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When $f(x) = ax^3 - 6x^2 + bx - 5$ is divided by $x - 1,$ the remainder is $-5.$ When $f(x)$ is divided by $x + 2,$ the remainder is $-53.$ Find the ordered pair $(a,b).$ | Level 3 | By the Remainder Theorem,
\begin{align*}
-5 &= f(1) = a - 6 + b - 5, \\
-53 &= f(-2) = -8a - 24 - 2b - 5.
\end{align*}Solving, we find $(a,b) = \boxed{(2,4)}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
A triangle has vertices at $(-3,2),(6,-2),(3,5)$. How many square units are in the area of the triangle? Express your answer as a decimal to the nearest tenth. | Level 4 | [asy]
import graph;
size(200);
defaultpen(linewidth(0.7)+fontsize(10));
dotfactor=4;
real x = 7;
pair A=(-3,2), B=(6,-2), C=(3,5);
fill(A--C--(-3,5)--cycle,gray(0.6));
fill(B--C--(6,5)--cycle,gray(0.6));
fill(A--B--(-3,-2)--cycle,gray(0.6));
pair[] dots = {A,B,C};
dot(dots);
xaxis(Ticks(" ",1.0,begin=false,end=false,NoZero,Size=3),Arrows(4),above=true);
yaxis(Ticks(" ",1.0,begin=false,end=false,NoZero,Size=3),Arrows(4),above=true);
draw(A--B--C--cycle);
label("$(-3,2)$",A,W);
label("$(6,-2)$",B,SE);
label("$(3,5)$",C,N);
draw((-3,5)--(6,5)--(6,-2)--(-3,-2)--cycle,dotted);[/asy] We find the area of the given triangle by subtracting the sum of the areas of the three shaded triangles in the figure from the area of the rectangle formed by all four triangles.
The area of the rectangle is $9(7)=63$ square units, and the sum of the areas of the shaded triangles is $$\frac{1}{2}(6)(3)+\frac{1}{2}(3)(7)+\frac{1}{2}(4)(9)=37.5$$ square units. The area of the fourth triangle is $63-37.5=\boxed{25.5}$ square units. | Geometry |
Pentagon ABCDE has a vertical line of symmetry. What is the $y$-coordinate of vertex C so that the area of the pentagon is 40 square units? [asy]
unitsize(2mm);
defaultpen(linewidth(.7pt)+fontsize(8pt));
dotfactor=4;
pair A=(0,0), B=(0,4), C=(2,16), D=(4,4), E=(4,0);
pair[] dots={A,B,C,D,E};
draw(B--C--D--E);
dot(dots);
axes(Arrows(4));
label("A(0,0)",A,SW);
label("E(4,0)",E,SE);
label("D(4,4)",D,NE);
label("C",C,NE);
label("B(0,4)",B,NW);
[/asy] | Level 3 | Write the area of pentagon $ABCDE$ as sum the areas of square $ABDE$ and triangle $BCD$. Since square $ABDE$ has area $4^2=16$ square units, triangle $BCD$ has area $40-16=24$ square units. If $h$ is the $y$-coordinate of point $C$, the height of triangle $BCD$ is $h-4$ units and its base is $4$ units. Solving $\frac{1}{2}(4)(h-4)=24$, we find $h=\boxed{16}$. | Geometry |
Simply the expression
\[\frac{(\sqrt{2} - 1)^{1 - \sqrt{3}}}{(\sqrt{2} + 1)^{1 + \sqrt{3}}},\]writing your answer as $a - b \sqrt{c},$ where $a,$ $b,$ and $c$ are positive integers, and $c$ is not divisible by the square of a prime. | Level 4 | First,
\[\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} + 1} = \frac{\sqrt{2} - 1}{(\sqrt{2} + 1)(\sqrt{2} - 1)} = \frac{\sqrt{2} - 1}{2 - 1} = \sqrt{2} - 1.\]Hence,
\begin{align*}
\frac{(\sqrt{2} - 1)^{1 - \sqrt{3}}}{(\sqrt{2} + 1)^{1 + \sqrt{3}}} &= (\sqrt{2} - 1)^{1 - \sqrt{3}} (\sqrt{2} - 1)^{1 + \sqrt{3}} \\
&= (\sqrt{2} - 1)^2 \\
&= 2 - 2 \sqrt{2} + 1 \\
&= \boxed{3 - 2 \sqrt{2}}.
\end{align*} | Intermediate Algebra |
The measures of the interior angles of a convex hexagon form an increasing arithmetic sequence. How many such sequences are possible if the hexagon is not equiangular and all of the angle degree measures are positive integers less than $150$ degrees? | Level 5 | The number of degrees in a hexagon is $(6-2) \cdot 180=720$ degrees. Setting the degree of the smallest angle to be $x$, and the increment to be $d$, we get that the sum of all of the degrees is $x+x+d+x+2d+x+3d+x+4d+x+5d=6x+15d=720$. We want $15d$ to be even so that adding it to an even number $6x$ would produce an even number $720$. Therefore, $d$ must be even. The largest angle we can have must be less than $150$, so we try even values for $d$ until we get an angle that's greater or equal to $150$. Similarly, we can conclude that $x$ must be a multiple of 5.
The largest angle is $x + 5d.$ We notice that, if we divide both sides of $6x + 15d = 720$ by 3, we get $2x + 5d = 240.$ For $x + 5d < 150,$ we must have $x > 90.$ The largest value of $d$ occurs when $x = 95$ and $5d = 240 - 2x = 240 - 2 \cdot 95 = 240 - 190 = 50,$ or $d = 10.$
Therefore, there are $\boxed{5}$ values for $d$: $2,4,6,8,$ and $10$. | Geometry |
Find the distance between the vertices of the hyperbola
\[\frac{x^2}{99} - \frac{y^2}{36} = 1.\] | Level 2 | We read that $a^2 = 99,$ so $a = \sqrt{99} = 3 \sqrt{11}.$ Therefore, the distance between the vertices is $2a = \boxed{6 \sqrt{11}}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
The angles of quadrilateral $ABCD$ satisfy $\angle A = 2\angle B =
3\angle C = 4\angle D$. What is the degree measure of $\angle A$, rounded to the nearest whole number? | Level 4 | Let $x$ be the degree measure of $\angle A$. Then the degree measures of angles $B$, $C$, and $D$ are $x/2$, $x/3$, and $x/4$, respectively. The degree measures of the four angles have a sum of 360, so \[
360 = x+\frac{x}{2}+\frac{x}{3}+\frac{x}{4} =
\frac{25x}{12}.
\]Thus $x=(12\cdot 360)/25 = 172.8\approx \boxed{173}$. | Geometry |
In the diagram, $D$ and $E$ are the midpoints of $\overline{AB}$ and $\overline{BC}$ respectively. Determine the area of $\triangle DBC$.
[asy]
size(180); defaultpen(linewidth(.7pt)+fontsize(10pt));
pair A, B, C, D, E, F;
A=(0,6);
B=(0,0);
C=(8,0);
D=(0,3);
E=(4,0);
F=(8/3,2);
draw(E--A--C--D);
draw((-1,0)--(10,0), EndArrow);
draw((0,-1)--(0,8), EndArrow);
label("$A(0,6)$", A, W);
label("$B(0,0)$", B, SW);
label("$C(8,0)$", C, S);
label("$D$", D, W);
label("$E$", E, S);
label("$F$", F, SW);
label("$x$", (10,0), dir(0));
label("$y$", (0,8), dir(90));
[/asy] | Level 1 | $\triangle DBC$ has base $BC$ of length 8 and height $BD$ of length 3; therefore, its area is $\frac{1}{2}\times8\times 3=\boxed{12}$. | Geometry |
Find the distance between the vertices of the hyperbola
\[\frac{x^2}{99} - \frac{y^2}{36} = 1.\] | Level 2 | We read that $a^2 = 99,$ so $a = \sqrt{99} = 3 \sqrt{11}.$ Therefore, the distance between the vertices is $2a = \boxed{6 \sqrt{11}}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
The median of the set $\{n, n + 5, n + 6, n + 9, n + 15\}$ is 9. What is the mean? | Level 3 | There are 5 elements in this set, so the median is the third largest member. Thus, $n+6=9$, so $n=3$. Then, we can rewrite our set as $\{3,8,9,12,18\}$. The mean of this set is then:$$\frac{3+8+9+12+18}{5}=\boxed{10}$$ | Prealgebra |
Find $x,$ given that $x$ is nonzero and the numbers $\{x\},$ $\lfloor x \rfloor,$ and $x$ form an arithmetic sequence in that order. (We define $\{x\} = x - \lfloor x\rfloor.$) | Level 2 | We must have \[\lfloor x \rfloor - \{x\} = x - \lfloor x \rfloor,\]or, simplifying the right-hand side, \[\lfloor x \rfloor - \{x\} = \{x\}.\]Thus, \[\lfloor x \rfloor = 2\{x\}.\]Since the left-hand side is an integer, $2\{x\}$ must be an integer. We know that $0 \le \{x\} < 1,$ so either $\{x\} = 0$ or $\{x\} = \tfrac12.$ If $\{x\} = 0,$ then $\lfloor x \rfloor = 2 \cdot 0 = 0,$ so $x = 0,$ which is impossible because we are given that $x$ is nonzero. So we must have $\{x\} = \tfrac12,$ so $\lfloor x \rfloor = 2 \cdot \tfrac12 = 1,$ and $x = 1 + \tfrac12 = \boxed{\tfrac32}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
For $x > 0$, the area of the triangle with vertices $(0, 0), (x, 2x)$, and $(x, 0)$ is 64 square units. What is the value of $x$? | Level 2 | Plotting the given points, we find that the triangle is a right triangle whose legs measure $x$ and $2x$ units. Therefore, $\frac{1}{2}(x)(2x)=64$, which we solve to find $x=\boxed{8}$ units. [asy]
import graph;
defaultpen(linewidth(0.7));
real x=8;
pair A=(0,0), B=(x,2*x), C=(x,0);
pair[] dots = {A,B,C};
dot(dots);
draw(A--B--C--cycle);
xaxis(-2,10,Arrows(4));
yaxis(-2,20,Arrows(4));
label("$(x,0)$",C,S);
label("$(x,2x)$",B,N);
[/asy] | Geometry |
Triangle $ABC$ has vertices $A(0, 8)$, $B(2, 0)$, $C(8, 0)$. A line through $B$ cuts the area of $\triangle ABC$ in half; find the sum of the slope and $y$-intercept of this line. | Level 4 | The line through $B$ that cuts the area of $\triangle ABC$ in half is the median -- that is, the line through $B$ and the midpoint $M$ of $\overline{AC}$. (This line cuts the area of the triangle in half, because if we consider $\overline{AC}$ as its base, then the height of each of $\triangle AMB$ and $\triangle CMB$ is equal to the distance of point $B$ from the line through $A$ and $C$. These two triangles also have equal bases because $AM=MC$, so their areas must be equal.)
The midpoint $M$ of $\overline{AC}$ has coordinates $\left(\frac{1}{2}(0+8),\frac{1}{2}(8+0)\right)=(4,4)$. The line through $B(2,0)$ and $M(4,4)$ has slope $\frac{4-0}{4-2}=2$, and since this line passes through $B(2,0)$, it has equation $y-0=2(x-2)$ or $y=2x-4$. Finally, the desired sum of the slope and $y$-intercept is $2+(-4)=\boxed{-2}$. | Geometry |
Let $EFGH$, $EFDC$, and $EHBC$ be three adjacent square faces of a cube, for which $EC = 8$, and let $A$ be the eighth vertex of the cube. Let $I$, $J$, and $K$, be the points on $\overline{EF}$, $\overline{EH}$, and $\overline{EC}$, respectively, so that $EI = EJ = EK = 2$. A solid $S$ is obtained by drilling a tunnel through the cube. The sides of the tunnel are planes parallel to $\overline{AE}$, and containing the edges, $\overline{IJ}$, $\overline{JK}$, and $\overline{KI}$. The surface area of $S$, including the walls of the tunnel, is $m + n\sqrt {p}$, where $m$, $n$, and $p$ are positive integers and $p$ is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find $m + n + p$.
| Level 5 | [asy] import three; currentprojection = perspective(5,-40,12); defaultpen(linewidth(0.7)); pen l = linewidth(0.5) + linetype("10 2"); triple S=(1,0,0), T=(2,0,2), U=(8,6,8), V=(8,8,6), W=(2,2,0), X=(6,8,8); draw((1,0,0)--(8,0,0)--(8,0,8)--(0,0,8)--(0,0,1)); draw((1,0,0)--(8,0,0)--(8,8,0)--(0,8,0)--(0,1,0),l); draw((0,8,0)--(0,8,8)); draw((0,8,8)--(0,0,8)--(0,0,1)); draw((8,8,0)--(8,8,6),l); draw((8,0,8)--(8,6,8)); draw((0,8,8)--(6,8,8)); draw(S--T--U--V--W--cycle); draw((0,0,1)--T--U--X--(0,2,2)--cycle); draw((0,1,0)--W--V--X--(0,2,2)--cycle); [/asy] [asy] import three; currentprojection = perspective(5,40,12); defaultpen(linewidth(0.7)); pen l = linewidth(0.5) + linetype("10 2"); triple S=(1,0,0), T=(2,0,2), U=(8,6,8), V=(8,8,6), W=(2,2,0), X=(6,8,8); draw((1,0,0)--(8,0,0)--(8,0,8),l); draw((8,0,8)--(0,0,8)); draw((0,0,8)--(0,0,1),l); draw((8,0,0)--(8,8,0)); draw((8,8,0)--(0,8,0)); draw((0,8,0)--(0,1,0),l); draw((0,8,0)--(0,8,8)); draw((0,0,8)--(0,0,1),l); draw((8,8,0)--(8,8,6)); draw((8,0,8)--(8,6,8)); draw((0,0,8)--(0,8,8)--(6,8,8)); draw(S--T--U--V--W--cycle); draw((0,0,1)--T--U--X--(0,2,2)--cycle); draw((0,1,0)--W--V--X--(0,2,2)--cycle); [/asy]
Set the coordinate system so that vertex $E$, where the drilling starts, is at $(8,8,8)$. Using a little visualization (involving some similar triangles, because we have parallel lines) shows that the tunnel meets the bottom face (the xy plane one) in the line segments joining $(1,0,0)$ to $(2,2,0)$, and $(0,1,0)$ to $(2,2,0)$, and similarly for the other three faces meeting at the origin (by symmetry). So one face of the tunnel is the polygon with vertices (in that order), $S(1,0,0), T(2,0,2), U(8,6,8), V(8,8,6), W(2,2,0)$, and the other two faces of the tunnel are congruent to this shape.
Observe that this shape is made up of two congruent trapezoids each with height $\sqrt {2}$ and bases $7\sqrt {3}$ and $6\sqrt {3}$. Together they make up an area of $\sqrt {2}(7\sqrt {3} + 6\sqrt {3}) = 13\sqrt {6}$. The total area of the tunnel is then $3\cdot13\sqrt {6} = 39\sqrt {6}$. Around the corner $E$ we're missing an area of $6$, the same goes for the corner opposite $E$ . So the outside area is $6\cdot 64 - 2\cdot 6 = 372$. Thus the the total surface area is $372 + 39\sqrt {6}$, and the answer is $372 + 39 + 6 = \boxed{417}$. | Geometry |
A regular polygon has interior angles of 162 degrees. How many sides does the polygon have? | Level 4 | Let $n$ be the number of sides in the polygon. The sum of the interior angles in any $n$-sided polygon is $180(n-2)$ degrees. Since each angle in the given polygon measures $162^\circ$, the sum of the interior angles of this polygon is also $162n$. Therefore, we must have \[180(n-2) = 162n.\] Expanding the left side gives $180n - 360 = 162n$, so $18n = 360$ and $n = \boxed{20}$.
We might also have noted that each exterior angle of the given polygon measures $180^\circ - 162^\circ = 18^\circ$. The exterior angles of a polygon sum to $360^\circ$, so there must be $\frac{360^\circ}{18^\circ} = 20$ of them in the polygon. | Prealgebra |
A dump truck delivered sand to a construction site. The sand formed a conical pile with a diameter of $8$ feet and a height that was $75\%$ of the diameter. How many cubic feet of sand were in the pile? Express your answer in terms of $\pi$. | Level 3 | The height of the cone is $\frac{3}{4} \times 8 = 6$. The radius of the cone is $\frac{8}{2} = 4$. Therefore, the volume of the cone formed is $\frac{4^2 \times 6 \times \pi}{3} = \boxed{32 \pi}$. | Geometry |
Three congruent isosceles triangles $DAO$, $AOB$ and $OBC$ have $AD=AO=OB=BC=10$ and $AB=DO=OC=12$. These triangles are arranged to form trapezoid $ABCD$, as shown. Point $P$ is on side $AB$ so that $OP$ is perpendicular to $AB$.
[asy]
pair A, B, C, D, O, P;
A= (6, 8);
B=(18, 8);
C=(24, 0);
D=(0,0);
O=(12,0);
P=(12,8);
draw(A--B--C--D--A);
draw(A--O--B);
draw(O--P, dashed);
label("A", A, NW);
label("B", B, NE);
label("C", C, SE);
label("D", D, SW);
label("O", O, S);
label("P", P, N);
label("12", (D+O)/2, S);
label("12", (O+C)/2, S);
label("10", (A+D)/2, NW);
label("10", (B+C)/2, NE);
[/asy]
Point $X$ is the midpoint of $AD$ and point $Y$ is the midpoint of $BC$. When $X$ and $Y$ are joined, the trapezoid is divided into two smaller trapezoids. The ratio of the area of trapezoid $ABYX$ to the area of trapezoid $XYCD$ in simplified form is $p:q$. Find $p+q$. [asy]
pair A, B, C, D, O, P, X, Y;
A= (6, 8);
B=(18, 8);
C=(24, 0);
D=(0,0);
O=(12,0);
P=(12,8);
X=(A+D)/2;
Y=(B+C)/2;
draw(X--Y, dashed);
draw(A--B--C--D--A);
draw(A--O--B);
draw(O--P, dashed);
label("A", A, NW);
label("B", B, NE);
label("C", C, SE);
label("D", D, SW);
label("O", O, S);
label("P", P, N);
label("X", X, NW);
label("Y", Y, NE);
[/asy] | Level 4 | Since $\triangle AOB$ is isosceles with $AO=OB$ and $OP$ is perpendicular to $AB$, point $P$ is the midpoint of $AB$, so $AP=PB=\frac{1}{2}AB=\frac{1}{2}(12)=6$. By the Pythagorean Theorem, $OP = \sqrt{AO^2 - AP^2}=\sqrt{10^2-6^2}=\sqrt{64}={8}$.
