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BigScience Biomedical Datasets 111

[ { "id": "PMC-2993105-caption-03__text", "type": "caption", "text": [ "The thickness of the inner retina was established as the distance between retinal nerve fiber layer and inner nuclear layer and was measured using the 1,000 mum caliper available in the OCT-SLO Spectralis. Ten age-matched normal eyes were used as controls. Observe the decrease in the nasal and temporal inner retinal thickness in the right eye in comparison to the left and normal control eyes.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 396 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMC-2993105-caption-03_T1", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "inner retina" ], "offsets": [ [ 21, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-2993105-caption-03_T2", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "retinal nerve fiber layer" ], "offsets": [ [ 74, 99 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-2993105-caption-03_T3", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "inner nuclear layer" ], "offsets": [ [ 104, 123 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-2993105-caption-03_T4", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "eyes" ], "offsets": [ [ 229, 233 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-2993105-caption-03_T5", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "inner retinal" ], "offsets": [ [ 304, 317 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-2993105-caption-03_T6", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "eye" ], "offsets": [ [ 341, 344 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-2993105-caption-03_T7", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "eyes" ], "offsets": [ [ 390, 394 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-2993105-caption-03_T8", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "nasal" ], "offsets": [ [ 285, 290 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-2793023-sec-09__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "Follow-up\nPatients were followed up at the outpatient clinic at 1, 4, and 7 months after the ablation procedure and every 6 months thereafter. Routine 24 or 48 h Holter monitoring was performed before each appointment, and a 12-lead electrocardiogram was obtained at each visit. Patients were asked to report to the emergency room or our arrhythmia unit for an ECG if any symptom suggestive of recurrence occurred between scheduled visits.\nAfter the ablation procedure, all patients received anti-arrhythmic treatment for at least 1 month to protect against early recurrences and continued oral anticoagulation for a minimum of 2 months to maintain an international normalized ratio between 2.0 and 3.0. Additionally, magnetic resonance angiography was repeated at 3-6 months after the procedure to evaluate the presence of PV stenosis.\nArrhythmia recurrence was defined as a documented AF or atrial flutter episode of >30 s. Arrhythmic episodes within the first 3 months after the CPVA (healing period) were not considered in the evaluation of final success rates because they are often described as transient recurrences related to atrial inflammatory processes following RF lesions.26\nThe endpoint of the study was freedom from arrhythmia recurrence after a single CPVA procedure, without anti-arrhythmic medication.\nA minimum follow-up of 3 months was required.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1366 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMC-2793023-sec-09_T1", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "atrial" ], "offsets": [ [ 893, 899 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-2793023-sec-09_T2", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "atrial" ], "offsets": [ [ 1134, 1140 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-9209451__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Monitoring the efficiency of interferon-alpha therapy in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients by competitive polymerase chain reaction.\nInterferon alpha (IFN-alpha) induces cytogenetic responses of variable degree in patients with CML. We sought to establish the relationship between BCR-ABL transcript numbers measured by competitive two-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cytogenetic status in CML patients treated with IFN-alpha. All 398 samples from 163 patients investigated by RT-PCR were positive for BCR-ABL transcripts. In order to standardize results for variability in RNA and cDNA quality, we quantified total ABL transcripts in each sample as internal control. The BCR-ABL/ABL ratios correlated with the cytogenetic results. Quantitative nested PCR allowed the detection of residual BCR-ABL transcripts in all complete cytogenetic responders on IFN-alpha. We conclude that competitive PCR with internal controls is a reliable method for monitoring patients on IFN-alpha and reduces the need for repeated marrow investigations.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1078 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-9209451_T1", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "marrow" ], "offsets": [ [ 1055, 1061 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-11781057__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Phonology: a review and proposals from a connectionist perspective.\nA parallel distributed processing (PDP) model of phonological processing is developed, including components to support repetition, auditory processing, comprehension, and language production. From the performance of the PDP reading model of Plaut, McClelland, Seidenberg, and Patterson (1996), it is inferred that the acoustic-articulatory motor pattern associator that supports repetition provides the basis for phonological sequence knowledge. From the observation that many patients make phonemic paraphasic errors in language production, as in repetition, it is argued that there must be a direct link between distributed concept representations (lexical semantic knowledge) and this network representation of sequence knowledge. In this way, both lexical semantic and phonotactic constraints are brought to bear on language production. The literature on phonological function in normal subjects (slip-of-the-tongue corpora) and in patients with aphasia is critically reviewed from this perspective. The relationship between acoustic and articulatory motor representations in the process of phonetic perception is considered. Repetition and reproduction conduction aphasia are reviewed in detail and extended consideration is given to the representation of auditory verbal short-term memory in the model. Finally, the PDP model is reconciled with information processing models of phonological processing, including that of Lichtheim, and with current knowledge of the anatomic localization of phonological processing. Although no simulations of the model were run, a number of simulation studies are proposed.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1682 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-3009312-sec-10__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "Refinement\nThe H-atoms were positioned geometrically (O-H = 0.82, C-H = 0.93 A) and were included in the refinement in the riding model approximation, with Uiso(H) = xUeq(C, O), where x = 1.2 for all H-atoms.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 209 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-3181428-caption-05__text", "type": "caption", "text": [ "Absolute responder rates for medical management recommendations.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 65 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-8369040__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Chelation treatment of neurological Wilson's disease.\nThe results of chelation treatment of 137 patients presenting with neurological Wilson's disease are described, together with the more commonly observed toxic reactions to the various drugs employed. Fifty-seven patients made an excellent response to treatment and became symptom free. Thirty-six patients made a good recovery, but were left with some minor neurological deficit. Twenty-four patients had a poor response: although the disease process was arrested they were left more or less disabled. Twenty patients died: nine had little or no treatment, but 11 died despite apparently adequate chelation therapy. There was no obvious reason for this failure. The liver copper level was estimated in six of these patients: it was still significantly elevated in only one, but in all four in whom it was possible to make the determination, the concentration of copper in the basal ganglia was in excess of 45 micrograms/g wet weight. It was not apparent why adequate therapy failed to remove copper from the brains of these patients. There was no obvious clinical, histological or biochemical indicator of failure to respond to treatment. Initial deterioration before improvement was seen in 30 patients: the prognosis for a useful recovery was not necessarily worse than that in patients who did not show this phenomenon.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1378 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-8369040_T1", "type": "Anatomical_system", "text": [ "neurological" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 35 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-8369040_T2", "type": "Anatomical_system", "text": [ "neurological" ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 133 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-8369040_T3", "type": "Anatomical_system", "text": [ "neurological" ], "offsets": [ [ 412, 424 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-8369040_T4", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "liver" ], "offsets": [ [ 720, 725 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-8369040_T5", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "basal ganglia" ], "offsets": [ [ 930, 943 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-8369040_T6", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "brains" ], "offsets": [ [ 1063, 1069 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-2858170-sec-04__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "CONCLUSIONS\nThe lack of association between depression and glycemic control is not due to the use of a binary measure of depression. Findings further clarify the significant association between distress and A1C.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 212 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-2646714-caption-02__text", "type": "caption", "text": [ "Sealant application criteria for molar fissures\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 48 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMC-2646714-caption-02_T1", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "molar" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-1615867-sec-09__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "Conclusion\nThe survey indicated that, the study area has plenty of medicinal plants to treat a wide spectrum of human ailments. Earlier studies on traditional medicinal plants also revealed that the economically backward local and tribal people of Tamil Nadu prefer folk medicine due to low cost and sometimes it is a part of their social life and culture [40-45]. It is evident from the interviews conducted in different villages, knowledge of medicinal plants is limited to traditional healers, herbalists and elderly persons who are living in rural areas. This study also points out that certain species of medicinal plants are being exploited by the local residents who are unaware of the importance of medicinal plants in the ecosystem.\nThis study concluded that even though the accessibility of Western medicine for simple and complicated diseases is available, many people in the studied parts of Kancheepuram district is still continue to depend on medicinal plants, at least for the treatment of some simple diseases such as, cold, cough, fever, headache, poison bites, skin diseases and tooth infections. Well-knowledged healers have good interactions with patients and this would improve the quality of healthcare delivery. The present-day traditional healers are very old. Due to lack of interest among the younger generation as well as their tendency to migrate to cities for lucrative jobs, there is a possibility of losing this wealth of knowledge in the near future. It thus becomes necessary to acquire and preserve this traditional system of medicine by proper documentation and identification of specimens.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1626 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMC-1615867-sec-09_T1", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "skin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1079, 1083 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-1615867-sec-09_T2", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "tooth" ], "offsets": [ [ 1097, 1102 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-6326669__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Preliminary evidence for a pyridine nucleotide cycle in Bordetella pertussis.\nPreliminary evidence that Bordetella pertussis has a functional pyridine nucleotide cycle was the observation that [14C]-nicotinic acid was rapidly metabolized during its uptake by the bacteria to pyridine nucleotides and nicotinamide. Nicotinamide deamidase activity, necessary for the completion of the cycle by conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, was found in a soluble extract (20 000 X g supernatant) of B. pertussis cell lysates.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 524 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-6326669_T1", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "cell lysates" ], "offsets": [ [ 510, 522 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-15528872__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Thiazole orange positive platelets in a dog with Evans' syndrome.