Datasets:
group_id
int64 0
6.04M
| headline
stringlengths 6
1.72k
| state
stringclasses 50
values | date
stringlengths 11
11
|
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0 | MEXIGAN NEWSFAPERMAN - BOESAS SPECIAL ENVOY | indiana | Jul-01-1920 |
0 | Mexican Envoy on Way to Englanc | california | Jul-01-1920 |
1 | Mob at Seymour Takes Negro from County Jail | indiana | Nov-27-1920 |
1 | NEGRO GIVEN A-BEATING MOR TABES HIM FROM SEYMOUR JAIL WHERE. HE WAS BEING “HELD. FOR ASSAULT. - | indiana | Nov-27-1920 |
2 | BEVERIDGE MAY BE SELECTED AS A ‘DARK HORSE REPUBLICAN LEADERS SER. IOUSLY WEIGH STRENGTH OF FORMER SENATOR. MAY BE CHAIRMAN OF NATIONAL CONVENTION | indiana | May-21-1920 |
2 | BEVERIDGE MAY BE NOMINEE Former Indiana Senator Ik “Dark Horse” Possibility COULD BREAK. DEADLOCK G .O. P. Leaders Are Seriously Weighing His Strength x., FF AT fo hn : | iowa | May-21-1920 |
3 | TX UM SCUSSED. BY DR, Mi SULLOUGH ‘DEMOCRATIC. CANDIDATE ADDRESSES LABGE AUDIENCE AT SOUTH BEND © | indiana | Sep-25-1920 |
3 | TAX LAW DISCUSSED BY DR. MeCULLOGH Democratic Candidate Addresses Large Audience at Sullivan and Pledged Support to Fair Labor Laws — “HOME RULE” BILL “FRAUD” | indiana | Sep-24-1920 |
4 | MRS. STOKES TO STAND TRIAL | pennsylvania | Feb-12-1920 |
4 | Millionaire Socialist, to Illinois by New York Governor She Advocated “Overthrow of the Gov: ernment By Force.”’. | indiana | Feb-12-1920 |
5 | Mia Roat Salntinon. | new-mexico | Jul-21-1920 |
5 | Tha Real Solution. | new-mexico | Jul-12-1920 |
6 | IN COTTON CROP | south-carolina | Jun-24-1920 |
6 | Cotton Outlook Is Considered Better SOUTH CAROLINA CROPS SHOW DECIDED IMPROVEMENT | south-carolina | Jun-17-1920 |
6 | COTTON GROP IMPROVED PAST WEEK ACCORDING TO GOVERNMENT OAT! | texas | Jun-17-1920 |
6 | GOTTON PROGRESS NOTED OVER BELT! DURING PAST WEEK‘ WEATHER CONDITIONS FAVOR. ABLF TO CROP IN MOST SECTIONS, Recent Warm Weather Has Hastenedc Maturity of Grain Report Says But Harvest Well Under Way | texas | Jun-17-1920 |
6 | COTTON PROGRESS IN ENTIRE BELT 1S GOOD GOVERNMENT WEEELY CROP BUL- LETIN SAYS WARM AND DRY WEATHER BEWEFICIAL | texas | Jun-17-1920 |
7 | MINERS DISSATISFIED. | texas | Aug-19-1920 |
7 | Indfana Men Quit. | iowa | Aug-19-1920 |
7 | INDIANA COAL MINERS OUI | iowa | Aug-19-1920 |
7 | 1500 INDIANA COAL MINERS GO ON STRIKE Walked Out Recause of Dissati tion With Offer of Wage Commniittec, face | missouri | Aug-19-1920 |
7 | Coal Miners Strike | iowa | Aug-19-1920 |
7 | TNO Iran Tools. | ohio | Aug-19-1920 |
7 | (500 MINERS OUT IN INDIANA MINE | california | Aug-19-1920 |
7 | 1500 Miners Walk Out in Indiana | minnesota | Aug-19-1920 |
8 | Alan TDrane TDaad | kansas | Dec-09-1920 |
8 | Mian Viennc MPaad | kansas | Dec-10-1920 |
8 | Man Drons Dead. | kansas | Dec-10-1920 |
9 | TROOPS RUSHED I) WATCH HIM; REFUSES TO. BE PUT IN DISCARD | texas | May-21-1920 |
9 | TROOPS AUSHED TQ. WATCH HM REFUOtD TO Be PUT IN DISCARD | texas | May-21-1920 |
10 | WOMEN'S PARTY To CALL ON HARDING | new-mexico | Jul-19-1920 |
10 | SUFFS GOING TO MARION ‘Représentatives of: Women’s Party Wilt Be At Hardin: Notification. | pennsylvania | Jul-19-1920 |
10 | REPRESENTATIVES OF WOMEN’S PARTY WILL CALL ON SEN. HARDING | wisconsin | Jul-19-1920 |
10 | Waoamen to See Hardine. | indiana | Jul-20-1920 |
10 | WOMEN MARCH ON SEN. HARDING NATIONAL WOMEN'S PARTY WANTS SENATOR'S AID IN TENNESSEE SUFF FIGHT | south-dakota | Jul-20-1920 |
10 | WOMEN T0 MARCH ON SEN. HARDING | wisconsin | Jul-19-1920 |
11 | HOLDEN RETIRES AS RECIONAL DIRECTOR | illinois | Feb-17-1920 |
11 | SERVICE DEPARTMENT WITHOUT ASSISTANT! | ohio | Apr-01-1920 |
