they do not disperse with in 15 minutes, they will be arrested. the protesters did not leave, and police went ahead and arrested a number of them. it was claimed that protesters identified by police as particular troublemakers were arrested. the presence of riot police was questioned by the press.
<p> shortly afterwards, hundreds of protesters gathered outside the locked entrance to the capitol, chanting "break down the door!" and "general strike!" the crowds grew to thousands, surging into the capitol. police did not attempt to remove them. department of administration spokesman tim donovan said although protesters were being encouraged to leave, no one would be forcibly removed. madison mayor dave cieslewicz said he had instructed madison police chief noble wray not to allow his officers to participate in removing demonstrators from the building.
<p> bullet::::- announcing the public assembly act, which took effect on 13 august 2015, gen prayut said the law requires that protesters apply for permission from police for rallies at least 24 hours in advance. it bans all demonstrations within 150 m (500 ft) of government house, parliament, royal palaces, and courthouses unless authorised by authorities. it also bars protesters from blocking entrances or creating a disturbance at government offices, airports, seaports, train and bus stations, hospitals, schools, and embassies. "this law will be strictly enforced to prevent the type of nuisance and violence that happened in the past," prayut told reporters. "it's not possible to have it all—happiness, equality, democracy—without giving us the tools."
<p> the government routinely granted permits for marches and demonstrations, occasionally refusing permission for certain routes, citing a concern for public safety. police used tear gas and water cannons and forcibly removed or detained some protesters when participants vandalized property.
<p> those arrested on inauguration day were charged with rioting, and were released pending a court date. a class action lawsuit was filed for false arrest, and excessive force. on april 3, 2017, the metropolitan police department raided the house of a disruptj20 activist as part of its "investigation into the conspiracy to riot." | The First Amendment is subject to certain limitations. One type of broadly acceptable limitation is known as a "time, place, and manner restriction." Basically, the government may impose reasonable limits on when, where, and how you can exercise your First Amendment rights; that's why I can't set up shop on your street and shout about my political ideas through a bullhorn at 1 AM. It also includes rules like "no obstructing entrances or sidewalks unless you get a permit and let people prepare for them." |
why does it normally hail shortly after really hot weather? | <p> hail fog sometimes occurs in the vicinity of significant hail accumulations due to decreased temperature and increased moisture leading to saturation in a very shallow layer near the surface. it most often occurs when there is a warm, humid layer atop the hail and when wind is light. this ground fog tends to be localized but can be extremely dense and abrupt. it may form shortly after the hail falls; when the hail has had time to cool the air and as it absorbs heat when melting and evaporating.
<p> in the summer months, there are warm to hot humid conditions with frequent lake breezes to cool things off. thunderstorms are regular occurrences in the summer and can sometimes be severe enough to cause tornadoes. temperatures this time of year can range from 11*c to 26*c. the humidity will often make it feel much hotter than the actual temperature and can even make it feel like the mid 40 °c.
<p> severe thunderstorms can sometimes produce hail, very strong straight line winds and tornadoes. very heavy rainfall from thunderstorms can result in flash flooding. thunderstorms occur most often during the summer but can occur at any time of the year.
<p> hail is most common within continental interiors of the mid-latitudes, as hail formation is considerably more likely when the freezing level is below the altitude of . movement of dry air into strong thunderstorms over continents can increase the frequency of hail by promoting evaporational cooling which lowers the freezing level of thunderstorm clouds giving hail a larger volume to grow in. accordingly, hail is less common in the tropics despite a much higher frequency of thunderstorms than in the mid-latitudes because the atmosphere over the tropics tends to be warmer over a much greater altitude. hail in the tropics occurs mainly at higher elevations.
<p> any severe activity in one of these storms will most likely come from the dominant cell near or after its peak updraft strength. this is because there could be severe hail from a strong updraft that lasts only a short period of time, with damaging winds.
<p> thunderstorms caused by powerful sea breeze fronts frequently occur in florida, a peninsula surrounded on both the east and west by the atlantic ocean and gulf of mexico, respectively. during the wet season which typically lasts from june through september/october, any direction that the winds are blowing would always be off the water, thus making florida the place most often struck by lightning in the united states, and one of the most on earth. these storms can also produce significant hail due to the tremendous updraft it causes in the atmosphere especially during times when the upper atmosphere is cooler such as during the spring or fall.
<p> unstable spring weather may occur more often when warm air begins to invade from lower latitudes, while cold air is still pushing from the polar regions. flooding is also most common in and near mountainous areas during this time of year, because of snow-melt which is accelerated by warm rains. in north america, tornado alley is most active at this time of year, especially since the rocky mountains prevent the surging hot and cold air masses from spreading eastward, and instead force them into direct conflict. besides tornadoes, supercell thunderstorms can also produce dangerously large hail and very high winds, for which a severe thunderstorm warning or tornado warning is usually issued. even more so than in winter, the jet streams play an important role in unstable and severe northern hemisphere weather in springtime. | Hail is moisture that has been lifted by unstable air currents (that you find in hot weather) into higher and colder air were it freezes into hail. |
how does artificial rainmaking work? | <p> rainmaking, also known as artificial precipitation, artificial rainfall and pluviculture, is the act of attempting to artificially induce or increase precipitation, usually to stave off drought or the wider global warming. according to the clouds' different physical properties, this can be done using airplanes or rockets to sow to the clouds with catalysts such as dry ice, silver iodide and salt powder, to make clouds rain or increase precipitation, to remove or mitigate farmland drought, to increase reservoir irrigation water or water supply capacity, to increase water levels for power generation, or even to solve the global warming problem we have to try hard or take a big moment.
<p> artificial seeding can be applied during fall because germination is near zero without cold treatment. between of genuine live seed/harvest are suggested for seeding rates. seeds must be scattered in separate rows and covered with a harrow. it also must be planted close to the soil, less than deep. during the first year, seedlings come out quickly and develop vigorously. it continues to grow until the condition of moisture in the soil becomes limiting.
<p> in the uae, cloud seeding is being conducted by the weather authorities to create artificial rain. the project, which began in july 2010 and cost us$11 million, has been successful in creating rain storms in the dubai and abu dhabi deserts.
<p> artificial stone is a name for various kinds of synthetic stone products used from the 18th century onward. as well as artistic uses, they have been used in building construction, civil engineering work, and industrial uses such as grindstones.
<p> artificial lift refers to the use of artificial means to increase the flow of liquids, such as crude oil or water, from a production well. generally this is achieved by the use of a mechanical device inside the well (known as pump or velocity string) or by decreasing the weight of the hydrostatic column by injecting gas into the liquid some distance down the well. a newer method called continuous belt transportation (cbt) uses an oil absorbing belt to extract from marginal and idle wells. artificial lift is needed in wells when there is insufficient pressure in the reservoir to lift the produced fluids to the surface, but often used in naturally flowing wells (which do not technically need it) to increase the flow rate above what would flow naturally. the produced fluid can be oil, water or a mix of oil and water, typically mixed with some amount of gas.
<p> bullet::::- ali abshaev, doctor and associate professor at the hail suppression research center (russia). his project seeks to create to create a new method of rain enhancement by stimulating convection and precipitation by using the energy of solar radiation. preliminary studies using 3d models have demonstrated that artificial updraft can be created by heating up layers of the surrounding atmosphere, ultimately reaching condensation height.
<p> additive manufacturing employing the process of cold spraying and its benefits can be considered as a deposition process, capable to build freeform parts and structures at high rates. since it is a solid-state coating deposition process, during the process no melting of the feedstock material (metal powder) occurs, there are no heat related distortion and no protective atmosphere required, which enables to build up structures layer-by-layer. theoretically, it allows to buil manufacts without dimensional limitation, to fabricate individual components and to repair damaged components. | Cloud seeding is usually the term applied to this sort of practice, whereby a plane will go up higher than the clouds and dump a load of something or other on the cloud below to increase its fertility and make it rain out. As far as I know this is only possible with clouds that already exist, it's just sort of beefing them up a bit and encouraging them to rain. Specific substances like silver iodide, potassium iodide, or increasingly sea salt are used which encourage the attraction of water molecules. No new water is being generated, the existing cloud meant that the air here was H₂O saturated anyway, the process is just giving particles (with chemical properties that make them particularly good for the purpose) to act as condensation nuclei for raindrops to form. I think it's most commonly carried out at airports where they remove fog by forcing it to rain out. You could put cloud seeding under the general heading of geoengineering. |
if dna is basically a set of instructions, what is reading these to get everything right? | <p> the information in dna is held in the sequence of the repeating units along the dna chain. these units are four types of nucleotides (a,t,g and c) and the sequence of nucleotides stores information in an alphabet called the genetic code. when a gene is read by a cell the dna sequence is copied into a very similar molecule called rna (this process is called transcription). transcription is controlled by other dna sequences (such as promoters), which show a cell where genes are, and control how often they are copied. the rna copy made from a gene is then fed through a structure called a ribosome, which translates the sequence of nucleotides in the rna into the correct sequence of amino acids and joins these amino acids together to make a complete protein chain. the new protein then folds up into its active form. the process of moving information from the language of rna into the language of amino acids is called translation.
<p> non-essential instructions include such things as results that are not written to memory, or compare operations that will always return true. also as statistically most branch instructions will be taken it makes sense to assume this will always be the case.
<p> genes are made from a long molecule called dna, which is copied and inherited across generations. dna is made of simple units that line up in a particular order within this large molecule. the order of these units carries genetic information, similar to how the order of letters on a page carry information. the language used by dna is called the genetic code, which lets organisms read the information in the genes. this information is the instructions for constructing and operating a living organism.
<p> dna and rna are both capable of encoding genetic information, because there are biochemical mechanisms which read the information coded within a dna or rna sequence and use it to generate a specified protein. on the other hand, the sequence information of a protein molecule is not used by cells to functionally encode genetic information.
<p> cumulative evidence suggests that such code is written by specific enzymes which can (for example) methylate or acetylate dna ('writers'), removed by other enzymes having demethylase or deacetylase activity ('erasers'), and finally readily identified by proteins (‘readers’) that are recruited to such histone modifications and bind via specific domains, e.g., bromodomain, chromodomain. these triple action of ‘writing’, ‘reading’ and ‘erasing’ establish the favorable local environment for transcriptional regulation, dna-damage repair, etc.
<p> thus, we see how dna codes can be obtained from such generators by mapping formula_242 onto formula_243. the actual choice of mapping plays a major role in secondary structure formations in the codewords.
<p> code is created by dragging blocks into a coding area and snapping them together. all the blocks are completely icon-based (no text) which is how children can use this language before they can read. blocks are connected from left to right, like words. | There are large/complicated proteins that read DNA. There are other proteins that make sure that the reading of the DNA was correct. There are proteins that send short bursts of "interpreted" DNA (aka RNA) out to other parts of the cell. There are other proteins that help the "interpreted" instructions (RNA) become proteins. There are other proteins that are the expression of these instructions or function as signals themselves. It is a hugely complicated and interconnected process where various proteins do all of the work as dictated by DNA. **TL;DR**... Proteins. |
what's the deal with cellphone store operators? | <p> operators sell their own branded version of prepaid handsets, bundled with a sim-card. the handsets are priced at a discount to make them more attractive. the assumption is that a customer will buy the handset and then activate with the sim-card in the pack, which will eventually lead to the operator making money via top-ups on the phone. box-breakers subvert this by buying the phones and unlocking the phone (sim lock) so that it can be used with any sim-card, i.e. on any network. unlocked phones fetch higher prices, so can then be sold on at a profit, and can even be used by contract customers. additionally, online marketplaces (like ebay) enables box breakers to operate internationally and exploiting fluctuations in currencies and price differences between countries.
<p> each of the main network operators sells mobile phone services to the public. in addition, companies such as virgin mobile uk and tesco mobile act as mobile virtual network operators, using the infrastructure of other companies.
<p> bullet::::- utility warehouse operates a full landline telephony service, mobile telephony (as an mvno on the ee network), broadband, gas and electricity (the company is licensed by ofgem) and a pre-paid visa card (a cashback card).
<p> the company's retail operations are carried out via their large retail store / warehouse and the equipment is supplied to remote areas via online https based ordering system. the equipment is manufactured by surecall and wilson electronics. it includes equipment for cellular coverage required for a few rooms with their ez-4g booster kit, and force 7 cellular amplifier kit which is a commercial booster kit for boosting reception of internet wi-fi, hdtv, and cellular devices such as cell phones and tablets. the current operations of the company are reportedly active in us and canada according to "the sowetan". the saturday paper declared the company to be more of a solution provider than only a product seller.
<p> a growing number of retailers use call boxes in their stores as a way for shoppers to summon service ("shopper call box") as well as for store employees to summon assistance ("director call box"). retail call boxes are generally wireless devices that communicate to in-store communication devices via radio frequency (303 mhz) or through 802.11 networks.
<p> for the commercial segments that do not operate from a fixed location where a transaction may take place (delivery services, home-based sales, taxi drivers, street market vendors, etc.), this solution has been created to transform a vendor-owned cell phone into an electronic terminal for capturing sales transactions with the installation of a simple application supplied by rede. now, all affiliated merchants can conduct transactions on pos electronic terminals or on their cell phones.
