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- Johnston and McClellan wanted a system and doctrine for cavalry; they naturally supposed their seniors, suchlike as Sumner and Harney, would oppose any such or screw it up. - McClellan fixed on the solution of a U.S. Cavalry Board to set doctrine, training, and tactics. He thought the SecWar could appoint progressive thinkers, bypassing the senior men. - Davis, as Secretary of War was board-averse and had already tried to replace the existing board system (and failed). - Johnston, reading Davis's personality, lobbied McClellan to draft training and doctrine documents and to submit them directly to Davis for issue by fiat without use of a board. - [McClellan in my view, would have regarded this as dangerous for the long-term development of the branch.] - McClellan, persisting in writing to Davis about the good of a Cavalry Board was called to a private meeting with Davis - this meeting triggered his resignation from the army submitted a day later. - Before leaving service, McClellan developed and submits his collection of cavalry recommendations and proposals. Thus, he ends up following Johnston's advice too late to help himself. Some of his recommendations were adopted. - [As general-in-chief and commander of the Army of the Potomac, McClellan settled for half a loaf - a chief of cavalry and artillery (branch chiefs).] Cavalry doctrine intrigues Have been re-reading The Delafield Commission and the American Military Profession, the parts about the cavalry doctrine struggles between McClellan, Johnston and Davis. To summarize (crudely):

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Sickle cell disease awareness – 1 Narrator: This is NIH Health Matters. I’m Joe Balintfy. Sickle cell disease affects between 70- and 100,000 people in the United States. The disease is most prevalent in the African-American community, though individuals of Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, Central and South American, and Asian Indian heritage can develop the disease. Dr. Keith Hoots at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute explains this disease. Hoots: Sickle cell disease is an inherited disease of the protein hemoglobin, which is the protein and red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and the body. Narrator: He adds those with the disease can experience severe pain episodes. For more information on sickle cell disease research, visit nhlbi.nih.gov. Health Matters is produced by the National Institutes of Health, part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. About NIH Radio NIH Radio offers free audio news programs from the National Institutes of Health, your reliable source for health information. All NIH Radio content is in the public domain and can be used without charge or restriction provided that it is not used to misrepresent our agency nor used to suggest we endorse any private organization, product, or service. NIH Radio is a service of the Office of Communications & Public Liaison.

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Saturday, July 31, 2010 Kiwi fruit was originally known as a Chinese gooseberry until it's name was changed in the 1961's when the fruit was exported from New Zealand to the United States. (1) Kiwi fruits are a good source of vitamin C and fiber as well as the minerals potassium, magnesium, copper and phosphorous. (2) We were recently visiting a family with four kids in Connecticut. These are one of Charlie's favorite fruit. (Pears is his other favorite.) I have never been able to get my four year old to try a kiwi, although they are a favorite of mine. But Charlie is ten and when he was raving about how delicious kiwi's were, the four and five year old's got curious. We even through in "They taste like sourpatch kids!" Not everyone liked the kiwis, but everyone tried them and we ended up eating 11 kiwi fruits in less than 24 hours. Although they aren't local and in season, they really are delicious. I like kiwis to be firm and not mushy because I prefer kiwis that are tart--like sourpatch kids :). One thing I love about visiting friends is how much I learn from other families. Everyone has their unhealthy habits. But everyone also has their healthy habits to share. (2) The Encyclopedia of Healing Foods, p.285. Wednesday, July 21, 2010 But, I would like to add to a little more to this simple statement. More accurately, YOU ARE WHAT YOU ABSORB. If you don't absorb the nutrients from the food you are eating, then the expression "You are what you eat" won't be true. All the healthy food in the world won't help you if you are unable to break down and absorb the nutrients in the food you eat. The same is true of vitamins--if you can't break them down and absorb them, then they might be a waste of money. Some children are excellent at absorbing nutrients from food. Their bodies are efficient at breaking down food and extracting every last bit of nutrition from the food. These are children who might be able to eat a relatively unhealthy diet and still grow and thrive. Other children aren't as efficient at breaking down food and despite a relatively healthy diet, they will have growth problems and vitamin deficiencies. Children who eat healthy diets but whose growth or development are not optimal might need to check vitamin status to make sure that they are properly absorbing nutrients. Mainstream doctors can do some tests to assess vitamin levels as well as test for gluten intolerance and allergies, but often an alternative or integrated doctor will do a better job assessing the overall nutritional status of a patient. One of the main symptoms of celiac is malabsorption of vitamins and fats. This malabsorption of vitamins and fats can lead to growth, learning, behavioral and health problems. Because of our family's inability to absorb nutrients, even a nutrient dense, gluten free diet was not enough to prevent nutrient deficiencies. Two nutritionists told me that my daughter had the worst absorption they had ever seen--one said her absorption was worse than the worst case of IBD that she has seen. It is a huge relief for me, that after treatment for an underactive thyroid and the biofilm protocol, both my children's absorption of nutrients has improved. I, myself, developed a nerve problem from vitamin deficiencies. Testing revealed I was low in copper, carnitine, B12, and arganine (an amino acid.) I was told that several of the vitamins I was low in were absorbed in the same area of the intestine indicating that absorption might be a factor. Pinpointing and addressing these deficiencies resulted in my nerve problem getting better. My point is--everyone is different. While a nutrient dense, gluten free diet might be a necessity for some children, for others, it might not be enough and specific supplementation might be necessary. Some kids would quickly come unraveled eating a diet of mostly processed foods, but other children can thrive on whatever they eat. Of course, everyone, in theory, would do better eating a healthier, less processed diet and I try to educate parents how many problems can be a symptom of poor nutritional status. But, I also try to remember that everyone is different and what is right for me and my family might not be necessary for others. Mainstream and Alternative Testing for Food Allergies and Vitamin Deficiencies Sunday, July 18, 2010 Quinoa Granola Recipe Mix together in a large bowl: - 3.5 cups quinoa flakes - 1 cup gluten free oatmeal - 1 cup unsweetened shredded coconut - 2 cups almonds-chopped - 1 cup pecans-chopped - 1 cup sunflower seeds - 1 Tablespoon cinnamon - 1/2 teaspoon nutmeg Separately, in sauce pan over low heat until combined: - 1.5 cups applesauce - 1/2 cup brown sugar - 2 Tablespoons maple syrup - 1/4 cup oil (macadamia nut oil) - 1 Tablespoon vanilla extract - 3/4 teaspoon salt Pour sauce from pan over dry ingredients and mix well in bowl until combined using a large spoon. Divide mixture onto 3 sheet trays and spread evenly over each sheet tray so mixture covers tray. Bake in 300º oven for 1 hour. Every 20 minutes use a spatula to stir granola and turn over so it doesn't burn. It might need a few more minutes depending on your oven. Also, rotate trays in the oven so that they cook evenly. When granola is golden brown remove from the oven and let it cool down. Add to cooked granola mixture: - 1 cup raisins - 1 cup dried cranberries Friday, July 16, 2010 The chef at Big George's restaurant also went out of their way to accommodate us on our recent stay to visit friends at their cottage on Sea Island. We called the executive chef in advance and told them what would work for our gluten free family and Big George's had rice, corn, and roasted potatoes on the buffet that were all gluten free. They had a hamburger with a gluten free bun and pasta. They even brought two types of bread to our table--a crusty rosemary bread and an moist quiche like muffin. And they made jello that my son could eat while everyone else was eating the dessert buffet. At the camp at the Cloisters's they ordered my son an allergy free lunch from the snack bar because they serve food like pizza and barbecue. The gluten free, casein free lunch was a hamburger without the bun, potato chips and fruit. They have ice cream everyday but offered to order him some dairy free strawberry sorbet from the ice cream shop. Last night we played Bingo at the Cloister's on Sea Island in Georgia which is every Tuesday and Thursday night in the summer. It was beyond fun. Bingo and a gluten free menu. What more could you want from a summer vacation? We rode bicycles home in the dark adding to the fun filled night. I would highly recommend a gluten free family vacation at the Cloister's on Sea Island. Call in advance to let the chef know you are arriving and what kind of food your family likes to eat to make sure that they have it. Thursday, July 15, 2010 Babycakes brownies are also egg free which is a miracle--I don't know how they do it. I can make anything gluten and dairy free but things start to taste funny when I make them egg free. The brownies are a great idea for any birthday near or far for anyone who can't eat gluten. (They sent them to me in Georgia!) I was also sent a dozen cupcakes! WHAT A TREAT! I love birthdays and sweet celebrations. Tuesday, July 13, 2010 Ideally, you should avoid using the computer and TV for an hour and a half before you want to go to sleep. If that is impossible, then the Zzz glasses can help offset the impact of the light and allow you go to sleep after being exposed to light. They also have yellow colored light bulbs which block the blue light. Jeffrey says the solution to this problem can even be relatively inexpensive--turn down the lights! Sleep and the disruption of the circadian cycle may be a factor in everything from postpartum depression to cancer to obesity. Adults need to get seven and a half hours of sleep per night. Kids ages 5 to 12 need 9-11 hours of sleep. Of course, everyone is different and you can tell you have gotten enough sleep if you wake up naturally without an alarm clock. Sleeping and Allergies Book Review: Nurture Shock Friday, July 9, 2010 Today, The Whole Health Source posted on China Study Problems of Interpretation. The China Study was an observational study in China of 65 different regions, used as a main source by Dr. T. Colin Campbell, who wrote a book called The China Study: Startling Implications for Diet, Weight Loss and Long Term Health, a book which promotes a vegetarian diet and warns that any consumption of animal protein causes increased cancer rates. On amazon.com the book is actually titled: The China Study: The Most Comprehensive Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted and The Startling Implications for Diet, Weight Loss and Long Term Health. Dr. Campbell's book is all about how eating ANY meat is bad for your health and increases your risk of cancer and eating plant based protein lowers your risk for cancer. The Whole Health Source mentioned that when the data from the study was examined by Denise Minger, who wrote an AMAZING overview of what she found when she crunched the raw data from the China Study, was that wheat was actually correlated with cancer more than animal products. Her lengthy assessment of The China Study, which painstakingly looks at the data, finds that the data from the study does not support Campbell's claim which promotes a vegetarian, non meat diet as a way to reduce cancer risk. Her interpretation can be found on her blog Raw Rood SOS: Troubleshooting on the Raw Food Diet. I spent an hour reading Denise Minger's interpretation of the data and looking at the detailed charts. Near the end, there is a section titled Sins of Omission. In it, Denise Minger writes: "Perhaps more troubling than the distorted facts in “The China Study” are the details Campbell leaves out. Why does Campbell indict animal foods in cardiovascular disease (correlation of +1 for animal protein and -11 for fish protein), yet fail to mention that wheat flour has a correlation of +67 with heart attacks and coronary heart disease, and plant protein correlates at +25 with these conditions? Speaking of wheat, why doesn’t Campbell also note the astronomical correlations wheat flour has with various diseases: +46 with cervix cancer, +54 with hypertensive heart disease, +47 with stroke, +41 with diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, and the aforementioned +67 with myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease? (None of these correlations appear to be tangled with any risk-heightening variables, either.)" Both Stephen Guyenet and Denise Minger are researchers who really know their stuff--they crunch numbers and make charts. They aren't making this stuff up. (And, unlike me, they aren't promoting a gluten free diet--so they are obviously more objective than I am!) I thought I would post the association between wheat consumption and cancer that Minger found as well as the possible association between wheat flour replacing rice and rising obesity rates in China, that Guyenet writes about because they are interpretations which suggest two more reasons why giving up gluten (which includes wheat) might be a good idea for our overall health. Thursday, July 8, 2010 Monday, July 5, 2010 - retinyl palmate (vitamin A) (1)(2) - parabens such as methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, or benzylparaben which are used as preservatives in many products. (3) Parabens are of most concern when used in products which remain on your skin such as lotions and sunscreens. - nano scale minerals (4). The ONLY "active ingredients" should be: ZINC OXIDE (sunscreen grade > 100nm) or non-nano particles. The reason that you want the zinc to be greater than 100 nm, is that nano scale minerals are thought to be unsafe by some consumer safety groups. And, Green Living Q&A has a great thread about sunscreens which mentions that many sunscreens, even those marketed to babies like California Baby contain questionable ingredients. The best way to avoid nano scale minerals is to look on the label. Having nano scale minerals does make sunscreen easier to spread and absorb so you don't look like you are covered in white cream, but this same ability to be absorbed also means that these minerals can be absorbed into organs and tissues making their safety profile uncertain at this time. (5) If you have purchased nano products already, you can use them up, but I wouldn't seen out or continue to buy products using this technology until we know more about them. thedailygreen.com has a great list of 23 natural sunscreens. But I would caution parents to look carefully at the ingredient list to make sure if they buy California Baby brand they don't have nano scale ingredients in them, when possible. Oxford Journal of Toxicological Sciences says: "nanomaterial safety data are limited. Until such time as the exposures, hazards, and environmental life cycle of nanomaterials have been more clearly defined, cautious development and implementation of nanotechnology is the most prudent course." (4) Scientific American also has an article about how nano particles are bad for the environment. Friday, July 2, 2010 We went to New Paradise Cafe in Sag Harbor for dinner. I didn't know what they would have that was gluten free but it is pretty easy these days to find something simple that doesn't have gluten. What a treat to be told by the waiter, when I inquired, that they had gluten free pasta. It was amazing to be served a piping hot plate of gluten free corn fusilli from Italy in a rich, creamy bolognese sauce at a restaurant. We have pasta at home, but my kids like it plain so I don't often serve myself such an elaborate pasta dish. And getting gluten free pasta in a restaurant normally requires going to a gluten free restaurant. So, to stumble upon gluten free pasta at a restaurant without a gluten free menu felt like a huge score. While I love the easiness of a gluten free menu, my experience at the New Paradise Cafe made me realize that I don't even need an entire gluten free menu! What I need is a gluten free entree and a salad. End of story. I am not picky--I just need the food that I am served to be gluten free. So the fact that they had gluten free corn pasta was huge. I'm sure I could have inquired what else on the menu could have been prepared gluten free, but how could I not get the gluten free pasta? They told me that they have the pasta on hand and if you call ahead they can make it. It was just my lucky day, I guess. If you are in Sag Harbor and looking for some gluten free food, call ahead or stop by the: New Paradise Cafe 126 Main Street Sag Harbor, NY 11963

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This archived Web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. This page will not be altered or updated. Web pages that are archived on the Internet are not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards. As per the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the Contact Us page. William J. Smyth National University of Ireland, Maynooth Mass migration was the distinguishing feature of population movement in the nineteenth century; more people moved greater distances then than at any previous time in history. It has been estimated that at least 44 million persons left Europe for overseas destinations in the years 1821-1915; a disproportionately high number, some 6 million, were from Ireland. Within this context the position of Irish migrants was one of singular and early importance. Approximately one million Irish landed in Canada in the century before the First World War, three quarters of them before 1855, and almost half a million in the years 1825-45. Throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, Irish migrants had outnumbered the combined numbers of English, Scottish and Welsh arrivals. Building upon this demographic base, the Irish ethnic group had attained a numerical strength second only to those of French ancestry at the time of Canadian Confederation in 1867. The majority of Irish migrants to Canada arrived in the pre-Famine period and as such they remain regionally distinctive among the contemporaneous global Irish Diaspora. An Irish presence in Canada had, of course, been registered prior to the nineteenth century with Protestant settlements from Ulster being created in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, and a Catholic population from south east Ireland establishing a foothold in Newfoundland in the late eighteenth century. However, these settlements were of miniscule proportion compared with those created between 1815 and 1845. More than half of the Irish arrivals in this latter period were Protestant and Ulster was the home region of the majority. By the 1830s migration had embraced all Irish counties, as a mania to leave Ireland developed among those who had the monetary or family support necessary to finance the journey and attendant settlement expenses. It would appear that prior to the 1840s most Irish migrants to Canada were self-financed and emigrant remittances were of a lesser significance than they were for the American Irish in the later nineteenth century. Likewise, direct assistance from landlords or government did not equate with that provided to post-Famine migrants to Australia and New Zealand. Throughout the 1830s the average number of Irish arriving in Canada was in excess of 20,000 per annum, but an indeterminate proportion of these would have proceeded directly from the Canadian port of disembarkation to the United States. The peak year of Irish migration to Canada was undoubtedly the Famine deluge of 1847, when more than 100,000 Irish arrived, many of them destitute and ill. At the quarantine station of Grosse-Île some 5,000 died and a similar number was reputed to have perished in Montréal, with several hundred more dying in Kingston and Toronto. Changes in navigation laws reduced Famine traffic in subsequent years, and in 1848-54 migration fell to pre-Famine levels. Thereafter, the bulk of trans-Atlantic Irish migrants sailed to the United States; only a trickle made their way to Canada and increasingly, that trickle was drawn from the Ulster heartland which had provided the charter migrants of the early part of the century. Throughout the twentieth century Canada attracted only a small fraction of the Irish migrant stream; Britain and the United States remained the primary destinations. William J. Smyth is the President Emeritus of the National University of Ireland, Maynooth and a former Vice-Chancellor of the National University of Ireland. A geographer by profession, he has published widely on the Irish in Canada in collaboration with Professor Cecil Houston, University of Windsor. His primary field of interest is Ulster migration to North America.