12 | 10 BEGIN FIGHT UN PROPITEERS IN SHORT TIME Department Of Justice Will Launch Nation-Wide Cam -paign It Is Announced USE ENTIRE PERSONNEL IN NEW ProoD FIGHT Release Of Men Rounding Up Reds Will Be Signal For New Campaign | ohio | Jan-06-1920 |
12 | Prices Of Other Lines Of Necessities Will Follow, Is Promise WARNING IS GIVEN Consumers Who Pay More Than 19 Cents Urged To Report Transaction | ohio | Jan-06-1920 |
12 | FEDERAL AGENTS WILL ARREST ' DEALERS WHO CHARGE TOO MUCH, SAYS DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. | oklahoma | Jan-08-1920 |
12 | ROUND-UP OF GOUGERS BEGINS >” THIS WEEK Responsibles for High Cost of Living to Be Arrested and Prosecuted, According ‘to An. nouncement ‘Today. PLANS OUTLINED | pennsylvania | Jan-06-1920 |
12 | FEDERAL AGENTS HOT AFTER PROFITEERS HIK NG H. CI Dealers Charging Excessive Price: Will be Rounded up In Nation Wide Campaien. | missouri | Jan-06-1920 |
12 | CAMPAIGN AGAINS ~ PROFITEERS | california | Jan-06-1920 |
12 | POVERAMENT WILL BEGIN IM MEDIATE WAR ON PROFITEERS . Three Days Department of Justice Is to Open vive on High Price Pirates and Promises Early Drop in Cost of Necessities | ohio | Jan-06-1920 |
12 | Responsible for High Cost of Livin; to Be Launched In Three Days Immediate Reduction In Sugar Prices and Other Commodities Expected. | indiana | Jan-08-1920 |
13 | DECIDE AGAINST STRIKE | california | Mar-11-1920 |
13 | General Strike is Defeated on Vote | california | Mar-11-1920 |
13 | UNIONISTS REJECT DIRECT ACTION | indiana | Mar-11-1920 |
13 | TRAGE CONGRESS IS AGAINST STRIKE BY BRITISH MINERS Large Majority Vote in Opposition to Walkout to Bring About Nationalization - | texas | Mar-11-1920 |
13 | VOTE AGAINST DIREGT ACTION British Trade Union Congress Decides to Bring Pressure Upon Parliament. NATIONALIZATION OF COAL MINES SOUGHT Decision for ‘Direct Action” Would Have Precipitated a General Strike. | ohio | Mar-11-1920 |
13 | Direct Action Plan Rejected Trade Union Congress Votes To Reject General Strike Program ‘MAJORITY IS OVERWHELMING BY FLOYD MacGRIFF International News Service Staff Correaenoandent. | pennsylvania | Mar-11-1920 |
14 | UKRAINE COMMANDER JOINS THE BOLSREVIKI TO FIGHT WRANGEI | iowa | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | MAKNO GOES TO BOLSHEVIK SIDE | iowa | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | DESERTS WRANGEL Gen. Makno ‘Given a Bolshewk Cammand | massachusetts | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | General Makno Joins Bolshevist: Has Been Leadiys Ukrainian Moree: Against Russians, But Now Join: Soviet Arniy, | mississippi | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | GENERAL MAKNO HAS JOINED BOLSHEVIK | texas | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | Makno Joins Reds. | indiana | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | Meknan Turns Lolenevict | kansas | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | UKBRAINIAN COMMANDER TOING REDS. MOSCOW DECLARES | idaho | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | Wranzel Leses Offtee. | kansas | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | Maknoa Dasorte Weencel. | indiana | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | Says Jap Problem in United States Becoming Worse | nebraska | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | JOINS BOLSHEVIK | wisconsin | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | WRANGEL AID DESERTS TO BOLSHEVIK | iowa | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | UKRAINIAN COMMANDER JOINS UP WITH REDS | missouri | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | KAANIAN COMMANDER JOINS BOLSHEVIK) AND IS GIVEN BIG POSITION DIRECTS THE SOVIET CAMPAIGN AGAINST GENEKAL WRANGEL'S RUSSIAN FORCES, | texas | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | GENERAL MAKNO SAID TO HAVE DESERTED TO REDS | texas | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | HAS JOINED THE ROLSHEVIKI | minnesota | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | Mekna Turne Rol&hevict | kansas | Oct-06-1920 |