<p> by 2011, smartphone sales, rather than general electronics, accounted for half of the chain's revenue. the traditional radio shack clientele of do-it-yourself tinkerers were increasingly sidelined. electronic parts formerly stocked in stores were now mostly only available through on-line special order. store employees concentrated efforts selling profitable mobile contracts, while other customers seeking assistance were neglected and left the stores in frustration. | They’re authorized retailers. They have access to the wireless providers database and can setup new accounts and handle issues. The wireless provider wants a physical presence but doesn’t want to incur the cost of hiring staff, renting a physical location, etc. so they basically outsource this to someone else and then won’t have to deal with the extra expenses. In return the authorized retailer gets some cut, depending on their contract. |
why are weddings so expensive? | <p> wedding receptions are often the time when couples want to ensure their family and guests will be entertained, and a variety of options such as disc jockeys, live bands, professional dancers such as ballroom dancers or belly dancers, fire artists and even comedians are brought in to heighten the festivities and make the wedding stand out. in america and in other countries, including lavish entertainment at the wedding reception is a luxury. wedding dj's have been increasing in popularity in modern cultures. in 2019, wedding entertainment is extremely varied, often lavish and expensive. everything from chocolate fountains, to the release of mating doves, magicians, singing waiters and fun casinos have become common, even expected.
<p> destination weddings have several advantages. from getting to spend an extended time with family, to an easy transition to a honeymoon, destination weddings are very appealing. additionally, while destination weddings can be very expensive, they are on average less expensive than weddings at home.
<p> weddings held a prestigious venues such as castles or stately homes have become increasingly popular in the 21st century particularly in european countries such as the uk, france and germany. from 2010 onwards, there is an increase in destination weddings that are hosted in exotic places like indonesia, maldives, india, and pakistan.
<p> mass weddings are sometimes preferred for economic and social reasons, such as the reduction of costs for the venue, officiants, decorations, as well as the celebrations afterwards which can sometimes be shared between multiple families. in 2011 a collective wedding ceremony in india involved 3,600 couples, including hindus, christians, buddhists, muslims, and adivasi. many of them were the children of poor farmers.
<p> today, especially in cities such as amman, it is also common for the wedding celebration to be shortened to make the occasion more financially affordable, as well as less time consuming. many brides opt for western-style white dresses; grooms, a formal black suit. the procession of cars still occurs, but often to a wedding hall rather than the groom's house where guests may or may not sit segregated by gender.
<p> although marry girl cake has a long history, people in modern society still keep it as a sign of "happiness" and send wedding cakes to relatives and close friends when there is a marriage. there are different styles and flavors of marry girl cakes now, which shows the popularity of it. moreover, there is a new cake in recent years called great-grandmother cake(太婆餅). if the bride's grandparents are still there, the bridegroom will send these kinds of cakes to the girl's place to show good faith.
<p> wedding ceremonies can be expensive, and costs are typically borne by the parents. it is not uncommon for middle-or upper-class weddings to have a guest list of over 500 people. often, a live instrumental band plays. vedic rituals are performed and the family and friends then bless the couple. food is served to all the invitees with lots of delicacies. the wedding celebrations can take up to one week depending on the practice in different parts of india. | Supply and demand. If I'm the only guy who can make wedding centerpieces, I can charge as much as I want because you need them and you can't get them anywhere else. |
the issues in africa | <p> africa is often the posterchild for post-colonial societal collapse where retreating empires and corporate wars for resources have left behind nations unable to maintain their current trajectory of development or even their current state of affairs. many conflicts currently playing out in africa, similar to the middle east, are often blamed on the united kingdom, france, italy, belgium, portugal, germany, and the united states for arbitrary borders drawn with little regard to the ethnicity, tribal affiliation, and religions of the original inhabitants.
<p> for africanists, also known as communitarians, problems within africa are thought to be caused because the real flesh and blood communities that comprise africa are marginalized from public life as so many "tribes". therefore, the solution is understood to be the need to defend culture and put africa's age-old communities at the center of african politics. it is also argued that there is a need to "deexoticize" africa and banalise it, rather than understand africa as exceptionalized and exoticized.
<p> most countries in africa are torn by an irrational level of poverty, numerous diseases and incessant violence, which has moved us to act and provide assistance in an organized way. the primary objective and guiding principle is to provide the african people with theoretical and practical knowledge in the fields of education, health and social services, something they can apply in their everyday life and activities and employ alone in the future without external help. the temporary and ad hoc relief activities can increase a country's dependence on external assistance and strengthen the people's belief that they are unable to find their own footing. therefore, the projects of the foundation for africa aim at a deep and sustainable process of change where the recipients are active participants, not only passive actors or "objects". this approach is based on the principle of mutuality and ownership.
<p> media coverage of current events in africa result heavily influences public opinions in western societies. africa is often portrayed as a continent plagued with extreme poverty and genocidal warfare. however, it is also portrayed as a continent on the brink of becoming “civilized” if only more developed foreign nations would intervene. media is often criticized as failing to report positive movements within african countries. as a result, foreign nations often view africa as one of the two extremes. while the media depicts these extremes, it fails to report the success of local governments and domestic efforts by african countries to aid themselves.
<p> according to their website, africa action is a national organization for political, economic and social justice in africa. africa action contends that the u.s. has a special historic responsibility toward africa. it also believes that racism has been and is a major determinant of u.s. policies toward africa, africans and u.s. citizens of african descent. members of the organization value africa and its peoples, and seek to work in partnership with africans. today, together with activists and civil society organizations throughout the united states and in africa, africa action works to change u.s. foreign policy and the policies of international institutions to support african struggles for peace and development.
<p> this is africa is an english-language bi-monthly business publication owned by "the financial times" ltd and edited in london. it examines african business and politics in a global context and seeks to make sense of the relationships that africa is building with the rest of the world. it aims to challenge international preconceptions about the continent and to identify the opportunities and the risks in this dynamic business environment.
<p> according to the international network for environmental compliance and enforcement (inece), the major environmental issues in africa are “drought and flooding, air pollution, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, freshwater availability, degradation of soil and vegetation, and widespread poverty.” the u.s. environmental protection agency (epa) is focused on the “growing urban and industrial pollution, water quality, electronic waste and indoor air from cookstoves.” they hope to provide enough aid on concerns regarding pollution before their impacts contaminate the african environment as well as the global environment. by doing so, they intend to “protect human health, particularly vulnerable populations such as children and the poor.” in order to accomplish these goals in africa, epa programs are focused on strengthening the ability to enforce environmental laws as well as public compliance to them. other programs work on developing stronger environmental laws, regulations, and standards. | The problems in Africa can mostly be boiled down to two words: Resources and politics. See, there are a lot of metals and liquids and so forth in Africa that other countries would like to have. Those things are resources. But things like food and medicine are also resources, and Africans don't have a lot of those. In part, it's because the first people came from Africa, so humans -- all humans -- are evolved from animals that grew up in that environment. And, among other things, that means there are lots of diseases in Africa that are dangerous to humans: moreso than diseases that developed in other parts of the world. It also means that Africa filled up with people more quickly than other parts of the world. After a while, there were so many people in Africa that it was hard to farm enough to make sure that there would be food for new babies. At a certain point, large parts of Africa had as many people as it could hold. About 5 or 6 centuries ago, people in two countries in Europe, Spain and Portugal, figured out how to make really good boats that would let them sail all over the world, and not just close to Europe. They decided that they could use those boats to trade with far away countries, and then they decided that it might even be easier to just to take over those counties, and kill anyone who got in their way. They took over parts of America, but to make money off of those places, they needed people who could work hard in the hot weather, and who wouldn't catch disease too easily. They tried doing it with the Native Americans they found, but some died too easily, and the Church, which had a lot of say in those days, took the others under their protection, so that Europeans had to treat them mostly the same way they'd treat other Europeans. About that time, the Spanish and Portuguese realized that Africa had another resource they could use: people. So they'd pay Africans who lived on the coast to capture Africans who lived inland. Then they'd buy those Africans, put them in big boats, sail them over to the New World, and force them to work, mostly until they died. After about three hundred years, people started to change their mind about that. So they ended the Atlantic Slave trade (that's what they called it), and abolished slavery. By that time, the United States had been founded, and they held onto the practice of slavery for almost another 100 years, but only slaves that were already in the U.S., since no one was shipping slaves across the ocean anymore. But even though the Europeans had decided slavery was bad, they still kept control of Africa, because, by now, they realized that there were other kinds of resources they could get from Africa, and that they could still make Africans work for them so long as they didn't treat them too much like slaves. To make it easier to get the resources they wanted, they created counties with borders and their own governments. They divided the Africans up into "tribal" groups in the way that suited the European businesses best, and forced the Africans to learn their languages, especially French and English, since the main countries now were no longer Spain and Portugal (they had bet heavily on South America), but Belgium and England. Sometimes, when the Africans resisted, the Europeans fought wars against them, and sometimes they made other Africans help them win those wars. Then, about 50 years ago, Europeans started to change their minds again, and one by one, they let the countries they had made in Africa start to rule themselves. Some people said that they were only doing that because Europe had just gone through an expensive and devastating war, and could no long afford to deal with both the problems at home and the problems in their African colonies. But even if that's true, most people imagined that giving the African countries independence would make life a whole lot better for the Africans. Some African countries *did* get better for a little while, but the problems they had when they were ruled by Europeans didn't just disappear, and those problems were hard to solve. For one thing, most Africans didn't know how to run government by themselves. They had been ruled by Europeans for hundreds of years, and were used to being ruled, even if they didn't like it. So when they took over their own governments, they made lots of mistakes. For another thing, even though the European countries were giving them the countries they had made, most of them still wanted to be able to use African resources, so they kept troops there, or worked out special deals where only the country that used to rule them would get to buy their resources. Because the Europeans still had a lot of power in those countries, Africans who wanted power for themselves would sometimes cheat or even murder their fellow Africans to get the Europeans to give them more power. The more that happened, the worse their governments got. Sometimes, people who wanted their governments to get better would rebel against bad rulers (called dictators), and sometimes those rebels would even win, but it didn't always turn out good, even when they did. Sometimes they were just as power-mad as the dictators they had beaten, or they found that they had to work with other greedy governments to stay in power. Sometimes, the European governments (or the U.S., who had grown up since the 19th century) would get involved to try and decide who should win, and they usually wanted to make sure that the winner was someone who would let them buy their resources for cheap, even if that someone was a bad ruler. In some cases, Africans would fight one another just because they belonged to different groups. In Rwanda, for example, a group called the Hutu decided they didn't like another group called the Tutsi, and they tried to kill all of the Tutsi in their country -- twice! The strange part about it is that the Hutu probably didn't hate the Tutsi before the Belgians took over several hundred years ago, and there may not have even been a Hutu and Tutsi. The Belgians decided who was a Tutsi and who was a Hutu, and they issued cards like drivers' licenses that said whether a person was one or the other. The Hutu learned to hate the Tutsi because the Belgians liked the Tutsi more, and treated them better, and many of them kept on hating, even decades after the Belgians let the Rwandans rule themselves. If you want to know more about it, I recommend you read *Africa: A Biography of the Continent* by John Reader. If nothing else, it lists a lot of great books and articles on the subject that will let you find out more. |
why does it take so.long for athletes to recover from.one game? | <p> in some sports, particularly those regulated by a game clock, the time that it takes to score points makes a comeback impossible when there is too great a point disadvantage to overcome in the time remaining. it has been noted, however, that in "some sports, such as tennis or baseball, a comeback is possible until the very last point, regardless of what the deficit might be". many sporting news outlets have compiled lists of "greatest comebacks" for various sports.
<p> replay health – a role-playing sport where players must balance performing physical activities to score points with trying to monitor and improve their character's health. the game takes less than an hour to play, and it fosters player empathy and understanding for the many major decision points in the healthcare system.
<p> some video games feature automatically regenerating health, where lost health points are regained over time. this can be useful to not "cripple" the player, allowing them to continue even after losing a lot of health. however, automatically regenerating health may also cause a player to "power through" sections they might otherwise have had to approach cautiously simply because there are no lasting consequences to losing a large amount of health. to strike a balance between these extremes, many games have implemented a hybrid system, whereby the player only automatically regenerates health to a certain point; they must seek other means (such as traditional pick-ups) to restore the rest.
<p> still, in some cases, a team with a losing record – or one that has yet to win – may not even try to win and/or play very poorly in the remainder of their games; in other words, they "quit", even against other teams that are eliminated and/or have performed exceptionally poorly during the season. here, the philosophy might be that the current season is best forgotten once concluded, and that with changes (sometimes wholesale) during the off-season things will be better in the future. often, these cases arise when:
<p> the training that the players must undergo to prepare for tournaments is different but still takes a tremendous amount of time. athletes from traditional sports' training is almost entirely based on honing their physical prowess in performing that sport, such as muscle memory, exercising, and dieting. esports athletes' training is much more based on training the mind, such as studying strategies and new updates for the game. team liquid, a professional league of legends team, practice for a minimum of 50 hours per week and most play the game far more. this training schedule for players has resulted in many of them retiring an early age. few careers burn as intensely—and as briefly—as that of an esports professional. players are generally in competition by their mid- to late teens, and most are retired by their mid-20s. some esports teams, such as complexity, have been following traditional sports training such as regular gym visits, sessions with a coach, and following a special diet.