\nWe examined transition for the percentage of reticulated platelets (RP%) and platelet count in a canine case of Evans' syndrome. The result demonstrated that measurement of the RP% can be useful in evaluating platelet production in the bone marrow and response to treatment.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 341 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-15528872_T1", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "platelets" ], "offsets": [ [ 25, 34 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15528872_T2", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "reticulated platelets" ], "offsets": [ [ 111, 132 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15528872_T3", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "RP" ], "offsets": [ [ 134, 136 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15528872_T4", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "platelet" ], "offsets": [ [ 143, 151 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15528872_T5", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "RP" ], "offsets": [ [ 243, 245 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15528872_T6", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "platelet" ], "offsets": [ [ 275, 283 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15528872_T7", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "bone marrow" ], "offsets": [ [ 302, 313 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-15528872_1", "entity_ids": [ "PMID-15528872_T2", "PMID-15528872_T3" ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-1592597-caption-02__text", "type": "caption", "text": [ "Correlation between sperm morphology and seminal plasma NO (a) and TBARS (b) levels in both groups.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 100 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMC-1592597-caption-02_T1", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "sperm" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-1592597-caption-02_T2", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "seminal plasma" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 55 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-2736529-sec-09__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "Assessment of various forms of bevavioural addictions\nA first approach for the comprehensive and standardized assessment of different forms of behavioural addictions (e.g., pathological gambling, workaholism, compulsive buying) is the German self-assessment questionnaire \"Fragebogen zur Differenzierten Anamnese exzessiver Verhaltensweisen\" (FDAV, Questionnaire on Differentiated Assessment of Excessive Behaviours) [96]. The FDAV is based on the criteria of substance-related addictions, pathological gambling and impulse control disorders of the ICD-10 [3] and the DSM-IV-TR [2].\nThe FDAV is a modified version of the \"Fragebogen zur Differenzierten Drogenanamnese\" (FDDA; Questionnaire on Differentiated Assessment of Addiction, QDAA) [97]. Its seven modules obtain \"sociodemographic information\" (e.g., age, profession, marital status), \"history of excessive behaviour\" (e.g., diagnostic criteria for addictions and impulse control disorder, individual patterns of behaviour, craving symptoms), \"critical life events\" (stress caused by traumatic events), \"legal situation\", \"medical history\", \"physical and psychological complaints\", and \"emotional state\" (triggering psychological conditions, or consequences of the addictive behaviour, respectively). Every module can be administered separately according to the suspected behavioural addiction, thereby making the FDAV an economical tool in assessing behavioural addictions. The FDAV is suitable for diagnostics, evaluation of therapy and follow-up in clinical practice and research. Currently, the FDAV is being validated in clinical and non-clinical samples.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1618 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-19595081__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "[Quantitative analysis of regional cerebral blood flow in elderly with white matter lesions].\nOBJECTIVE:\nTo observe whether the severity of white matter lesions (WML) is related to ischemia in elderly.\nMETHODS:\nWML were divided into 2 categories (centrum semiovale and periventricular regions) and four grades (grade 0, grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3) according to the severity of WML showing on the FLAIR sequence of MRI using modified Fazekas scale. The values of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) within WML and other brain regions were measured using Xenon contrast CT.\nRESULTS:\nMean rCBF (ml x 100 g(-1) x min(-1)) within lesions around periventricular areas, in right and left centrum semiovale were 20.8 +/- 2.8, 22.3 +/- 1.9 and 22.2 +/- 2.1 in grade 0; 20.3 +/- 2.5, 21.3 +/- 1.0 and 21.0 +/- 1.8 in grade1; 16.3 +/- 2.0, 15.6 +/- 1.7 and 15.9 +/- 0.9 in grade 2; 14.1 +/- 2.6, 14.5 +/- 2.2 and 14.2 +/- 1.9 in grade 3 respectively. The severity of WML is associated significantly with reduction of rCBF within lesions both in centrum semiovale and periventricular regions (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in rCBF values between grade 0 and 1, but significant differences existed between grade 0 and grades 2 and 3, between grade 1 and grades 2 and 3 (all P < 0.05). Statistical significance also existed between the severity of white matter lesions and rCBF in bilateral temporal lobes and lentiform nucleases (P < 0.05).\nCONCLUSIONS:\nThe severity of WML both in centrum semiovale and periventricular regions is associated significantly with reduction of rCBF within lesions.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1605 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-19595081_T1", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "blood" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 49 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T2", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "white matter lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 140, 160 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T3", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "WML" ], "offsets": [ [ 162, 165 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T4", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "WML" ], "offsets": [ [ 211, 214 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T5", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "centrum semiovale" ], "offsets": [ [ 247, 264 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T6", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "periventricular regions" ], "offsets": [ [ 269, 292 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T7", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "WML" ], "offsets": [ [ 379, 382 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T8", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "blood" ], "offsets": [ [ 482, 487 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T9", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "WML" ], "offsets": [ [ 507, 510 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T10", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "brain" ], "offsets": [ [ 521, 526 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T11", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 627, 634 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T12", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "periventricular areas" ], "offsets": [ [ 642, 663 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T13", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "centrum semiovale" ], "offsets": [ [ 683, 700 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T14", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "WML" ], "offsets": [ [ 958, 961 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T15", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1020, 1027 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T16", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "centrum semiovale" ], "offsets": [ [ 1036, 1053 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T17", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "periventricular regions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1058, 1081 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T18", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "white matter lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1357, 1377 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T19", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "WML" ], "offsets": [ [ 1480, 1483 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T20", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "centrum semiovale" ], "offsets": [ [ 1492, 1509 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T21", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "periventricular regions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1514, 1537 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T22", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1596, 1603 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T23", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "white matter lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 91 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T24", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "cerebral" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 43 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T25", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "cerebral" ], "offsets": [ [ 473, 481 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19595081_T26", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "temporal lobes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1400, 1414 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-19595081_1", "entity_ids": [ "PMID-19595081_T2", "PMID-19595081_T3" ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-1868914-caption-03__text", "type": "caption", "text": [ "Hypothetical distribution patterns of the meadow brown Maniola jurtina in Europe during the last glacial maximum (dark hatched areas). Postglacial expansions are indicated by solid arrows. The postulated actual hybrid zone is shown by the hatched area. Question marks indicate lack of information concerning ancient distribution patterns in the South and present distribution of hybrid populations in the North. Redrawn from Schmitt et. al. [36]; based on Thomson [37] and Schmitt et al. [36].\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 494 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-1420288-sec-02__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "Results\nThe set of E. coli expression vectors, encode for either a hexa-histidine tag or the three most commonly used solubility tags (GST, MBP, NusA) and all with an N-terminal hexa-histidine sequence. The result is two-fold: the His-tag facilitates purification by immobilised metal affinity chromatography, whilst the fusion domains act primarily as solubility aids during expression, in addition to providing an optional purification step. We have also incorporated a TEV recognition sequence following the solubility tag domain, which allows for highly specific cleavage (using TEV protease) of the fusion protein to yield native protein. These vectors are also designed for ligation-independent cloning and they possess a high-level expressing T7 promoter, which is suitable for auto-induction. To validate our vector system, we have cloned four different genes and also one gene into all four vectors and used small-scale expression and purification techniques. We demonstrate that the vectors are capable of high levels of expression and that efficient screening of new proteins can be readily achieved at the laboratory level.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1136 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-2759629-sec-03__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "Results:\nAll fractures united. Individual movement of dorsiflexion, palmar flexion, supination, pronation and radial-ulnar deviation were all significantly better in the dorsiflexed-immobilized group as compared with the palmar flexed immobilized group. Grip strength recovery with subjective assessment was better in the dorsiflexed group (77%) as compared to the palmar flexed group (23%). Radiological parameters were markedly better in the dorsiflexed group. Ninety-one per cent of patients in the dorsiflexed group had excellent to good results as compared to 66% in the palmar flexed group.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 597 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMC-2759629-sec-03_T1", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "palmar" ], "offsets": [ [ 576, 582 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-2759629-sec-03_T2", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "palmar" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 74 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-2759629-sec-03_T3", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "radial" ], "offsets": [ [ 110, 116 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-2759629-sec-03_T4", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "ulnar" ], "offsets": [ [ 117, 122 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-2759629-sec-03_T5", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "palmar" ], "offsets": [ [ 221, 227 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-2759629-sec-03_T6", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "palmar" ], "offsets": [ [ 365, 371 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-3032734-sec-23__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "Statistical analysis\nAll statistical analyses were performed using SPSS13.0 software. The differences between groups were compared using Student's t-test, and data were expressed as mean +/- SD. Statistical difference was accepted at P<0.05.