Since $ABCD$ is a trapezoid with height of length 8 ($OP$ is the height of $ABCD$) and parallel sides ($AB$ and $DC$) of length $12$ and $24$, its area is \[ \frac{1}{2}\times\,\mbox{Height}\,\times\,\mbox{Sum of parallel sides} = \frac{1}{2}(8)(12+24)=\boxed{144}. \]
Since $XY$ cuts $AD$ and $BC$ each in half, then it also cuts the height $PO$ in half.
Thus, each of the two smaller trapezoids has height 4. Next, we find the length of $XY$. The sum of the areas of trapezoids $ABYX$ and $XYCD$ must equal that of trapezoid $ABCD$. Therefore, \begin{align*}
\frac{1}{2}(4)(AB+XY)+\frac{1}{2}(4)(XY+DC)&=144\\
2(12+XY)+2(XY+24) & = 144\\
4(XY)& = 72 \\
XY & = 18
\end{align*} Thus, the area of trapezoid $ABYX$ is $\frac{1}{2}(4)(12+18)=60$ and the area of trapezoid $XYCD$ is $\frac{1}{2}(4)(18+24)=84$.
Thus, the ratio of their areas is $60:84=5:7$.
Our answer is then $5+7=\boxed{12}$. | Geometry |
There exist integers $a,$ $b,$ and $c$ such that
\[(x - a)(x - 10) + 1 = (x + b)(x + c).\]Enter all possible values of $a,$ separated by commas. | Level 5 | Setting $x = 10,$ we get
\[(b + 10)(c + 10) = 1.\]Either $b + 10 = c + 10 = 1$ or $b + 10 = c + 10 = -1.$
If $b + 10 = c + 10 = 1,$ then $b = c = -9,$ and
\[(x - a)(x - 10) + 1 = (x - 9)^2.\]Since $(x - 9)^2 - 1 = (x - 10)(x - 8),$ $a = 8.$
If $b + 10 = c + 10 = -1,$ then $b = c = 11,$ and
\[(x - a)(x - 10) + 1 = (x - 11)^2.\]Since $(x - 11)^2 - 1 = (x - 12)(x - 10),$ $a = 12.$
Thus, the possible values of $a$ are $\boxed{8,12}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
Regular hexagon $ABCDEF$ is the base of right pyramid $\allowbreak PABCDEF$. If $PAD$ is an equilateral triangle with side length 8, then what is the volume of the pyramid? | Level 5 | [asy]
import three;
triple A = (1,0,0);
triple B = (0.5,sqrt(3)/2,0);
triple C = (-0.5,sqrt(3)/2,0);
triple D = (-1,0,0);
triple EE = (-0.5,-sqrt(3)/2,0);
triple F = (0.5,-sqrt(3)/2,0);
triple P = (0,0,1);
draw(F--A--B--C);
draw(C--D--EE--F,dashed);
draw(A--P--C);
draw(EE--P--D,dashed);
draw(B--P--F);
label("$A$",A,S);
label("$B$",B,S);
label("$C$",C,E);
label("$D$",D,S);
label("$P$",P,N);
label("$E$",EE,S);
draw(A--D,dashed);
label("$F$",F,W);
draw(EE--B,dashed);
draw(C--F,dashed);
triple O = (0,0,0);
draw(P--O,dashed);
label("$O$",O,S);
[/asy]
Drawing the long diagonals of a regular hexagon divides the hexagon into equilateral triangles with side length equal to half the length of each long diagonal. So, the area of the base equals 6 times the area of an equilateral triangle with side length 4. An equilateral triangle with side length 4 has area $4^2\sqrt{3}/4 = 4\sqrt{3}$, so the area of the base of the pyramid is $6(4\sqrt{3}) = 24\sqrt{3}$.
Let $O$ be the center of the hexagon, so $\overline{PO}$ is the altitude from the apex of the pyramid. Since triangle $PAD$ is an equilateral triangle, triangle $POA$ is a 30-60-90 triangle with hypotenuse 8. $\overline{PO}$ is opposite the $60^\circ$ angle in this triangle, so $PO = 4\sqrt{3}$.
Finally, the volume of the pyramid is \[\frac13\cdot [ABCDEF] \cdot PO = \frac13\cdot 24\sqrt{3} \cdot 4\sqrt{3} = \boxed{96}.\] | Geometry |
If
\[\sin x + \cos x + \tan x + \cot x + \sec x + \csc x = 7,\]then find $\sin 2x.$ | Level 5 | Expressing everything in terms of $\sin x$ and $\cos x,$ we get
\[\sin x + \cos x + \frac{\sin x}{\cos x} + \frac{\cos x}{\sin x} + \frac{1}{\sin x} + \frac{1}{\cos x} = 7.\]Then
\[\sin x + \cos x + \frac{\sin^2 x + \cos^2 x}{\sin x \cos x} + \frac{\sin x + \cos x}{\sin x \cos x} = 7,\]which becomes
\[\sin x + \cos x + \frac{\sin x + \cos x}{\sin x \cos x} = 7 - \frac{1}{\sin x \cos x}.\]We can factor the left-hand side, and replace $\sin x \cos x$ with $\frac{1}{2} \sin 2x$:
\[(\sin x + \cos x) \left( 1 + \frac{2}{\sin 2x} \right) = 7 - \frac{2}{\sin 2x}.\]Hence,
\[(\sin x + \cos x)(\sin 2x + 2) = 7 \sin 2x - 2.\]Squaring both sides, we get
\[(\sin^2 x + 2 \sin x \cos + \cos^2 x)(\sin^2 2x + 4 \sin 2x + 4) = 49 \sin^2 x - 28 \sin x + 4.\]We can write this as
\[(\sin 2x + 1)(\sin^2 2x + 4 \sin 2x + 4) = 49 \sin^2 x - 28 \sin x + 4.\]This simplifies to
\[\sin^3 2x - 44 \sin^2 2x + 36 \sin 2x = 0,\]so $\sin 2x (\sin^2 2x - 44 \sin 2x + 36) = 0.$
If $\sin 2x = 2 \sin x \cos x = 0,$ then the expression in the problem becomes undefined. Otherwise,
\[\sin^2 2x - 44 \sin 2x + 36 = 0.\]By the quadratic formula,
\[\sin 2x = 22 \pm 8 \sqrt{7}.\]Since $22 + 8 \sqrt{7} > 1,$ we must have $\sin 2x = \boxed{22 - 8 \sqrt{7}}.$ | Precalculus |
Medians $\overline{AD}$ and $\overline{BE}$ of $\triangle ABC$ are perpendicular. If $AD= 15$ and $BE = 20$, then what is the area of $\triangle ABC$? | Level 5 | Let the medians intersect at point $G$ as shown below. We include the third median of the triangle in red; it passes through the intersection of the other two medians.
[asy]
pair D,EE,F,P,Q,G;
G = (0,0);
D = (-1,0);
P= (0.5,0);
EE = (0,4/3);
Q = (0,-2/3);
F = 2*Q - D;
draw(P--D--EE--F--D);
draw(EE--Q);
label("$A$",D,W);
label("$D$",P,NE);
label("$E$",Q,SW);
label("$B$",EE,N);
label("$C$",F,SE);
draw(rightanglemark(P,G,EE,3.5));
label("$G$",G,SW);
draw(F--(D+EE)/2,red);
[/asy]
Point $G$ is the centroid of $\triangle ABC$, so $AG:GD = BG:GE = 2:1$. Therefore, $AG = \frac23(AD) = 10$ and $BG = \frac23(BE) = \frac{40}{3}$.
Drawing all three medians of a triangle divides the triangle into six triangles with equal area. In $\triangle ABC$ above, $\triangle ABG$ consists of two of these six triangles, so the area of $\triangle ABC$ is 3 times the area of $\triangle ABG$: \[ [ABC] = 3[ABG] = 3\cdot \frac12 \cdot AG \cdot BG = \frac32\cdot 10 \cdot \frac{40}{3} = \boxed{200}.\] | Geometry |
The two squares shown share the same center $O$ and have sides of length 1. The length of $\overline{AB}$ is $43/99$ and the area of octagon $ABCDEFGH$ is $m/n,$ where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m+n.$
[asy] //code taken from thread for problem real alpha = 25; pair W=dir(225), X=dir(315), Y=dir(45), Z=dir(135), O=origin; pair w=dir(alpha)*W, x=dir(alpha)*X, y=dir(alpha)*Y, z=dir(alpha)*Z; draw(W--X--Y--Z--cycle^^w--x--y--z--cycle); pair A=intersectionpoint(Y--Z, y--z), C=intersectionpoint(Y--X, y--x), E=intersectionpoint(W--X, w--x), G=intersectionpoint(W--Z, w--z), B=intersectionpoint(Y--Z, y--x), D=intersectionpoint(Y--X, w--x), F=intersectionpoint(W--X, w--z), H=intersectionpoint(W--Z, y--z); dot(O); label("$O$", O, SE); label("$A$", A, dir(O--A)); label("$B$", B, dir(O--B)); label("$C$", C, dir(O--C)); label("$D$", D, dir(O--D)); label("$E$", E, dir(O--E)); label("$F$", F, dir(O--F)); label("$G$", G, dir(O--G)); label("$H$", H, dir(O--H));[/asy]
| Level 5 | Triangles $AOB$, $BOC$, $COD$, etc. are congruent by symmetry (you can prove it rigorously by using the power of a point to argue that exactly two chords of length $1$ in the circumcircle of the squares pass through $B$, etc.), and each area is $\frac{\frac{43}{99}\cdot\frac{1}{2}}{2}$. Since the area of a triangle is $bh/2$, the area of all $8$ of them is $\frac{86}{99}$ and the answer is $\boxed{185}$. | Geometry |
A white cylindrical silo has a diameter of 30 feet and a height of 80 feet. A red stripe with a horizontal width of 3 feet is painted on the silo, as shown, making two complete revolutions around it. What is the area of the stripe in square feet?
[asy]
size(250);defaultpen(linewidth(0.8));
draw(ellipse(origin, 3, 1));
fill((3,0)--(3,2)--(-3,2)--(-3,0)--cycle, white);
draw((3,0)--(3,16)^^(-3,0)--(-3,16));
draw((0, 15)--(3, 12)^^(0, 16)--(3, 13));
filldraw(ellipse((0, 16), 3, 1), white, black);
draw((-3,11)--(3, 5)^^(-3,10)--(3, 4));
draw((-3,2)--(0,-1)^^(-3,1)--(-1,-0.89));
draw((0,-1)--(0,15), dashed);
draw((3,-2)--(3,-4)^^(-3,-2)--(-3,-4));
draw((-7,0)--(-5,0)^^(-7,16)--(-5,16));
draw((3,-3)--(-3,-3), Arrows(6));
draw((-6,0)--(-6,16), Arrows(6));
draw((-2,9)--(-1,9), Arrows(3));
label("$3$", (-1.375,9.05), dir(260), UnFill);
label("$A$", (0,15), N);
label("$B$", (0,-1), NE);
label("$30$", (0, -3), S);
label("$80$", (-6, 8), W);
[/asy] | Level 5 | If the stripe were cut from the silo and spread flat, it would form a parallelogram 3 feet wide and 80 feet high. So the area of the stripe is $3(80)=\boxed{240}$ square feet.
Notice that neither the diameter of the cylinder nor the number of times the stripe wrapped around the cylinder factored into our computation for the area of the stripe. At first, this may sound counter-intuitive. An area of 240 square feet is what we would expect for a perfectly rectangular stripe that went straight up the side of the cylinder.
However, note that no matter how many times the stripe is wrapped around the cylinder, its base and height (which are perpendicular) are always preserved. So, the area remains the same. Consider the following stripes which have been "unwound" from a cylinder with height 80 feet.
[asy]
size(400);
real s=8;
pair A=(0,0), B=(1.5,0), C=(1.5,20), D=(0,20);
draw(A--B--C--D--cycle);
label("$3$", (C+D)/2, N);
label("$80$", (A+D)/2, W);
draw(shift(s)*(shift(20)*A--shift(20)*B--C--D--cycle));
label("$3$", shift(s)*((C+D)/2), N);
draw(shift(s)*((0,0)--D), dashed);
label("$80$", shift(s)*(((0,0)+D)/2), W);
draw(shift(4.5s)*(shift(40)*A--shift(40)*B--C--D--cycle));
label("$3$", shift(4.5s)*((C+D)/2), N);
draw(shift(4.5s)*((0,0)--D), dashed);
label("$80$", shift(4.5s)*(((0,0)+D)/2), W);
[/asy]
Regardless of how many times the stripes were wrapped around the cylinder, each stripe has base 3 feet and height 80 feet, giving area 240 sq ft. | Geometry |
The longer leg of a right triangle is $1$ foot shorter than twice the length of the shorter leg. The area of the triangle is $60$ square feet. What is the length of the hypotenuse, in feet? | Level 3 | If $x$ represents the length of the shorter leg, then the two legs are $x$ and $2x-1$. In a right triangle, the length of one leg is the base and the length of the other leg is the height, so the area of this triangle is $\frac{1}{2}bh=\frac{1}{2}x(2x-1)$. We set this equal to 60 and solve for $x$. \begin{align*}
\frac{1}{2}(2x^2-x)&=60\quad\Rightarrow\\
2x^2-x&=120\quad\Rightarrow\\
2x^2-x-120&=0\quad\Rightarrow\\
(2x+15)(x-8)&=0
\end{align*} Since $x$ must be positive, we get that $x=8$. The shorter leg is 8 feet long and the longer leg is $2(8)-1=15$ feet long. We can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the hypotenuse or we recognize that 8 and 15 are part of the Pythagorean triple $8:15:17$. The hypotenuse of the right triangle is $\boxed{17}$ feet long. | Geometry |
In square $ABCD$, $AD$ is 4 centimeters, and $M$ is the midpoint of $\overline{CD}$. Let $O$ be the intersection of $\overline{AC}$ and $\overline{BM}$. What is the ratio of $OC$ to $OA$? Express your answer as a common fraction.
[asy]
size (3cm,3cm);
pair A,B,C,D,M;
D=(0,0);
C=(1,0);
B=(1,1);
A=(0,1);
draw(A--B--C--D--A);
M=(1/2)*D+(1/2)*C;
draw(B--M);
draw(A--C);
label("$A$",A,NW);
label("$B$",B,NE);
label("$C$",C,SE);
label("$D$",D,SW);
label("$O$",(0.5,0.3));
label("$M$",M,S);
[/asy] | Level 4 | First we draw diagonal $\overline{BD}$, and let the diagonals intersect at $T$, as shown:
[asy]
size (4cm,4cm);
pair A,B,C,D,M;
D=(0,0);
C=(1,0);
B=(1,1);
A=(0,1);
draw(A--B--C--D--A);
M=(1/2)*D+(1/2)*C;
draw(B--M);
draw(A--C);
label("$A$",A,NW);
label("$B$",B,NE);
label("$C$",C,SE);
label("$D$",D,SW);
label("$O$",(0.5,0.3));
label("$M$",M,S);
draw(B--D);
label("$T$",(B+D)/2,N);
[/asy]
Since $\overline{CT}$ and $\overline{BM}$ are medians of $\triangle BCD$, point $O$ is the centroid of $\triangle BCD$, so $OC= (2/3)CT$. Since $T$ is the midpoint of $\overline{AC}$, we have $CT = AC/2$, so $OC= (2/3)CT = (2/3)(AC/2) = AC/3$. Since $\overline{OC}$ is $\frac13$ of $\overline{AC}$, we know that $\overline{OA}$ is the other $\frac23$ of $\overline{AC}$, which means $OC/OA = \boxed{\frac{1}{2}}$. | Geometry |
A circular sheet of paper with radius of $6$ cm is cut into three congruent sectors. What is the height of the cone in centimeters that can be created by rolling one of the sections until the edges meet? Express your answer in simplest radical form. | Level 4 | The circumference of the whole circle is $2 \pi \cdot 6 = 12 \pi$, so the circumference of the base of the cone is $12 \pi/3 = 4 \pi$. Hence, the radius of the base of the cone is $4 \pi/(2 \pi) = 2$.
[asy]
unitsize(2 cm);
fill((0,0)--arc((0,0),1,-60,60)--cycle,gray(0.7));
draw(Circle((0,0),1));
draw((0,0)--dir(60));
draw((0,0)--dir(180));
draw((0,0)--dir(300));
label("$6$", dir(60)/2, NW);
[/asy]
The slant height of the cone is 6 (the radius of the original circle), so by Pythagoras, the height of the cone is $\sqrt{6^2 - 2^2} = \sqrt{32} = \boxed{4 \sqrt{2}}$.
