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z-list	<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <head> <title>2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection : Alphabetical Index : Z</title> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/schools-wikipedia-alpha-index.css"; /]]>/</style> </head> <body class="alphaindex"> <a name="a"></a><table><tr><th>zach</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zachary_Taylor.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Zach_Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zachary</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zachary_Taylor.htm" target="_top">Zachary Taylor</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zaitun</th><td> <a href="../../wp/c/Cairo.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Zaitun_(Cairo)">Cairo</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>žalgiris</th><td> <a href="../../wp/b/Battle_of_Grunwald.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Battle_of_Žalgiris">Battle of Grunwald</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zambezi</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zambezi.htm" target="_top">Zambezi</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zambia</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zambia.htm" target="_top">Zambia</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zar</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zara_Yaqob.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Zar'a_Ya'iqob">Zara Yaqob</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zara</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zara_Yaqob.htm" target="_top">Zara Yaqob</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zauberfloete</th><td> <a href="../../wp/t/The_Magic_Flute.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Die_Zauberfloete">The Magic Flute</a> </td></tr></table> <a name="b"></a><a name="c"></a><a name="d"></a><table><tr><th>zdong</th><td> <a href="../../wp/m/Mao_Zedong.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Zdong">Mao Zedong</a> </td></tr></table> <a name="e"></a><table><tr><th>zea</th><td> <a href="../../wp/m/Maize.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Zea_mays">Maize</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zealand</th><td> <a href="../../wp/m/Music_of_New_Zealand.htm" target="_top">Music of New Zealand</a> <a href="../../wp/n/New_Zealand.htm" target="_top">New Zealand</a> <a href="../../wp/v/Victoria_Cross.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Victoria_Cross_(New_Zealand)">Victoria Cross</a> <a href="../../wp/w/Wellington.htm" target="_top" title="from 2 redirects: Wellington_(New_Zealand) Wellington,_new_zealand">Wellington</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zebra</th><td> <a href="../../wp/g/Grevy%2527s_Zebra.htm" target="_top">Grevy's Zebra</a> <a href="../../wp/p/Plains_Zebra.htm" target="_top">Plains Zebra</a> <a href="../../wp/z/Zebra.htm" target="_top">Zebra</a> <a href="../../wp/z/Zebra_shark.htm" target="_top">Zebra shark</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zedong</th><td> <a href="../../wp/m/Mao_Zedong.htm" target="_top">Mao Zedong</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zedung</th><td> <a href="../../wp/m/Mao_Zedong.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Mao_zedung">Mao Zedong</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zeelandia</th><td> <a href="../../wp/n/New_Zealand.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Nova_Zeelandia">New Zealand</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zelda</th><td> <a href="../../wp/l/Link_%2528The_Legend_of_Zelda%2529.htm" target="_top">Link (The Legend of Zelda)</a> <a href="../../wp/t/The_Legend_of_Zelda_series.htm" target="_top">The Legend of Zelda series</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zephyr</th><td> <a href="../../wp/g/General_Pershing_Zephyr.htm" target="_top">General Pershing Zephyr</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zerbst</th><td> <a href="../../wp/c/Catherine_II_of_Russia.htm" target="_top" title="from 5 redirects: Sophie_of_Anhalt-Zerbst Sophie_Frederica_of_Anhalt-Zerbst Sophia_Augusta_Frederica_of_Anhalt-Zerbst Catherine_Alexeievna_of_Anhalt-Zerbst Sophia_Augusta_Fredericka_of_Anhalt-Zerbst">Catherine II of Russia</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zero</th><td> <a href="../../wp/a/Absolute_zero.htm" target="_top">Absolute zero</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zeta</th><td> <a href="../../wp/t/Tropical_Storm_Zeta_%25282005%2529.htm" target="_top">Tropical Storm Zeta (2005)</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zeus</th><td> <a href="../../wp/s/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia.htm" target="_top">Statue of Zeus at Olympia</a> <a href="../../wp/z/Zeus.htm" target="_top">Zeus</a> </td></tr></table> <a name="f"></a><a name="g"></a><a name="h"></a><table><tr><th>zh</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Z%25C3%25BCrich.htm" target="_top" title="from 2 redirects: Zürich_ZH Zurich_ZH">Zürich</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zhang</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zhang_Qian.htm" target="_top">Zhang Qian</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zheng</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zheng_He.htm" target="_top">Zheng He</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zhong</th><td> <a href="../../wp/m/Mahjong.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Mah-Zhong">Mahjong</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zhou</th><td> <a href="../../wp/g/Guangzhou.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Guang_zhou">Guangzhou</a> </td></tr></table> <a name="i"></a><table><tr><th>ziad</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Ziad_Jarrah.htm" target="_top">Ziad Jarrah</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zig</th><td> <a href="../../wp/a/All_your_base_are_belong_to_us.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Take_off_every_zig">All your base are belong to us</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zigi</th><td> <a href="../../wp/s/Sigmund_Freud.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Zigi_Frojd">Sigmund Freud</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zimbabwae</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zimbabwe.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Zimbabwae">Zimbabwe</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zimbabwe</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zimbabwe.htm" target="_top">Zimbabwe</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zinc</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zinc.htm" target="_top">Zinc</a> <a href="../../wp/z/Zinc_chloride.htm" target="_top">Zinc chloride</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zion</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zion_National_Park.htm" target="_top">Zion National Park</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zionest</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zionism.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Zionest_Movement">Zionism</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zionism</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zionism.htm" target="_top">Zionism</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zionist</th><td> <a href="../../wp/i/Israel.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Zionist_Regime">Israel</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zirconium</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zirconium.htm" target="_top">Zirconium</a> </td></tr></table> <a name="j"></a><a name="k"></a><a name="l"></a><a name="m"></a><table><tr><th>zmaj</th><td> <a href="../../wp/h/Husein_Grada%25C5%25A1%25C4%258Devi%25C4%2587.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Zmaj_od_Bosne">Husein Gradaščević</a> </td></tr></table> <a name="n"></a><a name="o"></a><table><tr><th>zone</th><td> <a href="../../wp/a/Arctic.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: North_frigid_zone">Arctic</a> <a href="../../wp/g/Great_Rift_Valley.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: East_African_rift_zone">Great Rift Valley</a> <a href="../../wp/p/Pelagic_zone.htm" target="_top">Pelagic zone</a> <a href="../../wp/t/Temperate.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Northern_temperate_zone">Temperate</a> <a href="../../wp/t/Time_zone.htm" target="_top">Time zone</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zoo</th><td> <a href="../../wp/l/London_Zoo.htm" target="_top">London Zoo</a> <a href="../../wp/p/Phoenix_Zoo.htm" target="_top">Phoenix Zoo</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zoological</th><td> <a href="../../wp/j/Jersey_Zoological_Park.htm" target="_top">Jersey Zoological Park</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zoology</th><td> <a href="../../wp/f/Fish.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Fish_(zoology)">Fish</a> <a href="../../wp/g/Gaur.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Gaur_(zoology)">Gaur</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zoraster</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zoroaster.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Zoraster">Zoroaster</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zoroaster</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zoroaster.htm" target="_top">Zoroaster</a> </td></tr></table> <a name="p"></a><a name="q"></a><a name="r"></a><a name="s"></a><a name="t"></a><a name="u"></a><table><tr><th>zues</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zeus.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Zues">Zeus</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zuid</th><td> <a href="../../wp/s/South_Africa.htm" target="_top" title="from 2 redirects: Zuid-Afrika Zuid_Afrika">South Africa</a> <a href="../../wp/z/Zuid-Gelders.htm" target="_top">Zuid-Gelders</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zukuri</th><td> <a href="../../wp/k/Katana.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Buke-zukuri_mounting">Katana</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zulu</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Zulu.htm" target="_top">Zulu</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zurich</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Z%25C3%25BCrich.htm" target="_top" title="from 4 redirects: Zurich_ZH Zurich_(Zurich) Zurich_(Zurich) Zurich_(city)">Zürich</a> </td></tr></table> <table><tr><th>zürich</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/Z%25C3%25BCrich.htm" target="_top">Zürich</a> </td></tr></table> <a name="v"></a><a name="w"></a><table><tr><th>zweckrationalität</th><td> <a href="../../wp/m/Max_Weber.htm" target="_top" title="from redirect: Zweckrationalität">Max Weber</a> </td></tr></table> <a name="x"></a><table><tr><th>zx</th><td> <a href="../../wp/z/ZX_Spectrum.htm" target="_top">ZX Spectrum</a> </td></tr></table> <a name="y"></a> <a name="z"></a> </body> </html>	['from redirect: Zach_Taylor', 'from redirect: Zaitun_(Cairo)', 'from redirect: Battle_of_Žalgiris', "from redirect: Zar'a_Ya'iqob", 'from redirect: Die_Zauberfloete', 'from redirect: Zdong', 'from redirect: Zea_mays', 'from redirect: Victoria_Cross_(New_Zealand)', 'from 2 redirects: Wellington_(New_Zealand) Wellington,_new_zealand', 'from redirect: Mao_zedung', 'from redirect: Nova_Zeelandia', 'from 5 redirects: Sophie_of_Anhalt-Zerbst Sophie_Frederica_of_Anhalt-Zerbst Sophia_Augusta_Frederica_of_Anhalt-Zerbst Catherine_Alexeievna_of_Anhalt-Zerbst Sophia_Augusta_Fredericka_of_Anhalt-Zerbst', 'from 2 redirects: Zürich_ZH Zurich_ZH', 'from redirect: Mah-Zhong', 'from redirect: Guang_zhou', 'from redirect: Take_off_every_zig', 'from redirect: Zigi_Frojd', 'from redirect: Zimbabwae', 'from redirect: Zionest_Movement', 'from redirect: Zionist_Regime', 'from redirect: Zmaj_od_Bosne', 'from redirect: North_frigid_zone', 'from redirect: East_African_rift_zone', 'from redirect: Northern_temperate_zone', 'from redirect: Fish_(zoology)', 'from redirect: Gaur_(zoology)', 'from redirect: Zoraster', 'from redirect: Zues', 'from 2 redirects: Zuid-Afrika Zuid_Afrika', 'from redirect: Buke-zukuri_mounting', 'from 4 redirects: Zurich_ZH Zurich_(Zurich) Zurich_(Zurich) Zurich_(city)', 'from redirect: Zweckrationalität']
z-top	<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <head> <title>2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection : Title Word Index : Z</title> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/schools-wikipedia-alpha-index.css"; /]]>/</style> </head> <body> <h3 style="float:right;"><a href="subject.htm" target="_top">Subject Index</a></h3> <h2><a href="../../index.htm" target="_top">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a> : <a href="alpha.htm" target="_top">Title Word Index</a> : Z</h2> <div class="firstletter"> <a href="a.htm" target="_top"> A </a></a><a href="b.htm" target="_top"> B </a></a><a href="c.htm" target="_top"> C </a></a><a href="d.htm" target="_top"> D </a></a><a href="e.htm" target="_top"> E </a></a><a href="f.htm" target="_top"> F </a></a><a href="g.htm" target="_top"> G </a></a><a href="h.htm" target="_top"> H </a></a><a href="i.htm" target="_top"> I </a></a><a href="j.htm" target="_top"> J </a></a><a href="k.htm" target="_top"> K </a></a><a href="l.htm" target="_top"> L </a></a><a href="m.htm" target="_top"> M </a></a><a href="n.htm" target="_top"> N </a></a><a href="o.htm" target="_top"> O </a></a><a href="p.htm" target="_top"> P </a></a><a href="q.htm" target="_top"> Q </a></a><a href="r.htm" target="_top"> R </a></a><a href="s.htm" target="_top"> S </a></a><a href="t.htm" target="_top"> T </a></a><a href="u.htm" target="_top"> U </a></a><a href="v.htm" target="_top"> V </a></a><a href="w.htm" target="_top"> W </a></a><a href="x.htm" target="_top"> X </a></a><a href="y.htm" target="_top"> Y </a></a><b> Z </b><a href="others.htm" target="_top"> Others </a></a></div> <div class="secondletter"> <a href="z-list.htm#a" target="list"> a </a><a href="z-list.htm#b" target="list"> b </a><a href="z-list.htm#c" target="list"> c </a><a href="z-list.htm#d" target="list"> d </a><a href="z-list.htm#e" target="list"> e </a><a href="z-list.htm#f" target="list"> f </a><a href="z-list.htm#g" target="list"> g </a><a href="z-list.htm#h" target="list"> h </a><a href="z-list.htm#i" target="list"> i </a><a href="z-list.htm#j" target="list"> j </a><a href="z-list.htm#k" target="list"> k </a><a href="z-list.htm#l" target="list"> l </a><a href="z-list.htm#m" target="list"> m </a><a href="z-list.htm#n" target="list"> n </a><a href="z-list.htm#o" target="list"> o </a><a href="z-list.htm#p" target="list"> p </a><a href="z-list.htm#q" target="list"> q </a><a href="z-list.htm#r" target="list"> r </a><a href="z-list.htm#s" target="list"> s </a><a href="z-list.htm#t" target="list"> t </a><a href="z-list.htm#u" target="list"> u </a><a href="z-list.htm#v" target="list"> v </a><a href="z-list.htm#w" target="list"> w </a><a href="z-list.htm#x" target="list"> x </a><a href="z-list.htm#y" target="list"> y </a><a href="z-list.htm#z" target="list"> z </a></div> </body> </html>	[]
z	<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd"> <html> <head> <title>2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection : Title Word Index : Z</title> </head> <frameset rows="110,*"> <frame name="top" src="z-top.htm" noresize scrolling="no"> <frame name="list" src="z-list.htm"> <noframes><p>You need a frames capable browser to view this index</p></noframes> </frameset> </html>	[]
Áedán_mac_Gabráin	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <meta content="Áedán mac Gabráin,608,Adomnán of Iona,Aidan (disambiguation),Alan Orr Anderson,Alex Woolf,Alt Clut,Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,Annals of Tigernach,Annals of Ulster,April 17" name="keywords" /> <link href="../../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm" rel="copyright" /> <title>Áedán mac Gabráin</title> <style media="screen,projection" type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-monobook-main.css"; /]]>/</style> <link href="../../css/wp-commonPrint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE50Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE55Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE60Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE70Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/IEFixes.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> var skin = "monobook"; var stylepath = "/skins-1.5"; var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1"; var wgScriptPath = "/w"; var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org"; var wgCanonicalNamespace = ""; var wgNamespaceNumber = 0; var wgPageName = "Áedán_mac_Gabráin"; var wgTitle = "Áedán mac Gabráin"; var wgArticleId = 192974; var wgIsArticle = true; var wgUserName = null; var wgUserLanguage = "en"; var wgContentLanguage = "en"; </script> <script src="../../js/wikibits.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- wikibits js --></script> <script src="../../js/wp.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- site js --></script> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-common.css"; @import "../../css/wp-monobook.css"; @import "../../css/wp.css"; /]]>/</style> <!-- Head Scripts --> </head> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-Áedán_mac_Gabráin"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"><a id="top" name="top"></a><h1 class="firstHeading">Áedán mac Gabráin</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub"><a href="../../index.htm">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a>. Related subjects: <a href="../index/subject.History.British_History.British_History_1500_and_before_including_Roman_Britain.htm">British History 1500 and before (including Roman Britain)</a>; <a href="../index/subject.People.Historical_figures.htm">Historical figures</a></h3> <!-- start content --> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:152px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/42/4250.png.htm" title="Satellite image of northern Britain and Ireland showing the approximate area of Dál Riata (shaded)."><img alt="Satellite image of northern Britain and Ireland showing the approximate area of Dál Riata (shaded)." height="212" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Dalriada.png" src="../../images/230/23009.png" width="150" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/42/4250.png.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> Satellite image of northern Britain and Ireland showing the approximate area of Dál Riata (shaded).</div> </div> </div> <p><b>Áedán mac Gabráin</b> was king of <a href="../../wp/d/D%25C3%25A1l_Riata.htm" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>, a <a href="../../wp/m/Monarchy.htm" title="Kingdom">kingdom</a> in modern <!--del_lnk--> Argyll, <a href="../../wp/s/Scotland.htm" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <!--del_lnk--> County Antrim, <a href="../../wp/i/Ireland.htm" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, from about 574 onwards. He was a contemporary of <a href="../../wp/c/Columba.htm" title="Columba">Columba</a>, and much that is recorded of his life and career comes from <!--del_lnk--> hagiography such as <!--del_lnk--> Adomnán of Iona's <i>Life of Saint Columba</i>. The <!--del_lnk--> Irish annals record Áedán's campaigns against his neighbours, in <a href="../../wp/i/Ireland.htm" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and in northern <a href="../../wp/g/Great_Britain.htm" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, including expeditions to the <a href="../../wp/o/Orkney.htm" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney Islands</a>, the <a href="../../wp/i/Isle_of_Man.htm" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and to the north-east of Scotland. As recorded by <a href="../../wp/b/Bede.htm" title="Bede">Bede</a>, Áedán was decisively defeated by <!--del_lnk--> Æthelfrith of Bernicia at the <!--del_lnk--> battle of Degsastan. Áedán may have been deposed or have abicated following this defeat and died in about 608.<p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><a id="Background" name="Background"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Background</span></h2> <p>The sources for Áedán's life include Bede's <i><!--del_lnk--> Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</i>; Irish annals, principally the <!--del_lnk--> Annals of Ulster and the <!--del_lnk--> Annals of Tigernach; and Adomnán's <i>Life of Saint Columba</i>. Áedán also appears as a character in the early Irish works <i>Gein Branduib maic Echach ocus Aedáin maic Gabráin</i> and <i>Compert Mongáin</i>. The <!--del_lnk--> Senchus fer n-Alban, a census and genealogy of Dál Riata, records his immediate descendants.<p>Adomnán, the Senchus and the Irish annals state that Áedán was a son of <!--del_lnk--> Gabrán mac Domangairt (died c. 555–560). A Welsh poem says that Áedán's mother was a daughter of <!--del_lnk--> Dumnagual Hen of <!--del_lnk--> Alt Clut. Áedán's brother Eoganán is known from Adomnán and his death is recorded around 597. The Senchus fer n-Alban names three other sons of Gabrán, namely Cuildach, Domnall and Domangart. Although nothing is known of Cuildach and Domangart or their descendants, Adomnán mentions a certain Ioan, son of Conall, son of Domnall, "who belonged to the royal lineage of the Cenél nGabráin", but this is read as meaning that Ioan was a kinsman of the Cenél nGabráin, and his grandfather named Domnall is not thought to be the same person as Áedán's brother Domnall.<p>In the Rawlinson B. 502 manuscript, dated to c. 1130, is the tale <i>Gein Branduib maic Echach ocus Aedáin maic Gabráin</i> (The Birth of Brandub son of Eochu and of Aedán son of Gabrán). This tells how Áedán was a son of Echu mac Muiredaig of the <!--del_lnk--> Uí Cheinnselaig of <!--del_lnk--> Leinster, and thus the twin brother of <!--del_lnk--> Brandub mac Echach (died c. 605–608). Áedán was exchanged at birth for one of the twin daughters of Gabrán, born the very same night, so that each family might have a son. The <!--del_lnk--> Prophecy of Berchán also associates Áedán with Leinster. A modern study concludes that "[t]here seems to be no basis of fact behind these traditions".<p><a id="Neighbours" name="Neighbours"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Neighbours</span></h2> <p>Áedán was one of the several kings in Dál Riata and the very many in northern Britain and Ireland. Dál Riata itself was divided into three sub-kingdoms: the <!--del_lnk--> Cenél nGabráin, who took their name from Áedán's father, who ruled over <!--del_lnk--> Kintyre, <!--del_lnk--> Cowal and <!--del_lnk--> Bute; the <!--del_lnk--> Cenél Loairn of northern Argyll; and the Cenél nÓengusa of <!--del_lnk--> Islay. Within these there were smaller divisions or tribes which are named by the Senchus fer n-Alban. Details of the Irish part of the kingdom are less clear, but it appears to have been ruled by the Cenél nGabráin.<p>Looking outward, Dál Riata's neighbours in north Britain were the <a href="../../wp/p/Picts.htm" title="Picts">Picts</a> and the <!--del_lnk--> Britons. Later in Áedán's reign the kingdom of <!--del_lnk--> Bernicia would become a significant power in north Britain. In Ireland, Dál Riata formed part of <!--del_lnk--> Ulster, ruled by <!--del_lnk--> Báetán mac Cairill of the <!--del_lnk--> Dál Fiatach. The other major grouping in Ulster were the disunited tribes of the <!--del_lnk--> cruithne known as the <!--del_lnk--> Dál nAraidi. The major cruithne kings in Áedán's reign were <!--del_lnk--> Áed Dub mac Suibni and <!--del_lnk--> Fiachnae mac Báetáin. Beyond the kingdom of Ulster, and generally hostile to it, were the various kingdoms and tribes of the <!--del_lnk--> Uí Néill and their subject kingdoms and tribes. Of the Uí Néill kings, <!