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 242 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-2171703-sec-06__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "Immunocytochemistry\nC2C12 cells grown in 8-chamber slides (Nunc) were fixed in 4% PFA/PBS for 10 min and permeabilized in 0.1% Triton X-100 for 20 min. In some cases, they were fixed and permeabilized in methanol at -20degreesC for 2 min. The fixed and permeabilized cells were blocked in PBS containing 3% BSA (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) and incubated overnight at 4degreesC with primary antibodies in blocking solution. Immunoreactivity was detected with either Alexa-conjugated secondary antibody (Molecular Probes) or a combination of biotin-conjugated secondary antibody (Vector Laboratories) and Alexa-conjugated streptavidin (Molecular Probes).\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 662 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMC-2171703-sec-06_T1", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "C2C12 cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 31 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-2171703-sec-06_T2", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 267, 272 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-3830071__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Clinical evaluation of radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy.\nSeventeen patients with moderately severe ophthalmopathy due to Graves' disease were treated by cobalt or supervoltage radiotherapy. All patients complained of diplopia. The mean proptosis value was 21.4 mm. Three patients (18%) showed good response, 7 (41%) moderate and 7 minimal or no response. Improvement was noted mainly in soft tissue changes and diplopia, while proptosis decreased in only 5 patients. All except one patient who had marked extraocular muscle involvement revealed by computed tomography responded to treatment. These data indicate that radiotherapy may be indicated in patients with progressive ophthalmopathy, especially in those who are associated with extraocular muscle enlargement.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 775 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-3830071_T1", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "soft tissue" ], "offsets": [ [ 394, 405 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-3830071_T2", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "extraocular muscle" ], "offsets": [ [ 512, 530 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-3830071_T3", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "extraocular muscle" ], "offsets": [ [ 743, 761 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-6728933__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Hippocampal afterdischarge interferes with storage of spatial information in a working memory test.\nIn an attempt to impair spatial working memory by reversible functional blockade rather than by irreversible lesion of the hippocampus, eight male hooded rats were trained to asymptotic performance of 1.2 to 1.4 errors per trial in the spatial 12-choice apparatus ( Bure s et al. 1982), formally similar to the radial maze. The rats were implanted with hippocampal stimulating and recording electrodes, which were used for eliciting and monitoring hippocampal afterdischarge (HAD) lasting for at least 20 s. In Experiment 1, HAD elicited 1 or 10 min before testing increased the incidence of errors to 2.75 or 2.50 per trial, respectively, but the performance still remained above chance level (4.18). In Experiment 2, interruption of the trial by 1, 10, 20 and 30 min intervals inserted between choices 6 and 7 increased the incidence of errors in choices 7 to 12 to 1.0, 1.5, 2.1 and 2.5, respectively. HAD elicited immediately after choice 6 increased error incidence in the subsequent 6 choices performed after 1-min or 10-min intervals to 3.1 or 2.75, respectively, i.e. to the chance level of 3 errors in 6 choices. It is concluded that HAD elicits transient shortening of the memory span for newly acquired spatial information (anterograde effect) and erases the current spatial working memory record (retrograde effect).\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1429 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-6728933_T1", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "Hippocampal" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 11 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-6728933_T2", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "hippocampus" ], "offsets": [ [ 223, 234 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-6728933_T3", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "hippocampal" ], "offsets": [ [ 453, 464 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-6728933_T4", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "hippocampal" ], "offsets": [ [ 548, 559 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-6728933_T6", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "lesion" ], "offsets": [ [ 209, 215 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-2961588-caption-01__text", "type": "caption", "text": [ "The molecular structure of (I), showing displacement ellipsoids at the 30% probability level for non-H atoms.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 110 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-9239276__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "[Treatment of acute liver failure in children].\nAmong the main causes of acute liver failure (ALF) in children, metabolic diseases (especially in infants), viral and toxin or drug induced hepatitis are the most frequent. The cause remains, however, undetermined in about 30% of the cases. Management must be conducted in a pediatric hepatology unit or intensive care unit in relation with a pediatric transplant team in order: 1) to perform urgent etiological diagnosis; 2) to initiate specific therapy and symptomatic treatment; 3) to evaluate the severity and prognosis of liver disease for selection of children for emergency liver transplantation; 4) to evaluate contraindications to liver transplantation. The overall survival of post-emergency liver transplantation for ALF in children averages 65%.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 806 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-9239276_T1", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "liver" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 84 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9239276_T2", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "liver" ], "offsets": [ [ 575, 580 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9239276_T3", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "liver" ], "offsets": [ [ 629, 634 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9239276_T4", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "liver" ], "offsets": [ [ 688, 693 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9239276_T5", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "liver" ], "offsets": [ [ 750, 755 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9239276_T6", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "liver" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 25 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-15913739__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Bcl-2 decreases cell proliferation and promotes accumulation of cells in S phase without affecting the rate of apoptosis in human ovarian carcinoma cells.\nOBJECTIVES:\nThe Bcl-2 protein is an important regulator of the apoptotic cascade and promotes cell survival. Bcl-2 can also delay entry into the cell cycle from quiescence. In the present study, we used two isogenic human ovarian carcinoma cell lines, which expressed differential levels of Bcl-2 proteins, to demonstrate that Bcl-2 may regulate the growth rates of adenocarcinoma cells.\nMETHODS:\nThe growth rates of two isogenic ovarian cancer cell lines were determined by XTT assays and flow cytometry combined with PI staining. Bcl-2-overexpressing SKOV3 cells were modified to express a doxycycline-inducible anti-Bcl-2 single-chain antibody and the effects of Bcl-2 protein inhibition on cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed.\nRESULTS:\nWe demonstrate that Bcl-2 promotes the accumulation of proliferating carcinoma cells in S phase. The Bcl-2-overexpressing SKOV3 cell line proliferates markedly faster and shows delayed progression to G2M phase compared to its low Bcl-2-expressing counterpart SKOV3.ip1 cell line. Single-chain antibody-mediated inhibition of Bcl-2 in SKOV3 cells was associated with increased growth rates and more rapid cell cycle progression. Treatment with cisplatin resulted in more cells accumulating in S phase in Bcl-2-overexpressing SKOV3 cells, while the inhibition of Bcl-2 abolished delayed entry into G2M phase without affecting cisplatin-induced apoptosis.\nCONCLUSIONS:\nOur results suggest that, in ovarian cancer cells, Bcl-2 delays cell cycle progression by promoting accumulation of cells in S phase without affecting the rate of apoptosis. Thus, in addition to its known role at the G0/G1 checkpoint, we demonstrate for the first time that Bcl-2 also regulates the S phase.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1880 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-15913739_T1", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "cell" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 20 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T2", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 69 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T3", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "ovarian carcinoma cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 130, 153 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T4", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "cell" ], "offsets": [ [ 249, 253 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T5", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "cell" ], "offsets": [ [ 300, 304 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T6", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "ovarian carcinoma cell lines" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 405 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T7", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "adenocarcinoma cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 521, 541 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T8", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "ovarian cancer cell lines" ], "offsets": [ [ 585, 610 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T9", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "Bcl-2-overexpressing SKOV3 cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 687, 719 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T10", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "cell" ], "offsets": [ [ 849, 853 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T11", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "carcinoma cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 975, 990 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T12", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "Bcl-2-overexpressing SKOV3 cell line" ], "offsets": [ [ 1007, 1043 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T13", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "Bcl-2-expressing counterpart SKOV3.ip1 cell line" ], "offsets": [ [ 1136, 1184 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T14", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "SKOV3 cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 1240, 1251 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T15", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "cell" ], "offsets": [ [ 1310, 1314 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T16", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "Bcl-2-overexpressing SKOV3 cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 1409, 1441 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T17", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "ovarian cancer cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 1601, 1621 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T18", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "cell" ], "offsets": [ [ 1636, 1640 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T19", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 1376, 1381 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15913739_T20", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 1688, 1693 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-2946569-sec-02__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "2. Methods\n\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-18393343__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "A practical interface for microfluidics and nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry.\nWe report a new method for fabricating nanospray ionization tips for MS, formed from glass substrates and the inert polymer, parylene-C. Using a single photolithography step, the emitters are formed contiguously with microchannels, such that no dead volumes are observed. In addition, because the devices are very thin (approximately 0.3 mm) and the tips are formed at rectangular corners, the Taylor cone volumes are small, which makes the method attractive for future integration with microfluidic separations. Device performance was demonstrated by evaluating diverse analytes, ranging from synthetic polymers, to peptides, to nucleic acids. For all analytes, performance was similar to that of conventional emitters (pulled-glass capillaries and the Agilent HPLC Chip) with the advantage of rapid, batch fabrication of identical devices.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 922 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-1945393__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "[Incidence of fungal infection in surgical diseases of the pancreas].