[asy]
unitsize(0.8 cm);
draw((-2,0)--(2,0)--(0,4*sqrt(2))--cycle);
draw((0,0)--(0,4*sqrt(2)));
label("$2$", (1,0), S);
label("$6$", (1,2*sqrt(2)), NE);
label("$4 \sqrt{2}$", (0,0.7*2*sqrt(2)), W);
[/asy] | Geometry |
Let $\overline{AB}$ be a diameter of circle $\omega$. Extend $\overline{AB}$ through $A$ to $C$. Point $T$ lies on $\omega$ so that line $CT$ is tangent to $\omega$. Point $P$ is the foot of the perpendicular from $A$ to line $CT$. Suppose $\overline{AB} = 18$, and let $m$ denote the maximum possible length of segment $BP$. Find $m^{2}$.
| Level 5 | [asy] size(250); defaultpen(0.70 + fontsize(10)); import olympiad; pair O = (0,0), B = O - (9,0), A= O + (9,0), C=A+(18,0), T = 9 * expi(-1.2309594), P = foot(A,C,T); draw(Circle(O,9)); draw(B--C--T--O); draw(A--P); dot(A); dot(B); dot(C); dot(O); dot(T); dot(P); draw(rightanglemark(O,T,C,30)); draw(rightanglemark(A,P,C,30)); draw(anglemark(B,A,P,35)); draw(B--P, blue); label("\(A\)",A,NW); label("\(B\)",B,NW); label("\(C\)",C,NW); label("\(O\)",O,NW); label("\(P\)",P,SE); label("\(T\)",T,SE); label("\(9\)",(O+A)/2,N); label("\(9\)",(O+B)/2,N); label("\(x-9\)",(C+A)/2,N); [/asy]
Let $x = OC$. Since $OT, AP \perp TC$, it follows easily that $\triangle APC \sim \triangle OTC$. Thus $\frac{AP}{OT} = \frac{CA}{CO} \Longrightarrow AP = \frac{9(x-9)}{x}$. By the Law of Cosines on $\triangle BAP$,\begin{align*}BP^2 = AB^2 + AP^2 - 2 \cdot AB \cdot AP \cdot \cos \angle BAP \end{align*}where $\cos \angle BAP = \cos (180 - \angle TOA) = - \frac{OT}{OC} = - \frac{9}{x}$, so:\begin{align*}BP^2 &= 18^2 + \frac{9^2(x-9)^2}{x^2} + 2(18) \cdot \frac{9(x-9)}{x} \cdot \frac 9x = 405 + 729\left(\frac{2x - 27}{x^2}\right)\end{align*}Let $k = \frac{2x-27}{x^2} \Longrightarrow kx^2 - 2x + 27 = 0$; this is a quadratic, and its discriminant must be nonnegative: $(-2)^2 - 4(k)(27) \ge 0 \Longleftrightarrow k \le \frac{1}{27}$. Thus,\[BP^2 \le 405 + 729 \cdot \frac{1}{27} = \boxed{432}\]Equality holds when $x = 27$. | Geometry |
Find all real numbers $x$ which satisfy \[\frac{x-1}{x-3} \ge 2.\](Give your answer in interval notation.) | Level 3 | Subtracting $2$ from both sides, we get \[\frac{x-1}{x-3} - 2 \ge 0,\]or \[\frac{x-1 - 2(x-3)}{x-3} = \frac{-x+5}{x-3} \ge 0.\]Negating both sides, we have \[\frac{x-5}{x-3} \le 0.\]Letting $f(x) = \frac{x-5}{x-3},$ we make a sign table with the two factors $x-5$ and $x-3$: \begin{tabular}{c|cc|c} &$x-5$ &$x-3$ &$f(x)$ \\ \hline$x<3$ &$-$&$-$&$+$\\ [.1cm]$3<x<5$ &$-$&$+$&$-$\\ [.1cm]$x>5$ &$+$&$+$&$+$\\ [.1cm]\end{tabular}We see that $f(x) \le 0$ when $3 < x < 5,$ as well as at the endpoint $x=5.$ Therefore, the solution set is the interval $\boxed{ (3, 5] }.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
Four points $B,$ $A,$ $E,$ and $L$ are on a straight line, as shown. The point $G$ is off the line so that $\angle BAG = 120^\circ$ and $\angle GEL = 80^\circ.$ If the reflex angle at $G$ is $x^\circ,$ then what does $x$ equal?
[asy]
draw((0,0)--(30,0),black+linewidth(1));
draw((10,0)--(17,20)--(15,0),black+linewidth(1));
draw((17,16)..(21,20)..(17,24)..(13,20)..(14.668,16.75),black+linewidth(1));
draw((17,16)..(21,20)..(17,24)..(13,20)..(14.668,16.75),Arrows);
label("$B$",(0,0),S);
label("$A$",(10,0),S);
label("$E$",(15,0),S);
label("$L$",(30,0),S);
label("$G$",(17,20),N);
label("$120^\circ$",(10,0),NW);
label("$80^\circ$",(15,0),NE);
label("$x^\circ$",(21,20),E);
[/asy] | Level 3 | Since the sum of the angles at any point on a line is $180^\circ,$ then we find that \begin{align*}
\angle GAE &= 180^\circ - 120^\circ = 60^\circ, \\
\angle GEA &= 180^\circ - 80^\circ = 100^\circ.
\end{align*}
[asy]
draw((0,0)--(30,0),black+linewidth(1));
draw((10,0)--(17,20)--(15,0),black+linewidth(1));
draw((17,16)..(21,20)..(17,24)..(13,20)..(14.668,16.75),black+linewidth(1));
draw((17,16)..(21,20)..(17,24)..(13,20)..(14.668,16.75),Arrows);
label("$B$",(0,0),S);
label("$A$",(10,0),S);
label("$E$",(15,0),S);
label("$L$",(30,0),S);
label("$G$",(17,20),N);
label("$120^\circ$",(10,0),NW);
label("$80^\circ$",(15,0),NE);
label("$x^\circ$",(21,20),E);
draw((11,5.5)--(11.5,0.5),black+linewidth(1));
draw((11,5.5)--(11.5,0.5),EndArrow);
draw((13,-4)--(14,1),black+linewidth(1));
draw((13,-4)--(14,1),EndArrow);
label("$60^\circ$",(11,5.5),N);
label("$100^\circ$",(13,-4),S);
[/asy]
Since the sum of the angles in a triangle is $180^\circ,$ we have \begin{align*}
\angle AGE &=180^\circ - \angle GAE - \angle GEA \\
&= 180^\circ - 60^\circ - 100^\circ \\
&= 20^\circ.
\end{align*} Since $\angle AGE=20^\circ,$ then the reflex angle at $G$ is $360^\circ - 20^\circ = 340^\circ.$ Therefore, $x=\boxed{340}.$ | Prealgebra |
A park is in the shape of a regular hexagon $2$ km on a side. Starting at a corner, Alice walks along the perimeter of the park for a distance of $5$ km. How many kilometers is she from her starting point?
$\textbf{(A)}\ \sqrt{13}\qquad \textbf{(B)}\ \sqrt{14}\qquad \textbf{(C)}\ \sqrt{15}\qquad \textbf{(D)}\ \sqrt{16}\qquad \textbf{(E)}\ \sqrt{17}$
| Level 5 | We imagine this problem on a coordinate plane and let Alice's starting position be the origin. We see that she will travel along two edges and then go halfway along a third. Therefore, her new $x$-coordinate will be $1 + 2 + \frac{1}{2} = \frac{7}{2}$ because she travels along a distance of $2 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = 1$ km because of the side relationships of an equilateral triangle, then $2$ km because the line is parallel to the $x$-axis, and the remaining distance is $\frac{1}{2}$ km because she went halfway along and because of the logic for the first part of her route. For her $y$-coordinate, we can use similar logic to find that the coordinate is $\sqrt{3} + 0 - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$. Therefore, her distance is\[\sqrt{\left(\frac{7}{2}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)^2} = \sqrt{\frac{49}{4} + \frac{3}{4}} = \sqrt{\frac{52}{4}} = \boxed{\sqrt{13}}\] | Geometry |
Find the minimum value of
\[\frac{x^2}{y - 1} + \frac{y^2}{x - 1}\]for real numbers $x > 1$ and $y > 1.$ | Level 4 | Let $a = x - 1$ and $b = y - 1.$ Then $x = a + 1$ and $y = b + 1,$ so
\begin{align*}
\frac{x^2}{y - 1} + \frac{y^2}{x - 1} &= \frac{(a + 1)^2}{b} + \frac{(b + 1)^2}{a} \\
&= \frac{a^2 + 2a + 1}{b} + \frac{b^2 + 2b + 1}{a} \\
&= 2 \left( \frac{a}{b} + \frac{b}{a} \right) + \frac{a^2}{b} + \frac{1}{b} + \frac{b^2}{a} + \frac{1}{a}.
\end{align*}By AM-GM,
\[\frac{a}{b} + \frac{b}{a} \ge 2 \sqrt{\frac{a}{b} \cdot \frac{b}{a}} = 2\]and
\[\frac{a^2}{b} + \frac{1}{b} + \frac{b^2}{a} + \frac{1}{a} \ge 4 \sqrt[4]{\frac{a^2}{b} \cdot \frac{1}{b} \cdot \frac{b^2}{a} \cdot \frac{1}{a}} = 4,\]so
\[2 \left( \frac{a}{b} + \frac{b}{a} \right) + \frac{a^2}{b} + \frac{1}{b} + \frac{b^2}{a} + \frac{1}{a} \ge 2 \cdot 2 + 4 = 8.\]Equality occurs when $a = b = 1,$ or $x = y = 2,$ so the minimum value is $\boxed{8}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
Six green balls and four red balls are in a bag. A ball is taken from the bag, its color recorded, then placed back in the bag. A second ball is taken and its color recorded. What is the probability the two balls are the same color? | Level 3 | We could have either two greens or two reds. The probability of drawing two greens is $\left(\dfrac{6}{10}\right)^{\!2}=\dfrac{9}{25}$. The probability of drawing two reds is $\left(\dfrac{4}{10}\right)^{\!2}=\dfrac{4}{25}$. So the answer is $\dfrac{9}{25} + \dfrac{4}{25} = \boxed{\dfrac{13}{25}}$. | Counting & Probability |
An isosceles right triangle is removed from each corner of a square piece of paper, as shown, to create a rectangle. If $AB = 12$ units, what is the combined area of the four removed triangles, in square units? [asy]
unitsize(5mm);
defaultpen(linewidth(.7pt)+fontsize(8pt));
pair A=(1,4), Ap=(0,3), B=(3,0), Bp=(4,1);
draw((0,0)--(0,4)--(4,4)--(4,0)--cycle);
draw(A--Ap--B--Bp--cycle,linetype("4 3"));
label("$A$",A,N);
label("$B$",B,S);
[/asy] | Level 4 | Each of the sides of the square is divided into two segments by a vertex of the rectangle. Call the lengths of these two segments $r$ and $s$. Also, let $C$ be the foot of the perpendicular dropped from $A$ to the side containing the point $B$. Since $AC=r+s$ and $BC=|r-s|$, \[
(r+s)^2+(r-s)^2=12^2,
\] from the Pythagorean theorem. This simplifies to $2r^2+2s^2=144$, since the terms $2rs$ and $-2rs$ sum to 0. The combined area of the four removed triangles is $\frac{1}{2}r^2+\frac{1}{2}s^2+\frac{1}{2}r^2+\frac{1}{2}s^2=r^2+s^2$. From the equation $2r^2+2s^2=144$, this area is $144/2=\boxed{72}$ square units. [asy]
unitsize(5mm);
real eps = 0.4;
defaultpen(linewidth(.7pt)+fontsize(10pt));
pair A=(1,4), Ap=(0,3), B=(3,0), Bp=(4,1);
draw((0,0)--(0,4)--(4,4)--(4,0)--cycle);
draw(A--Ap--B--Bp--cycle,linetype("4 3"));
draw(A--(1,0));
draw(A--B);
draw((1,eps)--(1+eps,eps)--(1+eps,0));
label("$A$",A,N);
label("$B$",B,S);
label("$r$",(4,2.5),E);
label("$s$",(4,0.5),E);
label("$C$",(1,0),S);[/asy] | Geometry |
The vertices of an equilateral triangle lie on the hyperbola $xy=1$, and a vertex of this hyperbola is the centroid of the triangle. What is the square of the area of the triangle? | Level 4 | Without loss of generality, suppose that the centroid of the triangle is at the vertex $(-1,-1)$. In an equilateral triangle, the centroid and the circumcenter coincide, so the three vertices of the triangle are among the intersection points of the hyperbola $xy = 1$ and a circle centered at $(-1,-1)$.
Suppose the hyperbola and circle intersect at four distinct points, shown below on the left, at $A$, $B$, $C$, and $D$. Either $A$ or $B$ are two of the vertices, or $C$ and $D$ are two of the vertices. If $A$ and $B$ are two of the vertices, then the triangle will have the line $y = x$ as an axis of symmetry, which means that the third vertex must also lie on the line $y = x$. However, neither of the other two points satisfy this condition. The argument is the same if $C$ and $D$ are two of the vertices.
[asy]
unitsize(0.8 cm);
real f(real x) {
return(1/x);
}
pair A, B, C, D, trans = (9,0);
A = intersectionpoints(Circle((-1,-1),3),graph(f,1/3,3))[0];
B = intersectionpoints(Circle((-1,-1),3),graph(f,1/3,3))[1];
C = intersectionpoints(Circle((-1,-1),3),graph(f,-5,-1/5))[0];
D = intersectionpoints(Circle((-1,-1),3),graph(f,-5,-1/5))[1];
draw((-5,0)--(3,0));
draw((0,-5)--(0,3));
draw(graph(f,1/3,3),red);
draw(graph(f,-1/5,-5),red);
draw(Circle((-1,-1),3));
dot("$A$", A, NE);
dot("$B$", B, NE);
dot("$C$", C, SW);
dot("$D$", D, SW);
dot("$(-1,-1)$", (-1,-1), SW);
draw(shift(trans)*((-5,0)--(3,0)));
draw(shift(trans)*((0,-5)--(0,3)));
draw(shift(trans)*graph(f,1/3,3),red);
draw(shift(trans)*graph(f,-1/5,-5),red);
draw(Circle((-1,-1) + trans,2*sqrt(2)));
dot("$(-1,-1)$", (-1,-1) + trans, SW);
dot("$(1,1)$", (1,1) + trans, NE);
[/asy]
Therefore, the hyperbola must intersect the circle at exactly three points. In turn, the only way this can happen is if the circle passes through the point $(1,1)$. The circumradius of the triangle is then the distance between $(-1,-1)$ and $(1,1)$, which is $2 \sqrt{2}$. It follows that the side length of the triangle is $2 \sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{3} = 2 \sqrt{6}$, so the area of the triangle is $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} \cdot (2 \sqrt{6})^2 = 6 \sqrt{3},$ and the square of the area is $(6 \sqrt{3})^2 = \boxed{108}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
In triangle $ABC$, $BC = 23$, $CA = 27$, and $AB = 30$. Points $V$ and $W$ are on $\overline{AC}$ with $V$ on $\overline{AW}$, points $X$ and $Y$ are on $\overline{BC}$ with $X$ on $\overline{CY}$, and points $Z$ and $U$ are on $\overline{AB}$ with $Z$ on $\overline{BU}$. In addition, the points are positioned so that $\overline{UV}\parallel\overline{BC}$, $\overline{WX}\parallel\overline{AB}$, and $\overline{YZ}\parallel\overline{CA}$. Right angle folds are then made along $\overline{UV}$, $\overline{WX}$, and $\overline{YZ}$. The resulting figure is placed on a level floor to make a table with triangular legs. Let $h$ be the maximum possible height of a table constructed from triangle $ABC$ whose top is parallel to the floor. Then $h$ can be written in the form $\frac{k\sqrt{m}}{n}$, where $k$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers and $m$ is a positive integer that is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find $k+m+n$.
[asy] unitsize(1 cm); pair translate; pair[] A, B, C, U, V, W, X, Y, Z; A[0] = (1.5,2.8); B[0] = (3.2,0); C[0] = (0,0); U[0] = (0.69*A[0] + 0.31*B[0]); V[0] = (0.69*A[0] + 0.31*C[0]); W[0] = (0.69*C[0] + 0.31*A[0]); X[0] = (0.69*C[0] + 0.31*B[0]); Y[0] = (0.69*B[0] + 0.31*C[0]); Z[0] = (0.69*B[0] + 0.31*A[0]); translate = (7,0); A[1] = (1.3,1.1) + translate; B[1] = (2.4,-0.7) + translate; C[1] = (0.6,-0.7) + translate; U[1] = U[0] + translate; V[1] = V[0] + translate; W[1] = W[0] + translate; X[1] = X[0] + translate; Y[1] = Y[0] + translate; Z[1] = Z[0] + translate; draw (A[0]--B[0]--C[0]--cycle); draw (U[0]--V[0],dashed); draw (W[0]--X[0],dashed); draw (Y[0]--Z[0],dashed); draw (U[1]--V[1]--W[1]--X[1]--Y[1]--Z[1]--cycle); draw (U[1]--A[1]--V[1],dashed); draw (W[1]--C[1]--X[1]); draw (Y[1]--B[1]--Z[1]); dot("$A$",A[0],N); dot("$B$",B[0],SE); dot("$C$",C[0],SW); dot("$U$",U[0],NE); dot("$V$",V[0],NW); dot("$W$",W[0],NW); dot("$X$",X[0],S); dot("$Y$",Y[0],S); dot("$Z$",Z[0],NE); dot(A[1]); dot(B[1]); dot(C[1]); dot("$U$",U[1],NE); dot("$V$",V[1],NW); dot("$W$",W[1],NW); dot("$X$",X[1],dir(-70)); dot("$Y$",Y[1],dir(250)); dot("$Z$",Z[1],NE);[/asy]
| Level 5 | Note that the area is given by Heron's formula and it is $20\sqrt{221}$. Let $h_i$ denote the length of the altitude dropped from vertex i. It follows that $h_b = \frac{40\sqrt{221}}{27}, h_c = \frac{40\sqrt{221}}{30}, h_a = \frac{40\sqrt{221}}{23}$. From similar triangles we can see that $\frac{27h}{h_a}+\frac{27h}{h_c} \le 27 \rightarrow h \le \frac{h_ah_c}{h_a+h_c}$. We can see this is true for any combination of a,b,c and thus the minimum of the upper bounds for h yields $h = \frac{40\sqrt{221}}{57} \rightarrow \boxed{318}$. | Geometry |
In $\Delta ABC$, $\overline{DE} \parallel \overline{AB}, CD = 4$ cm, $DA = 10$ cm, and $CE = 6$ cm. What is the number of centimeters in the length of $\overline{CB}$?
[asy]pair A,B,C,D,E;
A = (-2,-4); B = (4,-4); C = (0,0); D = A/3; E = B/3;
draw(E--D--C--B--A--D);
label("A",A,W); label("B",B,dir(0)); label("C",C,N); label("D",D,W);
label("E",E,dir(0));
[/asy] | Level 2 | Since $DE \parallel AB,$ we know that $\angle CDE = \angle CAB$ and $\angle CED = \angle CBA.$ Therefore, by AA similarity, we have $\triangle ABC \sim DEC.$ Then, we find: \begin{align*}
\frac{CB}{CE} &= \frac{CA}{CD} = \frac{CD + DA}{CD}\\
\frac{CB}{6\text{ cm}} &= \frac{4\text{ cm} + 10\text{ cm}}{4\text{ cm}} = \frac{7}{2}\\
CB &= 6\text{cm} \cdot \frac{7}{2} = \boxed{21}\text{ cm}.
