Datasets:

ardneebwar
/

medmcqa-and-race

Modalities:

Text

Formats:

Size:

Libraries:

License:

Dataset card Viewer Files Files and versions Community

Dataset Viewer

Auto-converted to Parquet

Full Screen Viewer

Full Screen

Split (2)

train · 4.94k rows

text stringlengths 1.13k 10.8k
<s>[INST] context: The China National Opera (CNO) will give a concert to celebrate its 50thbirthday. Different generations of CNO vocalists , like Li Guangxi, Yao Hong and Ma Mei, will present the concert which will feature both songs from famous operas like "The White-haired Girl" and "The Hundredth Bride", as well as arias of such Western opera classics as "Madame Butterfly", "La Traviata" and "Rigoletto". Time/Date:7:30pm, September 7,8 Location: Tianqiao Theatre Tel: 65514787, 83156170 Tickets:60~500 yuan (US $7.3~60.2) _ A concert will be held to feature some recently-composed traditional Chinese music works. The concert, given by the Folk Orchestra of China Opera and Ballet Theatre, will include such pieces as "Memory of Childhood", "Memorial Ceremony for God" and "Wine Song". Time/Date:7:30pm, September 13 Location: Concert Hall at the National Library of China Tel: 68485462, 68419220 Tickets:30~200 yuan (US $ 3.6~24.1) _ A concert of traditional Chinese music will be given on the eve of the Moon Festival which falls on September 21 this year. The concert will feature a number of famous pieces centered on the theme of the moon, such as "Moonlight", "Spring Night on a Moonlit River" and "Lofty Mountain and Flowing River". A number of established traditional Chinese music performers, like Zhou Yaokun and Fan Weiqing, will play solos as well as collaborate with the folk music orchestra. Time/Date:7:30pm, September 20 Location: Grand Theatre of the Cultural Palace of Nationalities Tel : 66068888, 66069999 [/INST] question: If you want to buy tickets for listening to the music "Memory of Childhood", you will dial _ . \| options: A: 65514787 B: 83156170 C: 68485462 D: 66069999 \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: In America, when people say"man's best friend", they don't mean another person. Instead, they are talking about a lovely animal--a dog! These words show the friendship between people and animals. Dogs and other pets can give joy to people's lives. Some people think of their pets as their children. Some people even leave all their money to their pets when they die! Animals can help people, too. Dogs can be taught to be the"eyes"for a blind person or"ears"for a deaf person. Scientists have found that pets help people live longer! They make people happier, too. Because of that, they bring animals into hospitals for"visits". Americans hold"Be Kind to Animals Week"in the first week of May. Pet shows are held during the week. Even if you don't live in America, you, too, can do this. How? First think about how animals make your life richer. If you have a pet, take more time this week to play with it. Remember to give it delicious food. If you don't have a pet, be kind to animals around you. For example, if you see a street dog, just leave it alone, or make friends with it. If others around you do bad things to animals, try to speak up. As people, we must protect animals who can't speak for themselves. [/INST] question: "Some people even leave all their money to their pets when they die!"is used to prove that _ . \| options: A: pets have the right to inherit money B: money can make pets happy C: it's the best way to spend money D: some pets are as important to their owners as their children \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: There is a special kind of hotel in Quebec, Canada. It has a bar, a church, a shop and a small theater. These things are not unusual. But this hotel is only open from January till March every year. Why? Because it is made of ice and snow! When the weather gets warm, the hotel melts and closes. Every winter, the hotel owners build the hotel again. Everything in the Ice Hotel is made of ice and snow. All the furniture, such as the tables and chairs, is made of ice. Even the beds are made of ice! So people use special sleeping bags on the ice beds. Inside the ice hotel, the temperature is about 27degF(-3degC) When people sleep, the sleeping bags keep them warm. In the morning, they can have a hot breakfast. After breakfast, people can enjoy winter activities. They can go skiing or ice fishing. Or they can go skating in the dining room. At the end of the day, people can relax at the bar. They can have drinks in glasses made of ice. Many people enjoy the Ice Hotel every year. But they can only enjoy it for a short time before it melts again. [/INST] question: Every year, this hotel is only open for _ \| options: A: four weeks B: about three months C: two seasons D: about a year \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: More and more people take part in marathons these days - over 30,000 people will run the London Marathon this weekend, for instance. But it's not just the 26 miles and 385 yards that could be a daunting prospect. "I have to admit to being completely frustrated by the blocking and for 18-19 miles was just keeping away from people and being held up," one participant grumbled after the 2012 London Marathon. "I had to overtake a lot of people and ended up with bruised forearms from all the elbows," said another. How do such crowding problems arise, and could they be reduced? Some researchers believe that we can find the answers through a more familiar system in which jams appear - road traffic flow. Martin Treiber, of the Technical University of Dresden in Germany, has previously developed models for traffic flow. One of the first attempts to model traffic flow was made in the 1950s by James Lighthill and his collaborator Gerard Whitham of Manchester University. They considered the traffic as a kind of liquid flowing down a pipe, and looked at how the flow changes as the fluid gets denser . At first the flow rate increases as the density increases, since you simply get more stuff through in the same period of time. But if the density becomes too high, there's a risk of jams, and the flow rate drops sharply. Treiber's model of a marathon uses this same principle that the flow rate first increases and then decreases as the density of runners increases, thanks to an sudden switch from free to crowded flow. He assumes that there is a range of different preferred speeds for different runners, which each maintains throughout the race. With just these factors, Treiber can calculate the flow rate of runners, knowing the "carrying capacity" at each point on the route. This allows Treiber to figure out how blocking might depend on the race conditions - for example, for different starting procedures. Some marathons start by letting all the runners set off at once (which means those at the back have to wait until those in front have moved forward). Others assign runners to various groups according to ability, and let them start in a series of waves. Treiber has applied the model to the annual Rennsteig half-marathon in central Germany, which attracts around 6,000 participants. The traditional route had to be changed in 2013, because the police were no longer willing to close a road to ensure that runners could cross safely. It could pass either over a 60m wooden bridge or through a tunnel. Treiber used his model to predict the likely blocking caused in the various options. The model predicted that a mass start would risk an overload of runners if the bridge were to be used. Only by moving the starting point further back from the bridge could the danger be avoided - and even then, if some of the numbers assumed in the model were only slightly inaccurate, there was still a risk of jams at the bridge. On the other hand, no dangerous blocking seemed likely for the tunnel route. The run organizers consulted Treiber's team, and eventually chose this option. [/INST] question: What is the worst thing while running a marathon? \| options: A: The long distance B: Too many participants C: The dangerous blocking D: Serious injuries in forearms \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: YUXI, China -- Many people of this city in southwester China spent Saturday night in tents, too scared to sleep in their homes after an earthquake which killed 188 people early that morning. Countless homes were destroyed and lots of people became homeless after the earthquake which is believed to have a magnitude of 7. The quake was not as serious as the 7.9-magnitude earthquake in 2008 that left more than 70,000 people dead in the Wenchuan area. But villagers who work in Chengdu, about 100 miles away, hurried back home Sunday morning, many on foot, the lucky ones on motorbikes, to check on their homes. Song Yuanqing, 43, a worker, arrived back after a 22-hour trip and found his house was still there but had already been very unstable . "We would like to do something, but we can't do anything," Mr. Song said as he sat with neighbors around an outdoor fire built by the village leader in his backyard. In all, the government sent about 7,000 soldiers and People's Armed Police officers to the earthquake-hit area. By Saturday evening, there were so many rescue workers in the area that the government asked volunteers to stop coming. Li Keqiang, China's prime minister, flew to the area and slept in a tent on Saturday evening in Lushan County. The earthquake shook Sichuan Province at 8 a.m., when people were getting up a little later than usual because schools and universities were closed. "We were just getting up and getting dressed in our dormitory when the building shook, and I looked outside from our window and saw a row of houses had collapsed," Xu Yan, 22, a student at the Agricultural University in Ya'an, said in a telephone interview. " _ ." The Chinese government said early Sunday that the death toll was 174, and about 5,700 people had been injured. The earthquake was also felt in Chengdu, one of China's biggest cities and the capital of Sichuan Province. People described water getting out of home aquariums and things like balls falling to the floor. In the town of Longmen, another hard-hit area near Ya'an, a local man, Zhang Yan, said 90 percent of the buildings had collapsed. "About 100 people died around here," Ms. Zhang said in a telephone interview. "Rescue teams have not yet arrived. There is no water or electricity." In the 2008 quake, many schools of poor quality collapsed and killed thousands of students. This time, many people also expressed their worries about students on their micro-blogs. Sichuan Province is also one of China's best-known hometowns for pandas, and at the Bifengxia reserve, about six miles north of Ya'an, workers said that 20 pandas in the park were safe. "We examined the panda area after the quake, and they were not affected," said Chen Yong, an officer of the reserve. [/INST] question: When did the quake take place in Ya'an? On _ . \| options: A: Saturday morning B: Sunday morning C: Saturday night D: Sunday night \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) is a hereditary disease affecting the exocrine (mucus) glands of the lungs, liver, pancreas and intestines, causing progressive disability due to multisystem failure. It has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. Pathogenesis The basic defect in CF is a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene that regulates chloride conductance channel in the outer membrane of exocrine glands. Mutation in the CFTR gene ↓ Dysfunction of chloride conductance channel of exocrine glands ↓ Lack of chloride conduction ↓ Secretion of glands becomes more viscous and thick ↓ Blockade of respiratory tract and ducts of exocrine glands by thick viscid mucus ↓ Manifestations of CF Clinical manifestations 1) Lungs and sinus disease Sinusitis Bronchiectasis Lower respiratory tract infection Nasal polyps Chronic lung disease Pulmonary hypertension → can cause heart failure Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 2) GIT, Liver and pancreas Meconium ileus Rectal prolapse Malabsorption Pancreatitis Constipation Intussusception Meconium peritonitis Bile duct obstruction and biliary cirrhosis 3) Endocrine and growth Diabetes Osteoporosis Poor growth 4) Infertility In men due to the absence of vas deference In women due to thick cervical mucus. [/INST] question: Infant with cystic fibrosis (CF) are likely to develop – a) Meconitun ileusb) Loose motionsc) Vomitingd) Constipation \| options: A: b B: c C: ac D: ad \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: One form of social prejudice against older people is the belief that they cannot understand or use modern technology. Activities like playing computer games, going on the Net and downloading MP3s are only for the youngsters. Isn't it unfair that older people enjoying a computer game should be frowned upon by their children and grandchildren? Nowadays older people have more control over their lives and they play a full part in society. Moreover, better health care has left more people in their sixties and seventies feeling fit and active after retirement. Mental activity, as well as physical exercise, can contribute to better health. Playing computer games is a very effective way of exercising the brain. When personal computers were first introduced, most older people didn't believe they would ever familiarize themselves with it. Now computers have been around for a few generations and retired people have gradually become more relaxed about using them for fun. Gamers over 65 prefer playing puzzle games and card games. Kate Stevens, aged 72, says: "I find it very relaxing. It's not very demanding, but you still need to concentrate." Another development that has favored "grey games" is a change in the type of videogames available on the market. There's a greater variety of games to choose from, including more intellectual and complex strategy and simulation games. Internet Chess and Train Simulator are among the most popular of these. Train Simulator is based on real-world rail activities. Players can choose from a variety of challenges, such as keeping to a strict-timetable and using helper engines during a winter storm. Some people argue that "grey gamers" simply don't have the skills required for computer games, and that teenagers are better. _ . Most computer games require the kind of analytical thinking that improves with practice, which means that the "grey gamers" may well be far better than gamers half a century younger than them. In games where speed is the main consideration, older people would be at a disadvantage because they may have slower reaction times. On the other hand, "grey gamers" have a preference for slower paced, mind challenging games. [/INST] question: What was older people's attitude towards personal computers at first? \| options: A: Doubtful B: Concerned C: Enthusiastic D: Supportive \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Every year thousands of people get hurt or die when they are crossing the road. Most of these people are old people and children. Old people often get hurt or die because they can't see or hear very well. Children usually meet with accidents because of their carelessness. They forgot to look and listen before they cross the road. How can we lessen traffic accidents? All of us must obey the traffic rules. For the drivers, they shouldn't drive too fast. If they drive too fast, it will be very difficult to stop the cars in a very short time. For the pedestrians , it's very important to be careful when they are walking on the road. Therefore, when we walk across the road, we must try to walk along the pavements. We must stop and look both ways before crossing the road. Look left first, next look right, then look left again. Only when we are sure that the road is clear, we can cross it. The right way to cross the road is to walk quickly. It's not safe to run. If people run across the road, they may fall down. Teenagers should try to help children, old people or blind people to cross the road, and never play in the street. ,,. [/INST] question: Why do most old people often get hurt or die when they are crossing the road? \| options: A: Because they are not careful B: Because they forget to look and listen C: Because they can't see or hear very well D: Because they often run across the road \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: WELLINGTON, New Zealand (AP) ---- About 140 pilot whales that stranded(...) themselves on a remote stretch of New Zealand beach have died, but conservation workers and volunteers are hoping the remaining 60 or so will survive after they managed to get them refloated, an official said Saturday. The geography of Farewell Spit on the South Island seems to work against whales, which regularly become stranded there. The stranding of 198 whales on Friday was one of the largest in recent years and inspired 80 workers and volunteers to help out. By late Saturday, 140 of the whales had died, said Department of Conservation area manager Andrew Lamason. He said the workers and volunteers worked throughout the day to keep the surviving whales watered and covered before refloating them during Saturday night's high tide. "We've had a really good crew of volunteers, and people have been wanting to come from all over the country,"Lamason said. He said the surviving whales had moved to deeper water. But he cautioned that although hopes for their survival were high, whales had been refloated in the past only to return and get stranded again. Lamason said the scale of the stranding has been tough on the helpers, both physically and mentally. "It's very sad, they're very intelligent animals," he said. "The common view is that it's part of nature." The focus will now turn to the dead whales, and the enormous task of dealing with the remains, Lamason said, adding that in the past helpers have typically buried them in the sand, but that he's not sure what the approach will be this time. He said the department had been experimenting with moving the the dead whales into the water, which has the advantage of providing food for other sea creatures. [/INST] question: What is the exact number of whales stranded last Friday? \| options: A: 140 B: 60 C: 80 D: 198 \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: Amyloid deposits appear similar by light and electron microscopy, but actually represent a heterogeneous population of proteins that have a common teiary structure forming a beta-pleated sheet. Questions about the type of amyloid seen in different disease states are orites on examinations. Here are two tables to help you out: Systemic amyloidosis: Chronic active diseaseAA amyloid from serum amyloid- associated (SAA) protein from liver (choice A)Myelomas and related diseasesAL amyloid from immunoglobulin light chain (choice B)Chronic hemodialysisBeta2 microglobulin (related to high plasma levels) (choice C)Nephropathic hereditary forms (familial Mediterranean fever)AA amyloid from SAA (choice A)Cardiomyopathic hereditary forms (senile systemic amyloidosis)Prealbumin/transthyretin Neuropathic hereditary syndromesPrealbumin/transthyretin Localized amyloidosis: Senile cardiac amyloidosisAtrial natriuretic peptide-related fibrilsCerebral amyloid in Alzheimer disease, Down syndromeCerebral amyloid in Alzheimer disease, Down syndromeMedullary carcinoma of thyroidCalcitonin precursors (choice D)Isolated, massive, nodular deposits (skin, lung, urogenital tract)AL from light chains (choice B) [/INST] question: A 55-year-old diabetic Raj from Mumbai has a long history of renal failure. He is currently waiting for an organ for transplant and has been on hemodialysis in the interim. If this man develops amyloid deposits around his joints, they are likely to be composed of which of the following substances? \| options: A: Amyloid-associated protein B: Amyloid light chains C: Beta2 microglobulin D: Calcitonin precursors \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: Are your children liked by their teachers? All parents want their children to impress(...) their teachers and succeed in school. You can get your children to impress their teachers by following these easy steps. Make sure they're prepared. Teachers are impressed by children coming to school prepared to learn. Make sure they have everything they need--pencils textbooks, erasers and so on. Require them to be active in class. Teach them to ask teachers questions when they don't understand something. Some children think teachers are bothered by questions, but most teachers are impressed when children take the initiative in asking questions. They should take part in class discussions, giving their opinions politely. Keep your children healthy. If your children are tired and hungry, they won't be ready to learn. Children need at least 8 to 10 hours of sleep per night. Feed your children a solid breakfast and prepare a healthy lunch. Provide them with fruit and other healthy foods--apples or bananas are better for them than cookies. Make sure that your children do their homework. If they really don't understand it, discuss it with them patiently. Don't help them do their homework. Teachers can always tell who it is that does the work. Teach your children good manners and habits. Children need to arrive at the school punctually, and be polite to their teachers and classmates. Parents need to teach these skills at home. Nothing is sweeter than children who say "please" and "thank you", and these are children their teachers are certain to love. [/INST] question: Which of the following statements is NOT true? \| options: A: Hungry and tired children can't focus on their study B: Children should go to school on time and learn to behave well C: Teachers aren't able to decide if parents do homework for their children D: Teachers are impressed when children take an active part in class \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: Organisms may be transmitted in a number of ways, such as by air, food, hands, sexual contact, and infected needles. However, for each disease or disease category, there is usually a portal of entry not always unique to the organism. The respiratory tract is a common portal of entry to such airborne organisms as M. tuberculosis. This is why respiratory precautions must be taken when patients are harboring viable M. tuberculosis.The gastrointestinal tract is usually infected from ingestion of contaminated food or water (Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter) or by an alteration of the normal microbial flora such as with C. difficile disease. The skin is a tough integument and intact, is resistant to most infectious organisms except those that may break down human skin. Breaches of the skin as by wounds, burns, and the like predispose patients to a variety of infections such as tetanus caused by wound contamination with spores of C. tetani, or direct infection by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, or Gram-negative rods (such as Serratia or Pseudomonas).The genital tract may become infected either by sexual contact or by alteration of the genital environment as often occurs with yeast infections. Several bacteria such as N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia, and Treponema pallidum are transmitted by direct sexual contact with infected partners. [/INST] question: The most common way in which tuberculosis is acquired is via the \| options: A: Skin B: Gastrointestinal tract C: Respiratory tract D: Genital tract \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: The most distinctive clue is the presence of amyloid, which specifically suggests medullary thyroid carcinoma. This carcinoma is a tumor of the neuroendocrine parafollicular cells of the thyroid, rather than the follicular lining epithelium. These cells produce calcitonin, the precursor protein of which can precipitate, forming bands and nodules of amyloid that appear histologically identical to other forms of amyloid. The other thing to remember about medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is that it can be a component of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes type IIa (parathyroid disease, pheochromocytomas, medullary carcinoma) and type IIb (parathyroid disease, pheochromocytomas, medullary carcinoma, mucocutaneous ganglioneuromas, Marfanoid habitus).Because follicular thyroid carcinoma closely resembles normal thyroid tissue, it usually cannot be reliably diagnosed based on fine needle aspiration alone. Hashimoto's disease would show lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages on aspiration.Papillary thyroid carcinoma can be diagnosed by aspiration if papillary clusters are seen. [/INST] question: During an employment health check at Infosys, Bangalore, a 45-year-old man, Narayan, is noted to have a 3 cm palpable nodule in one lobe of an otherwise normal sized thyroid gland. Needle aspiration of the nodule demonstrates polygonal tumor cells and amyloid, but only very scanty colloid and normal follicular cells. