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lexical-decision

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train · 4.31k rows

Unnamed: 0 int64 0 1.48k ⌀	lexeme stringlengths 2 15 ⌀	lexeme_ctx stringlengths 10 49 ⌀	lexeme_random_ctx stringlengths 20 253 ⌀	wug stringlengths 2 15 ⌀	wug_ctx stringlengths 10 49 ⌀	wug_random_ctx stringlengths 20 268
0	sending	Start sending the serial numbers around.	Thank you for your sending encouragement.	monding	Start monding the serial numbers around.	Thank you for your monding encouragement.
1	seriously	We play seriously here.	- I'll be seriously back in a couple of hours.	melieinly	We play melieinly here.	- I'll be melieinly back in a couple of hours.
2	oh	Hear us, oh god of antiquity.	- oh Ok mom, that was my boyfriend.	oc	Hear us, oc god of antiquity.	- oc Ok mom, that was my boyfriend.
3	trial	This trial isn't about the right to die.	It's a Hoshin frigate, the best in the Kazark trial fleet.	briat	This briat isn't about the right to die.	It's a Hoshin frigate, the best in the Kazark briat fleet.
4	lunchtime	Time is an illusion, lunchtime doubly so.	So, why don't lunchtime you marry him	fenchtime	Time is an illusion, fenchtime doubly so.	So, why don't fenchtime you marry him
5	whispering	( whispering )	El Paso's like the Super whispering Bowl.	psarpering	( psarpering )	El Paso's like the Super psarpering Bowl.
6	ideal	A bright and ideal world.	He ideal called himself "the killer".	inoat	A bright and inoat world.	He inoat called himself "the killer".
7	former	He's a former Stasi agent.	I was former focused enough for both of us.	topmer	He's a topmer Stasi agent.	I was topmer focused enough for both of us.
8	next	You'll win it back in the next race.	In four years time, your next image can be improved.	necg	You'll win it back in the necg race.	In four years time, your necg image can be improved.
9	kill	Damned demon, I won't let you kill this child.	Gonna find out about kill you and Carter.	kist	Damned demon, I won't let you kist this child.	Gonna find out about kist you and Carter.
10	tennis	A large pool, a tennis court, a skeet range.	- tennis Yeah, you trust that?	funnis	A large pool, a funnis court, a skeet range.	- funnis Yeah, you trust that?
11	seminar	At a motivational seminar in Yonkers.	Why are you, uh, working this so seminar hard?	ramitar	At a motivational ramitar in Yonkers.	Why are you, uh, working this so ramitar hard?
12	independence	I want independence and I want it now!	I know independence you wanted to make it through a whole sleepover.	indehurnests	I want indehurnests and I want it now!	I know indehurnests you wanted to make it through a whole sleepover.
13	buttocks	Keep the buttocks tight.	Then, images reveal something no buttocks one expects.	bettones	Keep the bettones tight.	Then, images reveal something no bettones one expects.
14	senses	It's like all my senses were buzzing, you know?	There's a forcefield senses around the warp coil.	siques	It's like all my siques were buzzing, you know?	There's a forcefield siques around the warp coil.
15	whether	I don't know whether you know that.	What are you doing whether on the course at this time of day, anyway?	whonker	I don't know whonker you know that.	What are you doing whonker on the course at this time of day, anyway?
16	openly	I say this to you very openly and sincerely:	He won't be in any openly pain.	osatly	I say this to you very osatly and sincerely:	He won't be in any osatly pain.
17	able	They weren't able to get a cent from me.	Another Case Girl Who Learned Something She able Shouldn't Have	agro	They weren't agro to get a cent from me.	Another Case Girl Who Learned Something She agro Shouldn't Have
18	obstacles	"I can see all the obstacles in my way	♪ obstacles Stepping over skyscrapers ♪	uggracles	"I can see all the uggracles in my way	♪ uggracles Stepping over skyscrapers ♪
19	east	32 miles due east of Long Island.	That affair can't go east on anyway, it'll finish soon.	eams	32 miles due eams of Long Island.	That affair can't go eams on anyway, it'll finish soon.