<p> ""it's a little bit different in england where you can have six or seven, or sometimes even eight weeks away. some players have had the three weeks' rest after the cup final while others have had 10 days and some possibly even less. so we've managed that in terms of physical conditioning to make sure that they are in the best place possible. but we have noticed straight away that they've come back in really good condition and that is linked to not having such a long break. so we're happy with that, they are nice and fresh and have great enthusiasm and energy for the new season, so that's all good.""
<p> the player can save anywhere in the game except during battle and during cut scenes. before and after saving the game, the screen shows the amount of time that elapsed since the beginning in hours, minutes, and seconds. the game can only hold up to 99 hours, 59 minutes, and 59 seconds of elapsed save time (5999.4 minutes or 4.2 days) before not counting any more time. however, the player is never penalized if he doesn't beat the game within 100 hours of beginning a new game. | Sports are incredibly taxing on the body. For instance, in basketball, you run up and down a court for 30 minutes, while alternating between jogging, sprinting, cutting, jumping, and breaking down to defend your opponent. All of this is not only exhausting, but destructive too. You're bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage tend to either tear or wear out (in very tiny amounts) over the course of all of this action. In the long term, this causes your body to heal back stronger (ignoring injury), but in the short term it causes pain and general fatigue. Go play pickup soccer with some people who take it seriously for an hour or so and you'll see what I mean. At the end of the game you might notice the tired feeling and maybe a little soreness, but the next day you'll really feel it. |
why are many despots like putin so powerful individually? in reality doesn't it take everyone beneath him to reinforce his status and create his power for him by following all his orders? | <p> another theory suggested that putin chose a man of unquestioning loyalty to help him control powerful factions jostling for position inside the kremlin. another clue to his usefulness lies in zubkov's experience under putin as the man leading the fight against financial crime.
<p> and he was trying to convince himself, and me, they wouldn't touch him because he was a [former] member of the russian government, a vice premier, and they wouldn't want to create a precedent. because as he said, one time the power will change hands in russia again, and those who served putin wouldn't want to create this precedent.
<p> between 2000 and 2004, putin apparently engaged in a power struggle with some oligarchs, reaching a "grand bargain" with them. this bargain allowed the oligarchs to maintain their powers, in exchange for their explicit support of – and alignment with – putin's government. many more business people have become oligarchs during putin's time in power, and often due to personal relations with putin, such as the rector of the institute where putin obtained a degree in 1996, vladimir litvinenko, and putin's childhood friend and judo-teacher arkady rotenberg. however, other analysts argue that the oligarchic structure has remained intact under putin, with putin devoting much of his time to mediating power-disputes between rival oligarchs. some had been imprisoned, such as mikhael mirilashvili.
<p> on september 2014 ušakovs sparked a controversy in an interview with the russian television channel dozhd, where he said, "for us at the moment, president vladimir putin is the best one we could have because, if he wasn't there, then power would not go to navalny", adding that "the presidents that could be in his place would not bring stability to the neighborhood".
<p> putin has confronted several very influential oligarchs (vladimir gusinsky, boris berezovsky and mikhail khodorkovsky, in particular) who attained large stakes of state assets, allegedly through illegal schemes, during the privatization process. gusinsky and berezovsky have been forced to leave russia and give up parts of their assets. khodorkovsky was jailed in russia and has lost his yukos company, formerly the largest oil producer in russia. putin's stand against oligarchs is generally popular with the russian people, even though the jailing of khodorkovsky is mainly seen as part of a takeover operation by government officials, according to another levada-center poll.
<p> the russian president vladimir putin is alleged to be the "head of the clan", whose assets are estimated at over $200 billion. a list of russian and ukrainian politicians associated with "kleptocratic style" has been published by the kleptocracy archives project.
<p> according to a poll conducted in september 2009 by the levada center in which 1,600 russians took part, 13% believed medvedev held the most power, 32% believed putin held the most power, 48% believed that the two shared equal levels of influence, and 7% failed to answer. however, medvedev attempted to affirm his position by stating, "i am the leader of this state, i am the head of this state, and the division of power is based on this." | This just addresses the portion asking how he keeps power. It doesn't take everyone under him to follow orders, only enough people. And they're loyal for different reasons. |
infinite monkey theorem | <p> infinite monkeys is a self-service platform that allows users to create native apps for iphone, android and html5 mobile websites with no coding knowledge. the company’s name is reference to the infinite monkey theorem.
<p> the infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type any given text, such as the complete works of william shakespeare. in fact, the monkey would almost surely type every possible finite text an infinite number of times. however, the probability that monkeys filling the observable universe would type a complete work such as shakespeare's "hamlet" is so tiny that the chance of it occurring during a period of time hundreds of thousands of orders of magnitude longer than the age of the universe is "extremely" low (but technically not zero).
<p> the infinite monkey theorem and its associated imagery is considered a popular and proverbial illustration of the mathematics of probability, widely known to the general public because of its transmission through popular culture rather than because of its transmission via the classroom.
<p> the infinite monkey theorem and its associated imagery is considered a popular and proverbial illustration of the mathematics of probability, widely known to the general public because of its transmission through popular culture rather than through formal education. this is helped by the innate humor stemming from the image of literal monkeys rattling away on a set of typewriters, and is a popular visual gag.
<p> in a 1939 essay entitled "the total library", argentine writer jorge luis borges traced the infinite-monkey concept back to aristotle's "metaphysics." explaining the views of leucippus, who held that the world arose through the random combination of atoms, aristotle notes that the atoms themselves are homogeneous and their possible arrangements only differ in shape, position and ordering. in "on generation and corruption", the greek philosopher compares this to the way that a tragedy and a comedy consist of the same "atoms", "i.e.", alphabetic characters. three centuries later, cicero's "de natura deorum" ("on the nature of the gods") argued against the atomist worldview:
<p> in this context, "almost surely" is a mathematical term with a precise meaning, and the "monkey" is not an actual monkey, but a metaphor for an abstract device that produces an endless random sequence of letters and symbols. one of the earliest instances of the use of the "monkey metaphor" is that of french mathematician émile borel in 1913, but the first instance may have been even earlier.
<p> as its name implies, the infinite monkey dimension (also known as "alternate dimension") houses an infinite number of monkeys. they were employed by god (before his death), and work as editors of other dimensions. they work partially because they wish to make the other dimensions better places, and partially for the weekly pudding parties on the dimension. important infinite monkeys in this realm include steve and gus, who may or may not have created oliver as an attempt to make the "story" of the dimension more interesting. also residing in the dimension is woody allen, the editor-in-chief. | You put a million redditors at a million keyboards, Eventually one of them will get gold. Its an analogy that with enough random keystrokes, eventually someone will randomly guess every letter in order in hamlet. Not saying that there aren't people who bet on "1,1,1,1,1 Megaball:1" in the lottery either... Edit: Its always struck me as odd that people give these hyper technical answers in ELI5. |
why do we grunt and make bizarre noises during sex? | <p> screaming and yelling are also a means of expressing pleasure. studies on monkeys have shown that when female monkeys scream during sex, it helps the male ejaculate. an approximation of 86 percent of the times, where female monkeys screamed during sexual encounter, brought a 59 percent of success rate, in comparison to the 2 percent, without the female-scream.
<p> auditory stimulants may also serve to intensify sexual arousal and the experience of pleasure. making sounds during sexual arousal and sexual activity is widespread among primates and humans. these include sighs, moans, strong expirations and inspirations, increased breathing rate and occasionally, at orgasm, screams of ecstasy. many of these sounds are highly exciting to men and women, and act as strong reinforcers of sexual arousal, creating a powerful positive feedback effect. thus, copulatory vocalisations are likely to serve mutual sexual stimulation for mating partners.
<p> some people get sexual pleasure by inserting objects, such as urethral sounds, into the urethra (the tube through which urine and, in men, semen, flows), a practice known as urethral play or "sounding". other objects such as ball point pens and thermometers are sometimes used, although this practice can lead to injury or infection. some people masturbate by using machines that simulate intercourse.
<p> the word groaning referred to the noises made during childbirth by the woman. the groaning food was served on a groaning board, with the various foods served prefaced by the term 'groaning'. a groaning cheese is a large cheese traditionally divided among the members of a household when a childbirth took place. it was cut from the middle so that the baby, when born, could be passed through it.
<p> in the book "human sexuality: diversity in contemporary america", by strong, devault and sayad, the authors point out, "a baby boy may laugh in his crib while playing with his erect penis". "baby girls sometimes move their bodies rhythmically, almost violently, appearing to experience orgasm." italian gynecologists giorgio giorgi and marco siccardi observed via ultrasound a female fetus possibly masturbating and having what appeared to be an orgasm.
<p> an "orgle" is the mating sound of a llama or alpaca, made by the sexually aroused male. the sound is reminiscent of gargling, but with a more forceful, buzzing edge. males begin the sound when they become aroused and continue throughout the act of procreation – from 15 minutes to more than an hour.
<p> in humans, coital vocalizations are linked to orgasm, hence occurring during copulation and serving as an expression of sexual pleasure. vocalizations can be used intentionally by women in order to boost the self-esteem of their partner and to cause quicker ejaculation. | For lack of better words, it's our bodies subconsciously "faking" it. They're instinctual auditory cues so that our partners know we're feeling pleasure and exerting ourselves. |
why are there more minorities in prison? | <p> minorities are targeted at disproportionate rates and sent to prison for reasons that are ignored for non-minorities. when the citizens who have been arrested can no longer support themselves the legal route, they might decide to turn to the underground world of crime. this decision can lead to harm upon oneself, open the door to addiction, and possible re-arrest which repeats the cycle of sending minorities to prison. it was found in 2010 that "the united states imprisoned a larger percentage of its black population than south africa did at the height of the apartheid." this shows a clear occurrence of disproportionate racial incarceration.
<p> while the two examples above point to definite explanations for the united states racialized prison system, ultimately the most salient explanation for disproportionate imprisonment rates is public opinion and prejudice. social stereotypes and stigmas have created assumptions about african americans that make them more susceptible to arrest and imprisonment. these latter factors are often influenced by society’s outlook on the prison system. most educated, middle to upper-class individuals, are in favor of things such as the death penalty, minimum sentences, and trying juveniles as adults, which combined with social stigmas make blacks unfairly disadvantaged in the realm of criminal justice. for example, in recent times, these effects can be seen in an increase in police brutality towards minorities. statistically, it is 2.5 times more likely for blacks to be killed than whites.
<p> 70 percent of the united states prison population is composed of racial minorities. due to a variety of factors, different ethnic groups have different rates of offending, arrest, prosecution, conviction and incarceration. in terms of percentage of ethnic populations, in descending order, the u.s. incarcerates more native americans, african americans, followed by hispanics, whites, and finally asians. native americans are the largest group incarcerated per capita.
<p> there are many factors that have direct connections with the rises in the incarcerated population, many of which relate to structural and societal biases that exist in america today. as it relates directly to race, the practice of racial profiling regards policies and personal biases that target minority racial groups and contribute to a greater proportion of minorities being incarcerated compared to the general population. currently, over sixty percent of inmates in the united states are people of color. these practices have existed in the american criminal justice system for decades and although may have gained attention in recent years, still find ways to increase the likelihood of certain demographic groups receiving negative attention from the likes of law enforcement.
<p> due to racial disparities in the u.s. prison system, african americans and latinos are overrepresented in the incarcerated population. thus, more african americans and latinos are often subject to felony disenfranchisement. while african americans are only 13 percent of u.s. population, they make up 38 percent of the prison population. latinos account for about 15 percent of the u.s. population and make up 20 percent of americans in prison.
<p> research suggests that police practices, such as racial profiling, over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in-group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of racial minorities among crime suspects. research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system, which contributes to a higher number of convictions for racial minorities. a 2012 study found that "(i) juries formed from all-white jury pools convict black defendants significantly (16 percentage points) more often than white defendants, and (ii) this gap in conviction rates is entirely eliminated when the jury pool includes at least one black member." research has found evidence of in-group bias, where "black (white) juveniles who are randomly assigned to black (white) judges are more likely to get incarcerated (as opposed to being placed on probation), and they receive longer sentences." in-group bias has also been observed when it comes to traffic citations, as black and white cops are more likely to cite out-groups.
<p> research suggests that police practices, such as racial profiling, over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in-group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of racial minorities among crime suspects. research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system, which contributes to a higher number of convictions for racial minorities. a 2012 study found that "(i) juries formed from all-white jury pools convict black defendants significantly (16 percentage points) more often than white defendants, and (ii) this gap in conviction rates is entirely eliminated when the jury pool includes at least one black member." research has found evidence of in-group bias, where "black (white) juveniles who are randomly assigned to black (white) judges are more likely to get incarcerated (as opposed to being placed on probation), and they receive longer sentences." in-group bias has also been observed when it comes to traffic citations, as black and white cops are more likely to cite out-groups. | If I remember correctly it isn't that there are MORE minorities but instead a disproportionate amount of minorities in prison. Ex. Blacks are 12% of the general population but 30% of prison population (Im making that number up to make the point) As far as the reasons for it, it can be varied from profiling, lack of career opportunities, heavier sentences for drug crimes, limited education and economics. Also it is well documented that blacks and Latinos are given heavier prison sentences for similar crimes committed by whites. Some view it is as purely racial action but I would attribute it more to lack of resources to obtain strong legal counsel due to poor formal education or the inability to afford a Better lawyer |
how does siphoning work? | <p> the word siphon (from , "pipe, tube", also spelled syphon) is used to refer to a wide variety of devices that involve the flow of liquids through tubes. in a narrower sense, the word refers particularly to a tube in an inverted "u" shape, which causes a liquid to flow upward, above the surface of a reservoir, with no pump, but powered by the fall of the liquid as it flows down the tube under the pull of gravity, then discharging at a level lower than the surface of the reservoir from which it came.