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? \| options: A: Follicular thyroid carcinoma B: Hashimoto's disease C: Medullary thyroid carcinoma D: Papillary thyroid carcinoma \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: Periphery of retina is visualized by indirect ophthalmoscopy and central part is visualized by direct ophthalmoscopy. Other three options require some explanation here :- Slit-lamp biomicroscopic examination of the fundus The slit lamp is a low - power microscope (biomicroscope) combined with a high-intensity light source (slit-lamp) that can be focused in a thin beam. Biomicroscopic examination of the fundus can be performed after full mydriasis using a slit-lamp and any of the following lenses :- Indirect slit-lamp biomicroscopy Hruby lens biomicroscopy Contact lens biomicroscopy can be performed by following lenses :- i) Posteriorfundus contact lens (modified koeppe's lens), ii) Golmann's three mirror contact lens. It is worth noting that slit-lamp biomicroscopy is usually used to examine the anterior segment of eye (cornea, anterior chamber, lens, conjunctiva, sclera, eyelids where these structures are visualized without the need of these different type of lenses, required to examine the fundus. So, slit lamp biomicroscopy :- i) Usually used to examine the anterior segment of the eye. ii) Can also be used to examine the Hindus when combined with above-described lenses. So, Techniques of fundus examination A) Ophthalmoscopy Direct Indirect Distant direct B) Slit-lamp biomicroscopic examination of the fundus by:- i) Indirect slit lamp biomicroscopy ii) Hruby lens biomicroscopy iii) Contact lens biomicroscopy [/INST] question: The periphery of the retina is visualized with – \| options: A: Indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy B: Direct opthalmoscopy C: Contact lens D: Goldman's three mirror contact lens \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Many people enjoy an adventure story. Others like mysteries that lead the reader to an exciting discovery. The story of the young British naturalist Charles Darwin combines both of these. That is why the author and illustrator Rosalyn Schanzer chose to write the children's book "What Darwin Saw". The book was published just in time for the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth on February 12, 1809. Rosalyn Schanzer carefully gathered Darwin's thoughts and observations from his diaries, letters and books. Many of the words in the book are Darwin's own. She also traveled to the Galapagos Islands and South America. She researched some of the places Darwin had visited on his trip on the ship, the Beagle in the 1830s. She took thousands of pictures, which helped her create the book's beautiful and color1ful drawings. These pictures show young readers what led Darwin to form his great discovery: the evolution of species through natural selection. "What Darwin Saw" tells of the adventures of a young man who traveled around the world as a scientist. The voyage of the Beagle took Charles Darwin to South America, where he rode horses with cowboys and met Native Americans in Argentina. He reported the eruption of the Osorno Volcano and experienced an earthquake in Chile. Darwin's observations showed him that environments can change very quickly and a great deal over time. Rosalyn Schanzer brings to life the clues that suggested to Darwin that living things evolve, or change, over time. She illustrates the unusual tortoises, birds and lizards that Darwin studied in the Galapagos Islands. She shows how Darwin came to understand that these island animals had differences, developed over time, that helped them survive. And she explains the theory of evolution through natural selection in a way that both children and adults will enjoy. [/INST] question: Who is "What Darwin Saw" intended for? \| options: A: Parents B: Teachers C: Researchers D: Children \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: Food wasting is often seen in China. It's reported that food waste has produced 70% of the country's increasing rubbish. Especially in restaurants, plenty of food is wasted every day. Huge food waste is usually seen in wedding banquets , birthday banquets and business meals. However, when many people waste food, there is still a large number of people who do not have enough food to eat. Luckily, when dining out is part of everyday life, more and more people have realized packing up the leftovers when dinning might be the right thing to do. Now here is some advice about how. When packing leftovers, take staple foods such as steamed bread. However, leftovers of cold dishes should not be packed up, because the cold dishes can not be heated after being brought home and may go bad and cause illness. Also, leftovers should be kept in the right way after being brought home. Food should be kept at temperatures below 10 degC or higher than 70 degC.But if the packed food is put under room temperatures, they should be eaten within four hours. Packing leftovers in the right way is important, but it's more important to know how to order the right number of dishes. Don't be afraid of losing face by ordering less. After all, food doesn't come easily. [/INST] question: Food waste is usually seen in _ . \| options: A: wedding banquets B: birthday banquets C: business meals D: All above \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: Expo 2010 is held in Shanghai from May 1 to October 31.People all over the world are looking forward to it.Here are several golden rules on how to best plan your hip. Rule 1:Do your homework Read everything you call before going.Really study the maps.Know the pavilions.Arrive at the entrance nearest Io the things you want to see.Have a plan.It will make a big difference. Rule 2:Allow plenty of time Expo 2010 is the largest attraction event in the history of the world.It will take many days to see it.Plan to spend from five to eight days or more seeing it. Rule 3:Pace yourself Expo is enormous.The distances are punishing.It is better to spend a day seeing a single area than to man hack and forth all over the site.Remember to wear the most comfortable shoes.Never mind what they look like. Rule 4:Get going in May At many Expos the crowds are smaller in May and in early June than any other time.And beware the last two weeks.During every Expo, people delay their visits and then in early October they suddenly realize."Expo will close soon! I haven't seen it!'' As a result, the last several weeks usually have the most crowded days of the entire Expo. Rule 5:Find out what everyone else is doing-and do the opposite If you don't like large crowds and long lines.do the opposite.Here is all example:Most people go on Saturdays or on holidays, So avoid Saturdays and holidays.Go on weekdays when most people are at work. Rule 6:Turn up Expo 2010 is the largest celebration in China's history-an amazing once-in-a-lifetime event.When it is gone and it will never be seen again.So whatever you do,don't miss it! [/INST] question: Expo 2010 will last _ . \| options: A: five to eight days B: several weeks C: six months D: a year \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: Going to school means learning new skills and facts in different subjects. Teachers teach and students learn, and many scientists are interested in finding ways to improve both teaching and learning processes. Sian Beilock and Susan Leving, two psychologists at the University of Chicago, are trying to learn about learning. In a new study about the way kids learn math in primary school, Beilock and Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn: If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math. "If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers in later grades, _ ," Levine told Science News. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are, then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident. Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn--and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. The new study involved 65 girls, 52 boys and 17 first-and second-grade teachers in primary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores. The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers: To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt . A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example, was probably anxious about math. Boys, on average, were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average, girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. Plus, on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy, 20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math--and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers with math anxiety. According to surveys done before this one, college students who want to become primary school teachers have the highest levels of anxiety about math. Plus, nine of every 10 primary teachers are women, Levine said. [/INST] question: Sian Beilock and Susan Levine carried out the new study in order to _ . \| options: A: know the effects of teaching on learning B: study students' ways of learning math C: prove women teachers were unfit to teach math D: find better teaching methods for teachers \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: The State Council declared Wednesday it would restart China's nuclear power program, ending the hiatus in nuclear construction since Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster last year. China has been the most courageous country in building nuclear power, with the largest number of plants currently under construction. Nuclear power is facing a tough time in developed countries. The Japanese public is demanding the closure of all the country's nuclear power plants. China is at the forefront of nuclear power development. But it has been forced into this position. Rapid economic development coupled with improvements in people's life both demand more electricity. It is impossible to exploit fossil resources forever as the supply of coal, oil and natural gas is limited. China has no choice but to develop nuclear power. China must be the safest user of nuclear power. It should become a leading country in developing nuclear power technologies and increasing the world's knowledge of nuclear power. It needs to do at least two things. First, it needs to promote safety in nuclear power plants, based on the technologies of the West. The former Soviet Union, the US and Japan all had severe nuclear accidents, proving there are risks. China should try to remove these risks. Second, China should establish effective communication mechanisms between the government, power plants and the public. It's wrong to think the government can control every aspect of nuclear power plant construction. The opposition to nuclear power program in developed countries has prevented them from building new plants, but they already have many. These governments are reluctant to close these plants despite strong opposition, because they cannot find better substitutes. Nuclear power only occupies 1.8 percent of China's current electricity grid , much lower than the proportion in many developed countries. China's nuclear power plan should introduce the advantages of the technologies of other countries and also be creative in providing security. Its space technology is not the most advanced, but its launch safety measures have proven to be among the best. China's high-profile high-speed railway development has drawn a lot of controversy, as will the active attitude towards developing nuclear power. But China cannot just copy what the developed countries have done. The development of nuclear power must be unique to China and it must be a ground-breaking success. But now, the real test lies ahead. [/INST] question: What attitude do people in developed countries have towards nuclear power program? \| options: A: Supportive B: Opposed C: Indifferent D: Objective \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: Hypokalemia is a serious adverse effect of Amphotericin B hence treatment mandates the monitoring of serum K+levels. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF AMPHOTERICIN B: Infusion related reactions are most common adverse effects and require premedication with antihistaminics or glucocoicoids. Dose limiting toxicity is nephrotoxicity manifested by renal tubular acidosis, hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. It is most common dose dependent adverse effect. It may also result in anemia (due to decreased erythropoietin). * Intrathecal administration may cause seizures and neurological damage. Liposomal AMB, colloidal dispersion (ABCD) and lipid complex (ABLC) are lipid preparations of amphotericin B. These formulations result in decreased accumulation of the drug in tissues like kidney, thus nephrotoxicity is decreased. Some formulations also show decreased incidence of infusion related reactions. However, these new preparations have similar efficacy and antifungal spectrum as possessed by conventional preparations. [/INST] question: Amphotericin B treatment mandates the monitoring of which of the following electrolytes:- \| options: A: Ca2+ B: Na+ C: K+ D: Cl- \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: The Man behind Blue Jeans Levi Strauss was born in 1829 in Bavaria,Germany. He was the fifth of six children. His father sold dry goods from door to door. (Dry goods include many different things; fabric , thread,scissors,combs,buttons,yarn,etc.) In 1845, his father died. All six children decided to go to the United States. Two of Strauss' bothers started a dry goods company in New York City. Strauss' sister Fanny and her husband started a similar business in San Francisco. Strauss decided to go to the southeastern part of the United States. For eight years, he walked along the country roads selling dry goods from door to door - just like his father in Bavaria. In 1853, Strauss decided to move to San Francisco.(At that time, thousands of people traveled to California to look for gold.)On the way to California, Strauss sold almost all of his dry goods. He had only one thing left-- some _ . In California, Strauss tried to sell the canvas to the gold miners . He said they could make tents from the canvas. But they weren't interested in canvas for tents. Strauss didn't know what to do with the canvas. Then, he had an idea. Strauss could see that the miners needed new pants. There were holes in their pants because the fabric wasn't strong. He decided to make the canvas into pants. They called them " _ ". Later, Strauss stopped using canvas and used a different fabric. It was a heavy cotton fabric-- the same kind people wear today. Levi Strauss died in 1902. He never married and left his money to his nephews. He left the world much more -- the jeans that so many people wear. [/INST] question: _ isn't a kind of dry goods. \| options: A: Thread B: Gold C: Comb D: Yarn \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: Americans All Type: Musical Running Time: 50 Minutes This is a musical play set in a high school classroom that will teach you the importance of staying in school. This fun and entertaining musical experience will appeal to anyone. It has a positive message that will be well received by students as well as their teachers and parents. Almost all of the roles can be played either by males or females. The dialogue teaches values, ethics and how to be the best you can be. The lyrics and music flow non-stop with piano accompaniment . A Mother in My Head Type: Short Play Running Time: 45 Minutes Where does motherly advice and direction begin and where does it end? Or does it ever end? This fast-paced play follows the lives of two young people as they begin their careers, meet, and fall in love, each coached in every step of the way by the "mothers in their heads". The on-stage presence of the mothers provides an interaction between characters that is thoroughly enjoyable. One of Our Clowns Is Missing Type: Short Play Running Time: 30 Minutes Adapted from the full-length play One of Our Clowns Is Missing by Robert Frankel, this play will bring the audience to cheers, tears, and applause. Sandy lacks self-esteem , but after meeting a group of characters that turn her life around, she regains her confidence and makes a new start. My Fed Ex Christmas Request Type: Short Play Running Time: 10 Minutes Nicky is naughty every year so instead of getting toys under his Christmas tree, Santa has been leaving him a lump of coal in his stocking year after year. Well, Nicky has finally had it with being labeled as naughty by Santa and decides to pack himself in a FedEx box and ship it to the North Pole. He's going to defend his case face to face with Santa. This comedy shows us what happens when Nicky decides he's not going to take it anymore! [/INST] question: To encourage their children to stay in school, parents should take their children to see _ . \| options: A: Americans All B: A Mother in My Head C: One of Our Clowns Is Missing D: My Fed Ex Christmas Request \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: All the three nerves ie genifotemoral, ilioinguinal & iliohypogastric are branches of the lumbar plexus and all may be injured in op. for hernia. llioinguinal-Nerve enters the inguinal canal by piercing the internal oblique muscle (not through the deep ring)* it then emerges from the superficial inguinal ring to supply the skin of proximomedial skin of the thigh the skin over the penile root. the upper part of the scrotum Iliohypogastric nerves divides into two branches - lateral cutaneous and anterior cutaneous. lateral cutaneous supplies - posterolateral gluteal skin Anterior cutaneous supplies - suprapubic skin Genitofemoral nerve divides into two branches Genital and Femoral Genital or of Genitofemoral nerve - enters the inguinal canal at its deep ring and supplies the Cremaster* the scrotal skin* Femoral or of genitofemoral nerve passes behind the inguinal ligament, enters the femoral sheath lateral to femoral artery*, pierces the ant layer of the femoral sheath and fascia lata and supplies the skin anterior to the upper part of the femoral triangle. [/INST] question: A pt. operated for direct inguinal hernia developed anaesthesia at the root of the penis and adjacent part of the scrotum the nerve likely to be injured is - \| options: A: Genital br. of genitofemoral nerve (supply dartos muscle) B: Femoral br. of genitofemoral nerve C: Iliohypogastric nerve D: Ilioinguinal nerve \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: Skin lesions in this patient is Erythema nodosum. Erythema nodosum, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy negative Mantoux test is strongly suggestive of sarcoidosis. Skin biopsy (or biopsy from hilar nodes, conjunctiva, lip, or spleen, intraabdominal nodes) would reveal non-caseating granulomas. Signs and symptoms of sarcoidosis Any organ system of the body can be involved. However, lungs with lymph nodes, skin and eye are the three most common sites involved in sarcoidosis. I. Lungs with lymph nodes (95%) Respiratory complaints including a cough and dyspnea are the most common presenting symptoms. Usually, the infiltrate in sarcoidosis are predominantly an upper lobe process. There is bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. II. Skin (24%-43%) Erythema nodosum Maculopapular lesions Hyper-or hypopigmentation Keloid formation and subcutaneous nodules Lupus pernio → Involvement of the bridge of the nose, the area beneath the eyes and cheek. It is diagnostic for a chronic form of sarcoidosis. Lofgren's syndrome → Erythema nodosum with hilar adenopathy and uveitis. III. Eye (12-29%) Uveitis → Cause Photophobia, blurred vision, increased tearing Retinitis → Cause Photophobia, blurred vision, increased tearing Pars plastic → Cause Photophobia, blurred vision, increased tearing IV Non-specific constitutional symptoms are fatigue (most common), fever, night sweat and weight loss. Other organs/systems involved are Liver Spleen Endocrine → Granuloma can secret 1-25 (OH)2 Vit D which causes hypercalcemia. Uveoparotid fever → Uveitis + parotitis + VII nerve palsy, it is associated with Heerfordt - waldenstrom syndrome. Parotid glands Heart Brain (Neurosarcoidosis) [/INST] question: A young lady presented with bilateral nodular lesions on shins. She was also found to have bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy on chest X-ray. Mantoux test reveals indurations of 5 mms. A skin biopsy would reveal - \| options: A: Non caseating Granuloma B: Vasculitis C: Caseating Granuloma D: Malignant cells \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Renal manifestations in SLE (Lupus nephritis) Nephritis is the most serious manifestation of SLE and renal failure is the most common cause of death in SLE. Findings of SLE nephropathy are called as full house phenomenon. A. Glomerular diseases WHO classification lupus nephritis is as follows 1) Class I (minimal or no detectable abnormalities) It has the best prognosis. 2) Class II (Mesangial lupus GN or mesangial proliferative) Characterized by mesangial cell proliferation and lack of involvement of glomerular capillary wall. Glomerular mesangial deposits of immunoglobulin and complement are the earliest feature and are found in all types of lupus nephritis. 3) Class III (focal proliferative GN) There are subendothelial deposits. Granular deposits also occur in mesangium as occur in all forms of lupus nephritis. 4) Class IV (Diffuse proliferative GN) It is the most common type of lupus nephritis with the worst prognosis. It is characterized by wire loop lesions. There are subendothelial deposits with granular deposits in the mesangium. 5) Class V (Membranous GN) There is widespread thickening of the capillary wall with subepithelial deposits and granular deposits in the mesangium. 6) Class VI (Sclerosing nephritis) There is global necrosis of nearly all glomerular capillaries. Wire loop lesions are seen most commonly in diffuse proliferative (class IV), but may also be seen in class III (focal proliferative) and class V (membranous) GN. B. Tubulointerstitial disease Though glomeruli are involved primarily in lupus nephritis, interstitium and tubules can also be involved especially in association with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. Granular deposition of immunoglobulin and complement in tubular basement membrane are seen. [/INST] question: Not seen in SLE affected kidney? \| options: A: Lipoid nephrosis B: Focal Glomerulonephritis C: Diffuse Glomerulonephritis D: Membranous Glomerulonephritis \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: There is a famous saying in the West: Eat breakfast like a king. It means breakfast should be the most important meal of your day. Why? The answer is in the word breakfast itself. Breakfast means "breaking of the fast ". There are about twelve hours between dinner and breakfast, so it's important to eat breakfast to keep in good health. Also, the food for breakfast will give you what you need in the day. Eating a good breakfast is important, but not many people are changing their eating habits. In the USA, about 60% of people have their main meal in the evening. For most Japanese and Australians, the evening meal is the main meal of the day, too. In Mexico, the main meal for many families is usually at 2:00 pm. In Switzerland, the main meal is also in the middle of the day. Many nutritionist say people should eat small, low-fat meals five or six times a day. However, most people think that what you eat is more important than when you eat it. Eating healthy foods like vegetables, fish, and fresh fruit is a good way to enjoy a healthy life. [/INST] question: What's the main meal of the day for most Americans? \| options: A: Breakfast B: Lunch C: The afternoon tea D: dinner \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: More than one in eight U. S. adults finds it hard to stay away from the Internet for several days at a time and about one in eleven tries to hide his or her online habit, according to a study showed on Tuesday. The study by researchers from the Stanford University School of Medicine in California found one in eight adults admitted they needed to spend less time online, saying this showed "problematic Interact use" is present in a sizable portion of the population. The study involved a nationwide telephone survey of 2,581 respondents in the spring and summer of 2004 with researchers then examining the data and preparing the report which appears in the October issue of CNS Spectrums. The survey found that 68.9 percent of respondents were regular Internet users and 13.7 percent of the users found it hard to stay offline for several days at a time. It found 12.4 percent often stayed online longer than intended, more than 12 percent said they saw a need to cut back on their Internet use, and 8.7 percent tried to conceal "non-essential "Internet use from family, friends and employers. A smaller number, 8.2 percent, said they use the Internet to escape problems or a bad mood, while 5.9 percent felt their relationships suffered because of too much Internet use. One report published earlier this year said that 5 percent to 10 percent of the population likely will experience Internet addiction . It said signs include a disregard for health or appearance, lack of sleep and reducing physical activities and social communications with others, as well as dry eyes and juries of hands and fingers. [/INST] question: Those who try to hide their habit of addition to the Interact make up of the respondents. \| options: A: 12.4% B: 8.7% C: 5.9% D: 13.7% \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: Monosomy Prognostic factors in AML Favourable prognostic factors Unourable prognostic factors Miscellaneous prognostic factors * Age < 40 yrs * del (7q) * In recent years, with availability * AML without antecedent MDS/ MPD * dui (5q) of markers on bone marrow * Blast cells with Auer rods * 11q23 - MLL +ve trephine sections, it has been * TLC < (25 x 109/L) * 3q21 possible to study antiogenesis, * t (15;17) in AML - M3- PMURARA +ve ' Expression of MDR-1 gene (Multidrug proliferative index, apoptosis and * t (8;21) in AML-M, * Inv (16) in AML- M4Eo resistance gene) * 3q26 other parameters * FAB subtype - AML- M2, M3, M4 Complex karyotypes High WBC count > 100 x 109/L * AML with preceeding MDS/ PMD * Extremes of age <2 years and > 55 years FLT-3 mutation * -7/7q * Extramedullary disease in AML- M5 * Presence of CNS involvement * FAB subtype AML -MO, M6, M7 -- * t (8 ; 21)Q in AML - M2 Good prognosis * Inv (16) in AML- M4 E,, * t (15 ; 17)Q in AML - M3 - PML /RAFA +ve Moderately ourable outome * No cytogenetic abnormality Q * del (7q) * Monosomy 5 or 7 * del (5q) * inv (3) (q 21. q 26) * 11(123 - MLL +ve * t (3;3) Poor prognosis * 3q21 * t (6:11) * Expression of MDR-1 gene * t (10:11) * 3q26 * t (9;22) Genetic abnormalities in normal cytogenetic AML Name Prognosis Prevalence Expression NPM-1 (nuclephosmin) Favourable 50-60% Mutation FLT3-ITD The Ems - like tyrosine kinase 3 