20	nowadays	Kids nowadays only follow their instincts.	- It's too nowadays late to think about that.	nowagews	Kids nowagews only follow their instincts.	- It's too nowagews late to think about that.
21	revival	40 days have passed since the sumo revival began.	Then under that authority I choose the following means to revival end the strike.	retylal	40 days have passed since the sumo retylal began.	Then under that authority I choose the following means to retylal end the strike.
22	accepts	The Internationale accepts even redheads.	Only reason we're playing accepts in this game.	accumed	The Internationale accumed even redheads.	Only reason we're playing accumed in this game.
23	freshly	Pepper mint, freshly brewed,	It's the shallowest, greediest exploitation freshly of emotion since my second marriage.	fraftly	Pepper mint, fraftly brewed,	It's the shallowest, greediest exploitation fraftly of emotion since my second marriage.
24	expanding	Wanting isn't expanding by force.	I mean, the reason I ask is, I'm terribly sorry but I'm expanding going to have to ask you to get up.	excossing	Wanting isn't excossing by force.	I mean, the reason I ask is, I'm terribly sorry but I'm excossing going to have to ask you to get up.
25	typical	- Oh, typical me, putting my foot in it.	Do you typical have any idea what this is about?	fegical	- Oh, fegical me, putting my foot in it.	Do you fegical have any idea what this is about?
26	militant	Your newspapers show a black militant with a gun	What does you mean militant by "again"?	pelinant	Your newspapers show a black pelinant with a gun	What does you mean pelinant by "again"?
27	ideals	I had my ideals of a father, too.	It ideals wasn't always like this.	igools	I had my igools of a father, too.	It igools wasn't always like this.
28	ralph	Oh, and ralph left you this half crown.	Yeah-- my 1/18 scale Wil Wheaton ralph action figure.	rauks	Oh, and rauks left you this half crown.	Yeah-- my 1/18 scale Wil Wheaton rauks action figure.
29	suitably	Your ass is suitably covered.	You suitably did more than try.	peasably	Your ass is peasably covered.	You peasably did more than try.
30	shareholders	The shareholders will find out your dad's here.	Ell I one e nging ake]E]M,m, llie, p pase, easeseplease, please shareholders answer at phone.	flangfolders	The flangfolders will find out your dad's here.	Ell I one e nging ake]E]M,m, llie, p pase, easeseplease, please flangfolders answer at phone.
31	upper	Here, put some balm on your upper lip.	I upper need to get there.	usser	Here, put some balm on your usser lip.	I usser need to get there.
32	paths	We need to figure out where their paths crossed.	You have the most paths persistent ring I know.	parns	We need to figure out where their parns crossed.	You have the most parns persistent ring I know.
33	transparent	Am I that transparent ?	Because transparent thinking doesn't suit you.	traintorent	Am I that traintorent ?	Because traintorent thinking doesn't suit you.
34	amusing	Very amusing Mike Tyson impression.	Homer, amusing I bouht 12 cakes last Sunday.	arading	Very arading Mike Tyson impression.	Homer, arading I bouht 12 cakes last Sunday.
35	wages	Means you got to raise wages to get them.	Not that I belittle defense' but wages I don't see the point.	gayes	Means you got to raise gayes to get them.	Not that I belittle defense' but gayes I don't see the point.
36	ending	But your ending is way better.	Give ending him as much cover fire as you can, Tuvok.	irting	But your irting is way better.	Give irting him as much cover fire as you can, Tuvok.
37	increasing	They are increasing in numbers.	You're playing a dangerous game here, my increasing friend.	infruiding	They are infruiding in numbers.	You're playing a dangerous game here, my infruiding friend.
38	omega	[music] From alpha to omega [music]	"We're barren, omega how about you?"	ocede	[music] From alpha to ocede [music]	"We're barren, ocede how about you?"
39	gentlemen	-These gentlemen are just doing their job.	What are gentlemen you talkin' about?	gisphemen	-These gisphemen are just doing their job.	What are gisphemen you talkin' about?