\end{align*} | Geometry |
Let $x$ and $y$ be positive real numbers. Find the minimum value of
\[\frac{\sqrt{(x^2 + y^2)(3x^2 + y^2)}}{xy}.\] | Level 5 | By Cauchy-Schwarz,
\[(y^2 + x^2)(3x^2 + y^2) \ge (xy \sqrt{3} + xy)^2,\]so
\[\frac{\sqrt{(x^2 + y^2)(3x^2 + y^2)}}{xy} \ge 1 + \sqrt{3}.\]Equality occurs when $\frac{y^2}{3x^2} = \frac{x^2}{y^2},$ or $y = x \sqrt[4]{3},$ so the minimum value is $\boxed{1 + \sqrt{3}}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
Let $p(x)$ be a polynomial of degree 6 such that
\[p(2^n) = \frac{1}{2^n}\]for $n = 0,$ 1, 2, $\dots,$ 6. Find $p(0).$ | Level 5 | Let $q(x) = xp(x) - 1.$ Then $q(x)$ has degree 7, and $q(2^n) = 0$ for $n = 0,$ 1, 2, $\dots,$ 6, so
\[q(x) = c(x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 2^2) \dotsm (x - 2^6)\]for some constant $c.$
We know that $q(0) = 0 \cdot p(0) - 1.$ Setting $x = 0$ in the equation above, we get
\[q(0) = c(-1)(-2)(-2^2) \dotsm (-2^6) = -2^{21} c,\]so $c = \frac{1}{2^{21}}.$ Hence,
\begin{align*}
q(x) &= \frac{(x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 2^2) \dotsm (x - 2^6)}{2^{21}} \\
&= (x - 1) \left( \frac{x}{2} - 1 \right) \left( \frac{x}{2^2} - 1 \right) \dotsm \left( \frac{x}{2^6} - 1 \right).
\end{align*}The coefficient of $x$ in $q(x)$ is then
\begin{align*}
&[(1)(-1)(-1) \dotsm (-1)] + \left[ (-1) \left( \frac{1}{2} \right) (-1) \dotsm (-1) \right] + \left[ (-1)(-1) \left( \frac{1}{2^2} \right) \dotsm (-1) \right] + \left[ (-1) \dotsm (-1) \left( -\frac{1}{2^6} \right) \right] \\
&= 1 + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^2} + \dots + \frac{1}{2^6} = \frac{1 - \frac{1}{2^7}}{1 - \frac{1}{2}} = 2 - \frac{1}{64} = \frac{127}{64}.
\end{align*}Also, the constant coefficient in $q(x)$ is $-1,$ so $q(x)$ is of the form
\[q(x) = \frac{1}{2^{21}} x^7 + \dots + \frac{127}{64} x - 1.\]Then
\[p(x) = \frac{q(x) + 1}{x} = \frac{1}{2^{21}} x^6 + \dots + \frac{127}{64}.\]Therefore, $p(0) = \boxed{\frac{127}{64}}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
Quadrilateral $ABCD$ has right angles at $B$ and $C$, $\triangle ABC \sim \triangle BCD$, and $AB > BC$. There is a point $E$ in the interior of $ABCD$ such that $\triangle ABC \sim \triangle CEB$ and the area of $\triangle AED$ is $17$ times the area of $\triangle CEB$. What is $\tfrac{AB}{BC}$?
$\textbf{(A) } 1+\sqrt{2} \qquad \textbf{(B) } 2 + \sqrt{2} \qquad \textbf{(C) } \sqrt{17} \qquad \textbf{(D) } 2 + \sqrt{5} \qquad \textbf{(E) } 1 + 2\sqrt{3}$
| Level 5 | Let $CD=1$, $BC=x$, and $AB=x^2$. Note that $AB/BC=x$. By the Pythagorean Theorem, $BD=\sqrt{x^2+1}$. Since $\triangle BCD \sim \triangle ABC \sim \triangle CEB$, the ratios of side lengths must be equal. Since $BC=x$, $CE=\frac{x^2}{\sqrt{x^2+1}}$ and $BE=\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+1}}$. Let F be a point on $\overline{BC}$ such that $\overline{EF}$ is an altitude of triangle $CEB$. Note that $\triangle CEB \sim \triangle CFE \sim \triangle EFB$. Therefore, $BF=\frac{x}{x^2+1}$ and $CF=\frac{x^3}{x^2+1}$. Since $\overline{CF}$ and $\overline{BF}$ form altitudes of triangles $CED$ and $BEA$, respectively, the areas of these triangles can be calculated. Additionally, the area of triangle $BEC$ can be calculated, as it is a right triangle. Solving for each of these yields:\[[BEC]=[CED]=[BEA]=(x^3)/(2(x^2+1))\]\[[ABCD]=[AED]+[DEC]+[CEB]+[BEA]\]\[(AB+CD)(BC)/2= 17*[CEB]+ [CEB] + [CEB] + [CEB]\]\[(x^3+x)/2=(20x^3)/(2(x^2+1))\]\[(x)(x^2+1)=20x^3/(x^2+1)\]\[(x^2+1)^2=20x^2\]\[x^4-18x^2+1=0 \implies x^2=9+4\sqrt{5}=4+2(2\sqrt{5})+5\]Therefore, the answer is $\boxed{2+\sqrt{5}}$ | Geometry |
The function $f$ defined by $f(x)= \frac{ax+b}{cx+d}$, where $a$,$b$,$c$ and $d$ are nonzero real numbers, has the properties $f(19)=19$, $f(97)=97$ and $f(f(x))=x$ for all values except $\frac{-d}{c}$. Find the unique number that is not in the range of $f$. | Level 4 | Writing out the equation $f(f(x)) = x$, we have \[f\left(\frac{ax+b}{cx+d}\right) = x \implies \frac{a \cdot \frac{ax+b}{cx+d} + b}{c \cdot \frac{ax+b}{cx+d} + d} = x \implies \frac{a(ax+b)+b(cx+d)}{c(ax+b)+d(cx+d)} = x\]or \[(a^2+bc)x + (ab+bd) = (ac+cd)x^2 + (bc+d^2)x.\]Since this equation holds for infinitely many distinct values of $x$, the corresponding coefficients must be equal. Thus, \[ab+bd = 0, \quad a^2+bc = bc+d^2, \quad ac+cd=0.\]Since $b$ and $c$ are nonzero, the first and last equations simplify to $a +d=0$, so $d=-a$, and then the second equation is automatically satisfied. Therefore, all we have from $f(f(x)) = x$ is $d=-a$. That is, \[f(x) = \frac{ax+b}{cx-a}.\]Now, using $f(19) = 19$ and $f(97) = 97$, we get \[19 = \frac{19a+b}{19c-a} \quad \text{and} \quad 97 = \frac{97a+b}{97c-a}.\]These equations become \[b = 19^2 c - 2\cdot 19 a = 97^2 c - 2 \cdot 97 a.\]At this point, we look at what we want to find: the unique number not in the range of $f$. To find this number, we try to find an expression for $f^{-1}(x)$. If $f(x) = \frac{ax+b}{cx+d}$, then $cxf(x) + df(x) = ax+b$, so $x(a-cf(x)) = df(x) - b$, and so $x = \frac{df(x)-b}{a-cf(x)}$. Thus, \[f^{-1}(x) = \frac{dx-b}{a-cx}.\]Since $x = a/c$ is not in the domain of $f^{-1}(x)$, we see that $a/c$ is not in the range of $f(x)$.
Now we can find $a/c$: we have \[19^2 c - 2 \cdot 19 a = 97^2 c - 2 \cdot 97 a,\]so \[2 \cdot(97-19) a = (97^2 - 19^2) c.\]Thus \[\frac{a}{c} = \frac{97^2-19^2}{2 \cdot (97-19)} = \frac{97+19}{2} = \boxed{58}\]by the difference of squares factorization. | Intermediate Algebra |
Circles centered at $A$ and $B$ each have radius 2, as shown. Point $O$ is the midpoint of $\overline{AB}$, and $OA=2\sqrt{2}$. Segments $OC$ and $OD$ are tangent to the circles centered at $A$ and $B$, respectively, and $\overline{EF}$ is a common tangent. What is the area of the shaded region $ECODF$?
[asy]unitsize(1cm);
pair A,B,C,D,G,F,O;
A=(-2.8,0); B=(2.8,0); C=(-1.4,1.4);
D=(1.4,1.4); G=(-2.8,2); F=(2.8,2);
O=(0,0);
draw(A--B);
draw(G--F);
draw(O--C);
draw(O--D);
fill(O--D--F--G--C--cycle,gray(0.6));
draw(A--(-2.8,-2));
draw(B--(2.8,-2));
label("2",(-2.8,-1),W);
label("2",(2.8,-1),E);
dot(A);
dot(B);
dot(C);
dot(D);
dot(G);
dot(F);
dot(O);
fill((-2,1.85)..C--G..cycle,white);
fill((2,1.85)..D--F..cycle,white);
label("$A$",A,W);
label("$B$",B,E);
label("$C$",C,SW);
label("$D$",D,SE);
label("$E$",G,N);
label("$F$",F,N);
label("$O$",O,S);
draw(Circle(A,2));
draw(Circle(B,2));
[/asy] | Level 5 | Rectangle $ABFE$ has area $AE\cdot AB=2\cdot
4\sqrt{2}=8\sqrt{2}$. Right triangles $ACO$ and $BDO$ each have hypotenuse $2\sqrt{2}$ and one leg of length 2.
[asy]unitsize(1cm);
pair A,B,C,D,G,F,O;
A=(-2.8,0); B=(2.8,0); C=(-1.4,1.4);
D=(1.4,1.4); G=(-2.8,2); F=(2.8,2);
O=(0,0);
draw(A--B,linewidth(0.8));
draw(G--F,linewidth(0.8));
draw(O--C,linewidth(0.8));
draw(O--D,linewidth(0.8));
fill(O--D--F--G--C--cycle,gray(0.6));
dot(A);
dot(B);
dot(C);
dot(D);
dot(G);
dot(F);
dot(O);
fill((-2,1.85)..C--G..cycle,white);
fill((2,1.85)..D--F..cycle,white);
label("$A$",A,W);
label("$B$",B,E);
label("$C$",C,NE);
label("$D$",D,NW);
label("$E$",G,N);
label("$F$",F,N);
label("$O$",O,S);
draw(Circle(A,2),linewidth(0.8));
draw(Circle(B,2),linewidth(0.8));
draw(A--G);
draw(A--C);
draw(B--F);
draw(B--D);
label("2",(-2.1,0.7),SE);
label("2",(2.1,0.7),SW);
[/asy]
Hence they are each isosceles, and each has area $(1/2)\left(2^2\right)=2$. Angles $CAE$ and $DBF$ are each $45^\circ$, so sectors $CAE$ and $DBF$ each have area \[
\frac{1}{8}\cdot \pi \cdot 2^2 = \frac{\pi}{2}.
\] Thus the area of the shaded region is \[
8\sqrt{2}-2\cdot 2 -2\cdot\frac{\pi}{2}=\boxed{8\sqrt{2}-4-\pi}.
\] | Geometry |
Let $f(n)$ be the base-10 logarithm of the sum of the elements of the $n$th row in Pascal's triangle. Express $\frac{f(n)}{\log_{10} 2}$ in terms of $n$. Recall that Pascal's triangle begins
\begin{tabular}{rccccccccc}
$n=0$:& & & & & 1\\\noalign{\smallskip\smallskip}
$n=1$:& & & & 1 & & 1\\\noalign{\smallskip\smallskip}
$n=2$:& & & 1 & & 2 & & 1\\\noalign{\smallskip\smallskip}
$n=3$:& & 1 & & 3 & & 3 & & 1\\\noalign{\smallskip\smallskip}
$n=4$:& 1 & & 4 & & 6 & & 4 & & 1\\\noalign{\smallskip\smallskip}
& & & & & $\vdots$ & & & &
\end{tabular} | Level 4 | Computing the sums of the entries in the first few rows suggestions that the sum of the entries in row $n$ is $2^n$. Indeed, one way to prove this formula is to note that the $k$th entry of the $n$th row is $\binom{n}{k}$ (if we say that the entries in the $n$th row are numbered $k=0,1,\dots,n$). We have \[
\binom{n}{0}+\binom{n}{1}+\binom{n}{2}+\dots +\binom{n}{n} = 2^n,
\]since both sides calculate the number of ways to choose some subset of $n$ objects. It follows that $f(n)=\log_{10} (2^n)$, which means that $\frac{f(n)}{\log_{10} 2}=\frac{\log_{10} (2^n)}{\log_{10} 2}$. Applying the change of base formula gives us $\log_2 (2^n)=\boxed{n}$. | Intermediate Algebra |
Find $\cos C$ in the right triangle shown below.
[asy]
pair A,B,C;
A = (0,0);
B = (6,0);
C = (0,8);
draw(A--B--C--A);
draw(rightanglemark(B,A,C,10));
label("$A$",A,SW);
label("$B$",B,SE);
label("$C$",C,N);
label("$10$",(B+C)/2,NE);
label("$6$",B/2,S);
[/asy] | Level 2 | The Pythagorean Theorem gives us $AC = \sqrt{BC^2 - AB^2} = \sqrt{100 - 36} = \sqrt{64}=8$, so $\cos C = \frac{AC}{BC} = \frac{8}{10} = \boxed{\frac45}$. | Geometry |
Determine $\sqrt[6]{1061520150601}$ without a calculator. | Level 4 | We can write
\begin{align*}
1061520150601 &= 1 \cdot 100^6 + 6 \cdot 100^5 + 15 \cdot 100^4\\
&\quad + 20 \cdot 100^3+ 15 \cdot 100^2 + 6 \cdot 100 + 1. \\
\end{align*}Notice that the cofficients on powers of 100 are all binomial. In fact, we have
\begin{align*}
1061520150601 &= \binom66 \cdot 100^6 + \binom65 \cdot 100^5 + \binom64 \cdot 100^4 \\
&\quad+ \binom63 \cdot 100^3 + \binom62 \cdot 100^2 + \binom61 \cdot 100 + \binom60.\\
\end{align*}By the binomial theorem, this is equal to $(100 + 1)^6$, so its sixth root is $\boxed{101}$. | Counting & Probability |
The polynomial $x^3 - 2004 x^2 + mx + n$ has integer coefficients and three distinct positive zeros. Exactly one of these is an integer, and it is the sum of the other two. How many values of $n$ are possible? | Level 5 | Let $a$ denote the zero that is an integer. Because the coefficient of $x^3$ is 1, there can be no other rational zeros, so the two other zeros must be $\frac{a}{2} \pm r$ for some irrational number $r$. The polynomial is then \[(x-a) \left( x - \frac{a}{2} - r \right) \left( x - \frac{a}{2} + r \right) = x^3 - 2ax^2 + \left( \frac{5}{4}a^2 - r^2 \right) x - a \left( \frac{1}{4}a^2 - r^2 \right).\]Therefore $a=1002$ and the polynomial is \[x^3 - 2004 x^2 + (5(501)^2 - r^2)x - 1002((501)^2-r^2).\]All coefficients are integers if and only if $r^2$ is an integer, and the zeros are positive and distinct if and only if $1 \leq r^2
\leq 501^2 - 1 = 251000$. Because $r$ cannot be an integer, there are $251000 - 500 = \boxed{250500}$ possible values of $n$. | Intermediate Algebra |
In right triangle $ABC$ with $\angle A = 90^\circ$, we have $AB =16$ and $BC = 24$. Find $\sin A$. | Level 3 | Since $\angle A = 90^\circ$, we have $\sin A = \sin 90^\circ= \boxed{1}$. | Geometry |
In the diagram, $\triangle ABE$, $\triangle BCE$ and $\triangle CDE$ are right-angled, with $\angle AEB=\angle BEC = \angle CED = 60^\circ$, and $AE=24$. [asy]
pair A, B, C, D, E;
A=(0,20.785);
B=(0,0);
C=(9,-5.196);
D=(13.5,-2.598);
E=(12,0);
draw(A--B--C--D--E--A);
draw(B--E);
draw(C--E);
label("A", A, N);
label("B", B, W);
label("C", C, SW);
label("D", D, dir(0));
label("E", E, NE);
[/asy] Find the perimeter of quadrilateral $ABCD.$ | Level 3 | Recognizing that all our triangles in the diagram are 30-60-90 triangles, we recall that the ratio of the longer leg to the hypotenuse in such a triangle is $\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$. Therefore, we can see that: \begin{align*}
AB & = 24 \left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) = 12\sqrt{3}\\
BC & = 12 \left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) = 6\sqrt{3}\\
CD & = 6 \left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) = 3\sqrt{3}\\
ED & = 6 \left(\frac{1}{2}\right) = 3
\end{align*} The perimeter of quadrilateral $ABCD$ is equal to $AB+BC+CD+DA$ and $DA=DE+EA$, so the perimeter is $12\sqrt{3}+6\sqrt{3}+3\sqrt{3}+3+24 = \boxed{27+21\sqrt{3}}$. | Geometry |
Which of the cones below can be formed from a $252^{\circ}$ sector of a circle of radius 10 by aligning the two straight sides?
[asy]
draw((5.8,8.1)..(-10,0)--(0,0)--(3.1,-9.5)..cycle);
label("10",(-5,0),S);
label("$252^{\circ}$",(0,0),NE);
[/asy]
A. base radius = 6, slant =10
B. base radius = 6, height =10
C. base radius = 7, slant =10
D. base radius = 7, height =10
E. base radius = 8, slant = 10 | Level 3 | The slant height of the cone is equal to the radius of the sector, or $10$. The circumference of the base of the cone is equal to the length of the sector's arc, or $\frac{252^\circ}{360^\circ}(20\pi) = 14\pi$. The radius of a circle with circumference $14\pi$ is $7$. Hence the answer is $\boxed{C}$. | Geometry |
What is the area, in square units, of triangle $ABC$? [asy]
unitsize(1.5mm);
defaultpen(linewidth(.7pt)+fontsize(8pt));
dotfactor=4;
pair A=(-3,1), B=(7,1), C=(5,-3);
pair[] dots={A,B,C};
real[] xticks={-4,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8};
real[] yticks={3,2,1,-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6,-7};
draw(A--B--C--cycle);
dot(dots);
label("A(-3,1)",A,N);
label("B(7,1)",B,N);
label("C(5,-3)",C,S);
xaxis(-5,9,Ticks(" ", xticks, 3),Arrows(4));
yaxis(-8,4,Ticks(" ", yticks, 3),Arrows(4));
[/asy] | Level 2 | Use the area formula $\frac{1}{2}(\text{base})(\text{height})$ with $AB$ as the base to find the area of triangle $ABC$. We find $AB=7-(-3)=10$ by subtracting the $x$-coordinates of $A$ and $B$. Let $D$ be the foot of the perpendicular line drawn from $C$ to line $AB$. We find a height of $CD=1-(-3)=4$ by subtracting the $y$-coordinates of $C$ and $D$. The area of the triangle is $\frac{1}{2}(10)(4)=\boxed{20\text{ square units}}$.