Gene Unourable 3040% Mutation FLT3 -Asp835 Unclear 5 - 10% Mutation BAALC (Brain and acute leukemia cytoplasmic) Unourable 65.7% Over expression MNI (Meningioma I) Unourable 50% Over expression MLI -PTD (Mixed lineage leukemia) Unourable 7.7% Mutation / over expression CEBPa (CCAT/Enhancer binding protein alpha gene) Favour able 15 - 20% Mutation ERG-I (The E1S-related gene Unoruable 25% Over expression AF-lq expression Unourable 75% Over expression Nuleophosmin (NPM1) mutations The most common molecular abnormality present in -50% of AML's with normal karyotype. nK- AML constitutes -45% of AML's and conveys an "intermediate" (but heterogenous) prognosis. Exon 12 NEM] mutations (always 4bp inseions) disrupt a key regulatory region. "AML with mutated NPM (nusleophosmin) has a ourable prognosis". Loss of X.Y chromosome There is a correlation between t (8;21) and involvement of sex chromosomes (X, Y chromosomes) - Involvement of sex chromosome occur in cases with t (8;21) that may be either in the .form of loss of X chromosome or duplication of Y chromosome. - Loss of the Y chromosome or loss of the X chromosome is associated with t (8;21) in 80% to 90% cases. - But the significance of these abnormalities on prognosis is not clear. Most probably they have ourable prognosis just as t(8;21). [/INST] question: Bad prognosis in AML is indicated by aEUR' \| options: A: Monosomy B: Deletion of X or Y chromosome C: T (8 : 21) D: Nucleophosmin mutation \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: The Labrador has won the honor of the most popular breed for the past eighteen years. It has been described as gentle, clever and friendly. Yet not all Labs are the same. John Grogan discovered _ after he and his wife adopted a Labrador that they named Marley. The dog caused Mr. Grogan a lot of trouble, but it also provided many stories for his newspaper articles. Later, he wrote a best-selling book, "Marley and Me: Life and Love with the World's Worst Dog." Marley was happy and fun-loving. But he was also extremely large and difficult to control. He bit anything that he could find around the house, including plastic, clothing and jewelry. And he had a great fear of loud noises, especially thunderstorms. Unfortunately, the Grogans lived in Florida where many thunderstorms develop. Marley would attack the furniture, walls and doors until his feet bled if he was left alone in the house during a thunderstorm. Marley almost damaged their home several times. John Grogan said that at first he considered that probably his dog could be trained to be a show champion. But he soon realized that was impossible. Marley didn't like to learn skills that didn't belong to dogs, and he was driven out of the dog training school for causing troubles for other dogs. He didn't want to hide his emotions. He would show his anger and tiredness if he felt them. Even if that, Marley still had earned a place in the Grogans'. He didn't know how to dance, and he didn't know how to walk on its two legs, but he was what he was. He would never be a Lassie or a Benji or an old Yeller for he would never like to take part in a dog show, but the Grogans accepted him and loved him very much. [/INST] question: We can infer when John Grogan wrote the book "Marley and Me: Life and Love with the World's Worst Dog.", he was very _ . \| options: A: angry B: disappointed C: happy D: frightened \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: Have you ever suddenly felt that someone you know was in trouble -- and he was? Have you ever dreamed something that came true later? Maybe you have ESP. ESP stands for Extra Sensory Perception. It may be called a sixth sense. It seems to let people know about events before they happen, or events that are happening some distance away. Here is an example: A woman was doing washing. Suddenly she shouted, "My father is dead! I saw him sitting in the chair!" Just then, a telephone came. The woman's father had died of a heart illness. He died sitting in a chair. There are thousands of stories like this on record. Scientists are studying them to find out what is behind these strange mental messages. Here's another example ---- one of hundreds of dreams that have come true. A man dreamed he was walking along a road when a horse and carriage came by. The driver said, "There's room for one more." The man felt the driver was Death, so he ran away. The next day the man was getting on a crowded bus. The bus driver said, "There's room for one more". Then the man saw the driver's face was the same face he had seen in the dream. He wouldn't get on the bus. As the bus drove off, it crashed and burst into fires. Everyone was killed! Some people say stories like these are lies or coincidences. Others say that are ESP in true, from studies of ESP, we may some day learn more about the human mind. [/INST] question: ESP lets people know about _ . \| options: A: their dream B: events after they happen C: events before they happen D: heart illness \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: People usually have to cany passports to travel from one country to another. But should animals? Groups around the word are working to create parks that cross country borders. They hope that the parks will help die environment and bring peace and cooperation to neighboring countries. "People draw lines on a map and call them countries," said Steve Thompson of the National Parks Conservation Association. "But animals don' t understand international borders. " When animals are kept in small areas,they can spread diseases more easily. They can also hurt the environment by eating too many plants and other animals. Allowing animals to cross borders would help improve these conditions,experts say. But that's just one reason why people to create international parks. People have named the parks "peace parks" because these people believe the parks can help countries learn to work together. The parks create a link between communities and a common desire to learn more about one another. According to Steve Thompson, the parks can "help nations resolve international conflict or even war. " Today there are dozens of peace parks on five continents, The parks play an important role in southern Africa. The Kgalagadi Trausfrontier Park is in the Kalahari Desert in South Africa and Botswana. The countries work together to manage the land and the animals that live there. Other countries ,such as Zimbabwe and Lesotho, are also forming parks. The parks will let animals wander over larger parts of southern Africa, much as they did centuries ago, and it really helps expand elephant and lion populations, which are now damaged by, confinement in smaller parks. The parks can also help countries attracting tourists and creating jobs. But many issues still remain, such as illegal killing of animals, pollution, and population pressure on the land. [/INST] question: Where are the peace parks built? \| options: A: In mountains B: In cities C: Across deserts D: Across country borders \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: There are more and more fast food chains all over the world now. Most of these places work on a similar principle .There is a long counter ,above which hangs a list(often with pictures)of the items they sell,and behind which several people (often students working for the lowest pay) are working. Buyers form queues in front of each assistant. You receive what you order and take it on a tray to a table. If you can't see any knives and forks, this means you should eat with your hands. If you can't see any straws ,that's because they are hiding in the straw machine and you have to press the button to get a straw. When you have finished, you yourself throw away everything except the tray. It seems that you should do almost everything while you are having food in this kind of restaurant. Many fast food places have drive-in facilities You place your order from your car through a microphone and then drive to a special window to pay and pick it up. You may even find places where a waitress brings your meal out, and you sit and eat it in the car from a tray hooked over the door through the open window. What do you think about this king of food-serving? Everything happens in seconds as well as your lunch or supper. You have no time to enjoy your meal because you are eating fast food. [/INST] question: _ are increasing quickly all over the world. \| options: A: Fast food consumers B: Kinds of fast food C: Fast food prizes D: Fast food chains \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: Do you know how important it is to have breakfast? A study of 2,000 teenagers in the US showed that eating breakfast daily is helpful to young people. According to the study, teenagers who eat breakfast weigh around 5 pounds less than teenagers who do not. Although they take in more calories in the morning, they are more active during the day because they have more energy. This means they burn more calories than non-breakfast eaters. _ The study also showed that eating breakfast keeps teenagers feeling full for longer, so they will not eat too many snacks later in the day. This is good news as most popular snacks, like sweets and potato chips, are usually unhealthy and full of calories. Another big advantage of eating breakfast is that it helps teenagers do better at school. This is because it gives them more energy to keep their attention in class. What's more, a study in the UK showed that adults who eat breakfast daily put on less weight and also perform better at work. Whatever your age is, take time to have breakfast every day. [/INST] question: Having breakfast daily makes the teenagers _ . \| options: A: eat fewer snacks B: put on more weight C: relax themselves D: burn less calories \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: This patient's history suggests pheochromocytoma. This rare (but often considered diagnostically) tumor is most often found in the adrenal medulla, although it can also be found in other tissues derived from neural crest cells. The tumor cells secrete catecholamine hormones or their precursors, which can cause either paroxysmal (as in this case) or persistent hypertension. Urinary metabolites of epinephrine and norepinephrine are vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid, so screening 24 hour urine collections for these substances can be helpful in establishing or excluding these diagnoses even in cases in which a physician does not observe one of the paroxysms and thus blood cannot be drawn for serum catecholamine levels at that time. DHEA is the adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone (made by the adrenal cortex rather than the adrenal medulla), and is measured in serum in cases where adrenal virilism is suspected. hCG is human chorionic gonadotropin, and both serum and urine levels can increase in pregnancy or trophoblastic disease. 17-ketosteroids are measured in urine during evaluation of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (a disorder of the adrenal cortex rather than medulla). [/INST] question: A 50-year-old man consults you because he has been having transient periods of rapid heart beat accompanied by sweating, flushing, and a sense of impending doom. Examination is unrevealing, with no evidence of arrhythmia at the time of the exam. However, the man's wife is a nurse, so the physician asks that she take vital signs the next time one of the episodes occurs. She does, and demonstrates a BP of 195/140 with heart rate 160/min during the episode. She promptly brings him to you, but the spell is over by the time that he is seen. Urinary measurement of which of the following would most likely be diagnostic in this case? \| options: A: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) B: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) C: 17-ketosteroids D: Vanillylmandelic acid VMA \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: (Pneumococcus) (259-P Chakraborty 2nd) (217, 221-Ananthanarayan 7th)* Pneumococci are typically a haemolytic. In prolonged incubation autolysis occurs at central depression (umbonation) of the colony which creates a typical draughtsman or carom coin appearanceDifferentiation between Str. pneumoniae and Strep, viridans Str. pneumoniae Str. viridansMorphologyCapsulated, lanceolate diplococciNoncapsulated, oval or round cells in chainsQuellung testPositive NegativeColoniesInitially dome-shaped later 'draughtsman' colonies Dome shapedGrowth in liquid mediaUniform turbidity Granular turbidityBile solubilityInvariably positive Invariably negativeInulin fermentationPositive NegativeOptochin sensitivityPositive NegativeIntraperitoneal inoculation in miceFatal infection Non pathogenicC. diphtheriaGravis strainsIntermedius strainsMitis strains* Colonies on Telluriteblood Agar* Haemolysis"Daisy head" coloniesin 48-72 hoursVariable"Frog's egg" colonies"Poached egg" coloniesUsually haemolytic Non haemolytic [/INST] question: Draughtsman colonies are seen in \| options: A: Staphylococcus B: Salmonella C: Pneumococcus D: Corynebacterium \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: NEW YORK CITY?A hurricane warning has been given for New York City.Forecasters say Hurricane Irene could cause widespread flooding, power failure and billions of dollars in damage.About 65 million Americans live in Hurricane Irene's projected path --many of whom have been _ In New York City, Mayor Michael Bloomberg has ordered the city's first-ever evacuation. Roughly 250,000 people have been told to leave their homes in low-lying areas, including the Wall Street financial district. WASHINGTON D.C.--On Aug.24, 2011, Apple announced that Mr.Steve Jobs, who has battled cancer for several years, was stepping down as the CEO but would serve as chairman. In January, he had announced that he was taking a medical leave of absence from Apple.In announcing his leave, he turned daily oversight of the company over to the chief operating officer, Timothy D.Cook, and it was Mr.Cook whom Apple named to succeed him as the next CEO of the company. TRIPOLI--Opposition forces in Libya say they control more than 90 percent of the country.It is still not clear where Moammar Gadhafi is.The opposition has offered more than 1,600,000 dollars for his capture .The head of the opposition forces said his group supports a decision by local businessmen to provide the money in an effort to speed up the capture.Earlier Wednesday, government forces fired onto the former headquarters of Mr.Gadhafi, which is now controlled by opposition forces.Heavy fighting also continued near Tripoli's airport and in a town of Zuara. [/INST] question: Who has been appointed as the new CEO of Apple? \| options: A: Steve Jobs B: Michael Bloomberg C: Moammar Gadhafi D: Timothy \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: Validity: Refers to what extent the test measures which it purports to measure (adequacy of measurement) Validity has 2 components: – Sensitivity – Specificity Types of Validity: – Conclusion validity: Defines if there is a relationship between 2 variables – Internal validity: Assuming relationship between 2 variables, defines if it is causal 1. Is free of bias 2. Valid conclusions can be drawn for individuals in a sample – Construct validity: Assuming causal relationship between 2 variables, defines if our theory is best to our constructs – External validity: Assuming causal relationship between 2 variables, defines if our theory can be generalized to the broader population – Concurrent validity: Refers to the degree of correlation with other measures of the same construct measured at the same time – Face (Logical) validity: Relevance of a measurement appear obvious – Content validity: Measurement of all variable components – Consensual validity: If no. of experts agree to a parameter Criterion validity: If compared with a reference or gold standard. 1. Is best measure of validity 2. Usually expressed as sensitivity & specificity – Discriminant validity: If not showing strong correlation between 2 variables. [/INST] question: The parameters of sensitivity and specificity are used for assessing - \| options: A: Criterion validity B: Construct validity C: Discriminant validity D: Content validity \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: “The most definitive investigation for Amyloidosis is biopsy”. For many years rectal biopsy was the first procedure of choice. An important clinical advance was the recognition that the capillaries in the subcutaneous fat are often involved in patients with systemic amyloidosis and can often provide sufficient tissues for the diagnosis of amyloidosis. Thus, a biopsy of the organ with the most severe clinical involvement is often unnecessary. For example in cardiac amyloidosis, the definitive diagnosis of the type of amyloid can be made using an endomyocardial biopsy specimen with Congo red and immunologic staining of the tissue sample. Alternatively, when a noninvasive testing suggests cardiac amyloidosis - A specific diagnosis is often made by studying a subcutaneous fat aspiration instead of endomyocardial biopsy thereby avoiding an invasive procedure. When the subcutaneous fat aspiration biopsy does not provide information to reach a firm diagnosis, biopsy samples can be collected from other organs. In addition, an advantage to performing a biopsy of an involved organ (e.g., kidney heart) is that it definitively establishes a cause and effect relationship between the organ dysfunction and amyloid. It is important to realize that not all biopsy sites offer the same sensitivity. The best sites of biopsy are: - Abdominal fat pad and (90% sensitivity) Rectal mucosa (73% - 84% sensitivity) Other sites that are often sampled but have poor sensitivity for the diagnosis of amyloid include: - Salivary glands Skin Tongue Gingiva Stomach Bone marrow [/INST] question: What is the best method for confirming amyloidosis- \| options: A: Colonoscopy B: Sigmoidoscopy C: Rectal biopsy D: Tongue biopsy \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: Bleeding from umbilical stump is an early manifestation of factor X deficiency. Congenital factor X deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease. Homozygous patients shows markedly prolonged PT and APTT, and heterozygous individuals show mildly prolonged or normal PT and APTT. Since this child is presenting with bleeding from umbilical stump with normal PT and PTT, most likely diagnosis is Factor X deficiency. In Von Willibrand disease: PT is normal, PTT is increased. In factor XIII deficiency: PT and PTT are normal, minimally prolonged thrombin time, increased fibrin degradation products. Diagnosis is established by increased clot solubility in 5M urea, dilute monochloroactic acid or acetic acid. In Bernard soulier sydrome: abnormally large platelets, moderate thrombocytopenia and prolonged bleeding time. Platelet aggregation studies shows defective response to ristocetin and normal response to other agonists. Addition of normal platelets corrects abnormal aggregation. In Glanzmann's thrombasthenia: Platelet aggregation studies shows marked impairment of aggregation in response to stimulation with typical agonists. [/INST] question: A newborn baby presented with profuse bleeding from the umbilical stump after bih. Other physical examination are normal. PT and APTT are within normal limits. What is the most probable diagnosis you would consider? \| options: A: Factor X deficiency B: Glanzmann thrombasthenia C: Von Willebrand disease D: Bernard Soulier syndrome \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: WHO Operational protocol for diptheria contacts - Assess diphtheria toxoid vaccination status of exposed close contacts. Vaccinate according to WHO strategy (which prioritizes children's vaccination). Type:Pentavalent (for 6 wks to 6 yrs) or Td (for 7 yrs and above). Number of doses:- Only one dose if documentary evidence of having completed primary vaccination schedule is available. Three doses:at least 4 weeks interval between each dose Administer antibiotics for prophylaxis. Choose one of the following antibiotics for prevention: IM benzathine penicillin: a single dose For children aged <= 5 years: administer 6 00 000 units For those > 5 years: administer 12 00 000 units Oral erythromycin For children: 40 mg/kg/day, administered in divided dose, 10 mg per dose, every 6 hours For adults: 1 g/day for adults, administered in divided dose, 250 mg per dose every 6 hours Treat for total 7 days Oral Azithromycin Children: 10-12 mg/kg once daily, to a max of 500mg/day. Treat for total 7 days Adults: 500mg once daily. Treat for total 7 days. [/INST] question: A 5yr old unimmunized child developed Diphtheria. He has a 3yr old immunised sibling contact, who received last booster 18 months back. What to do with the contact? \| options: A: Two doses of polysaccharide vaccine B: Three doses of conjugate vaccine C: Sigle dose of toxoid vaccine D: No vaccine needed \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: China is home to the invention of silk and has a long tradition of producing fine materials for clothing. Not all clothing in ancient or contemporary( ) China is made of silk, however. In fact, silk was only available to the wealthy classes for much of China's history. Until the introduction of cotton during the Ming Dynasty, from the 14th to the 17th century, the poorer classes wore rough clothing made from fibers . In ancient China, the tunic was particularly popular . Called hanfu , both men and women could be seen wearing tunics made of different materials. Women's tunics were long and loose , extending all the way down to their feet and often _ with a belt or rope to get tighter . Men's tunics were shorter, usually only extending down to their knees. During the winter, both men and women would wear cotton jackets for warmth. In the winter, men would also wear pants or ankle-length skirts into their clothes to keep warm and protect their legs against the cold winter conditions. Contemporary Chinese clothing is now made of many of the same materials as contemporary clothing found in other countries. Much of the traditional Chinese clothing produced now is made of cotton and silk, but generally contemporary Chinese clothing also contains synthetic fibers in with the cotton and silk, such as nylon . In addition, linen is now commonly used in contemporary Chinese clothing, especially during the summer months because it is light and breathable. [/INST] question: In ancient China, only wealthy people could afford clothes made from _ . \| options: A: silk B: fiber C: cotton D: linen \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Heat therapy Heat therapy is a form of physiotherapy used in many painful conditions eg. arthritis, sprains, muscle spasms etc. It is of 2 types depending on the penetration of heat Superficial heat therapy Deep heat therapy A) Superficial heat therapy Only the skin and subcutaneous tissues are heated Superficial heating modalities do not heat deep tissue because the subcutaneous layer of fat beneath the skin surface acts as a thermal insulator and inhibits heat transfer. Superficial heating modalities include : Hot warm bottle Warm bath Hot packs (eg. Kenny pack) Hot soaks or compresses Paraffin wax bath Moist air cabinet Chemical packs Infrared lamp B) Deep heat therapy Deeper structures (including muscles) are heated In general, the transfer of heat is of three types- conduction, convection & conversion (or radiation) Whereas superficial heating modalities use all three modes of transfer of heat; deep heating modalities use only conversion or radiation method to heat the deep tissues. Deep heating modalities are a) Shortwave diathermy Heat generated by high-frequency alternating current using a shortwave diathermy emitter. b) Microwave diathermy This uses electromagnetic radiation energy to heat the deep tissues c) Ultrasound therapy Uses high-frequency sound energy [/INST] question: Which is not a deep heat therapy- \| options: A: Short wave diathermy B: Ultrasound therapy C: Infrared therapy D: Microwave therapy \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: It has more than 845 million users worldwide. If it were a country, _ would have the third largest population in the world, behind China and India. This is Facebook, a popular website from the US. It is similar to Renren in China. Mark Zuckerber was born on May 14, 1984. As a little kid, he loved creating little fun computer programs. He set up the network in February of 2004. He was then a second-year student at Harvard University. One day, he had the idea of building a website for Harvard students to get to know each other. He set up the Facebook website. Harvard students could share photos and their personal information there. Soon, the website became very famous. Zuckerberg decided to leave Harvard to run Facebook full time. It was the biggest adventure in his life and later brought him great success. Now, the service is popular around the world. Greetings such as "Have you checked your Facebook page today?" became a part of young people's everyday language in the US. People can exchange message and get the latest information about their friends on Facebook. Zuckerberg's dream is to connect people through the Internet. "Facebook is to make the world more open and connected," he said. What's the young man's secret to success? Zuckerberg believes it's important to have an open mind and be ready to try new things. "The riskiest thing is to take no risks," he once said in an open letter. Sometimes the simplest ideas go furthest. We hope Mar Zuckerberg can go much further, maybe even further than Bill Gates. [/INST] question: People can do the following on Facebook except _ . \| options: A: exchange messages B: share information C: do online shopping D: put up photos \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: "Lizzie, there's a letter for you!" Emily called up the stairs to her sister. Elizabeth looked down. "Is it from Harvard? They refused my application once." Emily answered, "No, it's