\nRecently the number of mycotic infections has increased significantly. Authors have observed 13 mycotic infections on operated patients suffering pancreatic diseases between 1984 and 1990. 9 of 13 patients had pancreatic abscesses as well. The risk factors of fungal infections are analysed. It is important to take differentiation between fungal colonisation and septicaemia caused by yeasts. Repeated microbiological examinations can promote recognising of the fungal invasion. The base of the therapy is to avoid risk factors of infections and to use antifungal medication in time.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 655 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-1945393_T1", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "pancreas" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 67 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-1945393_T2", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "pancreatic" ], "offsets": [ [ 216, 226 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-1945393_T3", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "pancreatic abscesses" ], "offsets": [ [ 280, 300 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-9931156__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Selective inhibition of the renal dopamine subtype D1A receptor induces antinatriuresis in conscious rats.\nBoth dopamine D1-like (D1A and D1B) and D2-like (D2, D3, and D4) receptor subfamilies are present in the kidney. Blockade of the intrarenal D1-like receptor family is associated with natriuresis and diuresis. Because the D1A and D1B receptor subtypes are not distinguishable by currently available dopaminergic agents, their functional role remains undefined. In the present study, the effect of selective inhibition of the renal D1A receptor with phosphorothioated antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) was investigated in conscious uninephrectomized rats. After renal interstitial administration of Texas red-labeled D1A receptor AS-ODN, intense fluorescent signal was localized in the renal tubular epithelium and vasculature. In rats on normal salt intake, AS-ODN injected interstitially into the kidney reduced daily urinary sodium excretion (1.4+/-0.04 versus 0.8+/-0.2 mEq/d, n=5, P<0.05) and urine output (16.9+/-3.8 versus 12.5+/-3.6 mL/d, n=5, P<0.05). In rats on high sodium intake, continuous renal interstitial administration of D1A receptor AS-ODN transiently decreased daily urinary sodium excretion (5.4+/-0.5 versus 4.2+/-0.3 mEq/d, n=7, P<0.01) and urine output (27.6+/-4.5 versus 18.1+/-1.8 mL/d, n=7, P<0.01). Neither vehicle nor sense oligodeoxynucleotide had significant effects. Systolic blood pressure remained unchanged. The renal D1A receptor protein was significantly decreased by 35% and 46% at the end of the study in AS-ODN-treated rats on normal and high salt intake, respectively, whereas the D1B receptor and beta-actin were not affected. These results provide the first direct evidence that the renal D1A receptor subtype plays an important role in the control of sodium excretion.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1825 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-9931156_T1", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "renal" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 33 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9931156_T2", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "kidney" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 218 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9931156_T3", "type": "Immaterial_anatomical_entity", "text": [ "renal interstitial" ], "offsets": [ [ 673, 691 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9931156_T4", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "renal" ], "offsets": [ [ 531, 536 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9931156_T5", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "renal tubular epithelium" ], "offsets": [ [ 797, 821 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9931156_T6", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "vasculature" ], "offsets": [ [ 826, 837 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9931156_T7", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "kidney" ], "offsets": [ [ 910, 916 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9931156_T8", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "urinary" ], "offsets": [ [ 931, 938 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9931156_T9", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "urine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1009, 1014 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9931156_T10", "type": "Immaterial_anatomical_entity", "text": [ "renal interstitial" ], "offsets": [ [ 1114, 1132 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9931156_T11", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "urinary" ], "offsets": [ [ 1199, 1206 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9931156_T12", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "urine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1276, 1281 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9931156_T13", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "blood" ], "offsets": [ [ 1420, 1425 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9931156_T14", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "renal" ], "offsets": [ [ 1459, 1464 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-9931156_T15", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "renal" ], "offsets": [ [ 1738, 1743 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-4066990__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Rapid enzyme analysis of amniotic fluid phospholipids containing choline: a comparison with the lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio in prenatal assessment of fetal lung maturity.\nThe relation between the choline containing surfactant phospholipids lecithin and sphingomyelin in amniotic fluid and fetal lung maturity is well established. An enzymatic method that had been automated and optimised for use on a centrifugal analyser was used to measure the total choline containing phospholipids in amniotic fluid. The total time taken for this assay was 10 minutes. The results obtained from 100 patient samples, using this procedure, compared favourably with the results obtained by the thin layer chromatography procedure used to determine the lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio (r = 0.93). A clinical study of 60 patients showed that this assay predicted prenatal respiratory distress syndrome as well as the lecithin to sphingomyelin ratios. The advantage of this assay over existing procedures is that it requires minimum preparation of the specimen and no extraction, is quick, and shows a high degree of precision.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1113 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-4066990_T1", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "amniotic fluid" ], "offsets": [ [ 25, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-4066990_T2", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "amniotic fluid" ], "offsets": [ [ 274, 288 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-4066990_T3", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "fetal lung" ], "offsets": [ [ 293, 303 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-4066990_T4", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "fetal lung" ], "offsets": [ [ 154, 164 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-4066990_T5", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "amniotic fluid" ], "offsets": [ [ 492, 506 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-4066990_T6", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "specimen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1037, 1045 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-4066990_T7", "type": "Anatomical_system", "text": [ "respiratory" ], "offsets": [ [ 858, 869 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-16771309__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Dendrimer-templated Fe nanoparticles for the growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes by plasma-enhanced CVD.\nA fourth-generation (G4) poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer (G4-NH2) has been used as a template to deliver nearly monodispersed catalyst nanoparticles to SiO2/Si, Ti/Si, sapphire, and porous anodic alumina (PAA) substrates. Fe2O3 nanoparticles obtained after calcination of the immobilized Fe3+/G4-NH2 composite served as catalytic \"seeds\" for the growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by microwave plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD). To surmount the difficulty associated with SWNT growth via PECVD, reaction conditions that promote the stabilization of Fe nanoparticles, resulting in enhanced SWNT selectivity and quality, have been identified. In particular, in situ annealing of Fe catalyst in an N2 atmosphere was found to improve SWNT selectivity and quality. H2 prereduction at 900 degrees C for 5 min was also found to enhance SWNT selectivity and quality for SiO2/Si supported catalyst, albeit of lower quality for sapphire supported catalyst. The application of positive dc bias voltage (+200 V) during SWNT growth was shown to be very effective in removing amorphous carbon impurities while enhancing graphitization, SWNT selectivity, and vertical alignment. The results of this study should promote the use of exposed Fe nanoparticles supported on different substrates for the growth of high-quality SWNTs by PECVD.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1439 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-7088434__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Verrucous carcinoma of the endometrium--a unique neoplasm with long survival.\nA case of verrucous carcinoma of the endometrium with long survival is described. It represents the first of its type to be recorded in this site. The literature on verrucous carcinoma and on other cases of squamous carcinoma of the endometrium is briefly reviewed.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 344 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-7088434_T1", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "Verrucous carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 19 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-7088434_T2", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "endometrium" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 38 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-7088434_T3", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "neoplasm" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 57 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-7088434_T4", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "verrucous carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-7088434_T5", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "endometrium" ], "offsets": [ [ 115, 126 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-7088434_T6", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "verrucous carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 243, 262 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-7088434_T7", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "squamous carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 285, 303 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-7088434_T8", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "endometrium" ], "offsets": [ [ 311, 322 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-20563198__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Yellow-green 52.3W laser at 556nm based on frequency doubling of a diode side-pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.\nWe demonstrate a high-power 556nm yellow-green laser generated by intracavity frequency doubling of a diode side-pumped Nd:YAG laser at 1112nm. A symmetrical L-shaped flat-flat cavity was employed to implement efficient operation of the low-gain 1112nm transition and to achieve good power scalability. The coatings of the cavity mirrors were carefully designed to optimize the performance of the laser, and a 92W continuous wave laser output at 1112nm was achieved when the pumping power of the laser diodes reached 960W. By intracavity frequency doubling of the fundamental laser in a lithium triborate crystal, the maximum power of the frequency-doubled output at 556nm was found to be as high as 52.3W with a pulse repetition frequency of 10kHz. This corresponds to an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of about 5.4%.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 939 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-15673543__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Reduced prognostic power of ventricular late potentials in post-infarction patients of the reperfusion era.\nAIMS:\nTo test the prognostic value of ventricular late potentials (LPs) in a large cohort of post-infarction patients in the modern reperfusion era.\nMETHODS AND RESULTS:\n1800 consecutive survivors of acute myocardial infarction in sinus rhythm and under 76 years of age were enrolled. Many (99%) of the patients received reperfusion/revascularization therapy (91% percutaneous coronary intervention) and up-to-date pharmacological treatment (99% aspirin, 93% beta-blockers, 90% ACE-inhibitors, and 85% statins). LPs were calculated in 968 patients and found to be present in 90 (9.3%). The primary endpoint was the composite of cardiac death and serious arrhythmic events. The secondary endpoint was the composite of sudden cardiac death and serious arrhythmic events. During follow-up (median 34 months), 26 patients reached the primary endpoint. The presence of LPs was not significantly associated with the primary endpoint in univariable or multivariable analysis. In contrast, low (< or = 30%) left ventricular ejection fraction (hazard ratio 9.6, 95% confidence interval 4.1-22.4), heart rate turbulence category 2 (7.5, 2.4-23.9) and category 1 (5.3, 1.9-14.9) were significant predictors in both univariable and multivariable analysis.