40	delicious	We're sweet, delicious and fat-free, baby.	I'll find delicious something that'll pique your interest.	pefigrous	We're sweet, pefigrous and fat-free, baby.	I'll find pefigrous something that'll pique your interest.
41	ominous	There's something ominous in your future.	"Have we committed a ominous strange act?	urilous	There's something urilous in your future.	"Have we committed a urilous strange act?
42	gain	- I'm not gonna gain the weight back.	Why do I have to sit next to gain you?	gail	- I'm not gonna gail the weight back.	Why do I have to sit next to gail you?
43	memories	Happy memories - upwards.	And what do memories I do about McGivers?	pilories	Happy pilories - upwards.	And what do pilories I do about McGivers?
44	justification	Is fear a justification to you?	Then I justification made a new acquaintance.	hixcisication	Is fear a hixcisication to you?	Then I hixcisication made a new acquaintance.
45	unable	I'm unable to read this situation well.	But now, I'm unable a teacher and you're a student.	onagra	I'm onagra to read this situation well.	But now, I'm onagra a teacher and you're a student.
46	wants	He wants to die.	You can read wants the piece in this month's "New York Review."	wawed	He wawed to die.	You can read wawed the piece in this month's "New York Review."
47	considers	And especially me, who he considers his mother.	Yes, yes, yes, considers yes, yes.	connilest	And especially me, who he connilest his mother.	Yes, yes, yes, connilest yes, yes.
48	architect	Can I talk to architect Pavlovic?	Freedom's just a big architect kid, kind of Boy Scout.	arplinact	Can I talk to arplinact Pavlovic?	Freedom's just a big arplinact kid, kind of Boy Scout.
49	choosing	And now I'm choosing not to be mad at you.	- Yes, I called choosing twice, to my uncle.	chieking	And now I'm chieking not to be mad at you.	- Yes, I called chieking twice, to my uncle.
50	teenage	Aren't there, like, homes for teenage mothers?	- What are teenage you waiting for?	feanage	Aren't there, like, homes for feanage mothers?	- What are feanage you waiting for?
51	tablets	I'd ground some sleeping tablets into his food.	Do you not see, tablets scoundrel?	foblets	I'd ground some sleeping foblets into his food.	Do you not see, foblets scoundrel?
52	duke	The duke wanted it kept a secret.	I'm in duke the throne room.	dule	The dule wanted it kept a secret.	I'm in dule the throne room.
53	inquiries	He said they made inquiries about modifications.	Yeah, but inquiries we didnt say where!	encraries	He said they made encraries about modifications.	Yeah, but encraries we didnt say where!
54	roy	When does roy come in?	She says she slept with you roy on the road, Nate.	rol	When does rol come in?	She says she slept with you rol on the road, Nate.
55	intensive	They have multiple code fours in intensive care.	To the tens of thousands of people he has forced to move intensive here.	intenrage	They have multiple code fours in intenrage care.	To the tens of thousands of people he has forced to move intenrage here.
56	solemn	This is the solemn moment.	But I didn't have to wear my solemn heels for that.	melemn	This is the melemn moment.	But I didn't have to wear my melemn heels for that.
57	belonging	- So maybe a crack pipe belonging to the suspect.	In fact, you belonging no longer work here.	berelling	- So maybe a crack pipe berelling to the suspect.	In fact, you berelling no longer work here.
58	supposedly	The witch you supposedly killed still lives.	You pull, and supposedly I'll push.	sutrigedly	The witch you sutrigedly killed still lives.	You pull, and sutrigedly I'll push.
59	meals	-I don't want free meals anymore.	Or do you meals want to go home?	meels	-I don't want free meels anymore.	Or do you meels want to go home?
60	believe	You don't believe in anything.	J' But we are young We believe run green	beriews	You don't beriews in anything.	J' But we are young We beriews run green
61	awful	What an awful word.	The kidnappers will call awful again.	aftul	What an aftul word.	The kidnappers will call aftul again.