from Yale." Quickly, Elizabeth walked downstairs. She took the letter and opened it. "Rejected again," Elizabeth said unhappily. "Who says women can't be doctors?" "They are fools not to accept you. You can't let them stop you, Lizzie," Emily said. "I won't. I'll apply to Geneva Medical College," Elizabeth told her sister. As it turned out, the professors at Geneva Medical College were not fools. They allowed Elizabeth Blackwell to study medicine. In 1848, a year before Elizabeth would graduate, a typhoid epidemic broke out in New York. Elizabeth wrote to Emily. "There's an outbreak of typhoid, and I am going to help. It is dangerous, so if I should not survive, please do me the honor of studying medicine yourself." Emily replied, "Encouraged by your dream and success, I have decided to study in medical school, as well." Having survived the disease, Elizabeth tried to set up a private medical practice. "I graduated first in my class but no one believes a woman can be a good doctor," she said to Emily one day. "All I hear is that doctors should be men, while women should stay home to cook and clean." Emily said worriedly, "I will graduate in June with my medical degree. What shall we do?" Elizabeth thought for a while and replied, "There's a big house in the poor part of our town. We can practice medicine there for people who couldn't afford care." Soon with the help of some friends, Elizabeth and Emily bought the house and opened a hospital for poor women and children. "We'll have an all-women staff ," Elizabeth said. "And later, we'll add a medical college for women!" Emily added. At last, Elizabeth realized her dream of being a doctor. [/INST] question: Hearing Elizabeth's words about the letter from Yale, Emily felt _ . \| options: A: excited B: calm C: satisfied D: angry \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: Fetal complications with forceps are Transient facial Marks Facial Palsies Fracture of facial and Skull bones. Fetal complications with Vacuum Scalp bruising, abrasion Laceration Sub Galeal hematomas Intracranial Hemorrhage Also neonatal jaundice and retinal hemorrhage is more common with ventouse. Subgaleal Hematomas are due to laceration of the diploic vessels in the loose sub-aponeurotic layer of scalp.The entire scalp may be elevated in this. Tentorial tears are due to mechanical injury to the fetal cranium causing rupture of the deep venous system or laceration of the inferior surface of the cerebellum. Cephalhematoma is generally due to laceration of the blood vessels passing through the periosteal layer and hence the hematoma formed is limited to that paicular bone and does not spread across the cranial suture lines. This may also result due to underlying skull fractures. Usually subsides within a few days. Swelling varying in size with crying has to be a swelling which is communicating with the intracranial space, like an encephalocoele. [/INST] question: Cephalo-haemtoma: \| options: A: Is caused by oedema of the subcutaneous layers of the scalp B: Should be treated by aspiration C: Most commonly lies over the occipital bone D: Does not vary in tension with crying \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: Many people rely on a cup of coffee or two to wake them up in the morning or refresh them during the working day, but now a chemist has come up with a speedy alternative to drinking coffee. U.S. biochemist Ben Yu has created 'Sprayable Energy', which claims to be the world's first caffeine - based topical energy spray. He said tired workers can spray a 'shot' of caffeine onto their skin without experiencing a strong noise, taking in unnecessary calories or being stuck with a nasty aftertaste like they might get from drinking energy drinks or coffee. The tasteless caffeine spray is absorbed through the skin and spread through the body over a number of hours to deliver a caffeine hit that lasts longer than drinking a cup of coffee. The only active ingredient in the spray is caffeine, which is very similar to nicotine in structure. Each spray 'Sprayable Energy' contains around a quarter of the amount of caffeine found in a cup of coffee, but apparently has the same effect as a full cup. The website said: "The reason for this is our product isn't entirely metabolized by the liver before entering your system and becoming available to your body." Sprayable Energy's website recommends that users apply the spray in places where they normally spritz perfume, such as wrists, the neck or behind the ears, but warns users not to exceed 20 times a day. It claims that after spraying the product on the skin, users will feel awake and focus without being over-excited, which is common with coffee and energy drinks. [/INST] question: Compared with an energy drink or a coffee, what is good about "Sprayable Energy"? \| options: A: It makes no noise B: It contains lower calories C: It has a good taste D: It contains many active ingredients \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: – M/c age incidence for primary ovarian neoplasms is 40-60 years, peak age incidence being 55–60 years. Ovarian malignancies generally present with vague symptoms like abdominal pain, dyspepsia, and patient may also experience irregular menses and if pelvic mass compresses the bladder or rectum she may have urinary frequency or constipation. In advanced stages patients have symptoms related to presence of ascites, omental metastasis or bowel metastasis like abdominal distension, dyspnea, bloating, nausea, anorexia or early satiety. In the patient given in the question all these symptoms are present (which could be seen in other cancers as well) plus her Ca 125 levels are raised, which favors the diagnosis of ovarian cancer in her.Remember The most important sign of epithelial ovarian cancer is the presence of a pelvic mass on physical examination. For postmenopausal patients with an adnexal mass and a very high serum CA125 level (>200U/ml), there is 96% positive predictive value for ovarian malignancy. [/INST] question: A 55 year old female presents with abdominal pain, distension, ascites and dyspnea. Her CA 125 levels are elevated The most likely diagnosis is a. \| options: A: Ca ovary B: Ca cervix C: Ca lung D: Symphoma \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Vanilla is my best friend. She is a lovely girl with two big, beautiful eyes. But she always hides them behind a pair of black glasses. One day, though, I nearly ended our friendship. I remember that day clearly. We were sitting in class. The teacher was giving us our results for a Chinese test. I had done badly. I felt so sad that I wouldn't talk to anyone. At lunchtime, I even stayed in the classroom alone. Suddenly, I heard a voice. It was Vanilla. "You look very unhappy," she said. "What's wrong?" I looked up at her, but said nothing. I knew Vallina had got a good mark in the test. I thought she was making fun of me. I stayed silent , but Vallina didn't go away. She kept asking me questions: "Is it because of the exam? Do you want me to show you the right answers?" I looked away from her. When I looked up again, Vanilla had gone. And so had my exam paper! I didn't know what to do. I looked everywhere for me paper, but couldn't find it. In the afternoon, Vanilla came up to my desk and gave me my exam paper back. I looked at it and got a big surprise. Vanilla had written the right answer next to every one of my mistakes. My face went red. Vanilla had been trying to help me all along. How mean I had been to her when she was being so nice. I wanted to hug her, but all I did was to hold her hands and say, "Thank you." That afternoon, Vanilla and I walked home together. I felt so happy that I had to thank her again. We were still best friends. [/INST] question: The sentences " But she always hides them behind a pair of black glasses." Really means _ . \| options: A: she doesn't want others to see her eyes B: there is something wrong with her eyes C: she likes to wear dark glasses D: she is often shy \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: BEIJING --- Since Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize in Literature, the public has started to consider the way to improve Chinese literature's global presence. The prize indicates that Chinese contemporary authors and their works are getting the world's attention, which inspires writers and amateurs to continue their work, according to Wang Meng, a famous Chinese writer. But "the prize came a little late," said Xue Yongwu, dean of the College of Liberal Arts, Journalism and Communication with Ocean University of China (OUC). There have been many accomplished writers of modern and contemporary literature in China, including Lu Xun, Ba Jin and Mao Dun, who should have won the prize earlier, he noted. China's splendid ancient literature, which extends thousands of years, has been widely acknowledged across the world. However, the contemporary literature failed to get enough recognition from outside the country due to its short history and complex political influences, he explained. Language has also been a barrier. Only a small proportion of Chinese literature has been translated into foreign languages, mainly English. The quality of some translated editions needs improvement, said Xue. In addition to language skills, translation requires high-level comprehension and explanation of culture and art. It's hard for people without any literature background to produce a translation that fully reserves the aesthetic sense of the original version, according to Ren Dongsheng, professor with the College of Foreign Languages of OUC. The 57-year-old writer is known for his description of Chinese rural life. The settings for his works range from the 1911 revolution, Japan's invasion to Cultural Revolution. Mo combines hallucinatory realism with folk tales, which is more appealing to the taste of Western readers than the styles adopted by many of his peers, such as Yu Hua, Su Tong and Wang Shuo, said Zhang Hongsheng, dean of the Literature Department of the Communication University of China. However, "Nobel Prize is not the unique standard to judge the achievements of a writer. Prizes presented by different organizations adopt various evaluation criteria," said Xu Yan, a literature critic. The quality of a literary work is always judged by the topic, language, structure, the way of story-telling, imagination and some other significant elements. People's tastes vary from different social background and cultural mechanism, she added. Chinese contemporary literature, which appeared in 1949, has seen a trend of diversification since the country adopted the market economy in 1992. "The prize is a positive sign that the West begins to recognize Chinese literature. But it's an acknowledgement of individual efforts, and Chinese literature revival still has a long way to go," said Zhang. Xue called upon Chinese writers to produce quality works with international perspectives. Good literature should reveal social problems and people's concerns while create the beauty of art. "The society should provide favorable environment for the growth of Chinese writers," he stressed. Seeking increasing world attention requires Chinese writers to maintain the national characteristics and uniqueness. "Chinese elements are the last to lose in successful writings," Zhang said. China's book market has witnessed booming sales of Mo's masterpieces over the past days. Zhicheng Classic Bookstore, registered at T-Mall of China's largest online retailer Taobao.com, said 1,500 volumes of Mo's latest novel Frog were sold out in six hours after Mo won the prize. The store has received 1,200 reservation orders by 3:30 pm Friday. The book, about China's family-planning policy, also moved up to 14th from 560th on the list of the most populous book at the Amazon.cn withinin two days. Cao Yuanyong, deputy editor-in-chief of Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing Group, said the company is producing the new edition of a collection of Mo's 16 works, which is expected to refill the empty shelves of many book retailers in a week. [/INST] question: Which of the following is NOT the reason for Chinese contemporary literature failed to win the Nobel in the past from the opinions of Xue Yongwu? \| options: A: Short history B: Individual efforts C: Political influences D: Language translation \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: According to a new US study, couples who expect their children to help care for them in old age should hope they have daughters because they are likely to be twice as attentive overall. The research by Angelina Grigoryeva, a sociologist at Princeton University, found that, while women provide as much care for their elderly parents as they can manage, men do as little as they can get away with and often leave it to female family members. Her analysis of the family networks of 26,000 older Americans concluded that gender is the most important predictor of whether or not people will actively care for elderly parents. In a paper being presented at the annual conference of the American Sociological Association in San Francisco, she concludes that simply having a sister makes men statistically likely provide less care. Using data from the University of Michigan Health and Retirement Study, a study which has been tracking a cross-section of over-50s for the last decade, she calculated that women provide an average of 12.3 hours a month of care for elderly parents while men offer only 5.6 hours. "Whereas the amount of elderly parent care daughters provide is associated with limitations they face, such as employment or childcare, sons'caregiving is associated only with the presence or absence of other helpers, such as sisters or a parent's spouse ," she explained. "Sons reduce their relative caregiving efforts when they have a sister, while daughters increase theirs when they have a brother." "This suggests that sons pass on parent caregiving responsibilities to their sisters." In the UK, the 2011 census showed that there are now around 6.5 million people with caring responsibilities - a figure which has risen by a tenth in a decade. But many are doing so at the risk of their own health. The census showed that those who provide 50 hours or more of care a week while trying to hold down a full- time job are three times more likely to be struggling with ill health than their working counterparts who are not carers. [/INST] question: What's the most important factor to predict if people will actively care for the elderly? \| options: A: Gender B: Education C: Career D: Family networks \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: We offer five kinds of courses. Each course has been designed to help students according to their needs. Course 1: General English General English is designed to develop students' basic communication skills in: Speaking and Pronunciation, Reading, Listening, Writing, Grammar and Vocabulary. Tuesday to Friday: 9:00 am to 11:00 am, $288 per week. Course 2: Academic English Academic English is for students who want to take the IELTS exam or for those who need to use English in a professional area. Monday to Friday: 4:00 pm to 5:00 pm, $320 per week. Course 3: High School ESL Why not make the most of your time studying in Australia with the help from TIES? We have High School ESL classes each week specifically designed for International Students. Tuesday to Friday: 8:00 am to 11:00 am, $25 per hour. Course 4: Night Classes Do you want to improve your English and get the best results possible in your GRE test? We have two night classes each week designed to meet your needs. Tuesday and Thursday evenings: 8:30 pm to 10:30 pm, $60 per day. Course 5: One on One If you are interested in some One on One lessons with TIES teachers, we can design a curriculum to meet your needs. One on One lessons can improve your English language skills more quickly and help students who want to take TOEFL. Tuesday to Friday: 2:00 pm to 5:00 pm, $80 per hour. [/INST] question: If you are an English beginner, you'd better choose_. \| options: A: General English B: High School ESL C: Night Classes D: One on One \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: The story of Voytek the bear in the Iranian mountains, where his mother was killed by hunters when he was only eight weeks old, is very interesting. A young Iranian boy saved the young cub, putting him into his backpack. When a group of Polish soldiers drove up, the boy gave them the cub in exchange for some beef, a chocolate bar, and a few coins. The cub was near death, and the soldiers didn't think he would survive the night but they slowly nursed him back to health, feeding him out of a bottle filled with milk. During the months that followed, the cub grew larger and stronger. He learned to march in formation with the soldiers. One of his favorite hobbies was wrestling with his Polish friends --- occasionally, he even let them win. "He was just like a dog --- nobody was scared of him," a soldier, Augustyn Karolewski, told The Scotsman. Though Voytek loved to play, the Polish troops soon realized they could put him to work, too. Who could be better at loading heavy ammunition into their trucks than a bear? During the Battle of Monte Cassino, Voytek helped out his fellow men by loading shells into truck beds for hours and hours without stopping, paving the way for a victory. After the war ended, Voytek lived the rest of his life at the Edinburgh Zoo, where he was very famous. He died in 1963, and ever since, his remarkable story has gradually been forgotten. But that may be about to change --- a Scottish woman, Alieen Orr, is campaigning for a monument to this military hero. Orr first heard the legend of Voytek from her grandfather. "I thought he had made it up, to be quite honest," she told The Scotsman. "The story is totally amazing and it would be good if we could have a memorial in Scotland to celebrate the bear's life." [/INST] question: The boy gave the cub to the soldiers to _ . \| options: A: keep it alive B: get some food and money C: please the soldiers D: ask them to take care of it \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: John is thirteen now. He began to study in a middle school two years ago. His home is in a small village and it's nearly five kilometers from the school. He has to get up early in the morning. After a quick breakfast, he has to run to school and get there on time. His father hopes to borrow some money to buy a bike for him, but he knows his mother is always ill and his father spends much money on medicine. He doesn't agree with him and keeps running there every day. Now he's very strong and never late for class and his teachers often praise him. Last week there was a sports meeting in his school. John ran faster than any other boy and won the boys' 800 meters, 1,500 meters and 3,000 meters. The whole school knew him. He was very happy. He told his grandma about the good news as soon as he got home. "I broke two school records today, Granny." called out the boy. To his surprise, the old woman wasn't happy. She thought for a while and said, "I'm sorry to hear that. We have no money to pay for them, you know!" [/INST] question: John began to study in a middle school at the age of _ . \| options: A: nine B: eleven C: thirteen D: fifteen \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: Now QQ coins are popular among Chinese teenagers. People use real money to buy Web money. Then they buy clothes for their online characters or services for their online pets with it. And these fancy things will cost QQ fans more in the future. The government will put a tax of 3% on online sales. For example, if QQ users pay 100 yuan for 110 QQ coins, they will have to spend 103 yuan in the future. The extra three yuan is tax. Beijing was the first city to carry out the policy. Online games have to pay the tax, too. A number of players make money by spending a lot of time on the games to gain powers , and then selling them. Experts said that online trade grow fast. There is more than 10 billion yuan of real money in online trade a year in China. However, the government's new move has become a hot topic among Internet users around the country. In a survey by sina.com more than 70% of about 3,000 surveyed were against it. They said that the tax is too much. But supporters said the government's better management of the Internet would help it become healthier. They believe the new move would help stop online identity theft . [/INST] question: The Chinese government will put a tax of _ on online sales. \| options: A: 3% B: 10% C: 11% D: 15% \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: As soon as the woman got into the house, her eight-year-old daughter told her that her younger brother drew so many pictures on the clean wall of his bedroom and left the white wall in a mess. When the woman heard this, she was angry. "Where's your brother now?" "He's hiding himself in the cupboard in his bedroom." The little girl answered. The woman got even angrier. She complained about her son when she went towards her son's bedroom. The six-year-old boy was staying with fear in the cupboard when he heard what his mother said. He knew she got really angry this time. The woman pushed the door open with a loud noise. But when she saw the words and pictures on the wall, her anger soon disappeared. "I love you, mum!" covered the whole wall, with so many hearts around them, and so many stars in the sky. The mother's eyes were full of happy tears. She opened the door of the cupboard, and hugged her son tightly. The boy said "I love you, Mum!" to her mother in a low voice when he was in his mother's arms. It's the most expensive present from her son -- "Love on the wall". Eight years later, the boy suddenly died of heart disease. The mother had kept the wall tidy with great care for nearly fifty years until she was dead. In the mother's heart, it seemed that her son was alive, and always looking at her in the sky with many shining stars around him. [/INST] question: Why was the woman angry at first after she heard what her daughter said? \| options: A: Her children fought with each other at home B: Her daughter didn't look after her son well C: Her son drew pictures on the white clean wall D: Her husband left her children at home alone \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: Modern smart phones are fast becoming the must-have item. But what's in store for the next generation of smart phones? Tired of carrying around that heavy wallet? Soon you won't need to! The next generation of smart phones will have NFC technology, which lets you pay for things with your smart phones. All you do is enter your credit card information into your phone. Then, when you are in a shop that allows NFC payments, you just wave your phone over a special instrument at the checkout. The purchase is instantly charged to your credit card. Ever seen someone wearing something and wished you knew where to get it? Soon it will be easy with PicCommerce, new technology that uses image-recognition software. Here's how it works. If you see something you like, simply take a photo of it with your smart phone. Then, your phone will send the image to a special server, which will respond with information about where you can buy it and how much it will cost. Sick of your smart phone battery going flat? With so many applications draining the battery, the latest phones need to be charged every day. But next generation smart phones will come with built-in chips that can connect to an antenna in your home. And as long as your phone is within range of the antenna, you will be able to charge your smartphone wirelessly, even if it is in your pocket. Worried about getting your smart phones wet in the rain? A company called Hz0 has invented WaterBlock, new technology that makes your phone completely waterproof. And it's so effective that your phone will even work underwater. Fed up with carrying a heavy phone around? Soon, you will be able to get a PaperPhone! "Flexible phones are the future," said scientist Roel Vertegaal. So, what are the benefits of flexible phones? Well, it means that instead of carrying your phone in your pocket, you could wear it wrapped around your wrist, for example. Of course, there is just the problem: with so much new smart phone technology around, you will soon need to buy a new phone! [/INST] question: To pay with your smart phone, you need to _ . \| options: A: go to a bank B: store money in the phone C: buy a special instrument D: have a credit card \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: Most dictionaries will tell you a number of things about a language. There are three important things. These three things are spelling, pronunciation and meaning. First, a dictionary will tell you the spelling of a word. If you are not sure about the spelling of a word, you can try to find the correct spelling in a dictionary. Words are listed in an alphabetical order--- a, b, c and so on. For example, on a dictionary page the "poor" comes before "poverty" and the word "poverty" comes before the "power". The words are always given in alphabetical order. The second thing, a dictionary will tell you the pronunciation. Most dictionaries give phonetic , or sound alphabet. The phonetic alphabet shows pronunciation. The third thing, a dictionary will tell you the meaning of words. You can look up a word and find out what it means. Many words have more than one meaning, and a good dictionary will tell you all of the word's meanings. For example, in English the common word "get" has over 20 different meanings. [/INST] question: Many words have _ . \| options: A: one meaning B: several meanings C: few meanings D: no meaning \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: Obama has made history by becoming the first African-American in American history. Obama was born in Hawaii on August 4, 1961. His parents didn't live together when he was two years old and later divorced. Obama grew up with his mother in Hawaii, and for a few years in Indonesia. Later, he moved to New York, where he graduated from Columbia University in 1983. Obama met his wife, Robinson, in June, 1989 and married her on October 3rd, 1992. The couple's first daughter was born in 1998, followed by a second daughter in 2001. Obama _ in January 20, 2009. However, just when he became the president, he had to face many serious challenges ---- two foreign wars, the climate change and what he had described as "the worst financial crisis in a century". But Obama said that he himself had been ready to face these challenges. Obama's success is a true milestone. It speaks to the fact that in America you really do get a chance to do anything, if you have the talent and abilities and you work hard enough. [/INST] question: How old was Obama when he became the American president? \| options: A: 48 B: 40 C: 37 D: 31 \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Dogs wag their tails in different directions depending on whether they are excited and wanting to move forward or threatened and thinking of moving back, a study has found. Researchers in Italy examined the tail wagging behaviour of 30 dogs, catching their responses to a range of stimuli with video cameras. To conduct the study they chose 15 male dogs and 15 female ones aged between one and six years. The dogs were all family pets whose owners had allowed them to take part in the experiment at Bari University. The dogs were placed in a large wooden box with an opening at the front to allow for them to view various stimuli. They were tested one at a time. The researchers led by Professor Giorgio Vallortigara of the University of Trieste found that when the dogs were shown their owners--a positive experience--their tails wagged energetically to the right side. When they were shown an unfamiliar human they wagged to the right, but with somewhat less enthusiasm. The appearance of a cat again caused a right-hand side wag, although with less again. The appearance of a large unfamiliar dog, similar to a German shepherd, changed the direction of tail wagging to the left. Researchers supposed the dog was thinking of moving back. When the dogs were not shown any stimuli they tended to wag their tails to the left, suggesting they preferred company. While the changes in the tail wagging were not easily noticed without the aid of video, it was thought that the findings could help people judge the mood of dogs. Computer and video systems, for example, could be used by professional dog trainers to determine the mood of dogs that were required to approach. [/INST] question: The video cameras were used to catch the dogs 'responses because _ . \| options: A: it was easier to catch the dogs' response changes in the tail wagging B: the dogs were put in the wooden boxes and tested one at a time C: they enabled the dogs' owners to know about their dogs' habit D: the dogs wagged their tails in different directions when they were in different moods \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Functions of vitamin B12 a. Vitamin B12 contains cobalt in a corrin ring that resembles a porphyrin.