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The United States Army has evolved during more than two hundred years from the assorted volunteer elements of a weak confederation of colonies into the composite and balanced standing force of a leading world power. Its evolution has paralleled the social, economic, political, and geographical development of the nation. In the opening struggle for independence, the middle period of continental expansion, and the modern era of international operations, the Army has played a constant and substantive role in American history. Today the Army acts in concert with the other military services to protect the nation and carry out American policies at home and around the world. The Army’s senior official is its civilian secretary, who conducts its affairs subject only to the direction, authority, and control of the President of the United States as commander in chief and the Secretary of Defense who represents the chief executive as head of the Department of Defense.1 The principle of civilian control over the military took root early in colonial America under the stewardship of legislators who, "mindful of classical examples of caesarism and praetorianism, and with the spectacle of Cromwell’s military dictatorship arising before them," were determined that such absolute forms of government—especially those of a military complexion—would not gain a foothold in the new land.2 As the sentiment for independence came into focus in the closing decades of the eighteenth century, the framers of the Constitution of the United States codified the concept of civil direction over military affairs by assigning to the Congress the power to raise and support armies, make rules for the government and regulation of the land forces, and declare war. In addition the President was given the role of commander in chief of the Army and the Navy and the state militia when called into federal service. The United States Army was created in June 1775 when the Continental Congress authorized the muster of troops under national auspices and appointed George Washington of Virginia to command them. The Continental Army was administered initially by the Congress, and the creation of an executive military department with carefully defined powers and responsibilities became a lengthy process of trial and error. In June 1776, for example, the Congress established a Board of War and Ordnance composed of five legislators, the lineal ancestor of the War Department. John Adams chaired this congressional committee for more than a year. In July 1777 the Congress established a new Board of War composed first of three and then of five individuals who were not members of Congress. Horatio Gates was named to head it, and served during the winter of 1777–1778. Further change came in the fall of 1778 when Congress again rearranged the board to consist of two legislators and three outsiders. Timothy Pickering and Richard Peters, two of its members, both signed documents as President during 1779–1780, although neither had been appointed to the office. Then in 1781 the Congress set up a War Office, staffed it with non-legislators, and appointed Benjamin Lincoln to head it with a new title, of British origin, Secretary at War. Henry Knox succeeded him in 1781. Despite these efforts to provide direction and control over the Army, during the 1780’s the Congress often acted upon military matters as a committee of the whole or through special subcommittees, independent of the Board of War and the Secretary at War. Yet there was an unmistakable trend in the direction of a separate military department. All that was needed was the formalization of the executive branch of government and the installation of a chief executive.3 On 30 April 1789, George Washington became the first President of the United States under the new Constitution. Three months later, on 7 August 1789, Congress established a Department of War, changed the title of the department head from Secretary at War to Secretary of War, and made that official directly responsible to the President rather than to the Congress. Henry Knox remained in office to become the first Secretary of War. Another major change in the designation of the department and its executive head came 158 years later with the passage of the National Security Act of 1947. Under this legislation and its 1949 amendments, the Air Force was removed from the Army to become a separate and equal military department, the Army, Navy, and Air Force were brought under a national military establishment headed by a civilian of cabinet rank, and the service secretaries lost cabinet status while their institutions were reduced from executive agencies to military departments within a Department of Defense. The War Department became the Department of the Army, certainly a less bellicose and more precise designation that comprehended its peacetime as well as its wartime role in the military and societal structure. The Secretary of War became the Secretary of the Army, and incumbent Kenneth C. Royall presided over the transition to become the first Secretary of the Army. In its more than two centuries of service to the nation, the Army has had, by and large, a distinguished body of civilian leaders. A majority of the secretaries studied and practiced law before entering public service. Many moved on to higher public office, and their contributions extended beyond the military sphere. James Monroe and William Howard Taft both achieved the office of President of the United States. John C. Calhoun reached the vice presidency, and Jefferson Davis held a unique office—President of the Confederate States of America. Nine of the Army’s chief executives served also as Secretary of State, three were Secretary of the Treasury, two Postmaster General, and one Attorney General of the United States. William Howard Taft’s tenure as Secretary of War was followed by his election to the presidency; he then moved over from the executive to the judicial branch of government to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Another secretary, Edwin M. Stanton, was nominated by President Ulysses S. Grant to be an associate justice of the Supreme Court, but Stanton died before he could take office.4 Twenty-one secretaries served in the United States Senate and eighteen in the United States House of Representatives, while nineteen served in state legislatures. Twelve were state governors; one was a territorial governor; and four served as Governor General of the Philippines. Fifteen held diplomatic posts, two were university presidents, and many served at federal and state levels in a variety of other capacities. Henry L. Stimson holds the distinction of being the only one to have served two nonconsecutive terms as Secretary of War, one (1911–1913) under President William Howard Taft, the other (1940–1945) under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. As the nation entered its third century, Secretary Clifford L. Alexander took office, the first black to head the Army department. Forty of the sixty-nine individuals who have been Secretary of War or Secretary of the Army saw military service, principally in wartime. Jefferson Davis, John M. Schofield, and Howard H. Callaway were graduates of the United States Military Academy, and John W. Weeks was a graduate of the United States Naval Academy. Three other secretaries—Charles M. Conrad, John B. Floyd, and Luke E. Wright—served in the Confederate forces during the Civil War. Michael P. W. Stone served in the British Royal Navy during World War II. There are two father-son combinations in the roster of Secretaries of War: Simon Cameron (1861–1862) and James D. Cameron (1876–1877); and Alphonso Taft (1876) and William Howard Taft (1904–1908). Another secretary, Robert Todd Lincoln, was the son of a president, and George W. and William H. Crawford were cousins. It is engaging to note that Joel R. Poinsett gave us the lovely Christmas flower, poinsettia, while Dwight F. Davis sponsored the Davis Cup, a cherished prize in international tennis competition. The general course of continental development is reflected in the state residency of secretarial appointees (not necessarily their native states). Most early selections came from the New England–Middle Atlantic regions; as settlement spread, there were more nominees from southern and western states. Over the two centuries, New York tops the list with ten appointees. Massachusetts and Pennsylvania are next with six each, while Virginia provided five. Tennessee, Ohio, and Illinois have provided four apiece. Georgia and West Virginia each contributed three of the Army’s civilian leaders. Six states—Maryland, South Carolina, Kentucky, Iowa, Michigan, and New Jersey—have had two appointees each, and finally, Louisiana, Minnesota, Vermont, Missouri, Oklahoma, Utah, Kansas, North Carolina, Arkansas, Wisconsin, and California largely confirm the westward trend with one apiece.5 Secretary Alexander is the first appointee from the District of Columbia. War Department headquarters has always been located at the seat of government. In the early years of the republic, when the government functioned initially in New York and later in Philadelphia, the department rented modest quarters in private buildings. In New York City, for example, with the Revolutionary War ended and British troops withdrawn, the War Office shared quarters with the Foreign Office in Fraunces Tavern at the corner of Great Dock (now Pearl) and Broad Streets, the site of Washington’s farewell address to his officers in 1783. The government’s outlay for space to accommodate two of its key, albeit small, departments was a modest $812.50 per annum. In May 1788 the offices moved to a house on lower Broadway.6 In December 1790, when the federal government moved to Philadelphia, Secretary Henry Knox established his headquarters in Carpenters’ Hall, a building the department had occupied while the Confederation Congress was convened in Independence Hall before the move to New York City and the inauguration of constitutional government. The War Department moved in 1791 to adjacent New Hall for a year, then in 1792 to the southeast corner of Fifth and Chestnut Streets in a building that was one of a block of houses called Norris Row. After a four-year residence there, the department moved again in 1797, this time to one of the row houses on the northeast corner of Fifth and Chestnut Streets. Here the headquarters remained until 1800, when the government moved to the new capital at Washington.7 Not long after taking office in 1789, President Washington had begun to plan for a new and permanent capital. Throughout most of his tenure he personally attended to the selection of the site, the purchase of the land, the design of the city, and the construction of the public buildings. Only six months after his death in retirement in December 1799, his successor, President John Adams, moved the government to Washington City on the banks of the Potomac River.8 George Washington’s plan for an executive quarter centered around the President’s House had begun to take shape in 1798 with the start of construction on the first two of four similar buildings, to be located on sites about two hundred yards from the corners of the executive mansion. The southeast and southwest structures were completed in 1800, and the War Department occupied space in the southwest unit with several other agencies, while the Treasury Department occupied the southeast unit. Early in their occupancy, both buildings had serious fires that forced the tenants out to rented quarters during a period of reconstruction. The Army headquarters operated on several occasions from private accommodations along the south side of Pennsylvania Avenue between Twenty-first and Twenty-second Streets, a row-house complex sometimes called the Six Buildings. The government’s key departments resumed operations in their rebuilt structures for a dozen years until disaster struck once again during the War of 1812: British forces invaded the capital in 1814 and burned the government buildings to the ground. The War Department again resumed operations in private quarters while the capital was being reconstructed. By 1817 the damaged structures had been rebuilt, and by 1820 the entirely new northeast and northwest buildings had been added to the executive grouping. The northeast unit was now occupied by the Department of State, the southeast by the Department of the Treasury, and the southwest by the Department of the Navy. Secretary John C. Calhoun moved the Department of War into the new northwest building, taking along the name War Office for the new edifice, an identification that would later become "Old War."9 As the Army’s responsibilities were gradually enlarged, the War Department had to expand its staff and facilities to meet both normal growth and the surges created by wartime activity. Because of the expense and delay inherent in new construction, during the Mexican War Secretary William L. Marcy turned to lease arrangements with private builders, while during the Civil War Secretary Edwin M. Stanton secured sufficient funds to add two floors to Old War. Two floors and a wing were added to Old Navy at the same time.10 Yet, as the years passed it was evident that some major new construction was needed, and the subject was under continuing consideration within the department and elsewhere in the executive and legislative branches of government over an extended period. In the closing weeks of 1869, the Congress established a commission to select a suitable site and prepare plans for a new executive office building and, in 1871, began annual appropriations for such a structure. Wing-by-wing construction was begun in June 1871 at a site to the west of the White House, near existing northwest and southwest buildings. Progressive demolition of the old buildings was geared to construction of the wings of the new building, and evacuations and occupancies by departmental personnel were carefully phased with construction schedules to ensure optimum use of facilities. The south wing was completed first, in July 1875, and occupied by the State Department. In 1879 the Old War Department building was demolished as the east wing of the new structure was completed, and War and Navy department staff members moved in. Although he had been closely associated, as a department head, with the design, planning, and construction of the State-War-Navy Building, Secretary of War William W. Belknap was not destined to run his department from the new headquarters. That distinction fell to Secretary George W. McCrary, Belknap’s successor thrice-removed. Early in 1888, almost seventeen years after the start of construction, the mammoth State-War-Navy Building was fully completed at a cost slightly greater than $10 million. Under congressional space allocations the War Department initially "occupied all the north, west, and center wings and shared the east wing with the Navy and the south wing with State and Navy."11 Expansion of government agencies is a natural concomitant to national growth; as a nation’s population and territory grow, political, economic, and social responsibilities multiply, and the various arms of government must expand to keep pace. Agencies seem to constantly outgrow their accommodations, and rarely are the larger departments concentrated in one location or a single building. Fifty years after settling down in the State-War-Navy Building on the west side of the White House grounds, the War Department was being gradually displaced by an expanding State Department and was petitioning for its own building. Noting that his agencies were occupying seventeen separate buildings throughout the city and that the State Department was scheduled to take over all of State-War-Navy, Secretary George H. Dern in his annual report of 1934 emphasized that "The need for a new War Department building is pressing, and its erection should be undertaken without delay." As if to dramatize the plea, Harry H. Woodring, who as under secretary succeeded Dern upon the latter’s death in August 1936, moved the Secretary of War’s office out of State-War-Navy and into the Munitions Building on Constitution Avenue, a "temporary" structure left over from World War I. Both the Secretary and the Chief of Staff kept the pressure on, and in his 1938 report, General Malin Craig addressed the subject. Speaking to the demands of efficiency, he emphasized that "A fundamental requisite for the successful conduct of war is that the directing elements of the military machine be closely and mutually articulated permitting prompt decisions and their coordinate actions." General Craig warned prophetically that "In the event of a major war one of the first steps that would have to be taken would be the reconcentration of the major elements of the War Department in a single building."12 A valid philosophy and an urgent need coincided all too soon as World War II broke out in Europe and the prospect of United States participation loomed ever larger on the horizon. By the end of fiscal year 1941, yet a few months short of American involvement in the war, Secretary Henry L. Stimson, still quartered in the Munitions Building, could report that the space situation had been "somewhat improved by putting into service the New War Department Building on Twenty-first Street, but this was in no way adequate to house all of the personnel." Under emergency conditions, plans for a new building were prepared, a site was selected on the Virginia side of the Potomac River across from the Washington Monument and the Jefferson and Lincoln Memorials, and construction proceeded apace as the nation became ever more deeply involved in the global struggle.13 The new building was completed in January 1943, just beyond the midpoint of American participation in the war. Called the "Pentagon" for its five-sided configuration, the building was constructed at a cost of about $83 million. Secretary Stimson was the first executive to run the department from the new headquarters. By the nation’s bicentennial year of 1976, however, although the Pentagon was still the Army’s command post, organizational evolution in the military had made the Army a tenant with the other armed services which together constitute the Department of Defense—the Pentagon’s proprietor since the parent department was established in 1949.14 As the world’s largest office building, the Pentagon