14 | ANTL-RED GENERAL ~ JOINS: BOLSHEVIKI Malmo’ Deserts. Gen. Wrangell: For ' Soviet “Command; Wevkand et Weneal’. | massachusetts | Oct-06-1920 |
15 | OWA LABOR MEN ROK. EXTENSION U5, RAIL RULE | iowa | Jan-13-1920 |
15 | IOWA MEN GO TO WASHINGTON TO FIGHT RAIL BILL Opponents of Cummin: Measure Leave for Capital Tomorrow. | iowa | Jan-13-1920 |
15 | CUMMINS BILL 10 BE OPPOSE Committee of Ten Iowa Men to Go to Washington to Fight the Measure. | iowa | Jan-13-1920 |
15 | TOWANS WITLI, OPPOSE CIIMWINS RITTT,. | iowa | Jan-13-1920 |
16 | ROYAL TITLES ARE AROLIGEHIE | illinois | Jul-04-1920 |
16 | Titles Discontinued. | texas | Jun-24-1920 |
17 | CARNIVAL OF KILLING : IN MEXICAN CAPITAL Wholesale Slaughter of Political Prisoners Held In Mil-. itary Prison. | indiana | May-11-1920 |
17 | CARR ANZA OFFICER KITTS 1% CRENERAIS | mississippi | May-10-1920 |
17 | FIFTEEN GENERALS WERE KILLED BY GANNANZISTAS “Rebel Leaders in Prison at Mexice City Were Put to Death by De. parting Federals. | virginia | May-10-1920 |
17 | ALL POLITICAL PRISONERS IN CAPITAL SHOT BY HIS SOLDIER! FIFTEEN GENERALS ARE AMONG THE i VICTIMS OF RUTHLESSNESS VILLA HAS COME IN AND TURNED HIS MEN OVER TO REBELS AND HE IS TO BE ELIMINATED 1 AS FACTOR IN FUTURE OF REPUBLIC | montana | May-10-1920 |
17 | Massacre \llegwed | pennsylvania | May-10-1920 |
17 | Carranza Military Come mander at Mexico City Is Said to Have Carried Qut a Wholesale Slaughter, 15 MEXICAN GENERALS MURDERED. IS CLAIN | new-mexico | May-10-1920 |
18 | PLEADS NOT GUILTY. "TOT LARCENY: CHARGES | massachusetts | May-25-1920 |
18 | HELD FOR LARCENY. | maine | May-25-1920 |
18 | HELD FOR LARCENY. w, F. Stone Charged with Pecula tions of $127,000. | maine | May-25-1920 |
19 | MANIAC RUNS AWAY: SUICIDE | iowa | Mar-05-1920 |
19 | THE FLU DROVE PETER INSANE | iowa | Mar-06-1920 |
19 | Demented Sioux City Man Found Dear | iowa | Mar-05-1920 |
20 | OWLY ONE BID FILED CONTRACTORS AFRATD OF THE DUNHAM DITCH JO. Williain Tiobbs Proposes to do the Work for 820,000. | indiana | Nov-27-1920 |
20 | ONLY ONE BID FILED v ‘ CONTRACTORS AFRAID, OF THE DUNHAM BITCH JON, William Hébbs° Proposes to de the Werk for $20,000, | indiana | Nov-27-1920 |
21 | Cit+ Farmoaliv CDrecanted, | pennsylvania | Dec-11-1920 |
21 | PEACE PRYES TO WIISHA. RAIREENIS | illinois | Dec-10-1920 |
22 | SETS $100 A WEEK AT STOCK YARDS, MAN SAYS HE OUGHT TO GET RAISE | south-dakota | Sep-18-1920 |
22 | GETS $106 WEEK, ASKS RAISE Chicago Stock Yards Worker Dign’t Know How Much He Was Making. | iowa | Sep-08-1920 |
23 | CL EMENCEAU GOES SOUTH | california | Jan-01-1920 |
23 | CLEMENCEAL Peete | nevada | Jan-01-1920 |
24 | Bet Bannw far Sane at Vaetaranan | ohio | Sep-27-1920 |
24 | Gat Baneiee Sine af Veterana | iowa | Sep-27-1920 |
24 | Sons of Veterans... Adont Red: Poni | wisconsin | Sep-25-1920 |
Dataset Card for HEADLINES
Dataset Summary
HEADLINES is a massive English-language semantic similarity dataset, containing 396,001,930 pairs of different headlines for the same newspaper article, taken from historical U.S. newspapers, covering the period 1920-1989.