(1). Vitamin B12 is the cofactor for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which catalyzes the rearrangement of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA (see Fig below).(a). This reaction is involved in the production of succinyl-CoA from valine, isoleucine, threonine, methionine, and the propionyl-CoA formed by the oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of carbons.(2). Vitamin B12 is involved in the transfer of methyl groups from FH4 to homocysteine to form methionine (see Figure below).A vitamin B12 deficiency results in a megaloblastic anemia plus demyelination of nerves, because of reduced levels of SAM in the nervous system. These cells are large because the vitamin deficiency interferes with DNA synthesis, and the cells double in size without being able to replicate their DNA. Once the anemia begins, the large blast cells are released by the marrow in an attempt to control the anemia. A hypochromic, microcytic anemia can result from the lack of iron, or lack of pyridoxal phosphate. Both conditions lead to a reduction in the synthesis of heme, so the red cells cannot carry as much oxygen (which gives them the pale color). The cells are small in order to maximize the concentration of hemoglobin present in the cells. Hemolytic anemia occurs when the red cell membrane fragments, which can occur with pyruvate kinase deficiencies or a lack of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (which results in reduced NADPH levels). Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in the b-globin gene, substituting a valine for a glutamic acid.The transfer of a 1-carbon unit from serine to deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to form deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP). FH4 is oxidized to FH2 in this reaction. FH2 is reduced to FH4 by dihydrofolate reductase. The rectangles indicate the steps at which the antimetabolites methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil act. FH2 , dihydrofolate; FH4 , tetrahydrofolate; NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NADPH, reduced NADP. [/INST] question: A deficiency of substance B12 can result in an anemia. Choose the type of anemia that would occur if the substance were deficient. \| options: A: Megaloblastic anemia B: Hypochromic, microcytic anemia C: Hemolytic anemia D: Sickle cell anemia \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Though it may seem ridiculous to remember the names of innumerable scientists and personalities it assumes great impoance in view of the current trend of AIPGME and AIIMS exams which contain at least 1 persona based question each time. Here is a comprehensive list of all the FATHERS of all our SUBJECTS : Father of Anatomy Herophilus of Chalcedon Father of Physiology Claude Bernard Father of Microbiology Louis Pasteur Father of Bacteriology Sir Robe Koch Father of Chemotherapy Paul Ehrlich Father of Pharmacology Oswald Schmiedberg Father of Modern Pathology Rudolf Virchow Father of Forensic Medicine Bernard Spillsbury Father of Modern Epidemiology John Snow Father of Occupational Health Ramazzini Father of Modern Medicine Hippocrates Father of Indian Medicine Charaka Father of American Medicine William Osler Father of Modern Surgery Ambroise Pare Father of Indian Surgery Sushruta Father of Antiseptic Surgery Joseph Lister Father of Modern Inguinal Hernia Surgery Edoardo Bassini Father of Thyroid Surgery Emil Kocher Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel Father of Modern Human Genetics Dr Victor A. McKusick Father of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Fruend Father of Porphyrin chemistry Hans Fischer Father of PTCA Andreas Gruntzig Father of Modern Psychiatry Johann Weyer Father of American Psychiatry Benjamin Rush Father of Biology Aristotle Father of Diagnostic Imaging Roentgen [/INST] question: The Father of Modern Surgery is \| options: A: Sushruta B: Claude Bernard C: Ambroise Pare D: Andrews Gruntzig \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: Pathological changes of bacterial pneumonia A. Lobar pneumonia Large confluent area of the lung or entire lobes is consolidated. The lower lobes are affected most commonly. There are four stages of the inflammatory response (Laennec's stages) - 1. Stage of congestion (initial phase) The affected lobe is enlarged, heavy, dark red and congested. Cut surface exudes blood-stained frothy fluid. There are dilatation and congestion of alveolar capillaries. There are few neutrophils and numerous bacteria in the alveolar fluid. 2. Stage of red hepatization (early consolidation) The term hepatization refers to the liver-like consistency of the affected lobe on cut section. The affected lobe is red and firm. The edema fluid of preceding stage is replaced by strands of fibrin. There is marked cellular exudate of neutrophils with extravasation of red cells. 3. Stage of gray hepatization (late consolidation) The affected lobe is grayish brown, firm and dry. The fibrin strand are dense and more numerous. There is progressive disintigration of red cells and neutrophils. The macrophages begin to appear in the exudate. The organisms are less numerous and appear as degenerated forms. 4. Resolution The previously solid and fibrinous constituent is liquefied by enzymatic action. Granular and fragmented strands of fibrin in the alveolar spaces are seen due to progressive enzymatic digestion. There is progressive removal of fluid content as well as cellular exudate from the air spaces, resulting in restoration of normal lung parenchyma with areation. B. Bronchopneumonia Patchy areas of red or grey consolidation, more often multilobar and frequently bilateral and basal (lower zones) because of tendency of secretions to gravitate into lower lobes. There is suppurative exudate, consisting chiefly neutrophils, filling bronchi, bronchioles and adjacent alveolar spaces. Alveolar septa thicken due to congested capillaries and leucocytic infiltration. [/INST] question: In the stage of Grey hepatization - \| options: A: WBC's fill the alveoli B: RBC's fill the alveoli C: Organisms fill the alveoli D: Accumulation of fibrin \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: To explain why he liked his art teacher the best, 16-year-old Dainzin Tanam could not write more words than a simple sentence "Because he teaches me painting." In the eyes of his teachers at the Lhasa Special Education School, the deaf boy was a little painter. Five years ago, however, all Tanam could do was to stay in bed until noon, and then stare at the sky through the window, waiting for his parents' return. His mother Yangzom said she had no other choice but to lock him in the house every day as she and her husband had to work and they did not want to allow the boy to roam the streets. "Every day when I came back home and saw my lonely poor son, I felt my heart hurt. But now I can finally feel a bit relieved," the mother said. She said it was the school that changed his son. "Without the school, I dared not imagine how my son would be now." With a governmental fund of 4.5 million yuan, the special education school was founded in 2000. The only government-run school for handicapped children in Tibet, it now has 28 teachers and 120 school children in nine classes of 5 grades. Eight classes in the school are for deaf kids and the other one is for blind kids. Students can enjoy free food, boarding, clothing and medical services in the school, which is open to deaf and blind children from all over the autonomous region. Tibetan sign language and Tibetan Braille are basic courses here. Children also have Tibetan, Chinese, mathematics, science, painting, dancing and sports lessons. A "black and white" textbook seemed appealing among the color1ful books in Tanam's schoolbag. The text was handwritten. It was the Tibetan language textbook compiled and written by teachers themselves. "As textbooks for students in ordinary schools sometimes are too abstract and hard for our kids to understand, two other Tibetan language teachers and I compiled the textbook to make things easier for them," said teacher Dawa. Those books with the love of all the teachers, though not spoke out, will surely help children enjoy their life by supporting themselves after leaving the school. [/INST] question: How old was the Dainzin Tanam when he began to go to the Lhasa Special Education School? \| options: A: 16 years old B: 11 years old C: 21 years old D: 5 years old \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: What do we do when we go camping? First, we think of a plan. We take food, clothes, a knife, and things for cooking and eating. We take things to keep us away from insects and the sun. Then we put everything into the car and we drive to the woods. We look for a place for campers and we look for a good place for our tent . The place should have a lot of air. This will keep some insects away. High land with water on both sides of it is good. Then we put up our tent. We put everything into the tent, and we are ready for fun. We can swim in the lake, walk in the woods, climb a mountain, row a boat, or go fishing. In the evening we come back to the tent, we build a big fire because it can keep the insects away. We sit around the fire and talk. We may tell interesting stories or we may sing songs. At night we lie down on the grass. We can look up at the stars. It is a busy day, so we try to go to sleep early. Everything is dark. Everything is quiet. We hope we won't hear music from the radio in the next tent. We hope it won't rain. [/INST] question: Before going to camp we should first _ . \| options: A: think of a plan B: take some food C: take things to keep us warm D: take something for cooking and eating \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Argentina in the late nineteenth century was an exciting place.Around 1870,it was experiencing an economic boom,and the capital,Buenos Aires,attracted many people.Farmers,as well as a flood of foreigners from Spain and Italy,came to Buenos Aires seeking jobs.These jobs didn't pay well,and the people felt lonely and disappointed with their new life in the city.As the unhappy newcomers mixed together in the poor parts of the city,the dance known as the tango came into being. At the beginning the tango was a dance of the lower classes.It was danced in the bars and streets.At that time there were many fewer women than men,so if a man didn't want to be left out,his only choice was to dance with another man so that he could attract the attention of the few available women.Gradually,the dance spread into the upper classes of Argentinean society and became more respectable. In Europe at this time,strong interest in dance from around the world was beginning.This interest in international dance was especially evident in Paris.Every kind of dance from ballet to belly dancing could be found on the stages of the Paris theaters.After tango dancers from Argentina arrived in Europe,they began to draw the interest of the public as they performed their exciting dance in cafes.Though not everyone approved of the new dance,saying it was a little too shocking,the dance did find enough supporters to make it popular. The popularity of the tango continued to grow in many other parts of the world.Soldiers who returned to the United States from World War I brought the tango to North America.It reached Japan in 1926,and in 2003 the Argentinean embassy in Seoul hired a local tango dancer to act as a kind of dance ambassador,and promote tango dancing throughout South Korea. [/INST] question: The origin of the tango is associated with _ . \| options: A: belly dancers B: American soldiers C: a Spanish city D: the capital of Argentina \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: The word "shanzhai" originally means "mountain village",but it means"copy"in Chinese now. I started to research this topic and found a whole new shanzhai world.There are shanzhai products and online games,even shanzhai culture.It is so popular that some people say to each other "have you shanzhaied today"?Like it or not,shanzhai has become part of our life in China. I even met a famous engineer recently who has just had his shanzhai mobile phone.He was so proud of it and would not stop talking about all the functions while showing off the look of his phone.I could hardly see the back cover as he had stuck fake logos "iPhone","No-kia"&"LG"on it. But why has shanzhai become so popular in China? Why do over 50 percent of the people surveyed by CCTV support it? Firstly,many may not realize it but for Chinese people,the word "shanzhai" also reminds us of" the heroes of Liangshan".Secondly, there would be no shanzhai without the Internet.Shanzhai has caught the interest of millions of Chinese online. There are also shanzhai celebrities.Many shanzhai singers can be seen performing in some places where people cannot see performances by the actual"real"stars.These events are very successful,even though people know that they are not getting the"real"thing. [/INST] question: Shanzhai means _ today. \| options: A: copy B: mountain village C: terrible accident D: the heroes of Liangshan \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: (Sub mental nodes) (207-BDC-3) (769 - Snell 7th)LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE1. LIPS(i) Central part of the lower lip and skin of the chin - Submental nodes(ii) Rest of the lower lip drains to - Sub mandibular nodes2. Cheeks (Buccae) - drain chiefly into submandibular and preauricular nodes and partly also to the buccal and mandibular nodes3. Oral cavity proper(i) Anterior part of the floor of the mouth - sub mental nodes(ii) The gums and the rest of the floor - sub mandibular nodes4. Gums (Gingivae)(i) Upper gum - Submandibular nodes(ii) Anterior part of gum - sub mandibular nodes(iii) Posterior part of gum - submandibular nodes5. Hard palate & Soft palate - The lymphatics drain mostly to the upper deep cervical nodes and partly to the retro pharyngeal nodes* The lymphatic drainage of Tonsil - Jugulodiagastric nodes* Lymph from the forehead and the anterior part of the face drains in to the submandibular lymph nodes. The lateral part of the face including the lateral part of the eyelids is drained by lymph vessels that end in the parotid lymph nodes [/INST] question: The lymphatic drainage to central part of the lip is \| options: A: Sub mandibular node B: Sub mental nodes C: Deep cervical nodes D: Jugulodiagastric nodes \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: Although she's quite young, Drew Barrymore can be a Hollywood legend . She was born on February 22, 1975, in California. Being from a family that produced great actors, she quickly found her way into the spotlight . When she was 11 months old, she made her first advertisement on TV. She made her first movie at the age of 2. Five years later, she acted Gertie in Steven Spielberg's famous film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982). However, it wasn't all roses and sunshine when Barrymore was growing up. She was drinking wine by the time she was 9, smoking marijuana at 10. Most kid stars in Hollywood fail to become stars as adults. And most of the time, once they're out of the spotlight, they stay out. But Drew Barrymore doesn't. As she was growing older, Barrymore got to learn that life is more meaningful than dangerous actions in the films. She started to build a career in 1997. She has made many successful films since then, including Charlie's Angels (2000) and 50 First Dates (2004). "In my life, there is darkness and drama, and I 'm trying my best. I just want to challenge myself and prove that I can do more." In fact, if you don't know her _ childhood, you might find it hard to believe she's such a sweet person now. Like many of the characters she plays in her comedy, Drew is easy-going and laughs a lot. In 2007, she was on the cover of People magazine's 100 Most Beautiful People issue. "Life is very interesting ... in the end, some of your greatest pains, become your greatest strengths," Drew said. [/INST] question: Drew Barrymore made her first movie at _ . \| options: A: 1975 B: 1979 C: 1977 D: 1982 \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: An astronomer is making a case for launching pop singer Justin Bieber into suborbital space aboard a private rocket ship. The idea is not to rid the world of the Canadian teenager -- he would come back down to Earth eventually, after all -- but rather to help jump-start the emerging suborbital spaceflight industry. It would generate a lot of public interest, which would help commercial spaceflight pick up some much-needed momentum, said Seth Shostak, senior astronomer at the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Institute in Mountain View, California. "If there's more interest, there are more customers. If there are more customers, there's more technical development. It's a positive feedback loop, and obviously that's good." Such missions would return to Earth without completing a full lap around the planet. Instead, the flights would hit the edge of space about 62 miles (100 kilometers) above Earth, experience a few minutes of weightlessness, then re-enter the atmosphere and land back at a spaceport. None of these firms are ready to fly customers yet, but some are getting close. For instance, Virgin Galactic hopes to begin powered test flights of its SpaceShipTwo vehicle later this year, with commercial operations perhaps beginning in 2013 or 2014. It is SpaceShipTwo that reportedly grabbed the attention of Beyonce and Jay-Z. Virgin Galactic has collected deposits from nearly 500 customers willing to pay $200,000 for a ride aboard SpaceShipTwo, and both Virgin and XCOR have inked deals to fly scientists and their experiments on research flights. So a suborbital market already exists -- but Shostak is thinking about ways to make it grow. A celebrity launch isn't Shostak's only idea. Suborbital firms should also promote their activities aggressively via social media, Shostak said, and they should make sure their spaceships are bristling with cameras both inside and out, to give the public dramatic views of every mission. Some observers view commercial suborbital spaceflight as a potentially transformative industry, saying it could serve as a stepping stone to the exploration and exploitation of space on an unprecedented scale. While the industry's success is far from assured, Shostak offered some reason for optimism: The American public remains keen on space. [/INST] question: Why may Justin Bieber be sent into suborbital space? \| options: A: To show his bravery and make him a role model for teenagers B: To arouse the American public's interest C: To help reform the spaceflight industry D: To film an advertisement about space \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: Growing strawberries in pots The best way to start growing strawberries is to buy pot-grown strawberry plants m spring:5 plants are plenty for a hanging basket and 10 for the average 13 inch-sized pot. Plant them immediately in soil-based compost and they will produce a modest crop in their first year.The second year should see a bumper crop,followed by a slightly lower yield the third summer .Then start again with fresh stock . Careful watering and feeding are essential If you are to harvest a good crop,you must never let the compost dry out, particularly when the fruit is forming and ripening;if you do.most of your crop will drop offe bush almost immediately. Water well then leave the pots for up to 3 weeks,until they reach the point of drying out be careful not to overwater them during the winter months. Pruning apple trees A one-year-old tree is known as a "maiden".It has a single stem when purchased.Immediately after planting, cut it back by about half to leave 4 good buds at the base of the stem..This will force growth from the base or the plant during the summer. In the second year ,prune in winter by cutting all side branches back by about one-third, Make sure each cut is made cleanly just above an outward-facing bud.In the third and fourth years, new side branches will have emerged from the previous year's growth.Cut back all these new side branches by a third, pruning to an outward-facing bud. *By the fifth year the tree should have a well-balanced shape.From then on ,cut back all new branches by one-third in winter.Remove any diseased wood and broken branches, and ensure the centre is open to air circulation [/INST] question: The two pieces of advice probably appear in _ \| options: A: a scientific repot B: a gardening guide C: a book review D: a fashion column \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: Even when you're extremely busy, you aren't using your time with 100% efficiency. There are gaps in everyone's schedule where they aren't doing anything important. Even if your schedule has no gaps, there is probably lots of time when you aren't working as fast or as effectively as you possibly could. Why aren't you completely efficient? It's because time isn't the limiting factor. If it were the limiting factor, people could work non-stop without breaks or any unproductive distractions . Instead, people, even those who are highly productive, need to take breaks, occasionally procrastinate and slow down on tasks throughout the day. The real and most important limiting factor for productivity is your energy levels to pay attention. Energy levels limit your productivity because when you're tired, you can have enough time and still not get everything done. Your attention ability is also limited, because even if there are a million things that need to be done, you can only focus on one or two at a time. You might not be able to insert another 4-5 hours into your schedule without making some sacrifices. But even extremely busy people can add an hour or two into their schedule without cancelling anything. The reason why it's hard to "find time" isn't a lack of time. It's because you don't have enough energy left to focus on something else that needs to fit into your day. I first suspected time wasn't the real problem during an extremely busy period in my life over a year ago. I was extremely busy, but at that time I still exercised regularly. I had daily to-do lists with over twenty items, and I still found time to exercise. However, after a few weeks off, due to illness, I stopped exercising. I was not busy by any standards, in fact, my schedule was incredibly light. Despite this free time, I found it hard to find time to exercise. It seemed to get pushed later and later into my schedule until it was gone. How can I explain this odd experience? I believe you have known it. [/INST] question: If someone can't work with 100% efficiency, the most important limiting factor is _ . \| options: A: a schedule without gaps B: breaks and distractions C: the limited time D: the limited energy \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: It's not a