--del_lnk--> Áed mac Ainmuirech of the <!--del_lnk--> Cenél Conaill, Columba's first cousin once removed, was the most important to Áedán's reign.<p><a id="Reign" name="Reign"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Reign</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:152px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/42/4254.jpg.htm" title="Footprint used in king-making ceremonies, Dunadd"><img alt="Footprint used in king-making ceremonies, Dunadd" height="121" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Scotland_Dunadd_1.jpg" src="../../images/230/23010.jpg" width="150" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/42/4254.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> Footprint used in king-making ceremonies, <!--del_lnk--> Dunadd</div> </div> </div> <p>From the evidence of the annals, Áedán was around forty years old when he became king after the death of his uncle <!--del_lnk--> Conall mac Comgaill in 574. His succession as king may have been contested as Adomnán states that Columba had favoured the candidacy of Áedán's brother Eoganán. Adomnán records that Áedán was ordained as king by Columba, the first example of an ordination known in Britain and Ireland.<p>In 574, following Conall's death, the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Tigernach record a battle in Kintyre, at the unidentified Delgu or Teloch, but say only that "Dúnchad, son of Conall, son of Comgall, and many others of the allies of the sons of Gabrán, fell." In 575, the Annals of Ulster report "the great convention of Druim Cett", at Mullagh or Daisy Hill near <!--del_lnk--> Limavady, with Áed mac Ainmuirech and Columba in attendance. Adomnán reports that Áedán was present at the meeting. The purpose of the meeting is not entirely certain, but one agreement made there concerned the status of Áedán's kingdom. Áedán and Áed agreed that while the fleet of Dál Riata would serve the Uí Néill, no tribute would be paid, and warriors would only be provided from the Dál Riata lands in Ireland.<p>The reason for this agreement is presumed to have been the threat of Áedán and to Áed by Báetán mac Cairill. Báetán is said to have forced the king of Dál Riata to pay homage to him at Rosnaree on <!--del_lnk--> Islandmagee, and this is thought to have followed Áedán's alliance with the Cenél Conaill. Ulster sources say that Báetán levied tribute from Scotland, and Dál Riata is presumed to be meant, and he is known to have campaigned on the Isle of Man. Following Báetán's death in 581, the Ulstermen abandoned the Isle of Man, perhaps driven out by Áedán who is recorded as fighting there in 583. Somewhat earlier, around 580, Áedán had raided Orkney, which had been subject to <!--del_lnk--> Bridei son of Maelchon, <!--del_lnk--> King of the Picts, at an earlier date.<p>Áedán's campaigns on the Isle of Man have sometimes been confused with the battle against the Miathi mentioned by Adomnán. The Miathi appear to have been the <!--del_lnk--> Maeatae, a tribe in the area of the upper <!--del_lnk--> river Forth. This campaign was successful, but Áedán's sons Artúr and Eochaid Find were killed in battle according to Adomnán. This battle may have taken place around 590 and be recorded as the battle of Leithreid or Leithrig.<p>The Prophecy of Berchán says of Áedán: "Thirteen years (one after another) [he will fight against] the Pictish host (fair the diadem)." The only recorded battle between Áedán and the Picts appears to that fought in Circinn, in 599 or after, where Áedán was defeated. The annals mention the deaths of his sons here, but this is thought to be an error.<p>A number of <a href="../../wp/w/Wales.htm" title="Wales">Welsh</a> traditions point to warfare between Áedán and <!--del_lnk--> Rhydderch Hael of <!--del_lnk--> Alt Clut, the British kingdom later known as Strathclyde. Adomnán mentions Rhydderch sending a monk named Luigbe to <!--del_lnk--> Iona to speak with Columba "for he wanted to learn whether he would be slaughtered by his enemies or not". A <!--del_lnk--> Welsh triad names Áedán's plundering of Alt Clut as one of the "three unrestrained plunderings of Britain", and the poem <i>Peiryan Vaban</i> tells of a battle between Áedán and Rhydderch.<p><a id="Degsastan_and_after" name="Degsastan_and_after"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Degsastan and after</span></h2> <p>Degsastan appears not to have been the first battle between Áedán and the Bernicians. The death of his son Domangart in the land of the Saxons is mentioned by Adomnán, and it is presumed that Bran died in the same otherwise unrecorded battle.<p>Of the roots of this conflict, Bede tells us only that Áedán was alarmed by Æthelfrith's advance. Wherever the battle of Degsastan was fought, Bede saw it as lying within <!--del_lnk--> Northumbria. The battle was a decisive victory for Æthelfrith and Bede says, carefully, that "[f]rom that day until the present, no king of the Irish in Britain has dared to do battle with the English." Although victorious, Æthelfrith suffered losses as Bede tells us his brother Theobald was killed with all his following. Theobald is called Eanfrith in Irish sources, who name his killer as Máel Umai mac Báetáin of the <!--del_lnk--> Cenél nEógain. The Irish poem <i>Compert Mongáin</i> says that the king of Ulster, Fiachnae mac Báetáin of the Dál nAraidi, aided Áedán against the Saxons, perhaps at Degsastan. The <!--del_lnk--> Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentions that <!--del_lnk--> Hering, son of King <!--del_lnk--> Hussa of Bernicia, was present, apparently fighting with Áedán.<p>After the defeat of Degsastan the annals report nothing of Áedán until his death six years after the battle, perhaps on <!--del_lnk--> 17 April <!--del_lnk--> 608, the date coming from the Martyrology of Tallaght, composed around 800. The Annals of Tigernach give his age as 74. The Prophecy of Berchán, as well as placing his death in Kintyre, says "[h]e will not be king at the time of his death", while the 12th century <i>Acta Sancti Lasriani</i> claims that he was expelled from the kingship, but this is uncertain. <!--del_lnk--> John of Fordun, writing in the 14th century, believed that Áedán had been buried at <!--del_lnk--> Kilkerran in Kintyre, but this is again uncertain.<p><a name=".C3.81ed.C3.A1n.27s_legacy"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Áedán's legacy</span></h2> <p>Áedán was succeeded by his son <!--del_lnk--> Eochaid Buide. Adomnán gives an account of how Columba had foreseen this, and that Eochaid's older brothers would predecease their father. Áedán's other sons are named by the Senchus fer n-Alban as Eochaid Find, Tuathal, Bran, Baithéne, Conaing and Gartnait. Adomnán also names Artúr, who the Senchus calls a son of Conaing, and Domangart, who is not included in the Senchus. It is suggested that Domangart too may have been a grandson rather than a son of Áedán, most likely a son of Conaing. The main line of Cenél nGabráin kings were the descendants of Eochaid Buide through his son <!--del_lnk--> Domnall Brecc, but the descendants of Conaing successfully contested for the throne throughout the 7th century and into the 8th.<p>It has been suggested that Gartnait son of Áedán could be the same person as <!--del_lnk--> Gartnait son of Domelch, king of the Picts, whose death is reported in about 601, but this rests on the idea of Pictish <!--del_lnk--> matriliny, which has been criticised. Even less certainly, it has been argued that Gartnait's successor in the Pictish king-lists, <!--del_lnk--> Nechtan, was his grandson and thus Áedán's great-grandson.<p>Of Áedán's daughters, only one can be plausibly named. This is Maithgemm, or Gemma, who married a prince named Cairell of the Dál Fiatach. The names of Áedán's wives are not known, but one was said to be British and another may have been a Pictish princess named Domelch, if indeed the Gartnait son of Domelch and Gartnait son of Áedán are one and the same.<div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<!--del_lnk--> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ed%C3%A1n_mac_Gabr%C3%A1in"</div> <!-- end content --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="center"> This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes (see www.wikipedia.org for details of authors and sources) and is available under the <nobr><a href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm">GNU Free Documentation License</a></nobr>. See also our <b><a href="../../disclaimer.htm">Disclaimer</a></b>. </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">if (window.runOnloadHook) runOnloadHook();</script> </div> </body> </html>	['Dál Riata', 'Kingdom', 'Scotland', 'Ireland', 'Columba', 'Ireland', 'Great Britain', 'Orkney Islands', 'Isle of Man', 'Bede', 'Picts', 'Wales']
Åland	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <meta content="Åland,Cruiseferry,Pommern,.ax,1840s,1917,1918,1930s,1995,1 E9 m²,2006" name="keywords" /> <link href="../../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm" rel="copyright" /> <title>Åland</title> <style media="screen,projection" type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-monobook-main.css"; /]]>/</style> <link href="../../css/wp-commonPrint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE50Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE55Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE60Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE70Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/IEFixes.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> var skin = "monobook"; var stylepath = "/skins-1.5"; var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1"; var wgScriptPath = "/w"; var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org"; var wgCanonicalNamespace = ""; var wgNamespaceNumber = 0; var wgPageName = "Åland"; var wgTitle = "Åland"; var wgArticleId = 157063; var wgIsArticle = true; var wgUserName = null; var wgUserLanguage = "en"; var wgContentLanguage = "en"; </script> <script src="../../js/wikibits.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- wikibits js --></script> <script src="../../js/wp.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- site js --></script> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-common.css"; @import "../../css/wp-monobook.css"; @import "../../css/wp.css"; /]]>/</style> <!-- Head Scripts --> </head> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-Åland"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"><a id="top" name="top"></a><h1 class="firstHeading">Åland</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub"><a href="../../index.htm">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a>. Related subjects: <a href="../index/subject.Countries.htm">Countries</a>; <a href="../index/subject.Geography.European_Geography.European_Countries.htm">European Countries</a></h3> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox geography" style="width:23em;"> <tr> <td align="center" class="mergedtoprow" colspan="2" style="line-height:1.2em; font-size:1.2em;"><b><i>Landskapet Åland</i><br /><i>Ahvenanmaan maakunta</i></b><br /><b>Åland Islands</b></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td align="center" class="maptable" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em 0.8em 0.4em 0.8em;"> <table style="margin:0 auto; background:none; text-align:center;" width="100%"> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" width="50%"><span style="border:1px solid #bbbbbb; display:table-cell;"><a class="image" href="../../images/8/847.png.htm" title="Flag of Åland"><img alt="Flag of Åland" height="82" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Aaland.svg" src="../../images/286/28672.png" width="125" /></a></span></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" width="50%"><a class="image" href="../../images/286/28673.png.htm" title="Coat of arms of Åland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Åland" height="110" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Aland_coat_of_arms.svg" src="../../images/286/28673.png" width="85" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><small><!--del_lnk--> Flag</small></td> <td><small><!--del_lnk--> Coat of arms</small></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="line-height:1.2em; text-align:center;"><!--del_lnk--> Motto: none</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="line-height:1.2em; text-align:center;"><!--del_lnk--> Anthem: <i><!--del_lnk--> Ålänningens sång</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><span><a class="image" href="../../images/286/28674.png.htm" title="Location of Åland"><img alt="Location of Åland" height="115" longdesc="/wiki/Image:LocationAland.png" src="../../images/286/28674.png" width="250" /></a></span></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td><!--del_lnk--> <b>Capital</b><br /><!--del_lnk--> (and largest city)</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Mariehamn<br /><small><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><!--del_lnk--> 60°7′N 19°54′E</span></small></td> </tr> <tr> <th><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><!--del_lnk--> Official languages</span></th> <td><!--del_lnk--> Swedish</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:solid 1px Gainsboro; vertical-align:top;"><b><a href="../../wp/l/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government.htm" title="List of countries by system of government">Government</a></b></td> <td style="border-top:solid 1px Gainsboro; vertical-align:top;"><!--del_lnk--> Autonomous province</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> - <!--del_lnk--> Governor</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Peter Lindbäck<sup>1</sup></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td> - <!--del_lnk--> Premier</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Roger Nordlund</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th><!--del_lnk--> Autonomy</th> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> - Declared</td> <td>1920 </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td> - Recognized</td> <td>1921<sup>2</sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="../../wp/e/European_Union.htm" title="European Union">Accession to EU</a></th> <td><!--del_lnk--> January 1, <!--del_lnk--> 1995<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2"><!--del_lnk--> Area</th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> - Total</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 13,517 km² (<!--del_lnk--> n/a)<br /> 5,267 sq mi </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> - Water (%)</td> <td>89</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2"><!--del_lnk--> Population</th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> - 2005 estimate</td> <td>26,711 (<!--del_lnk--> n/a)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> - n/a census</td> <td>n/a</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td> - <!--del_lnk--> Density</td> <td>17.5/km² (<!--del_lnk--> n/a)<br /> 45.3/sq mi</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th><!--del_lnk--> GDP (<!--del_lnk--> PPP)</th> <td>n/a estimate</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> - Total</td> <td>n/a (<!--del_lnk--> n/a)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td> - Per capita</td> <td>n/a (<!--del_lnk--> n/a)</td> </tr> <tr> <th><b><!--del_lnk--> HDI</b>  (2003)</th> <td>n/a (n/a) (<!--del_lnk--> <small>unranked</small>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="../../wp/c/Currency.htm" title="Currency">Currency</a></th> <td><a href="../../wp/e/Euro.htm" title="Euro">Euro</a> (€)<sup>4</sup> (<code><!--del_lnk--> EUR</code>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th><a href="../../wp/t/Time_zone.htm" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th> <td><!--del_lnk--> EET (<!--del_lnk--> UTC+2)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td> - Summer (<!--del_lnk--> DST)</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> EEST (<!--del_lnk--> UTC+3)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th><!--del_lnk--> Internet TLD</th> <td><!--del_lnk--> .ax<sup>5</sup></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th><!--del_lnk--> Calling code</th> <td>+358 (area code 18)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small><sup>1</sup> The governor is an administrative post appointed by the <!--del_lnk--> Government of Finland, and does not have any authority over the autonomous <!--del_lnk--> Government of Åland.<br /><sup>2</sup> Settled by the <a href="../../wp/l/League_of_Nations.htm" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> following the <!--del_lnk--> Åland crisis.<br /><sup>3</sup> Åland held a separate referendum and then <!--del_lnk--> joined at the same time as the rest of Finland.<br /><sup>4</sup> Until 1999, the <!--del_lnk--> Finnish mark.<br /><sup>5</sup> Replacing .aland.fi from <!--del_lnk--> August <!--del_lnk--> 2006.</small></td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Åland</b> (pronounced <!--del_lnk--> IPA: <span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA">['oːland]</span> in <!--del_lnk--> Swedish), also called the <b>Åland Islands</b> or <i>Ahvenanmaa(n maakunta)</i> (in <!--del_lnk--> Finnish, meaning "<!--del_lnk--> Perch Land"), is an <!--del_lnk--> archipelago in the <a href="../../wp/b/Baltic_Sea.htm" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. It is situated at the entrance to the <!--del_lnk--> Gulf of Bothnia and forms an <!--del_lnk--> autonomous, demilitarised, monolingually <!--del_lnk--> Swedish-speaking <!--del_lnk--> administrative province of <a href="../../wp/f/Finland.htm" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<p>The islands consist of the main island <i>Fasta Åland</i> (where 90% of the population resides) and an archipelago to the east that consists of over 6,500 <!--del_lnk--> skerries and islands. <i>Fasta Åland</i> is separated from the coast of <a href="../../wp/s/Sweden.htm" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> by forty <!--del_lnk--> kilometres (twenty-five <!--del_lnk--> miles) of open water to the west. In the east, the Åland archipelago is virtually contiguous with the Finnish <!--del_lnk--> Archipelago Sea. Åland's only land border is extremely short and strangely shaped; it is located on the uninhabited island of <!--del_lnk--> Märket, which it shares with Sweden.<p>Due to Åland's autonomous status, the powers exercised at the provincial level by representatives of the central state administration in the rest of Finland are largely exercised by the <!--del_lnk--> Government of Åland in Åland.<p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><a id="Autonomy_of_.C3.85land" name="Autonomy_of_.C3.85land"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Autonomy of Åland</span></h2> <p>The autonomous status of the islands was affirmed by a decision made by the <a href="../../wp/l/League_of_Nations.htm" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1921 and, in a somewhat different context, reaffirmed in the treaty on Finland's admission to the <a href="../../wp/e/European_Union.htm" title="European Union">European Union</a>. By law, Åland is politically neutral and entirely demilitarised. The islands were granted extensive autonomy by the <!--del_lnk--> Parliament of Finland in the Act on the Autonomy of Åland of 1920, which was last replaced by new legislation by the same name in 1951 and <!--del_lnk--> 1991.<p>In connection with Finland's admission to the <a href="../../wp/e/European_Union.htm" title="European Union">European Union</a>, a protocol was signed concerning the Åland Islands that stipulates, among other things, that provisions of the <!--del_lnk--> European Community Treaty shall not force a change of the existing restrictions for foreigners (i.e. persons who do not enjoy "home region rights" <i>(hembygdsrätt)</i> in Åland) to acquire and hold real property or to provide certain services, implying a recognition of a separate <a href="../../wp/n/Nationality.htm" title="Nationality">nationality</a>.<p><a id="History" name="History"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <dl> <dd> </dl> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:302px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/286/28675.jpg.htm" title="The museum ship Pommern is anchored in the more western of Mariehamn's two harbours, Västerhamn"><img alt="The museum ship Pommern is anchored in the more western of Mariehamn's two harbours, Västerhamn" height="225" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Segelschiff_Pommern_2004.jpg" src="../../images/286/28675.jpg" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/286/28675.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> The museum ship <b><!--del_lnk--> Pommern</b> is anchored in the more western of <!--del_lnk--> Mariehamn's two harbours, Västerhamn</div> </div> </div> <p>The Åland Islands were part of the territory ceded to <a href="../../wp/r/Russia.htm" title="Russia">Russia</a> by <a href="../../wp/s/Sweden.htm" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> under the <!--del_lnk--> Treaty of Fredrikshamn in September 1809. As a result, they became part of the semi-<!--del_lnk--> autonomous <!--del_lnk--> Grand Duchy of Finland.<p>During this process, Sweden was unable to secure a provision that the islands not be fortified. The issue was important not only for Sweden but also for the <a href="../../wp/u/United_Kingdom.htm" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, which was concerned that a military presence on the islands could threaten Britain's security and commercial interests.<p>In 1832, Russia started to fortify the islands with the great fortress of <!--del_lnk--> Bomarsund. This was captured and destroyed by a combined British and French force of warships and marines in 1854 as part of the campaign in the Baltic during the <a href="../../wp/c/Crimean_War.htm" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. In the <!--del_lnk--> Treaty of Paris (1856), the entire Åland Islands were demilitarized.<p>During the <!--del_lnk--> Finnish Civil War, in <!--del_lnk--> 1918, Swedish troops intervened as a <!--del_lnk--> peacekeeping force between the Russian troops stationed on the islands and "White" and "Red" Finnish troops that came from Finland over the frozen sea. Historians however point out that Sweden may have in reality planned to occupy the islands. Within weeks, the Swedish troops gave way to German troops that occupied Åland by request of the "White" (<!--del_lnk--> conservative) Finnish <!--del_lnk--> Senate.<p>After 1917, the residents of the islands worked towards having the islands ceded back to their mother country, Sweden. A petition for secession from Finland was signed by 96.2% of Åland's native adults (those working or living abroad excluded), although serious questions were later raised regarding this extraordinarily high figure. Swedish nationalist sentiments had grown strong particularly due to the following issues: anti-Swedish tendencies in Finland, Finnish nationalism fuelled by Finland's struggle to retain its autonomy, and the Finnish resistance against <!--del_lnk--> Russification. In addition, the <!--del_lnk--> conflict between the Swedish-speaking minority and the Finnish-speaking majority (on the mainland), which since the <!--del_lnk--> 1840s had been prominent in Finland's political life, contributed to the Åland population's apprehension about its future in Finland.<p>Finland was however not willing to cede the islands and instead offered them an autonomous status. Nevertheless the residents did not approve the offer, and the dispute over the islands was submitted to the <a href="../../wp/l/League_of_Nations.htm" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. The latter decided that Finland should retain the <!