[asy]
unitsize(2mm);
defaultpen(linewidth(.7pt)+fontsize(8pt));
dotfactor=4;
pair A=(-3,1), B=(7,1), C=(5,-3), D=(5,1);
pair[] dots={A,B,C,D};
real[] xticks={-4,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8};
real[] yticks={3,2,1,-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6,-7};
draw(A--B--C--cycle);
dot(dots);
label("A(-3,1)",A,N);
label("B(7,1)",B,NE);
label("C(5,-3)",C,S);
label("D(5,1)",D,N);
xaxis(-5,9,Ticks(" ", xticks, 3),Arrows(4));
yaxis(-8,4,Ticks(" ", yticks, 3),Arrows(4));[/asy] | Geometry |
Points $A$, $B$, $Q$, $D$, and $C$ lie on the circle shown and the measures of arcs $BQ$ and $QD$ are $42^\circ$ and $38^\circ$, respectively. Find the sum of the measures of angles $P$ and $Q$, in degrees.
[asy]
import graph;
unitsize(2 cm);
pair A, B, C, D, P, Q;
A = dir(160);
B = dir(45);
C = dir(190);
D = dir(-30);
P = extension(A,B,C,D);
Q = dir(0);
draw(Circle((0,0),1));
draw(B--P--D);
draw(A--Q--C);
label("$A$", A, NW);
label("$B$", B, NE);
label("$C$", C, SW);
label("$D$", D, SE);
label("$P$", P, W);
label("$Q$", Q, E);
[/asy] | Level 4 | We have that $\angle P = (\text{arc } BD - \text{arc } AC)/2$ and $\angle Q = (\text{arc } AC)/2$. Hence, $\angle P + \angle Q = (\text{arc } BD)/2 = (42^\circ + 38^\circ)/2 = \boxed{40^\circ}$. | Geometry |
A line with slope of $-2$ intersects the positive $x$-axis at $A$ and the positive $y$-axis at $B$. A second line intersects the $x$-axis at $C(8,0)$ and the $y$-axis at $D$. The lines intersect at $E(4,4)$. What is the area of the shaded quadrilateral $OBEC$? [asy]
draw((0,-1)--(0,13));
draw((-1,0)--(10,0));
fill((0,0)--(0,8)--(8,0)--cycle,gray);
fill((0,0)--(0,12)--(6,0)--cycle,gray);
draw((0,0)--(0,12)--(6,0)--cycle,linewidth(1));
draw((0,0)--(0,8)--(8,0)--cycle,linewidth(1));
label("O",(0,0),SE);
label("A",(6,0),S);
label("C(8,0)",(9.5,0),S);
label("E(4,4)",(4,4),NE);
label("B",(0,12),W);
label("D",(0,8),W);
[/asy] | Level 4 | First, we can create a square with the points $O$ and $E$ as opposite corners. Label the other two points as $X$ and $Y$ with $X$ on $OC$ and $Y$ on $OB$. We get that $X$ is $(4,0)$ and $Y$ is $(0,4)$.
We can find the area of the figure by finding the area of the square and the two triangles created.
The area of the square is $4 \cdot 4 =16.$
The two triangles are right triangles. The first one, $XCE$, has legs $XC$ and $XE$ of length $4$, so the area is $\frac{4 \cdot 4}{2}=8$.
To find the area of the other triangle, we must find the coordinates of $B (0,y)$. The slope of $BE$ is of slope $-2$. Therefore, $\frac{y-4}{0-4}=-2$.
Solving for $y$, we get $y=12.$ Then, the leg of the second triangle $BY$ is $12-4=8$. The area of the triangle $YEB$ is thus $\frac{8 \cdot 4}{2}=16.$
Adding the areas of the three areas together, $16+16+8=\boxed{40}.$ | Geometry |
How many values of $x$ with $0^\circ \le x < 360^\circ$ satisfy $\sin x = -0.73$? | Level 4 | [asy]
pair A,C,P,O,D;
draw((0,-1.2)--(0,1.2),p=black+1.2bp,Arrows(0.15cm));
draw((-1.2,0)--(1.2,0),p=black+1.2bp,Arrows(0.15cm));
A = (1,0);
O= (0,0);
label("$x$",(1.2,0),SE);
label("$y$",(0,1.2),NE);
P = rotate(150)*A;
D = foot(P,A,-A);
draw(Circle(O,1));
label("$O$",O,SE);
draw((-1,-0.73)--(1,-0.73),red);
[/asy]
For each point on the unit circle with $y$-coordinate equal to $-0.73$, there is a corresponding angle whose sine is $-0.73$. There are two such points; these are the intersections of the unit circle and the line $y=-0.73$, shown in red above. Therefore, there are $\boxed{2}$ values of $x$ with $0^\circ \le x < 360^\circ$ such that $\sin x = -0.73$. | Geometry |
Let $z$ be a complex number that satisfies
\[|z - 3i| + |z - 4| = 5.\]Find the minimum value of $|z|.$ | Level 5 | By the Triangle Inequality,
\[|z - 3i| + |z - 4| = |z - 4| + |3i - z| \ge |(z - 4) + (3i - z)| = |-4 + 3i| = 5.\]But we are told that $|z - 3i| + |z - 4| = 5.$ The only way that equality can occur is if $z$ lies on the line segment connecting 4 and $3i$ in the complex plane.
[asy]
unitsize(1 cm);
pair Z = interp((0,3),(4,0),0.6);
pair P = ((0,0) + reflect((4,0),(0,3))*(0,0))/2;
draw((4,0)--(0,3),red);
draw((-1,0)--(5,0));
draw((0,-1)--(0,4));
draw((0,0)--Z);
draw((0,0)--P);
draw(rightanglemark((0,0),P,(4,0),8));
dot("$4$", (4,0), S);
dot("$3i$", (0,3), W);
dot("$z$", Z, NE);
label("$h$", P/2, NW);
[/asy]
We want to minimize $|z|$. We see that $|z|$ is minimized when $z$ coincides with the projection of the origin onto the line segment.
The area of the triangle with vertices 0, 4, and $3i$ is
\[\frac{1}{2} \cdot 4 \cdot 3 = 6.\]This area is also
\[\frac{1}{2} \cdot 5 \cdot h = \frac{5h}{2},\]so $h = \boxed{\frac{12}{5}}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
In how many ways can I choose 3 captains from a team of 11 people? | Level 2 | Since the order that we choose the captains in doesn't matter, we can choose 3 of them out of 11 players in $\binom{11}{3}=\boxed{165}$ ways. | Counting & Probability |
The region shown is bounded by the arcs of circles having radius 4 units, having a central angle measure of 60 degrees and intersecting at points of tangency. The area of the region can be expressed in the form $a\sqrt{b}+c\pi$ square units, where $\sqrt{b}$ is a radical in simplest form. What is the value of $a + b + c$?
[asy]
size(150);
draw(arc((-2,0),2,0,60));
draw(arc((0,3.464),2,-60,-120));
draw(arc((2,0),2,120,180));
[/asy] | Level 5 | Consider point $A$ at the center of the diagram. Drawing in lines as shown below divides the region into 3 parts with equal areas. Because the full circle around point $A$ is divided into 3 angles of equal measure, each of these angles is 120 degrees in measure.
[asy]
size(150);
pair A, B, C, D;
A=(0,1.155);
B=(0,0);
C=(-1,1.732);
D=(1,1.732);
draw(arc((-2,0),2,0,60));
draw(arc((0,3.464),2,-60,-120));
draw(arc((2,0),2,120,180));
dot(A);
label("A", A, N);
draw(A--B);
draw(A--C);
draw(A--D);
[/asy] Now consider a circle of radius 4 inscribed inside a regular hexagon:
[asy]
size(150);
pair O, A, B, C, D, E, F, M;
O=(0,0);
A=(-4.619,0);
B=(-2.309,4);
C=(2.309,4);
D=(4.619,0);
E=(2.309,-4);
F=(-2.309,-4);
M=(A+B)/2;
draw(circle(O,4));
draw(A--B--C--D--E--F--A);
label("A", A, W);
label("B", B, NW);
label("O", O, SE);
label("C", C, NE);
label("D", D, E);
label("E", E, SE);
label("F", F, SW);
label("M", M, NW);
draw(A--O);
draw(B--O);
draw(M--O);
label("$4$", 3M/4, NE);
[/asy] Now, the pieces of area inside the hexagon but outside the circle are identical to the pieces of area the original region was divided into. There were 3 pieces in the original diagram, but there are 6 in the hexagon picture. Thus, the area of the original region is the half the area inside the hexagon but outside the circle.
Because $ABO$ is equilateral, $BMO$ is a 30-60-90 right triangle, so $BM=\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}$. Thus, the side length of the equilateral triangle is $AB=2BM=\frac{8}{\sqrt{3}}$. Now we know the base $AB$ and the height $MO$ so we can find the area of triangle $ABO$ to be $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{8}{\sqrt{3}} \cdot 4=\frac{16}{\sqrt{3}}=\frac{16\sqrt{3}}{3}$. The entirety of hexagon $ABCDEF$ can be divided into 6 such triangles, so the area of $ABCDEF$ is $\frac{16\sqrt{3}}{3} \cdot 6 = 32\sqrt{3}$. The area of the circle is $\pi 4^2=16\pi$. Thus, the area inside the heagon but outside the circle is $32\sqrt{3}-16\pi$. Thus, the area of the original region is $\frac{32\sqrt{3}-16\pi}{2}=16\sqrt{3}-8\pi$.
Now we have $a=16$, $b=3$ and $c=-8$. Adding, we get $16+3+(-8)=\boxed{11}$. | Geometry |
Six small circles, each of radius $3$ units, are tangent to a large circle as shown. Each small circle also is tangent to its two neighboring small circles. What is the diameter of the large circle in units? [asy]
draw(Circle((-2,0),1));
draw(Circle((2,0),1));
draw(Circle((-1,1.73205081),1));
draw(Circle((1,1.73205081),1));
draw(Circle((-1,-1.73205081),1));
draw(Circle((1,-1.73205081),1));
draw(Circle((0,0),3));
[/asy] | Level 3 | We can draw two similar hexagons, an outer one for which the large circle is the circumcircle and an inner one that connects the centers of the smaller circles. We know that the sidelength of the inner hexagon is 6 since $\overline{DE}$ consists of the radii of two small circles. We also know that the radius of the outer hexagon is 3 units longer than the radius of the inner hexagon since $\overline{AD}$ is the radius of a small circle. There are now several approaches to solving the problem.
$\emph{Approach 1:}$ We use a 30-60-90 triangle to find the radius $\overline{CD}$ of the inner hexagon. Triangle $CED$ is an isosceles triangle since $\overline{CE}$ and $\overline{CD}$ are both radii of a regular hexagon. So dropping a perpendicular from $C$ to $\overline{DE}$ bisects $\angle C$ and $\overline{DE}$ and creates two congruent right triangles. The central angle of a hexagon has a measure of $\frac{360^\circ}{6}=60^\circ$. So $m\angle C=60^\circ$. Each right triangle has a leg of length $\frac{DE}{2}=3$ and is a 30-60-90 right triangle (since $\angle C$ was bisected into two angles of $30^\circ$). That makes the length of the hypotenuse (the radius of the inner hexagon) two times the length of the short leg, or $2\cdot3=6$. Now we know that the radius of the outer hexagon is $6+3=9$, so the diameter is $\boxed{18}$ units long.
$\emph{Approach 2:}$ We prove that the triangles formed by the center to two vertices of a regular hexagon (such as $\triangle CED$ and $\triangle CBA$) are equilateral triangles. The central angle of a hexagon has a measure of $\frac{360^\circ}{60}=60^\circ$. So $m\angle C=60^\circ$. The interior angle of a hexagon has a measure of $\frac{180^\circ (6-2)}{6}=\frac{180^\circ \cdot4}{6}=30^\circ \cdot4=120^\circ$. That means the other two angles in the triangle each have a measure of half the interior angle, or $60^\circ$. All three angles equal $60^\circ$ so the triangle is an equilateral triangle. Then we know that $CD=DE=6$. Now we know that the radius of the outer hexagon is $6+3=9$, so the diameter is $\boxed{18}$ units long.
$\emph{Approach 3:}$ Another way to prove that the triangles are equilateral is to show that triangle $CED$ is an isosceles triangle and $m\angle C=60^\circ$ (see other approaches for how). That means $m\angle D=m\angle E$ and $m\angle D+ m\angle E=120^\circ$. Then all three angles have a measure of $60^\circ$ each. We continue the rest of approach 2 after proving that triangle $CED$ is equilateral.
[asy]
unitsize(1 cm);
draw(Circle((-2,0),1));
draw(Circle((2,0),1));
draw(Circle((-1,1.73205081),1));
draw(Circle((1,1.73205081),1));
draw(Circle((-1,-1.73205081),1));
draw(Circle((1,-1.73205081),1));
draw(Circle((0,0),3));
pair A=(3,0), B=(1.5, 2.598), C=(0,0), D=(-1.5, 2.598), E=(-3,0), F=(-1.5, -2.598), G=(1.5, -2.598);
pair H=(2,0), I=(1, 1.732), J=(-1, 1.732), K=(-2,0), L=(-1, -1.732), M=(1, -1.732);
path f1=A--B--D--E--F--G--cycle;
path f2=H--I--J--K--L--M--cycle;
draw(f2);
draw(f1);
draw(B--C);
draw(A--C);
draw(C--(H+I)/2);
pen sm=fontsize(10);
label("A", A, NE, sm); label("B", B, NE, sm); label("C",C,W, sm);
label("D", H, NE, sm); label("E", I, NE, sm);
label("$6$", (H+I)/2, NE, sm);
label("$3$", (A+H)/2, S, sm);
[/asy] | Geometry |
A circular cylindrical post with a circumference of 4 feet has a string wrapped around it, spiraling from the bottom of the post to the top of the post. The string evenly loops around the post exactly four full times, starting at the bottom edge and finishing at the top edge. The height of the post is 12 feet. What is the length, in feet, of the string?
[asy]
size(150);
draw((0,0)--(0,20)..(1,19.5)..(2,20)--(2,0)..(1,-.5)..(0,0),linewidth(1));
draw((0,20)..(1,20.5)..(2,20),linewidth(1));
draw((1,19.5)--(0,18.5),linewidth(1));
draw((2,.5)--(1,-.5),linewidth(1));
draw((2,16)--(0,14),linewidth(1));
draw((2,11)--(0,9),linewidth(1));
draw((2,6)--(0,4),linewidth(1));
[/asy] | Level 5 | Each time the string spirals around the post, it travels 3 feet up and 4 feet around the post. If we were to unroll this path, it would look like: [asy]
size(150);
draw((0,0)--(0,3)--(4,3)--(4,0)--cycle, linewidth(.7));
draw((0,0)--(4,3),linewidth(.7));
label("3",(0,1.5),W);
label("4",(2,3),N);
[/asy] Clearly, a 3-4-5 right triangle has been formed. For each time around the post, the string has length 5. So, the total length of the string will be $4\cdot 5=\boxed{20}$ feet. | Geometry |
Find the number of functions $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ such that
\[f(x + f(y)) = x + y\]for all real numbers $x$ and $y.$ | Level 3 | Setting $x = -f(y),$ we get
\[f(0) = -f(y) + y,\]so $f(y) = y - f(0)$ for all real numbers $x.$ Then the given functional equation becomes
\[f(x + y - f(0)) = x + y,\]or $x + y - f(0) - f(0) = x + y.$ Then $f(0) = 0,$ so $f(x) = x$ for all real numbers $x.$ This function does satisfy the given functional equation, giving us $\boxed{1}$ solution. | Intermediate Algebra |
In the circle with center $O$, the measure of $\angle RIP$ is $36^\circ$ and $OR=10$ cm. Find the number of centimeters in the length of arc $RP$. Express your answer in terms of $\pi$. [asy]
draw((1,0)..(0,1)..(-1,0)..(0,-1)..cycle);
draw((0,0)--(4/5,3/5)--(-1,0)--(4/5,-3/5)--cycle);
label("$O$",(0,0),W); label("$I$",(-1,0),W); label("$R$",(4/5,3/5),ENE); label("$P$",(4/5,-3/5),ESE);
[/asy] | Level 4 | Since $\angle RIP$ is inscribed in arc $RP$, the measure of arc $RP$ is $2\angle RIP = 72^\circ$. Therefore, arc $RP$ is $\frac{72}{360} =\frac15$ of the circumference of the whole circle. The circle's circumference is $2OR\pi = 20\pi$ cm, so the length of arc $RP$ is $\frac15\cdot 20\pi = \boxed{4\pi}$ cm. | Geometry |
Find all real numbers $x$ such that \[\frac{x^3+2x^2}{x^2+3x+2} + x = -6.\]Enter all the solutions, separated by commas. | Level 3 | We first notice that we can simplify the fraction: \[\frac{x^3+2x^2}{x^2+3x+2} = \frac{x^2(x+2)}{(x+1)(x+2)} = \frac{x^2}{x+1},\]provided that $x \neq -2.$ Therefore, we have \[\frac{x^2}{x+1} + x = -6.\]Multiplying both sides by $x+1$ gives \[x^2 + x(x+1) = -6(x+1),\]or \[2x^2+7x+6=0.\]This equation factors as \[(2x+3)(x+2) = 0,\]so $x = -\tfrac32$ or $x = -2.$ But, as we said before, $x = -2$ is impossible because it makes the denominator of the fraction equal to zero. Therefore, the only valid solution is $x = \boxed{-\tfrac32}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
Let $a_1,a_2,\ldots$ be a sequence determined by the rule $a_n= \frac{a_{n-1}}{2}$ if $a_{n-1}$ is even and $a_n=3a_{n-1}+1$ if $a_{n-1}$ is odd. For how many positive integers $a_1 \le 2008$ is it true that $a_1$ is less than each of $a_2$, $a_3$, and $a_4$? | Level 3 | If $a_1$ is even, then $a_2 = \frac{a_1}{2} < a_1,$ so $a_1$ does not have the given property.