\nCONCLUSION:\nVentricular LPs are of limited use for risk stratification in unselected post-infarction patients in the modern reperfusion era.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1493 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-15673543_T1", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "ventricular" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 39 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15673543_T2", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "ventricular" ], "offsets": [ [ 146, 157 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15673543_T3", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "myocardial" ], "offsets": [ [ 314, 324 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15673543_T4", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "cardiac" ], "offsets": [ [ 736, 743 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15673543_T5", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "cardiac" ], "offsets": [ [ 832, 839 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15673543_T6", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "left ventricular" ], "offsets": [ [ 1107, 1123 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15673543_T7", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "heart" ], "offsets": [ [ 1196, 1201 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15673543_T8", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "Ventricular" ], "offsets": [ [ 1364, 1375 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15673543_T9", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "coronary" ], "offsets": [ [ 485, 493 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-15673543_T10", "type": "Immaterial_anatomical_entity", "text": [ "sinus" ], "offsets": [ [ 339, 344 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-20631994__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Ventral and dorsal striatal dopamine efflux and behavior in rats with simple vs. co-morbid histories of cocaine sensitization and neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions.\nUNLABELLED:\nRATIONAL: Exposing animal models of mental illness to addictive drugs provides an approach to understanding the neural etiology of dual diagnosis disorders. Previous studies have shown that neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL) in rats produce features of both schizophrenia and addiction vulnerability.\nOBJECTIVE:\nThis study investigated ventral and dorsal striatal dopamine (DA) efflux in NVHL rats combined with behavioral sensitization to cocaine.\nMETHODS:\nAdult NVHL vs. SHAM-operated rats underwent a 5-day injection series of cocaine (15 mg/kg/day) vs. saline. One week later, rats were cannulated in nucleus accumbens SHELL, CORE, or caudate-putamen. Another week later, in vivo microdialysis sampled DA during locomotor testing in which a single cocaine injection (15 mg/kg) was delivered.\nRESULTS:\nNVHLs and cocaine history significantly increased behavioral activation approximately 2-fold over SHAM-saline history rats. DA efflux curves corresponded time dependently with the cocaine injection and locomotor curves and varied significantly by striatal region: Baseline DA levels increased 5-fold while cocaine-stimulated DA efflux decreased by half across a ventral to dorsal striatal gradient. However, NVHLs, prior cocaine history, and individual differences in behavior were not underpinned by differential DA efflux overall or within any striatal region.\nCONCLUSION:\nDifferences in ventral/dorsal striatal DA efflux are not present in and are not required for producing differential levels of acute cocaine-induced behavioral activation in NVHLs with and without a behaviorally sensitizing cocaine history. These findings suggest other neurotransmitter systems, and alterations in striatal network function post-synaptic to DA transmission are more important to understanding the interactive effects of addictive drugs and mental illness.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 2041 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-20631994_T1", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "Ventral" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 7 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T2", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "dorsal striatal" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 27 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T3", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 130, 166 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T4", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 370, 406 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T5", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "NVHL" ], "offsets": [ [ 408, 412 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T6", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "NVHL" ], "offsets": [ [ 577, 581 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T7", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "NVHL" ], "offsets": [ [ 653, 657 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T8", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "nucleus accumbens" ], "offsets": [ [ 794, 811 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T9", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "caudate-putamen" ], "offsets": [ [ 828, 843 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T10", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "NVHLs" ], "offsets": [ [ 994, 999 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T11", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "striatal region" ], "offsets": [ [ 1241, 1256 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T12", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "NVHLs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1402, 1407 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T13", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "striatal region" ], "offsets": [ [ 1540, 1555 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T14", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "ventral" ], "offsets": [ [ 1584, 1591 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T15", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "dorsal striatal" ], "offsets": [ [ 1592, 1607 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T16", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "striatal" ], "offsets": [ [ 1883, 1891 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T17", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "ventral" ], "offsets": [ [ 525, 532 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T18", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "dorsal striatal" ], "offsets": [ [ 537, 552 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T19", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "ventral" ], "offsets": [ [ 1356, 1363 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T20", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "dorsal striatal" ], "offsets": [ [ 1367, 1382 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T21", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "neural" ], "offsets": [ [ 292, 298 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_T22", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "NVHLs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1742, 1747 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

[]

[ { "id": "PMID-20631994_1", "entity_ids": [ "PMID-20631994_T4", "PMID-20631994_T5" ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-20631994_R1", "type": "frag", "arg1_id": "PMID-20631994_T1", "arg2_id": "PMID-20631994_T2", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_R2", "type": "frag", "arg1_id": "PMID-20631994_T14", "arg2_id": "PMID-20631994_T15", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_R3", "type": "frag", "arg1_id": "PMID-20631994_T17", "arg2_id": "PMID-20631994_T18", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-20631994_R4", "type": "frag", "arg1_id": "PMID-20631994_T19", "arg2_id": "PMID-20631994_T20", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01__text", "type": "caption", "text": [ "Parkin regulates the proteasomal degradation of PARIS and PGC-1alpha-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis. (A) Normal physiological conditions that maintain mitochondrial homeostasis: PINK1 recruits parkin to the mitochondria, where these two proteins interact to eliminate abnormal mitochondria through mitophagy. Alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim; a key indicator of mitochondrial physiology and cell viability) initiate the PINK1-parkin cascade of events that lead to mitophagy. Furthermore, parkin ubiquitylates and thereby promotes proteasomal degradation of PARIS. Because PARIS represses the expression of PGC-1alpha, degradation of PARIS by parkin allows PGC-1alpha-dependent gene expression and enables mitochondrial biogenesis. Parkin seems to be an integral regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis, controlling both degradation and biogenesis. (B) Loss of parkin function as a result of familial mutations (in the case of AR-PD) or aging, environmental or cellular stress (in the case of sporadic PD) leads to the accumulation of abnormal mitochondria, owing to faulty mitophagy. In addition, PARIS accumulates and represses PGC-1alpha, preventing mitochondrial biogenesis. Loss of parkin function does not tip the balance between mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation to either side, but leads to a general breakdown of mitochondrial homeostasis that can ultimately lead to PD.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1415 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T1", "type": "Cellular_component", "text": [ "proteasomal" ], "offsets": [ [ 21, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T2", "type": "Cellular_component", "text": [ "mitochondrial" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 92 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T3", "type": "Cellular_component", "text": [ "mitochondrial" ], "offsets": [ [ 155, 168 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T4", "type": "Cellular_component", "text": [ "mitochondria" ], "offsets": [ [ 211, 223 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T5", "type": "Cellular_component", "text": [ "mitochondria" ], "offsets": [ [ 281, 293 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T6", "type": "Cellular_component", "text": [ "mitochondrial membrane" ], "offsets": [ [ 328, 350 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T7", "type": "Cellular_component", "text": [ "proteasomal" ], "offsets": [ [ 560, 571 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T8", "type": "Cellular_component", "text": [ "mitochondrial" ], "offsets": [ [ 735, 748 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T9", "type": "Cellular_component", "text": [ "mitochondrial" ], "offsets": [ [ 805, 818 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T10", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "cellular" ], "offsets": [ [ 989, 997 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T11", "type": "Cellular_component", "text": [ "mitochondria" ], "offsets": [ [ 1072, 1084 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T12", "type": "Cellular_component", "text": [ "mitochondrial" ], "offsets": [ [ 1181, 1194 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T13", "type": "Cellular_component", "text": [ "mitochondrial" ], "offsets": [ [ 1264, 1277 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T14", "type": "Cellular_component", "text": [ "mitochondrial" ], "offsets": [ [ 1357, 1370 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T15", "type": "Cellular_component", "text": [ "mitochondrial" ], "offsets": [ [ 392, 405 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3124045-caption-01_T16", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "cell" ], "offsets": [ [ 421, 425 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-2902221__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Time course of transmitter action at the sympathetic neuroeffector junction in rodent vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle.\n1. Transmitter release from sympathetic postganglionic nerve terminals innervating the guinea-pig and mouse vas deferens and the rat tail artery has been studied in vitro by focal extracellular recording with particular emphasis on the time course of transmitter action underlying the intracellular potential changes. 2. In the absence of stimulation, spontaneous excitatory junction currents (SEJCs) were recorded with amplitudes up to 500 microV and durations between 40 and 100 ms. SEJCs were unaffected by the competitive alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin but blocked by alpha, beta-methylene ATP which desensitizes P2-purinoceptors. 3. During trains of supramaximal stimuli at 0.1-4 Hz stimulus locked excitatory junction currents (EJCs) were evoked intermittently from the population of varicosities located under the suction electrode. 4. SEJCs were similar in amplitude and time course to EJCs evoked by low-frequency stimulation in the same attachment in all three tissues. 5. SEJCs recorded using either a conventional AC amplifier or a patch clamp amplifier had the same time course. 6. These studies show that the time course of the current underlying the excitatory junction potential is brief and essentially the same in three different tissues. The prolonged time course of the excitatory junction potential in different tissues can be accounted for by the passive membrane properties.