--del_lnk--> sovereignty over the province but that the Åland Islands should be made an autonomous territory. Thus Finland was obliged to ensure the residents of the Åland Islands the right to maintain the Swedish language, as well as their own culture and local traditions. At the same time, an international treaty established the neutral status of Åland, whereby it was prohibited to place military headquarters or forces on the islands.<p>In the course of the <a href="../../wp/2/20th_century.htm" title="20th century">20th century</a>, increasing numbers of the islanders have perceived Finnish sovereignty as benevolent and even beneficial. The combination of disappointment about insufficient support from Sweden in the League of Nations, Swedish disrespect for Åland's demilitarised status in the <!--del_lnk--> 1930s, and some feelings of a shared destiny with Finland during and after <a href="../../wp/w/World_War_II.htm" title="World War II">World War II</a> has changed the islanders perception of Åland's relation to Finland from "a Swedish province in Finnish possession" to "an autonomous part of Finland".<p><a id="Politics" name="Politics"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Politics</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:302px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/530/53034.jpg.htm" title="The Åland Islands during the Crimean War."><img alt="The Åland Islands during the Crimean War." height="192" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Alands.jpg" src="../../images/286/28676.jpg" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/530/53034.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> The Åland Islands during the <a href="../../wp/c/Crimean_War.htm" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>The Åland Islands are governed according to the Act on the Autonomy of Åland and international treaties, which guarantee autonomy and a demilitarised status. The <!--del_lnk--> Government of Åland, or <i>Landskapsregering</i>, is dependent on the <!--del_lnk--> Parliament of Åland, or <i>Lagting</i>, according to the principles of <a href="../../wp/p/Parliamentary_system.htm" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentarism</a>.<p>Åland has its own national flag, has issued its own <!--del_lnk--> postage stamps since 1984, has its own <a href="../../wp/p/Police.htm" title="Police">police</a> force, and is a member of the <!--del_lnk--> Nordic Council. The islands are demilitarised, and the male population is exempt from <!--del_lnk--> conscription. Åland autonomy preceded the creation of the <!--del_lnk--> regions of Finland, but the autonomous government of Åland also handles what the regional councils do.<p>Finland has sovereignty over Åland, which is thus not <!--del_lnk--> independent. The Åland Islands are guaranteed representation in the <!--del_lnk--> Finnish parliament, to which they elect one representative.<p><a id="Administration" name="Administration"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Administration</span></h2> <dl> <dd> </dl> <p>The State Provincial Office on the <!--del_lnk--> Åland Islands has a somewhat different function from the other <!--del_lnk--> Provinces of Finland, due to its <!--del_lnk--> autonomy. Generally, a State Provincial Office is a joint regional authority of seven different ministries of the <!--del_lnk--> Government of Finland. In Åland, the State Provincial Office also represents a set of other authorities of the central government, which in <!--del_lnk--> Mainland Finland has separate bureaucracies. On the other hand, duties which in Mainland Finland are handled by the provincial offices, are transferred to the autonomous government of Åland.<p>Åland has its own post office but uses the Finnish five-digit postal code system, in which postal codes beginning with 22XXX are reservated for it. The smallest postal code is for the capital Mariehamn, 22100, and the highest 22950 for Jurmo.<p><a id="Municipalities" name="Municipalities"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Municipalities</span></h2> <dl> <dd> </dl> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent"> <tr valign="top"> <td width="120px"> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> Brändö<li><!--del_lnk--> Eckerö<li><!--del_lnk--> Finström<li><!--del_lnk--> Föglö</ul> </td> <td width="15px"> </td> <td width="120px"> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> Geta<li><!--del_lnk--> Hammarland<li><!--del_lnk--> Jomala<li><!--del_lnk--> Kumlinge</ul> </td> <td width="15px"> </td> <td width="120px"> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> Kökar<li><!--del_lnk--> Lemland<li><!--del_lnk--> Lumparland<li><!--del_lnk--> Mariehamn</ul> </td> <td width="15px"> </td> <td width="120px"> <ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> Saltvik<li><!--del_lnk--> Sottunga<li><!--del_lnk--> Sund<li><!--del_lnk--> Vårdö</ul> </td> <td width="15px"> <p> <br /> </td> </tr> </table> <p><a id="Geography" name="Geography"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Geography</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:182px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/286/28677.png.htm" title="Åland Islands (larger map)"><img alt="Åland Islands (larger map)" height="181" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%C3%85land_map_with_borders.svg" src="../../images/286/28677.png" width="180" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/286/28677.png.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> Åland Islands <small>(<!--del_lnk--> larger map)</small></div> </div> </div> <dl> <dd> </dl> <p>The Åland Islands occupy a position of great strategic importance, as they command one of the entrances to the port of <a href="../../wp/s/Stockholm.htm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, as well as the approaches to the <!--del_lnk--> Gulf of Bothnia, in addition to being situated near the <!--del_lnk--> Gulf of Finland.<p>The Åland archipelago consists of nearly three hundred inhabitable islands, of which about eighty are inhabited; the remainder are merely some 6,000 <!--del_lnk--> skerries and desolate rocks. The archipelago is connected to <!--del_lnk--> Turkuland archipelago in the east (<!--del_lnk--> Finnish: <i>Turunmaan saaristo,</i> <!--del_lnk--> Swedish: <i>Åbolands skärgård)</i> — the archipelago adjacent to the southwest coast of Finland. Together they form the <!--del_lnk--> Archipelago Sea.<p>The surface of the islands is generally rocky, the soil thin, and the climate keen. There are several excellent harbours, most notably at <!--del_lnk--> Ytternäs.<p>The islands' landmass occupies a total area of 1,512 square kilometres (583 <!--del_lnk--> sq. mi). Ninety per cent of the population live on <i><!--del_lnk--> Fasta Åland</i> (the Main Island), also the site of the capital town of <!--del_lnk--> Mariehamn. <i>Fasta Åland</i> is the largest island in the archipelago, extending over 1,010 square kilometres, more than 70% of the province's land area, and stretching 50 kilometres (31 <!--del_lnk--> mi) from north to south and 45 kilometres (28 mi) from east to west.<p>During the <!--del_lnk--> Åland crisis, the parties sought support from different maps of the islands. On the Swedish map, the most densely populated main island dominated, and many skerries were left out. On the Finnish map, a lot of smaller islands or skerries were, for technical reasons, given a slightly exaggerated size. The Swedish map made the islands appear to be closer to the mainland of Sweden than to Finland; the Finnish map stressed the continuity of the archipelago between the main island and <!--del_lnk--> mainland Finland, while a greater gap appeared between the islands and the archipelago on the Swedish side. Although both Finns and Swedes of course argued for their respective interpretations, in retrospect it is hard to say that one is more correct than the other. One consequence is the oft-repeated number of "over 6,000" skerries, that was given authority by the outcome of the arbitration.<p><a id="Economy" name="Economy"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Economy</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:402px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/286/28678.gif.htm" title="A transnational Euroregion encompasses Åland and nearby coastal archipelagoes (skärgårdar)."><img alt="A transnational Euroregion encompasses Åland and nearby coastal archipelagoes (skärgårdar)." height="307" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Aland.interreg.gif" src="../../images/286/28678.gif" width="400" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/286/28678.gif.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> A transnational <i><!--del_lnk--> Euroregion</i> encompasses Åland and nearby coastal archipelagoes (<i>skärgårdar</i>).</div> </div> </div> <p>Åland's economy is heavily dominated by <!--del_lnk--> shipping, <!--del_lnk--> trade and <a href="../../wp/t/Tourism.htm" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. Shipping represents about 40% of the economy, with several international carriers owned and operated off Åland. Most companies aside from shipping are small, with fewer than ten employees. Farming and fishing are important in combination with the food industry. A few high-profile technology companies contribute to a prosperous economy.<p>The main ports are <!--del_lnk--> Mariehamn (south), <!--del_lnk--> Berghamn (west) and <!--del_lnk--> Långnäs on the eastern shore of the Main Island.<p>The abolition of tax-free sales on ferry boats travelling between destinations within the <a href="../../wp/e/European_Union.htm" title="European Union">European Union</a> made Finland demand an exception for the Åland Islands on EU's <!--del_lnk--> VAT rules. The exception allows for maintained tax-free sales on the ferries between Sweden and Finland (provided they stop at Mariehamn), but has also made Åland a different tax-zone, meaning that tariffs must be levied on goods brought to the islands.<p>Unemployment is well below that of surrounding regions, 1.8% in 2004.<p>The Finnish State collects taxes, duties and fees also in Åland. In return, the Finnish Government places a sum of money at the disposal of the Åland Parliament. The sum is 0.45 per cent of total Government income, excluding Government loans. In 2005, the sum was over 225 million USD.<p><a id="Demographics" name="Demographics"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Demographics</span></h2> <dl> <dd> </dl> <p>Most inhabitants have <!--del_lnk--> Swedish (the sole <!--del_lnk--> official language) as their <!--del_lnk--> first language: 92.4% in 2004, and 5.0% speak <!--del_lnk--> Finnish. The language of instruction in publicly financed schools is Swedish, but an Ålandic municipality is free to provide teaching of Finnish. (In the rest of Finland, both Finnish and Swedish are official languages.) 0.3% (77 people) are English speakers.<p>Regional citizenship or the right of domicile (hembygdsrätt/ kotiseutuoikeus) is a prerequisite for the right to vote or stand as a candidate in elections to the Legislative Assembly, to own and hold real estate in Åland or to exercise without restriction a trade or profession in Åland.<p>The vast majority of the population, 94.8%, belongs to the <!--del_lnk--> Evangelical Lutheran Church.<p>The issue of the ethnicity of the Ålanders, and the correct linguistic classification of their language, remains somewhat sensitive and controversial. They may be considered either <!--del_lnk--> ethnic Swedes or <!--del_lnk--> Swedish-speaking Finns, but their language is closer to the adjacent dialects in Sweden, i.e. <!--del_lnk--> Uppländska, than to adjacent dialects of <!--del_lnk--> Finland Swedish.<ul> <li><!--del_lnk--> Listen to Ålandish</ul> <p><a id="Culture" name="Culture"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Culture</span></h2> <ul> <li>The Åland Islands are mentioned as the location where the character Hooper Hamilton in <!--del_lnk--> H.G. Wells' book <!--del_lnk--> The Shape of Things to Come committs suicide.</ul> <p><a id="Holidays" name="Holidays"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Holidays</span></h2> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="toccolours" style="margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Date</th> <th>English Name</th> <th>Local Name</th> <th>Remarks</th> </tr> <tr> <td><!--del_lnk--> January 1</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> New Year's Day</td> <td><i>Nyårsdagen</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><!--del_lnk--> January 6</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Epiphany</td> <td><i>Trettondagen</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><!--del_lnk--> March 30</td> <td>Åland's Demilitarisation Day</td> <td> </td> <td>Peace in 1856 after the Crimean war</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><!--del_lnk--> Moveable Friday</i></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Good Friday</td> <td><i>Långfredag</i></td> <td>The Friday before Easter Sunday</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><!--del_lnk--> Moveable Sunday</i></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Easter Sunday</td> <td><i>Påskdagen</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><!--del_lnk--> Moveable Monday</i></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Easter Monday</td> <td><i>Annandag påsk</i></td> <td>The day after Easter Sunday</td> </tr> <tr> <td><!--del_lnk--> April 30</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Walpurgis Night</td> <td><i>Valborgsmässoafton</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><!--del_lnk--> May 1</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> May Day</td> <td><i>Första maj</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><!--del_lnk--> Moveable Thursday</i></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Ascension Day</td> <td><i>Kristi himmelsfärdsdag</i></td> <td>40 days after Easter</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><!--del_lnk--> Moveable Sunday</i></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Pentecost</td> <td><i>Pingstdagen</i></td> <td>50 days after Easter</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><!--del_lnk--> Moveable Monday</i></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Whitmonday</td> <td><i>Annandag Pingst</i></td> <td>51 days after Easter</td> </tr> <tr> <td><!--del_lnk--> June 9</td> <td>Åland's national holiday</td> <td> </td> <td>First congregation of the regional government</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Third Friday of June</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Midsummer Eve</td> <td><i>Midsommarafton</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Third Saturday of June</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Midsummer Day</td> <td><i>Midsommardagen</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>First Saturday of November</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> All Saints Day</td> <td><i>Alla helgons dag</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><!--del_lnk--> December 6</td> <td>Independence day</td> <td><i>Självständighetsdagen</i></td> <td>Independence of <a href="../../wp/f/Finland.htm" title="Finland">Finland</a> (<!--del_lnk--> 1917)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><!--del_lnk--> December 24</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Christmas Eve</td> <td><i>Julafton</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><!--del_lnk--> December 25</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Christmas Day</td> <td><i>Juldagen</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><!--del_lnk--> December 26</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Boxing Day</td> <td><i>Annandag jul</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> </table> <p><a id="Gallery" name="Gallery"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Gallery</span></h2> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="gallery"> <tr> <td> <div class="gallerybox"> <div class="thumb" style="padding: 36px 0;"><a href="../../images/286/28679.jpg.htm" title="Image:ALAND003 copy.jpg"><img alt="" height="73" src="../../images/286/28679.jpg" width="120" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><!--del_lnk--> Cruiseferries offer transport from Åland to both mainland Finland and Sweden.</div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="gallerybox"> <div class="thumb" style="padding: 34px 0;"><a href="../../images/286/28680.jpg.htm" title="Image:Aaland 1.jpg"><img alt="" height="78" src="../../images/286/28680.jpg" width="120" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Östra Hamnen - The Eastern Port of Mariehamn, sailing ship <i>Linden</i> in the centre</div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="gallerybox"> <div class="thumb" style="padding: 33px 0;"><a href="../../images/286/28681.jpg.htm" title="Image:Aaland 2.jpg"><img alt="" height="80" src="../../images/286/28681.jpg" width="120" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Sjökvarteret in Mariehamn</div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="gallerybox"> <div class="thumb" style="padding: 33px 0;"><a href="../../images/286/28682.jpg.htm" title="Image:Aaland 3.jpg"><img alt="" height="80" src="../../images/286/28682.jpg" width="120" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Sailing ship <i><!--del_lnk--> Pommern</i> and a racing boat</div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="gallerybox"> <div class="thumb" style="padding: 33px 0;"><a href="../../images/286/28683.jpg.htm" title="Image:Aaland 4.jpg"><img alt="" height="80" src="../../images/286/28683.jpg" width="120" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Knutsbodaberget in Lemland, with 4 wind power generators</div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="gallerybox"> <div class="thumb" style="padding: 33px 0;"><a href="../../images/286/28684.jpg.htm" title="Image:Aaland 5.jpg"><img alt="" height="80" src="../../images/286/28684.jpg" width="120" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>The Lemströms canal</div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="gallerybox"> <div class="thumb" style="padding: 28px 0;"><a href="../../images/286/28685.jpg.htm" title="Image:Schooner Linden.jpg"><img alt="" height="90" src="../../images/286/28685.jpg" width="120" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Schooner <i>Linden</i> in the waters south of Mariehamn</div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="gallerybox"> <div class="thumb" style="padding: 43px 0;"><a href="../../images/286/28686.jpg.htm" title="Image:MSSiljaFestival.jpg"><img alt="" height="59" src="../../images/286/28686.jpg" width="120" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Ferry in Åland archipelago.</div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p><a id="See_also" name="See_also"></a><div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<!--del_lnk--> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land"</div> <!-- end content --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="center"> This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes (see www.wikipedia.org for details of authors and sources) and is available under the <nobr><a href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm">GNU Free Documentation License</a></nobr>. 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Édouard_Manet	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <meta content="noindex,nofollow" name="robots" /> <meta content="Édouard Manet,John Rewald,The Museum of Modern Art,1508,1515,1538,1832,1850,1856,1862,1863" name="keywords" /> <link href="../../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm" rel="copyright" /> <title>Édouard Manet</title> <style media="screen,projection" type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-monobook-main.css"; /]]>/</style> <link href="../../css/wp-commonPrint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE50Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE55Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE60Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE70Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/IEFixes.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript">/<![CDATA[/ var skin = "monobook"; var stylepath = "/skins-1.5"; var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1"; var wgScriptPath = "/w"; var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org"; var wgCanonicalNamespace = ""; var wgCanonicalSpecialPageName = false; var wgNamespaceNumber = 0; var wgPageName = "Édouard_Manet"; var wgTitle = "Édouard Manet"; var wgAction = "view"; var wgArticleId = "9615"; var wgIsArticle = true; var wgUserName = null; var wgUserGroups = null; var wgUserLanguage = "en"; var wgContentLanguage = "en"; var wgBreakFrames = false; var wgCurRevisionId = "128406842"; /]]>/</script> <script src="../../js/wikibits.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- wikibits js --></script> <script src="../../js/wp.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- site js --></script> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-common.css"; @import "../../css/wp-monobook.css"; @import "../../css/wp.css"; /]]>/</style> <!-- Head Scripts --> </head> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-Édouard_Manet"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"><a id="top" name="top"></a><h1 class="firstHeading">Édouard Manet</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub"><a href="../../index.htm">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a>. Related subjects: <a href="../index/subject.People.Artists.htm">Artists</a></h3> <!-- start content --> <div class="dablink"><i>Articles with similar titles include <a href="../../wp/c/Claude_Monet.htm" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, another <!--del_lnk--> painter of the same era.</i></div> <table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vcard" style="width:21em; font-size:90%;"> <tr> <td class="fn" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background-color:#EEDD82; color:#000000;"><b>Édouard Manet</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"><a class="image" href="../../images/78/7867.jpg.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="342" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%C3%89douard_Manet.jpg" src="../../images/78/7867.jpg" width="250" /></a><br /><small>portrait by <!--del_lnk--> Nadar</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>Birth name</b></td> <td class="nickname">Édouard Manet</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right" width="85px"><b>Born</b></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> January 23, <!--del_lnk--> 1832<br /><a href="../../wp/p/Paris.htm" title="Paris">Paris</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>Died</b></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> April 30, <!--del_lnk--> 1883<br /><a href="../../wp/p/Paris.htm" title="Paris">Paris</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>Nationality</b></td> <td><a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">French</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>Field</b></td> <td><a href="../../wp/p/Painting.htm" title="Painting">Painting</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right"><b>Famous works</b></td> <td><span class="note"><i><!--del_lnk--> The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe)</i>, 1863<br /></span><p><span class="note"><i><!--del_lnk--> Olympia</i> , 1863<br /><i><!--del_lnk--> A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (Le Bar aux Folies-Bergère)</i>, 1882<br /></span></td> </tr> </table> <p> <br /><b>Édouard Manet</b> (<!--del_lnk--> January 23, <!--del_lnk--> 1832 – <!--del_lnk--> April 30, <!--del_lnk--> 1883) was a <a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">French</a> <!--del_lnk--> painter. One of the first <!