new phenomenon, but have you noticed how many nouns are being used as verbs? We all use them, often without noticing what we're doing. I was arranging to meet someone for dinner last week, and I said "I'll pencil it in my diary", and my friend said "You can ink it in", meaning that it was a firm arrangement not a tentative one! Many of these new verbs are linked to new technology. An obvious example is the word fax. We all got used to sending and receiving faxes, and then soon started talking about faxing something and promising we'd fax it immediately. Then along came email, and we were soon all emailing each other madly. How did we do without it? I can hardly imagine life without my daily emails. Email reminds me, of course, of my computer and its software, which has produced another couple of new verbs. On my computer I can bookmark those pages from the World Wide Web that I think I'll want to look at again, thus saving all the effort of remembering their addresses and calling them up from scratch. I can do the same thing on my PC, but there I don't bookmark; I favorite--coming from "favorite pages", so the verb is derived from an adjective not a noun. Now my children bought me a mobile phone, known simply as a mobile and I had to learn yet more new verbs. I can message someone, that is, I can leave a message for them on their phone. Or I can text them, write a few words suggesting when and where to meet, for example. How long will it be before I can mobile them, that is, phone them using my mobile? I haven't heard that verb yet, but I'm sure I will soon. Perhaps I'll start using it myself! [/INST] question: A website address can be easily found if it has been _ . \| options: A: emailed B: messaged C: favorited D: texted \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: The portal vein is compressed in its passage through the hepatoduodenal ligament, the anterior border of the omental (epiploic) foramen (of Winslow). The veins of Retzius are located along the sides of the abdominal walls and communicate between tributaries of retroperitoneal parts of the gastrointestinal tract and veins of the body wall. In portal hypertension the portal blood cannot pass freely through the liver, and the portal-caval tributaries and their anastomoses become dilated. The inferior epigastric veins anastomose with the paraumbilical veins, which is the first branch off the hepatic portal vein. These would be the first affected in portal hypertension. The inferior vena cava is the main route of blood return to the right atrium and is posterior to the omental (epiploic) foramen (of Winslow); it would not likely be compressed due to herniation through the foramen. Compression of the proper hepatic artery in the hepatoduodenal ligament would not result in dilation of veins of Retzius but could conceivably diminish blood supply to the gallbladder and liver. Common bile duct compression would result in jaundice and increased serum bilirubin. The cystic duct joins with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. Compression of this would lead to an inflamed gallbladder (cholecystitis). [/INST] question: A 41-year-old man entered the emergency department with abdominal trauma after his motorcycle was struck by a hit-and-run automobile driver. One week following emergent surgery the patient was released from the hospital. Two months postoperatively the patient complained of abdominal pain. A CT scan examination demonstrated an internal hernia in which the hepatic flexure of the colon had herniated through the epiploic (omental) foramen (of Winslow). Gastrointestinal veins appeared to be markedly dilated, including the veins forming anastomoses between the portal and caval systems (veins of Retzius). Which of the following structures is most likely compressed? \| options: A: Portal vein B: Inferior vena cava C: Hepatic artery D: Common bile duct \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Chloramphenicol was initially obtained from Streptomyces venezuelae in 1947. It was soon synthesized chemically and the commercial product now is all synthetic. Adverse effects 1 . Bone marrow depression Of all drugs, chloramphenicol is the most impoant cause of aplastic anaemia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia or pancytopenia. Two forms are recognized: (a) Non-dose related idiosyncratic reaction: This is rare (1 in 40,000), unpredictable, but serious, often fatal, probably has a genetic basis and is more common after repeated courses. Aplastic anaemia is the most common manifestation. Apparently, a longer latent period of onset of marrow aplasia is associated with higher moality. Many victims, even if they survive, develop leukaemias later. (b) Dose and duration of therapy related myelosuppression: a direct toxic effect, predictable and probably due to inhibition of mitochondrial enzyme synthesis. This is often reversible without long-term sequelae. Liver and kidney disease predisposes to such toxicity. 2. Hypersensitivity reactions Rashes, fever, atrophic glossitis, angioedema are infrequent 3. Irritative effects Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, pain on injection. 4. Superinfections These are similar to tetracyclines, but less common. 5. Gray baby syndrome It occurred when high doses (-100 mg/kg) were given prophylactically to neonates, especially premature. The baby stopped feeding, vomited, became hypotonic and hypothermic, abdomen distended, respiration became irregular; an ashen gray cyanosis developed in many, followed by cardiovascular collapse and death. Blood lactic acid was raised. It occurs because of inability of the newborn to adequately metabolize and excrete chloramphenicol. At higher concentration, chloramphenicol blocks electron transpo in the liver, myocardium and skeletal muscle, resulting in the above symptoms. It should be avoided in neonates, and even if given, dose should be - 25 mg/kg/day. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY,K.D.TRIPATHI,SIXTH EDIYION PAGE NO:715,717 [/INST] question: Red cell aplasia can be caused by: \| options: A: Aminoglycosides B: Chloramphenicol C: Penicillins D: Ciprofloxacin \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: People all over the world like eating delicious food. If there is no salt in the food, it may not be very tasty. So there is often a lot of salt in food because people like the taste of salty food. However, too much salt is not food for you. If you cook food by yourself, you can control the amount of salt to keep your family healthy. However, many processed foods already have salt in them Fast foods often have a lot of salt in them. Canned foods often have salt. Packed foods such as biscuits have salt. Packed foods like potato chips have a lot of salt in them. It is reported that the income of too much salt can lead to high blood pressure and other kinds of diseases. So don't put too much salt into your dishes. How much salt should a person eat a day? Look at the following: 1--3 years 2g 4--6 years 3g 7--10 years 4g 11 and over 5g You don't need any more salt than this. If your mom or dad is cooking, you had better ask them not to add too much salt. You will find that the food still tastes really good. It can also help your mom or dad to cut down to a healthier level of salt. [/INST] question: Which of the following foods don't have salt in them? \| options: A: Fast food B: Canned foods C: Packed foods D: Vegetables \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: This year some twenty-three hundred teenagers (young people aged from 13-19) from all over the world will spend about ten months in U. S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teenagers, and form impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen hundred American teenagers will go to other countries to learn new languages and gain a new understanding of the rest of the world. Here is a two-way student exchange in action. Fred, nineteen, spent last year in Germany with George's family. In turn, George's son Mike spent a year in Fred's home in America. Fred, a lively young man, knew little German when he arrived, but after two months' study, the language began to come to him. School was completely different from what he had expected-much harder. Students rose respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities. Family life, too, was different. The father's word was law, and all activities were around the family rather than the individual . Fred found the food too simple at first. Also, he missed having a car. "Back home, you pick up some friends in a car and go out and have a good time. In Germany, you walk, but you soon learn to like it." At the same time, in America, Mike, a friendly German boy, was also forming his idea. "I suppose I should criticize American schools", he says. "It is far too easy by our level. But I have to say that I like it very much. In Germany we do nothing but study. Here we take part in many outside activities. I think that maybe you schools are better in training for citizens. There ought to be some middle ground between the two." [/INST] question: This year _ teenagers will take part in the exchange programme between America and other countries. \| options: A: over three thousand B: thirteen hundred C: twenty three hundred D: less than two thousand \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Of all the nerves, that passes through greater sciatic foramen, superior gluteal N is only one that passes above piriformis muscle. After entering gluteal region. Nerve loops up over inferior margin of gluteus minimus & travels anteriorly & laterally in plane b/w gluteus medius & minimus muscle It supplies gluteus minimus - abductors at hip joint gluteus medius - medially rotates thigh Tensor fasciae latae -prevent pelvis drop on opposite swing side during walking. Nerve to quadratus femoris : Enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis muscle & deep to sciatic nerve. Lies anterior to plane of deep muscles. It descends along the ischium deep to tendon of obturator internus muscle & associated gemellus muscle to penetrate & innervate quadratus femoris a Supplies small branch to gemellus anterior. * Inferior gluteal nerve : Enters gluteal region through sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis muscle & along the posterior surface of sciatic nerve Penetrate & supplies gluteus maximus muscle. Sciatic nerve : Largest nerve in body & innervates all muscles in posterior compament of thigh that flex the knee & all muscles that move ankle & foot Innervates large area of skin in lower limb. [/INST] question: Tensor fascia lata is supplied by \| options: A: Nerve to quadratus femoris B: Superior gluteal nerve C: Inferior gluteal nerve D: Sciatic nerve \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: There are many different kinds of festivals around the worlD. Here are four of them. Saint Patrick's Day in Ireland Ireland is an island country.It's in the west of Europe.There are wide green fields. Saint Patrick's Day is on 17th March.It's an important holiday in IrelanD. This holiday is to remember Saint Patrick.He did good things for the people of IrelanD. During the holiday, there are parades and lots of green.You can see people in green clothes, and you can even see green buildings. Red Wednesday in Iran Red Wednesday is a fire jumping festival in Iran.It is on the eve of the last Wednesday of the year.People jump over the fire.They hope that it will take all the bad things away. The Winter Carnival in Canada When winter comes, it's party time in Quebec City, CanadA. The Quebec Winter Carnival is all about outdoor fun.It starts from the first Sunday in February and lasts for 10 days. One of the most popular activities is the dog sled race .It has more than 30 teams and the race goes on for 6 kilometres.You can see happiness on every face. The Desert Festival in Tunisia Tunisia is a very important country in North AfricA. Every year on the last Sunday in December, the Desert Festival is held in TunisiA. As "ships of the desert", camels are very important in the festival.There are camel racing and camel wrestling . [/INST] question: On Saint Patrick's Day, you can see the following EXCEPT _ . \| options: A: camels B: parades C: people in green D: green buildings \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: This is a true story that happened in Japan.In order to _ the house, a Japanese tore open the walls. Japanese houses normally have a hollow space between the wooden walls. When tearing down the walls, he found that there was a lizard stuck there because a nail from outside was hammered into one of its feet. He saw this, feeling pity and curious.When he checked the nail, he found ti was nailed 10 years ago when the house was first built. What happened? The lizard had survived in such a position for 10 years! It has been in a dark wall partition for 10 years without moving! Then he wondered how this lizard survived for 10 years without moving a single step......since its foot was nailed! So he stopped his work and observed the lizard: what has it been doing?what and how has it been eating? Later, he didn't know from where another lizard appeared, with food in its mouch.Ah! He was astonished and touched deeply. The free lizard had been feeding the stuck one for the past 10 years...... Such love, a beautiful love! Such love happened with this tiny creature... What can love do? It can do wonders! Just think about it: one lizard had been feeding the other one untiringly for 10 long years, without giving up hope on its partner. If a small creature like a lizard can love like this... just imagine how we can love if we try. [/INST] question: How did the Japanese feel when seeing the stuck lizard? \| options: A: Frightened B: Enjoyable C: Confused D: Usual \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: News 1 Liu Xiang won China's first gold medal in the world championships in 12.95 seconds. "Everybody wants to win a world title. I was nervous before the race. But I dealt with it so I'm very happy," Liu said with a smile after the race. Some reporters noticed that at the start, Liu Xiang was crying. He said that is his way of letting off pressure. "My start wasn't good, maybe because I was nervous or because I was a bit slow," he said. Liu will run next at the Shanghai Grand Prix meeting at the end of September. He is confident after winning the gold medal. "I want people to know how fast I am," he said. "This is number one speed. There's nothing I can't do." News 2 Have you ever got angry at books that are full of mistakes? Don't worry, things will get better soon. Last week, China started checking textbooks, dictionaries and children's books all over the country. The government said the results of the check would come out at the end of June. News 3 Last Wednesday Medvedev took over from Vladimir Putin . At the age of 42, he becomes the youngest president of modern Russia. Medvedev was born to a family of teachers. He read a lot from a young age. After university, the soft-spoken young man went on to teach law at university and became very popular with his students. In 2005, Medvedev became the first deputy prime minister . But he was as friendly as before. "He has not changed. He invited me to his home," said Vera Smirnova, Medvedev's first teacher. "In Russia, only two politicians have invited their first teachers to their homes, Medvedev and Putin." [/INST] question: Why was Liu Xiang crying at the start? \| options: A: He wanted to reduce pressure B: He was happy C: He was a bit slow D: He felt excited \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Many people think it is safe to use a cell phone while they are driving. Yet Scores of studies suggest that real multitaskers - those who can carry out multiple tasks equally well, make up just 2 per cent of the population. More surprisingly, the so-called "supertaskers" actually have differently structured brains to the other 98 percent. The brain areas that make supertaskers differ from the rest of the population are the same parts that are most different between humans and nonhuman primates , according to David Strayer, director of the applied cognition lab at the University of Utah. Scientists are unsure of the reason why some brains are different. In fact, we could all benefit from doing just one task at once. In most of us, scientists have located a "bottleneck in the brain" that may explain why we find it hard to do two things at once. The problem appears to be caused by a logjam of nerve messages. Faced with two almost simultaneous tasks less than 300 milliseconds apart, the brain's ability to deal with the second one slows down. The neural response to the second task was postponed until the response to the first was completed. This means that with e-mails, phone calls, text messages and online social media all competing for our attention, often against a background of television, radio or music, our brains can reach information overload. Scientists made the discovery after scanning the brains of volunteers attempting to multitask on a computer. The task was deliberately designed to involve the use of different senses and _ responses. Dr Rene Marois, one of the neuroscientists who carried out the experiment at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, said: "Our research offers neurological evidence that the brain cannot effectively do two things at once." The next step, the neuroscientists say, is finding out "why these areas cannot process two tasks at once." [/INST] question: How many people can drive equally well while using a cell phone? \| options: A: Nobody B: Everybody C: 2 in 100 D: 98 in 100 \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: .Chris is not a traditional explorer --he usually works in an office for a large organization. However, Chris' job can be just as exciting and dangerous as being an explorer. Chris works for MSF, an organization also known as Doctors Without Border . Since 1971, MFS has sent trained doctors all over the world to help people who have suffered from disasters, such as wars and illnesses. Chris is a doctor from France who has traveled to many places to organize programs that help people. At the moment, over 27,000 trained doctors have taken part in MSF projects. The organization received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999. All kinds of doctors can volunteer for MSF. They need to be ready to go almost anywhere in the world and, of course, they should face difficulties. Most of MSF's work is in Africa. When MSF chooses a doctor for a task, they have to go for at least six months. When doctors have completed a few tasks, they might be sent on an emergency task following a disaster, such as an earthquake. But why would doctors leave a comfortable life and a good pay to join MSF? According to Chris, the experience they have is a great help in their life. What's more, just like the explorers of the past, they need to keep an open mind and learn to get on well with the people they meet. One thing that they can say at the end of any task is that they have made a real difference to people's lives. [/INST] question: What may MSF's work be like? \| options: A: Tiring and boring B: Exciting and dangerous C: Relaxing and colorful D: Peaceful and comfortable \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: These findings are characteristic of a childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia of the precursor-B-cell type. The rapid expansion of the marrow caused by proliferation of blasts can lead to bone pain and tenderness. Features supporting an acute leukemia are anemia, thrombocytopenia, and the presence of blasts in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. Anemia and thrombocytopenia result from suppression of normal hematopoiesis by the leukemic clone in the marrow. The phenotype of CD19+, CD3-, and sIg- is typical of pre-B cells. TdT is a marker of early T-cell-type and B-cell-type lymphoid cells. An acute myelogenous leukemia is a disease of young to middle-aged adults, and there would be peroxidase positive myeloblasts and phenotypic features of myeloid cells. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a disease of older adults; patients have many small circulating mature B lymphocytes. Chronic myelogenous leukemia is a disease of adults, and the WBC count is quite high; the peripheral blood contains some myeloblasts, but other stages of myeloid differentiation also are detected. In idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, only the platelet count is reduced because of antibody-mediated destruction of platelets. [/INST] question: A 4-year-old boy has appeared listless during the past week. He exhibits irritability when his arms or legs are touched. In the past 2 days, large ecchymoses have appeared on the right thigh and left shoulder. CBC shows hemoglobin, 9.3 g/dL; hematocrit, 28.7%; MCV, 96 mm3; platelet count, 45,000/mm3; and WBC count, 13,990/mm3. Examination of the peripheral blood smear shows blasts that lack peroxidase positive granules, but contain PAS-positive aggregates and stain positively for deoxynucleotidyl transferase negative (TdT-). Flow cytometry shows the phenotype of blasts to be CD19+, CD3-, and sIg-. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? \| options: A: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia B: Acute myelogenous leukemia C: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia D: Chronic myelogenous leukemia \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Do you know that you are not outgoing enough? Do you want to make friends, but are you too shy? Read the following rules. They will help you. Feel comfortable. Always be clean. Shower, brush your teeth, and try to look nice. Dress in clean clothes. They must make you feel good and comfortable. Those make you feel more confident . Smile more often. Try to smile more often at people. It will get them to think that you are friendly Then they'll talk to you more even if they don't know you. Just talk Some people worry about talking because they think,"What am I going to talk about with that person?" Outgoing people don't even think about it.They just go up to people and say what they think. Listen to people. You can't just talk. People will think that you're self-centered .You have to listen to others and give your ideas. Let them know what you think. Read the news. Don't just stay at home and do nothing. Surf the net for news and information, and talk about them when you're with friends. ,. [/INST] question: The above rules will help you _ . \| options: A: study better B: make more friends C: stay healthier D: finish your homework \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: Dear Betty, My roommate's family wants me to celebrate Thanksgiving Day with them in their home. I accepted the invitation, and I'm excited about going, but I'm a little nervous about it, too. The social customs in my country are different from those here, so I'm a little worried about making mistakes. Should I bring a gift, such as candy or flowers? Should I arrive on time or a little late? At the dinner table, how can I know which fork or knife to use? How can I let the family know that I'm thankful for their kindness? Yours, Knowing Nothing Dear Knowing Nothing, It's a good idea to bring a gift when you go to a dinner party. Flowers are always welcome, or you can bring a bottle of wine if you know the family drink it. You should arrive on time or five to ten minutes late. Don't get there early. If you are going to be more than fifteen minutes late, you should call and tell them. Try to relax at the dinner table. If you don't know how to use the right fork, knife or spoon, just watch the other guests, and follow them. If you still have no idea of what to do, don't be shy about asking the person next to you; it's better to ask them than to be silently uncomfortable and nervous. If you like the food, say so. Of course, you'll thank the host and hostess for the meal and for their kindness. It's also a good idea to send a card to thank them the day after. Yours, Betty [/INST] question: Knowing Nothing wrote a letter to Betty to _ . \| options: A: tell Betty some good news B: ask for some advice C: answer some questions D: invite her to dinner \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: Late mesial shift The second transitional period is completed with the eruption of second molars at the age of 12 years. In this period, class I permanent molar occlusion is achieved by a late mesial shift of the mandibular permanent molars. The difference in the combined mesiodistal dimensions of the primary canine, first and second molar in each quadrant is greater than the combined mesio-distal dimensions of the permanent premolars and canine. This excess of space, i.e, Leeway space is greater in the mandibular arch as compared to the maxillary arch. The erupting permanent molars migrate mesially in the occlusal path, more mesial in the mandible and thereby establishing a Class I cusp to fossa relationship. These movements transform the straight terminal plane relationship of primary molars into a mesial step relationship. This phenomenon occurs mostly with closed primary dentition, where interdental spaces do not exist and primary second molars are in a straight terminal plane relationship. In this condition, an early mesial shift is not possible. The permanent maxillary, mandibular first molars emerge into a cusp-to-cusp relationship, but move to a class I relationship later. This change has been referred to as the late mesial shift. The late mesial shift is facilitated with the use of leeway space. OP Kharbanda 2nd ED [/INST] question: Late mesial shift is due to \| options: A: Closure of primate spaces B: Eruption of first permanent molars C: Related to end on molar relation D: Closure of leeway space \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: Goslon Yardstick Index was given by Mars et al (1987) is an acronymn for Great Ormond Street, London and Oslo. The Goslon (Great