If $a_1$ is of the form $4k + 1,$ then $a_2 = 3(4k + 1) + 1 = 12k + 4,$ $a_3 = 6k + 2,$ and
\[a_4 = 3k + 1 < a_1,\]so $a_1$ does not have the given property in this case either.
If $a_1$ is of the form $4k + 3,$ then $a_2 = 3(4k + 3) + 1 = 12k + 10,$ $a_3 = 6k + 5,$ and
\[a_4 = 3(6k + 5) + 1 = 18k + 16,\]which are all greater than $a_1,$ so in this case, $a_1$ has the given property.
There are $2008/4 = 502$ numbers less than or equal to 2008 that have the form $4k + 3.$ Thus, the answer is $\boxed{502}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
Compute $a^2 + b^2 + c^2,$ given that $a,$ $b,$ and $c$ are the roots of \[2x^3 - x^2 + 4x + 10 = 0.\] | Level 3 | By Vieta's formulas, we know that \[\begin{aligned} a+b+c &= \frac12, \\ ab+bc+ca &= \frac42 = 2, \\ abc &= -\frac{10}2 = -5. \end{aligned}\]We square both sides of $a+b+c=\frac12,$ which will produce the terms $a^2+b^2+c^2$: \[(a+b+c)^2 = a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2bc+2ca = \frac14.\]Substituting $ab+bc+ca=2,$ we have \[a^2+b^2+c^2+2(2)=\frac14,\]so \[a^2+b^2+c^2=\frac14-4=\boxed{-\frac{15}4}.\] | Intermediate Algebra |
$ABCDEFGH$ shown below is a cube with volume 1. Find the volume of pyramid $ABCH$.
[asy]
import three;
triple A,B,C,D,EE,F,G,H;
A = (0,0,0);
B = (1,0,0);
C = (1,1,0);
D= (0,1,0);
EE = (0,0,1);
F = B+EE;
G = C + EE;
H = D + EE;
draw(B--C--D);
draw(B--A--D,dashed);
draw(EE--F--G--H--EE);
draw(A--EE,dashed);
draw(B--F);
draw(C--G);
draw(D--H);
label("$A$",A,S);
label("$B$",B,W);
label("$C$",C,S);
label("$D$",D,E);
label("$E$",EE,N);
label("$F$",F,W);
label("$G$",G,SW);
label("$H$",H,E);
[/asy] | Level 4 | We add the edges of the pyramid to our diagram below.
[asy]
import three;
triple A,B,C,D,EE,F,G,H;
A = (0,0,0);
B = (1,0,0);
C = (1,1,0);
D= (0,1,0);
EE = (0,0,1);
F = B+EE;
G = C + EE;
H = D + EE;
draw(B--C--D);
draw(B--A--D,dashed);
draw(EE--F--G--H--EE);
draw(B--H--A--EE,dashed);
draw(A--C,dashed);
draw(B--F);
draw(C--G);
draw(D--H--C);
label("$A$",A,SSW);
label("$B$",B,W);
label("$C$",C,S);
label("$D$",D,E);
label("$E$",EE,N);
label("$F$",F,W);
label("$G$",G,SW);
label("$H$",H,E);
[/asy]
Taking $ABC$ to be the base of pyramid $ABCH$, the height is $HD$. Since $ABC$ is half unit square $ABCD$, the area of $ABC$ is $\frac12$. Therefore, the volume of pyramid $ABCH$ is \[\frac{[ABC]\cdot HD}{3} = \frac{(1/2)(1)}{3} = \boxed{\frac16}.\] | Geometry |
Let $a$, $b$, and $c$ be the roots of $x^3 - 20x^2 + 18x - 7 = 0$. Compute \[(a+b)^2 + (b+c)^2 + (c+a)^2.\] | Level 4 | Expanding, we get \[(a+b)^2+(b+c)^2+(c+a)^2 = 2(a^2+b^2+c^2) + 2(ab+bc+ca).\]To compute this expression, note that \[(a+b+c)^2 = (a^2+b^2+c^2) + 2(ab+bc+ca).\]Then we can write the given expression in terms of $a+b+c$ and $ab+bc+ca$: \[\begin{aligned} 2(a^2+b^2+c^2) + 2(ab+bc+ca) &=[2(a^2+b^2+c^2) + 4(ab+bc+ca)] - 2(ab+bc+ca) \\ &= 2(a+b+c)^2 - 2(ab+bc+ca). \end{aligned}\]By Vieta's formulas, $a+b+c=20$ and $ab+bc+ca=18$, so the answer is $2 \cdot 20^2 - 2 \cdot 18 = \boxed{764}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
Triangle $PAB$ is formed by three tangents to circle $O$ and $\angle APB = 40^\circ$. Find $\angle AOB$.
[asy]
import graph;
unitsize(1.5 cm);
pair A, B, O, P, R, S, T;
R = dir(115);
S = dir(230);
T = dir(270);
P = extension(R, R + rotate(90)*(R), T, T + rotate(90)*(T));
A = extension(S, S + rotate(90)*(S), T, T + rotate(90)*(T));
B = extension(R, R + rotate(90)*(R), S, S + rotate(90)*(S));
draw(Circle((0,0),1));
draw((R + 0.1*(R - P))--P--(T + 0.1*(T - P)));
draw(A--B--O--cycle);
label("$A$", A, dir(270));
label("$B$", B, NW);
label("$O$", O, NE);
label("$P$", P, SW);
label("$R$", R, NW);
//label("$S$", S, NE);
label("$T$", T, dir(270));
[/asy] | Level 5 | First, from triangle $ABO$, $\angle AOB = 180^\circ - \angle BAO - \angle ABO$. Note that $AO$ bisects $\angle BAT$ (to see this, draw radii from $O$ to $AB$ and $AT,$ creating two congruent right triangles), so $\angle BAO = \angle BAT/2$. Similarly, $\angle ABO = \angle ABR/2$.
Also, $\angle BAT = 180^\circ - \angle BAP$, and $\angle ABR = 180^\circ - \angle ABP$. Hence, \begin{align*}
\angle AOB &= 180^\circ - \angle BAO - \angle ABO \\
&= 180^\circ - \frac{\angle BAT}{2} - \frac{\angle ABR}{2} \\
&= 180^\circ - \frac{180^\circ - \angle BAP}{2} - \frac{180^\circ - \angle ABP}{2} \\
&= \frac{\angle BAP + \angle ABP}{2}.
\end{align*}
Finally, from triangle $ABP$, $\angle BAP + \angle ABP = 180^\circ - \angle APB = 180^\circ - 40^\circ = 140^\circ$, so \[\angle AOB = \frac{\angle BAP + \angle ABP}{2} = \frac{140^\circ}{2} = \boxed{70^\circ}.\] | Geometry |
Given that $O$ is a regular octahedron, that $C$ is the cube whose vertices are the centers of the faces of $O,$ and that the ratio of the volume of $O$ to that of $C$ is $\frac mn,$ where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime integers, find $m+n.$
| Level 5 | [asy] import three; currentprojection = perspective(4,-15,4); defaultpen(linewidth(0.7)); draw(box((-1,-1,-1),(1,1,1))); draw((-3,0,0)--(0,0,3)--(0,-3,0)--(-3,0,0)--(0,0,-3)--(0,-3,0)--(3,0,0)--(0,0,-3)--(0,3,0)--(0,0,3)--(3,0,0)--(0,3,0)--(-3,0,0)); [/asy]
Let the side of the octahedron be of length $s$. Let the vertices of the octahedron be $A, B, C, D, E, F$ so that $A$ and $F$ are opposite each other and $AF = s\sqrt2$. The height of the square pyramid $ABCDE$ is $\frac{AF}2 = \frac s{\sqrt2}$ and so it has volume $\frac 13 s^2 \cdot \frac s{\sqrt2} = \frac {s^3}{3\sqrt2}$ and the whole octahedron has volume $\frac {s^3\sqrt2}3$.
Let $M$ be the midpoint of $BC$, $N$ be the midpoint of $DE$, $G$ be the centroid of $\triangle ABC$ and $H$ be the centroid of $\triangle ADE$. Then $\triangle AMN \sim \triangle AGH$ and the symmetry ratio is $\frac 23$ (because the medians of a triangle are trisected by the centroid), so $GH = \frac{2}{3}MN = \frac{2s}3$. $GH$ is also a diagonal of the cube, so the cube has side-length $\frac{s\sqrt2}3$ and volume $\frac{2s^3\sqrt2}{27}$. The ratio of the volumes is then $\frac{\left(\frac{2s^3\sqrt2}{27}\right)}{\left(\frac{s^3\sqrt2}{3}\right)} = \frac29$ and so the answer is $\boxed{11}$. | Geometry |
Compute $\dbinom{133}{133}$. | Level 1 | $\dbinom{133}{133}=\dbinom{133}{0}=\boxed{1}.$ | Counting & Probability |
How many cubic centimeters are in the volume of a cone having a diameter of 10cm and a height of 6cm? Express your answer in terms of $\pi$. | Level 2 | The radius of the base of the cone is $10/2 = 5$, so the volume of the cone is \[\frac{1}{3} \pi \cdot 5^2 \cdot 6 = \boxed{50 \pi}.\] | Geometry |
The points $B(1, 1)$, $I(2, 4)$ and $G(5, 1)$ are plotted in the standard rectangular coordinate system to form triangle $BIG$. Triangle $BIG$ is translated five units to the left and two units upward to triangle $B'I'G'$, in such a way that $B'$ is the image of $B$, $I'$ is the image of $I$, and $G'$ is the image of $G$. What is the midpoint of segment $B'G'$? Express your answer as an ordered pair. | Level 4 | Since triangle $B^\prime I^\prime G^\prime$ is translated from triangle $BIG,$ the midpoint of $B^\prime G ^\prime $ is the midpoint of $BG$ translated five units left and two units up. The midpoint of $BG$ is at $\left( \frac{1+5}{2}, \frac{1+1}{2} \right) = (3, 1).$ Thus, the midpoint of $B ^\prime G ^\prime$ is at $(3-5,1+2)=\boxed{(-2,3)}.$ | Geometry |
A triangle has vertices $P=(-8,5)$, $Q=(-15,-19)$, and $R=(1,-7)$. The equation of the bisector of $\angle P$ can be written in the form $ax+2y+c=0$. Find $a+c$.
[asy] import graph; pointpen=black;pathpen=black+linewidth(0.7);pen f = fontsize(10); pair P=(-8,5),Q=(-15,-19),R=(1,-7),S=(7,-15),T=(-4,-17); MP("P",P,N,f);MP("Q",Q,W,f);MP("R",R,E,f); D(P--Q--R--cycle);D(P--T,EndArrow(2mm)); D((-17,0)--(4,0),Arrows(2mm));D((0,-21)--(0,7),Arrows(2mm)); [/asy]
| Level 5 | [asy] import graph; pointpen=black;pathpen=black+linewidth(0.7);pen f = fontsize(10); pair P=(-8,5),Q=(-15,-19),R=(1,-7),S=(7,-15),T=(-4,-17),U=IP(P--T,Q--R); MP("P",P,N,f);MP("Q",Q,W,f);MP("R",R,E,f);MP("P'",U,SE,f); D(P--Q--R--cycle);D(U);D(P--U); D((-17,0)--(4,0),Arrows(2mm));D((0,-21)--(0,7),Arrows(2mm)); [/asy]
Use the angle bisector theorem to find that the angle bisector of $\angle P$ divides $QR$ into segments of length $\frac{25}{x} = \frac{15}{20 -x} \Longrightarrow x = \frac{25}{2},\ \frac{15}{2}$. It follows that $\frac{QP'}{RP'} = \frac{5}{3}$, and so $P' = \left(\frac{5x_R + 3x_Q}{8},\frac{5y_R + 3y_Q}{8}\right) = (-5,-23/2)$.
The desired answer is the equation of the line $PP'$. $PP'$ has slope $\frac{-11}{2}$, from which we find the equation to be $11x + 2y + 78 = 0$. Therefore, $a+c = \boxed{89}$. | Geometry |
Given that $BDEF$ is a square and $AB = BC = 1$, find the number of square units in the area of the regular octagon.
[asy]
real x = sqrt(2);
pair A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H;
F=(0,0); E=(2,0); D=(2+x,x); C=(2+x,2+x);
B=(2,2+2x); A=(0,2+2x); H=(-x,2+x); G=(-x,x);
draw(A--B--C--D--E--F--G--H--cycle);
draw((-x,0)--(2+x,0)--(2+x,2+2x)--(-x,2+2x)--cycle);
label("$B$",(-x,2+2x),NW); label("$D$",(2+x,2+2x),NE); label("$E$",(2+x,0),SE); label("$F$",(-x,0),SW);
label("$A$",(-x,x+2),W); label("$C$",(0,2+2x),N);
[/asy] | Level 4 | $\triangle ABC$ is a right isosceles ($45^\circ - 45^\circ - 90^\circ$) triangle, so $AC=AB\sqrt{2} = \sqrt{2}$. Thus, the side length of the octagon is $\sqrt{2}$.
We can compute the octagon's area by subtracting the area of the four right isosceles triangles from the area of square $BDEF$.
The four right isosceles triangles are congruent by symmetry and each has an area of $\frac{1}{2}\cdot 1 \cdot 1$, so their total area is \[4\cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 \cdot 1 = 2.\] Each side of square $BDEF$ is comprised of a leg of a right isosceles triangle, a side of the octagon, and another leg of a different right isosceles triangle. Hence, the side length of $BDEF$ is $1+\sqrt{2}+1=2+\sqrt{2}$, and the area of $BDEF$ is \[(2+\sqrt{2})^2 = 4+2+4\sqrt{2}.\] Finally, the area of the octagon is \[4+2+4\sqrt{2} - 2 = \boxed{4+4\sqrt{2}}.\] | Geometry |
Find $\tan Y$ in the right triangle shown below.
[asy]
pair X,Y,Z;
X = (0,0);
Y = (24,0);
Z = (0,7);
draw(X--Y--Z--X);
draw(rightanglemark(Y,X,Z,23));
label("$X$",X,SW);
label("$Y$",Y,SE);
label("$Z$",Z,N);
label("$25$",(Y+Z)/2,NE);
label("$24$",Y/2,S);
[/asy] | Level 2 | The Pythagorean Theorem gives us $XZ= \sqrt{YZ^2 - XY^2} = \sqrt{625-576} = \sqrt{49}=7$, so $\tan Y = \frac{XZ}{XY} = \ \boxed{\frac{7}{24}}$. | Geometry |
Let $z_1,$ $z_2,$ $\dots,$ $z_{20}$ be the twenty (complex) roots of the equation
\[z^{20} - 4z^{19} + 9z^{18} - 16z^{17} + \dots + 441 = 0.\]Calculate $\cot \left( \sum_{k = 1}^{20} \operatorname{arccot} z_k \right).$ Note that the addition formula for cotangent is still valid when working with complex numbers. | Level 5 | We start with the addition formula for tangent:
\[\tan (a + b) = \frac{\tan a + \tan b}{1 - \tan a \tan b}.\]Then
\begin{align*}
\cot (a + b) &= \frac{1}{\tan (a + b)} \\
&= \frac{1 - \tan a \tan b}{\tan a + \tan b} \\
&= \frac{\frac{1}{\tan a \tan b} - 1}{\frac{1}{\tan a} + \frac{1}{\tan b}} \\
&= \frac{\cot a \cot b - 1}{\cot a + \cot b}.
\end{align*}Then
\begin{align*}
\cot (a + b + c) &= \cot ((a + b) + c) \\
&= \frac{\cot (a + b) \cot c - 1}{\cot (a + b) + \cot c} \\
&= \frac{\frac{\cot a \cot b - 1}{\cot a + \cot b} \cdot \cot c - 1}{\frac{\cot a \cot b - 1}{\cot a + \cot b} + \cot c} \\
&= \frac{\cot a \cot b \cot c - (\cot a + \cot b + \cot c)}{(\cot a \cot b + \cot a \cot c + \cot b \cot c) - 1}.
\end{align*}More generally, we can prove that
\[\cot (a_1 + a_2 + \dots + a_n) = \frac{s_n - s_{n - 2} + \dotsb}{s_{n - 1} - s_{n - 3} + \dotsb},\]where $s_k$ is the sum of the products of the $\cot a_i,$ taken $k$ at a time. (In the numerator, the terms are $s_n,$ $s_{n - 2},$ $s_{n - 4},$ $s_{n - 6},$ $\dots,$ and the signs alternate. The numerator ends at $s_0 = 1$ or $s_1,$ depending on whether $n$ is even or odd. The terms in the denominator are similarly described.)
Let $a_i = \operatorname{arccot} z_i.$ Then
\[\cot (a_1 + a_2 + \dots + a_{20}) = \frac{s_{20} - s_{18} + \dots - s_2 + 1}{s_{19} - s_{17} + \dots + s_3 - s_1}.\]By Vieta's formulas, $s_1 = 2^2,$ $s_2 = 3^2,$ $s_3 = 4^2,$ $\dots,$ $s_{19} = 20^2,$ and $s_{20} = 21^2.$ Therefore,
\begin{align*}
\cot (a_1 + a_2 + \dots + a_{20}) &= \frac{s_{20} - s_{18} + \dots - s_2 + 1}{s_{19} - s_{17} + \dots + s_3 - s_1} \\
&= \frac{21^2 - 19^2 + 17^2 - 15^2 + \dots + 5^2 - 3^2 + 1}{20^2 - 18^2 + 16^2 - 14^2 + \dots + 4^2 - 2^2} \\
&= \frac{(21 - 19)(21 + 19) + (17 - 15)(17 + 15) + \dots + (5 - 3)(5 + 3) + 1}{(20 - 18)(20 + 18) + (16 - 14)(16 + 14) + \dots + (4 - 2)(4 + 2)} \\
&= \frac{2(21 + 19 + 17 + 15 + \dots + 5 + 3) + 1}{2(20 + 18 + 16 + 14 + \dots + 4 + 2)} \\
&= \boxed{\frac{241}{220}}.