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1533 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-2902221_T1", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "vascular" ], "offsets": [ [ 86, 94 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T2", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "non-vascular smooth muscle" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 125 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T3", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "sympathetic postganglionic nerve" ], "offsets": [ [ 155, 187 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T5", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "vas deferens" ], "offsets": [ [ 235, 247 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T6", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "tissues" ], "offsets": [ [ 1106, 1113 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T7", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "excitatory junction" ], "offsets": [ [ 491, 510 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T8", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "excitatory junction" ], "offsets": [ [ 839, 858 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T9", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "excitatory junction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1300, 1319 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T10", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "tissues" ], "offsets": [ [ 1383, 1390 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T11", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "excitatory junction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1425, 1444 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T12", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "sympathetic neuroeffector junction" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 75 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T13", "type": "Immaterial_anatomical_entity", "text": [ "extracellular" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 320 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T14", "type": "Immaterial_anatomical_entity", "text": [ "intracellular" ], "offsets": [ [ 412, 425 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T4", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "tail artery" ], "offsets": [ [ 260, 271 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T15", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "tissues" ], "offsets": [ [ 1468, 1475 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-2902221_T16", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "membrane" ], "offsets": [ [ 1512, 1520 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-2902221_R1", "type": "frag", "arg1_id": "PMID-2902221_T1", "arg2_id": "PMID-2902221_T2", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-537829__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Differences between the arterial and the venous pathomorphology in Buerger's disease.\nMorphological lesions were found to be different in arteries and in veins, in 9 cases of Buerger's disease. The arterial lesions were not characteristic and consisted of non-specific inflammation, thrombosis and obliteration which also occur in many other disease. In contrast, in addition to wall infiltration and thrombosis, the veins showed microabscesses and giant cell granulomas, which we believe to be absent in all other known diseases. The affected venous segment exhibited a variety of lesions. In the earliest period, the morphological aspect of inflammation in arteries and veins was fairly similar. In a late periods, that is those of vascular obliteration, the arteries and veins did not show any distinguishing morphological differences.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 839 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-537829_T1", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "arterial" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 32 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T2", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "venous" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 47 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T3", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 100, 107 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T4", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "arteries" ], "offsets": [ [ 138, 146 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T5", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "veins" ], "offsets": [ [ 154, 159 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T6", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "arterial lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 198, 214 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T7", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "veins" ], "offsets": [ [ 417, 422 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T8", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "microabscesses" ], "offsets": [ [ 430, 444 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T9", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "giant cell granulomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 449, 470 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T10", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "venous" ], "offsets": [ [ 544, 550 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T11", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 582, 589 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T12", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "arteries" ], "offsets": [ [ 659, 667 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T13", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "veins" ], "offsets": [ [ 672, 677 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T14", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "vascular" ], "offsets": [ [ 734, 742 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T15", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "arteries" ], "offsets": [ [ 761, 769 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T16", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "veins" ], "offsets": [ [ 774, 779 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-537829_T17", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "wall" ], "offsets": [ [ 379, 383 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-1281265-sec-06__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "Conclusions\nOnly after careful consideration of the biological underpinnings of a truly beneficial response can an exposure be considered for the general population, such as the addition of folic acid to cereals. If a toxic or hazardous pollutant were found to have truly beneficial effects at low dose, then that agent should be tested clinically, go through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process, and be regulated as a pharmaceutical for those who might benefit from its use. Certainly, the general population should not be exposed to chemotherapeutic agents that benefit cancer patients. For pharmaceuticals, it is understood that there are trade offs between benefits and risks. For example, although aspirin is a generally well-tolerated pain reliever and is increasingly advocated as a preventative tool for heart attacks and colorectal cancer (Vainio and Miller 2003; Werner et al. 2004), it is also linked to increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage (Werner et al. 2004), and asthma attacks (Jenkins et al. 2004). In addition, aspirin is not recommended for children or teenagers who have or are recovering from chicken pox or flulike symptoms because it can cause debilitating and sometimes lethal Reyes syndrome (U.S. FDA 2003). Individual risks to pharmaceutical agents can be controlled with proper usage; however, increased exposure to environmental toxins presents additional involuntary risks for the general population. Under the latter condition, exposure is inadequately controlled, and there is no mechanism to correct for individual circumstances (e.g., medical condition or age) that may result in harm.\nAlthough hormetic effects may occur in some instances, it is indeed rare that exposures to toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic chemicals, even at low exposure levels, would be risk free and provide health benefits for the general public. Portraying chemicals with numerous adverse effects as having benefits while ignoring their hazards is irresponsible and does not provide full and objective disclosure. In the 1950s doctors prescribed DES to pregnant women to prevent miscarriage and premature births and to produce \"bigger and stronger babies\" even though DES had been shown to cause damage to reproductive tissues in animals (Dinusson et al. 1948; Dunn and Green 1963; Takasugi and Bern 1964). Human use of DES was banned in the United States in 1971 after the discovery of high rates of rare, clear-cell adenocarcinomas of the vagina and cervix in DES-exposed daughters (Herbst 1981), and later studies showed elevated breast cancer risk in women who took DES during pregnancy (Titus-Ernstoff et al. 2001). Certainly, health policy decisions should be based on scientific evidence and not on speculation of health benefits in order for the general population to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past similar to that of the DES tragedy.\nThe claims and projections of health benefits from exposures to environmental toxicants and carcinogens are based on untested assumptions and disregard numerous well-established scientific principles that underpin a public health-protective approach to regulating exposure to toxic substances. If hormesis were used in the decision-making process to allow higher exposures to toxic and carcinogenic agents, this would substantially increase health risks for many, if not most, segments of the general population.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 3442 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMC-1281265-sec-06_T1", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 597, 603 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-1281265-sec-06_T2", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "heart" ], "offsets": [ [ 837, 842 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-1281265-sec-06_T3", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "colorectal cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 855, 872 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-1281265-sec-06_T4", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "gastrointestinal" ], "offsets": [ [ 958, 974 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-1281265-sec-06_T5", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "cerebral" ], "offsets": [ [ 985, 993 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-1281265-sec-06_T6", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "tissues" ], "offsets": [ [ 2295, 2302 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-1281265-sec-06_T8", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "adenocarcinomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 2494, 2509 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-1281265-sec-06_T9", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "vagina" ], "offsets": [ [ 2517, 2523 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-1281265-sec-06_T10", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "cervix" ], "offsets": [ [ 2528, 2534 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-1281265-sec-06_T11", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "breast cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 2609, 2622 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-19000097__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Are former female elite athletes more likely to experience urinary incontinence later in life than non-athletes?\nThe aim of the present study was to investigate whether former female elite athletes are more likely to experience urinary incontinence (UI) later in life than non-athletes and to assess possible risk factors for UI in athletes. Three hundred and thirty-one former elite athletes (response rate 81%) and 640 controls replied to a postal questionnaire including validated questions on UI. While competing in sport, 10.9% and 2.7% of the former elite athletes reported stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and urge incontinence, respectively. Presently, 36.5% of the former elite athletes and 36.9% of the controls reported SUI. 9.1% and 9.4% reported urge incontinence. Among former elite athletes, those with two or three children were more likely than nulliparous women to have UI now. Also, among former athletes, UI was more common in women with vs those without UI while competing (odds ratio 8.57, 95% confidence interval: 3.55-20.71). Age, menopause and being regularly physically active now were not associated with UI in either group. Based on this study, the prevalence of UI does not seem to be higher in former athletes than in controls. However, the results indicate that UI early in life, as reported during elite sport, is a strong predictor of UI later in life.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1387 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-19000097_T1", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "urinary" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 66 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19000097_T2", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "urinary" ], "offsets": [ [ 228, 235 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-19000097_T3", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "urinary" ], "offsets": [ [ 587, 594 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-18657078__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Investigation of the effect of kaolin and tissue-factor-activated citrated whole blood, on clot-forming variables, as evaluated by thromboelastography.