<p> siphons are sometimes employed as automatic machines, in situations where it is desirable to turn a continuous trickling flow or an irregular small surge flow into a large surge volume. a common example of this is a public restroom with urinals regularly flushed by an automatic siphon in a small water tank overhead. when the container is filled, all the stored liquid is released, emerging as a large surge volume that then resets and fills again. one way to do this intermittent action involves complex machinery such as floats, chains, levers, and valves, but these can corrode, wear out, or jam over time. an alternate method is with rigid pipes and chambers, using only the water itself in a siphon as the operating mechanism.
<p> once started, a siphon requires no additional energy to keep the liquid flowing up and out of the reservoir. the siphon will draw liquid out of the reservoir until the level falls below the intake, allowing air or other surrounding gas to break the siphon, or until the outlet of the siphon equals the level of the reservoir, whichever comes first.
<p> in chemistry, sparging, also known as gas flushing in metallurgy, is a technique in which a gas is bubbled through a liquid in order to remove "other" dissolved gas(es) and/or dissolved volatile liquid(s) from that liquid. it is a method of degassing. according to henry's law, the concentration of each gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas (in the gaseous state) in contact with the liquid. sparging introduces a gas that has little or no partial pressure of the gas(es) to be removed, and increases the area of the gas-liquid interface, which encourages some of the dissolved gas(es) to diffuse into the sparging gas before the sparging gas escapes from the liquid. many sparging processes, such as solvent removal, use air as the sparging gas. to remove oxygen, or for sensitive solutions or reactive molten metals, a chemically inert gas such as nitrogen, argon, or helium is used.
<p> a siphon makes use of the difference in the height between the intake and the outlet to create a pressure difference needed to remove excess water. siphons however require priming or the removal of air in the bend in order for them to function and most siphon spillways are designed with a system that makes use of water to remove the air and automatically prime the siphon. one such design is the volute siphon which makes use of water forced into a spiral vortex by volutes or fins on a funnel that draw air out of the system. the priming happens automatically when the water level rises above the inlets that are used to drive the priming process.
<p> a sump, or siphon, is a passage in a cave that is submerged under water. a sump may be static, with no inward or outward flow, or active, with continuous through-flow. static sumps may also be connected underwater to active stream passage. when short in length, a sump may be called a duck.
<p> in chemistry, sparing, also known as gas flushing in metallurgy, is a technique which involves bubbling a chemically inert gas, such as nitrogen, argon, or helium, through a liquid. this can be used to remove dissolved gases (e.g. oxygen) from the liquid. | The level of liquid in the end of the hose where the liquid comes out is lower than the liquid in the reserve (that is, end of the hose where the liquid goes in), usually a hump in the hose between the two. As the liquid runs out the lower end of the hose due to the pull of gravity, it pulls the liquid in the reserve up and over the hump (if it did not pull the liquid over the hump a vacuum would be produced). This will continue until the level of liquid in the reserve is reduced to almost the level of the exiting liquid in the lower end of the hose. |
can somebody please explain cosmic microwave backgorund radiation? | <p> a major recent focus of microwave radio astronomy has been mapping the cosmic microwave background radiation (cmbr) discovered in 1964 by radio astronomers arno penzias and robert wilson. this faint background radiation, which fills the universe and is almost the same in all directions, is "relic radiation" from the big bang, and is one of the few sources of information about conditions in the early universe. due to the expansion and thus cooling of the universe, the originally high-energy radiation has been shifted into the microwave region of the radio spectrum. sufficiently sensitive radio telescopes can detected the cmbr as a faint signal that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object.
<p> the cosmic microwave background is radiation left over from decoupling after the epoch of recombination when neutral atoms first formed. at this point, radiation produced in the big bang stopped thomson scattering from charged ions. the radiation, first observed in 1965 by arno penzias and robert woodrow wilson, has a perfect thermal black-body spectrum. it has a temperature of 2.7 kelvins today and is isotropic to one part in 10. cosmological perturbation theory, which describes the evolution of slight inhomogeneities in the early universe, has allowed cosmologists to precisely calculate the angular power spectrum of the radiation, and it has been measured by the recent satellite experiments (cobe and wmap) and many ground and balloon-based experiments (such as degree angular scale interferometer, cosmic background imager, and boomerang). one of the goals of these efforts is to measure the basic parameters of the lambda-cdm model with increasing accuracy, as well as to test the predictions of the big bang model and look for new physics. the results of measurements made by wmap, for example, have placed limits on the neutrino masses.
<p> the cosmic microwave background, radiation left over from when the universe cooled sufficiently for the first atoms to form, can contain the imprint of gravitational waves from the very early universe. the microwave radiation is polarized. the pattern of polarization can be split into two classes called "e"-modes and "b"-modes. this is in analogy to electrostatics where the electric field ("e"-field) has a vanishing curl and the magnetic field ("b"-field) has a vanishing divergence. the "e"-modes can be created by a variety of processes, but the "b"-modes can only be produced by gravitational lensing, gravitational waves, or scattering from dust.
<p> the cosmic microwave background (cmb) is the thermal radiation assumed to be left over from the "big bang" of cosmology. the cmb is a snapshot of the oldest light in our universe, imprinted on the sky when the universe was just 380,000 years old. it shows tiny temperature fluctuations that correspond to regions of slightly different densities, representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars and galaxies of today. therefore, analysis of the small anisotropies in the cmb helps us to understand the origin and the fate of our universe. in past few decades, there has been a lot of improvement in the observations and several experiments, performed to understand the basic structure of the universe. for analyzing data of different cosmological experiments and for understanding the theoretical nature of the universe many advanced methods and computing software are developed in and used by cosmologists for years. these software are widely used by the cosmologists across the globe.
<p> the cosmic microwave background (cmb, cmbr), in big bang cosmology, is electromagnetic radiation as a remnant from an early stage of the universe, also known as "relic radiation". the cmb is faint cosmic background radiation filling all space. it is an important source of data on the early universe because it is the oldest electromagnetic radiation in the universe, dating to the epoch of recombination. with a traditional optical telescope, the space between stars and galaxies (the "background") is completely dark. however, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope shows a faint background noise, or glow, almost isotropic, that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object. this glow is strongest in the microwave region of the radio spectrum. the accidental discovery of the cmb in 1964 by american radio astronomers arno penzias and robert wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, and earned the discoverers the 1978 nobel prize in physics.
<p> at that same time, robert h. dicke, jim peebles, and david wilkinson, astrophysicists at princeton university just away, were preparing to search for microwave radiation in this region of the spectrum. dicke and his colleagues reasoned that the big bang must have scattered not only the matter that condensed into galaxies but also must have released a tremendous blast of radiation. with the proper instrumentation, this radiation should be detectable, albeit as microwaves, due to a massive redshift.
<p> the cosmic microwave background (cmb) radiation signature presents a direct large-scale view of the universe that can be used to identify whether our position or movement has any particular significance. there has been much publicity about analysis of results from the wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe (wmap) and planck mission that show both expected and unexpected anisotropies in the cmb. the motion of the solar system, and the orientation of the plane of the ecliptic are aligned with features of the microwave sky, which on conventional thinking are caused by structure at the edge of the observable universe. specifically, with respect to the ecliptic plane the "top half" of the cmb is slightly cooler than the "bottom half"; furthermore, the quadrupole and octupole axes are only a few degrees apart, and these axes are aligned with the top/bottom divide. | When the universe was very young—as in, less than 400,000 years old—it was very, very hot. It was so hot, in fact, that matter couldn't exist except in a form called "plasma". This is the kind of stuff the sun is made out of, except the plasma at that time was much hotter than the sun. One of the things about plasma is that light can't travel through it very well. The sun gives off a lot of light, but you can't really see into it, and if you were inside of it you wouldn't be able to see very far at all. So while the universe was in this state, all of the light that existed was sort of trapped and unable to move around freely. Eventually, the universe cooled down and expanded enough that the plasma turned into an actual gas. When that happened, the light was no longer trapped and could stream out across the universe. This light filled the entire universe at that time. What happened to it? Well, it's still there. Except that the universe has gotten much colder and expanded a lot more since then, so not it's very, very faint. We call that light the "cosmic microwave background radiation": cosmic, because it's related to space; microwave, because that's the kind of light it is; background, because it exists everywhere, kind of in the background underneath any other light you might see; and radiation, because light is a kind of radiation. What's so important about it? Well, first it was predicted before it was discovered. Some people were thinking about the idea of the Big Bang and realized that if the theory were correct there should be this background radiation, but no one had seen it anywhere. Then, some time later, some people were looking at the information they'd gathered from a telescope and noticed some "noise"—apparent light that shouldn't really be there. They tried a lot of things to get rid of the noise but nothing worked. Then one of them got the idea to see if it matched the light that had been predicted, and it did. Future tests confirmed that it was, indeed, precisely what the Big Bang model had predicted. Thus, it served as evidence that the Big Bang model was correct. Also, by studying the light very closely and looking at how it changes depending which part of the sky you look at (remember, it's everywhere, so you will see it no matter where you point a telescope that's capable of "seeing" it), we are able to get information about the shape of your universe and the conditions at the time the light was created some 13 billion years ago. |
why does an extra oxygen atom make such a big difference between h2o (water) and h2o2 (rocket fuel)? | <p> it just so happens that hydrogen (h) and oxygen (o) are both diatomic molecules, thus we have h and o. to form water, one of the o atoms breaks off from the o molecule and react with the h compound to form ho. but, there is one oxygen atom left. it reacts with another h molecule. since it took two of each atom to balance the compound, we put the coefficient 2 in front of ho:
<p> because the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in all carbohydrates is always the same as that in water—that is, 2 to 1—all of the oxygen consumed by the cells is used to oxidize the carbon in the carbohydrate molecule to form carbon dioxide. consequently, during the complete oxidation of a glucose molecule, six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water are produced and six molecules of oxygen are consumed.
<p> singlet oxygen is the common name used for the two metastable states of molecular oxygen (o) with higher energy than the ground state triplet oxygen. because of the differences in their electron shells, singlet oxygen has different chemical and physical properties than triplet oxygen, including absorbing and emitting light at different wavelengths. it can be generated in a photosensitized process by energy transfer from dye molecules such as rose bengal, methylene blue or porphyrins, or by chemical processes such as spontaneous decomposition of hydrogen trioxide in water or the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with hypochlorite.
<p> triplet oxygen, ""o, refers to the "s" = 1 electronic ground state of molecular oxygen (dioxygen). it is the most stable and common allotrope of oxygen. molecules of triplet oxygen contain two unpaired electrons, making triplet oxygen an unusual example of a stable and commonly encountered diradical. according to molecular orbital theory, the electron configuration of triplet oxygen has two electrons occupying two π molecular orbitals (mos) of equal energy (that is, degenerate mos). in accordance with hund's rules, they remain unpaired and spin-parallel and account for the paramagnetism of molecular oxygen. these half-filled orbitals are antibonding in character, reducing the overall bond order of the molecule to 2 from a maximum value of 3 (e.g., dinitrogen), which occurs when these antibonding orbitals remain fully unoccupied. the molecular term symbol for triplet oxygen is σ.
<p> oxygen can be partially hydrogenated to give hydrogen peroxide, although this process has not been commercialized. one difficulty is preventing the catalysts from triggering decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide to form water.
<p> the rules state each oxygen is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms, and that the oxygen atom in each water molecule forms two hydrogen bonds with other oxygens, so that there is precisely one hydrogen between each pair of oxygen atoms.
<p> concurrently, the other oxygen atom is reduced to water. even though molecular oxygen is the electron acceptor in these enzymes' reactions, they are unique because oxygen does not appear in the oxidized product. | The bond between the two oxygen atoms in H2O2 is not very strong and, as a result, the molecule as a whole is rather unstable. H2O2 readily breaks down into normal H2O and O2, producing heat in the process. |
why does the body store unnecessary amounts of fat, to the point where humans can become morbidly obese? | <p> body fat can impact on an individual mentally, for example high levels of android fat have been linked to poor mental wellbeing, including anxiety, depression and body confidence issues. on the reverse, psychological aspects can impact on body fat distribution too, for example women classed as being more extraverted tend to have less android body fat.
<p> as the body is unable to store fat correctly this leads to fat around all the vital organs and in the blood (triglycerides). this results in heart problems, cirrhosis of the liver, lipoatrophic diabetes, and pancreatitis, along with various other complications.