draws its share of attention in the congeries of public buildings and monuments in the nation’s capital. Visitors to its five floors, arranged in five concentric rings and connected by ten corridors radiating from the inner hub, are exposed not only to an architectural marvel but also to a variety of exhibits that represent the military heritage of America. One feature is the Army’s "Portrait Gallery" of Secretaries of War and Secretaries of the Army. The gallery represents a unique and valuable collection of paintings of the Army’s civilian leaders from earliest times to the present.l5 Credit for conceiving and launching the gallery belongs to President Grant’s Secretary of War, William Worth Belknap. Looking ahead from the vantage point of the early 1870’s, Belknap fastened upon the idea of a secretarial portrait gallery as an appropriate way for the department to mark the nation’s centennial in 1876. It would not be an easy task; few of his predecessors had had their portraits painted, and even those portraits might be in private possession and out of reach. Thus most of the gallery had to be created from scratch. For his own portrait, Belknap sat in 1874 for Daniel Huntington, a distinguished portrait, historical, and landscape painter of the day. Most of his predecessors were painted at Belknap’s behest during 1873, 1874, and 1875, the bulk of them by three artists who had to work in most instances from existing paintings or family photographs rather than from life. Huntington produced nine, Robert W. Weir—instructor in drawing and professor at West Point—produced seven, and German-born and German-trained Henry Ulke produced five. With the arrival of the centennial year and Belknap’s departure from office under a cloud, the War Department Portrait Gallery was a going enterprise that could be updated portrait by portrait by Belknap’s successors. This has, indeed, happened.16 As the gallery was expanded to cover key officials from a century of operation, it was not limited to secretarial principals alone, but also included several ad interim secretaries and other officials prominent in the conduct of military affairs. The portraits were executed, in large part, by eminent artists. In addition to Huntington, Weir, and Ulke, they included Walter M. Brackett, a Boston painter and the younger brother of sculptor Edward A. Brackett, who painted Secretaries Pickering, Dexter, Dearborn, and Eustis; George P. A. Healy, a prominent portraitist of statesmen, who painted General William T. Sherman; John Wesley Jarvis, one of the foremost portrait painters of the early nineteenth century in New York, who portrayed Secretary Calhoun; and James Harvey Young, a successful Boston artist, who painted Secretary Henry Knox as well as his predecessor, Secretary at War Benjamin Lincoln. All in all, the quality of the series is commendable when it is remembered that it has been attended by complications, spans a full two hundred years, and is marked by an evolution in both fashion and artistic style. Because portraiture is a subjective matter involving ego, individuality, and perception as well as creativity, style, and technique, secretarial sitters and painters have not always achieved harmonious results—this despite the fact that the secretaries have traditionally selected their own portraitists. This is not unusual among public figures; in a recent notable instance, Lyndon Baines Johnson openly expressed his discontent over artist Peter Hurd’s portrait of him as the thirty-sixth President of the United States. Problems related to secretarial portraits occasionally involved not only the subject but also his family. Mrs. Daniel S. Lamont, for example, did not like Raimundo de Madrazo’s portrait of Secretary Lamont, and in 1912, seven years after her husband’s death, she asked the War Department if it could be exchanged for another. Although the Lamonts had added $2,750 to the War Department’s standard $750 fee to retain Madrazo, the portrait had become government property upon submission, and the Judge Advocate General ruled that Congressional action would be required to dispose of it in any manner. The situation was resolved when Mrs. Lamont retained Samantha Huntley to paint a new portrait and presented it to the War Department. Secretary Stimson then acceded to Mrs. Lamont’s wishes by hanging the Huntley in the gallery and storing the Madrazo.17 The circumstances were somewhat different for Secretary John W. Weeks. He described his portrait as "so satisfactory to my family that they decided they wanted to retain it," so Mr. Weeks arranged for another portrait to represent him in what he noted was sometimes referred to as the "Chamber of Horrors."18 The cost of secretarial portraits has risen steadily through the years. Except for the $500 that James Harvey Young received for his portrait of Henry Knox, the $525 that Henry Ulke received for his portrait of Edwin M. Stanton, the presentation of John Armstrong’s portrait, and the transfer from West Point of John C. Calhoun’s portrait, the War Department paid $300 for all portraits up to and including Secretary Belknap’s. For the portraits of Alphonso Taft through George McCrary, the going rate was $500, while for Robert Lincoln through Russell Alger the portraitist received $750. Elihu Root’s portrait by Madrazo cost $2,000, and this departure from scale introduced an element of fluctuation that has existed to this day, with prices ranging from $750 to $2,000 in the earlier years of the twentieth century and increasing to $7,500 in modern times. Artists’ fees have been influenced by such factors as the market’s trend, the subject’s prominence, and the artist’s renown.19 The Army’s secretarial portrait gallery has not functioned in a military vacuum or without surveillance from the art world. In 1931, for example, the members of the American Federation of the Arts, meeting in annual convention and sensitive to the fact that foreign artists like Raimundo de Madrazo and Douglas Chandor were getting the prestigious secretarial commissions, passed a resolution recommending that "all portraits designed for display in a [government] Department building in Washington shall be painted by American artists of recognized standing; that such portraits shall be in oil, of a suitable size, and shall be framed in a simple frame of good design. Also that in each building wall space shall be set apart for the display of portraits, and that a means be taken to bring existing portraits into as much order as may be possible, with regard to size and framing, to the end that the requirements of history, of good order, and of good taste shall be promoted. . . ."20 It was perhaps a misnomer to call the War Department’s secretarial paintings a "Portrait Gallery" and tie the gallery almost exclusively to the executive portraits, for the Army’s total art collection included earlier acquisitions and other categories of work, either commissioned by or purchased for the Army. Through the middle years of the nineteenth century, for example, the Army acquired a series of portraits of Indian chiefs done mostly by Charles Bird King, a series of Mexican War paintings by James Walker, and a series of Civil War etchings by Edwin Forbes. In acquiring these, and other works, the Army demonstrated that, despite organizational and custodial alterations through the years, it perceived the value of art as history and recognized that military art is at once a contribution to the Army’s heritage and a tool of morale and esprit.21 The thousands of items in the Army Art Collection today represent a variety of regions, periods, and subjects, and constitute a unique body of documentary art. The portraits of the department’s secretaries provide substance and foundation in this collection of national as well as military and service significance.22 As the United States celebrated its bicentennial in 1976, the specter of inflation was abroad in the land and the high cost of government was a central issue for candidates in the quadrennial presidential election. The new administration had been in office only a few weeks into 1977 when attention turned to the subject of cabinet members’ portraits as a possible area of economy. Three months after taking office, President Jimmy Carter issued a directive to department heads ordering that the custom of commissioning portraits of outgoing agency heads be stopped: "As I understand it, past Cabinet Secretaries have commissioned oil portraits, at Government expense, as a method of maintaining an official, historical record of the line of succession of Cabinet Secretaries. Although the practice has existed for over a century, these portraits have become an unnecessary luxury costing anywhere from $6,000 to $12,000. . . . Therefore, I ask that you discontinue this practice and in the future use color photographs to record the line of succession."23 President Carter’s ban on the commissioning of oil portraits of cabinet secretaries at government expense remained in effect until the eve of his departure from office. As a result of the proscription, the portraits of Carter administration department heads were done in the photographic medium. Assembled in a special exhibit at the National Portrait Gallery in Washington prior to placement in their respective collections, they inspired mixed critical reaction in the nation’s press and periodical literature. Whether for this or other reasons, President Carter on 19 January 1981, only twenty-four hours before his departure from office, authorized a return to the traditional custom of contracting for oil portraits to record the line of succession in government departments. Since then the portraits of Secretaries Alexander, Marsh, and Stone have been painted and added to the secretarial portrait gallery in the Pentagon. It is interesting to note that a bicentennial appraisal of the Army’s secretarial portrait collection placed its value at many times its original cost. Indeed, because of date, subject, or artist, some of the portraits may be said to fall in the category of national treasures. More than two hundred years ago, George Washington expressed the belief that, "The Instituting of a War Office is certainly an Event of great importance, and, in all probability, will be recorded as such in the Historic page."24 The first President’s observation has been borne out largely because of the efforts of a long line of distinguished secretaries at the head of the department. This book introduces them in consecutive order, with a brief biographical sketch and a portrait of each incumbent. Notes to Introduction 1. Title 10, United States Code, subtitle B, part I, contains the statutory provisions concerning the organization of the Army and the powers and responsibilities of the secretary. 2. Russell F. Weigley, History of the United States Army (New York: Macmillan Co., 1967), p. 6. 3. Maurice Matloff, ed., American Military History (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1969), p. 55. During gaps in the incumbencies of Gates, Lincoln, and Knox, continuity of operations was ably maintained by Joseph Carlton, who served as administrative assistant in the Board of War and Ordnance, the Board of War, and the Department of War. For a general treatment of the organization and operation of the War Office, see Harry M. Ward, The Department of War, 1781–1795 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1962). 4. As the nation’s third century opened, former Secretary of the Army Cyrus R. Vance was confirmed as Secretary of State in the administration of President Jimmy Carter, becoming the ninth Army secretary to also hold the State portfolio. 5. States are listed in the order in which secretarial candidates from them were appointed. New York receives credit for two appointees for Secretary Stimson’s split terms, while North Carolina receives credit for one appointee for Secretary Royall’s single term and incumbency during the transition from Secretary of War to Secretary of the Army. 6. Richard S. Patterson, "The [State] Department’s New Home—175 Years Ago," Foreign Service Journal (Jan 1960):33–31. 7. Ltr, Interior Department, National Park Service, Independence National Historical Park, 29 Apr 77. CMH files. 8. Lurton D. Ingersoll, A History of the War Department of the United States With Biographical Sketches of the Secretaries (Washington: Francis B. Mohun, 1880), ch. 4; General Services Administration Historical Study Number 3, Executive Office Building (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1970), pp. 2–8; Unpublished "Historical Report of the Executive Office Building," Department of the Interior, 1957, pp. 1–4, CMH files. Although these sources differ on minor details, they are in general accord on the substance of the development of the executive quarter on its present site. 9. GSA Study No. 3, p. 7. 10. To meet emergency housing needs during the Mexican War the government rented two commercial office buildings, one at 17th and F Streets, NW, built by William H. Winder, the other at 15th and F Streets, NW, built by W. W. Corcoran. In the Civil War some badly needed space was acquired by adding two floors to the executive office buildings and a wing to Old Navy. The Winder building was later purchased by the government and remains in use today (1981) as an executive office annex. 11. GSA Study No. 3, p. 57; Interior Report, pp. 9–10. 12. Annual Reports of the Secretary of War, 1935, p. 2; 1935, p. 3; and 1938, p. 35. For related details see also the annual reports of 1936, pp. 2, 6, 39; and 1937, pp. 3, 6, 36. 13. Sec’y War Rept, 1941, p. 11. The New War Department Building was turned over to the State Department when Army headquarters moved to the Pentagon; it remains a State Department building today (1981), joined to that agency’s new headquarters building constructed on adjacent land in the late 1950’s and opened in January 1961. 14. The Pentagon, (undated ca. 1943) pamphlet published in Washington, D.C., by the Pentagon Post Restaurant Council. CMH files. 15. In 1992 the portraits of the Secretaries of War were hanging in the inner or "A" Ring on the third floor of the Pentagon between the Fourth and Fifth corridors; those of the smaller number of Secretaries of the Army were in the "A" Ring of the third floor between the Sixth and Seventh corridors. Several of the portraits of key secretaries (Root and Stimson) were hanging in the Secretary of the Army’s office, and one—General Knox—was in the General Officers’ Mess; texturized photographic reproductions were substituted in the main collection on public display. 16. "Portrait Gallery of Secretary of War Belknap," a list compiled by Dallas Irvine, Chief Archivist, War Records Branch, National Archives, 1955, copy in CMH files. In addition to the predecessors, Huntington painted four and Ulke one of Belknap’s successors. 17. Memo, Office of the Assistant and Chief Clerk of the War Department, undated, sub: War Department Portrait Gallery. In Portraits of Ex-Secretaries of War. 007.2, Fine Arts, National Archives. 18. Ltr, John W. Weeks to John C. Scofield, Assistant and Chief Clerk, War Department, 23 Oct 25, sub: Arrangements to provide his portrait for the War Department Gallery. In ibid. 19. Memo, Office of the Assistant and Chief Clerk of the War Department, undated, sub: War Department Portrait Gallery. In ibid. 20. Resolution, The American Federation of the Arts to War Department, 26 May 31, sub: Recommendations concerning portraits of government figures. In ibid. 21. The matter of custodianship surfaces in these examples. Most of the Indian portraits, commissioned by Thomas L. McKenney, first superintendent of Indian Affairs when that bureau was in the War Department, were destroyed by a fire in the Smithsonian Institution in 1865. Fortunately, McKenney had published them privately, in his three-volume work, History of the Indian Tribes of North America With Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of the Principal Chiefs (1836–1844), which perpetuated the gallery and became a classic. Captain Montgomery C. Meigs, an Army engineer officer charged with decorating the Capitol Building, commissioned James Walker to paint "The Battle of Chapultepec" and may have arranged for the acquisition of the twelve small Mexican War and two Civil War paintings by the Army Art Collection. When Edwin Forbes produced his etchings for the nation’s centennial celebration, General Sherman took the first set for the Army. They hung in Army offices for many years, apparently gradually disappearing as the headquarters made its frequent moves. 22. The Chief of Military History, who commands the U. S. Army Center of Military History, is custodian of the Army Art Collection. In addition to soldier art and works commissioned with commercial artists, the Center has custody on behalf of the nation of the Life and Abbott Laboratories Collections of World War II art. The Army Art Collection includes several watercolors by Adolf Hitler, original cartoons by Bill Mauldin, and important works—in addition to those listed above—by such noted American artists as Peter Hurd, Charles Johnson Post, Norman Rockwell, Howard Brodie, and Tom Lea. Another significant element is a series of portraits of the Army Chiefs of Staff, most of them recently executed through the generosity of former Secretary and Mrs. Robert T. Stevens. These portraits are featured in William Gardner Bell, Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff: Portraits and Biographical Sketches of the United States Army’s Senior Officer (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1992). Many pictures from the Army Art Collection are reproduced in Gordon R. Sullivan, Portrait of an Army (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1991). 23. Memo, President Jimmy Carter, the White House, for Cabinet Officers, 18 Apr 77, directing that the practice of commissioning oil portraits of agency heads be discontinued. Copy in CMH files. News accounts of the period indicate that a constituent of Senator Charles H. Percy of Illinois raised the subject of the cost to the taxpayer of cabinet member portraits. The Illinois legislator was reported to have raised the subject in turn with the director of the Office of Management and Budget; the presidential memorandum followed. 24. George Washington, The Writings of George Washington (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1962), vol. 5, p. 159. page created 28 March 2001 Return to Front Matter