\end{align*} | Precalculus |
Given that $x - \frac{1}{x} = i \sqrt{2},$ find $x^{2187} - \frac{1}{x^{2187}}.$ | Level 4 | Squaring $x - \frac{1}{x} = i \sqrt{2},$ we get
\[x^2 - 2 + \frac{1}{x^2} = -2.\]Hence, $x^2 + \frac{1}{x^2} = 0,$ so $x^4 + 1 = 0,$ or $x^4 = -1.$
Then
\[x^{2187} = (x^4)^{546} \cdot x^3 = x^3,\]so
\begin{align*}
x^{2187} - \frac{1}{x^{2187}} &= x^3 - \frac{1}{x^3} \\
&= \left( x - \frac{1}{x} \right) \left( x^2 + 1 + \frac{1}{x^2} \right) \\
&= \boxed{i \sqrt{2}}.
\end{align*} | Intermediate Algebra |
A sphere is inscribed in a right cone with base radius $12$ cm and height $24$ cm, as shown. The radius of the sphere can be expressed as $a\sqrt{c} - a$ cm. What is the value of $a + c$? [asy]
import three; size(120); defaultpen(linewidth(1)); pen dashes = linetype("2 2") + linewidth(1);
currentprojection = orthographic(0,-1,0.16);
void drawticks(triple p1, triple p2, triple tickmarks) {
draw(p1--p2); draw(p1 + tickmarks-- p1 - tickmarks); draw(p2 + tickmarks -- p2 - tickmarks);
}
real r = 6*5^.5-6;
triple O = (0,0,0), A = (0,0,-24);
draw(scale3(12)*unitcircle3); draw((-12,0,0)--A--(12,0,0)); draw(O--(12,0,0),dashes);
draw(O..(-r,0,-r)..(0,0,-2r)..(r,0,-r)..cycle);
draw((-r,0,-r)..(0,-r,-r)..(r,0,-r)); draw((-r,0,-r)..(0,r,-r)..(r,0,-r),dashes);
drawticks((0,0,2.8),(12,0,2.8),(0,0,0.5));
drawticks((-13,0,0),(-13,0,-24),(0.5,0,0));
label("$12$", (6,0,3.5), N); label("$24$",(-14,0,-12), W);
[/asy] | Level 5 | Consider a cross-section of the cone that passes through the apex of the cone and the center of the circular base. It looks as follows: [asy] defaultpen(linewidth(1) + fontsize(10)); size(120); pen dashes = linetype("2 2") + linewidth(1); real r = 6*5^.5 - 6;
pair A = (0,-24), O = (0,0), C = (0,-r), P = foot(C,(12,0),A); draw(circle(C,r)); draw((-12,0)--A--(12,0)--cycle); draw(O--A, dashes); dot(C); draw(C--P,dashes); draw(rightanglemark(C,P,A));
label("$A$",A,S); label("$B$",(-12,0),N); label("$C$",(12,0),N); label("$D$",O,N); label("$O$",C,W); label("$P$",P,SE);
[/asy] Let $O$ be the center of the sphere (or the center of the circle in the cross-section), let the triangle be $\triangle ABC$, so that $D$ is the midpoint of $BC$ and $A$ is the apex (as $\triangle ABC$ is isosceles, then $\overline{AD}$ is an altitude). Let $P$ be the point of tangency of the circle with $\overline{AC}$, so that $OP \perp AC$. It follows that $\triangle AOP \sim \triangle ACD$. Let $r$ be the radius of the circle. It follows that $$\frac{OP}{AO} = \frac{CD}{AC} \implies OP \cdot AC = AO \cdot CD.$$We know that $CD = 12$, $AC = \sqrt{12^2 + 24^2} = 12\sqrt{5}$, $OP = r$, and $AO = AD - OP = 24 - r$. Thus, $$12r\sqrt{5} = 12(24-r) = 12^2 \cdot 2 - 12r \implies 12r(1 + \sqrt{5}) = 12^2 \cdot 2.$$Thus, $r = \frac{24}{1+\sqrt{5}}$. Multiplying the numerator and denominator by the conjugate, we find that $$r = \frac{24}{1+\sqrt{5}} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{5} - 1}{\sqrt{5} - 1} = \frac{24(\sqrt{5} - 1)}{5 - 1} = 6\sqrt{5} - 6.$$It follows that $a+c = \boxed{11}$. | Geometry |
A square and isosceles triangle of equal height are side-by-side, as shown, with both bases on the $x$-axis. The lower right vertex of the square and the lower left vertex of the triangle are at $(10, 0)$. The side of the square and the base of the triangle on the $x$-axis each equal $10$ units. A segment is drawn from the top left vertex of the square to the farthest vertex of the triangle, as shown. What is the area of the shaded region? [asy]
/* note: original diagram not to scale, equilateral triangle same height as rectangle */
import graph; size(140); real lsf=0.5; pen dps=linewidth(0.85)+fontsize(10); defaultpen(dps); pen ds=black; real xmin=-2.2,xmax=23.1,ymin=-2.2,ymax=12.87;
pen zzttqq=dps;
draw((0,0)--(10,0)--(10,10)--(0,10)--cycle,zzttqq); draw((10,0)--(20,0)--(15,10)--cycle,zzttqq);
Label laxis; laxis.p=fontsize(10); string blank(real x){return "";}
xaxis("$x$",xmin,xmax,defaultpen+black,Arrows(4),above=true); yaxis("$y$",ymin,ymax,defaultpen+black,Arrows(4),above=true); draw((0,0)--(10,0),zzttqq); draw((10,0)--(10,10),zzttqq); draw((10,10)--(0,10),zzttqq); draw((0,10)--(0,0),zzttqq); draw((10,0)--(20,0),zzttqq); draw((0,10)--(20,0)); filldraw((10,0)--(20,0)--intersectionpoints((0,10)--(20,0),(15,10)--(10,0))[0]--cycle,gray(0.7));
dot((10,0),ds); label("$(10,\,0)$",(10,0),S);
clip((xmin,ymin)--(xmin,ymax)--(xmax,ymax)--(xmax,ymin)--cycle);
[/asy] | Level 4 | [asy]
/* note: original diagram not to scale, equilateral triangle same height as rectangle */
import graph; size(140); real lsf=0.5; pen dps=linewidth(0.85)+fontsize(10); defaultpen(dps); pen ds=black; real xmin=-2.2,xmax=23.1,ymin=-2.2,ymax=12.87;
pen zzttqq=dps;
draw((0,0)--(10,0)--(10,10)--(0,10)--cycle,zzttqq); draw((10,0)--(20,0)--(15,10)--cycle,zzttqq);
Label laxis; laxis.p=fontsize(10); string blank(real x){return "";}
xaxis("$x$",xmin,xmax,defaultpen+black,Arrows(4),above=true); yaxis("$y$",ymin,ymax,defaultpen+black,Arrows(4),above=true); draw((0,0)--(10,0),zzttqq); draw((10,0)--(10,10),zzttqq); draw((10,10)--(0,10),zzttqq); draw((0,10)--(0,0),zzttqq); draw((10,0)--(20,0),zzttqq); draw((0,10)--(20,0)); filldraw((10,0)--(20,0)--intersectionpoints((0,10)--(20,0),(15,10)--(10,0))[0]--cycle,gray(0.7));
dot((10,0),ds); label("$(10,\,0)$",(10,0),S);
clip((xmin,ymin)--(xmin,ymax)--(xmax,ymax)--(xmax,ymin)--cycle);
label("A",(0,0),SW);
label("B",(0,10),W);
label("C",(10,10),NE);
label("D",(10,0),NW);
label("E",(15,10),N);
label("F",(20,0),S);
label("G",(10,5),SW);
label("H",(13,5));
[/asy] We label the square, triangle, and intersections as above. Triangle $BCG$ and $FDG$ are congruent triangles. The area of the shaded region $DHF$ is the area of $FGD$ minus $DGH$.
Triangle $DGH$ is similar to triangle $BGC$. We can prove this because $\angle BGC =\angle DGH$. Also, $\overline{DE}$ has slope $2$ and $\overline{BF}$ has slope $-\frac12$, which are negative reciprocals, so the two lines are perpendicular and create the right angle $\angle GHD$. Therefore, $\angle GHD = \angle BCG = 90^{\circ}$. Since the two triangles have two of the same angle measures, they are similar. Therefore, we have the ratios $\frac{GD}{BG}=\frac{GH}{CG}=\frac{DH}{BC}$. We can find that $BG$ using the Pythagorean formula. \begin{align*}
BC^2+CG^2 &= BG^2 \\
5^2+10^2 = 125 &= BG^2 \\
BG &= 5\sqrt5.
\end{align*} Therefore, we have $\frac{5}{5\sqrt5}=\frac{1}{\sqrt5}=\frac{GH}{5}=\frac{DH}{10}$. We solve for the length of the two legs of triangle $DGH$ to find that $GH=\sqrt{5}$ and $DH=2\sqrt{5}$. Therefore, the area of triangle $DGH$ is $\frac{\sqrt5 \cdot 2\sqrt5}{2}=5$.
The area of triangle $DGF$ is $\frac{5 \cdot 10}{2}=25$. We subtract the area of $DGH$ from the area of $DGF$ to find the area of the shaded region to get $25-5=\boxed{20 \text{ sq units}}$. | Geometry |
Given the areas of the three squares in the figure, what is the area of the interior triangle? [asy]
/* AMC8 2003 #6 Problem */
draw((0,0)--(12,0)--(12,5)--cycle);
draw((12,0)--(17,0)--(17,5)--(12,5));
draw((0,0)--(0,-12)--(12,-12)--(12,0));
draw((0,0)--(-5,12)--(7,17)--(12,5));
draw((11,0)--(11,1)--(12,1));
label("169", (4, 8));
label("25", (14.5, 2.5));
label("144", (6, -6));
[/asy] | Level 2 | Each leg of the right triangle is a side of one of the squares. Therefore, the legs of the right triangle have lengths $\sqrt{25}=5$ and $\sqrt{144}=12$, so the area of the triangle is $\frac12(5)(12) = \boxed{30}$. | Prealgebra |
In Zuminglish, all words consist only of the letters $M, O,$ and $P$. As in English, $O$ is said to be a vowel and $M$ and $P$ are consonants. A string of $M's, O's,$ and $P's$ is a word in Zuminglish if and only if between any two $O's$ there appear at least two consonants. Let $N$ denote the number of $10$-letter Zuminglish words. Determine the remainder obtained when $N$ is divided by $1000$.
| Level 5 | Let $a_n$ denote the number of $n$-letter words ending in two constants (CC), $b_n$ denote the number of $n$-letter words ending in a constant followed by a vowel (CV), and let $c_n$ denote the number of $n$-letter words ending in a vowel followed by a constant (VC - the only other combination, two vowels, is impossible due to the problem statement). Then, note that:
We can only form a word of length $n+1$ with CC at the end by appending a constant ($M,P$) to the end of a word of length $n$ that ends in a constant. Thus, we have the recursion $a_{n+1} = 2(a_n + c_n)$, as there are two possible constants we can append.
We can only form a word of length $n+1$ with a CV by appending $O$ to the end of a word of length $n$ that ends with CC. This is because we cannot append a vowel to VC, otherwise we'd have two vowels within $2$ characters of each other. Thus, $b_{n+1} = a_n$.
We can only form a word of length $n+1$ with a VC by appending a constant to the end of a word of length $n$ that ends with CV. Thus, $c_{n+1} = 2b_n$.
Using those three recursive rules, and that $a_2 = 4, b_2 = 2, c_2=2$, we can make a table:\[\begin{array}{|r||r|r|r|} \hline &a_n&b_n&c_n \\ \hline 2 & 4 & 2 & 2 \\ 3 & 12 & 4 & 4 \\ 4 & 32 & 12 & 8 \\ 5 & 80 & 32 & 24 \\ 6 & 208 & 80 & 64 \\ 7 & 544 & 208 & 160 \\ 8 & 408 & 544 & 416 \\ 9 & 648 & 408 & 88 \\ 10 & 472 & 648 & 816 \\ \hline \end{array}\]For simplicity, we used $\mod 1000$. Thus, the answer is $a_{10} + b_{10} + c_{10} \equiv \boxed{936} \pmod{1000}$. | Intermediate Algebra |
Two circles of radius 2 are centered at $(2,0)$ and at $(0,2)$. What is the area of the intersection of the interiors of the two circles? Express your answer in fully expanded form in terms of $\pi$. | Level 5 | The two circles intersect at $(0,0)$ and $(2,2)$, as shown.
[asy]
unitsize(1cm);
linewidth(1);
draw((-2.5,0)--(5,0),Arrow);
draw((0,-2.5)--(0,5),Arrow);
draw((-2.5,0)--(5,0),linewidth(0.6));
draw((0,-2.5)--(0,5),linewidth(0.6));
label("$x$",(5,0),S);
label("$y$",(0,5),E);
for (int i=0; i<6; ++i) {
draw((-2+i,-0.2)--(-2+i,0.2));
draw((-0.2,-2+i)--(0.2,-2+i));
}
draw(Circle((2,0),2),linewidth(1));
draw(Circle((0,2),2),linewidth(1));
fill((0.6,1.4)..(2,2)--(0,0)..cycle,gray(0.7));
label("$(2,2)$",(2,2),NE);
draw((2,0)--(2,2)--(0,0)--cycle);
[/asy]
Half of the region described is formed by removing an isosceles right triangle of leg length 2 from a quarter of one of the circles. Because the quarter-circle has area $(1/4)\pi(2)^2=\pi$ and the triangle has area $(1/2)(2)^2=2$, the area of the region is $2(\pi-2)$, or $\boxed{2\pi-4}$. | Geometry |
Compute $\tan 0^\circ$. | Level 1 | Rotating the point $(1,0)$ about the origin by $0^\circ$ counterclockwise gives us the point $(1,0)$, so $\tan 0^\circ = \frac{\sin 0^\circ}{\cos 0^\circ} = \frac{0}{1} = \boxed{0}$. | Geometry |
The area of trapezoid $ABCD$ is $164 \text{cm}^2$. The altitude is $8 \text{cm}$, $AB$ is $10 \text{cm}$, and $CD$ is $17 \text{cm}$. What is $BC$, in centimeters? [asy]
/* AMC8 2003 #21 Problem */
size(2inch,1inch);
draw((0,0)--(31,0)--(16,8)--(6,8)--cycle);
draw((11,8)--(11,0), linetype("8 4"));
draw((11,1)--(12,1)--(12,0));
label("$A$", (0,0), SW);
label("$D$", (31,0), SE);
label("$B$", (6,8), NW);
label("$C$", (16,8), NE);
label("10", (3,5), W);
label("8", (11,4), E);
label("17", (22.5,5), E);
[/asy] | Level 5 | Label the feet of the altitudes from $B$ and $C$ as $E$ and $F$ respectively. Considering right triangles $AEB$ and $DFC$, $AE = \sqrt{10^2 - 8^2} = \sqrt{36} = 6\text{ cm}$, and $FD =
\sqrt{17^2-8^2} = \sqrt{225} = 15\text{ cm}$. So the area of $\triangle AEB$ is $\frac{1}{2}(6)(8) = 24 \text{ cm}^2$, and the area of $\triangle DFC$ is $\left(\frac{1}{2}\right) (15)(8) = 60 \text{ cm}^2$. Rectangle $BCFE$ has area $164 - (24 + 60) = 80 \text{ cm}^2$. Because $BE = CF = 8$ cm, it follows that $BC = \boxed{10\text{ cm}}$. [asy]
/* AMC8 2003 #21 Solution */
size(2inch,1inch);
draw((0,0)--(31,0)--(16,8)--(6,8)--cycle);
draw((6,8)--(6,0), red+linetype("8 4"));
draw((16,8)--(16,0), red+linetype("8 4"));
label("$A$", (0,0), SW);
label("$D$", (31,0), SE);
label("$B$", (6,8), NW);
label("$C$", (16,8), NE);
label("$E$", (6,0), S);
label("$F$", (16,0), S);
label("10", (3,5), W);
label("8", (6,4), E, red);
label("8", (16,4), E, red);
label("17", (22.5,5), E);
[/asy] | Prealgebra |
Two congruent cylinders each have radius 8 inches and height 3 inches. The radius of one cylinder and the height of the other are both increased by the same nonzero number of inches. The resulting volumes are equal. How many inches is the increase? Express your answer as a common fraction. | Level 4 | Let the increase measure $x$ inches. The cylinder with increased radius now has volume \[\pi (8+x)^2 (3)\] and the cylinder with increased height now has volume \[\pi (8^2) (3+x).\] Setting these two quantities equal and solving yields \[3(64+16x+x^2)=64(3+x) \Rightarrow 3x^2-16x=x(3x-16)=0\] so $x=0$ or $x=16/3$. The latter is the valid solution, so the increase measures $\boxed{\frac{16}{3}}$ inches. | Geometry |
The lengths of the sides of a non-degenerate triangle are $x$, 13 and 37 units. How many integer values of $x$ are possible? | Level 3 | By the triangle inequality, \begin{align*}
x + 13 &> 37, \\
x + 37 &> 13, \\
13 + 37 &> x,
\end{align*} which tell us that $x > 24$, $x > -24$, and $x < 50$. Hence, the possible values of $x$ are $25, 26, \dots, 49$, for a total of $49 - 25 + 1 = \boxed{25}$. | Geometry |
Triangle $ABC$ is a right triangle with $AC = 7,$ $BC = 24,$ and right angle at $C.$ Point $M$ is the midpoint of $AB,$ and $D$ is on the same side of line $AB$ as $C$ so that $AD = BD = 15.$ Given that the area of triangle $CDM$ may be expressed as $\frac {m\sqrt {n}}{p},$ where $m,$ $n,$ and $p$ are positive integers, $m$ and $p$ are relatively prime, and $n$ is not divisible by the square of any prime, find $m + n + p.$
| Level 5 | We use the Pythagorean Theorem on $ABC$ to determine that $AB=25.$
Let $N$ be the orthogonal projection from $C$ to $AB.$ Thus, $[CDM]=\frac{(DM)(MN)} {2}$, $MN=AM-AN$, and $[ABC]=\frac{24 \cdot 7} {2} =\frac{25 \cdot (CN)} {2}.$
From the third equation, we get $CN=\frac{168} {25}.$
By the Pythagorean Theorem in $\Delta ACN,$ we have
$AN=\sqrt{\left(\frac{24 \cdot 25} {25}\right)^2-\left(\frac{24 \cdot 7} {25}\right)^2}=\frac{24} {25}\sqrt{25^2-7^2}=\frac{576} {25}.$
Thus, $MN=\frac{576} {25}-\frac{25} {2}=\frac{527} {50}.$
In $\Delta ADM$, we use the Pythagorean Theorem to get $DM=\sqrt{15^2-\left(\frac{25} {2}\right)^2}=\frac{5} {2} \sqrt{11}.$
Thus, $[CDM]=\frac{527 \cdot 5\sqrt{11}} {50 \cdot 2 \cdot 2}= \frac{527\sqrt{11}} {40}.$
Hence, the answer is $527+11+40=\boxed{578}.$ | Geometry |
Two real numbers $x$ and $y$ satisfy $x-y=4$ and $x^3-y^3=28$. Compute $xy$. | Level 1 | Solution 1. The first equation gives $x = y+4$. Substituting into the second equation, we get \[(y+4)^3 - y^3 = 28 \implies 12y^2 + 48y + 36 = 0.\]Thus, $y^2 + 4y + 3 = 0$, so $(y+1)(y+3) = 0$. Therefore, either $y=-1$ and $x=y+4=3$, or $y=-3$ and $x=y+4=1$. Either way, $xy = \boxed{-3}$.