<p> taubes states in the book that it's not about fat people eating too much and exercising too little or skinny people eating well and exercising a lot. in hunter-gather time periods, humans' lives were spent finding food so when they found a surplus the human body would go into storage mode. today we don't have the problem of finding food yet our body is still set up to eat as much as possible and store as much as possible for famine times. this leads to excess weight to be put on. taubes compares getting fat to smoking cigarettes: "not every long-term smoker gets lung cancer — in fact, only a minority do — but among people with lung cancer, smoking is by far the most common cause. in a world without cigarettes, lung cancer would be a rare disease, as it once was," he writes. "in a world without carbohydrate-rich diets, obesity would be a rare condition as well."
<p> an increase in fat metabolism can be the result of starvation or malabsorption, the inability to metabolize carbohydrates (as occurs, for example, in diabetes) or due to losses from frequent vomiting.
<p> a healthy body requires a minimum amount of fat for proper functioning of the hormonal, reproductive, and immune systems, as thermal insulation, as shock absorption for sensitive areas, and as energy for future use. but the accumulation of too much storage fat can impair movement, flexibility, and alter the appearance of the body.
<p> the body has a natural store of fat (also called "adipose tissue") that stores reserve energy. one can still stay alive while the body breaks down the fatty tissue (hence people wasting away from starvation).
<p> kellis and colleagues used epigenomic data to investigate the mechanistic basis of the strongest genetic association with obesity. they showed that this mechanism operates in the fat cells of both humans and mice and detailed how changes within the relevant genomic regions cause a shift from dissipating energy as heat (thermogenesis) to storing energy as fat. a full understanding of the phenomenon may lead to treatments for people whose 'slow metabolism' cause them to gain excessive weight. | You have to keep in mind that access to enough food to eat yourself to death is a fairly modern thing to have. Of the billions of years of life evolving that led to us, it's only in the last few thousand or so that this has been possible. If you don't have access to this much food, "storing unnecessary amounts of fat" becomes "being able to eat more now and use it later." Taking that into account, the ability to store dense reserves of energy (fat), which also happens to help keep you warm, is an extremely useful survival tool. In fact, it's postulated that this is one of the evolutionary advances we have over other apes: a gorilla or chimp that massively overate like a person can would just die from it. Being able to "stock up" internally is one of the abilities that allowed our ancestors to migrate through areas that didn't offer enough food. The only other mammals that can put on arbitrary amounts of fat like we can and not die from it are aquatic (which also happens to be another situation where food can be scarce for long periods of time and staying warm is important). Don't get me wrong: all mammals have fat stores, but humans can put on several times our normal weight in fat alone, and most mammals can't do this. |
why does the nypd blame mayor di blasio for the killings of the 2 officers? | <p> nypd lt. frank ochoa (gardenia) investigates the vigilante killings. his department narrows it down to a list of men who have had a family member recently killed by muggers and who are war veterans. ochoa soon suspects paul and is about to make an arrest when the district attorney intervenes and tells ochoa to "let him loose" in another city, instead. the da and the police commissioner do not want the fact to get out that street crime in new york city has dropped dramatically since paul became a vigilante, and they fear that if he is not stopped, the whole city will descend into chaos, but they do not want him to be arrested, because they do not want a martyr. ochoa does not like the idea, but relents.
<p> on december 20, 2014, ismaaiyl abdullah brinsley killed two on-duty new york city police department (nypd) officers in the bedford–stuyvesant neighborhood of the new york city borough of brooklyn, ostensibly as revenge for the death of eric garner and the shooting of michael brown, both of which were killings of unarmed black men by police. brinsley then fled into the new york city subway, where he committed suicide.
<p> on , two nypd officers were shot and killed in their police car in bedford–stuyvesant, brooklyn. the suspected gunman, ismaaiyl brinsley, posted days earlier on instagram his intention to kill police officers in response to the killings of brown and eric garner. the suspect, who had a long criminal record and had shot his girlfriend in the stomach a few hours earlier, entered the new york city subway and committed suicide.
<p> on december 20, 2014, two nypd officers were killed in the neighborhood, supposedly in revenge for the death of eric garner and the shooting of michael brown. the suspect then committed suicide after being chased by other police officers onto the subway.
<p> bullet::::- new york city's patrolmen's benevolent association's president patrick lynch accused mayor bill de blasio of doing this to the nycpd in 2014 when de blasio spoke out against the staten island grand jury decision not to indict officer daniel pantaleo in that summer's chokehold death of eric garner and also told the press that he and his wife, chirlane, had to have many conversations with their son, dante, about taking special care in any encounters he may have with the police officers that are sworn to protect him, saying that "it's different for black men, especially young black men".
<p> the new york city police department was widely criticized for its failures to stop or prevent the attacks. mayor rudy giuliani initially defended the nypd, remarking, "we have 41,000 police officers, and they can't be everywhere, at every point..." police commissioner howard safir told reporters, "if i put 10,000 cops in central park, we couldn't cover every single area." giuliani later said that officers who had not helped victims "should be severely disciplined." over 50 women came forward to report having been attacked.
<p> as mayor de blasio and his entourage walked through the third-floor corridor of woodhull hospital, where the two police officers had been pronounced dead hours earlier, dozens of nypd police silently turned their backs on the mayor in protest for his perceived lack of support for them. earlier, de blasio had approached a group of cops in the hospital and told them, "we're all in this together." in response, one officer said, "no we're not." | The mayor is seen as supporting and validating grievances against NYPD and thus encouraging anti-police sentiment. |
what does the patriots act really do? | <p> the patriot movement is a collection of conservative, independent, mostly rural, small government, american nationalist social movements in the united states that include organized militia members, tax protesters, sovereign or state citizens, quasi-christian apocalypticists/survivalists, and combinations thereof. journalists and researchers have associated the patriot movement with the right-wing militia movement and some in the movement have committed or supported illegal acts of violence. united states law enforcement groups "call them dangerous, delusional and sometimes violent".
<p> president bush also strongly urged for the patriot act to be reauthorized immediately when he swore in the successor to attorney general john ashcroft, alberto gonzales. in his swearing-in speech for gonzales, bush stated that "[m]any key elements of the patriot act are now set to expire at the end of this year. we must not allow the passage of time or the illusion of safety to weaken our resolve in this new war. to protect the american people, congress must promptly renew all provisions of the patriot act this year."
<p> the first version of the patriot act was introduced into the house on october 2, 2001 as the "provide appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism (patriot) act of 2001", and was later passed by the house as the "uniting and strengthening america (usa) act" (h.r. 2975) on october 12. this was based on the afore-mentioned "anti-terrorism act", but had been changed after negotiations and work between attorney general ashcroft, senators leahy, paul sarbanes (d-md), bob graham, trent lott (r-ms) and orrin hatch. it was introduced into the senate as the "usa act of 2001" (s. 1510) by tom daschle (d-sd) where senator russ feingold (d-wi) proposed a number of amendments, none of which were passed. feingold amended the provision relating to interception of computer trespasser communications, limited the roving wiretap authority under fisa and modified the provisions relating to access to business records under fisa. the "usa act" was later vitiated and indefinitely postponed, because the senate and house bills could not be reconciled in time.
<p> the usa patriot act of 2001 authorizes the federal government to prosecute people if they "provide expert advice or assistance" to terrorist groups. this question of guidance and association has troubled critics. among them are two of idaho's us congressmen, who had already registered their opposition to provisions of the act: the republicans larry e. craig, the senior us senator, and representative c. l. otter, "have sponsored bills to amend the act, which they have called a threat to civil liberties."
<p> on the 26th october 2001 the patriot act came into force in the usa, in response to the broad concern felt among americans from the september 11 attacks. broadly speaking the patriot act laid the path for allowing security forces to surveil citizens suspected of involvement with terrorist acts.
<p> the usa patriot act (commonly known as the "patriot act") is an act of the u.s. congress that was signed into law by president george w. bush on october 26, 2001. the title of the act is a contrived three letter initialism (usa) preceding a seven letter acronym (patriot), which in combination stand for uniting and strengthening america by providing appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism act of 2001. the acronym was created by a 23 year old congressional staffer, chris cylke.
<p> opinions that actions stemming from the patriot act are constitutional follow from the aumf. since aumf wartime powers do not explicitly apply to us citizens in general, they are exempted from its provision as a function of ninth amendment unenumerated rights. thus patriot act provisions that are unconstitutionally (violating first, fourth and other amendments) applied to us citizens, are not rescued by the aumf. | How do you suppose the government tells "suspected terrorists" from "common people"? They can't, unless they monitor everybody and see which people talk to ISIS Headquarters. If you talk to ISIS-HQ, then everybody you talk to are "suspected terrorists". |
why is it that the moon's gravity effects our tides, yet if a satellite were to fly in between the earth and moon it wouldn't get effected? | <p> atmospheric tides are also produced through the gravitational effects of the moon. "lunar (gravitational) tides" are much weaker than "solar (thermal) tides" and are generated by the motion of the earth's oceans (caused by the moon) and to a lesser extent the effect of the moon's gravitational attraction on the atmosphere.
<p> the gravitational attraction between earth and the moon causes tides on earth. the same effect on the moon has led to its tidal locking: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit earth. as a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. as the moon orbits earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the sun, leading to the lunar phases; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator.
<p> the gravitational attraction that the moon exerts on earth is the cause of tides in the sea; the sun has a smaller tidal influence. if earth had a global ocean of uniform depth, the moon would act to deform both the solid earth (by a small amount) and the ocean in the shape of an ellipsoid with the high points roughly beneath the moon and on the opposite side of earth. however, because of the presence of the continents, earth's much faster rotation and varying ocean depths, this simplistic visualisation does not happen. although the tidal flow period is generally synchronized to the moon's orbit around earth, its relative timing varies greatly. in some places on earth, there is only one high tide per day, whereas others such as southampton have four, though this is somewhat rare.
<p> gravitational tides are caused by changes in the relative location of the earth, sun, and moon, whose orbits are perturbed slightly by jupiter. newton's law of universal gravitation states that the gravitational force between a mass at a reference point on the surface of the earth and another object such as the moon is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. the declination of the moon relative to the earth means that as the moon orbits the earth during half the lunar cycle the moon is closer to the northern hemisphere and during the other half the moon is closer to the southern hemisphere. this periodic shift in distance gives rise to the lunar fortnightly tidal constituent. the ellipticity of the lunar orbit gives rise to a lunar monthly tidal constituent. because of the nonlinear dependence of the force on distance additional tidal constituents exist with frequencies which are the sum and differences of these fundamental frequencies. additional fundamental frequencies are introduced by the motion of the sun and jupiter, thus tidal constituents exist at all of these frequencies as well as all of the sums and differences of these frequencies, etc. the mathematical description of the tidal forces is greatly simplified by expressing the forces in terms of gravitational potentials. because of the fact that the earth is approximately a sphere and the orbits are approximately circular it also turns out to be very convenient to describe these gravitational potentials in spherical coordinates using spherical harmonic expansions.
<p> in a like manner, the lunar surface experiences tides of around amplitude over 27 days, with two components: a fixed one due to earth, because they are in synchronous rotation, and a varying component from the sun. the earth-induced component arises from libration, a result of the moon's orbital eccentricity (if the moon's orbit were perfectly circular, there would only be solar tides). libration also changes the angle from which the moon is seen, allowing a total of about 59% of its surface to be seen from earth over time. the cumulative effects of stress built up by these tidal forces produces moonquakes. moonquakes are much less common and weaker than are earthquakes, although moonquakes can last for up to an hour – significantly longer than terrestrial quakes – because of the absence of water to damp out the seismic vibrations. the existence of moonquakes was an unexpected discovery from seismometers placed on the moon by apollo astronauts from 1969 through 1972.
<p> if the earth had no moon, the ocean tides resulting solely from the sun's gravity would be only half that of the lunar tides. a large satellite gives rise to tidal pools, which may be essential for the formation of complex life, though this is far from certain.
<p> the gravitational attraction that masses have for one another decreases inversely with the square of the distance of those masses from each other. as a result, the slightly greater attraction that the moon has for the side of earth closest to the moon, as compared to the part of the earth opposite the moon, results in tidal forces. tidal forces affect both the earth's crust and oceans. | Satellites are actually impacted by the gravity of the moon, but drifting a few meters in orbit isn't that big a deal. |
why are federal judges / justices appointed by presidents? does this not innately politicize the decisions? is there no other method of a neutral committee making the choices? | <p> most presidents nominate individuals who broadly share their ideological views. in many cases, however, a justice's decisions may be contrary to what the nominating president anticipated. a famous instance was chief justice earl warren; president dwight d. eisenhower expected him to be a conservative judge, but his decisions are arguably among the most liberal in the court's history. eisenhower later called the appointment "the biggest damn fool mistake i ever made". another justice whose decisions ran contrary to what was believed to be his ideology was david souter, who was nominated to the high court in 1990 by president george h. w. bush. many pundits and politicians at the time expected souter to be a conservative; however, after becoming a justice, his opinions generally fell on the liberal side of the political spectrum.
<p> judges may deliver joint judgments or give their own separate opinions. decisions and advisory opinions are by majority, and, in the event of an equal division, the president's vote becomes decisive, which occurred in the "legality of the use by a state of nuclear weapons in armed conflict" (opinion requested by who), [1996] icj reports 66. judges may also deliver separate dissenting opinions.