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Avila Camacho, Manuel 1897 - Born on April 24th in the city of Teziutlán, a small town in Puebla. Mexican soldier and moderate statesman whose presidency saw a consolidation of the social reforms of the Mexican Revolution and the beginning of an unprecedented period of friendship with the United States. 1914 - He joined the army of Venustiano Carranza and rose rapidly through the ranks. 1938 - Under Lázaro Cárdenas he became minister of national defense. 1940-1946 - Elected as President of Mexico. - During World War II, he cooperated with the United States in programs of hemisphere defense, reciprocal trade, and agricultural labor exchange and sent a Mexican air squadron to fight in the Pacific. 1955 - Died on October 13th in Estado de México. Page last updated: 11:56pm, 25th Jul '07

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Hummingbirds found in Arkansas, USA Following listed (with photos) are hummingbirds found in Arkansas. Hummingbirds that were previously only migrating through Arkansas are increasingly staying there over the winter. Most of the hummers that remain over the winter, are the Rufous Hummingbirds (which can easily be identified by their bright orange-red throats). Another one was the Calliope Hummingbird (the smallest North American hummingbird). Another species that was recorded during the winter time was the Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Scientists assume that the increasing numbers of wintering hummingbirds may be attributed to the following factors: climate change, increasing amounts of hummingbird feeders to help them through the winter. It could also been here that more people are watching them now accounting for the increasing reports; and that they have been there all along. Identification of many hummingbird species is often most easily done by the males' distinctive iridescent throat patches, which range from orange, red, purple, green, blue; and these colorful patches may be restricted to only the throat or in some species may extend over the crown or even over most of the head. However, in poor light conditions, these color patches may simply look greyish/black, which makes identification more difficult. Females and juveniles of the different species often look alike, but some physical clues can often be found. Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) - Native & Common - The only hummingbird known to nest and breed in Arkansas. Ruby-throats arrive in early April, sometimes in mid- or late March. Leave in September or October. The male has a ruby-red throat, a white collar, an emerald green back and a forked tail. The female has a green back and tail feathers that are banded white, black and grey-green. Rufous Hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) - Native & Common These hummingbirds are usually found in gardens and at feeders. These birds are fearless, and are known for chasing away other hummingbirds and even larger birds, or rodents away from their favorite nectar feeders and flowers. Males can easily be identified by their glossy orange-red throats. Females have whitish, speckled throats, green backs and crowns, and rufous, white-tipped tail feathers. Female Ruby-throated Hummingbirds resemble the Rufous Hummingbird females. However, the female Rufous can be identified by the green feathers that cover her back and crown (top of the head). Males also look alike, but they can be identified by their different throat colors (ruby-red in the Ruby-throated and orange-red in the Rufous Hummingbirds). The male Ruby-throated also has a slightly forked tail (not pointed as it is the case in the Rufous Hummingbird). The Ruby-throated is a little smaller than the Rufous Hummingbird. Green Violetear Hummingbirds (Colibri thalassinus) - Rare / Accidental - They are mostly resident in Mexico and Central America, but some seasonal movements have been observed. They may wander north to the United States and even as far north as Canada.. Males and females look very similar. The upper plumage is grass green turning into a bronze color on the rump and uppertail feathers. They have a wide violet central breast spot on the upper breast and a violet-blue band along the chin that often connects to the violet-blue "ear", hence their common name. The tail is square and slightly notched with a broad dark blue band at the end of the tail. Females are smaller and have a slightly duller plumage. Black-chinned Hummingbirds (Archilochus alexandri) - Rare (only 5 reports) The male has a black, shimmering throat with a purple edge and pale feathers below that create a collar. However, unless the light is just right, the head looks all black. His back is green and there are some green feathers covering the chest. The female is pale below (sometimes with a slightly speckled throat) and her back is green. Anna's Hummingbirds (Calypte anna) - Rare (only 4 reports) One of the larger and the most vocal hummingbirds in the United States, where it is the only species to produce a song; specifically the males produce a complex series of scratchy noises, sounding like a sharp "chee-chee-chee; when moving from flower to flower, they emit toneless "chip" vocalizations. All other hummingbirds in the United States are mostly silent. They are well known for their territorial behavior; the male makes elaborate dive displays at other birds and sometimes even at people. At the bottom of their dives, they produce high-pitched loud popping sounds with their tail feathers. Males have glossy dark rose-red throats and crowns, which may appear black or dark purple in low light. The underside is mostly greyish; and the back metallic green. Females have light grey chests with white and red spotting on the throat, greenish back and white tipped tails. They resemble the Costa's Hummingbirds, but the male's Costa's Hummingbird's gorget (throat feathers) is longer than that of the Anna's. They are larger than the Rufous Hummingbirds and lack the rusty coloration of the Rufous Hummingbirds. Calliope Hummingbirds (Stellula calliope) - Rare (only 3 reports) The smallest breeding bird in North America, weighting as little as a penny; as well as the smallest long distant migrant bird in the world - traveling as far as 9,000 km (5,600 miles) from the cold and harsh higher elevations of the western United States and Canada, to winter in southern Mexico. They tend to be less aggressive than the larger hummingbirds, and typically feed low in the flowers and away from the more aggressive hummingbird species. The upper plumage of both males and females is mostly a glossy green and below creamy white. Relatively short tail and beak. Males have a white throat with iridescent elongated gorget (throat) feathers that form wine-red or purple streaks and -- when erected - show a "whiskered" effect. Females can be identified by their whitish throats with dark streaks. Broad-tailed Hummingbirds (Selasphorus platycercus) - Rare (only 4 reports) Males can most easily be identified by their iridescent, rose-red throats, white chest feathers and metallic green back and crown and their rounded tails. The males' tails make whistling noises in flight. Females lack the flashy throat patch of the male and are mostly pale below. Their white-tipped outer tail feathers are rust-colored close to the body and blackish in the center; the tail feathers in the center range from green to blackish. Buff-bellied Hummingbirds (Amazilia yucatanensis) - Rare (only 1 report in 1993) The male's throat is a metallic golden green and the red, dark-tipped bill is straight and slender. Back and head are mostly metallic olive. The lower chest ranges in coloration to whitish with various shades of grey or green, or buffy (yellowish-brown). The tail and primary wing feathers are rufous (reddish-brown) and slightly forked. The underwing is white. The female is generally less colorful than the male and has a a dark upper bill Magnificent or Refulgent Hummingbirds (Eugenes fulgens) - Rare visitor (only 1 report in 1993) They are nearly twice as large as any other hummingbird species found in this State, and can often be identified by their size alone. The male has a metallic green throat and a black chest. His forehead and crown are purple and the back is dark green. The female plumage is less bright. Her chest is solid grey. Her back and crown are olive green. Her tail feathers are pearl-grey tipped. If you see a hummingbird that doesn't appear to be any of the above, please e-mail comments / images to: [email protected]. Thanks! The favorite feeding plants for Hummingbirds in Arkansas are: Many hummingbirds favor red blossoms with a tubular shape (but some species prefer other colors). Hummingbirds feed readily on pink, blue, orange, peach and purple flowers. - Anise Sage (Salvia guaranitica) - blue flowers. One of hummingbird favorites. Also: Salvia pensetmonoides - Hummingbird Mints -- (Agastache cana and Agastache rupestris / Agastache 'Acupulco Salmon and Pink' ) - Perennial; grows quickly; very fragrant. - Flowering Maple (Abutilon sp.) - Not cold resistant. Only survives the winter if brought indoors. A prolific bloomer with lots of nectar. A favorite feeding plant. - Trumpet honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens) - Texas Sage (Salvia coccinea), Salvia 'Maraschino' (Bush Salvia) - Red Hot Poker (Tritoma) - Bee Balm (Monarda) - Penstemon barbatus - Crocosmia 'Lucifer' - Crabapple and Sargent crabapple are hummingbird favorites - Cross Vine (Bignonia capreolata) - evergreen. Orange-red flowers bloom during May and June. - Corsage - an evergreen (Azalea cultivar) produces lavender blooms - Wild red columbine (Aquilegia canadensis) - Cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis) - Day Lilies, Columbine, Sweet William, Common Foxglove, Hosta, Coral Bells and Shasta Daisy High Quality Species Photos, Videos and/or Articles Contributions are welcome! Click here to upload articles and images. Please Note: The images on this page are the sole property of the photographers (unless marked as Public Domain). Please contact the photographers directly with respect to any copyright or licensing questions. Thank you. The Avianweb strives to maintain accurate and up-to-date information; however, mistakes do happen. If you would like to correct or update any of the information, please send us an e-mail. THANK YOU!

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Grassroots: Key to Victory Volunteer work is an important part of elections. They do writing, make posters, and help with commercials, which are important parts of encouraging people to vote. They also register voters, write personalized letters, do copying, answer phone calls, run errands, make food, drive cars, help with speech-writing, do research, and bring senior citizens to election-day polls. Some reasons people volunteer are they believe very strongly in the campaign and think it would be a good way to meet people and become active in the community. Sometimes, volunteers can get important jobs in elections. There are volunteers of all ages.

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Why UNC needs charter schools Charter demonstration schools can improve teacher education December 10, 2007 University of North Carolina leaders agree that improving teacher education must be a priority. In his April 2006 inaugural address, UNC President Erskine Bowles put teacher education at the top of his reform agenda for the university system. He said: While our 15 [UNC] schools of education continue to produce the majority of the stateís teachers, principals, and superintendents, we donít produce nearly enough of them. As a result, our state has a crying need for more teachers, better teachers, science and math teachers, stronger curriculum, and better trained principals. Over the course of the past year, UNC campuses produced more than 3,900 potential teachers, yet today North Carolina must hire more than 11,000 teachers each year. Bowles pointed to two problems with teacher-education programs in North Carolina: teacher supply and teacher quality. The limited number of teachers, particularly math and science teachers, that the UNC system produces may be a legitimate area of concern, but stronger teacher-recruitment efforts are already underway. Read the rest of the Spotlight report, here.

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• SELECT SITE CURRENCY Select a currency for use throughout the site Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics John Wiley and Sons Ltd, April 2007, Pages: 302 A thorough and insightful introduction to using genetic algorithms to optimize electromagnetic systems Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics focuses on optimizing the objective function when a computer algorithm, analytical model, or experimental result describes the performance of an electromagnetic system. It offers expert guidance to optimizing electromagnetic systems using genetic algorithms (GA), which have proven to be tenacious in finding optimal results where traditional techniques fail. Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics begins with an introduction to optimization and several commonly used numerical optimization routines, and goes on to feature: - Introductions to GA in both binary and continuous variable forms, complete with examples of MATLAB(r) commands - Two step-by-step examples of optimizing antenna arrays as well as a comprehensive overview of applications of GA to antenna array design problems - Coverage of GA as an adaptive algorithm, including adaptive and smart arrays as well as adaptive reflectors and crossed dipoles - Explanations of the optimization of several different wire antennas, starting with the famous "crooked monopole" - How to optimize horn, reflector, and microstrip patch antennas, which require significantly more computing power than wire antennas - Coverage of GA optimization of scattering, including scattering from frequency selective surfaces and electromagnetic band gap materials - Ideas on operator and parameter selection for a GA - Detailed explanations of particle swarm optimization and multiple objective optimization - An appendix of MATLAB code for experimentation 1. Introduction to Optimization in Electromagnetics. 1.1 Optimizing a Function of One Variable. 1.1.1 Exhaustive Search. 1.1.2 Random Search. 1.1.3 Golden Search. 1.1.4 Newton’s Method. 1.1.5 Quadratic Interpolation. 1.2 Optimizing a Function of Multiple Variables. 1.2.1 Random Search. 1.2.2 Line Search. 1.2.3 Nelder–Mead Downhill Simplex Algorithm. 1.3 Comparing Local Numerical Optimization Algorithms. 1.4 Simulated Annealing. 1.5 Genetic Algorithm. 2. Anatomy of a Genetic Algorithm. 2.1 Creating an Initial Population. 2.2 Evaluating Fitness. 2.3 Natural Selection. 2.4 Mate Selection. 2.4.1 Roulette Wheel Selection. 2.4.2 Tournament Selection. 2.5 Generating Offspring. 2.7 Terminating the Run. 3. Step-by-Step Examples. 3.1 Placing Nulls. 3.2 Thinned Arrays. 4. Optimizing Antenna Arrays. 4.1 Optimizing Array Amplitude Tapers. 4.2 Optimizing Array Phase Tapers. 4.2.1 Optimum Quantized Low-Sidelobe Phase Tapers. 4.2.2 Phase-Only Array Synthesis Using Adaptive GAs. 4.3 Optimizing Arrays with Complex Weighting. 4.3.1 Shaped-Beam Synthesis. 4.3.2 Creating a Plane Wave in the Near Field. 4.4 Optimizing Array Element Spacing. 4.4.1 Thinned Arrays. 4.4.2 Interleaved Thinned Linear Arrays. 4.4.3 Array Element Perturbation. 4.4.4 Aperiodic Fractile Arrays. 4.4.5 Fractal–Random and Polyfractal Arrays. 4.4.6 Aperiodic Refl ectarrays. 4.5 Optimizing Conformal Arrays. 4.6 Optimizing Reconfi gurable Apertures. 4.6.1 Planar Reconfi gurable Cylindrical Wire Antenna Design. 4.6.2 Planar Reconfi gurable Ribbon Antenna Design. 4.6.3 Design of Volumetric Reconfi gurable Antennas. 4.6.4 Simulation Results—Planar Reconfi gurable Cylindrical Wire Antenna. 4.6.5 Simulation Results—Volumetric Reconfi gurable Cylindrical Wire Antenna. 4.6.6 Simulation Results—Planar Reconfi gurable Ribbon Antenna. 5. Smart Antennas Using a GA. 5.1 Amplitude and Phase Adaptive Nulling. 5.2 Phase-Only Adaptive Nulling. 5.3 Adaptive Reflector. 5.4 Adaptive Crossed Dipoles. 6. Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Wire Antennas. 6.2 GA Design of Electrically Loaded Wire Antennas. 6.3 GA Design of Three-Dimensional Crooked-Wire Antennas. 6.4 GA Design of Planar Crooked-Wire and Meander-Line Antennas. 6.5 GA Design of Yagi–Uda Antennas. 7. Optimization of Aperture Antennas. 7.1 Refl ector Antennas. 7.2 Horn Antennas. 7.3 Microstrip Antennas. 8. Optimization of Scattering. 8.1 Scattering from an Array of Strips. 8.2 Scattering from Frequency-Selective Surfaces. 8.2.1 Optimization of FSS Filters. 8.2.2 Optimization of Reconfi gurable FSSs. 8.2.3 Optimization of EBGs. 8.3 Scattering from Absorbers. 8.3.1 Conical or Wedge Absorber Optimization. 8.3.2 Multilayer Dielectric Broadband Absorber Optimization. 8.3.3 Ultrathin Narrowband Absorber Optimization. 9. GA Extensions. 9.1 Selecting Population Size and Mutation Rate. 9.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). 9.3 Multiple-Objective Optimization. 9.3.2 Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm—Strength Value Calculation. 9.3.3 Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm—Pareto Set Clustering. 9.3.4 Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm—Implementation. 9.3.5 SPEA-Optimized Planar Arrays. 9.3.6 SPEA-Optimized Planar Polyfractal Arrays. Appendix: MATLAB® Code. "…a boon to senior and graduate engineering students who have to complete a design project." (CHOICE, September 2007)

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Positive and Negative Mental Health Consequences of Early Childhood Television Watching An extensive literature in medicine investigates the health consequences of early childhood television watching. However, this literature does not address the issue of reverse causation, i.e., does early childhood television watching cause specific health outcomes or do children more likely to have these health outcomes watch more television? This paper uses a natural experiment to investigate the health consequences of early childhood television watching and so is not subject to questions concerning reverse causation. Specifically, we use repeated cross-sectional data from 1972 through 1992 on county-level mental retardation rates, county-level autism rates, and county-level children’s cable-television subscription rates to investigate how early childhood television watching affects the prevalence of mental retardation and autism. We find a strong negative correlation between average county-level cable subscription rates when a birth cohort is below three and subsequent mental retardation diagnosis rates, but a strong positive correlation between the same cable subscription rates and subsequent autism diagnosis rates. Our results thus suggest that early childhood television watching has important positive and negative health consequences. You may purchase this paper on-line in .pdf format from SSRN.com ($5) for electronic delivery.

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Fatalities in plane crashes preventable with restraints Using air bags and shoulder restraints in passenger aircraft could reduce deaths from head injuries sustained in airplane crashes, according to a study led by Hopkins researchers. Such injuries account for up to a third of all aviation-related deaths in the United States. The study, which was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is published in a September 1997 issue of The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. The researchers examined injury patterns among the 2,554 people who died in airplane crashes in the United States in 1980 and 1990. Despite a 34 percent reduction in the number of aviation-related fatalities between 1980 and 1990, injury patterns were fairly stable. About 42 percent of those who died in the crashes suffered multiple injuries as the immediate cause of death, followed by head injury (22 percent); internal injury of the thorax, abdomen or pelvis (12 percent); burns (4 percent); and drowning (3 percent). Eighteen percent of the victims sustained a single injury, nearly a third of whom died from head injuries. Head injuries also were the most common cause of death among children. "The currently used lap belt is insufficient in protecting passengers from decelerative injuries in aviation crashes," says Guohua Li, associate professor of emergency medicine and lead author of the study. "To prevent serious head injuries, more effective restraint systems as well as crash worthy seats, airframes and superstructures must be considered." Li says studies of small aircraft have shown that pilots with shoulder harnesses were more likely to survive in crashes than those with only lap belts. In addition, studies of air bags in aircraft from the late 1960s showed promising results in preventing serious thoracic and head injuries. "Because of the large crash forces and inadequate protection, aviation crashes usually result in very serious injuries with a case fatality rate of 42 percent, compared with 0.1 percent for motor vehicle crashes," said Susan P. Baker, co-author of the study and professor of health policy and management. "Findings from this study suggest that 87 percent of victims sustained injuries so severe that they either died at the crash scene or on arrival at the hospital." Emergency medicine could play a greater role in improving passenger survival if the mechanical forces transmitted to passengers in aviation crashes were significantly reduced by air bags and better restraint systems, the researchers concluded. Hopkins, Secret Service enter education agreement University President William R. Brody (right) and School of Continuing Studies Dean Stanley C. Gabor (center) met with several high-ranking members of the U.S. Secret Service last month to sign a cooperative agreement between the two institutions. Through the partnership, faculty and staff of the Secret Service and Hopkins' Police Executive Leadership Program, directed by Sheldon Greenberg (not pictured) in the Business Division of SCS, will work together "to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of law enforcement training." Lewis Merletti (at left in photo), Secret Service director, said the agency has a long-standing commitment to continued education, sending agents for two-week training periods every six Go back to Previous Page