--del_lnk--> nineteenth century artists to approach modern-life subjects, he was a pivotal figure in the transition from <!--del_lnk--> Realism to <a href="../../wp/i/Impressionism.htm" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>. His early masterworks <i><!--del_lnk--> The Luncheon on the Grass</i> and <i><!--del_lnk--> Olympia</i> engendered great controversy, and served as rallying points for the young painters who would create Impressionism—today these are considered watershed paintings that mark the genesis of <!--del_lnk--> modern art.<script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script> <p><a id="Biography" name="Biography"></a><h2><span class="mw-headline">Biography</span></h2> <p><a id="Early_life" name="Early_life"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline">Early life</span></h3> <p>Édouard Manet was born in <a href="../../wp/p/Paris.htm" title="Paris">Paris</a> in <!--del_lnk--> 1832 to an affluent and well connected family. His mother, Eugénie-Desirée Fournier, was the goddaughter of the <a href="../../wp/s/Sweden.htm" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> crown prince, <!--del_lnk--> Charles Bernadotte, from whom the current Swedish monarchs are descended. His father, Auguste Manet, was a French judge who expected Édouard to pursue a career in law. His uncle, Charles Fournier, encouraged him to pursue painting and often took young Manet to the <!--del_lnk--> Louvre.<p>From <!--del_lnk--> 1850 to <!--del_lnk--> 1856, after failing the examination to join the navy, Manet studied under the academic painter <!--del_lnk--> Thomas Couture. In his spare time he copied the <!--del_lnk--> old masters in the <!--del_lnk--> Louvre.<p>He visited <a href="../../wp/g/Germany.htm" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="../../wp/i/Italy.htm" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="../../wp/n/Netherlands.htm" title="Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, during which time he absorbed the influences of the Dutch painter <!--del_lnk--> Frans Hals, and the Spanish artists <a href="../../wp/d/Diego_Vel%25C3%25A1zquez.htm" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a> and <a href="../../wp/f/Francisco_Goya.htm" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco José de Goya</a>.<p>In <!--del_lnk--> 1856, he opened his own studio. His style in this period was characterized by loose brush strokes, simplification of details, and the suppression of transitional tones. Adopting the current style of <!--del_lnk--> realism initiated by <!--del_lnk--> Gustave Courbet, he painted <i>The <a href="../../wp/a/Absinthe.htm" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a> Drinker</i> (1858-59) and other contemporary subjects such as beggars, singers, Gypsies, people in cafés, and bullfights. After his early years, he rarely painted religious, mythological, or historical subjects; examples include his <i>Christ Mocked</i>, now in the <!--del_lnk--> Art Institute of Chicago, and <i>Christ with Angels</i>, in the <!--del_lnk--> Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.<p><a id="Music_in_the_Tuileries" name="Music_in_the_Tuileries"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline"><i>Music in the Tuileries</i></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/78/7869.jpg.htm" title="Music in the Tuileries, 1862"><img alt="Music in the Tuileries, 1862" class="thumbimage" height="215" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Edouard_Manet_036.jpg" src="../../images/78/7869.jpg" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/78/7869.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div><i>Music in the Tuileries</i>, <!--del_lnk--> 1862</div> </div> </div> <p><i>Music in the Tuileries</i> is an early example of Manet's painterly style, inspired by Hals and Velázquez, and it is a harbinger of his life-long interest in the subject of leisure.<p>While the picture was not regarded as finished by some, the suggested atmosphere imparts a sense of what the Tuileries gardens were like at the time; one may imagine the music and conversation.<p>Here Manet has depicted his friends, artists, authors, and musicians who take part, and he has included a self-portrait among the subjects.<p><a id="Luncheon_on_the_Grass_.28Le_d.C3.A9jeuner_sur_l.27herbe.29" name="Luncheon_on_the_Grass_.28Le_d.C3.A9jeuner_sur_l.27herbe.29"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline"><i>Luncheon on the Grass</i> (<i>Le déjeuner sur l'herbe</i>)</span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/78/7871.jpg.htm" title="The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe), 1863"><img alt="The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe), 1863" class="thumbimage" height="237" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27Herbe_%28The_Picnic%29_%281%29.jpg" src="../../images/78/7871.jpg" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/78/7871.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div><i><!--del_lnk--> The Luncheon on the Grass</i> (<i>Le déjeuner sur l'herbe</i>), <!--del_lnk--> 1863</div> </div> </div> <dl> <dd> </dl> <p>A major early work is <i><!--del_lnk--> The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe)</i>. The <!--del_lnk--> Paris Salon rejected it for exhibition in <!--del_lnk--> 1863, but he exhibited it at the <!--del_lnk--> Salon des Refusés (Salon of the rejected) later in the year. Emperor Napoleon III had initiated The Salon des Refusés, after the Paris Salon rejected more than 4,000 paintings in <!--del_lnk--> 1863.<p>The painting's juxtaposition of fully-dressed men and a nude woman was controversial, as was its abbreviated, sketch-like handling—an innovation that distinguished Manet from Courbet. At the same time, Manet's composition reveals his study of the old masters, as the disposition of the main figures is derived from <!--del_lnk--> Marcantonio Raimondi's engraving <!--del_lnk--> Urteil des Paris (c. <!--del_lnk--> 1515) after his copy from a drawing by <a href="../../wp/r/Raphael.htm" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>.<p>Scholars also cite as an important precedent for Manet's painting <i>Le déjeuner sur l'herbe,</i> <!--del_lnk--> <i>The Tempest</i> which is a famous <a href="../../wp/r/Renaissance.htm" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> painting by <a href="../../wp/i/Italy.htm" title="Italy">Italian</a> master <!--del_lnk--> Giorgione (around <!--del_lnk--> 1508). It is housed in the <!--del_lnk--> Gallerie dell'Accademia of <!--del_lnk--> Venice, <a href="../../wp/i/Italy.htm" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<!--del_lnk--> The mysterious and enigmatic painting also features a fully dressed man and a nude female in a rural setting. The man is standing to the left and gazing to the side, apparently at the woman; a partially nude woman, who is sitting in a landscape, and is breastfeeding a baby. While darkening clouds and distant lightening herald an approaching storm. The relationship between the two figures is unclear.<p><a id="Olympia" name="Olympia"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline"><i>Olympia</i></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/78/7875.jpg.htm" title="Olympia, 1863"><img alt="Olympia, 1863" class="thumbimage" height="202" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Olympia%2C_1863.jpg" src="../../images/78/7875.jpg" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/78/7875.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div><i><!--del_lnk--> Olympia</i>, <!--del_lnk--> 1863</div> </div> </div> <dl> <dd> </dl> <p>As he had in <i>Luncheon on the Grass</i>, Manet again paraphrased a respected work by a <a href="../../wp/r/Renaissance.htm" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> artist in the painting <!--del_lnk--> Olympia (<!--del_lnk--> 1863), a nude portrayed in a style reminiscent of early studio <a href="../../wp/p/Photography.htm" title="Photography">photographs</a>, but whose pose was based on <!--del_lnk--> Titian's <!--del_lnk--> Venus of Urbino (<!--del_lnk--> 1538).<p>The painting was controversial partly because the nude is wearing some small items of clothing such as an orchid in her hair, a bracelet, a ribbon around her neck, and mule slippers, all of which accentuated her nakedness. This modern Venus' body is thin, counter to prevailing standards; thin women were not considered attractive at the time, and the painting's lack of idealism rankled. A fully-dressed servant is featured, exploiting the same juxtaposition as in <i>Luncheon on the Grass</i>.<p>Manet's <i>Olympia</i> also was considered shocking because of the manner in which the subject acknowledges the viewer. She defiantly looks out as her servant offers flowers from one of her male suitors. Although her hand rests on her leg, hiding her pubic area, the reference to traditional female virtue is ironic; a notion of modesty is notoriously absent in this work. The alert black cat at the foot of the bed strikes a rebellious note in contrast to that of the sleeping dog in Titian's portrayal of the goddess in his Venus of Urbino. Manet's uniquely frank (and largely unpopular) depiction of a self-assured prostitute was rejected by the Paris Salon of 1863. At the same time, his notoriety translated to popularity in the French avant-garde community.<p>As with <i>Luncheon on the Grass</i>, the painting raised the issue of prostitution within contemporary France and the roles of women within society. <p><a id="Life_and_times" name="Life_and_times"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline">Life and times</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8200.jpg.htm" title="Berthe Morisot, 1872"><img alt="Berthe Morisot, 1872" class="thumbimage" height="266" longdesc="/wiki/Image:BertheMorisot.jpg" src="../../images/82/8200.jpg" width="180" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8200.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div><i>Berthe Morisot</i>, <!--del_lnk--> 1872</div> </div> </div> <p>The roughly painted style and photographic lighting in these works was seen as specifically modern, and as a challenge to the Renaissance works Manet copied or used as source material. His work is considered 'early modern', partially because of the black outlining of figures, which draws attention to the surface of the picture plane and the material quality of paint.<p>He became friends with the <a href="../../wp/i/Impressionism.htm" title="Impressionism">Impressionists</a> <!--del_lnk--> Edgar Degas, <a href="../../wp/c/Claude_Monet.htm" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, <!--del_lnk--> Pierre-Auguste Renoir, <!--del_lnk--> Alfred Sisley, <!--del_lnk--> Paul Cézanne, and <!--del_lnk--> Camille Pissarro, through another painter, <!--del_lnk--> Berthe Morisot, who was a member of the group and drew him into their activities. The grand niece of the painter <!--del_lnk--> Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Morisot's paintings first had been accepted in the <!--del_lnk--> Salon de Paris in 1864 and she continued to show in the salon for ten years.<p>Manet became the friend and colleague of Berthe Morisot in 1868. She is credited with convincing Manet to attempt <!--del_lnk--> plein air painting, which she had been practicing since she had been introduced to it by another friend of hers, <!--del_lnk--> Camille Corot. They had a reciprocating relationship and Manet incorporated some of her techniques into his paintings. In 1874, she become his sister-in-law when she married his brother, Eugene.<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8202.jpg.htm" title="Self-portrait with palette, 1879."><img alt="Self-portrait with palette, 1879." class="thumbimage" height="300" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Self_Portrait_with_a_Palette.jpg" src="../../images/82/8202.jpg" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8202.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div><i>Self-portrait with palette</i>, <!--del_lnk--> 1879.</div> </div> </div> <p>Unlike the core Impressionist group, Manet maintained that modern artists should seek to exhibit at the <!--del_lnk--> Paris Salon rather than abandon it in favour of independent exhibitions. Nevertheless, when Manet was excluded from the International exhibition of <!--del_lnk--> 1867, he set up his own exhibition. His mother worried that he would waste all his inheritance on this project, which was enormously expensive. While the exhibition earned poor reviews from the major critics, it also provided his first contacts with several future Impressionist painters, including Degas.<p>Although his own work influenced and anticipated the Impressionist style, he resisted involvement in Impressionist exhibitions, partly because he did not wish to be seen as the representative of a group identity, and partly because he preferred to exhibit at the Salon. <!--del_lnk--> Eva Gonzalès was his only formal student.<p>He was influenced by the Impressionists, especially Monet and Morisot. Their influence is seen in Manet's use of lighter colors, but he retained his distinctive use of black, uncharacteristic of Impressionist painting. He painted many outdoor (<!--del_lnk--> plein air) pieces, but always returned to what he considered the serious work of the studio.<p>Throughout his life, although resisted by art critics, Manet could number as his champions <!--del_lnk--> Émile Zola, who supported him publicly in the press, <!--del_lnk--> Stéphane Mallarmé, and <!--del_lnk--> Charles Baudelaire, who challenged him to depict life as it was. Manet, in turn, drew or painted each of them.<p><a id="Cafe_scenes" name="Cafe_scenes"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline">Cafe scenes</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8204.jpg.htm" title="The Cafe Concert, 1878"><img alt="The Cafe Concert, 1878" class="thumbimage" height="303" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Edouard_Manet_030.jpg" src="../../images/82/8204.jpg" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8204.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div><i>The Cafe Concert</i>, <!--del_lnk--> 1878</div> </div> </div> <p>Manet's paintings of cafe scenes are observations of social life in nineteenth century Paris. People are depicted drinking beer, listening to music, flirting, reading, or waiting. Many of these paintings were based on sketches executed on the spot. He often visited the Brasserie Reichshoffen on boulevard de Rochechourt, upon which he based <i>At the Cafe</i> in 1878. Several people are at the bar, and one woman confronts the viewer while others wait to be served. Such depictions represent the painted journal of a <!--del_lnk--> flâneur. These are painted in a style which is loose, referencing <!--del_lnk--> Hals and <!--del_lnk--> Velázquez, yet they capture the mood and feeling of Parisian night life. They are painted snapshots of <!--del_lnk--> bohemianism, <!--del_lnk--> urban <!--del_lnk--> working people, as well as some of the <!--del_lnk--> bourgeoisie.<p>In <i>Corner of a Cafe Concert</i>, a man smokes while behind him a waitress serves drinks. In <i>The Beer Drinkers</i> a woman enjoys her beer in the company of a friend. In <i>The Cafe Concert</i>, shown at right, a sophisticated gentleman sits at a bar while a waitress stands resolutely in the background, sipping her drink. In <i>The Waitress</i>, a serving woman pauses for a moment behind a seated customer smoking a pipe, while a ballet dancer, with arms extended as she is about to turn, is on stage in the background.<p>Manet also sat at the restaurant on the <!--del_lnk--> Avenue de Clichy called Pere Lathuille's, which had a garden as well as the dining area. One of the paintings he produced here was, <i>At Pere Lathuille's</i>, in which a man displays an unrequited interest in a woman dining near him.<p>In <i>Le Bon Bock</i>, a large, cheerful, bearded man sits with a pipe in one hand and a glass of <a href="../../wp/b/Beer.htm" title="Beer">beer</a> in the other, looking straight at the viewer.<p><a id="Paintings_of_social_activities" name="Paintings_of_social_activities"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline">Paintings of social activities</span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8206.jpg.htm" title="Racing at Longchamp, 1864."><img alt="Racing at Longchamp, 1864." class="thumbimage" height="127" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Edouard_Manet_053.jpg" src="../../images/82/8206.jpg" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8206.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div><i>Racing at Longchamp</i>, <!--del_lnk--> 1864.</div> </div> </div> <p>Manet also painted the upper class enjoying more formal social activities. In <i>Masked ball at the Opera</i>, Manet shows a lively crowd of people enjoying a <!--del_lnk--> party. Men stand with top hats and long black suits while talking to women with masks and costumes. He included portraits of his friends in this picture.<p>Manet depicted other popular activities in his work. In <i>Racing at Longchamp</i>, an unusual perspective is employed to underscore the furious energy of racehorses as they rush toward the viewer. In <i>Skating</i> Manet shows a well dressed woman in the foreground, while others skate behind her. Always there is the sense of active urban life continuing behind the subject, extending outside the frame of the canvas.<p>In <i>View of the International Exhibition</i>, soldiers relax, seated and standing, prosperous couples are talking. There is a gardener, a boy with a dog, a woman on horseback—in short, a sample of the classes and ages of the people of Paris.<p><a id="Politics" name="Politics"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline">Politics</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8208.jpg.htm" title="The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 1867."><img alt="The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 1867." class="thumbimage" height="233" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Manet%2C_Edouard_-_The_Execution_of_Emperor_Maximilian%2C_1867.jpg" src="../../images/82/8208.jpg" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8208.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div><i>The Execution of Emperor Maximilian</i>, <!--del_lnk--> 1867.</div> </div> </div> <p>The Prints and Drawings Collection of the <!--del_lnk--> Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest) <!--del_lnk--> has a <!--del_lnk--> watercolour/<!--del_lnk--> gouache (<i>The Barricade</i>) by Manet depicting a summary execution of <!--del_lnk--> Communards by Versailles troops based on a <!--del_lnk--> lithograph of the <i>Execution of Maximilian</i>. The <i>Execution</i> was one of Manet's largest paintings, and judging by the full-scale preparatory study, one which the painter regarded as most important. Its subject is the execution by Mexican firing squad of a Hapsburg emperor, who had been installed by Napoleon III. As an indictment of formalized slaughter it looks back to <!--del_lnk--> Goya, and anticipates <!--del_lnk--> Picasso's <!--del_lnk--> Guernica.<p>In January 1871 Manet traveled to <!--del_lnk--> Oloron-Sainte-Marie in the <!--del_lnk--> Pyrenees. In his absence his friends added his name to the "Féderation des artistes" (see:<!--del_lnk--> Courbet) of the <!--del_lnk--> Paris Commune. Manet stayed away from Paris, perhaps, until after the <!--del_lnk--> Semaine sanglante.<!--del_lnk--> In a letter to <!--del_lnk--> Berthe Morisot at <!--del_lnk--> Cherbourg (June 10,1871) he writes :" <i>We came back to Paris a few days ago...</i>".(the semaine sanglante ended on <!--del_lnk--> 28 May).<p>On <!--del_lnk--> 18 March <!--del_lnk--> 1871 he wrote to his (confederate) friend <!--del_lnk--> Félix Braquemond in Paris about his visit to <!--del_lnk--> Bordeaux, the provisory seat of the French National Assembly of the <!--del_lnk--> Third French Republic where <!--del_lnk--> Emile Zola introduced him to the sites: " <i>I never imagined that France could be represented by such doddering old fools, not excepting that little twit</i> <!--del_lnk--> Thiers..." (some colorful language unsuitable at social events followed, <i>see</i> <i>"Manet by himself"</i> 1991/2004). If this could be interpreted as support of the Commune a following letter to Braquemond (<!--del_lnk--> March 21, <!--del_lnk--> 1871) expressed his idea more clearly: <i>"Only party hacks and the ambitious, the Henrys of this world following on the heels of the Milliéres, the grotesque imitators of the Commune of 1793..."</i> He knew the communard Lucien Henry to have been a former painters model and Millière, an insurance agent. <i>"What an encouragement all these bloodthirsty caperings are for the arts! But there is at least one consolation in our misfortunes: that we're not politicians and have no desire to be elected as deputies"</i>. (the letters are published in Julliet Wilson-Bareau ed <i>"Manet by himself"</i> UK: Times Warner, 2004)<p><a id="Paris" name="Paris"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline">Paris</span></h3> <p>Manet depicted many scenes of the streets of Paris in his works. The <i>Rue Mosnier Decked with Flags</i> depicts red, white, and blue pennants covering buildings on either side of the street--another painting of the same title features a one-legged man walking with crutches. Again depicting the same street, but this time in a different context, is <i>Rue Monsnier with Pavers</i>, in which men repair the roadway while people and horses move past.<div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8210.jpg.htm" title="The Railway, 1872"><img alt="The Railway, 1872" class="thumbimage" height="202" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Edouard_Manet_021.jpg" src="../../images/82/8210.jpg" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8210.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div><i>The Railway</i>, <!--del_lnk--> 1872</div> </div> </div> <p><i>The Railway</i>, widely known as <i>The Gare Saint-Lazare</i>, was painted in 1873. The setting is the <!--del_lnk--> urban <a href="../../wp/l/Landscape.htm" title="Landscape">landscape</a> of Paris in the late nineteenth century. Using his favorite model in his last painting of her, a fellow painter, <!--del_lnk--> Victorine Meurent, also the model for <i>Olympia</i> and the <i>Luncheon on the Grass</i>, sits before an iron fence holding a sleeping puppy and an open book in her lap, next to her is a little girl with her back to the painter, who watches a train pass beneath them.<p>Instead of choosing the traditional natural view as background for an outdoor scene, Manet opts for the iron grating which “boldly stretches across the canvas” (Gay 106). The only evidence of the train is its white cloud of steam. In the distance, modern apartment buildings are seen. This arrangement compresses the foreground into a narrow focus. The traditional convention of deep space is ignored.<p>When the painting was first exhibited at the official Paris Salon of 1874:<p>"Visitors and critics found its subject baffling, its composition incoherent, and its execution sketchy. <!--del_lnk--> Caricaturists ridiculed Manet’s picture, in which only a few recognized the symbol of modernity that it has become today”(Dervaux 1).<p>The painting is currently displayed at the <!--del_lnk--> National Gallery of Art in <a href="../../wp/w/Washington%252C_D.C..htm" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>.<!--del_lnk--> <p><a id="Late_works" name="Late_works"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline">Late works</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8212.jpg.htm" title="A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (Le Bar aux Folies-Bergère), 1882"><img alt="A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (Le Bar aux Folies-Bergère), 1882" class="thumbimage" height="222" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Edouard_Manet._A_Bar_at_the_Folies-Berg%C3%A8re.JPG" src="../../images/82/8212.jpg" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8212.