Languages
The text in the dataset is in English.
Dataset Structure
Each year in the dataset is divided into a distinct file (eg. 1952_headlines.json), giving a total of 70 files.
The data is presented in the form of clusters, rather than pairs to eliminate duplication of text data and minimise the storage size of the datasets. Below we give an example of how to convert the dataset into pairs.
Dataset Instances
An example from the HEADLINES dataset looks like:
{
"headline": "FRENCH AND BRITISH BATTLESHIPS IN MEXICAN WATERS",
"group_id": 4
"date": "May-14-1920",
"state": "kansas",
}
Dataset Fields
headline
: headline text.date
: the date of publication of the newspaper article, as a string in the form mmm-DD-YYYY.state
: state of the newspaper that published the headline.group_id
: a number that is shared with all other headlines for the same article. This number is unique across all year files.
Usage
The whole dataset can be easily downloaded using the datasets
library.
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset_dict = load_dataset('dell-research-harvard/headlines-semantic-similarity')
If you just want to load specific files, you can specify these in the command.
from datasets import load_dataset
load_dataset(
'dell-research-harvard/headlines-semantic-similarity',
data_files=["1929_headlines.json", "1989_headlines.json"]
)
Dataset Creation
Source Data
The dataset was constructed using a large corpus of newly digitized articles from off-copyright, local U.S. newspapers. Many of these newspapers reprint articles from newswires, such as the Associated Press, but the headlines are written locally. The dataset comprises different headlines for the same article.
Initial Data Collection and Normalization
To construct HEADLINES, we digitize front pages of off-copyright newspaper page scans, localizing and OCRing individual content regions like headlines and articles. The headlines, bylines, and article texts that form full articles span multiple bounding boxes - often arranged with complex layouts - and we associate them using a model that combines layout information and language understanding. Then, we use neural methods to accurately predict which articles come from the same underlying source, in the presence of noise and abridgement.
We remove all headline pairs that are below a Levenshtein edit distance, divided by the min length in the pair, of 0.1 from each other, with the aim of removing pairs that are exact duplicates up to OCR noise.
Who are the source language producers?
The text data was originally produced by journalists of local U.S. newspapers.
Annotations
The dataset does not contain any additional annotations.
Personal and Sensitive Information
The dataset may contain information about individuals, to the extent that this is covered in the headlines of news stories. However we make no additional information about individuals publicly available.
Data Description
The dataset contains 396,001,930 positive semantic similarity pairs, from 1920 to 1989.
Considerations for Using the Data
Social Impact of Dataset
The purpose of this dataset is to widen the range of language and topics for training semantic similarity models.
This will facilitate the study of semantic change across space and time.
Specific biases in the dataset are considered in the next section.
Discussion of Biases
The headlines in the dataset may reflect attitudes and values from the period in which they were written, 1920-1989. This may include instances of racism, sexism and homophobia.
We also note that given that all the newspapers considered are from the U.S., the data is likely to present a Western perspective on the news stories of the day.
Other Known Limitations
As the dataset is sourced from digitalised text, it contains some OCR errors.
Additional information
Licensing Information
HEADLINES is released under the Creative Commons CC-BY 2.0 license.
Dataset curators
This dataset was created by Emily Silcock, Abhishek Arora and Melissa Dell. For more information, see Dell Research Harvard.
Citation information
You can cite this dataset using
@article{silcock2023massive,
title={A Massive Scale Semantic Similarity Dataset of Historical English},
author={Silcock, Emily and Arora, Abhishek and Dell, Melissa},
journal={Advances in Neural Information and Processing Systems, Datasets and Benchmarks},
year={2023}
}
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