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If you’ve started cycling to become a stronger runner, you’ve probably discovered the rules of the road are often confusing, misunderstood, and, sadly, ignored. It isn’t out of spite — it’s usually just lack of knowledge. However, when cyclists don’t follow the laws, they don’t just put themselves at risk, they give a bad name to other cyclists. You know how people are always bitchin’ about how cyclists think they own the road? This is what I’m talking about. But most cyclists aren’t reckless asshats — and yet that stereotype about cyclists is prevalent in almost every community. To help clear the air, I’ve invited Laura, badass triathlete from one of my favorite sites, Frayed Laces, to help me put together a primer on what you should know before you hit the road, whether on your own or in a group. 5 guidelines for safe cycling Before you head out for your first ride, it’s important that you know some of the rules of the road. These rules aren’t here to limit you; they’re here to keep you safe. Yes, cycling on the road can be risky, but the majority of accidents happen from unsafe riding. Follow these five guidelines to keep yourself as safe as possible: 1. If you’re riding on the road, behave like a car. Perhaps the main reason why there is so much animosity between drivers and cyclists is that many cyclists take liberties with their bicycle, ignoring traffic lights and switching between the road and crosswalks. This is dangerous and stupid. Yes, cyclists have a right to the road, but most laws state that cyclists must follow all the rules that apply to cars. This means riding with the direction of traffic, stopping at all stop signs and lights, and yielding to pedestrians. 2. Know how to properly pass and be passed. If you’re riding on a popular bike route, always stay as far to the right as safely possible. That way, faster cyclists have room to pass you. If you need to pass someone, pull up behind them and loudly state “on your left.” Wait for the cyclist to pull to the right to allow you to pass by them. And always, always, respond with a “thank you.” Despite what you may hear, most cyclists are nice people and appreciate a thanks. 3. Know how to ride when there’s no bike lane. When first starting out, most cyclists prefer the safety of routes with a bike lane. But as you get more experienced, venture out onto the roadways and don’t be afraid to explore the beauty around you! Most states have laws that require motorists to give at least 3 feet width when passing. While on the road, maintain as straight a line as possible and avoid swerving around objects. Be predictable so cars know what to expect, and stay as far to the right as safely possible. If there’s a lot of debris or holes near the shoulder, don’t be afraid to ride inside the road, but again, just maintain a straight line. Know your rights as a cyclist. You are entitled to claim an entire lane of traffic if necessary, and in some cases, it’s recommended. If you’re riding across a bridge, through a tunnel, or along a narrow road, claim the entire lane. It’s much safer for cars to wait behind you then to try to unsafely pass by you when there’s not enough width to the road. Accept the fact that you will get honked at several times on each ride. Resist the urge to return the favor with a one-finger salute. 4. Be visible. Despite what you hear, cyclists do not wear loudly colored Spandex to make a fashion statement. We wear it because people notice it. When people (motorists) notice it, they notice us. Being more visible is the single most important thing all cyclists can do. So rock those brightly colored jerseys with pride! If you’re riding any time close to sunrise or sunset, light your bike up like a Christmas tree. Not sure if you have enough lights on your bike? Add more. Once the neighbors complain, you know you have enough. 5. Always, always, perform safety checks on your bike. Before every ride, perform a standard 2-minute safety check: check your quick releases (the skewers that hold your tires in place), your brakes, and your headset. Gently drop your bike vertically and listen for any loose parts. If you aren’t sure what to listen for, ask your local bike shop to show you. One safety check is all that separates a good ride from a ride ending with facial reconstructive surgery. 4 keys for riding with a group A lot of new riders are intimidated by the thought of riding with a group. Don’t be! Yes, there are a few things you need to know before you jump into the peloton, but riding with a group is a great way to improve your knowledge, strength, endurance, and cycling skills. Though riding in a group can increase visibility (and therefore safety), if a rider doesn’t know the group etiquette, it can yield disastrous results for everyone involved! Here are some tips to help you jump into your first group ride safely (and without making a fool of yourself). 1. Let the group know you’re a beginner. If you admit you’re a newbie, the group will appreciate your honesty and instruct you on group rules. Listen to the experienced cyclists and take note of what they do in a ride. Don’t be intimidated: remember everyone was a beginner once! 2. If you’re not confident in your bike handling skills, stick to the back of the group. Typically groups structure themselves according to skill and ability level, with the more advanced riders in the front. If you’re unsure of where you fall, start off at the back. 3. Draft as close as you’re comfortable. In group rides, drafting, or tucking behind a rider to reduce air resistance, is common. Cyclists will ride close together and take turns “pulling,” or leading the pack, while the rest of the group drafts closely off each other’s wheels. Get only as close as you’re comfortable with: there is no pressure or expectation to get close to someone else’s wheel. 4. Know what to do when it’s time to pull. In group rides, a paceline forms, where each cyclist will “pull” for a certain amount of time at the front of the pack, veer to the side and let the rest of the group go past, then rejoin the back of the pack (envision reverse leap-frogging). When it’s your turn to pull, resist the urge to surge. Keep the cadence and effort relatively the same so the group maintains the same speed. Stay at the front as long or as little as you’d like, then rejoin the group at the rear. The most important rule of group riding: Communicate! When in a group, it’s important to communicate as much as possible. Safety is always the first priority! The most important thing to communicate is road hazards such as obstacles, cars, road debris, etc. Most cyclists use a range of hand signals to communicate during group rides. Below, Susan demonstrates the most common hand signals used in group rides. If you see a rider in front of you use one of these signals, copy him or her so the message is relayed down the line and all members of the group are aware. Turn Left: The rider points left. (Always look behind you before turning left, especially if you are merging into traffic before turning!) Turn Right: The rider points right. (Again, do a quick check behind you to make sure no one is on your wheel.) Get on My Wheel: If the rider wants you to draft, he or she will pat her butt to indicate which side you should draft. Road Hazard: If there is an obstacle you should avoid, like a pothole or a rock, the rider will point down on the side the hazard is located. Loose Gravel: If a rider points his open hand, palm down, and shakes it, that means you are about to ride through loose gravel. Proceed carefully. Move Over: Though cyclists are told to ride with traffic, runners are safest when they run against traffic if they must run on the road. If you encounter a runner, gesture to your fellow riders to move over so they can avoid colliding with the runner. Hazard Above: If low-hanging tree branches are ahead, the rider will point to the sky to indicate you need to move or duck. Railroad Tracks, Speed Bumps: For hazards that run the length of the road, like railroad tracks or speed bumps, the rider will point a finger downward and sweep his arm back and forth across the butt. Stop: When the pack needs to slow down in anticipation of a stop, place your hand, palm turned out, on the small of your back.

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If you want a larger-than-life view of human nature, look to mythology! The astrology of the Cardinal Cross springs to life with a whole new dimension when we look at the mythology involved in the principle planets. Astrology and mythology have always been natural soul mates. For one thing, the planets were named after Roman gods (the planetary names used by Western culture, anyway). Astrological planetary energies also tap into archetypes that colour and reflect our experiences, behaviour, perceptions and understanding of life. Between the four primary planets in the Cardinal Cross, we have truth (Jupiter), freedom (Uranus), responsibility (Saturn) and power (Pluto) all vying for dominance within an aspect structure that is based on conflict, problem-solving and dynamic action. The deities in mythology whom the planets were named after are all related in very significant and revealing ways. In the most commonly known version of the myth, Uranus (Ouranos to the Greeks) mated with Gaia (the Earth) but he despised the children that resulted. He hid them in Tartarus, a terrible dark place deep in Gaia's belly (inside the Earth) even lower than the underworld. Gaia developed a cosmic stomach ache and appealed to her suppressed children to rise up and take revenge on their wicked father. With Gaia's help, Saturn (Cronus/Kronos) castrated Uranus, thus freeing himself and his Titan siblings from captivity. If you've studied or read anything about the dynamics of dysfunctional families, you'll know that family patterns have a way of repeating from generation to generation. Sure enough, Saturn suffered a similar fate. Having learned that he was prophesied to be deposed by his own son, just as he had overthrown Uranus, Saturn ate each of his children as soon as they were born. After five children were gulped, his wife Rhea decided to trick Saturn by giving him a stone to swallow, and instead brought the newborn Jupiter (Zeus) to a cave where he could grow up safely hidden from his father. When Jupiter was old enough, he fed Saturn a poison that forced him to regurgitate the swallowed children. What ensued was the War of the Titans, in which Zeus and his freed siblings overthrew Saturn and the other Titans, and afterwards banished many of them to Tartarus. Among Jupiter's newly liberated siblings was Pluto (Hades/Haides). After Pluto and Neptune helped Jupiter defeat the Titans, they drew lots to divide up their rulership of the cosmos. As a result, Jupiter became ruler of the sky and air, and Neptune ruled the seas. Pluto got the underworld, including Tartarus, to which most of the Titans were outcast. Alas, it is said the more things change, the more they remain the same. The family pattern of troubled relationships between father and children did not stop with Jupiter/Zeus. When Metis, Zeus' first wife, became pregnant he didn't even wait for the birth, but swallowed Metis whole! As a result, Athene was born in Zeus' stomach and Metis continued to nurture her daughter there, forging a suit of armor for her. This gave Zeus a colossal headache, and when his head was split open to relieve the pain (by whom varies in different versions), out sprang fully grown Athene in full armor! Sadly, Metis never re-emerged but stayed engulfed within Zeus. Zeus took many different wives over time, rather than staying with just one. Although he didn't attempt to prevent future offspring, neither did he seem to stick around after the kids were born. And so, a similar pattern began to emerge but in a slightly different form. Instead of repressing his children, as his father and grandfather had done, Zeus' solution was simply to not have much to do with them. Abandonment and rejection through oppression were merely replaced with distance and indifference. So what does this mean astrologically for the Cardinal Cross? There are some intriguing alignments and interactions happening in the Cardinal T-square, revealing some very interesting dynamics between their mythological counterparts. Uranus and Jupiter, grandfather and grandson in the myth, are now conjoined as planets. At first they seem like odd allies, but they are aligned at a couple of points in the mythological story. For example, it was Uranus and Gaia who helped Jupiter's mother save him by suggesting she hide him from Saturn. And later, when Jupiter learns that he too is destined to be overthrown by his own son, he takes the advice of Uranus and Gaia again, who naturally advise him to suppress the inevitable. As a result, Jupiter gulps down the pregnant Metis. However, if there is a repeating moral to this mythical story, it is that the truth will always out. In all three generations the censored reality inevitably surfaces. Saturn escapes captivity by maiming his father, Uranus. Jupiter comes out of hiding to depose his father, Saturn. And Athene is reborn from the head of her father, Zeus, after being consumed. The Jupiter-Uranus planetary conjunction therefore seems to hint that there is something that has been hidden or suppressed which is now emerging. This can apply to both the collective and the personal consciousness. It could also affect something more tangible, like billions of gallons of oil spewing into the Gulf of Mexico, exposing practices and policies that were being followed behind closed doors which led to the disaster. The mythology also suggests that if we try to suppress or conceal whatever is being revealed, we run the risk of simply perpetuating the same old patterns. Life is about change, and if we try to hang onto the old outworn structures and our usual way of responding to them, we will learn little from the experience and will likely just watch history repeating itself. Somehow the revealed truth must be dealt with differently or the same old issues are just reincarnated into new forms. Opposite to Uranus and Jupiter is Saturn, the victorious son of Uranus and defeated father of Jupiter. Saturn is in a unique position to truly understand both sides of the drama. He has been suppressed and has freed himself from bondage – he knows what it's like to be reviled, exiled and abandoned by the very person who gave him life. Saturn has also been conquered by his own creation—a force he tried unsuccessfully to control and restrain. He knows what it's like to face his own demise at the hands of something of his own making. And he understands what it's like to feel such an urgent need to survive that he would even consume his own offspring. If the Saturn part of us has learned its lesson—and Saturn is always a teacher of lessons—then we are in a position to assess and respond more objectively to the Jupiter-Uranus truth that is exploding out from its hiding place. In that case, we should be able to take a calm, grounded look at the situation, figure out effective solutions and where we can realistically go from here. But what if that Saturn part of us is still nursing its wounds? We may be holding onto blame and resentment for the history that once blocked our path. Or, we might be stuck in condemnation of the inevitable consequences that came from our past actions—consequences that had to conquer us in order to get our attention. If we're still learning these lessons, the Cardinal Cross could bring a repeat of the same old patterns. This is because we're probably going to respond to what's happening now with the same kind of attitude and limited understanding that gave rise to that pattern to begin with. There is no shame in this—learning takes as long as it takes, and it's not usually possible or wise to try to "push the river." However, it's good to be aware and honest with yourself about where you're at in the process. As the saying goes: If you always do what you've always done, you'll always get what you've always got. If we use our Saturn energy to merely suppress, control or stifle change, we'll just go around the circle again. If we use Saturn to try and force an ineffective solution to work anyway, then we're back on that treadmill again wondering why we're not making any real or lasting progress. Instead, a better use of Saturn is to provide strength for structure, order, accountability, pacing ourselves and facing reality. These Saturnian qualities can support constructive change, instead of inflicting or being overrun by destructive upheaval. Pluto is an interesting addition to the Cardinal Cross mix. In the myth, he is one of Jupiter's consumed siblings. After his liberation, Pluto helps Jupiter conquer their father, Saturn. He is then designated to rule the underworld realms, where the Titans are banished at the end of the Titan War. It could be said that his role is to keep the Titan-ic past problems contained, so that the present can unfold and evolve unencumbered. Astrologically, Pluto is about power, death, rebirth and transformation. The Pluto archetype seeks to hold you in place and prevent escape, so that you work through the process and metamorphose into something new. He keeps you in contact with whatever is going on in the present moment—internally or externally—so that you can eventually come to terms with and let go of what was; so that the past can remain in the past. In a way, his job is to ensure that whatever goes forward into the future belongs there, and is not simply a regurgitation of the past. Saturn opposite Jupiter-Uranus brings out challenges, struggles, conflicts and/or crises between the past, present and future. They bring inevitable confrontations between the bastions of the old and the raw potential of the new. This "War of the Titans" can stir up a lot of chaos, confusion and instability. Therefore, in the midst of this turmoil, Pluto's role is to (1) sort out the past from the future, (2) ensure that evolutionary metamorphosis progresses as much as is possible, and (3) surround the drama with a strong containment field that will keep the transformation process from leaking out or becoming diluted. In other words, the Cardinal Cross could easily feel rather intense, chaotic, disruptive and ominous. But that's what birth is like. It's messy and crazy and uncertain and thrilling, with a lot of pressure pushing you forward. And it's often the only way something truly new can emerge. Pluto's ultimate message is to trust the process and stay in the struggle until it's done. Throughout 2010 we are likely to see dramas being played out between the Titans and Gods of our modern times – the mega-corporations, national and international power plays, political and ideological groups, and so on. Those who represent a "new order" strive to gain more power and influence, only to encounter those representing the "old order" who want to oppress, inhibit, control or exile them. Likewise, those who stand for the "old order" endeavour to maintain stability, structure, continuity and the best of what has been, only to find their efforts constantly disrupted by those envisioning a "new order" who are determined not to remain stuck in the current systems that are plagued by inadequacies, problems and rigidity. If a cooperative transition cannot be established between these factions, a "War of the Titans" could result. Like the children and grandchildren of Uranus, the "next generation" (literally or symbolically) may believe they have no choice but to wrest control and power from the "past generation" by force, or risk remaining trapped and compelled to lie in wait for the next opportunity for revolution. However if that happens, with the Uranus-Pluto square approaching over the next few years it seems more likely that revolution would occur sooner rather than later. No matter what happens, we are no doubt witnessing a process in 2010 that will facilitate or initiate a transition from one phase of development into the next. We don't have much room left for repeating the same old mistakes. Our planet and its inhabitants are increasingly suffering under the methods, policies and actions of those in power who have historically made the decisions. Our planet has also been growing smaller, as groups, nations, cultures and alliances are now interacting on a scale that is unprecedented. Tensions, intolerances and conflicts are escalating, as groups that used to mostly steer clear of each other must now share proximity on many levels – geographically, politically, economically, ecologically, socially and culturally. Tolerant and preferably peaceful co-existence is essential to our mutual survival. We no longer have the luxury of ignoring or trivializing the consequences of our decisions and leave them to future generations to deal with. Like Jupiter, we must find the courage to change our minds and discover new ways to transform the old patterns. Maybe the new solutions won't be perfect, but we can't respond to the same old problems in the same old dysfunctional and ineffective ways. The Cardinal Cross is a dynamic energy that challenges us into growth that moves in a new direction, while avoiding the wanton destruction of the established foundation as much as possible. The change is not likely to be easy or simple, but we must find ways to survive our current growing pains or else we risk mutual failure. If we can learn from the mythology and the astrology—if we can trust the process and muster the courage to change the steps of the dance—then we will have a chance to survive and thrive together. © Wendy Guy 2010, all right reserved. Beyond brief quotes or strictly personal purposes, please obtain written permission from the author before reproducing this article. Image of Grand Cross copyright Wendy Guy.