Ormond Street, London and Oslo) Yardstick is a clinical tool that allows categorization of the dental relationships in the late mixed and or early permanent dentition stage into ﬁve discrete categories. Cases are allocated to these categories on a value judgment basis by reference to the anchor groups of the Goslon Yardstick. The categorization was suﬃciently sensitive to distinguish the treatment results at diﬀerent centers. It is proposed that the Goslon Yardstick should facilitate cross-center studies. Clinical tool that allows the categorization of dental relationships in late mixed dentition and early permanent dentition into ﬁve discrete categories. Group 1: Excellent - No treatment Group 2: Good - Simple orthodontic treatment/no treatment. Group 3: Fair - Complex orthodontic treatment, good result anticipated. Group 4: Poor - Limited orthodontic treatment without orthognathic surgery, if growth is favorable. Group 5: Very poor - Orthognathic surgery, categorizes malocclusion in cleft lip & palate. The orthodontics: basic aspects and clinical considerations Page. No 302. [/INST] question: Which index is used to score the outcome of treatment in patients with cleft lip and palate? \| options: A: Index of Orthodontic Treatment Complexity (IOTC) B: Summer’s Index C: Index of Complexity Outcome and Need (ICON) D: Goslon Yardstick \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: Stellate ganglion: - It is basically inferior cervical ganglion fused with upper thoracic ganglion. Shape - star shaped Located at - Between cervico- thoracic (C7 - T1) veebra - Related to neck of first rib. - Related to anterior tubercle on C7 veebra. Applied aspect: - Stellate ganglion block - Required in case of - I. Raynaud's phenomenon II. Post herpetic pain III. phantom limb pain - Stellate ganglion is blocked bit higher than its location. Why not C6 - T1? Trachea - medial to stellate ganglion (begin C6) Cupula (apex) of lung - is very close to lung at cervico - thoracic region Veebral aery - also passing from there. Blocking C6 T1 can lead to- I. Pneumothorax II. Bleeding d/t veebral aery. - Therefore, to block stellate ganglion go a bit higher. Chassaignac's tubercle - anterior tubercle of C6 veebra. - That is where stellate ganglion is blocked. Note - Don't go posterior to it because brachial plexus can get blocked. Relations: - Carotid sheath - stellate ganglion lies postero medial to carotid sheath Trachea - medial to stellate ganglion Pre veebral fascia - posterior to stellate ganglion. [/INST] question: Stellate ganglion is located:- \| options: A: Posterior to preveebral fascia B: Posterior to trachea C: Anterior to transverse process of C6 D: Anterior to transverse process of C7 \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: Great Wall Xmas BBQ Beijing Hikers is organizing a three-hour hike on a rarely-visited part of the Great Wall and will celebrate Christmas afterwards with a Christmas barbecue dinner in a small hotel at the foot of the Great Wall.Meet at 8:30 am.Dec 25 in front ofStarbucks at Lido Holiday Inn, Jiangtai Lu.Please write to _ or 139-100-25516.Pingyao tour High Club will guide a weekend trip to Pingyao, an ancient-walled town near Taiyuan, capital city of Shanxi Province.The town is among one of the best-preserved featuring a number of courtyard buildings of the Ming and Qing dynasties(1368-1911).Among them is the Qiao family courtyard house, the shooting location of Zhang Yimou's " Raise the Red Lantern (')".Leave on Friday (December 23) night by train and back to Beijing on Sunday morning.For sign-up and more information, contact Lucy at _ or 8580-5080, 130-11171326. New year Harbin trip The Chinese Culture Club is running a new year trip to Harbin, to catch a fresh view of its yearly ice and snow lantern festival. As the temperature is expected to fall between minus 20 degC to 30 degC, visitors are warned to prepare well with down jackets, masks, fur gloves and boots.The trip sets out by train at night on December 31 and gets back on the morning January 2.The cost is 2,300 yuan (US $284).Reservation is required at 8457-2772 or 138-101-33998. [/INST] question: One interested in life of ancient Chinese is more likely to contact _ . \| options: A: 139-100-25516 B: 138-101-33998 C: 8580-5080 D: 8457-2772 \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: Flow like the river of change Little stream ran down from a high mountain through many villages and forests. Then it reached a desert. "I went through so many difficulties. I should have no problem crossing the desert, "she thought. As she started, she found herself slowly disappearing into the sand. After many tries, she still failed. "Maybe I can't reach the ocean, "she said sadly to herself. At this time, a deep voice said, "If a breeze can cross the desert, so can a river. "It was the voice of the desert. But the little stream answered, "That's because a breeze can fly, but I cannot. " "That's because you can't give up what you are. Let yourself evaporate into the breeze, and it can take you across, "said the desert. "Give up what I am now? No! No! "The little stream could not accept this idea. "The breeze can carry the vapor across the desert and let it leave as rain. The rain will form a river again, "said the desert. "And whether you're a river or vapor, your nature never changes. "Hearing this, the little stream went into the open arms of the breeze. It carried her to the next stage of her life. The course of our lives is like the experience of the little stream. If you want to go through difficulties in your life to head for success, you should also change the way you are. [/INST] question: The little stream aimed to reach _ . \| options: A: the forest B: the ocean C: the desert D: the river \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: Every year 2.2 million tons of oil are spilled into the ocean. Actually, this only amounts to a small percentage of the total 1.6 billion tons of oil shipped around the world each year. However, this spilled oil has terrible effects on ocean life, including the coastlines where the oil washes up onto shore. Some of the largest spills in history were caused by oil tankers running into each other or by an oil tanker sailing into shallow water and hitting the bottom of the ocean. After these spills, officials try to discover who or what was at fault to help prevent similar accidents in the future. One of the worst oil spills in history occurred along the Alaskan coastline in 1989. In this accident, 42,000 tons of oil spilled from a tanker which resulted in terrible damage to this sensitive natural area. In this spill, the tanker's captain, who was tired from overwork and drinking alcohol, had gone to take a rest. He gave control of the ship to the third mate. The third mate was unfamiliar with the path the ship took, and he ran the ship onto Blighe Reef. Blighe Reef is a natural underwater rock wall near the Alaskan coast. Damaged by the reef, the ship leaked oil out into the ocean. More than 1,600 kilometers of coastline were affected by the oil spill. Some scientists who studied nature in the area guessed that 580,000 birds and 5,500 otters died when the oil from the spill covered their skin. As well, smaller shellfish and other sea creatures were later eaten by seals, whales, and other animals. The most oil ever spilled was actually dumped on purpose as an act of ecological warfare. The term ecological warfare means to fight by doing harm to nature in the area under attack. In 1990, prefix = st1 /Iraqsent soldiers intoKuwaitand set off the Persian Gulf War. As part of theIraqwar plan, 9,000,000 tons of oil were let out into the Persian Gulf byIraq. This oil covered 1,500 square kilometers of water in the Persian Gulf. The oil also damaged 650 kilometers of the coastline of bothKuwaitandSaudi Arabia. In some places, oil floating on the water was measured to be 43 centimeters thick. Water birds, water plants, and baby fish were all seriously affected by the oil. The long-term effects of this act on the food chain in the area are bound to cause problems far into the future. [/INST] question: The creatures affected by the oil spill near Alaskawere_. \| options: A: birds and otters B: shellfish C: seals and whales D: all of the above \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: Common side effects of birth control pills include nausea, breakthrough bleeding, bloating, and leg cramps. If these side effects are experienced in the first two or three cycles of pills-when they are most common-the pills may be safely continued, as these effects usually remit spontaneously. On occasion, following correct use of a full cycle of pills, withdrawal bleeding may fail to occur (silent menses). Pregnancy is a very unlikely explanation for this event; therefore, pills should be resumed as usual (after 7 days) just as if bleeding had occurred. However, if a second consecutive period has been missed, pregnancy should be more seriously considered and ruled out by a pregnancy test, medical examination, or both. Women occasionally forget to take pills; however, when only a single pill has been omitted, it can be taken immediately in addition to the usual pill at the usual time. This single-pill omission is associated with little if any loss in effectiveness. If three or more pills are omitted, the pill should be resumed as usual, but an additional contraceptive method (e.g., condoms) should be used through one full cycle. Although most side effects caused by birth control pills can be considered minor, serious side effects do sometimes occur. A painful, swollen calf may signal thrombophlebitis. [/INST] question: Select the most appropriate response of Pill forgotten for 10 continuous days (SELECT 1 RESPONSE) \| options: A: Stop pills and resume after 7 days B: Continue pills as usual C: Continue pills and use an additional form of contraception D: Take an additional pill \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: Well-differentiated astrocytomas are poorly defined, gray, infiltrative tumors that expand and disto the invaded brain without forming a discrete mass (Fig. 22-28, A). Infiltration beyond the grossly evident margins is always present. The cut surface of the tumor is either firm or soft and gelatinous; cystic degeneration may be seen. In glioblastoma, variation in the gross appearance of the tumor from region to region is characteristic (Fig. 22-28, B). Some areas are firm and white, others are soft and yellow (the result of tissue necrosis), and still others show regions of cystic degeneration and hemorrhage. Well-differentiated astrocytomas are characterized by a mild to moderate increase in the number of glial cell nuclei, somewhat variable nuclear pleomorphism, and an intervening feltwork of fine, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytic cell processes that give the background a fibrillary appearance. The transition between neoplastic and normal tissue is indistinct, and tumor cells can be seen infiltrating normal tissue many centimeters from the main lesion. Ana- plastic astrocytomas show regions that are more densely cellular and have greater nuclear pleomorphism; mitotic figures are present. Glioblastoma has a histologic appearance similar to that of anaplastic astrocytoma, as well as either necrosis (often with pseudopalisading nuclei) or vascular proliferation ref Robbins 9/e p 842 [/INST] question: Rosenthal fibres in astrocytoma is composed of \| options: A: Heat shock proteins B: Fibrillar proteins C: GFAP D: Globulins \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: My topic today is the internet. It was prompted by the first letter, which I am unable to answer fully for the reasons given! Dear David, I am a middle school student. Now I am preparing for a writing competition. Could you please check the mistakes in my article about using the Internet and give me some advice? Thank you. No name David writes: I am very sorry to say that I think it would be very unfair for me to help you win a competition-- unfair to the other competitors! But I will say that your article is very interesting and I wish you good luck. Your article makes some good points that deserve talking about in this column! ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dear David, I'm now learning English by myself. Can you introduce some useful websites where I can make friends with foreigners? Please help me. moonlight David writes: Well, dear moonlight, I bet you made a good choice by using the Net in your self-studies. Two very good websites I would suggest to you are: www.britishcouncil.org.cnandwww.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish. By the way, for those readers interested in the teaching of English, there is an Internet discussion group called ELTCSChi-L (English Language Teaching Contacts Scheme prefix = st1 /China List). And also, a healthy warning to all my readers: If over-used, the Internet can be a WOMBAT-A Waste of Money, Brains and Time! [/INST] question: David is probably a _ . \| options: A: language expert B: computer expert C: college student D: club chairman \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: Japanese students work very hard but many are unhappy. They have heavy pressures from their parents. Most students are always told by their parents to study harder and harder so that they can have a wonderful life when they grow up .Though this may be a good idea for those very bright students, it can have terrible results for many students who aren't gifted enough. Many of them have tried very hard at study but fail in the exams and make their parents lose heart. Some students feel that they are hated by everyone else and they don't want to go to school any longer .They become _ It is surprising that though most Japanese are worried about their children, they do not help them in any way .Many parents feel that they are not able to help their children and that it is the teachers' work to help their children .To make matters worse, a lot of parents send their children to those schools opening in the evening and on weekends. They only help the students to pass the exams and never teach them the very real sense of the world. Many Japanese schools usually has rules about everything from the student' clothes to things in their school bags. Child psychologists now think that such strict rules are harmful to the feeling of the students. Almost 40% of the students said that no one had taught them how to get on with others , how to tell right from wrong and how to show love and care for others, even for their parents. ,. [/INST] question: Japanese students have heavy pressures from _ . \| options: A: themselves B: Japan C: their parents D: their classmates \| answer: C </s>
<s>[INST] context: Toby, an 11-year-old boy, is playing with a ball. The ball goes into the street and Toby runs for the ball. A car hit Toby. An ambulance takes Toby to the hospital in 30 minutes. The doctors at the hospital tell Toby's parents, "Toby is in a coma." Every day Toby's parents visit him at the hospital. They sit next to Toby's bed and talk to him. But Toby never talks to them. He just sleeps. One day, Toby's father says ," Wake up, Toby. Wake up, come home and play with Rusty." Rusty is Toby's dog. When Toby's father says 'Rusty', Toby moves his arm. "Rusty!" Toby's father says again. Again, Toby moves his arm . Toby's parents have an idea. They tell the nurse, "We want to bring Toby's dog to the hospital." The nurse says "OK". The next day, Toby's parents bring Rusty to the hospital. When they put the dog on Toby's bed, Toby opens his eyes and hugs the dog. Toby's parents bring Rusty to the hospital every day. One day Rusty jumps onto Toby's bed and scratches his arms. Toby says his first words "Bad dog!". After eight weeks, Toby is well. He leaves the hospital and goes home. [/INST] question: Toby is _ in the street when a car hits him. \| options: A: visiting his father B: walking with his dog C: talking with his dog D: running for a ball \| answer: D </s>
<s>[INST] context: Arthur Robert Ashe Jr. was the first African-American player to take part in the international sport of tennis at the highest level of the game. He was born on July 10, 1943. When Arthur was 6, his mother died. Arthur, with his father and his brother, lived near a large park in Richmond, Virginia. His father was the manager of the park. He took care of the park and made sure everything was right. Arthur was allowed to play in the park when he was seven years old. He was quite energetic. A swimming pool, tennis courts, and baseball diamonds were in the park. Arthur spent a lot of time playing there. He did well in sports, but he had never tried to play tennis. He often watched the tennis players. Sometimes there were tennis lessons, and Arthur would watch even more carefully. The young man teaching the lessons noticed Arthur. His name was Ronald Charity. Mr. Charity asked Arthur if he wanted to learn to play tennis. Arthur was excited and agreed. Arthur learned very quickly. Mr. Charity found Arthur would grow up to be a good tennis player. By the time he was ten, Arthur won atournament . Many older and bigger players came to the park trying to win the prize, but Arthur beat them. He became known as "the kid who could play tennis". Arthur grew up to be one of the first successful African-American tennis players. He played and won all over the world. [/INST] question: The park offered people all of these EXCEPT _ . \| options: A: tennis B: football C: baseball D: swimming \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: steps: (1) migration and proliferation of fibroblasts into the site of injury and (2) deposition of ECM proteins produced by these cells. The recruitment and activation of fibroblasts to syn- thesize connective tissue proteins are driven by many growth factors, including PDGF, FGF-2 (described earlier), and TGF-b. The major source of these factors is inflamma- tory cells, paicularly macrophages, which are present at sites of injury and in granulation tissue. Sites of inflamma- tion are also rich in mast cells, and in the appropriate chemotactic milieu, lymphocytes may be present as well. Each of these cell types can secrete cytokines and growth factors that contribute to fibroblast proliferation and activation. As healing progresses, the number of proliferating fibroblasts and new vessels decreases; however, the fibro- blasts progressively assume a more synthetic phenotype, so there is increased deposition of ECM. Collagen synthe- sis, in paicular, is critical to the development of strength in a healing wound site. As described later, collagen syn- thesis by fibroblasts begins early in wound healing (days 3 to 5) and continues for several weeks, depending on the size of the wound. Net collagen accumulation, however, depends not only on increased synthesis but also on diminished collagen degradation (discussed later). Ulti- mately, the granulation tissue evolves into a scar composed of largely inactive, spindle-shaped fibroblasts, dense collagen, fragments of elastic tissue, and other ECM com- ponents (Fig. 2-30, B). As the scar matures, there is proA A gressive vascular regression, which eventually transforms the highly vascularized granulation tissue into a pale, largely avascular scar. Growth Factors Involved in ECM Deposition and Scar Formation Many growth factors are involved in these processes, including TGF-b, PDGF, and FGF. Because FGF also is involved in angiogenesis, it was described earlier. Here we briefly describe the major propeies of TGF-b and PDGF. * Transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) belongs to a family of homologous polypeptides (TGF-b1, -b2, and -b3) that includes other cytokines such as bone morphogenetic proteins. The TGF-b1 isoform is widely distributed and is usually referred to as TGF-b. The active factor binds to two cell surface receptors with serine-threonine kinase activity, triggering the phosphorylation of transcription factors called Smads. TGF-b has many and often oppo- site effects, depending on the cell type and the metabolic state of the tissue. In the context of inflammation and repair, TGF-b has two main functions: TGF-b stimulates the production of collagen, fibro- nectin, and proteoglycans, and it inhibits collagen degradation by both decreasing proteinase activity and increasing the activity of tissue inhibitors of pro- teinases known as TIMPs (discussed later on). TGF-b is involved not only in scar formation after ref Robbins 9/e p83 [/INST] question: Which of the following is not an inflammatory mediator \| options: A: Tumor necrosis factor B: Myeloperoxidase C: Interferons D: Interleukins \| answer: B </s>
<s>[INST] context: "Super Dan", as top-seeded Lin Dan of China is better known in the badminton world, had his Olympic dream come true after claiming the men's singles gold by beating Lee Chong Wei of Malaysia on August 17 in the Beijing Olympics. His father, Lin Jianbin, said "Super Dan"has waited for four years to get this championship and he felt very proud of his son, as well as his prospective daughter-in-law Xie Xingfang, who is also a badminton player and won silver in women's singles at the Beijing Games. An SMS: The beginning of a love story Lin was born in Shanghang County, Longyan in Fujian Province. He first met Xie Xingfang when he was 14-years-old. 16-year-old Xie was attending a national youth team badminton training camp in Jinjiang, Fujian and Lin was also there. Tall and beautiful, Xie became the Snow White in the heart of Lin Dan, and he tried to please her and get chances to chat with her after the training sessions. He did not go beyond that. Before the Spring Festival in 2004, Lin finally mustered(,) the courage and sent Xie Xingfang a text message - I LOVE YOU. In fact, Xie Xingfang had already realized Lin Dan was fond of her. And covertly , she began to pay attention to Lin's movement and performance on the court. "He is very interesting, got a lot of ideas, and is a lovely boy." Two Kisses In May 2004 at the Thomas Cup in Jakarta, their love relationship was first known to the public. Xie sat with her teammates and watched the men's team playing. When Lin Dan won the match, he rushed to the bench and kissed Xie, a move that Xie did not expect Lin to do in public. A photographer captured this moment. At the All England Open in 2007, Lin kissed her again in public, making Xie feel like the happiest woman in the world. After Lin won his third title at the Open, he did not stay to watch Xie play. Xie defeated her opponent and won the championship. When she was called to accept the trophy(,) , Lin suddenly emerged at the central venue, holding red roses and gave her the flowers, and a passionate kiss. Nine Roses Earlier, on February 14, 2006, Lin and Xie were with the national badminton teams at a training camp in Jinjiang. The teams had their rules - not going out of the training camp. Xie thought she would spend the Valentine's Day without flowers. But Lin still managed to give her a surprise - giving her a Dior wallet as a Valentine's gift and nine roses. With the teams' rule in place, Lin asked his local friend to buy the roses and gave her a pleasant Valentines surprise. A 200-square-meter apartment Lin Dan and Xie Xingfang's love has been through four years of tests, and Xie's father also said that they should consider marriage after the Olympics. In fact, Lin Dan has already prepared for this. He has bought a 200-square-meter apartment in downtown Beijing, with 4 rooms and 2 living rooms. Paying about 20,000 yuan per square meter for the apartment, it is reported the apartment is now valued at 8 million yuan. "After the Olympics, we really want to live our own lives, go on vacation, go to school, get married, I am really looking forward to it," Xie said happily. With two kitchens, one Chinese and one Western style, Xie said she wanted to be the person preparing soup at home and enjoy family life. [/INST] question: How old was Lin Dan when he first met Xie Xingfang? \| options: A: 14 B: 16 C: 18 D: 20 \| answer: A </s>
<s>[INST] context: We provide summer English courses which are the best you can find. You will enjoy coming to Los Angeles to learn about American culture and improve your English at the same time. The courses last for four, six or eight weeks. They start at the beginning of July and August. Our teachers are well-trained and very experienced. They teach English classes for four hours a day. You can choose between small groups of two or three, or larger groups of up to 15. We provide weekly tests to see the progress you' re making with your language skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening. We also provide books and other materials. As well as learning English, we want you to experience life in the USA. You live with an American family, and you take part in American life. You have meals with an American family and do some activities with them, too. For many of our students this is the most interesting part of the course. Many families create friendships with the students which last a long time. Of course, if you prefer, we can arrange hotel accommodation. Of course, there are many things to do in Los Angeles. Every day we have activities which take place after class. You can choose to take trips to Hollywood, Disneyland or the famous beaches around LA. You can also go to various shopping centers, sports centers, movies and concerts. There are also weekend visits organized to San Francisco and other places of interest in California. We try to give our students the best possible experience of English and life in the USA. Just ask our students! They say our summer English courses are fantastic! We hope that you'll enjoy a course with us, too. If you're interested, please fill in our application form where you will also find our list of prices.The course must be paid for one month before it begins. [/INST] question: The shortest summer English course will last for \| options: A: two weeks B: six weeks C: four weeks D: eight weeks \| answer: C </s>