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div><i><!--del_lnk--> A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (Le Bar aux Folies-Bergère)</i>, <!--del_lnk--> 1882</div> </div> </div> <p>He completed painting his last major work, <i><!--del_lnk--> A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (Le Bar aux Folies-Bergère)</i>, in <!--del_lnk--> 1882 and it hung in the Salon that year.<p>In <!--del_lnk--> 1875, a French edition of <a href="../../wp/e/Edgar_Allan_Poe.htm" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s <i><!--del_lnk--> The Raven</i> included lithographs by Manet and translation by Mallarmé.<!--del_lnk--> <!--del_lnk--> <p>In <!--del_lnk--> 1881, with pressure from his friend <!--del_lnk--> Antonin Proust, the French government awarded Manet the <!--del_lnk--> Légion d'honneur.<p><a id="Private_life" name="Private_life"></a><h2><span class="mw-headline">Private life</span></h2> <p>In 1863 Manet married Suzanne Leenhoff, a Dutch-born piano teacher of his own age with whom he had been romantically involved for approximately ten years. Leenhoff initially had been employed by Manet's father, Auguste, to teach Manet and his younger brother piano. She also may have been Auguste's mistress. In 1852, Leenhoff gave birth, out of wedlock, to a son, Leon Koella Leenhoff.<p>After the death of his father in 1862, Manet married Suzanne. Eleven-year-old Leon Leenhoff, whose father may have been either of the Manets, posed often for Manet. Most famously, he is the subject of the <i>Boy with a Sword</i> in 1861.<p><a id="Death" name="Death"></a><h3><span class="mw-headline">Death</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:215px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8214.jpg.htm" title="Manet's Tomb at Passy Cemetery"><img alt="Manet's Tomb at Passy Cemetery" class="thumbimage" height="328" longdesc="/wiki/Image:ManetPassy.jpg" src="../../images/82/8214.jpg" width="213" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/82/8214.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> Manet's Tomb at Passy Cemetery</div> </div> </div> <p>Manet died of untreated <!--del_lnk--> syphilis, which he contracted in his forties. The disease caused him considerable pain and partial paralysis from <!--del_lnk--> locomotor ataxia in the years prior to his death.<p>His left foot was amputated because of <!--del_lnk--> gangrene, an operation followed eleven days later by his death. He died at the age of fifty-one in Paris in <!--del_lnk--> 1883, and is buried in the <!--del_lnk--> Cimetière de Passy in the city.<p>In <!--del_lnk--> 2000, one of his paintings sold for over <a href="../../wp/u/United_States_dollar.htm" title="United States dollar">$</a>20 million.<h2><span class="mw-headline">Paintings</span></h2> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="gallery"> <tr> <td> <div class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px;"> <div class="thumb" style="padding: 13px 0; width: 150px;"><a href="../../images/82/8238.jpg.htm" title="Image:Manet, Edouard. 1882 Bloemen in een kristallen vaas..jpg"><img alt="" height="120" src="../../images/82/8238.jpg" width="89" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><i>Flowers in a Crystal Vase</i><p> <br /> </div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px;"> <div class="thumb" style="padding: 13px 0; width: 150px;"><a href="../../images/82/8292.jpg.htm" title="Image:Manet, Femme au Chapeau a plume grise.jpg"><img alt="" height="119" src="../../images/82/8292.jpg" width="77" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p><i>Femme au Chapeau a plume grise</i><p> <br /> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a><div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<!--del_lnk--> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"</div> <!-- end content --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="center"> This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes (see www.wikipedia.org for details of authors and sources) and is available under the <nobr><a href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm">GNU Free Documentation License</a></nobr>. See also our <b><a href="../../disclaimer.htm">Disclaimer</a></b>. </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">if (window.runOnloadHook) runOnloadHook();</script> </div> </body> </html>	['Claude Monet', 'Paris', 'Paris', 'France', 'Painting', 'France', 'Impressionism', 'Paris', 'Sweden', 'Germany', 'Italy', 'Netherlands', 'Diego Velázquez', 'Francisco Goya', 'Absinthe', 'Raphael', 'Renaissance', 'Italy', 'Italy', 'Renaissance', 'Photography', 'Impressionism', 'Claude Monet', 'Beer', 'Landscape', 'Washington, D.C.', 'Edgar Allan Poe', 'United States dollar']
Éire	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <meta content="Éire,1936,1949,Anglo-Irish Treaty,April 18,Book of Invasions,Brian Lenihan,Britain,Bunreacht na hÉireann,Canada,Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh" name="keywords" /> <link href="../../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm" rel="copyright" /> <title>Éire</title> <style media="screen,projection" type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-monobook-main.css"; /]]>/</style> <link href="../../css/wp-commonPrint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE50Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE55Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE60Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE70Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/IEFixes.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> var skin = "monobook"; var stylepath = "/skins-1.5"; var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1"; var wgScriptPath = "/w"; var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org"; var wgCanonicalNamespace = ""; var wgNamespaceNumber = 0; var wgPageName = "Éire"; var wgTitle = "Éire"; var wgArticleId = 42965; var wgIsArticle = true; var wgUserName = null; var wgUserLanguage = "en"; var wgContentLanguage = "en"; </script> <script src="../../js/wikibits.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- wikibits js --></script> <script src="../../js/wp.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- site js --></script> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-common.css"; @import "../../css/wp-monobook.css"; @import "../../css/wp.css"; /]]>/</style> <!-- Head Scripts --> </head> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-Éire"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"><a id="top" name="top"></a><h1 class="firstHeading">Éire</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub"><a href="../../index.htm">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a>. Related subjects: <a href="../index/subject.Countries.htm">Countries</a>; <a href="../index/subject.Geography.European_Geography.European_Countries.htm">European Countries</a></h3> <!-- start content --> <div class="metadata topicon" id="featured-star" style="right:10px; display:none;"> <div style="position: relative; width: 14px; height: 14px; overflow: hidden"> <div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; font-size: 100px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 100px; z-index: 3"><!--del_lnk--> <span title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information.">   </span></div> <div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 2"><a class="image" href="../../images/0/24.png.htm" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a featured article. Click here for more information." height="14" longdesc="/wiki/Image:LinkFA-star.png" src="../../images/0/24.png" width="14" /></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:182px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/273/27300.png.htm" title="Map of Éire"><img alt="Map of Éire" height="209" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Ei-map.svg" src="../../images/150/15006.png" width="180" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/273/27300.png.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> Map of Éire</div> </div> </div> <p><b>Éire</b> (<!--del_lnk--> pronounced <span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA">[ˈeːrʲə]</span>) is the <!--del_lnk--> Irish name of the island called <b><a href="../../wp/i/Ireland.htm" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></b> in the <a href="../../wp/e/English_language.htm" title="English language">English language</a>.<p>The name Éire is the <!--del_lnk--> nominative form in modern <!--del_lnk--> Irish of the name for the goddess called <!--del_lnk--> Ériu in Old Irish, a <!--del_lnk--> mythical figure who helped the Gaels conquer Ireland as described in the <!--del_lnk--> Book of Invasions. <i>Éire</i> is still used in the Irish language today to refer to the <a href="../../wp/i/Ireland.htm" title="Ireland">island of Ireland</a> as well as the <a href="../../wp/r/Republic_of_Ireland.htm" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> - as well as the goddess. The <!--del_lnk--> dative form <i>Éirinn</i> is anglicized as <i>Erin</i>, which is occasionally used as a poetic name for Ireland in English, and has also become a common feminine name in English.<p>The name was given in Article 4 of the 1937 <!--del_lnk--> Irish constitution to the <a href="../../wp/i/Ireland.htm" title="Ireland">Irish</a> state, created under the 1921 <!--del_lnk--> Anglo-Irish Treaty, which was known between 1922 and 1937 as the <!--del_lnk--> Irish Free State. Article 4 stated that: "The name of the state is Éire, or, in the English language, <i>Ireland</i>."<p>The name "Éire" features on all <!--del_lnk--> Irish coinage (and <!--del_lnk--> Irish euro coins), postage stamps, passports and other official state documents issued since 1937 — for instance the <!--del_lnk--> Official Seal of the President of Ireland. Before then, "Saorstát Éireann", the Irish translation of <!--del_lnk--> Irish Free State, was used except for postage stamps which regularly used "Éire" during the Irish Free State era in both definitive and special issues.<p>Since 1949, the term <a href="../../wp/r/Republic_of_Ireland.htm" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> has generally been used in preference to Éire, when speaking English. It is sometimes felt that use of "Éire" is associated with a condescending attitude to Ireland in some right-wing quarters of the <!--del_lnk--> British media. Technically, as the <i><!--del_lnk--> Republic of Ireland Act</i> enacted in 1948 makes clear, the "Republic of Ireland" is actually a description rather than the name of the state, even if generally used as such.<p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><a name=".C3.89ire_in_the_Irish_Constitution"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline"><i>Éire</i> in the Irish Constitution</span></h2> <p>The <!--del_lnk--> Fianna Fáil party government (1932–48) of <!--del_lnk--> Éamon de Valera drafted an entirely new constitution, called <i><!--del_lnk--> Bunreacht na hÉireann</i>. The constitution is not an act of the parliament of the Irish Free State; rather it was "enacted by the people", by a <!--del_lnk--> plebiscite in 1937. The simple terms, Ireland and Éire, were used in the constitution to indicate a break with the Irish Free State without implying a return to the <!--del_lnk--> Irish Republic or a break with the Crown. Among the new features of that new constitution were a <!--del_lnk--> President of Ireland, renaming the <!--del_lnk--> President of the Executive Council the <!--del_lnk--> Taoiseach, and restoring the senate <!--del_lnk--> Seanad Éireann. As it was the religion of over 95% of the population, there was a reference (repealed by plebiscite in 1972) to the "special position of the Roman Catholic church". Unlike the Irish Free State constitution which it replaced, Bunreacht na hÉireann had no constitutional link with the Crown, except in external relations through a combination of Article 29 of the Constitution and the <i><!--del_lnk--> External Relations Act, <!--del_lnk--> 1936</i>. The repeal of the latter Act by the <i><!--del_lnk--> Republic of Ireland Act, 1948</i> created Ireland as a sovereign Republic in 1949, with <i>Republic of Ireland</i> as a new description but without changing the name of the state from <i>Éire</i> or <i>Ireland</i>.<p><a id="From_.C3.89ire_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" name="From_.C3.89ire_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">From Éire to the Republic of Ireland</span></h2> <p>The declaration of the republic proved somewhat controversial. In 1945, when asked if he planned to do so, de Valera had replied, "we are a republic", having refused to say so before for eight years. He also insisted that Ireland had no king, but simply used an external king as an <i>organ</i> in international affairs. However, that was not the view of constitutional lawyers including de Valera's Attorneys-General, whose disagreement with de Valera's interpretation only came to light when the state papers from the 1930s and 1940s were released to historians. Nor was it the view in the international arena, who believed that Ireland <i>did</i> have a king, <a href="../../wp/g/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom.htm" title="George VI of the United Kingdom">George VI</a> who had been proclaimed <i><!--del_lnk--> King of Ireland</i> in December 1936, and to whom they accredited ambassadors to Ireland. King George, in turn, as "King of Ireland" accredited all Irish diplomats. All treaties signed by the Irish <!--del_lnk--> Taoiseach or Minister for External Affairs were signed in the name of King George.<p>De Valera did have a history of making statements on constitutional matters that were legally questionable. His belief that the Governor-General's post had been abolished by a constitutional amendment in December 1936 was privately rejected by his own Attorney-General, <!--del_lnk--> James Geoghegan, Secretary to the Executive Council (i.e., the state's main civil servant and his own closest advisor), <!--del_lnk--> Maurice Moynihan, the Parliamentary Draftsman's Office (which drafted legislation) and other leading legal figures in the government. To sort out what was privately seen as a legal mess, de Valera had had to introduce a second enactment, the <i><!--del_lnk--> Executive Power (Consequential Provisions) Act, 1937</i>, which was backdated as if effective from the original date of the supposed abolition in December 1936. In 1947, de Valera's new Attorney-General, future President of Ireland <!--del_lnk--> Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, began drafting a bill to grant to the President the powers in international affairs possessed by the King. Part of the debate in government revolved around whether a republic should be declared in the bill. The very existence of the debate is evidence that de Valera's latest attorney-general and part of his cabinet, maybe even de Valera himself, did not agree with de Valera's statement in 1945 that Éire was <i>already</i> a republic. In the end, the draft bill was never submitted to the <!--del_lnk--> Oireachtas for approval. Whether that is because it was simply abandoned or because de Valera planned to introduce it after the 1948 general election (which he unexpectedly lost) is unclear.<p>A bill to finally and unambiguously declare a republic was introduced, in 1948, by the new Taoiseach, <!--del_lnk--> John A. Costello of the <!--del_lnk--> Fine Gael party. What caused the bill to be introduced remains a mystery. Costello made the announcement that the bill was to be introduced when he was in <a href="../../wp/o/Ottawa.htm" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, during an official visit to <a href="../../wp/c/Canada.htm" title="Canada">Canada</a>. It had been suggested that it was a <!--del_lnk--> spur of the moment reaction to offence caused by the <!--del_lnk--> Governor-General of Canada, <!--del_lnk--> Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis who was of <a href="../../wp/n/Northern_Ireland.htm" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a> descent and who allegedly placed symbols of Northern Ireland, notably a replica of the famous <!--del_lnk--> Roaring Meg cannon used in the <!--del_lnk--> Siege of Derry, in front of an affronted Costello at a <!--del_lnk--> state dinner. What is certain is that the prior arrangement whereby toasts to the King (symbolising Canada) and the President (representing Ireland) were to be proposed, was broken. Only a toast to the King was proposed, to the fury of the Irish delegation. Shortly afterwards Costello announced the plan to declare the republic.<p>However, according to all but one of the ministers in Costello's cabinet, the decision to declare a republic had already been made prior to Costello's Canadian visit. Costello's revelation of the decision was because the <!--del_lnk--> Sunday Independent (an Irish newspaper) had discovered the fact and was about to "break" the story as an exclusive. Nevertheless one minister, the controversial <!--del_lnk--> Noel Browne, gave a different account in his autobiography, <i>Against the Tide</i>. He claimed Costello's announcement was done in a fit of anger of his treatment by the Governor-General and that when he returned, Costello, at an assembly of ministers in his home, offered to resign because of his manufacture of a major government policy initiative on the spot in Canada. Yet according to Browne, all the ministers agreed that they would refuse to accept the resignation and also agreed to manufacture the story of a prior cabinet decision.<p>The evidence of what really happened remains ambiguous. There is <i>no</i> record of a prior decision to declare a republic before Costello's Canadian trip, among cabinet papers for 1948, which supports Browne's claim. However, in what is generally regarded as one of its most ill-judged decisions, the Costello government refused to allow the Secretary to the Government, <!--del_lnk--> Maurice Moynihan, to attend cabinet meetings and take minutes, because they believed he was too close to their enemy, Éamon de Valera. (De Valera had been in office continually for sixteen years and directly preceded them. As Moynihan had been the state's chief civil servant for much of that time, it was hardly surprising that he would have been close to de Valera. Still, no evidence suggests that his closeness to de Valera led him into active antagonism towards Costello's ministers, and they reversed their decision when they returned to government in 1954.) Rather than entrust the minute-taking to Moynihan, the cabinet entrusted it to a Parliamentary Secretary (junior minister), future Taoiseach <!--del_lnk--> Liam Cosgrave. Given that Cosgrave had never kept minutes before, it is understandable that Cosgrave's minutes, at least early on in the government, proved less than a thorough record of government decisions. So whether the issue was never raised, was raised but undecided on, was subjected to a decision taken <i>informally</i>, or was subjected to a decision taken <i>formally</i>, remains obscure on the basis of the 1948 cabinet documentation.<p>In addition, Browne's own book, published in the 1980s, is littered with major factual inaccuracies and thus is seen as equally unreliable. The last two surviving ministers of that cabinet in the 1980s, former Minister for External Affairs <!--del_lnk--> Sean MacBride and Browne, publicly and trenchantly disagreed with one another as to the events that led to the declaration of the republic. What is certain is that one man's account is wrong. But it has proved impossible to determine <i>which</i> one is wrong.<p>At any rate, the <i><!--del_lnk--> Republic of Ireland Act</i> was enacted in Oireachtas Éireann with all parties voting for it. De Valera did suggest that it would have been better to reserve the declaration of the republic until Irish unity had been achieved, a comment hard to reconcile with his 1945 claim that Éire was <i>already</i> a republic. Speaking in <!--del_lnk--> Seanad Éireann Costello told senators that as a matter of law, the King was indeed "King of Ireland" and Irish head of state and the President of Ireland was in effect no more than first citizen and a local notable, until the new law came into force.<p>On <!--del_lnk--> 18 April <!--del_lnk--> 1949, the <i>Republic of Ireland Act, 1948</i> came into force. Ireland ceased to have a king. The President of Ireland was upgraded to a full head of state. While the constitutional name of the state, <i>Éire</i> was not changed, the descriptive name given to Éire in the new Act, <i>The Republic of Ireland</i>, became the effective name of the twenty-six county state. All previous ambiguities over name, title, head of state and the positions of the King of Ireland and the President of Ireland were resolved. The <!--del_lnk--> Westminster Parliament passed its own <i><!--del_lnk--> Ireland Act 1949</i> acknowledging the changes, preserving certain rights of Irish citizens in the <a href="../../wp/u/United_Kingdom.htm" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and designating <i>the Republic of Ireland</i> as its name for the resulting state. King George VI, sent a message of goodwill to the new Irish head of state, President <!--del_lnk--> Sean T. O'Kelly. O'Kelly's new status as head of state was celebrated by the first ever state visit by an Irish president abroad, to the <!--del_lnk--> Holy See in 1950. (En route, he planned to "do the decent thing and call upon Your Majesty", but timetabling problems prevented what was intended to be the first ever public meeting between a British king and an Irish president.)<p>The declaration of the republic had two controversial after-effects. On becoming a republic, a country ceases to be a member of the <!--del_lnk--> Commonwealth of Nations. Though 1949 saw India as a republic reapply for membership and be accepted, the Republic of Ireland decided not to do so. More controversially, the British parliament's <i>Ireland Act 1949</i> gave a legislative guarantee to <a href="../../wp/n/Northern_Ireland.htm" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> that Northern Ireland would continue to remain a part of the United Kingdom unless the parliament of Northern Ireland formally expressed a wish to join a United Ireland. This "<!--del_lnk--> unionist veto" became a source of much controversy during the rest of the twentieth century.<div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<!--del_lnk--> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ire"</div> <!-- end content --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="center"> This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes (see www.wikipedia.org for details of authors and sources) and is available under the <nobr><a href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm">GNU Free Documentation License</a></nobr>. See also our <b><a href="../../disclaimer.htm">Disclaimer</a></b>. </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">if (window.runOnloadHook) runOnloadHook();</script> </div> </body> </html>	['Ireland', 'English language', 'Ireland', 'Republic of Ireland', 'Ireland', 'Republic of Ireland', 'George VI of the United Kingdom', 'Ottawa', 'Canada', 'Northern Ireland', 'United Kingdom', 'Northern Ireland']