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Maxine Clarke takes us through the processes involved in submitting a paper to a scientific journal. Before submitting a paper to a scientific journal, two factors should be kept in mind. The first is the need to ensure that you have a clear, logical message. The second is to present your paper in the correct format for the journal to which you intend to submit the paper. The first of these is the most important. However careful and beautiful the presentation, a paper will not be published unless it has a clear, sound conclusion (editors of reputable journals will always be happy to advise authors whose scientific conclusions are publishable but who have difficulty in presenting these conclusions in, say, a foreign language). Before submitting a paper, therefore, be sure that you have something important and publishable to say. To know this, you should discuss your results with others working in the field, both in your own institution and elsewhere. The best way to do this is to present your results at scientific meetings — if you can get to them. An additional (or alternative) strategy is to join an email list relevant to your field, and use that to obtain feedback about your research plans, and learn about results from others in the field. Discuss your ideas and proposed paper with people whose work you respect and admire. It may be a good idea to send one or two key scientists a brief summary of your paper, and ask them to send you some informal comments on whether it is worth your while writing a full paper, or if whether you should to do some more work first (and if so, what). Use the Internet and email if you cannot speak to people directly at meetings. If you can discuss your work by telephone, then do so; but send the recipient a synopsis or draft of your proposed publication first, so that you have something concrete to discuss. Writing a draft When you are sure you are ready to write up the paper, prepare a first draft, including the figures, and repeat the consultation process. Ask people at this stage which journal they think would be most appropriate for publication of your work. Once you feel you have a solid conclusion to present, you need to prepare a final draft of your paper (see "How to write a scientific paper") in the format of the journal to which you intend to submit. In deciding on the journal, you should bear in mind the advice you have received from others in the field (some of whom may be academic editors of journals and referees themselves, and hence experienced at judging which journal is most appropriate). You should also be aware of which journals are publishing similar papers to yours, and whether the journal that you have selected has any rules that make it particularly easy — or difficult — for you to submit. For example, some journals impose page charges (although many do not), which are typically US$50–100 per page but vary greatly. A journal will state its page charges in its instructions to authors. If your institution cannot pay these, you should ask the journal before you submit whether it will waive the charges — many do under such circumstances. Another factor to bear in mind is that although some journals allow electronic submission via the Internet or by email, others only allow 'hard-copy' submission by post. This may affect your decision about where to submit. Most journals or their publishers (for example, a scientific society) have websites containing information that will help you to make this decision. Alternatively you may be able to look at the journal of your choice in your library. Follow the guidelines Make sure you read thoroughly the journal's editorial policy, guidelines to authors and any other relevant information — for example, which people in your scientific field are on the editorial board — before you submit. Author information of this type is usually on 'free access' areas of journals' websites, even if the content of the journal is only available to subscribers. But if your library does not subscribe to the journal of your choice and that journal has an online version, it is worth sending the journal an email saying that you are planning to submit a paper, and asking the journal if it will arrange for you to have online access to its contents for a limited time. This will allow you to look at the level and format of published papers, information that will be helpful when you prepare the final version of your own paper. Submitting your paper Once you have read the journal's instructions to authors and prepared your paper, you must submit it according to the journal's instructions. Different journals have different rules about number of copies of papers to submit, how to prepare figures and tables, whether to include other information supplementary to your paper, whether all the authors have to sign the letter of submission (known as the 'cover letter') or just one, and so on. - Your name, address, phone and fax numbers and email address; - Alternative contact details if you will be away for any length of time; - A brief statement, in a sentence or two, why you think the paper is important and why the journal should publish it (in other words, state the main conclusion of the paper); - Names of anyone in the field who has commented on the paper previously particularly if they are individuals of high standing in the field and/or if they are on the editorial board of the journal; - Suggestions of a particular person you would like to referee the paper (although you must be confident that the person is independent, in other words does not collaborate with you or have any other reason to be biased in your favour); - Details of anyone you would not like to review your paper because you think they would not give an objective assessment; and - Any other details you think are relevant. It is important to keep this cover letter as short as possible, as the editor who will read it probably receives many papers, and will find it easier to assess yours if you can be succinct. Reacting to a journal's response When your paper has been submitted, the journal will probably acknowledge receipt. If you do not hear anything from the journal for a couple of weeks, send the editor a short email asking for an acknowledgement of receipt of your paper, a reference number, and the name of the editor who is handling it. Use this reference number in any subsequent status enquiries. A journal usually provides an email address on its list of staff (known as the 'masthead') that is published in each issue, usually on the front or the back page. When the journal has assessed your paper (usually with the help of referees, who are independent scientists in the field selected by the journal's editors), the editor will write to you with a decision about publication, and enclosing referees' reports. Sometimes an editor's letter will be clear, and it is obvious how you should revise your paper for resubmission. If the letter is not clear, write back to the editor (by email) explaining what you do not understand, and ask for an explanation — for example if the referees' comments are difficult to understand, or you are not sure what the editor means in his or her instructions for revising your paper. What to do if your paper is rejected If the journal declines to publish your paper, it is a usually a good idea to discuss this decision with a colleague in the field, showing them the reports and editor's letter, before proceeding further. It might be worth appealing the decision, or it might be better to submit your paper to another journal. If you do decide to appeal the journal's decision, send a letter stating your case, sticking to scientific points (for example, those parts of your conclusions that may have been misunderstood or not appreciated). What to do if your paper is accepted If your paper is accepted for publication, ask the editor immediately, certainly before the paper is published, about the journal's policy on copyright and reprints, and whether there are other conditions of publication. A journal may provide you with some reprints free of charge if you do not have funds to pay for them. But it is important to ask about this before your paper is published; the journal may not be able to provide free reprints after publication, as they are much more expensive to produce than reprints made at the time of publication of your article. Alternatively the journal may be prepared to waive its standard copyright restrictions. But you will probably need to ask for such concessions, explaining your circumstances. When you are given a publication date for your paper, tell your institution so that it can include this information in its annual report or other documents promoting its research. Finally, remember to thank personally all those who have helped you in preparing the paper, letting them know that it will be published and in which journal. Maxine Clarke is the executive editor of Nature. This article was previously part of SciDev.Net's e-guide to science communication and has been reformatted to become this practical guide.

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Mosaic Art Beginner's Guide 1. Pick a surface: Indoors - Plywood for wall hangings, vases, pots, backsplashes, wooden boxes, an old table, pretty much anything except the kids or dog. Outdoors - Cement stepping stones or a cement bench, terracotta pots, cement board for wall hangings, or your car if you don't mind the "eccentric" look. (Avoid anything that will absorb outdoor humidity and warp over time.) 2. Pick a design: Draw your design onto the surface and be sure to keep it simple...at least a first until you find what works for you. If you'll be using light colored translucent tiles, be careful not to place them directly over the lines you've drawn, as the lines will show through the tile. Consider a background color that will contrast with the focal point of your design. If you're making dark red flowers with dark green leaves and then use dark blue tiles for your background, it will all blend together. A lighter background will help the vibrant colors of your design jump out! 3. Pick a method: Direct method - Glue tiles directly to your surface, one at a time. This method is the most popular & recommended for most projects. Your end result will give you a masterpiece that looks handmade, which is probably what you want. You don't want to work you heart out only to have something that looks like it was just mass produced in a factory. (For the purpose of these instructions, I will be referring to the direct method.) Indirect method - Set tiles in place on a sheet of mosaic mount, face down, before flipping over to place on mosaic surface all at once. This method is recommended for a table top that needs to be smooth. The end result will give you a flush surface. 4. Glue those tiles! Most mosaic adhesives come in a bottle with a narrow squirt-top. You can choose to put a dot of glue on the back of each tile one at a time, or dot your surface as you go, or draw a whole line of glue & work you way across it. It's entirely up to you. If you see too much glue squishing out to the sides of the tiles and filling the spaces between tiles, try using a little less. The most popular glue in the mosaic industry is Weldbond. Whatever glue you choose, make sure it's waterproof, weatherproof and that it dries clear. Why is weatherproof important? Because adhesives that are not weatherproof (and many aren't) will expand and contract with weather changes, causing your tiles to pop off! Use the two-wheeled Mosaic Glass Cutters for nipping glass tiles. Even if you plan to glue your tiles in the shape they're already in, there's always that little space at the end of a row, or a corner, or wherever, that you need a little different shape to fill in a space. Use the flat tipped Mosaic Nippers for ceramics or other forms of tile. (These tend to just crush glass tile, while the two-wheeled cutters produce excellent results!) ALWAYS ALWAYS ALWAYS ALWAYS wear protective glasses when cutting tile!!! You may not have ever really put an eye out by running through the house with scissors when you were a kid, but you're never too old to finally put that eye out! You usually have at least a couple of hours to move tiles around (with some effort, depending on how much time the glue has had to dry). If the glue is really dry, and you just have to reposition a tile, try wedging a flat-head screw driver under one side and giving the end a light tap with a hammer. Keep in mind that the beauty of mosaics is their uniqueness. Don't shoot for perfection! The less perfect it is, the more you'll love it in the end! Tiles that don't lay perfectly flat or in line with each other will play with the light in different ways. This is why the direct method is recommended - your masterpiece will be so much more fun to look at! 5. Time to grout: At least 24-hours after glue has dried. Pick a color that will contrast with your tiles nicely. If the grout color is too similar to the color of your focal point, your design will be lost in the grout. You're not limited to just black or white either! You can find several wonderful grout colorants at the bottom of this page. Powder-form - If you're buying grout online, this weighs a little less than pre-mixed grout and will help lower shipping charges. You also have more control over how thick or runny you want it to be (toothpaste consistency is usually ideal), but be sure to wear protective goggles & a face mask while mixing. Pre-mixed - This comes in a small tub and is ready to go. Either form of grout is good, it's entirely personal preference. (My personal opinion is that pre-mixed grout is typically too sticky & difficult to spread, so powder grout is the best.) Sanded grout - We sell Glass Pro grout, which is a very fine sanded grout made specifically for stained glass mosaics. Most artwork has relatively small spaces between the tiles, and finely sanded grout can fit right in and look nice & clean when it dries! Some sanded grout is very coarse, which isn't recommended for mosaics, so be careful when buying sanded grout that isn't designed for glass mosaics. Non-sanded grout - This is good if you need to fill in extra tiny spaces between tiles. It also has a smooth look once it's dry. Wear gloves if your hands will come in contact with the grout (and they will). This way you won't just be wishing you'd worn gloves while you're still picking grout from your fingernails a week later!! Grab a handful of grout, drop it into the middle of your project and then spread it around using a grout spreader. Spreading with your hands, even with gloves, can give you a nasty cut if you accidentally slide your finger along the sharp edge of a tile. Once the grout has filled in every last space, wipe off the excess. At first there will still be quite a bit of grout on your tiles, but that's ok. Let it dry for 10-20 minutes, then go back with a wet sponge or rag and wipe again. Misting the tiles just a little with a squirt bottle of water will help clean the tiles while adding strength to your grout between the tiles. Don't overdo it though, you don't want to wash all the grout away! Too much water could also cause the grout to crack after it dries. (This happens because you'll start filling in your spaces with more water than grout, which eventually evaporates, causing insufficient amounts of grout to be left behind.) Just once or twice should be enough. After 24-hours you'll probably see a haze on your tiles left behind by the grout. This is very easy to buff off now that your grout is dry. (Although grout shouldn't be considered completely dry - cured - for at least 2 weeks. Until then, keep all projects indoors.) Work outside while grouting whenever possible and wear clothes that you wouldn't even wear to answer the door when the pizza arrives. Mosaics are messy work! On wall-hangings, you may want to place wall-hanging hardware on the back of your plywood before you start your mosaic. It's possible to do it without knocking off tiles after your work is finished, but it's risky. The only reason to wait until after you're done is so that your plywood can lay flat while you work. If you do decide to nail wall-hanging hardware to you work after it's completed, lay it face-down on a soft surface like a carpeted floor first. Also, use screws instead of nails if possible to avoid exposing your hard work to the impact of a hammer. Be sure you have enough tile before you start. I typically sell my tile in packages containing 25 square inches in glass, so no matter what size tile you're buying, you always know how much coverage you'll get (diamond shaped tiles and 1" x 1/4" are exceptions to this rule). For every square foot you need to cover, you'll want about 5 standard packages or one Bulk Discount size package. Feel free to e-mail me at [email protected] with any questions. I'm always glad to help!! Thank you for shopping at www.MosaicTileMania.com! Copyright 2002-2012 Mosaic Tile Mania

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Despite having a large range and population, this species is largely dependent on forest, and occurs in a region in which deforestation is occurring on a massive scale. As such, it is likely to be declining moderately rapidly throughout much of its range, and is therefore considered Near Threatened. Sibley, C. G.; Monroe, B. L. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA. BirdLife International. 2001. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. Further web sources of information Detailed species accounts from the Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book (BirdLife International 2001). Text account compilers Benstead, P., Gilroy, J., Taylor, J. IUCN Red List evaluators Butchart, S., Symes, A. BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Pycnonotus squamatus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 25/05/2013. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2013) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 25/05/2013. This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List. To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums. |Current IUCN Red List category||Near Threatened| |Species name author||(Temminck, 1828)| |Population size||Unknown mature individuals| |Distribution size (breeding/resident)||267,000 km2| |Links to further information| |- Additional Information on this species|

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GOES-R Space Weather: Geomagnetic storms can result in hazardous radiation exposure for astronauts, satellite electronics, and aviation flight crews and disrupt power, navigation and communications systems. GOES-R will provide better monitoring of the space environment to improve forecasts and warnings of geomagnetic disturbances that affect Earth. NOAA: “Big Picture” This NOAA “Big Picture” video features Robert Rutledge, a forecaster at the NOAA National Weather Service NWS Space Weather Prediction Center, discussing how NOAA monitors space weather events, models their impact on Earth, and works with commercial sectors to protect lives and property. NOAA: What Happens At The Sun Doesn't Stay At The Sun When explosions from the sun's outer atmosphere threaten Earth, forecasters at NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center let vulnerable industries know what to expect.

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The following multitiered style for creating nonproprietary names for interferons was adopted by the USAN Council: The word interferon is the first element in the name. Interferon is defined as the class name for a family of species-specific proteins (or glycoproteins) produced according to information encoded by species of interferon genes and exert complex antineoplastic, antiviral, and immunomodulating effects. The 3 main forms of interferon used in therapy are interferon alfa (formerly leukocyte or lymphoblastoid interferon), interferon beta (formerly fibroblast interferon), and interferon gamma (formerly immune interferon). The appropriate Greek letter (spelled out) is the second word of the name: alfa, beta, gamma. An appropriate Arabic numeral and letter are appended to the Greek letter by a hyphen (no space) to delineate subcategories. The numbers conform to the recommendation of the Interferon Nomenclature Committee. The lowercase letter is assigned by the drug nomenclature agencies to differentiate one manufacturer's interferon from another's. Examples of pure interferon substances are:interferon alfa-2a - interferon alfa-2b - interferon beta-1a - interferon beta-1b - interferon gamma-1a For mixtures of naturally occurring interferons, the lower case letter "n" precedes the number. Examples of names of mixtures of interferons obtained from a natural source, whether the exact percentage of a mixture is known or not, are: - interferon alfa-n1 - interferon alfa-n2

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The Townships TrailHistory, culture and pastoral landscapes On the back roads of the Eastern Townships lie many delightfully picturesque villages, just waiting to be discovered. If you’re in search of architectural gems like covered bridges, round barns, churches, heritage houses and general stores, take the Townships Trail! Discover the region’s history and culture in 27 stages as you meander down the bypaths and byways of a land coloured by contrast. Once upon a time, there were the Townships... In the late 18th and throughout the 19th century, the region’s first villages were erected by various settlers: the Irish, the Scots and the American Loyalists. Their unique legacy is alive and well today. Throughout the Townships Trail, numerous interpretation centres, museums, heritage trails and presentations will immerse you in a bygone era as they bridge the gap between past and present. A wealth of history to uncover Each city and village signposted by the Townships Trail offers up a wealth of architectural heritage. Below is a sampling of the region’s must-see attractions: - the Musée historique du comté de Brome (Brome County historical museum) consists of five period buildings as well as authentic reconstructions of the general store and courthouse; - the Ulverton Woolen Mill (Ulverton wool mill), built in 1850 by Scottish weavers; - the Centre d’interprétation de l’ardoise (slate interpretation centre), located in a Richmond church whose roof and steeple are made from this local sedimentary rock; - Danville's three heritage itineraries, which highlight a number of residential architectural styles, including Neo-Queen Ann, Second Empire and Boomtown; - the Milby covered bridge in Waterville, built in 1873, one of the region’s most famous landmarks; - the Colby-Curtis Museum in Stanstead, which houses a major collection of artifacts illustrating the lifestyle of the local Anglophone gentry; - the Uplands Cultural and Heritage Center in Lennoxville (Sherbrooke), a cultural and heritage centre located in a superb 19th-century Victorian home. Exhibitions highlight local history and art. Don’t miss the museum’s traditional English tea, served all summer long; - the Louis S. St. Laurent National Historic Site of Canada in Compton, located in the childhood home of Canada's Prime Minister from 1948 to 1957; - the Centre d’interprétation du granit de Stanstead (granite interpretation centre), which highlights the artisanal and manufactured wares produced in Canada's "granite capital", a town whose beginnings hearken back to 1860. The Townships Trail extends for 415 km (260 mi.) through 31 municipalities, from Ulverton to Bromont by way of Danville, Dudswell, Lennoxville (Sherbrooke), Compton, Magog and Knowlton... to name but a few. The route, which is not a loop, can be accessed at any point, whether town or meadow, by following the signs.