<p> the president has power to nominate federal judges, including members of the united states courts of appeals and the supreme court of the united states. however, these nominations require senate confirmation before they may take office. securing senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance. when nominating judges to u.s. district courts, presidents often respect the long-standing tradition of senatorial courtesy. presidents may also grant pardons and reprieves. gerald ford pardoned richard nixon a month after taking office. presidents often grant pardons shortly before leaving office, like when bill clinton pardoned patty hearst on his last day in office; this is often controversial.
<p> jones cited "marbury v. madison" for the proposition that a d.c. justice of the peace does not serve merely at the pleasure of the president. according to o'fallon, due to the president's power to remove most appointees from office, this could only have been a reference to the good behavior clause of article three. that clause provides that "judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior." mason countered that "marbury" only held that justices of the peace were entitled to hold their offices for five years of good behavior.
<p> article 93 of the constitution vests judicial power in the judiciary. rather than being elected, the chief justice, judges of appeal, and the judges of the supreme court are appointed by the president if he, acting in his discretion, concurs with the advice of the prime minister. in the subordinate courts, district judges and magistrates are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the chief justice. the idea of the rule of the majority means that people should only be governed by laws passed by their elected representatives. thus, unelected judges influencing the laws that govern people through the making of decisions seems incompatible with the idea of representative democracy. it has also been said that a judicial "last word" would put the judiciary at odds with parliament, as the judiciary is not directly accountable to the people. however, even though the appointment of judges is counter-majoritarian in nature, this does not mean that the concept of representative democracy is undermined, as it appears that a counter-majoritarian judiciary more effectively upholds the constitution and the concept of representative democracy.
<p> despite this, justice kennedy concurred because he found that the application of faca to the president's consultation of the aba would violate the appointments clause of the constitution. agreeing with the district court, he wrote that "the application of faca would constitute a direct and real interference with the president's exclusive responsibility to nominate federal judges," and that congress cannot interfere with the president's process for selecting judges.
<p> judges of the supreme court are appointed by the president acting on the advice of his cabinet. the president exercises personal discretion to refuse to make an appointment if he does not concur with the cabinet's advice. the chief justice must be consulted, though it is unclear how much weight his opinion carries. it has been noted that the current constitutional arrangements enable "[a] well-meaning executive, sincerely believing in the justness and legitimacy of its governmental programme, ... to appoint judges who, in essence, believe in the same fundamental policies. the problem is that this is anathema to the logic of the separation of powers, directed as it is on the potential for the abuse or misuse of power." it is possible for an executive "bent on preserving its power at any cost" to control the judicial appointment process entirely, which would be undesirable as this may result in a bench packed with compliant judges. on the other hand, alternative judicial appointment methods have their own problems such as the possibility that judges cannot be appointed because decision-makers are unable to agree on the matter. as former chief justice of australia harry gibbs pointed out: | You can’t have democratically elected judges. They’d be too focussed on maintaining their public image instead of just making the right decision. The most just decision isn’t always the most popular one. You also can’t have a system where judges appoint themselves because that would separate the federal justice system from the general public and create tension between them. The current system sounds like a decent enough compromise. |
why doesn't youtube(run by google) fix their comment section? | <p> on november 6, 2013, google implemented a comment system oriented on google+ that required all youtube users to use a google+ account in order to comment on videos. the stated motivation for the change was giving creators more power to moderate and block comments, thereby addressing frequent criticisms of their quality and tone. the new system restored the ability to include urls in comments, which had previously been removed due to problems with abuse. in response, youtube co-founder jawed karim posted the question "why the fuck do i need a google+ account to comment on a video?" on his youtube channel to express his negative opinion of the change. the official youtube announcement received 20,097 "thumbs down" votes and generated more than 32,000 comments in two days. writing in the "newsday" blog silicon island, chase melvin noted that "google+ is nowhere near as popular a social media network as facebook, but it's essentially being forced upon millions of youtube users who don't want to lose their ability to comment on videos" and "discussion forums across the internet are already bursting with outcry against the new comment system". in the same article melvin goes on to say:
<p> on november 6, 2013, google implemented a new comment system that requires all youtube users to use a google+ account to comment on videos, thereby making the comment system google+-orientated. the corporation stated that the change is necessary to personalize comment sections for viewers, eliciting an overwhelmingly negative public response—youtube co-founder jawed karim also expressed disdain by writing on his channel: "why the fuck do i need a google+ account to comment on a video?". the official youtube announcement received over 62,000 "thumbs down" votes and only just over 4,000 "thumbs up" votes, while an online petition demanding google+'s removal gained more than 230,000 signatures in just over two months. writing in the "newsday" blog silicon island, chase melvin noted: "google+ is nowhere near as popular a social media network as facebook, but it's essentially being forced upon millions of youtube users who don't want to lose their ability to comment on videos." in the same article melvin adds:
<p> on november 6, 2013, youtube, google's popular video hosting site, began requiring that commenting on its videos be done via a google+ account, making it impossible to reply to pre-google+ integrated comments. youtube said that their new commenting system featured improved tools for moderation, and comments would no longer be shown chronologically, but would be featured according to "relevance" and popularity, determined by the commenters' community engagement, reputation, and up-votes for a particular comment.
<p> in response to google requiring youtube members to use google+ for its comment system, karim wrote on his youtube account, why the fuck do i need a google+ account to comment on a video, and updated the video description on his first video titled me at the zoo to "i can't comment here anymore, since i don't want a google+ account".
<p> in november 2013, someone calling himself "john doe" of arlington, texas launched a petition against changes made to the youtube commenting system by google. the changes force youtube users to create an account on google+ and also removes the "reply" mechanism on comments unless they were posted on google+. this petition received over 100,000 signatures in less than a week, and over 200,000 within two weeks. the petition garnered more than 241,000 signatures, but failed to change google's stance on the matter. however, the changes to youtube did not have the intended effect – namely, increasing spam instead of curbing it – and in mid-2015, the commenting system was altered to allow users to post comments without signing into google+.
<p> on july 27, 2015, it was announced that the integration with google+ would be discontinued and that youtube would require only a google+ page to use all the features, such as uploading videos and posting comments. youtube had these changes rolled out over the course of several months, with the comments feature already having an update directly after the announcement: comments only appeared on youtube and were no longer shared to the social network platform.
<p> the decision led hundreds of thousands of users to criticize the change. some youtube commenters and content creators complained that the google+ requirement that users use their real name created online privacy and security concerns. youtube co-founder jawed karim voiced his disapproval in one of a few comments subsequent to the change including the temporary addition of the following text, "i can't comment here anymore, since i don't want a google+ account" to the description of the first ever video on the site. thousands of commenters on youtube pasted text art tanks and stick figures called "bob" to protest the new commenting system and google+. supporters of the changes said it was a positive step at cleaning up the "virtual cesspool" of homophobic, racist, sexist and offensive comments found on youtube. however, this actually increased the spam, and in fixing the issue, google took the opportunity to strike back against those posting "bob" ascii art in protest at the company's actions. | How, exactly should it be fixed? Are they going to moderate every single comment section on every video? And for what purpose? Labor isn't cheap, and the "product" (comments) is near-infinite, so there really isn't any practical way of "fixing" it. |
what difference will it make if i use soap instead of shampoo for my hair? what if i just use conditioner everyday instead of shampoo, will it be better for my hair? | <p> one reason is concern about the effect of ingredients typically found in commercial hair care products. shampoo typically contains chemical additives such as sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth sulfate, which can irritate sensitive skin or if not thoroughly rinsed. such chemical additives are also believed by some consumers to dry out their hair. the environmental working group (ewg) compared the ingredients in 42,000 personal care products against 50 toxicity and regulatory databases and found that most shampoos have at least one chemical that "raises concern" (although the hair care industry counters by claiming that the chemicals are safe in the concentrations used). the group flagged the following groups of ingredients as hazardous: fragrances, due to containing unknown constituents, parabens, possibly linked to endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity, dmdm hydantoin, due to possible allergy concerns, and 1,4-dioxane, which the environmental protection agency has labelled as a probable human carcinogen. some disagree with the ewg’s assessments while others think they aren’t strong enough.
<p> conditioners are available in a wide range of forms including viscous liquids, gels and creams as well as thinner lotions and sprays. hair conditioner is usually used after the hair has been washed with shampoo. it is applied and worked into the hair and may either be washed out a short time later or left in. for short hair, 2-3 tablespoons is the recommended amount. for long hair, up to 8 tablespoons may be used.
<p> shampoo () is a hair care product, typically in the form of a viscous liquid, that is used for cleaning hair. less commonly, shampoo is available in bar form, like a bar of soap. shampoo is used by applying it to wet hair, massaging the product into the hair, and then rinsing it out. some users may follow a shampooing with the use of hair conditioner.
<p> herbal powder shampoos are another form of dry shampoo. as a natural hair-care product, they tend to have fewer negative side effects than traditional mass-market shampoos, and contain a dry powder mixture of aloe vera and other plant byproducts to reduce skin, eye, and scalp irritation from surfactants.
<p> some shampoos also include silicone derivatives (such as dimethicone), which is claimed to coat the hair. while it is claimed that silicone derivatives protect the hair and make it more manageable (dimethicone is a common ingredient in smoothing serums and detangling conditioners), the film that proponents assert coats the hair is also claimed to prevent moisture from entering the hair, eventually drying it out.
<p> doctors may recommend a treatment with a mild dandruff shampoo such as selsun blue even though the treatment may cause initial additional scalp irritation. a doctor may instead prescribe an antifungal soap such as ketoconazole (2%) shampoo, which can work in a single treatment and shows significantly less irritation than over-the-counter shampoos such as selenium disulfide shampoos.
<p> when the relaxer has worked to the desired degree, the hair is rinsed clean. regardless of formula, relaxers are always alkaline to some degree, so it is prudent to neutralize or even slightly acidify the hair with a suitable shampoo immediately afterward. the prompt use of hair conditioner is also important in order to replace some of the natural oils that were stripped away by the process. | Short answer: maybe nothing, or maybe your skin gets a little drier with soap. Nothing but conditioner will leave your scalp a little more oily but you'd adapt to that eventually. Longer answer: Shampoo is (typically, if somebody chimes in saying BUT WHAT ABOUT THHHIISSS BRAND, please go away) basically a *detergent*. The stuff that cleans your clothes and hair are usually (almost exactly) the same thing. A *detergent* is a synthetic *surfactant*. A surfactant is broadly something that makes water, well, wetter. It lets the water get into areas it couldn't reach because of tension, and makes water more *soluble*, which lets more things dissolve in it and get carried away. Why does being synthetic matter? It doesn't necessarily matter, but it may mean the maker of the product has done a few things to make it a little more gentle than the soap maker has. Of course, for specific brands the exact opposite may be true. Some soaps are pretty darn gentle while some shampoos can be really rough. But, shampoos also often have thickening agents in them that let the makers dissolve less of the detergent in the mix. That makes it easier to get the cleaning product *just right* while also being able to spread all over your scalp. Soaps tend to be a bit more concentrated in that regard, because there is very little call for them not to be. Some folks do enjoy mixing their own shampoos by starting with Castile Soap, which comes in a big bottle that you can then mix to your hearts content. It is more 'natural' in the sense that the ingredients are more direct and less chemically derived in tanks from weird sources. Whether that is good or not is totally up to you. Footnote: Conditioner contains a small amount of soap/detergent along with other things. Some people use it exclusively for their hair cleaning. |
what are the big controversies with putin? | <p> aleksandr dugin supports putin and his foreign policies but has opposed russian governments due to their economic policies. his 2007 quote, "there are no more opponents of putin's course and, if there are, they are mentally ill and need to be sent off for clinical examination. putin is everywhere, putin is everything, putin is absolute, and putin is indispensable" – was voted number two in flattery by readers of "kommersant".
<p> the concept of "putinism" was described in a positive sense by russian political scientist andranik migranyan. according to migranyan, putin came into office when the worst regime was established: the economy was "totally decentralized" and "the state had lost central authority while the oligarchs robbed the country and controlled its power institutions". in two years, putin has restored hierarchy of power, ending the omnipotence of regional elites as well as destroying political influence of "oligarchs and oligopolies in the federal center". boris yeltsin-era non-institutional center of power commonly called "the family" was ruined, which according to migranyan in turn undercut the positions of the actors such as boris berezovsky and vladimir gusinsky, who had sought to privatize the russian state "with all of its resources and institutions".
<p> "putin suddenly raised the problem of pakistan. he excoriated the pervez musharraf regime for its support of extremists and for the connections of the pakistani army and intelligence services to the taliban and al qaeda. those extremists were all being funded by saudi arabia, he said, and it was only a matter of time until it resulted in a major catastrophe... putin, though, was right. the taliban and al-qaida were time bombs
<p> politkovskaya's book, "putin's russia: life in a failing democracy", criticized putin's federal presidency, including his pursuit of the second chechen war. she accused putin and the russian secret service fsb of stifling civil liberties in order to establish a soviet-style dictatorship, while admitting that "it is we who are responsible for putin's policies":
<p> putin was criticized in the west and also by russian liberals for what many observers considered a wide-scale crackdown on media freedom in russia. on 7 october 2006, anna politkovskaya, a journalist who exposed corruption in the russian army and its conduct in chechnya, was shot in the lobby of her apartment building. the death of politkovskaya triggered an outcry in western media, with accusations that, at best, putin has failed to protect the country's new independent media. when asked about the politkovskaya murder in his interview with the german tv channel ard, putin said that her murder brings much more harm to the russian authorities than her writing. by 2012 the performers of the murder were arrested and named boris berezovsky and akhmed zakayev as a possible clients.