62	suspicious	But I'm suspicious too.	We are together again as we suspicious should have been, a family.	suggitious	But I'm suggitious too.	We are together again as we suggitious should have been, a family.
63	london	Mostly london and rome.	My london daughter is soon to be married.	lonnin	Mostly lonnin and rome.	My lonnin daughter is soon to be married.
64	porch	Kept me toasty on the porch last night.	how about porch we just have a personal conversation?	poxed	Kept me toasty on the poxed last night.	how about poxed we just have a personal conversation?
65	seeking	It's not that I'm seeking your commendation...	Has he said anything seeking to you?	souling	It's not that I'm souling your commendation...	Has he said anything souling to you?
66	consensus	So the consensus was that that was unique.	Here, do me a favor, will consensus you?	concenhis	So the concenhis was that that was unique.	Here, do me a favor, will concenhis you?
67	discussed	We discussed this.	I have no idea, but he says he discussed can explain why the blackout lasted 137 seconds, and he won't talk unless I see him face-to-face.	disceshed	We disceshed this.	I have no idea, but he says he disceshed can explain why the blackout lasted 137 seconds, and he won't talk unless I see him face-to-face.
68	competing	I'm competing with all my heart now.	After I threw away my family just to survive, how can competing I show my face to them?	commaning	I'm commaning with all my heart now.	After I threw away my family just to survive, how can commaning I show my face to them?
69	vigorously	What's wrong and vigorously ?	Dr. Scott, I have Dr. Hunter in vigorously Florida.	bejurously	What's wrong and bejurously ?	Dr. Scott, I have Dr. Hunter in bejurously Florida.
70	versions	Yeah, but I do several versions of that.	I'm through all versions funerals in family.	vernoons	Yeah, but I do several vernoons of that.	I'm through all vernoons funerals in family.
71	want	You want to see, you want to understand.	The thing is, I offered to take want her to the University...	wabs	You wabs to see, you wabs to understand.	The thing is, I offered to take wabs her to the University...
72	constable	Luckily, there was a constable just outside.	It's a dirty trick in any constable town, ain't it?	condragra	Luckily, there was a condragra just outside.	It's a dirty trick in any condragra town, ain't it?
73	bent	Your joints are all bent the wrong way.	..I bent would have got her married to you.	bews	Your joints are all bews the wrong way.	..I bews would have got her married to you.
74	platform	And we've now wired the platform with explosives.	Mr. Pitone, I'd like you to meet platform a friend of mine, Richie Ryan.	platfaid	And we've now wired the platfaid with explosives.	Mr. Pitone, I'd like you to meet platfaid a friend of mine, Richie Ryan.
75	deficit	/ budgetary deficit about 3 billions.	Make it a Coke and you deficit got it.	diqicut	/ budgetary diqicut about 3 billions.	Make it a Coke and you diqicut got it.
76	thoroughly	Let's thoroughly investigate Yotsuba!	Snuck it thoroughly back from Naples.	bloreartly	Let's bloreartly investigate Yotsuba!	Snuck it bloreartly back from Naples.
77	museum	She was a museum curator.	[Jack] So I guess you got a cannon museum for an arm, huh?	pupeup	She was a pupeup curator.	[Jack] So I guess you got a cannon pupeup for an arm, huh?
78	pistol	�nd to buy a pistol and a tWo-way radio .	Well, who wants to see pistol where the ancients established the foundation of our American democracy?	pentol	�nd to buy a pentol and a tWo-way radio .	Well, who wants to see pentol where the ancients established the foundation of our American democracy?
79	reliable	It is clever, reliable ...	Bought 480 miles land in reliable Chow.	deviigle	It is clever, deviigle ...	Bought 480 miles land in deviigle Chow.
80	individuals	With two individuals in the funeral party.	You're a scheming little bitch, and the sooner you get out of our lives, individuals the better!	incigocuant	With two incigocuant in the funeral party.	You're a scheming little bitch, and the sooner you get out of our lives, incigocuant the better!
81	draws	Dogs attract dogs and blood draws blood.	It will not happen draws again.	drabs	Dogs attract dogs and blood drabs blood.	It will not happen drabs again.