Óengus_I_of_the_Picts	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <meta content="Óengus I of the Picts,Scottish Monarchs,Scottish Monarchs,729,Alan Orr Anderson,Alex Woolf,Alexander III of Scotland,Alexander II of Scotland,Alexander I of Scotland,Alpín II of the Picts,Alpín I of the Picts" name="keywords" /> <link href="../../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm" rel="copyright" /> <title>Óengus I of the Picts</title> <style media="screen,projection" type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-monobook-main.css"; /]]>/</style> <link href="../../css/wp-commonPrint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE50Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE55Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE60Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE70Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/IEFixes.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> var skin = "monobook"; var stylepath = "/skins-1.5"; var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1"; var wgScriptPath = "/w"; var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org"; var wgCanonicalNamespace = ""; var wgNamespaceNumber = 0; var wgPageName = "Óengus_I_of_the_Picts"; var wgTitle = "Óengus I of the Picts"; var wgArticleId = 1603438; var wgIsArticle = true; var wgUserName = null; var wgUserLanguage = "en"; var wgContentLanguage = "en"; </script> <script src="../../js/wikibits.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- wikibits js --></script> <script src="../../js/wp.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- site js --></script> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-common.css"; @import "../../css/wp-monobook.css"; @import "../../css/wp.css"; /]]>/</style> <!-- Head Scripts --> </head> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-Óengus_I_of_the_Picts"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"><a id="top" name="top"></a><h1 class="firstHeading">Óengus I of the Picts</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub"><a href="../../index.htm">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a>. Related subjects: <a href="../index/subject.History.British_History.British_History_1500_and_before_including_Roman_Britain.htm">British History 1500 and before (including Roman Britain)</a>; <a href="../index/subject.People.Historical_figures.htm">Historical figures</a></h3> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox" style="font-size: 90%;" width="280"> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="3" style="color: #000000; background-color: #C1D8FF; font-size: 120%"><b>Óengus son of Fergus</b></th> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="3"><i>King of the Picts</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="3"><a class="image" href="../../images/158/15817.jpg.htm" title="Image:ÓengusmacFergusa.JPG"><img alt="Image:ÓengusmacFergusa.JPG" height="253" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%C3%93engusmacFergusa.JPG" src="../../images/158/15817.jpg" width="245" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="3">The figure of the <!--del_lnk--> Old Testament King <!--del_lnk--> David shown killing a <a href="../../wp/l/Lion.htm" title="Lion">lion</a> on the <!--del_lnk--> St Andrews Sarcophagus is thought to represent King Óengus. The figure is dressed as a Roman emperor of <!--del_lnk--> Late Antiquity and wears a <!--del_lnk--> fibula like that of the Emperor <!--del_lnk--> Justinian on the mosaic at <!--del_lnk--> San Vitale, <!--del_lnk--> Ravenna.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Reign</b></td> <td colspan="2">732 – 761</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Died</b></td> <td colspan="2">761</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Buried</b></td> <td colspan="2"><!--del_lnk--> St Andrews</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Predecessor</b></td> <td colspan="2"><!--del_lnk--> Nechtan son of Der-Ile</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Successor</b></td> <td colspan="2"><!--del_lnk--> Bridei son of Fergus</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Issue</b></td> <td colspan="2">Bridei, <!--del_lnk--> Talorgan</td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Óengus, son of Fergus</b> (<!--del_lnk--> Hypothetical Pictish form: <i>Onuist map Urguist</i>; <!--del_lnk--> Old Irish: <i>Óengus mac Fergusso</i>, Anglicisation: <i>Angus mac Fergus</i>), was <!--del_lnk--> king of the Picts from 732 until his death in 761. His reign can be reconstructed in some detail from a variety of sources.<p>Óengus became the chief king in Pictland following a period of civil war in the late 720s. During his reign, the neighbouring kingdom of <a href="../../wp/d/D%25C3%25A1l_Riata.htm" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> was subjugated and the <!--del_lnk--> kingdom of Strathclyde was attacked with less success. The most powerful ruler in <a href="../../wp/s/Scotland.htm" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> for over two decades, he was involved in wars in <a href="../../wp/i/Ireland.htm" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="../../wp/e/England.htm" title="England">England</a>. Kings from Óengus's family dominated Pictland until 839 when a disastrous defeat at the hands of <a href="../../wp/v/Viking.htm" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> began a new period of instability, which ended with the coming to power of <!--del_lnk--> Cináed mac Ailpín.<p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><a id="Sources_and_background" name="Sources_and_background"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Rise to power</span></h2> <p>Irish genealogies make Óengus a member of the <!--del_lnk--> Eóganachta, a kindred with its base in <!--del_lnk--> Munster. The branch of the kindred from which he came was located in an area known as Circinn, usually associated with modern <!--del_lnk--> Angus and the <!--del_lnk--> Mearns. His early life is unknown; Óengus was middle-aged by the time he entered into history. His close kin included at least two sons, Bridei (died 736) and <!--del_lnk--> Talorgan (died 782), and two brothers, Talorgan (died 750) and <!--del_lnk--> Bridei (died 763).<p>King <!--del_lnk--> Nechtan son of Der-Ilei abdicated to enter a monastery in 724 and was imprisoned by his successor <!--del_lnk--> Drest in 726. In 728 and 729, four kings competed for power in Pictland: Drest; Nechtan; <!--del_lnk--> Alpín, of whom little is known; and lastly Óengus, who was a partisan of Nechtan, and perhaps his acknowledged heir.<p>Four battles large enough to be recorded in Ireland were fought in 728 and 729. Alpín was defeated twice by Óengus, after which Nechtan was restored to power. In 729 a battle between supporters of Óengus and Nechtan's enemies was fought at Monith Carno (traditionally Cairn o' Mount, near <!--del_lnk--> Fettercairn) where the supporters of Óengus were victorious. Nechtan was restored to the kingship, probably until his death in 732. On <!--del_lnk--> 12 August <!--del_lnk--> 729 Óengus defeated and killed Drest in battle at Druimm Derg Blathuug, a place which has not been identified.<p><a id="Percutio_Dal_Riatai" name="Percutio_Dal_Riatai"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Percutio Dal Riatai</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:202px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/42/4250.png.htm" title="Satellite image of northern Britain and Ireland showing the approximate area of Dál Riata (shaded)."><img alt="Satellite image of northern Britain and Ireland showing the approximate area of Dál Riata (shaded)." height="283" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Dalriada.png" src="../../images/42/4250.png" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/42/4250.png.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> Satellite image of northern <a href="../../wp/g/Great_Britain.htm" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> and <a href="../../wp/i/Ireland.htm" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> showing the approximate area of Dál Riata (shaded).</div> </div> </div> <p>In the 730s, Óengus fought against <a href="../../wp/d/D%25C3%25A1l_Riata.htm" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> whose traditional overlords and protectors in Ireland, the <!--del_lnk--> Cenél Conaill, were much weakened at this time. A fleet from Dál Riata fought for <!--del_lnk--> Flaithbertach mac Loingsig, chief of the Cenél Conaill, in his war with <!--del_lnk--> Áed Allán of the <!--del_lnk--> Cenél nEógan, and suffered heavy losses in 733. Dál Riata was ruled by <!--del_lnk--> Eochaid mac Echdach of the <!--del_lnk--> Cenél nGabráin who died in 733, and the king lists are unclear as to who, if anyone, succeeded him as overking. The <!--del_lnk--> Cenél Loairn of north <!--del_lnk--> Argyll were ruled by <!--del_lnk--> Dúngal mac Selbaig whom Eochaid had deposed as overking of Dál Riata in the 720s.<p>Fighting between the Picts, led by Óengus's son Bridei, and the Dál Riata, led by Talorgan mac Congussa, is recorded in 731. In 733, Dúngal mac Selbaig "profaned [the sanctuary] of <!--del_lnk--> Tory Island when he dragged Bridei out of it." Dúngal, previously deposed as overking of Dál Riata, was overthrown as king of the Cenél Loairn and replaced by his first cousin <!--del_lnk--> Muiredach mac Ainbcellaig.<p>In 734 Talorgan mac Congussa was handed over to the Picts by his brother, and drowned by them. Talorgan son of Drostan was captured near <!--del_lnk--> Dún Ollaigh. He appears to have been the King of <!--del_lnk--> Atholl, and was drowned on Óengus's order in 739. Dúngal too was a target in this year. He was wounded, the unidentified fortress of Dún Leithfinn was destroyed, and he "fled into Ireland, to be out of the power of Óengus."<p>The annals report a second campaign by Óengus against the Dál Riata in 736. Dúngal, who had returned from Ireland, and his brother Feradach, were captured and bound in chains. The fortresses of Creic and <!--del_lnk--> Dunadd were taken. Muiredach of the Cenél Loairn was no more successful, defeated with heavy loss by Óengus's brother Talorgan, perhaps by <!--del_lnk--> Loch Awe. A final campaign in 741, following the deaths of Muiredach's son <!--del_lnk--> Eógan and Talorgan mac Congussa's brother Cú Bretan in the late 730s, saw the Dál Riata again defeated. This was recorded in the <i>Annals of Ulster</i> as <i>Percutio Dál Riatai la h-Óengus m. Forggusso</i>, the "smiting of Dál Riata by Óengus son of Fergus". With this Dál Riata disappears from the record for a generation.<p>It may be that Óengus was involved in wars in Ireland, perhaps fighting with Áed Allán, or against him as an ally of <!--del_lnk--> Cathal mac Finguine. The evidence for such involvement is limited. There is the presence of Óengus's son Bridei at Tory Island, on the north-west coast of <!--del_lnk--> Donegal in 733, close to the lands of Áed Allán's enemy Flaithbertach mac Loingsig. Less certainly, the <i><!--del_lnk--> Fragmentary Annals of Ireland</i> report the presence of a Pictish fleet from <!--del_lnk--> Fortriu fighting for Flaithbertach in 733 rather than against him.<p><a id="Alt_Clut.2C_Northumbria.2C_and_Mercia" name="Alt_Clut.2C_Northumbria.2C_and_Mercia"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Alt Clut, Northumbria, and Mercia</span></h2> <p>In 740, a war between the Picts and the Northumbrians is reported, during which <!--del_lnk--> Æthelbald, King of <a href="../../wp/m/Mercia.htm" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, took advantage of the absence of <!--del_lnk--> Eadberht of Northumbria to ravage his lands, and perhaps burn <a href="../../wp/y/York.htm" title="York">York</a>. The reason for the war is unclear, but it has been suggested that it was related to the killing of Earnwine son of <!--del_lnk--> Eadwulf on Eadberht's orders. Earnwine's father had been an exile in the north after his defeat in the civil war of 705–706, and it may be that Óengus, or Æthelbald, or both, had tried to place him on the Northumbrian throne.<div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:182px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/158/15819.jpg.htm" title="Escomb Church, County Durham. The stone churches built for Nechtan, and perhaps Óengus's church at St Andrews, are presumed to have been similar."><img alt="Escomb Church, County Durham. The stone churches built for Nechtan, and perhaps Óengus's church at St Andrews, are presumed to have been similar." height="135" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Escomb_Church_%28John_Phillips%29.jpg" src="../../images/158/15819.jpg" width="180" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/158/15819.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div><!--del_lnk--> Escomb Church, <!--del_lnk--> County Durham. The stone churches built for Nechtan, and perhaps Óengus's church at St Andrews, are presumed to have been similar.</div> </div> </div> <p>Battles between the Picts and the Britons of Alt Clut, or <!--del_lnk--> Strathclyde, are recorded in 744 and again in 750, when <!--del_lnk--> Kyle was taken from Alt Clut by Eadberht of Northumbria. The 750 battle between the Britons and the Picts is reported at a place named Mocetauc (perhaps Mugdock, near <!--del_lnk--> Milngavie) in which Talorgan the brother of Óengus was killed. Following the defeat in 750, the <i>Annals of Ulster</i> record "the ebbing of the sovereignty of Óengus". This is thought to refer to the coming to power of <!--del_lnk--> Áed Find, son of Eochaid mac Echdach, in all or part of Dál Riata, and his rejection of Óengus's overlordship.<p>Unlike the straightforward narrative of the attacks on Dál Riata, a number of interpretations have been offered of the relations between Óengus, Eadberht and Æthelbald in the period from 740 to 750. One suggestion is that Óengus and Æthelbald were allied against Eadberht, or even that they exercised a joint rulership of Britain, or <!--del_lnk--> bretwaldaship, Óengus collecting tribute north of the <!--del_lnk--> River Humber and Æthelbald south of the Humber. This rests largely on a confused passage in Symeon of Durham's <i>Historia Regum Anglorum</i>, and it has more recently been suggested that the interpretation offered by <!--del_lnk--> Frank Stenton—that it is based on a textual error and that Óengus and Æthelbald were not associated in any sort of joint overlordship—is the correct one.<p>In 756, Óengus is found campaigning alongside Eadberht of Northumbria. The campaign is reported as follows:<blockquote> <p>In the year of the Lord's incarnation 756, king Eadberht in the eighteenth year of his reign, and Unust, king of Picts led armies to the town of <!--del_lnk--> Dumbarton. And hence the Britons accepted terms there, on the first day of the month of August. But on the tenth day of the same month perished almost the whole army which he led from Ouania to Niwanbirig.</blockquote> <p>That Ouania is <!--del_lnk--> Govan is now reasonably certain, but the location of Newanbirig is less so. Although there are very many Newburghs, it is Newburgh-on-Tyne near <!--del_lnk--> Hexham that has been the preferred location. An alternative interpretation of the events of 756 has been advanced: it identifies Newanbirig with <!--del_lnk--> Newborough by <!--del_lnk--> Lichfield in the kingdom of Mercia. A defeat here for Eadberht and Óengus by Æthelbald's Mercians would correspond with the claim in the Saint Andrews foundation legends that a king named Óengus son of Fergus founded the church there as a thanksgiving to <!--del_lnk--> Saint Andrew for saving him after a defeat in Mercia.<p><a id="The_cult_of_Saint_Andrew" name="The_cult_of_Saint_Andrew"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">The cult of Saint Andrew</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:302px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/158/15820.jpg.htm" title="The St Andrews Sarcophagus."><img alt="The St Andrews Sarcophagus." height="207" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Standrewssarcophagus.jpg" src="../../images/158/15820.jpg" width="300" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/158/15820.jpg.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> The <!--del_lnk--> St Andrews Sarcophagus.</div> </div> </div> <p>The story of the foundation of <!--del_lnk--> St Andrews, originally <i>Cennrígmonaid</i>, is not contemporary and may contain many inventions. The Irish annals report the death of "Tuathalán, abbot of Cinrigh Móna", in 747, making it certain that St Andrews had been founded before that date, probably by Óengus or by Nechtan son of Der-Ilei. It is generally presumed that the <!--del_lnk--> St Andrews Sarcophagus was executed at the command of Óengus. Later generations may have conflated this king Óengus with the 9th century <!--del_lnk--> king of the same name. The choice of <!--del_lnk--> David as a model is, as <!--del_lnk--> Alex Woolf notes, an appropriate one: David too was an usurper.<p>The cult of <!--del_lnk--> Saint Andrew may have come to Pictland from Northumbria, as had the cult of <!--del_lnk--> Saint Peter which had been favoured by Nechtan, and in particular from the <!--del_lnk--> monastery at <!--del_lnk--> Hexham which was dedicated to Saint Andrew. This apparent connection with the Northumbrian church may have left a written record. Óengus, like his successors and presumed kinsmen <!--del_lnk--> Caustantín and <!--del_lnk--> Eógan, is recorded prominently in the <i>Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis</i>, a list of some 3000 benefactors for whom prayers were said in religious institutions connected with <a href="../../wp/d/Durham.htm" title="Durham">Durham</a>.<p><a id="Death_and_legacy" name="Death_and_legacy"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Death and legacy</span></h2> <p>Óengus died in 761, "aged probably more than seventy, ... the dominating figure in the politics of Northern Britain". His death is reported in the usual brief style by the annalists, except for the continuator of Bede in Northumbria, possibly relying upon a Dál Riata source, who wrote:<blockquote> <p>Óengus, king of the Picts, died. From the beginning of his reign right to the end he perpetrated bloody crimes, like a tyrannical slaughterer.</blockquote> <p>The <!--del_lnk--> Pictish Chronicle king lists have it that he was succeeded by his brother <!--del_lnk--> Bridei. His son <!--del_lnk--> Talorgan was later king, and is the first son of a Pictish king known to have become king.<p>The following 9th century Irish praise poem from the <!--del_lnk--> Book of Leinster is associated with Óengus:<blockquote> <p>Good the day when Óengus took Alba,<br /> hilly Alba with its strong chiefs;<br /> he brought battle to palisaded towns,<br /> with feet, with hands, with broad shields.</blockquote> <p>An assessment of Óengus is problematic, not least because annalistic sources provide very little information on Scotland in the succeeding generations. His apparent Irish links add to the long list of arguments which challenge the idea that the "Gaelicisation" of eastern Scotland began in the time of Cináed mac Ailpín; indeed there are good reasons for believing that process began before Óengus's reign. Many of the Pictish kings until the death of <!--del_lnk--> Eógan mac Óengusa in 839 belong to the family of Óengus, in particular the 9th century sons of Fergus, <!--del_lnk--> Caustantín and <!--del_lnk--> Óengus.<p>The amount of information which has survived about Óengus compared with other Pictish kings, the nature and geographical range of his activities and the length of his reign combine to make King Óengus one of the most significant rulers of the insular Dark Ages.<div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<!--del_lnk--> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93engus_I_of_the_Picts"</div> <!-- end content --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="center"> This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes (see www.wikipedia.org for details of authors and sources) and is available under the <nobr><a href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm">GNU Free Documentation License</a></nobr>. 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€2_commemorative_coins	<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> <meta content="€2 commemorative coins,€2 commemorative coins,10 cent euro coins,1492,1955,1 cent euro coins,1 euro coins,2003,2004,2004 Summer Olympics,2005" name="keywords" /> <link href="../../favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link href="../../wp/w/Wikipedia_Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License.htm" rel="copyright" /> <title>€2 commemorative coins</title> <style media="screen,projection" type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-monobook-main.css"; /]]>/</style> <link href="../../css/wp-commonPrint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE50Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 5.5000]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE55Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE60Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><style type="text/css">@import "../../css/IE70Fixes.css";</style><![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="../../js/IEFixes.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> var skin = "monobook"; var stylepath = "/skins-1.5"; var wgArticlePath = "/wiki/$1"; var wgScriptPath = "/w"; var wgServer = "http://en.wikipedia.org"; var wgCanonicalNamespace = ""; var wgNamespaceNumber = 0; var wgPageName = "€2_commemorative_coins"; var wgTitle = "€2 commemorative coins"; var wgArticleId = 3509054; var wgCurRevisionId = 92024063; var wgIsArticle = true; var wgUserName = null; var wgUserLanguage = "en"; var wgContentLanguage = "en"; </script> <script src="../../js/wikibits.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- wikibits js --></script> <script src="../../js/wp.js" type="text/javascript"><!-- site js --></script> <style type="text/css">/<![CDATA[/ @import "../../css/wp-common.css"; @import "../../css/wp-monobook.css"; @import "../../css/wp.css"; /]]>/</style> <!-- Head Scripts --> </head> <body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-€2_commemorative_coins"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"><a id="top" name="top"></a><h1 class="firstHeading">€2 commemorative coins</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub"><a href="../../index.htm">2007 Schools Wikipedia Selection</a>. Related subjects: <a href="../index/subject.Business_Studies.Currency.htm">Currency</a></h3> <!-- start content --> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:168px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/1/159.png.htm" title="The reverse side of all €2 coins."><img alt="The reverse side of all €2 coins." height="168" longdesc="/wiki/Image:2e_comm.png" src="../../images/1/159.png" width="166" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/1/159.png.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div> The reverse side of all <!--del_lnk--> €2 coins.</div> </div> </div> <p><b>€2 commemorative coins</b> are special <!--del_lnk--> euro coins <!--del_lnk--> minted and issued by member states of the <!--del_lnk--> Eurozone since 2004 as <!--del_lnk--> legal tender in all Eurozone member states. The coins typically <!--del_lnk--> commemorate the <!--del_lnk--> anniversaries of <a href="../../wp/h/History.htm" title="History">historical events</a> or draw attention to <!--del_lnk--> current events of special importance. As at <!--del_lnk--> 17 October <!--del_lnk--> 2006, twenty variations of €2 commemorative coins have been minted — six in 2004, eight in 2005 and six in 2006. One more is currently planned to be minted later in 2006. €2 commemorative coins have become <!--del_lnk--> collectibles.<p> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><a id="Regulations_and_restrictions" name="Regulations_and_restrictions"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Regulations and restrictions</span></h2> <p>The basis for the commemorative coins derived from a decision of the <!--del_lnk--> European Council, which repealed the prohibition of changing the national <!--del_lnk--> obverse sides of euro coins from <!--del_lnk--> 1 January <!--del_lnk--> 2004 onwards. However, a number of recommendations and restrictions still apply.<p>Two restrictions concern the design. For one, nothing has changed about the fact that euro coins have a common reverse side, so only the national obverse sides may be changed. Additionally, the standard national obverse sides <i>per se</i> should not be changed before 2008 at the earliest, unless the <!