\nBACKGROUND:\nThe Thrombelastograph (TEG; Haemoscope Corp.) analyzes clot formation in whole blood (WB) and treatment based on this analysis has been shown to reduce transfusion requirements in liver and cardiac surgery when compared to conventional coagulation analysis. Implementing TEG as a routine laboratory-based analysis, however, requires validation of the activators employed and the effect of storage of the WB sample in citrate before analysis.\nSTUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:\nThe effect of kaolin, tissue factor (TF) 1:17,000, or TF 1:42,500 on TEG clotting time (R), Angle (velocity of clot formation), and maximum clot strength (amplitude [MA]) were evaluated, together with day-to-day variation, the coefficient of variance (CV%), and the effect of citrate storage time.\nRESULTS:\nClot formation variables were equally affected by TF 1:17,000 and kaolin activation, whereas R was significantly longer when TF 1:42,500 was used. The CV for the different variables varied from 3 to 13 percent with no significant differences between assays. Storage of citrated WB significantly affected the TEG variables in a hypercoagulable direction. Only the R, however, was significantly affected (12%) when samples rested for 0 and 30 minutes were evaluated with kaolin as the activator.\nCONCLUSION:\nThe TEG assays evaluated were reproducible and present with an acceptable CV% for routine clinical practice. Kaolin and TF 1:17,000 equally affected the clot formation variables. Storage of WB for up to 30 minutes in citrate did not, except for R, affect clot formation variables when kaolin was used as activator allowing for immediate analysis when the sample arrives in the laboratory.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1834 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-18657078_T1", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "tissue" ], "offsets": [ [ 42, 48 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T2", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "whole blood" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 86 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T3", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "clot" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 95 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T4", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "clot" ], "offsets": [ [ 219, 223 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T5", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "whole blood" ], "offsets": [ [ 237, 248 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T6", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "WB" ], "offsets": [ [ 250, 252 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T7", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "liver" ], "offsets": [ [ 344, 349 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T8", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "cardiac" ], "offsets": [ [ 354, 361 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T9", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "WB" ], "offsets": [ [ 568, 570 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T10", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "clot" ], "offsets": [ [ 743, 747 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T11", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "clot" ], "offsets": [ [ 772, 776 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T12", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "Clot" ], "offsets": [ [ 939, 943 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T13", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "WB" ], "offsets": [ [ 1217, 1219 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T14", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "clot" ], "offsets": [ [ 1598, 1602 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T15", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "WB" ], "offsets": [ [ 1635, 1637 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T16", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "clot" ], "offsets": [ [ 1700, 1704 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-18657078_T17", "type": "Tissue", "text": [ "tissue" ], "offsets": [ [ 654, 660 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-18657078_1", "entity_ids": [ "PMID-18657078_T5", "PMID-18657078_T6" ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "Introduction\nDuring the weaning period and transition to solid foods in the first year of life, infants take a critical step in their eating behavior and need to meet high nutrient requirements [1, 2]. They are exposed to new foods and food combinations, which should ensure a smooth transition to the family diet later in life. At this stage, either homemade or commercially prepared foods may be fed. It is worth noting that in prosperous countries the modern diet differs considerably from that of previous generations, now dominated by products that have been processed, stored, and transported over great distances. Traditional, cold-pressed vegetable oils of the highest nutritional quality, e.g. extra virgin olive oil, may therefore constitute an important part of the modern diet [3, 4].\nIn Poland, many infants do not receive any traditional homemade foods and even fruits come from purchased jars. Commercial baby foods are regarded by some parents and medical professionals to be more appropriate for several reasons: they undergo intense screening for contaminants in comparison to foods sold for the general population, contain no additives of certain types, and are thought to be designed to help infants meet nutrient requirements [5]. The process of peeling, however, was identified as the most effective, and simple, procedure in reducing residues, e.g. pesticides, in fruits and vegetables [6]. Moreover, contrary to homemade food, which does not contain furan, the highest average content of this chemical was found in ready-to-eat baby foods with pasta meals, followed by vegetable meals and meals with meat [7]. Furan is considered to be potentially hazardous chemical and is classified as a possible carcinogen. The problem of this chemical in homemade food may only arise if meals with potatoes are stored and then hardly re-heated [7].\nThere is a growing body of evidence that flavor experiences and dietary patterns in childhood influence these patterns later in life [1, 8, 9]. It is most likely early in life that culture-specific flavor preferences are initiated [10, 11]. Consequently, exposure to flavors and smells of transitory foods may serve to heighten preferences for \"known tastes\" in the family diet later in adulthood. Moreover, adopting elements of childhood dinner patterns was recognized to be an important part of the social reproduction of family identities across generations [12].\nProcessing industries have been successful in manufacturing and marketing jarred baby foods on a commercial scale. Available products contain different ingredients and depend on the manufacturer, country, traditional cuisine, income rate, and lastly, personal beliefs and values of parents [9, 11]. Jarred foods with vegetables, meats, and desserts may contain added fat from a variety of sources: vegetable oils, cow milk butter, or cream. Manufacturer advertising makes the majority of consumers feel safe, causing them to believe that they are doing the best possible in buying given products [11]. A noteworthy fact is that many types of baby foods produced by international manufacturers are, in essence, the same mixtures with different names; this procedure aims to exploit the specifics of local markets without delivering any new, real value [11].\nIn the book, How to Eat Well and Stay Well the Mediterranean Way by Keys [13] first used the term \"good Mediterranean diet\" to describe the eating patterns of populations dwelling in southern Europe, where the olive tree (Olea europaea) is an emblematic species [4, 14]. There is variation between the exact diet in different parts of the Mediterranean region. However, generalized and distinctive dietary patterns do exist, including olive oil as the main source of visible fat, employed both in cooking and as a dressing, moderate fish and poultry but low red meat consumption, high intake of vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, and whole-grain cereals [4, 14-16]. When dietary fats are added, in accordance with the traditional Mediterranean diet, olive oil is the choice for children [17]. It has been repeatedly observed that individuals applying the Mediterranean diet have reduced risks of type 2 diabetes and other diseases associated with the metabolic syndrome, autoimmunological diseases, and certain forms of cancer [18]. Moreover, considerable evidence exists that the Mediterranean diet increases quality of life in the course of ageing, as well as longevity [13, 19]. The health benefits of olive oil have been attributed to two main constituents: a high oleic acid (monounsaturated fatty acid, 18:1n-9) content (70-85%) and a large amount of antioxidant compounds, which also possess antiviral, antibacterial, and immunomodulating effects [3, 4, 14, 16]. Polyphenols found in virgin olive oil are linked to both its flavor and its remarkable stability [3].\nThe introduction of solid foods in infancy is one of the primary matters often discussed by parents with their child's pediatrician. However, many parents do not feel that the diet of their child may be linked to poor health outcomes in the future. Parents should be educated about the interplay of environmental and genetic influences on children, specifically during the early years of development when the child is maturing and taking control of its own diet [11]. Nutrition educators should increase the critical awareness of parents in relation to their child's solid food choices. It is important to emphasize to parents the fundamental role that the Mediterranean diet and consumption of foods with olive oil play in a healthy life style [14, 20]. Parental management of the family food environment may be complicated by numerous mitigating factors, e.g. health literacy, time availability, and financial resources. Considering the role baby food manufacturers play in the infant's contextual environment, their products, as well as the manufacturers themselves, should also be viewed as key players and central agents in establishing dietary habits. Consequently, we attempted to survey manufacturer claims concerning added fat in jarred infant foods supplied to the Polish market.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 6147 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T1", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "vegetable oils" ], "offsets": [ [ 647, 661 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T2", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "oil" ], "offsets": [ [ 722, 725 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T3", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "fruits" ], "offsets": [ [ 876, 882 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T4", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "fruits" ], "offsets": [ [ 1387, 1393 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T5", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "fruits" ], "offsets": [ [ 3892, 3898 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T6", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "vegetables" ], "offsets": [ [ 1398, 1408 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T7", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "vegetable" ], "offsets": [ [ 1593, 1602 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T8", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "meat" ], "offsets": [ [ 1624, 1628 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T9", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "vegetables" ], "offsets": [ [ 2745, 2755 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T10", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "meats" ], "offsets": [ [ 2757, 2762 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T11", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "vegetable oils" ], "offsets": [ [ 2826, 2840 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T12", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "milk" ], "offsets": [ [ 2846, 2850 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T13", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "red meat" ], "offsets": [ [ 3843, 3851 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T14", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "vegetables" ], "offsets": [ [ 3880, 3890 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T15", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "nuts" ], "offsets": [ [ 3909, 3913 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T16", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "dietary fats" ], "offsets": [ [ 3956, 3968 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T17", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "oil" ], "offsets": [ [ 4041, 4044 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T18", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 4305, 4311 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T19", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "oil" ], "offsets": [ [ 4496, 4499 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T20", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "oil" ], "offsets": [ [ 4789, 4792 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T21", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "oil" ], "offsets": [ [ 5569, 5572 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T22", "type": "Organism_substance", "text": [ "oil" ], "offsets": [ [ 3726, 3729 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMC-3150795-sec-01_T23", "type": "Organism_subdivision", "text": [ "body" ], "offsets": [ [ 1880, 1884 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-2703643-sec-15__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "Sex and age distributions of confirmed cases\nOf 480 confirmed cases, 56% (269/480) were male patients and 44% (211/480) were female, respectively. The percentage of male cases was higher than that of females in all groups except for the group aged 31-40 (chi2 = 42.4, P < 0.001). 