End of preview. Expand in Dataset Viewer.

Dataset: MEDMCQA-and-RACE

This dataset is a refined combination of two well-known datasets, MedMCQA and RACE, tailored specifically for the development and evaluation of machine learning models in the context of multiple-choice question (MCQ) generation. Originally encompassing over 200,000 entries, this dataset has been meticulously cleaned and condensed to around 6,000 high-quality rows.

Each entry in the dataset comprises a context (textual content) followed by a corresponding question, a set of multiple-choice answers, and the correct answer. This structure makes the dataset an ideal resource for training and testing NLP models aimed at generating MCQs along with their answers based on provided contexts.

Content

context: This column contains the textual content or paragraph based on which questions and multiple-choice answers are formulated.
question: This column contains the questions created from the context.
options: This section contains a set of four multiple-choice answers (A, B, C, D) related to the question.
correct_answer: This column indicates the correct answer from the options provided.

Use Cases

This dataset is suitable for a range of applications, including but not limited to:

Training models to generate MCQs from textual content.
Evaluating comprehension and information retrieval capabilities of NLP models.
Assisting educators and content creators in generating educational materials and assessment questions.

Downloads last month: 36

Edit dataset card

Size of downloaded dataset files:

6.84 MB

Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:

6.84 MB

Number of rows:

6,174

Models trained or fine-tuned on ardneebwar/medmcqa-and-race

ardneebwar/mistral_7b_mcq_generator

Text Generation • Updated Mar 19 • 14 • 1