<p> putin characterized russia's military involvement in chechnya to be both an “anti-terrorist operation” and “the place where russia's fate is being decided.” he stated, “unfortunately, not everyone in western nations understands this, but we will not tolerate any humiliation to the national pride of russian or any threat to the territorial integrity of the country.” this indicated that putin was in favor of reversing the 1996 agreement which had granted chechnya de facto independence.
<p> putin has promoted explicitly conservative policies in social, cultural and political matters, both at home and abroad. putin has attacked globalism and neo-liberalism and is identified by scholars with russian conservatism. putin has promoted new think tanks that bring together like-minded intellectuals and writers. for example, the izborsky club, founded in 2012 by the conservative right-wing journalist alexander prokhanov, stresses (i) russian nationalism, (ii) the restoration of russia's historical greatness, and (iii) systematic opposition to liberal ideas and policies. vladislav surkov, a senior government official, has been one of the key economics consultants during putin's presidency. | He's former KGB, his enemies have a habit of suffering acute heavy metal poisoning (and not the musical kind), he's connected to a lot of government corruption to help his friends get rich, and he's pushing the invasion of Ukraine. I'm sure there's some specifics I've left out. |
how do skeletons or decaying bodies die in the upright position, almost looking like they are posing? | <p> the disarticulation of the bones may have been the result of soft-tissue decomposition. parts of the skeleton seem to have weathered to different degrees, perhaps because water levels changed or the sediments shifted (exposing parts of the skeleton). the girdle and limb bones, the dentary, and a rib were broken before fossilisation, perhaps from trampling by large animals while buried. most of the tail appears to have been lost before fossilisation, perhaps due to scavenging, or having rotted and floated off. the orientation of the bones indicates that the carcass lay on its back (perhaps tilted slightly to the left, with the right side upwards), which may explain why all the lower teeth had fallen out of their sockets and some upper teeth were still in place.
<p> the state of the skeletons recovered, all of them inarticulate or only partially articulate, placed in a sequence of distinct layers, indicates that the dead were either allowed to decay partially outside the tomb (excarnation), or that their remains were reorganised after partial or complete decomposition within the tomb. it is doubtful whether the bodies entered the tomb through its entrance, as the uppermost levels of burials are only 30 cm under the top of the orthostaths. the same doubt has been raised on different grounds, namely the narrow "seelenloch" entrances, at züschen, lohra and altendorf.
<p> skeletonization refers to the final stage of decomposition, during which the last vestiges of the soft tissues of a corpse or carcass have decayed or dried to the point that the skeleton is exposed. by the end of the skeletonization process, all soft tissue will have been eliminated, leaving only disarticulated bones.
<p> skeletonization occurs when the uid has decayed to the point that bones and possibly some tissues are all that is found, usually when death occurred a significant amount of time before discovery. if a skeletonized body is found, fingerprints and toeprints are impossible to recover, unless they have survived the initial decomposition of the remains. fingerprints are often used to identify the dead and were used widely before dna comparison was possible. in some cases, partial remains limit the available information; for example, a woman's skull found in frankfurt, germany, was insufficient to estimate her height and weight.
<p> there were no intact skeletons, indicating the site was not intended as an ongoing burial place, in the sense that bodies were placed there immediately after or even close to the time of death. bones were found in the original strata, but were jumbled chronologically, rather than having been buried sequentially. none of the skeletons were intact, and it was often difficult, or impossible, to distinguish the remains of each individual, or establish their sex. only one adult seems to have lived past 40, many of the bones showed signs of arthritis in the upper body and the children's teeth evidenced illness and malnutrition. in most cases, the pathology and physical condition of the remains indicated lives spent in hard physical labour, and a life-span that ended before the age of 30. two of the bodies contain major injuries: a skull and rib cage with depressed fractures, healed before death, and an adult male hip bone, pierced by the tip of a stone projectile and not healed, which means the injury occurred not much before the time of death.
<p> skeleton: skeletons are cousins to both mummies and zombies, but are still different enough to have their own seat and representative in the m.e.m.e.. skeletons are usually created by necromancers or warlocks by reanimating corpses. because of the intrinsic details of the spell used by them, skeletons lose all flesh and rise as pure bone.
<p> the skeleton shows a death posture typical of theropods and especially similar to that of the eichstätt specimen. the animal's carcass was likely deposited and buried completely articulated. despite the specimen's skeletal completion, plumage traces are very faint and scarce on the fossil. some suggestions of slightly curved, parallel structures lie between the left lower arm and the right upper leg, likely to represent the secondary feathers of the left wing. | Gonna need some examples, because i have literally no clue what you're talking about. How often do people die in upright positions? when you die theres no muscle tension to keep you upright in any real way |
how come i can't force myself to fall asleep wherever i please? | <p> a person, then, who fears (i.e. experiences anticipatory anxiety over) not getting a good night's sleep may try too hard (that is, hyper-intend) to fall asleep, and this would hinder their ability to do so. a logotherapist would recommend, then, that the person go to bed and intentionally try not to fall asleep. this would relieve the anticipatory anxiety which kept the person awake in the first place, thus allowing them to fall asleep in an acceptable amount of time.
<p> this strong interpretation of desires precludes statements such as "i want to get out of bed (right now), but i don't act to get out of bed". it does not, however, preclude "i want to get out of bed (right now), but i don't get out of bed". perhaps i act to get out of bed (make my best effort), but can't for some reason (e.g. i am tied down, my legs are broken, etc.).
<p> persons in a perfectly wakeful state, of well-known character and standing in society, who come forward voluntarily from among the audience, will be experimented upon. they will be deprived of the power of speech, hearing, sight. their voluntary motions will be completely controlled, so that, they can neither rise up nor sit down, except at the will of the operator; their memory will be taken away, so that they will forget their own name and that of their most intimate friends; they will be made to stammer, and to feel pain in any part of their body at the option of the operator – a walking stick will be made to appear a snake, the taste of water will be changed to vinegar, honey, coffee, milk, brandy, wormwood, lemonade, etc., etc., etc. these extraordinary experiments are really and truly performed without the aid of trick, collusion, or deception, in the slightest possible degree.
<p> edward hall (conte), a man with a severe heart condition, believes that if he falls asleep, he'll die. on the other hand, keeping himself awake will put too much of a strain on his heart. he believes this due to his constantly overactive imagination. he believes that his imagination is severely out of control, to the point where he'd be able to see and feel something that was not there. due to this, his heart condition is especially dangerous. he seeks out the aid of psychiatrist dr. elliott rathmann and explains that he has been dreaming in chapters, as if in a movie serial. in his dreams, maya, a carnival dancer, lures him first into a funhouse and later onto a roller coaster in an attempt to scare him to death. realizing that rathmann cannot help him, hall starts to leave, but stops when he sees that rathmann's receptionist looks exactly like maya. terrified, he runs back into rathmann's office and jumps out of the window.
<p> in the novels, fisher also mentions that he has the ability to fall asleep on command, unlike most people who can only sleep when tired. this, he says, is an asset in his line of work, which often requires him to obtain sleep in the most awkward of places.
<p> if at eighty you're not a cripple or an invalid, if you have your health, if you still enjoy a good walk, a good meal (with all the trimmings), if you can sleep without first taking a pill, if birds and flowers, mountains and sea still inspire you, you are a most fortunate individual and you should get down on your knees morning and night and thank the good lord for his savin' and keepin' power.
<p> activities that reduce physiological arousal and cognitive activity promote falling asleep, so engaging in relaxing activities before bedtime is recommended. conversely, continuing important work activities or planning shortly before bedtime or once in bed has been shown to delay falling asleep. similarly, good sleep hygiene involves minimizing time spent thinking about worries or anything emotionally upsetting shortly before bedtime. trying purposefully to fall asleep may induce frustration that further prevents falling asleep, so in such situations a person may be advised to get out of bed and try something else for a brief amount of time. | Circadian rhythm. Your body naturally works in cycles of awake and sleep (nearly every living thing does, even plants and bacteria). The only way to alter one is to deprive the other, or alter your body chemistry to move the process along. |
how did the emergency services work during times of segregation in cities like nyc? | <p> the new york penal law provided peace officer status for the civil defense wardens during the event of an actual natural or man-made disaster or attack or during training drills. in 1967, a mayoral executive order closed the civil defense headquarters and placed full responsibility of the civil defense wardens with the nypd. the nypd retitled the division auxiliary police, changed the uniform to reflect police officer uniforms, and revised the duties of auxiliary police. during the 1960s when crime was on the rise, uniformed auxiliary police patrols were one means to deter crime.
<p> new york city health and hospitals corporation (hhc) special officers provided on-site security service to the new york city-owned hospitals since the 1940s, when they were known as the city of new york department of hospitals. the new york city health and hospitals corporation (hhc) was established in 1965 to operate new york city public hospitals. until 1973, hhc-operated hospitals were patrolled by both hospital security officers and police officers from the new york city police department.
<p> in 1934, under the authority of the nys public housing law, the nycha was established. housing authority developments quickly began to sprout up around the five boroughs of new york city. it didn't take long for the city to realize that these developments, some like little cities, provided unique policing challenges. the initial response was a simple one - the formation of a security guard corps with individual guards assigned to specific developments.
<p> the new york city housing authority police department was a law enforcement agency in new york city that existed from 1952 to 1995, which was then merged into the nypd. the roots of this organization go back to 1934 and the creation of the new york city housing authority (nycha). new york city mayor fiorello h. la guardia authorized the hiring of security guards to patrol the city's public housing buildings. these guards eventually were trained and became the first officers of the housing police, which was officially created in 1952. the housing police, along with the new york city transit police, was merged into the new york city police department in 1995 by new york city mayor rudy giuliani and continues today as the housing bureau.
<p> two weeks after the 2005 london bombings, a new directive stated that new york city would institute a citywide transit auxiliary program with the intent of reducing crime and fighting terrorism in the city's transit system. transit auxiliary officers work out of transit bureau precincts known as districts and carry transit portable radios. unlike a precinct, the transit districts cover miles of underground subway. transit auxiliary police officers go through additional training by the transit bureau vandals squad as well as the counter-terrorism division to build vandalism and terrorism awareness within the transit system. transit auxiliary officers are paired with either a regular police officer or auxiliary police officer. transit auxiliary police periodically perform inspections of the subway station(s) and platforms which they are assigned to, taking note of any suspicious occurrences, and set up a fixed post at the subway turnstiles, token booths, mezzanines, or platforms. transit auxiliary officers also conduct subway train inspections as well as train runs to/from stations that which assignment is given. due to the common medical emergency calls in transit, if medically qualified, transit auxiliary police officers can respond to medical emergencies if they are near to the transit location. the main function of the nypd transit auxiliary police, like the nypd transit police, is to primarily remain within the subway system.
<p> in 2001, new york was the first state to establish an insurance emergency operations center ("ieoc"), which was designed to accelerate disaster assessments and expedite claims payments to disaster victims. the ieoc helped new yorkers recover from the september 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
<p> new york city responders include active or retired members of the fire department of new york city (whether fire or emergency personnel); police department of new york city (whether active or retired); port authority police of the port authority of new york and new jersey; employees of the office of the chief medical examiner of new york city and other morgue workers involved in handling human remains; workers in the port authority trans-hudson corporate tunnel; vehicle maintenance workers exposed to debris; and other workers or volunteers who assisted in the rescue, recovery, debris cleanup or related services. members of the new york city fire department must have participated in the rescue and recovery effort at any of the former world trade center sites (including ground zero, staten island landfill, and the new york city chief medical examiner’s office). other workers and volunteers must have responded in lower manhattan, including ground zero, the staten island landfill, or the barge loading piers. | Everything was very community based, and most solutions arose out of need, not governance. What I mean is, a community needed law enforcement, so they hired the best person for the job and called him sheriff. He deputized folks he thought were good for the job, and boom. You have a police force. This is why Sheriffs (in most cases) are elected. It is a community driven service. |
how do cable companies produce/provide internet service for customers? | <p> presently, cable is provided to most cities and towns, depending on the region, by companies such as rogers, shaw, vidéotron, cogeco, cable axion, and eastlink. most of these "first-generation" cable companies do not compete with each other, as the crtc has traditionally licensed only one cable provider per market. even in markets where more than one distributor has been licensed, each has an exclusive territory within the market.
<p> cable internet provides access using a cable modem on hybrid fiber coaxial wiring originally developed to carry television signals. either fiber-optic or coaxial copper cable may connect a node to a customer's location at a connection known as a cable drop. in a cable modem termination system, all nodes for cable subscribers in a neighborhood connect to a cable company's central office, known as the "head end." the cable company then connects to the internet using a variety of means – usually fiber optic cable or digital satellite and microwave transmissions. like dsl, broadband cable provides a continuous connection with an isp.