Solution 2. The second equation factors via difference of cubes, as \[(x-y)(x^2+xy+y^2) = 28.\]Since $x-y=4$, we have $x^2+xy+y^2=\frac{28}{4} =7$. Now, squaring the first equation, we get $x^2-2xy+y^2=16$. Thus, \[3xy = (x^2+xy+y^2) - (x^2-2xy+y^2) = 7-16=-9,\]so $xy = \frac{-9}{3} = \boxed{-3}$. | Intermediate Algebra |
Given that $\log_{10}\sin x + \log_{10}\cos x= -1$ and that $\log_{10}(\sin x+\cos
x)=\frac{1}{2}(\log_{10}n-1)$, find $n$. | Level 4 | Use logarithm properties to obtain $\log_{10} (\sin x \cos x)= -1$, and then $\sin x \cos x = \frac{1}{10}$. Note that
\[(\sin x+\cos x)^2 = \sin^2 x +\cos^2 x+2\sin x\cos x=1+{2\over10}={12\over10}.\]Thus
\[2\log_{10} (\sin x+\cos x)= \log_{10} [(\sin x + \cos x)^2] = \log_{10} {12\over10}=\log_{10} 12-1,\]so
\[\log_{10} (\sin x+\cos x)={1\over2}(\log_{10} 12-1),\]and $n=\boxed{12}$. | Precalculus |
Compute $\sqrt{(31)(30)(29)(28)+1}.$ | Level 1 | Let $x = 29.$ Then we can write \[\begin{aligned} (31)(30)(29)(28) + 1 &= (x+2)(x+1)(x)(x-1) + 1 \\ &= [(x+2)(x-1)][(x+1)x] - 1 \\& = (x^2+x-2)(x^2+x) + 1 \\&= (x^2+x)^2 - 2(x^2+x) + 1 \\&= (x^2+x-1)^2. \end{aligned} \]Therefore, the answer is \[ \begin{aligned} x^2+x-1&= 29^2 + 29 - 1\\& = \boxed{869}. \end{aligned}\] | Intermediate Algebra |
Compute the product of the roots of the equation \[x^3 - 12x^2 + 48x + 28 = 0.\] | Level 1 | By Vieta's formulas, the product of the roots is the negation of the constant term divided by the leading ($x^3$) coefficient. Therefore, the answer is \[\frac{-28}{1} = \boxed{-28}.\] | Intermediate Algebra |
The truncated right circular cone has a large base radius 8 cm and a small base radius of 4 cm. The height of the truncated cone is 6 cm. How many $\text{cm}^3$ are in the volume of this solid? [asy]
import olympiad; size(150); defaultpen(linewidth(0.8)); dotfactor=4;
draw(ellipse((0,0),4,1)); draw(ellipse((0,3),2,1/2));
draw((-3.97,.1)--(-1.97,3.1)^^(3.97,.1)--(1.97,3.1));
[/asy] | Level 5 | [asy]
import olympiad; size(150); defaultpen(linewidth(0.8)); dotfactor=4;
draw(ellipse((0,0),4,1)); draw(ellipse((0,3),2,1/2),gray(.7));
// draw((-3.97,.1)--(-1.97,3.1)^^(3.97,.1)--(1.97,3.1));
draw((-3.97,.1)--(0,6.07)--(3.97,.1));
draw((4,0)--(0,0)--(0,6.07),linewidth(0.8));
draw((2,3)--(0,3),linewidth(0.8));
label("4",(2,3)--(0,3),S);
label("8",(4,0)--(0,0),S);
label("6",(0,0)--(0,3),W);
label("$x$",(0,2)--(0,6.07),W);
[/asy]
We "complete" the truncated cone by adding a smaller, similar cone atop the cut, forming a large cone. We don't know the height of the small cone, so call it $x$. Since the small and large cone are similar, we have $x/4=(x+6)/8$; solving yields $x=6$. Hence the small cone has radius 4, height 6, and volume $(1/3)\pi(4^2)(6)=32\pi$ and the large cone has radius 8, height 12, and volume $(1/3)\pi(8^2)(12)=256\pi$. The frustum's volume is the difference of these two volumes, or $256\pi-32\pi=\boxed{224\pi}$ cubic cm. | Geometry |
The figure shown is a cube. The distance between vertices $B$ and $G$ is $5\sqrt{2}$ units. What is the volume of the cube, in cubic units?
[asy]
size(3cm,3cm);
pair A,B,C,D,a,b,c,d;
A=(0,0);
B=(1,0);
C=(1,1);
D=(0,1);
draw(A--B--C--D--A);
a=(-0.25,0.1);
b=D+(A+a);
c=C+(A+a);
draw(A--a);
draw(D--b);
draw(C--c);
draw(a--b--c);
draw(A--b,1pt+dotted);
label("$B$",b,W);
label("$G$",A,NE);
dot(A);
dot(b);
[/asy] | Level 2 | $BG$ is a diagonal along one face of the cube. Since this diagonal splits the square face into two $45-45-90$ triangles, the diagonal is $\sqrt{2}$ times longer than a side of the square, so a side of the square measures $5\sqrt{2}/\sqrt{2}=5$ units. Thus, the volume of the cube is $5^3=\boxed{125}$ cubic units. | Geometry |
The points $A$, $B$ and $C$ lie on the surface of a sphere with center $O$ and radius $20$. It is given that $AB=13$, $BC=14$, $CA=15$, and that the distance from $O$ to $\triangle ABC$ is $\frac{m\sqrt{n}}k$, where $m$, $n$, and $k$ are positive integers, $m$ and $k$ are relatively prime, and $n$ is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find $m+n+k$.
| Level 5 | Let $D$ be the foot of the perpendicular from $O$ to the plane of $ABC$. By the Pythagorean Theorem on triangles $\triangle OAD$, $\triangle OBD$ and $\triangle OCD$ we get:
\[DA^2=DB^2=DC^2=20^2-OD^2\]
It follows that $DA=DB=DC$, so $D$ is the circumcenter of $\triangle ABC$.
By Heron's Formula the area of $\triangle ABC$ is (alternatively, a $13-14-15$ triangle may be split into $9-12-15$ and $5-12-13$ right triangles):
\[K = \sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)} = \sqrt{21(21-15)(21-14)(21-13)} = 84\]
From $R = \frac{abc}{4K}$, we know that the circumradius of $\triangle ABC$ is:
\[R = \frac{abc}{4K} = \frac{(13)(14)(15)}{4(84)} = \frac{65}{8}\]
Thus by the Pythagorean Theorem again,
\[OD = \sqrt{20^2-R^2} = \sqrt{20^2-\frac{65^2}{8^2}} = \frac{15\sqrt{95}}{8}.\]
So the final answer is $15+95+8=\boxed{118}$. | Geometry |
Square $BCFE$ is inscribed in right triangle $AGD$, as shown below. If $AB = 28$ units and $CD = 58$ units, what is the area of square $BCFE$?
[asy]
draw((9,15.6)--(10.7,14.6)--(11.7,16.3));
draw((0,0)--(10,17.3)--(40,0)--cycle);
draw((7,0)--(19,0)--(19,12.1)--(7,12.1)--cycle);
label("$A$",(0,0),SW);
label("$B$",(7,0),S);
label("$C$",(19,0),S);
label("$D$",(40,0),SE);
label("$E$",(7,12.1),NW);
label("$F$",(19,12.1),NE);
label("$G$",(10,17.3),N);
[/asy] | Level 4 | $\angle CDF = \angle AEB$ and $\angle BAE = \angle CFD$, so we know that $\bigtriangleup AEB \sim \bigtriangleup FDC$. Thus, denoting the side length of $BEFC$ as $x$, we can create the ratios: $\frac{28}{x} = \frac{x}{58} \Rightarrow x^2 = 1624$, and since $x^2$ is the area of square $BCFE$, $\boxed{1624}$ is the answer. | Geometry |
Find all solutions to the equation\[ \sqrt[4]{x} = \frac{12}{7 - \sqrt[4]{x}}.\] | Level 2 | Let $y = \sqrt[4]{x}.$ Then we have $y = \frac{12}{7-y},$ or $y(7-y) = 12.$ Rearranging and factoring, we get \[(y-3)(y-4) = 0.\]Therefore, $y = 3$ or $y = 4.$ Since $x = y^4,$ we have $x = 3^4 = 81$ or $x = 4^4 = 256,$ so the values for $x$ are $x = \boxed{81, 256}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
The center of a circle has coordinates $(6,-5)$. The circle is reflected about the line $y=x$. What are the $x,y$ coordinates of the center of the image circle? State the $x$ coordinate first. | Level 5 | The center of the image circle is simply the center of the original circle reflected over the line $y=x$. When reflecting over this line, we swap the $x$ and $y$ coordinates. Thus, the image center is the point $\boxed{(-5, 6)}$. | Geometry |
If $\det \mathbf{A} = 2$ and $\det \mathbf{B} = 12,$ then find $\det (\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B}).$ | Level 1 | We have that $\det (\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B}) = (\det \mathbf{A})(\det \mathbf{B}) = (2)(12) = \boxed{24}.$ | Precalculus |
An arithmetic sequence consists of $ 200$ numbers that are each at least $ 10$ and at most $ 100$. The sum of the numbers is $ 10{,}000$. Let $ L$ be the least possible value of the $ 50$th term and let $ G$ be the greatest possible value of the $ 50$th term. What is the value of $ G - L$? | Level 5 | The $200$ numbers sum up to $10{,}000$, so their average is $\frac{10{,}000}{200} = 50$.
Then we can represent the sequence as
$$50-199d,50-197d,\dots,50-d, 50+d, 50 + 3d ,\dots,50 + 197d , 50+199d.$$Since all the terms are at least 10, in particular the first and last term of the sequence, we know $50-199d \ge 10$ and $50+199d \ge 10$.
This means $50 - 199|d| \ge 10$ so $|d| \le \frac{40}{199}$ which means $d$ is at most $\frac{40}{199}$ and at least $-\frac{40}{199}$.
The 50th term is $50-101d$.
$$L = 50-101\times\frac{40}{199} = 50 - \frac{4040}{199}$$$$G = 50- 101\times \left(-\frac{40}{199}\right) = 50 + \frac{4040}{199}$$We can check that both of these sequences meet all the conditions of the problem (the lower bound, upper bound, and total sum).
Hence, $G-L = 2 \times \frac{4040}{199} = \boxed{\frac{8080}{199}}$.
Note: The condition that each term is at most 100 is unnecessary in solving the problem! We can see this when we apply the condition to the first and last term (similar to when we applied the condition that all terms are at least 10), $50-199d \le 100$ and $50+199d \le 100$ which means $50 + 199|d| \le 100$ so $|d| \le \frac{50}{199}$ which is a higher bound than we already have. | Intermediate Algebra |
Suppose
$$a(2+i)^4 + b(2+i)^3 + c(2+i)^2 + b(2+i) + a = 0,$$where $a,b,c$ are integers whose greatest common divisor is $1$. Determine $|c|$. | Level 5 | Let $f(x) = ax^4+bx^3+cx^2+bx+a$. Thus, the problem asserts that $x=2+i$ is a root of $f$.
Note the symmetry of the coefficients. In particular, we have $f\left(\frac 1x\right) = \frac{f(x)}{x^4}$ for all $x\ne 0$. Thus, if $x=r$ is any root of $f(x)$, then $x=\frac 1r$ is also a root.
In particular, $x=\frac 1{2+i}$ is a root. To write this root in standard form, we multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator:
$$\frac 1{2+i} = \frac 1{2+i}\cdot\frac{2-i}{2-i} = \frac{2-i}5 = \frac 25-\frac 15i.$$Now we have two nonreal roots of $f$. Since $f$ has real coefficients, the conjugates of its roots are also roots. Therefore, the four roots of $f$ are $2\pm i$ and $\frac 25\pm\frac 15i$.
The monic quadratic whose roots are $2\pm i$ is $(x-2-i)(x-2+i) = (x-2)^2-i^2 = x^2-4x+5$.
The monic quadratic whose roots are $\frac 25\pm\frac 15i$ is $\left(x-\frac 25-\frac 15i\right)\left(x-\frac 25+\frac 15i\right) = \left(x-\frac 25\right)^2-\left(\frac 15i\right)^2 = x^2-\frac 45x+\frac 15$.
Therefore,
\begin{align*}
f(x) &= a(x^2-4x+5)\left(x^2-\frac 45x+\frac 15\right) \\
&= a\left(x^4-\frac{24}5x^3+\frac{42}5x^2-\frac{24}5x+1\right),
\end{align*}so
$a,b,c$ are in the ratio $1:-\frac{24}5:\frac{42}5$. Since $a,b,c$ are integers whose greatest common divisor is $1$, we have $(a,b,c) = (5,-24,42)$ or $(-5,24,-42)$. In either case, $|c|=\boxed{42}$. | Intermediate Algebra |
Two skaters, Allie and Billie, are at points $A$ and $B$, respectively, on a flat, frozen lake. The distance between $A$ and $B$ is $100$ meters. Allie leaves $A$ and skates at a speed of $8$ meters per second on a straight line that makes a $60^\circ$ angle with $AB$. At the same time Allie leaves $A$, Billie leaves $B$ at a speed of $7$ meters per second and follows the straight path that produces the earliest possible meeting of the two skaters, given their speeds. How many meters does Allie skate before meeting Billie?
[asy] pointpen=black; pathpen=black+linewidth(0.7); pair A=(0,0),B=(10,0),C=6*expi(pi/3); D(B--A); D(A--C,EndArrow); MP("A",A,SW);MP("B",B,SE);MP("60^{\circ}",A+(0.3,0),NE);MP("100",(A+B)/2); [/asy]
| Level 5 | Label the point of intersection as $C$. Since $d = rt$, $AC = 8t$ and $BC = 7t$. According to the law of cosines,
[asy] pointpen=black; pathpen=black+linewidth(0.7); pair A=(0,0),B=(10,0),C=16*expi(pi/3); D(B--A); D(A--C); D(B--C,dashed); MP("A",A,SW);MP("B",B,SE);MP("C",C,N);MP("60^{\circ}",A+(0.3,0),NE);MP("100",(A+B)/2);MP("8t",(A+C)/2,NW);MP("7t",(B+C)/2,NE); [/asy]
\begin{align*}(7t)^2 &= (8t)^2 + 100^2 - 2 \cdot 8t \cdot 100 \cdot \cos 60^\circ\\ 0 &= 15t^2 - 800t + 10000 = 3t^2 - 160t + 2000\\ t &= \frac{160 \pm \sqrt{160^2 - 4\cdot 3 \cdot 2000}}{6} = 20, \frac{100}{3}.\end{align*}
Since we are looking for the earliest possible intersection, $20$ seconds are needed. Thus, $8 \cdot 20 = \boxed{160}$ meters is the solution. | Geometry |
Compute the number of ordered pairs of integers $(x,y)$ with $1\le x<y\le 100$ such that $i^x+i^y$ is a real number. | Level 5 | Let's begin by ignoring the condition that $x<y$. Instead, suppose $x,y$ are any two (not necessarily distinct) numbers between $1$ and $100$, inclusive. We want $i^x + i^y$ to be real.
Any pair of even numbers will work, as both $i^x$ and $i^y$ will be real; there are $50 \cdot 50 = 2500$ such pairs. Note that among these pairs, exactly $50$ of them satisfy $x = y$.
We have two other possibilities; (a) $i^x = i$ and $i^y = -i$, or (b) $i^x = -i$ and $i^y = i$. Note that there are $25$ numbers $n$ for which $i^n = i$ (namely, $n = 1, 4, \ldots, 97$), and there are $25$ numbers $n$ for which $i^n = -i$ (namely $n = 3, 7, \ldots, 99$). Therefore, there are $25 \cdot 25 = 625$ desirable pairs in case (a), and similarly, there are $625$ desirable pairs in case (b), resulting in an additional $625 + 625 = 1250$ pairs. Note that none of these pairs satisfy $x = y$.
Therefore, there are a total of $2500+1250 = 3750$ pairs $(x,y)$ with $1 \leq x,y \leq 100$ such that $i^x + i^y$ is a real number. Now, let's try to determine how many of these satisfy $x < y$. First of all, let's remove the $50$ pairs with $x = y$, leaving us with $3700$ pairs. Among these $3700$ pairs, we know that exactly half of them satisfy $x < y$ and the other half satisfy $x > y$ by symmetry. Therefore, the answer is $3700 / 2 = \boxed{1850}$. | Intermediate Algebra |
By partial fractions,
\[\frac{1}{x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4)} = \frac{A}{x} + \frac{B}{x + 1} + \frac{C}{x + 2} + \frac{D}{x + 3} + \frac{E}{x + 4}\]for some constants $A,$ $B,$ $C,$ $D,$ and $E.$ Find $A + B + C + D + E.$ | Level 3 | Clearing the fractions, we get
\begin{align*}
1 &= A(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) \\
&\quad + Bx(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) \\
&\quad + Cx(x + 1)(x + 3)(x + 4) \\
&\quad + Dx(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 4) \\
&\quad + Ex(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3).
\end{align*}We can use the usual technique of solving for each constant. Or, we can recognize that both sides represent the same polynomial, which means that the polynomial on the right must simplify to 1. Furthermore, $A + B + C + D + E$ is the coefficient of $x^4$ on the right-hand side, so $A + B + C + D + E = \boxed{0}.$ | Intermediate Algebra |
Subsets and Splits