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Nutrition has long been considered more the domain of medicine and agriculture than of the biological sciences, yet it touches and shapes all aspects of the natural world. The need for nutrients determines whether wild animals thrive, how populations evolve and decline, and how ecological communities are structured. The Nature of Nutrition is the first book to address nutrition's enormously complex role in biology, both at the level of individual organisms and in their broader ecological interactions. Stephen Simpson and David Raubenheimer provide a comprehensive theoretical approach to the analysis of nutrition--the Geometric Framework. They show how it can help us to understand the links between nutrition and the biology of individual animals, including the physiological mechanisms that determine the nutritional interactions of the animal with its environment, and the consequences of these interactions in terms of health, immune responses, and lifespan. Simpson and Raubenheimer explain how these effects translate into the collective behavior of groups and societies, and in turn influence food webs and the structure of ecosystems. Then they demonstrate how the Geometric Framework can be used to tackle issues in applied nutrition, such as the problem of optimizing diets for livestock and endangered species, and how it can also help to address the epidemic of human obesity and metabolic disease Drawing on a wealth of examples from slime molds to humans, The Nature of Nutrition has important applications in ecology, evolution, and physiology, and offers promising solutions for human health, conservation, and agriculture. Stephen J. Simpson is an Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow in the School of Biological Sciences and academic director of the Charles Perkins Centre for the Study of Obesity, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease at the University of Sydney. David Raubenheimer is professor of nutritional ecology at Massey University in New Zealand. "The geometric framework (GF), introduced into scientific literature a decade ago, brings a new degree of clarity to the discipline of nutrition. Simpson and Raubenheimer highlight species-, habitat-, and tropic-level examples to truly demonstrate the universality of the concepts GF encompasses, providing coherent explanations of numerous interactions and variables--physical, biochemical, chemical, physiological, anatomical--that must be considered when discussing nutrition. . . . The authors successfully demonstrate that nutrition serves as a foundation that integrates the biological sciences."--Choice "Debates continue to rage about what diet is best, in part because an underlying theoretical framework for choosing one over another has been lacking. Not so any longer. The Nature of Nutrition demystifies the complexity of nutrition and diet choice and shows why people and other creatures eat the way they do. Along the way, readers learn about the adaptive value of cannibalism, the impact of diet on sex lives, how dietary choices affect entire ecosystems, and so much more."--Daniel Rubenstein, Princeton University "The Nature of Nutrition is a must-read for anyone interested in the role nutrition plays in the survival of the fittest. Starting with the Origin of Species, Simpson and Raubenheimer guide us through the nutritional strategies that maintained reproductive health and mating behaviors despite periods of food shortage and danger from predators. The protein leverage hypothesis provides a solid foundation to explain the growing global epidemic of human obesity."--Eric Ravussin, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System Table of Contents

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Fourteen people in six states are sickened with E coli 0145; the same strain killed a New Orleans toddler last week. While no one source has been pinpointed, state officials are working with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to solve the case and epidemiologists suspect food may be the culprit. The case count is as follows: - Alabama (2) - California (1) - Florida (1) - Georgia (5) - Louisiana (3 ill, 1 death) - Tennessee (1) The CDC has released a statement about the outbreak. They say that the most recent report of illness was on June 4, 2012. The dates when patients became sick range from April 15 to May 12, 2012. Three people have been hospitalized. Public health officials interview victims with questionnaires, asking them about exposure to different foods, restaurants, animals, and other potential bacterial sources. A petting zoo has been eliminated as the cause of the outbreak. Food safety experts agree that it’s important to release information about these illnesses, because if someone is experiencing symptoms of E. coli infection, they need to see a doctor and be tested for the bacteria. Each patient is an important link when trying to identify a source of the contamination; information from just one person could solve the case. Patients usually develop STEC infection symptoms within two to eight days after consuming the bacteria. Symptoms of E. coli infection include a mild fever, severe abdominal and stomach cramps, diarrhea which is often bloody, and vomiting. In some cases, especially children under the age of 5, an E. coli infection can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a severe condition that can cause kidney failure. Dr. Raoult Ratard, state epidemiologist with the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, released a statement that said, “The best prevention is always to handle and prepare food in a manner that minimizes the presence of harmful germs.” The statement from LDHH also said that foodborne illnesses are “often discounted by the general public as benign, but this is a reminder that they can have extremely serious consequences.” Consumers can protect themselves against E. coli infections up to a point. Cross-contamination occurs easily, but by cooking meat thoroughly, washing fruits and vegetables before peeling and slicing, and washing your hands after using the bathroom you can reduce the risk of infections. Avoid raw milk, raw milk products, unpasteurized juice, and undercooked beef. Be careful when handling raw meat. Do not let raw meat juices drip onto other foods and do not put cooked meat on platters that held raw meat. And always use a food thermometer when cooking meat, poultry, eggs, and fish. E. coli infections tend to spike in the warm weather months because animals shed more of the bacteria at this time. And more people cook hamburgers and steaks on the grill in the summer and may not cook hamburgers to well done, or 165 degrees F. Cross-contamination, either through improper hand washing or contact with raw meat, is another major source of infection in the summer months.

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BEAVER LAKE. Beaver Lake, a natural reservoir, was located three miles northeast of Juno in northern Val Verde County (at 30°10' N, 101°05' W). It was a well-known landmark among Indians and early settlers. It was destroyed in the 1950s, after overgrazing on the upper hills allowed floodwaters to sweep gravel into the lake until it became an intermittent water hole. The surrounding terrain is sharply dissected canyonland cut from massive limestone with large wash deposits. The soils of the area are dark, calcareous stony clays and clay loams. The vegetation consists primarily of oak, juniper, grasses, mesquite, and water-tolerant hardwoods and conifers. Among the wildlife of the area is the broad-tailed or Mexican beaver, for which the lake was named. Indians came to Beaver Lake for water in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. By 1849 the United States Army was stationing soldiers there to protect travelers who stopped for water. The expedition of Lt. William Henry Chase Whiting came to Beaver Lake and found abandoned Comanche lodges in May 1855. Before the railroad arrived in South Texas, cattlemen drove their herds from Laredo to Beaver lake for watering before trailing them to northern markets. In the 1880s local cattlemen gathered their herds at the lake for branding. The town of Juno, three miles southwest of Beaver Lake, made use of its water. The Hurman Benteley family was among the first to settle near the lake. Roy L. Swift and Leavitt Corning, Jr., Three Roads to Chihuahua (Austin: Eakin Press, 1988). Whitehead Memorial Museum et al., La Hacienda (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976). The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article."BEAVER LAKE," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rob05), accessed May 19, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

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en

11 Most Endangered Historic Places Year Listed: 2011 Location: Meade County, South Dakota Threat: Energy Development Bear Butte, the 4,426-foot mountain called Mato Paha by the Lakota in the Black Hills of South Dakota, is sacred ground for as many as 17 American Indian tribes. Believed to be the spot where the creator communicates with his people through vision and prayer, the mountain earned its nickname because of its resemblance to a bear sleeping on its side. For thousands of years, American Indian tribes, including the Lakota, Dakota, Nakota, Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Kiowa, Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan have traveled to Bear Butte to perform annual prayer ceremonies. They, along with visitors from around the world, make annual pilgrimages for spiritual renewal and sustenance to this sacred site, which is part of Bear Butte State Park. It was here, from the expansive summit of Bear Butte, that the Lakota Sioux held their Oyate Kiwsiyaya, the Great Reunion of the People, where Crazy Horse pledged to resist further “white” encroachment into the Black Hills in 1857. Despite its cultural and religious significance, this National Historic Landmark is threatened by proposed energy development. Last November, the South Dakota Board of Minerals and Environment approved a plan to establish a 960-acre oil field adjacent to Bear Butte. Based on tribal opposition and recommendations made by the National Trust and the South Dakota State Historic Preservation Office, the board agreed that no wells would be located within the NHL boundary, and adopted other restrictions to reduce the project’s impact. However, in addition to the well proposal, a wind power installation, to be placed roughly five miles away from the mountain, is currently under consideration. The National Trust recognizes the need for energy development. However, such projects need to include the appropriate siting of energy infrastructure that minimizes physical and visual impacts to significant cultural resources. Because the placement of any oil wells or other energy development near Bear Butte could negatively impact the sacred site and further degrade the cultural landscape, future development proposals should be required to undergo a review process that includes meaningful tribal input and full consideration of impacts to cultural resources. The most effective way to achieve this result would be through strengthened state and local protections

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One of the things that has frustrated us with our 10 year old’s current school is that he has no text books. This makes it hard for us to look up how he’s learning things. It’s especially frustrating in math as they now learn different methods we did. Recently, I was struggling to show him how to divide. (Well, I wasn’t struggling to show him how to divide but my way seemed to be completely foreign to him, as if he’d never learned it before. So I was struggling to build on what he already knew.) So I asked his teacher how he had taught the class to divide, and he sent me back this work sheet with the “4 methods he had taught them”. Nevermind that those are 3 methods and one explanation on how to write problems – I will admit that at times I’m a bit too pedantic about saying exactly what you mean. (But really, it’s math, you have to say 3 when you mean 3!) While it seems like a good way to understand what division is all about, it seems to be lacking in ways to easily come up with the exact answer. But it does work to teach them how multiplication and division are related. I also really liked that it was immediately followed up with word problems, i.e. “Mike has 32 cookies. He wants to share them equally with his 6 friends. How many cookies does each friend get?” I hope there’s a next step where they learn how to divide the “good old-fashioned way”. Whether or not they do, I’ve already taught my 10 year old that way, although I had to teach him decimals as well. (I’m sure that when I first learned to divide, they very conveniently left out all problems with remainders and then added them in later.) Which way do you think is the best way to teach kids about division?

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You might think, what's the big deal? After all, there isn't exactly an epidemic of pint-size Portlanders keeling over in the streets due to lack of Vitamin D. But Dr. Megan Neuman, Randall Children's Hospital's medical director of primary pediatric care, says Vitamin D is essential for growing children, and deficiencies are no joke. "The basic purpose of Vitamin D is that it's important in the metabolism of calcium and bone growth," Neuman says. Without sufficient Vitamin D, bones get weak and bowed -- in extreme cases, a child can develop the condition known as rickets. "It's very possible for kids still today to get rickets," Neuman says. And if left untreated, rickets can lead to skeletal deformities, bone fractures, dental problems, breathing problems and seizures, according to the Mayo Clinic's website. On top of that, Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with some types of cancer, diabetes and high blood pressure, Neuman says. Neuman says there aren't obvious symptoms when a child is lacking in Vitamin D. There is a blood test that can be done, but Neuman says her colleagues in the pediatric endocrinology department don't recommend it -- in a northern city like Portland, it's cheaper and less traumatic for the kids to just assume that they're Vitamin D-deficient. (Neuman says one endocrinologist told her, "I used to test all these kids and they all came back below the recommended range.") "The reality is, in Portland, except for maybe in the summer and even then, we are so far north and people get so little sunshine that the vast majority of us are on the deficient side of vitamin D," Neuman says. Blood testing is recommended, however, for children who have bone abnormalities, severely restricted diets or other medical conditions. To make up for deficiencies, pediatricians recommend daily Vitamin D supplements for children. The RDA, or Recommended Daily Allowance, is 400 international units for kids younger than 1 and 600 for 1-year-olds through adolescents. Neuman says a typical kiddie multivitamin should have 100 percent of Vitamin D, so if your children are already taking multis, you don't have to buy a standalone Vitamin D supplement. If you prefer to get Vitamin D from foods, fortified cow's milk is your best bet. Neuman says that kids who drink two to three cups of milk a day are in good shape -- but parents need to doublecheck that the milk is fortified. Another good source: fatty fish, such as salmon, cod, halibut and tuna. There is also some Vitamin D in beef, liver, egg yolks and fortified or enriched cereals and breads. As for sunlight, the good news is that it doesn't take very much sunshine to fill a child's quota of Vitamin D -- being outside for 10 or 15 minutes a day in the summer will do it, Neuman says. The bad news is that in Portland, this happens only during midsummer. The rest of the year, we don't get the right kind of rays. Artificial lights won't do the trick, either. Parents need to pay special attention to Vitamin D deficiency in babies who are exclusively breastfed. "They are the reason we realize that rickets still happen," Neuman says. She says that although she herself has touted breast milk as the perfect food, it doesn't provide any Vitamin D to newborns -- "and their bones are growing like crazy." So it's important to talk to your pediatrician about Vitamin D supplementation for infants who nurse. This post was updated March 7, 2012, to correct information about foods containing Vitamin D.

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en

Coriander, Coriandrum sativum, often known as Cilantro, Parsley and Dhanya in the common household is used as a dressing on food items from salads to pulses every day. Chefs and cooks like coriander as it brings freshness and exotic flavor to the food. But most of them are unaware of the medicinal properties and nutritional values of coriander leaves. The essential oils in coriander make them aromatic and give a different taste, but modern science is trying to explore the benefits of this herb on our health. “Some writers say that the leaves (coriander) are used for seasoning, but this statement seems odd, as all the green parts of the plant exhale a very strong odor of the wood-bug, whence the Greek name of the plant” - Vilmorin-AndrieuxUses in the Ancient History -Medicine is of all the Arts the most noble; but, owing to the ignorance of those who practice it, and of those who, inconsiderately, formal judgement of them, it is at present behind all the arts. - Hippocrates The modern science might have just started to explore the benefits of coriander, but it has already been a major part of the ancient medicine. Coriander was widely used not only in India but also in ancient Egypt, Rome and Greece. Hippocrates too recommended coriander as a medicine. But with the diversity of these cultures, the uses of coriander also varied. Coriander seeds were found in the tombs of Egyptian Pharoah Ramses II. When the Bronze Age invaders introduced coriander to Britain, the British used them with cumin and vinegar to preserve meat, which shows the anti-bacterial properties of coriander. In the medieval Renaissance period, coriander was thought to be an aphrodisiac and was used to make love potions for the royal family. The Chinese believed that consuming coriander seeds could grant immortality. Nutritional Values of Coriander - Growing coriander leaves need no extra shelter or complications. Few seeds in a small area of your backyard and a little care can easily fulfill your daily needs. A bunch of coriander leaves that is grown in the kitchen garden provides the following nutrients (%RDA/100g) - 11% of vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine) 45% of vitamin C 15% of folates 225% of vitamin A 258% of vitamin K 18% of manganese 22% of ironSince coriander leaves and seeds are loaded with nutrients, it is important that pregnant women should consult their doctors before consuming corianders during their pregnancy.Benefits of Coriander on Health - Coriander leaves contain no cholesterol, but are rich in anti-oxidants and are good source of dietary fibers. These characteristics help them to reduce LDL or “bad cholesterol” and help them to increase HDL or the “good cholesterol” levels in the blood. The leaves and seeds are rich in many essential volatile oils such as borneol, linalol, cineole, terpineol, cymene, dipentene, phellandrene, pinene and terpinolene. The essential oils aid in the digestion and peristaltic movement. The antioxidants present in the leaves are polyphenolic flavonoids such as asquercetin, kaempferol, rhamnetin and epigenin. Coriander leaves are also a powerful natural cleansing agent. They have been effectively used to cleanse heavy metals and toxic agents from the body. The herb is also a good source of minerals like calcium, potassium, manganese, iron and magnesium. Corianders are also rich in vital vitamins such as folic-acid, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin-A, beta-carotene, vitamin-C that are essential for good health. Vitamin-C is a powerful natural antioxidant and coriander provides 30% of the daily recommended levels of Vitamin-C. Coriander is one of the richest sources of vitamin-K and provides about 258% of the daily recommended levels. Vitamin-K has a strong role in bone mass building by promoting osteoporotic activity in the bones. Coriander has also a major role in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease patients by limiting the neuronal damage in their brain. The coriander seed oil was used in the ancient medicine as an analgesic, aphrodisiacs, anti-spasmodic, deodorant, digestive, fungicidal, stimulant and stomachic. The anti-bacterial property of coriander helps against bacterial infection from Salmonella, which is majorly present in food items. They also help to protect against urinary tract infections. It helps reduce the feeling of nausea and vomiting. It also helps to ease hormonal mood swings associated with menstruation in women and helps to reduce menstrual cramps. Coriander also gives relief from diarrhea, especially caused by the fungal infections. It helps alcoholics to repair their failed liver due to heavy alcohol consumption. The antioxidants present in coriander leaves are a best remedy to wash out toxins from the body after smoking and helps to repair tissue damage in the lungs. The disinfectants present in coriander leaves helps to detoxify the body. It helps diabetic patients to maintain healthy levels of insulin in blood and lower blood sugar. Coriander helps ease conjunctivitis, eye-ageing, macular degeneration and other stresses of the eyes. Coriander can be taken as juice, in medicinal tea, or can be used for garnishing dishes and food; it remains a strong source of vital nutrients in any way and medium. The beautiful green leaves of coriander just don’t bring aroma to the dishes, but also bring good health.