--del_lnk--> head of state depicted on some of the coins dies before then. (This clause already came into effect for <a href="../../wp/m/Monaco.htm" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> and the <a href="../../wp/v/Vatican_City.htm" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, whose heads of state — <!--del_lnk--> Rainier III and <a href="../../wp/p/Pope_John_Paul_II.htm" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> respectively — died in 2005 and whose national obverse sides were changed for 2006.)<p>Further regulations restrict the frequency and number of commemorative coin issues. Each member state shall only issue one commemorative coin per year, and it shall only be denominated as a €2 coin. The total number of such coins put into circulation per year shouldn't surpass the higher of the following two numbers:<ul> <li>0.1 per cent of the total number of €2 coins put into circulation by all members of the eurozone. This limit can exceptionally be increased to up to 2.0 per cent if the coin commemorates a very important and noteworthy event; in this case, the member state issuing this higher number of coins should refrain from putting any commemorative coins into circulation for the following four years.<li>5.0 per cent of the total number of €2 coins put into circulation by the member state issuing the €2 commemorative coin.</ul> <p>Another decision added two more guidelines regarding the design of the coins. The state issuing a coin should in some way clearly be identified on the obverse side, either by stating the full name or a clearly identifiable abbreviation of it; and neither name nor the denomination of the coin should be repeated on the obverse, as it is already featured on the common reverse side.<p>These restrictions do not apply retroactively; only new designs — the national obverse sides for regular issues of states newly joining the euro or of eurozone states which change their design, and €2 commemorative coins issued from 2006 onwards — are subject to them.<p><a id="Issues" name="Issues"></a><h2> <span class="mw-headline">Issues</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width:182px;"><a class="internal" href="../../images/1/160.png.htm" title=" ██ three €2 commem. coins issued ██ two €2 commem. coins issued ██ one €2 commem. coin issued ██ no €2 commem. coins issued ██ not part of the eurozone"><img alt=" ██ three €2 commem. coins issued ██ two €2 commem. coins issued ██ one €2 commem. coin issued ██ no €2 commem. coins issued ██ not part of the eurozone" height="165" longdesc="/wiki/Image:European_Union_commemorative_2_euro_coins.png" src="../../images/1/160.png" width="180" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float:right"><a class="internal" href="../../images/1/160.png.htm" title="Enlarge"><img alt="Enlarge" height="11" src="../../images/0/1.png" width="15" /></a></div><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#0000FF; color:#0000FF;">██</span> three €2 commem. coins issued</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#0080FF; color:#0080FF;">██</span> two €2 commem. coins issued</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#80FFFF; color:#80FFFF;">██</span> one €2 commem. coin issued</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#FFFF80; color:#FFFF80;">██</span> no €2 commem. coins issued</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%; display:block;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#CDC3CC; color:#CDC3CC;">██</span> not part of the <!--del_lnk--> eurozone</span></div> </div> </div> <p>As of February 2006, ten countries have issued €2 commemorative coins (<a href="../../wp/a/Austria.htm" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="../../wp/b/Belgium.htm" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="../../wp/f/Finland.htm" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="../../wp/g/Germany.htm" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="../../wp/g/Greece.htm" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="../../wp/i/Italy.htm" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="../../wp/l/Luxembourg.htm" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="../../wp/s/San_Marino.htm" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="../../wp/s/Spain.htm" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the <a href="../../wp/v/Vatican_City.htm" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>), with Greece being the first country to issue this type of coin. Five eurozone countries have not yet issued such coins (<a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">France</a>, <a href="../../wp/i/Ireland.htm" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="../../wp/m/Monaco.htm" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, the <a href="../../wp/n/Netherlands.htm" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="../../wp/p/Portugal.htm" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>).<p>The <!--del_lnk--> face value of the coins is typically less than their <!--del_lnk--> intrinsic value of between €3 and €12. The exceptions are San Marino and the Vatican City, where coins from the former are regularly sold for between €30 and €40, while coins from the latter are very rarely obtained for less than €100.<p>Issued designs are made public in the <!--del_lnk--> Official Journal of the European Union (references to these publications are given in the tables below).<p><b>Note</b>: <i>In <a href="../../wp/h/Heraldry.htm" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, directions are often described as they would appear to the bearer of a <!--del_lnk--> coat of arms, rather than as they would appear to the viewer. Therefore, the following descriptions will use "facing to the left" when it would appear to the layman that the person depicted is facing to the right.</i><div style="clear: both"> </div> <p><a name="2004_coinage"></a><h3> <span class="mw-headline">2004 coinage</span></h3> <center> <table class="wikitable"> <tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Feature</th> <th>Volume</th> <th>Date</th> </tr> <tr> <td width="160"> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/166.jpg.htm" title="Greece 2004"><img alt="Greece 2004" height="149" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Greece_2004.jpg" src="../../images/1/166.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/7/790.png.htm" title="Flag of Greece"><img alt="Flag of Greece" height="15" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Greece.svg" src="../../images/7/790.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/g/Greece.htm" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Summer Olympics in <a href="../../wp/a/Athens.htm" title="Athens">Athens</a> 2004</td> <td>50 million coins</td> <td>May 2004</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> The <!--del_lnk--> Discobolus (a classical <a href="../../wp/g/Greece.htm" title="Greece">Greek</a> sculpture by <!--del_lnk--> Myron) is depicted in the centre of the coin. To the right of it is the logo of the Olympic games (<i>ATHENS 2004</i>) and the five <!--del_lnk--> Olympic Rings, while to the left the denomination of the coin in Greek is given (<i><span lang="el" xml:lang="el">2 ΕΥΡΩ</span></i>). The twelve stars of the European Union surround the design. The year mark is split around the star in the bottom centre (<i>2004</i>), and the <!--del_lnk--> mint mark is to the upper right of the statue's head.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/167.jpg.htm" title="Finland 2004"><img alt="Finland 2004" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Finland_2004.jpg" src="../../images/1/167.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/8/848.png.htm" title="Flag of Finland"><img alt="Flag of Finland" height="13" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Finland_%28bordered%29.svg" src="../../images/8/848.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/f/Finland.htm" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Fifth Enlargement of the <a href="../../wp/e/European_Union.htm" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 2004</td> <td>1 million coins</td> <td>July 2004</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> The coin's design resembles a stylised <!--del_lnk--> pillar from which ten <!--del_lnk--> sprouts grow upwards. This is a <!--del_lnk--> metaphorical theme: The ten sprouts represent the growth of the European Union (i.e., the 2004 enlargement which added ten new member states), while the pillar represents the foundation for the growth. Near the bottom of the coin, below the pillar, the word <i>EU</i> is written, and together with the left side of the pillar, representing the Greek small letter <!--del_lnk--> "<span lang="el" xml:lang="el">ρ</span>" (rho), it reads "euro". The twelve stars of the European Union adorn the outer ring together with the <!--del_lnk--> year mark, which is at the top of the ring.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/169.jpg.htm" title="Luxembourg 2004"><img alt="Luxembourg 2004" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Luxembourg_2004.jpg" src="../../images/1/169.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/8/852.png.htm" title="Flag of Luxembourg"><img alt="Flag of Luxembourg" height="13" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg" src="../../images/8/852.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/l/Luxembourg.htm" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Effigy and <!--del_lnk--> Monogram of <!--del_lnk--> Grand Duke Henri</td> <td>2.49 million coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 26 July <!--del_lnk--> 2004</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> On the right side of the centre part of the coin, the effigy of Grand Duke Henri is depicted, looking to the left. The left side displays his monogram (the letter <b>H</b> topped with a crown). The twelve stars of the European Union are also on the left side of the inner part, surrounding the monogram in a semi-circular form. The year mark, the mint mark and the <!--del_lnk--> engraver's initials are written in circular shape at the top of the outer ring, together with the word <i><span lang="lb" xml:lang="lb">LËTZEBUERG</span></i> ("Luxembourg" in <!--del_lnk--> Luxembourgish), while the words <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">HENRI — Grand-Duc de Luxembourg</span></i> appear at the bottom of the ring.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/170.jpg.htm" title="Italy 2004"><img alt="Italy 2004" height="147" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Italy_2004.jpg" src="../../images/1/170.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/5/551.png.htm" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" height="15" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg" src="../../images/5/551.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/i/Italy.htm" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>Fifth Decade of the <!--del_lnk--> World Food Programme</td> <td>16 million coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 13 December <!--del_lnk--> 2004</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> In the centre of the coin is a <!--del_lnk--> globe, tilted to the left. Three <a href="../../wp/c/Cereal.htm" title="Cereal">ears</a> emerge from behind the globe, reaching out to cross the outer ring; these are <a href="../../wp/m/Maize.htm" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="../../wp/r/Rice.htm" title="Rice">rice</a> and <a href="../../wp/w/Wheat.htm" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, representing the world's basic sources of <a href="../../wp/n/Nutrition.htm" title="Nutrition">nourishment</a>. The letters <i>R</i> and <i>I</i>, superimposed over one another, are to the left of the globe (representing <i><a href="../../wp/i/Italy.htm" title="Italy"><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Repubblica Italiana</span></a></i>), and below them are the <!--del_lnk--> engraver's (<!--del_lnk--> Uliana Pernazza) initials (a combination of the letters <i>U</i> and <i>P</i>). The mint mark (<i>R</i>) is to the upper right of the globe, the year mark is below it, and the twelve stars of the European Union surround the design on the outer ring, grouped into three batches of four stars each, separated by the three ears.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/173.jpg.htm" title="San Marino 2004"><img alt="San Marino 2004" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_San_Marino_2004.jpg" src="../../images/1/173.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/15/1502.png.htm" title="Flag of San Marino"><img alt="Flag of San Marino" height="17" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_San_Marino_%28bordered%29.svg" src="../../images/15/1502.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/s/San_Marino.htm" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Bartolomeo Borghesi</td> <td>110,000 coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 16 December <!--del_lnk--> 2004</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> The central piece of this coin is a <!--del_lnk--> bust of the famous <!--del_lnk--> historian and <a href="../../wp/n/Numismatics.htm" title="Numismatics">numismatist</a> <!--del_lnk--> Bartolomeo Borghesi. It is surrounded by numerous inscriptions in the centre of the coin: <i>SAN MARINO</i> to the left of the bust, <i>BARTOLOMEO BORGHESI</i>, the mint mark (<i>R</i>) and the <!--del_lnk--> engraver's initials (<i>E.L.F.</i>) to the right of it. On the outer ring, the coin displays the twelve stars of the European Union and the year mark (bottom centre).</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/177.jpg.htm" title="Vatican City 2004"><img alt="Vatican City 2004" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Vatican_City_2004.jpg" src="../../images/1/177.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/47/4723.png.htm" title="Flag of Vatican City"><img alt="Flag of Vatican City" height="20" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg" src="../../images/47/4723.png" width="20" /></a> <a href="../../wp/v/Vatican_City.htm" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></td> <td>75<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of the <!--del_lnk--> Foundation of the Vatican City State</td> <td>85,000 coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 16 December <!--del_lnk--> 2004</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> The central part of the coin depicts a schematic representation of the perimeter walls of the Vatican City with <!--del_lnk--> St. Peter's Basilica in the foreground, together with the <!--del_lnk--> inscriptions <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">75<sup>o</sup> ANNO DELLO STATO</span></i> (to the right), <i>1929–2004</i> and the mint mark (<i>R</i>) (both to the left). In addition to these, the name of the designer (<i>VEROI</i>) and the initials of the engraver (<i>L.D.S. INC.</i>) are written in the lower left in smaller print. The outer ring is adorned by the twelve stars of the European Union and the inscription <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">CITTÀ DEL VATICANO</span></i>.</td> </tr> </table> </center> <p><a name="2005_coinage"></a><h3> <span class="mw-headline">2005 coinage</span></h3> <center> <table class="wikitable"> <tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Feature</th> <th>Volume</th> <th>Date</th> </tr> <tr> <td width="160"> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/178.jpg.htm" title="Luxembourg 2005"><img alt="Luxembourg 2005" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Luxembourg_2005.jpg" src="../../images/1/178.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/8/852.png.htm" title="Flag of Luxembourg"><img alt="Flag of Luxembourg" height="13" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg" src="../../images/8/852.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/l/Luxembourg.htm" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td> <td>50<sup>th</sup> <!--del_lnk--> Birthday of <!--del_lnk--> Grand Duke Henri, 5<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of his Accession to the Throne and 100<sup>th</sup> <!--del_lnk--> Anniversary of the <!--del_lnk--> Death of <!--del_lnk--> Grand Duke Adolphe</td> <td>2.8 million coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 15 February <!--del_lnk--> 2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> In the centre of the coin, the effigies of the Grand Dukes Henri and Adolphe are displayed, both looking to the left, with Henri's superimposed on Adolphe's. The inscription <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">GRANDS-DUCS DE LUXEMBOURG</span></i> appears above the effigies, while the inscriptions <i>HENRI 1955</i> and <i>ADOLPHE &dagger;1905</i> are written below the respective effegies. The outer ring of the coin contains the twelve stars of the European Union, placed between the letters of the word <i><span lang="be" xml:lang="be">LËTZEBUERG</span></i> and the year mark, which is centred below the effigies positioned between the engraver's initial (<i>S</i>) on the right and the mint mark on the left.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/179.jpg.htm" title="Austria 2005"><img alt="Austria 2005" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Austria_2005.jpg" src="../../images/1/179.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/7/793.png.htm" title="Flag of Austria"><img alt="Flag of Austria" height="15" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Austria.svg" src="../../images/7/793.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/a/Austria.htm" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>50<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of the <!--del_lnk--> Austrian State Treaty</td> <td>7 million coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 11 May <!--del_lnk--> 2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> In the centre of the coin is a depiction of the seals and signatures of the Austrian State Treaty, signed by the <!--del_lnk--> foreign ministers of the <!--del_lnk--> Allied occupying forces (<!--del_lnk--> Vyacheslav Molotov for the <a href="../../wp/s/Soviet_Union.htm" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <!--del_lnk--> John Foster Dulles for the <a href="../../wp/u/United_States.htm" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="../../wp/h/Harold_Macmillan.htm" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> for the <a href="../../wp/u/United_Kingdom.htm" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <!--del_lnk--> Antoine Pinay for <a href="../../wp/f/France.htm" title="France">France</a>), the <!--del_lnk--> High Commissioners of the four sectors, as well as the <!--del_lnk--> Foreign Minister of Austria (<!--del_lnk--> Leopold Figl) on <!--del_lnk--> 15 May <!--del_lnk--> 1955. The inscription <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">50 JAHRE STAATSVERTRAG</span></i> is above the seals, while the year mark is below it; in the background, <!--del_lnk--> vertical stripes serve as a <a href="../../wp/h/Heraldry.htm" title="Heraldry">heraldic</a> depiction of Austria's <!--del_lnk--> national flag (<!--del_lnk--> red-<!--del_lnk--> white-red). The outer ring contains the twelve stars of the European Union.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/180.jpg.htm" title="Belgium 2005"><img alt="Belgium 2005" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Belgium_2005.jpg" src="../../images/1/180.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/7/784.png.htm" title="Flag of Belgium"><img alt="Flag of Belgium" height="15" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg" src="../../images/7/784.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/b/Belgium.htm" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union</td> <td>6 million coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 20 May <!--del_lnk--> 2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> In the centre of the coin, the <!--del_lnk--> effigies of <!--del_lnk--> Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg and <!--del_lnk--> King Albert II of the Belgians are depicted, looking right. The engraver's initials (<i>LL</i>) are in the lower left, while the year mark is below the effigies. On the outer circle, the twelve stars of the European Union are displayed, along with the mint mark on the bottom, the monogram of Grand-Duke Henri to the left and the monogram of King Albert II to the right.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/181.jpg.htm" title="Spain 2005"><img alt="Spain 2005" height="152" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Spain_2005.jpg" src="../../images/1/181.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/5/539.png.htm" title="Flag of Spain"><img alt="Flag of Spain" height="15" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Spain.svg" src="../../images/5/539.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/s/Spain.htm" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>4<sup>th</sup> <!--del_lnk--> Centenary of the first <!--del_lnk--> edition of <a href="../../wp/m/Miguel_de_Cervantes.htm" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>' <!--del_lnk--> <i>El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha</i></td> <td>8 million coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 30 June <!--del_lnk--> 2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> The centre of the coin displays Don Quixote holding a <!--del_lnk--> lance, with the <!--del_lnk--> windmills from one of his most well-known escapades in the background. The inscription <i><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">ESPAÑA</span></i> is impressed into the surface of the coin to the right of the image, with the mint mark (an <i>M</i> topped by a <!--del_lnk--> crown) below. The twelve stars of the European Union are placed on the outer ring, with the four on the left side impressed into the surface of the coin, as well, and the year mark placed between three of the stars (<i>2005*</i>) at the bottom.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/182.jpg.htm" title="San Marino 2005"><img alt="San Marino 2005" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_San_Marino_2005.jpg" src="../../images/1/182.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/15/1502.png.htm" title="Flag of San Marino"><img alt="Flag of San Marino" height="17" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_San_Marino_%28bordered%29.svg" src="../../images/15/1502.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/s/San_Marino.htm" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> World Year of Physics 2005</td> <td>130,000 coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 14 October <!--del_lnk--> 2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> The centre of the coin contains a free <!--del_lnk--> interpretation of the <!--del_lnk--> allegorical painting of <a href="../../wp/g/Galileo_Galilei.htm" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> known as <i><!--del_lnk--> <span lang="it" xml:lang="it">La fisica antica</span></i> or <i><!--del_lnk--> The Study of the Planets</i>. The year mark is inscribed below a <!--del_lnk--> globe standing on a <!--del_lnk--> desk. The mint mark (<i>R</i>) is to the right of the image, while the engraver’s initials (<i>LDS</i>) appear on the left. The inscription <i>SAN MARINO</i> is aligned in a <!--del_lnk--> semicircle above the image, while the inscription <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">ANNO MONDIALE DELLA FISICA</span></i> forms another semicircle below it. The outer ring bears the twelve stars of the European Union which are separated by the outer edges of a stylised atom depicted in the background of the entire coin.