<p> cable "system operators" now receive programming by satellite, terrestrial optical fiber (a method used primarily to relay local stations based within metropolitan areas to the franchise, and acts as a backup for the system operator if a broadcast station's over-the-air signal is affected by a power outage or other technical malfunction involving the main transmitter), off the air (a method used to relay broadcast stations to cable franchises in outlying areas and satellite providers), and from in-house sources and relay it to subscribers' homes. usually, local governments award a monopoly to provide cable television service in a given area. by law, cable systems must include local broadcast stations in their offerings to customers.
<p> the cable infrastructure is owned by the television providers. this means that depending on where you live, there is only one available provider. as of 2015, the only major provider is ziggo. lately, there have been efforts to 'open up' these monopolies and force the providers to allow other providers on their networks, but this has not been successful so far.
<p> telecommunications are handled by pldt or philippine long distance company, smart communications, globe telecom, and sun cellular. internet service providers in the city are pldt, smart, and globe. cable services are being handled by local-based cotabato cable and national-based cignal and sky cable.
<p> network service providers may consist of telecommunications companies, data carriers, wireless communications providers, internet service providers, and cable television operators offering high-speed internet access. it can also include certain information technology companies such as ibm, dxc technology, vanco and atos origin.
<p> cable television services are supplied by access communications. access is a saskatchewan-owned not-for-profit cooperative established in 1974. it also supplies home phone and internet service to the community. | They’ll install a cable to your house and let you use it to plug your computer in. The other end is connected to a global network of other cables, all connected together and to other computers. |
how police officers go about handcuffing an amputee or paraplegic? | <p> stretchers are primarily used in acute out-of-hospital care situations by emergency medical services (ems), military, and search and rescue personnel. in medical forensics the right arm of a corpse is left hanging off the stretcher to let paramedics know it is not a wounded patient. they are also used to hold prisoners during lethal injections in the united states.
<p> it is most commonly used during dental work, venipuncture, and other medical procedures. it is also sometimes used during medical emergencies to keep an individual from moving when total sedation is not possible. it is usually used on patients as a means of temporarily and safely limiting movement and is generally more effective than holding the person down. it is mostly used on young patients and patients with special needs.
<p> bullet::::- organizations for the disabled sometimes use "electric chair" to mean an electric-powered wheelchair, or an armchair with electric-powered ability to tip forward and sometimes also to rotate
<p> it is designed to provide rigid support during movement of a person with suspected spinal or limb injuries. they are most commonly used by ambulance staff, as well as lifeguards and ski patrollers. historically, backboards were also used in an attempt to "improve the posture" of young people, especially girls.
<p> the officers in charge decide to try and amputate the suit from the team, but when brought to the hospital, they escape using the suit's abilities. they are intercepted by adam, but they work together to create a strong energy shield and knock him unconscious. after escaping, they hide out in hagan's ex-wife's cabin. zach calls the worg-controlled mindy on skype and gives her his location. she arrives and attacks the group, but they subdue her and woody communicates with the worg through the device on the back of her neck. before they can finish negotiating, zach rips the device off and it self-destructs, destroying the cabin. they are then pursued by the possessed soldiers, but escape.
<p> the procedure is performed with the patient asleep (general anaesthetic) or under spinal anaesthesia. there are two widely used methods, one with the patient on their back (supine) and the other on their side (lateral decubitus). which is used is down to the surgeon's preference. to gain access to the central compartment of the hip joint (between the ball and socket), traction is applied to the affected leg after placing the foot into a special boot. (see fig. 2) there is specifically designed equipment for this, although some surgeons use a 'traction table', initially designed to help in the operative fixation of broken thigh and lower leg bones. the amount of traction (or pull) needed is assessed with the help of fluoroscopy (low-dose portable x-ray). (see fig. 3) it is usually not possible to distract the ball from the socket with traction alone by more than a few millimetres. once the surgeon is happy that they will be able to gain access to the hip joint (i.e. the ball will distract from the socket by a small amount), the patient is then painted with antiseptic and the surgical drapes applied.
<p> limb restraints are often used on a combative or disoriented patient who is using his/her arms or legs to strike at staff or others, to pull important medical apparatus, such as an iv tube or catheter, out of their body, or to otherwise interfere with their care. arm restraints also become necessary when a patient must lie on his/her back at all times. | Amputee with only one arm gets the one arm handcuffed to a belt or belt loop on most cases. Paraplegic gets normal handcuffing behind the back. |
why do gas giants have such strong gravities? | <p> for gas giants, geometric albedo generally decreases with increasing metallicity or atmospheric temperature unless there are clouds to modify this effect. increased cloud-column depth increases the albedo at optical wavelengths, but decreases it at some infrared wavelengths. optical albedo increases with age, because older planets have higher cloud-column depths. optical albedo decreases with increasing mass, because higher-mass giant planets have higher surface gravities, which produces lower cloud-column depths. also, elliptical orbits can cause major fluctuations in atmospheric composition, which can have a significant effect.
<p> gas giants with a large radius and very low density are sometimes called "puffy planets" or "hot saturns", due to their density being similar to saturn's. puffy planets orbit close to their stars so that the intense heat from the star combined with internal heating within the planet will help inflate the atmosphere. six large-radius low-density planets have been detected by the transit method. in order of discovery they are: hat-p-1b, corot-1b, tres-4, wasp-12b, wasp-17b, and kepler-7b. some hot jupiters detected by the radial-velocity method may be puffy planets. most of these planets are below two jupiter masses as more massive planets have stronger gravity keeping them at roughly jupiter's size.
<p> the gas giants have much greater internal heating than terrestrial planets, due to their greater mass and greater compressibility making more energy available from gravitational contraction. jupiter, the most massive planet in the solar system, has the most internal heating, with core temperature estimated to be 36,000 k. for the outer planets of the solar system, internal heating powers the weather and wind instead of sunlight that powers the weather for terrestrial planets. the internal heating within gas giant planets raise temperatures higher than effective temperatures, as in the case of jupiter, this makes 40 k warmer than given effective temperature. a combination of external and internal heating (which may be a combination of tidal heating and electromagnetic heating) is thought to make giant planets that orbit very close to their stars (hot jupiters) into "puffy planets" (external heating is not thought to be sufficient by itself).
<p> gas giants also have cores, though the composition of these are still a matter of debate and range in possible composition from traditional stony/iron, to ice or to fluid metallic hydrogen. gas giant cores are proportionally much smaller than those of terrestrial planets, though theirs can be considerably larger than the earth's nevertheless; jupiter has one 10–30 times heavier than earth, and exoplanet hd149026 b may have a core 100 times the mass of the earth.
<p> gas giants consist mostly of hydrogen and helium. the solar system's gas giants, jupiter and saturn, have heavier elements making up between 3 and 13 percent of their mass. gas giants are thought to consist of an outer layer of molecular hydrogen, surrounding a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen, with a probable molten core with a rocky composition.
<p> gas giants may in turn show different forms of heat transfer and mixing. furthermore, gas giants show different heat effects by size and distance to the sun. uranus shows a net negative heat budget to space, but the others (including neptune, farther out) are net positive.
<p> heavier gases exhibit higher resistance, and therefore, have a higher value for k. impedance, being defined as the resistance required to change energy into work, is higher for heavier gases, and as such, the heavier gases are much more efficient than the lighter ones. helium and neon are far too light to produce an efficient flash. krypton can be as good as 40% efficient, but requires up to a 70% increase in pressure over xenon to achieve this. argon can be up to 30% efficient, but requires an even greater pressure-increase. at such high pressures, the voltage drop between the electrodes, formed by the spark streamer, may be greater than the capacitor voltage. these lamps often need a "boost voltage" during the trigger phase, to overcome the extremely high trigger-impedance. | Their density might be low, but they are still massive. The "force" of an object's gravitational field depends not on density of an object but on raw mass. For example, if you crushed the earth down to a black hole maybe a few meters across the orbit of the moon and any other satellites would stay the same as they are today. |
the impossible trinity of economics | <p> the idea of the impossible trinity went from theoretical curiosity to becoming the foundation of open economy macroeconomics in the 1980s, by which time capital controls had broken down in many countries, and conflicts were visible between pegged exchange rates and monetary policy autonomy. while one version of the impossible trinity is focused on the extreme case with a perfectly fixed exchange rate and a perfectly open capital account, a country has absolutely no autonomous monetary policy the real world has thrown up repeated examples where the capital controls are loosened, resulting in greater exchange rate rigidity and less monetary-policy autonomy.
<p> in 1962 and 1963, a trilemma (or "impossible trinity") was introduced by the economists robert mundell and marcus fleming in articles discussing the problems with creating a stable international financial system. it refers to the trade-offs among the following three goals: a fixed exchange rate, national independence in monetary policy, and capital mobility. according to the mundell–fleming model of 1962 and 1963, a small, open economy cannot achieve all three of these policy goals at the same time: in pursuing any two of these goals, a nation must forgo the third.
<p> sometimes called interventionism, the mixed economy is a compromise or mix, between capitalism and socialism. most countries that we identify as "capitalist" and "socialist" are really different degrees of a mixed economy. nash argues that there can never be a sustainable mixed economy. any economy that tries to mix socialism and capitalism will inevitably collapse into one of the two.
<p> an integral, consistent economic theory becomes impossible with the add-on approach, since market prices, product-values and social relations are always in different baskets. this theoretical eclecticism results in low explanatory power, and low predictive power – there exist multiple different theories and concepts at once, which all can interrelate/combine in all kinds of possible and "ad hoc" configurations, like a kaleidoscope, and therefore "explain" and "predict" everything and nothing.
<p> grand unified theories (guts) are proposals to show that the three fundamental interactions described by the standard model are all different manifestations of a single interaction with symmetries that break down and create separate interactions below some extremely high level of energy. guts are also expected to predict some of the relationships between constants of nature that the standard model treats as unrelated, as well as predicting gauge coupling unification for the relative strengths of the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces (this was, for example, verified at the large electron–positron collider in 1991 for supersymmetric theories).
<p> heterodox economics refers to schools of economic thought that are considered outside of mainstream economics, referred to as orthodox economics, often represented by expositors as contrasting with or going beyond neoclassical economics. it means considering a variety of economic schools and methodologies, which can include neoclassical or other orthodox economics as a part. heterodox economics refers to a variety of separate unorthodox approaches or schools such as institutional, post-keynesian, socialist, marxian, feminist, georgist, austrian, ecological, and social economics, among others.
<p> in economics, the theory of the second best concerns the situation when one or more optimality conditions cannot be satisfied. the economists richard lipsey and kelvin lancaster showed in 1956, that if one optimality condition in an economic model cannot be satisfied, it is possible that the next-best solution involves changing other variables away from the values that would otherwise be optimal. politically, the theory implies that if it is infeasible to remove a particular market distortion, introducing a second (or more) market distortion may partially counteract the first, and lead to a more efficient outcome. | Free movement of capital allows you to participate in the international economy, particularly the financial aspects of international trade. Restricting it will isolate your economy, reducing its potential growth by restricting the ability to work with investors and companies outside your country. You also asked about the current US exchange rate. It is not stable, and fluctuates constantly on the international currency market. |
how to do calculus | <p> the calculus allows integration by parts with random variables; this operation is used in mathematical finance to compute the sensitivities of financial derivatives. the calculus has applications in, for example, stochastic filtering.
<p> calculus provides rules for computing the derivatives of functions that are given by formulas, such as the power function, trigonometric functions, exponential function, logarithm, and their various combinations. thus, equations of the tangents to graphs of all these functions, as well as many others, can be found by the methods of calculus.
<p> calculus is also used to find approximate solutions to equations; in practice it is the standard way to solve differential equations and do root finding in most applications. examples are methods such as newton's method, fixed point iteration, and linear approximation. for instance, spacecraft use a variation of the euler method to approximate curved courses within zero gravity environments.
<p> the calculus allows integration by parts with random variables; this operation is used in mathematical finance to compute the sensitivities of financial derivatives. the calculus has applications for example in stochastic filtering.
<p> calculus is used in every branch of the physical sciences, actuarial science, computer science, statistics, engineering, economics, business, medicine, demography, and in other fields wherever a problem can be mathematically modeled and an optimal solution is desired. it allows one to go from (non-constant) rates of change to the total change or vice versa, and many times in studying a problem we know one and are trying to find the other.
<p> calculus can be used in conjunction with other mathematical disciplines. for example, it can be used with linear algebra to find the "best fit" linear approximation for a set of points in a domain. or it can be used in probability theory to determine the probability of a continuous random variable from an assumed density function. in analytic geometry, the study of graphs of functions, calculus is used to find high points and low points (maxima and minima), slope, concavity and inflection points.
<p> calculus is usually developed by working with very small quantities. historically, the first method of doing so was by infinitesimals. these are objects which can be treated like real numbers but which are, in some sense, "infinitely small". for example, an infinitesimal number could be greater than 0, but less than any number in the sequence 1, 1/2, 1/3, ... and thus less than any positive real number. from this point of view, calculus is a collection of techniques for manipulating infinitesimals. the symbols formula_1 and formula_2 were taken to be infinitesimal, and the derivative formula_3 was simply their ratio. | Calculus is a massive field. Maybe you ought to find some material online introducing calculus, and post specific questions here, then people wouldn't have to try to summarise massive amounts of information for you |
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