278 (57.9%) cases were in the group aged 21-50, followed by 102 (21.3%), 79 (16.5%) and 21 (4.4%) cases in the group aged 51-70, 0-20, and >= 71, respectively. The youngest and oldest cases were 1.5 and 81 years old, respectively (Table 2).\nTable 2\nAge and occupational distributions and activities (1-3 weeks prior to symptom appearance) of confirmed cases\nCases (%) (Male: Female, %)\nAge (Years)\n0-10 46 (9.6) (76:24)\n11-20 33 (6.9) (79:21)\n21-30 78 (16.3) (51:49)\n31-40 99 (20.6) (46:54)\n41-50 101 (21.0) (56:44)\n51-60 47 (9.8) (55:45)\n61-70 55 (11.5) (53:47)\n>= 71 21 (4.4) (52:48)\nOccupation\nChildren at preschool age 20 (4.2) (75:25)\nPupils 50 (10.4) (78:22)\nFarmers 408 (85.0) (52:48)\nOthers 2 (0.4) (50:50)\nActivities\nFarm work 325 (67.7) (53:47)\nPlay on grassland 65 (13.5) (75:25)\nRecreation 20 (4.2) (65:35)\nHousework 25 (5.2) (8:92)\nUnknown 45 (9.4) (71:29)\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1150 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-529442-sec-05__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "Results\n\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-2715888-caption-05__text", "type": "caption", "text": [ "Duplicated HGT candidates in K. thermotolerans.\n(A) Part of the conserved synteny block surrounding KLTH0C07700g and KLTH0C07722g tandem genes. Same legend as Figure 3A. (B) Part of the conserved synteny block surrounding KLTH0F12276g gene. Same legend as Figure 3A. (C) Sequence alignment of proteins from K. thermotolerans and K. waltii. (D) Phylogenetic tree reconstructed from sequence alignment of 100 sites of K. thermotolerans protein family members, K. waltii gene, bacterial (green) and amoebal (blue) proteins. Bootstrap values are indicated next to the nodes and branch length scale is shown at bottom left.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 619 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-12975002__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "[Community intervention on hypertension and stroke].\nOBJECTIVE:\nTo evaluate the community-based intervention on reduction of hypertension and stroke in different age groups and subtypes hypertension.\nMETHODS:\nIn 6 cities, 2 geographically separated communities with a registered population about 10 000 of each were selected as either intervention or control communities. A cohort containing 2 700 subjects, 35 years or older, and free of stroke were sampled from each community. The baseline survey was conducted to screen the subjects for intervention. In each city, a program for control of hypertension, heart diseases and diabetes was initiated in the intervention cohort and health education was provided to the whole intervention community. A follow-up survey was conducted 3 years later.\nRESULTS:\nWithin 3 years, the prevalence of hypertension increased in both intervention and control cohorts, as well as in the middle and elderly cohorts, especially in the middle aged in control group. Among hypertensives in the intervention cohort, the rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension got improved. The incidence of stroke was 29% lower (HR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.58 - 0.87) and mortality of stroke was 40% lower (HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.42 - 0.86) in the intervention cohort than the control cohort. The intervention was most effective in reduction of stroke for those with isolated systolic hypertension and combined systolic and diastolic hypertension (All P < 0.05). Meanwhile, all-cause mortality was 11% lower (HR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.78 - 0.99) in the intervention cohort than in the control cohort.\nCONCLUSION:\nThe community-based intervention was effective in controlling the development of hypertension and stroke, while the elderly people benefit more than the middle aged people from the intervention.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1826 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-12975002_T1", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "heart" ], "offsets": [ [ 608, 613 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-10644902__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Obstructive nephropathy: lessons from cystic kidney disease.\nObstructive nephropathy is one of the most important causes of renal failure in infants and children, while polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a major cause of renal failure in the adult population. This review summarizes the evidence that there may be a number of mechanisms common to the pathophysiology of both conditions. In animal models of obstructive nephropathy and PKD, the renal tubular expression of epidermal growth factor is suppressed, and expression of clusterin is increased, both of which suggest arrested maturation or dedifferentiation of the tubular cell. There is a marked increase in apoptosis of epithelial cells in dilated tubules, associated with an increase in apoptotic stimuli. The renin-angiotensin system is activated in both obstructive nephropathy and PKD, which may contribute to tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis, which characterize the progression of both conditions. Focal cystic dilatation of the tubule is found in obstructive nephropathy, while tubular obstruction is present in cystic kidney disease. It is therefore likely that elucidation of the effects of mechanical stretch on renal tubular epithelial cells will contribute to our understanding of both conditions.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 1278 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMID-10644902_T1", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "kidney" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 51 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-10644902_T2", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "kidney" ], "offsets": [ [ 180, 186 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-10644902_T3", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "renal tubular" ], "offsets": [ [ 444, 457 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-10644902_T4", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "tubular cell" ], "offsets": [ [ 623, 635 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-10644902_T5", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "epithelial cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 680, 696 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-10644902_T6", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "tubules" ], "offsets": [ [ 708, 715 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-10644902_T7", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "tubule" ], "offsets": [ [ 1003, 1009 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-10644902_T8", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "tubular" ], "offsets": [ [ 1053, 1060 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-10644902_T9", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "kidney" ], "offsets": [ [ 1094, 1100 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-10644902_T10", "type": "Cell", "text": [ "renal tubular epithelial cells" ], "offsets": [ [ 1190, 1220 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-10644902_T11", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "renal" ], "offsets": [ [ 124, 129 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-10644902_T12", "type": "Organ", "text": [ "renal" ], "offsets": [ [ 221, 226 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-10644902_T13", "type": "Multi-tissue_structure", "text": [ "tubular" ], "offsets": [ [ 874, 881 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "PMID-10644902_T14", "type": "Immaterial_anatomical_entity", "text": [ "interstitial" ], "offsets": [ [ 894, 906 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-2900753-caption-02__text", "type": "caption", "text": [ "Water emerging from the yoke adapter of the nitrous oxide hose\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 63 ] ] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMC-2267190-sec-04__text", "type": "sec", "text": [ "Background\nPotato late blight, a disease caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is one of the world's most devastating crop diseases. World-wide losses due to late blight exceed several billion dollars annually [1]. Most of the potato cultivars currently grown in the United States are highly susceptible to late blight and control of this disease relies almost exclusively on fungicide applications. The most effective and environmentally sound way for controlling late blight is to incorporate natural resistance into potato cultivars. The pedigrees of many potato cultivars currently used in different countries include late blight resistant germplasm derived from Solanum demissum, Solanum andigena, and other wild species. However, most of the resistance derived from these wild species is controlled by single dominant resistance genes (R genes). These R genes are only effective in preventing the development of late blight if the invading P. infestans race contains the corresponding avirulence genes. This R gene-mediated resistance is often short-lived and is rapidly overcome by new races of the late blight pathogen.\nSolanum bulbocastanum (2n = 2x = 24) is a diploid species that has adapted in the same environment as the late blight pathogen. This wild species was characterized as possessing durable resistance against P. infestans, even under high disease pressure [2,3]. Two resistance genes, RB (Rpi-blb1) and Rpi-blb2, have been cloned from S. bulbocastanum [4-6]. Both genes confer broad-spectrum resistance against a wide range of known P. infestans races. Transgenic potato lines containing a single RB gene showed a high-level resistance in the Toluca Valley, Mexico, where the potato fields are naturally intensively infested with the most diversified P. infestans populations [7]. Most interestingly, transgenic RB plants did not show total immunity to late blight, but instead showed a marked delay in both onset of symptoms and development of lesions. Such rate-limiting resistance may put less selection pressure on the P. infestans populations and protect the durability of this resistance gene. The RB gene therefore provides an excellent model to study the mechanism of broad-spectrum and rate-limiting disease resistances. An understanding of the underlying mechanism of this type of resistance is important for developing strategies to breed durable and sustainable disease resistance.\nSeveral genes have been implicated in the regulation of R gene function. Of these genes, Rar1 and Sgt1 are among the most extensively studied genes. The Rar1 (required for Mla12 resistance) gene was first identified for its essential role in the function of a subset of Mla genes that confer resistance to barley powdery mildew [8]. The RAR1 protein contains two highly similar but distinct cysteine- and histidine-rich (CHORD) Zn2+-binding domains and was proposed to play a role in stabilizing R proteins in a confirmation that is implicated in receiving pathogen signals [9]. The Sgt1 gene (suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1) is an essential gene with multiple functions in yeast. SGT1 protein was initially identified as a RAR1-interacting partner in a yeast two-hybrid screen [10]. SGT1 may play a role in R protein accumulation [11]. Rar1 and Sgt1 genes are required in various R-gene mediated resistance against viral, bacterial, oomycete or fungal pathogens [12]. However, none of the previously studied R genes showed a race-non-specific and rate-limiting resistance phenotype as the RB gene. In addition, the role the Rar1 and Sgt1 genes are not universal and these genes are not essential for resistance involving some R genes [12,13].\nBesides the two broad-spectrum resistance genes RB and Rpi-blb2, several race-specific late blight resistance genes have also been cloned [14-16]. Numerous late blight resistance genes have recently been mapped in various potato species or populations [17-25]. However, there is almost no information available about the resistance pathways mediated by any of these genes. As an initial effort to understand the RB-mediated late blight resistance pathway, we silenced the Rar1 and Sgt1 genes using an RNAi-based approach in a potato line containing the RB gene. We demonstrated that SGT1, but not RAR1, is essential for the RB-mediated broad-spectrum resistance to potato late blight.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 4370 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "PMC-2267190-sec-04_T2", "type": "Pathological_formation", "text": [ "lesions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1987, 1994 ] ], "normalized": [] } ]

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[ { "id": "PMID-12268797__text", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Male role in fertility decisions in Robertsport, Liberia: an experimental exercise for policy formulation.\nThere is a tendency to believe that in African societies men are the dominant decision makers in the family. In Robertsport, Liberia, there are indications that, with respect to fertility regulation, the dominance of the husband in fertility decisions exists, but it is also apparent that many of these decisions are made jointly by both husband and wife. Education is particularly influential in the joint fertility decision-making process. The 100 husbands sampled in 1982 desired a large number of children and had experience with infant and child mortality. If family planning programs should attain their goals, men should be more involved, than at present, in every aspect of the programs. Equally important is the urgency for studies related to the role of men in fertility regulation, using adequately large samples.\n" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 937 ] ] } ]

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