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/183.jpg.htm" title="Finland 2005"><img alt="Finland 2005" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Finland_2005.jpg" src="../../images/1/183.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/8/848.png.htm" title="Flag of Finland"><img alt="Flag of Finland" height="13" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Finland_%28bordered%29.svg" src="../../images/8/848.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/f/Finland.htm" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>60<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of the Establishment of the <a href="../../wp/u/United_Nations.htm" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and 50<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of Finland's UN Membership</td> <td>2 million coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 25 October <!--del_lnk--> 2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> The centre of the coin contains part of a <!--del_lnk--> jigsaw puzzle showing a <!--del_lnk--> dove of peace. On the bottom of the centre part, the inscription <i>FINLAND — UN</i> and the year mark is displayed; the artist's initial (<i>K</i>) appears above the last digit of the year mark, while the mint mark (<i>M</i>) is between the inscription and the dove. The twelve stars of the European Union adorn the outer ring.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/184.jpg.htm" title="Italy 2005"><img alt="Italy 2005" height="151" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Italy_2005.jpg" src="../../images/1/184.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/5/551.png.htm" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" height="15" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg" src="../../images/5/551.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/i/Italy.htm" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>1<sup>st</sup> Anniversary of the Signing of the <!--del_lnk--> European Constitution</td> <td>18 million coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 29 October <!--del_lnk--> 2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> The centre of the coin features <!--del_lnk--> Europa and the bull (<a href="../../wp/z/Zeus.htm" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>), together with the European Constitution; Europa is holding a pen over it, symbolising its signing. The mint mark (<i>R</i>) is to the upper right of the image, the engraver's (<!--del_lnk--> Maria Carmela Colaneri) initials (<i>MCC</i>) to the lower right, and the year mark is to the upper left. The <!--del_lnk--> monogram of the Italian Republic (<i>RI</i>) is at the bottom of the centre part, slightly to the right. The outer ring features the inscription <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">COSTITUZIONE EUROPEA</span></i>, forming almost a full <!--del_lnk--> semicircle, while the remainder of the outer ring is taken up by the twelve stars of the European Union.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/185.jpg.htm" title="Vatican City 2005"><img alt="Vatican City 2005" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Vatican_City_2005.jpg" src="../../images/1/185.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/47/4723.png.htm" title="Flag of Vatican City"><img alt="Flag of Vatican City" height="20" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg" src="../../images/47/4723.png" width="20" /></a> <a href="../../wp/v/Vatican_City.htm" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></td> <td>20<sup>th</sup> <!--del_lnk--> World Youth Day, held in <a href="../../wp/c/Cologne.htm" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> in August 2005</td> <td>100,000 coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 6 December <!--del_lnk--> 2005</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> The centre of the coin contains the <!--del_lnk--> Cologne Cathedral and a <a href="../../wp/c/Comet.htm" title="Comet">comet</a> passing by above it. The inscription <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">XX GIORNATA MONDIALE DELLA GIOVENTÙ</span></i> is written in the upper part of the centre, separated by the tail of the comet and two of the <!--del_lnk--> cathedral's <!--del_lnk--> spires, one of which extends into the outer ring. The outer ring contains the inscription <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">CITTÀ DEL VATICANO</span></i> in the lower half and the twelve stars of the European Union in the upper half, with the year mark and the mint mark (<i>R</i>) separating them in the top centre.</td> </tr> </table> </center> <p><a name="2006_coinage"></a><h3> <span class="mw-headline">2006 coinage</span></h3> <center> <table class="wikitable"> <tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Feature</th> <th>Volume</th> <th>Date</th> </tr> <tr> <td width="160"> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/197.jpg.htm" title="Luxembourg 2006"><img alt="Luxembourg 2006" height="159" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Luxembourg_2006.jpg" src="../../images/1/197.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/8/852.png.htm" title="Flag of Luxembourg"><img alt="Flag of Luxembourg" height="13" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg" src="../../images/8/852.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/l/Luxembourg.htm" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td> <td>25<sup>th</sup> <!--del_lnk--> Birthday of <!--del_lnk--> Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume</td> <td>1.1 million coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 1 February <!--del_lnk--> 2006</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> The coin depicts the effigy of Grand Duke Henri on the left side of the inner part, superimposed on the effigy of Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume on the right side; both are looking to the left. The year mark appears below the effigies, flanked by the letter <i>S</i> and the mint mark. The inscription <i><span lang="lb" xml:lang="lb">LËTZEBUERG</span></i> appears above the effigies along the upper edge of the inner part of the coin. The twelve stars of the European Union surround the design on the outer ring of the coin.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/1/199.jpg.htm" title="Germany 2006"><img alt="Germany 2006" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Germany_2006.jpg" src="../../images/1/199.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/5/538.png.htm" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" height="13" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Germany.svg" src="../../images/5/538.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/g/Germany.htm" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Holstentor in <!--del_lnk--> Lübeck (<!--del_lnk--> Schleswig-Holstein)<br /> First of the <!--del_lnk--> <i>Bundesländer</i> series</td> <td>30 million coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 3 February <!--del_lnk--> 2006</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> The coin shows the Holstentor in Lübeck in the centre part, with the inscription <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">SCHLESWIG–HOLSTEIN</span></i> below the gate at the bottom of the centre part. The mint mark is to the right, while the designer's initials (<i>HH</i>) are to the left. The inscription <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND</span></i> is written in a semicircle in the lower part of the outer ring, and the year mark at the top; the twelve stars of the European Union are positioned between the year mark and the inscription at the bottom, in two groups of six stars each.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/2/200.jpg.htm" title="Italy 2006"><img alt="Italy 2006" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Italy_2006.jpg" src="../../images/2/200.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/5/551.png.htm" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" height="15" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg" src="../../images/5/551.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/i/Italy.htm" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Winter Olympics in <a href="../../wp/t/Turin.htm" title="Turin">Turin</a> 2006</td> <td>40 million coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 10 February <!--del_lnk--> 2006</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> The coin depicts a racing <!--del_lnk--> skier and the <!--del_lnk--> visitor attraction of Turin, the <i><!--del_lnk--> Mole Antonelliana</i> (which incidentally is also depicted on the <!--del_lnk--> Italian 2 cent coin), together with a large number of inscriptions: above the skier's head, <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">GIOCHI INVERNALI</span></i> ("Winter Games"); below the tower, the name of the host city <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">TORINO</span></i>; beside the skier's left thigh, the engraver's intials (<i>MCC</i>); also to the left of the skier, the year mark (written vertically); and finally, to the left of the tower, the monogram of the Italian Republic (<i>RI</i>) and the mint mark (<i>R</i>). The twelve stars of the European Union surround the design on the outer ring of the coin.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/2/207.jpg.htm" title="Belgium 2006"><img alt="Belgium 2006" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Belgium_2006.jpg" src="../../images/2/207.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/7/784.png.htm" title="Flag of Belgium"><img alt="Flag of Belgium" height="15" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg" src="../../images/7/784.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/b/Belgium.htm" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Renovation of the <!--del_lnk--> Atomium in <a href="../../wp/b/Brussels.htm" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></td> <td>5 million coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 10 April <!--del_lnk--> 2006</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> The coin shows the Atomium in the centre part, with the mint marks to the lower left and right of it. The designer's initials (<i>LL</i>) are to the right. The letter <i>B</i> for Belgium is written at the top of the outer ring, and the year mark at the bottom; the twelve stars of the European Union are positioned between the year mark and the inscription at the top, in two groups of six stars each.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/2/213.jpg.htm" title="Finland 2006"><img alt="Finland 2006" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_Finland_2006.jpg" src="../../images/2/213.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/8/848.png.htm" title="Flag of Finland"><img alt="Flag of Finland" height="13" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Finland_%28bordered%29.svg" src="../../images/8/848.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/f/Finland.htm" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>1<sup>st</sup> <!--del_lnk--> Centenary of the Introduction of Universal and Equal <a href="../../wp/s/Suffrage.htm" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></td> <td>2.5 million coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 4 October <!--del_lnk--> 2006</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> The coin shows two stylised faces in the centre part, one male and the other female; they are separated by a thin curved line. The two mint marks appear to the right of each face. On the right side, the date of the introduction of universal and equal suffrage in Finland (<i>1. 10. 1906</i>) is inscribed, while the left side of the coin contains the year mark and the country abbreviation (<i>20 FI 06</i>). The twelve stars of the European Union surround the design on the outer ring of the coin.</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <center><a class="image" href="../../images/2/218.jpg.htm" title="San Marino 2006"><img alt="San Marino 2006" height="150" longdesc="/wiki/Image:%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coin_San_Marino_2006.jpg" src="../../images/2/218.jpg" width="150" /></a></center> </td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/15/1502.png.htm" title="Flag of San Marino"><img alt="Flag of San Marino" height="17" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_San_Marino_%28bordered%29.svg" src="../../images/15/1502.png" width="22" /></a> <a href="../../wp/s/San_Marino.htm" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></td> <td>500<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of the Death of <a href="../../wp/c/Christopher_Columbus.htm" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></td> <td>120,000 coins</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> 17 October <!--del_lnk--> 2006</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Description:</b> A portrait of Christopher Columbus (looking to the left) before a background of the three <!--del_lnk--> caravels (the <!--del_lnk--> <i>Niña</i>, the <!--del_lnk--> <i>Pinta</i> and the <!--del_lnk--> <i>Santa María</i>), which he used in his first voyage across the <a href="../../wp/a/Atlantic_Ocean.htm" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> in <!--del_lnk--> 1492, forms the central part of the coin's design. At the top of the inner part is the inscription <i>SAN MARINO</i> together with a <!--del_lnk--> compass rose, in the centre is the mint mark <i>R</i>, and at the bottom is a <!--del_lnk--> cartouche containing the inscription <i>1506 — 2006</i> and the initials of the designer (<i>LDS</i>). The twelve stars of the European Union surround the design on the outer ring of the coin.</td> </tr> </table> </center> <p>Six €2 commemorative coins have been released in 2006 as at <!--del_lnk--> 17 October <!--del_lnk--> 2006, and one more state has announced it will do so over the course of the year. The <a href="../../wp/v/Vatican_City.htm" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> is going to issue its third coin, commemorating the 500<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the <!--del_lnk--> Swiss Guard, on <b><!--del_lnk--> 9 November <!--del_lnk--> 2006</b>. <a name="2007_coinage"></a><h3> <span class="mw-headline">2007 coinage</span></h3> <p>Apart from the second coin of the <!--del_lnk--> German <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Bundesländer</span></i> series, there are plans for a common €2 commemorative coin issued by all thirteen member states of the eurozone to be issued in March, commemorating the 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the signature of the <!--del_lnk--> Treaties of Rome. Furthermore, Portugal will issue their first coin to commemorate their <!--del_lnk--> presidency of the Council of the European Union and San Marino will issue their fourth coin in September to commemorate <!--del_lnk--> Giuseppe Garibaldi's 200<sup>th</sup> birthday.<p><a id="German_Bundesl.C3.A4nder_series" name="German_Bundesl.C3.A4nder_series"></a><h3> <span class="mw-headline">German <i>Bundesländer</i> series</span></h3> <p><a href="../../wp/g/Germany.htm" title="Germany">Germany</a> started the commemorative coin series <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die 16 Bundesländer der Bundesrepublik Deutschland</span></i> (The 16 <!--del_lnk--> States of the Federal Republic of Germany) in 2006, which will continue until 2021. The year in which the coin for a specific state is issued coincides with that state's <!--del_lnk--> Presidency of the <!--del_lnk--> <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Bundesrat</span></i>. The first coin was issued in 2006:<center> <table align="center" class="wikitable"> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Number</th> <th>State</th> <th>Design</th> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">1</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/2/222.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="12" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein_%28state%29.svg" src="../../images/2/222.png" width="20" /></a> <!--del_lnk--> Schleswig-Holstein</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Holstentor in <!--del_lnk--> Lübeck</td> </tr> </table> </center> <p>The other fifteen coins will be issued in the following years; note that some designs are not yet finalised and still subject to change. (Originally, the designs for <a href="../../wp/h/Hamburg.htm" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <!--del_lnk--> Bavaria were to be the <!--del_lnk--> Landungsbrücken (<!--del_lnk--> <i>German Wikipedia article</i>) and the <a href="../../wp/m/Munich.htm" title="Munich">Munich</a> <!--del_lnk--> Frauenkirche, respectively.)<center> <table align="center" class="wikitable"> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Number</th> <th>State</th> <th>Design</th> </tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">2</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/2/223.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="12" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg" src="../../images/2/223.png" width="20" /></a> <!--del_lnk--> Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Schwerin <!--del_lnk--> Castle</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">3</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/2/224.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="13" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Hamburg.svg" src="../../images/2/224.png" width="20" /></a> <a href="../../wp/h/Hamburg.htm" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> St. Michaelis</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">4</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/2/225.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="12" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_de-saarland_300px.png" src="../../images/2/225.png" width="20" /></a> <!--del_lnk--> Saarland</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Ludwigskirche in <!--del_lnk--> Saarbrücken (<!--del_lnk--> <i>German Wikipedia article</i>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">5</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/2/226.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="13" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Bremen_%28middle_arms%29.svg" src="../../images/2/226.png" width="20" /></a> <!--del_lnk--> Bremen</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> City Hall (<!--del_lnk--> <i>German Wikipedia article</i>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">6</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/2/227.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="12" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia_%28state%29.svg" src="../../images/2/227.png" width="20" /></a> <!--del_lnk--> North Rhine-Westphalia</td> <td><a href="../../wp/c/Cologne.htm" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> <!--del_lnk--> Cathedral</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">7</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/203/20377.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="12" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg" src="../../images/203/20377.png" width="20" /></a> <!--del_lnk--> Bavaria</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Schloss Neuschwanstein</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">8</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/2/228.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="12" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_%28state%2C_greater_arms%29.svg" src="../../images/2/228.png" width="20" /></a> <!--del_lnk--> Baden-Württemberg</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Maulbronn Abbey</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">9</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/2/229.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="13" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg" src="../../images/2/229.png" width="20" /></a> <!--del_lnk--> Lower Saxony</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Hanover <!--del_lnk--> City Hall (<!--del_lnk--> <i>German Wikipedia article</i>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">10</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/2/230.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="12" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Hesse_%28state%29.svg" src="../../images/2/230.png" width="20" /></a> <!--del_lnk--> Hesse</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Römer in <!--del_lnk--> Frankfurt am Main</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">11</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/2/232.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="12" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Saxony_%28state%29.svg" src="../../images/2/232.png" width="20" /></a> <!--del_lnk--> Saxony</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Zwinger Palace in <a href="../../wp/d/Dresden.htm" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">12</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/2/234.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="13" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg" src="../../images/2/234.png" width="20" /></a> <!--del_lnk--> Rhineland-Palatinate</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Porta Nigra in <!--del_lnk--> Trier</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">13</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/2/236.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="12" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Berlin_%28state%29.svg" src="../../images/2/236.png" width="20" /></a> <a href="../../wp/b/Berlin.htm" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Reichstag</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">14</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/2/237.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="12" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg" src="../../images/2/237.png" width="20" /></a> <!--del_lnk--> Saxony-Anhalt</td> <td><a href="../../wp/c/Cathedral_of_Magdeburg.htm" title="Cathedral of Magdeburg">Cathedral</a> of <!--del_lnk--> Magdeburg</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">15</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/2/238.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="12" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Thuringia_%28state%29.svg" src="../../images/2/238.png" width="20" /></a> <!--del_lnk--> Thuringia</td> <td><!--del_lnk--> Wartburg Castle in <!--del_lnk--> Eisenach</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td align="center" style="font-size:10px">16</td> <td><a class="image" href="../../images/15/1590.png.htm" title=""><img alt="" height="12" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg" src="../../images/2/239.png" width="20" /></a> <!--del_lnk--> Brandenburg</td> <td><a href="../../wp/s/Sanssouci.htm" title="Sanssouci">Sanssouci Palace</a> in <!--del_lnk--> Potsdam</td> </tr> </table> </center> <p>The series is similar to the <a href="../../wp/u/United_States.htm" title="United States">United States</a>' <!--del_lnk--> State Quarters series, which issues coin at shorter intervals and will continue until 2008, having started in 1999; the longer timespan and shorter intervals are a consequence of the larger number of states (currently fifty). <a id="Notes" name="Notes"></a><div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<!--del_lnk--> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coins"</div> <!-- end content --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --> <div class="visualClear"> </div> 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