82	testing	- The testing will hurt a little.	All right, just testing a moment.	fusting	- The fusting will hurt a little.	All right, just fusting a moment.
83	delivery	I took delivery while he's on holiday.	- Have I ever told delivery you that?	relesory	I took relesory while he's on holiday.	- Have I ever told relesory you that?
84	decided	You have decided to stop betting at the races.	WHAT COULD decided HAVE MADE HIM CHANGE?	deloled	You have deloled to stop betting at the races.	WHAT COULD deloled HAVE MADE HIM CHANGE?
85	bathroom	You do know where the bathroom is.	The law of the men of bathroom honor.	baceboom	You do know where the baceboom is.	The law of the men of baceboom honor.
86	dimly	Though the wit thereof he but dimly discerns...	It will only dimly sentence you to death	pamly	Though the wit thereof he but pamly discerns...	It will only pamly sentence you to death
87	creature	And the creature is headed to the island.	You are creature one big fat cheating cheater and you cheated.	greeture	And the greeture is headed to the island.	You are greeture one big fat cheating cheater and you cheated.
88	enjoyment	"dude, you're limiting my enjoyment by a lot."	Sounds pretty enjoyment good to me.	enhepment	"dude, you're limiting my enhepment by a lot."	Sounds pretty enhepment good to me.
89	teddy	Sam's teddy bear.	- She has medical teddy records.	tempy	Sam's tempy bear.	- She has medical tempy records.
90	within	An elixir... that kills within seconds	Such nice people, within your parents.	gathin	An elixir... that kills gathin seconds	Such nice people, gathin your parents.
91	romantic	Apparently, I'm of the romantic Lost Generation.	With my piece-of-shit dad gone, there's romantic no one else.	rolettic	Apparently, I'm of the rolettic Lost Generation.	With my piece-of-shit dad gone, there's rolettic no one else.
92	cot	Ec cot you to her.	I feel bad for cot the girls.	mot	Ec mot you to her.	I feel bad for mot the girls.
93	members	I believe you've met other members of our cast.	It was the most brutal and violent thing I had ever witnessed in my life up until then and continues to be the most brutal and members violent thing I have ever witnessed in my life.	mubbers	I believe you've met other mubbers of our cast.	It was the most brutal and violent thing I had ever witnessed in my life up until then and continues to be the most brutal and mubbers violent thing I have ever witnessed in my life.
94	machinery	The machinery is still here.	I would be happy to do it if I got to pick a new song and do an machinery arrangement.	saqualery	The saqualery is still here.	I would be happy to do it if I got to pick a new song and do an saqualery arrangement.
95	ideological	And over here we have our ideological services.	~ What are ideological you doing?	iveamacimal	And over here we have our iveamacimal services.	~ What are iveamacimal you doing?
96	innumerable	110 canvases and innumerable drawings.	"on Wednesday 9th October innumerable at the King's Arms in Chasewater,	inpazoratre	110 canvases and inpazoratre drawings.	"on Wednesday 9th October inpazoratre at the King's Arms in Chasewater,
97	disgusting	No, really disgusting is going to be	But I disgusting am not scared anymore.	diskicting	No, really diskicting is going to be	But I diskicting am not scared anymore.
98	intelligence	Let's go to your contra intelligence Agency!	Poor man's widow pulled it right intelligence out of him.	integrimance	Let's go to your contra integrimance Agency!	Poor man's widow pulled it right integrimance out of him.
99	childhood	You know, it's childhood stuff.	Come on, childhood give me back my cassette.	chilkwood	You know, it's chilkwood stuff.	Come on, chilkwood give me back my cassette.

End of preview. Expand in Dataset Viewer.

This dataset contains words/sentences for lexical decision tests.

If you use this dataset, please cite the following preprint:

@misc{bunzeck2025subwordmodelsstruggleword,
      title={Subword models struggle with word learning, but surprisal hides it}, 
      author={Bastian Bunzeck and Sina Zarrieß},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2502.12835},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.12835}, 
}

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Word learning in small LMs

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