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Floating through sparkling waters and competing with the wind is a very pleasurable moment for any sailor. Explore more about the rules and regulations of sailing in this write-up. Though formerly used solely as a means of transportation, sailing has become an ardently followed adventurous water sport world over! London Olympics 2012 will be hosting the sport of sailing at the flickering waters of Weymouth Bay and Portland Harbour. It was the first London 2012 Games venue to be ready for Olympics. 380 sailors (237 men, 143 women) will participate in it and there will be 10 sailing events (six for men, four for women), scheduled from Sunday 29 July till Saturday 11 August, 2012. It will be a delight for the spectators to see the zealous sailors, drifting in their dinghies, keelboats and windsurfing boards! Each event involves a series of races and points in each race are given according to the position: the winner scores one point; the first runner-up scores two, and so on. Points are doubled for the final race (Medal race). During Olympics, there are different Sailing Classes (Boats) such as Mistral Class Sailboard, The Europe, The Finn, The Laser, The 470, 49er, The Tornado, The Star, The Yngling, etc! Sailing Rules And Regulations Olympic sailing discipline has certain rules and regulations that need to be strictly followed by the sailors. These rules are: - The most important rule in the discipline of sailing is the rule of ‘Right of Way’. There are three basic right of way rules: - The boat on starboard path has the right of way, when the boats on opposite tacks meet. - In a situation where boats on the same path are next to each other, the boat which is nearest to the wind must stay clear. - When two boats are in the same direction but are not besides each other, the overtaking boat must stay clear. - If a boat contravenes the ‘right of way’ rules, it may be penalized instantly. This means the boat will be turned in two full circles (also known as 720). This penalty can be enforced on any boat except 49ers and Tornadoes which have to complete only one circle (a 360). If a sailor is not ready to accept this punishment, he/she may be disqualified. These significant ‘right of way’ rules are relevant both during the competition and before the race begin when the boats are in the attempt to place themselves for a speedy start. - If a sailor crosses the line ahead of time, he/she should round the beginning buoy and resume the race. Otherwise, the athlete may be disqualified. If a race committee is unable to judge which boats have crossed the line before time, a general recall is sounded. - If a sailor has a strong opinion that another one has broken the rules and regulations of the sport, he/she can object. To do so, the protester must shout "protest" at the supposed offender and hoist a red protest flag. At the end of the race, the protester has 90 minutes time to lodge the complaint, which is the looked upon by an independent panel of five International Sailing Federation jurors. - During the competition, there is on-water umpiring, which comprises of the umpire boats trailing the competitors and penalizing them on the spot if such a situation arises. - Only the Mistral sailboard is permitted to touch a buoy. The penalty for other boats is 360, except in cases where the sailor is able to persuade the jury that the boat was enforced into the buoy by another boat. - It is mandatory for the sailors to wear buoyancy aids and there are certain weight limits set with respect to the outfits and equipment worn by the athletes. - There specific time frame within which the races must be concluded. For instance, an hour for 49ers and Mistrals, 1.5 hours for Europes, Lasers, Tornadoes and 470s and two hours for Stars, Solings and Finns. While planning out the courses for the races, the race committee takes these time limits into consideration. - The authority can modify or condense the courses or discard the race altogether, after taking on-water conditions into consideration. The athletes will be informed about these changes by flowing a system of flags from the committee boat. Till 1660, sailing was just used as a means of transportation. It was King Charles II who explored it as a sport in England after encouraging some sails while living in exile in Holland for 10 years before the re-establishment of the monarchy. He brought a Dutch jachtschip, or 'pursuit ship', back to England, which became the first of his 25 Royal Yachts. Sailing was known as 'Yachting' until Atlanta Olympics 1996. This sport came to be termed as 'Sailing' from Sydney Olympics 2000 onwards. Sailing made its maiden journey in Olympics in 1900 and except for St. Louis Olympics 1904, Sailing has been a part of every Olympics games ever since. Women also participated in the early Olympics Sailing races, but the events remained mixed until the Seoul Olympics 1988 when the first absolutely women's race was showcased. Since Beijing Olympics 2008, the 'two-man Tornado' and 'three-woman Yngling' classes have been discarded, and the Women's match racing class 'three-woman keelboat' is included.

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en

I learned that internet is very expensive. I think people should know how their network works so that if something goes wrong they can fix it. AMIGOS VS FAMILIA Tu vs. Ud. Questions Ever wonder how to address your elders in spanish? Or how to greet your amigos? Depending on the person, they're will always be a certain amount of respect given in the spanish language. In english, we usually address authority figures with “Mr.” or “Ms.”, but with Spanish, it is way more complex. There are two different ways of speech that specify who you are talking to. When having a conversation with a friend or peer, it is always necessary to end the sentence “Tú”. This is an informal way of speech and should not be used when talking to authority figures. The same is applied when asking questions. Imagine you are meeting a new friend for the first time. They ask for your name. You would say, “´¿Me llamo ____, y tú?” By ending the sentence with “...y tú?” You are saying “And you?”. A couple of practices and you'll get the hang of it! Now onto to the formal way of sayings! Whenever referring to an adult or older authority figure, it is essential to ask them a question that ends with “Usted”. Simple questions such as “What is your name?” would be said in espanol like “¿Cómo se llama usted?” as opposed to its informal counter part, “¿Cómo te llamas tú?”. This applies to all older family members, teachers and other authority figures. Just remember these simple things: Tú=Someone around your age/peer/friend Usted= An adult, authority figure (ex: Professora) Try practicing here Lets take a look at the boxes below: -The types of weather -The Prefixes used in the weather -How to describe the weather Types of Weather: Bright = Sol Hot = Calor Cold = Frio Windy = Viento Cloudy = Nublado Humid = Hùmedo Rainy = Lloviendo Snowy = Nevando The types of weather use two different prefixes: Hace and Està. Describing the Weather: Temperature = Temperatura Maximum = Màxima Minimum = Mìnima Degrees = grados Mostly = Mayormente Partly = Parcìalmente Sunny = Soleado Clear = Despejado It's nice (bad) out = Hace buen (mal) tiempo. Monday = lunes Tuesday = martes Wednesday = mièrcoles Thursday = jueves Friday = viernes Saturday = sàbado Sunday = domingo Remember: The days of the week are always lowercase. In order to have a basic conversation in Spanish, you must know how to: Ask them how they are Ask them their name Ask them where they live This is how to ASK any of these questions: ****NOTICE: (tú) is in parentheses for the questions ¿Cómo the llamas? and ¿De dónde eres? This is because the word tú is a way of addressing a friend (or amigo) of yours. If you are to ask these same questions to someone who is not your friend and is to be respected, you would ask them like this: Here are some responses to those questions: ¿Cómo se llamas? ¿De dónde eres (tú)? WAYS TO SAY GOODBYE: ******It is always polite to say "Nice to meet you" after meeting someone for the first time. It is also polite to reply to that by saying "Likewise." OTHER USEFUL TERMS: Here is a game that can be helpful with this lesson. It is also good for greeting someone in Spanish. Here is a continuation of the video for How to Greet Someone in Spanish. In this video, however, we are having a basic conversation with the tourist. There are FOUR ways that you can greet someone in Spanish, and they are: ****NOTICE: There are TWO exclamation points being used in each greeting. One of them is BEFORE the greeting and one is AFTER the greeting. The exclamation point before the greeting is ALWAYS upside down. This rule applies to EVERY sentence or phrase that is exclamatory. This same rule also applies when adding a question mark to any question you may ask in Spanish. You must know when to use each greeting. For example, you would only use ¡Buenos días! when: Greeting someone as you're arriving to work Greeting someone as you're arriving to school Greeting someone while you're eating breakfast Greeting someone at any other time during the morning You would only use ¡Buenas tardes! when: Greeting someone when you're leaving school Greeting someone while you're eating lunch Greeting someone at any other time during the afternoon You would only use ¡Buenas noches! when: Greeting someone while you're eating dinner Greeting someone after you've got home from work Greeting someone at any other time during the evening ¡Hola! is a greeting that can be used at ANY time. Here is a game that can be helpful with this lesson. It is also good for basic conversations. Here is a video of a tourist visiting America who is unable to speak English, and can only speak Spanish. In order to make this tourist feel welcome, it is necessary to know how to greet someone in Spanish. How to ask/tell someone about the weather. How to ask about the weather: - ¿Qué tiempo hace? - ¿Cómo está el tiempo? How to tell about the weather -you can also use “bastante” (very) to describe the weather. Heres a video of someone giving a weather report: There are just something things you need to know. There are two different n's. One is your normal n and the other is ñ. Another thing is that none of the letters are pronounced the same, matter-of-fact most of them are vastly different. Here is a little something to explain. Whats in the parentheses help you pronounce the letters. Here is video of a real life situation where two girls say the spanish alphabet Spanish Courtesy Phrases Monday - lunes Tuesday - martes Wednesday - miércoles Thursday - jueves Friday - viernes Saturday - sábado Sunday - domingo (Note The Accents) - Whenever you write the days of the week in spanish they must be lowercase. - What day is it? = ¿Qué día es hoy? Click the link below to study some flashcards... Now to understand this fully you have to know who you're speaking to. If you are speaking to a friend or someone who's younger than you, then you speak informally (tú). If your speaking to your parents or someone older than you, then you speak formally (Usted). Listed below is a chart with spanish phrases that are formal and informal. You can also use these flashcards to help you distinguish between the two. Imagine you wake up in the middle of nowhere and walk right into a what you thought was an english-speaking town. But you discover its not. Some random person comes out of nowhere and is like "¿Qué dia es hoy?" I'll tell you the truth. All He's asking is "What day is today?" Now reply by saying "Es el..." But wait! I haven't told you how to say the days of the week. Here is a list below Now you know how to say the days in spanish. Now to finish what you were saying just say "Es el lunes". Thats all you have to do. Here are some good flashcards to study. Here you can learn the days even better. Here is a short video on all that you learned to say and ask in spanish, be put into action. Hope this mini-lesson help on your quest to suceed in saying the days of the week in spanish!

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en

Latex Glove Production The Rubber Tree Latex is a natural product that comes from rubber trees. Though rubber trees can live for up to 100 years, the prime time for latex rubber production is when they are between the ages of 6 and 30 years. Rubber trees are either native trees (that grow naturally) or hybrid trees have been organized in a rubber plantation. Latex output is usually much greater from hybrid rubber trees. Some companies cut down rubber after they reach production maturity, replant new ones, and use the wood to fuel the factories that produce many latex-based products or wood to local furniture producers. Harvesting the Latex Latex is a white, milky liquid that flows from the tree when the tree bark is scored (or shaved) and flows into a device that is attached to the tree. During the rainy season the trees are tapped every day after the rain has stopped. The rest of the year trees are tapped every other day. On the average, the annual yield of latex from a rubber tree will produce only the equivalent of two boxes exam gloves. The best time for tapping the trees is at night. Most latex farmers work at night, and sleep during the day (we pulled the the picture out of bed at 8:30 am). Usually one side of the tree is scored for four years, and then it’s switched to the other Collection of the Latex Since latex is a natural product, it can spoil. Therefore it needs to be collected quickly and stabilized. The the latex follow the farmers (kind of a second shift) usually between 6:00 a.m. and 8:00 a.m. and take the tapping cups, which are attached the tree, and load the contents into larger, easy-to-carry containers. The latex needs to be treated with chemicals quickly or it hardens into This is where the fresh latex is processed. The collection centers are owned either by local dealers that have with the rubber factories, or are part of company-owned cooperatives. At the collection center the latex is centrifuged to remove water, and impurities. Ammonia is added to preserve the product for its trip to the factory and storage. Although it seems obvious, the quality of the latex used has a direct impact on the quality of the glove produced. In fact, many of the early cases of latex protein allergy might be traced to latex that hadn’t been properly centrifuged (as well as to conditions). Today, improvements to latex quality such as pretreatment and additional centrifuging are done to remove as many of the remaining impurities and proteins as possible, ensuring a better quality of latex for production. The latex then moves to quality control and then in to Some manufacturers are experimenting with the addition of proteolytic enzymes prior to centrifugation to break in the mix, and reduce the amount of available proteins in the final Centrifuging the latex concentrates the rubber content up to about 60 percent, but also reduces the protein centrifuging can reduce protein content even further. At this stage, up to a dozen chemical are added, including accelerators (which help control the later and antioxidants (which prevent deterioration of the rubber molecules in the final product by heat, moisture, and ozone). Dipping and Coagulation The hand-shaped formers are coated with coagulant (eg. calcium nitrate) and dipped into the latex to coat them with a thin film of latex. The coagulant converts the liquid latex film into a wet-gel on the former. Subsequent passage through a warm oven completes Also known as "wet gel leaching", this is the process of immersing the latex-coated formers into a bath or spray to wash out excess additives from previous stages, such as coagulant. Chemical and protein content can be reduced at this stage. The effectiveness of the process is dependent on the temperature of the water, the duration of the process, and the rate of water exchange. Vulcanization was one of the key discoveries in the manufacture of rubber products. In this stage, the latex film is and the combination of sulfur, accelerator and heat cause cross-linking of the rubber, giving strength and elasticity to the film. This is the removal of the gloves from the formers, where they are turned inside out. Also called "dry-film" leaching, this process is similar to the wet-film leaching above, except it is carried out on the dry/vulcanized latex film. The effectiveness of the process in reducing water extractives is a function of time and temperature. Hydrolyzed corn starch is added as a lubricant, to enable easy donning of the glove by tumbling the gloves in a slurry of starch and biocide. Some gloves, especially NRL, are "chlorinated" during the process of stripping powder that was added Chlorination makes the glove surface slippery, and therefore negates the requirement to add a powedered lubricant. Checking and Packaging Though the manufacturing processes for latex gloves vary greatly according to product, with many additional steps for different products, most companies use a similar process. Liquid latex and some chemical additives are put into a large vat. Forms that shaped liked hands (in different sizes) are then dipped into the latex. The latex hardens on the form, with the inside of the glove molded on outside of the form. The gloves are then stripped from the form (some may be leached again), checked (some 100% air checked) and packaged.

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Q. Why shouldn't you tell secrets near a vegetable patch? A. Because the corn has ears, the beans talk, and the potatoes have eyes! And potatoes have eyes for another reason, it's where they grow their new shoots from. So, when looking to grow potatoes the amateur gardener should consider 'chitting', in order to get a nice healthy crop - for use in the kitchen and out. Chitting. It's a strange sounding word isn't it? Could easily be confused with other words in common conversation, particularly if holding talks with a person with a strong accent. The word probably derives from the the 16th Century English chitte - meaning cub or kitten, which was then used in reference to something young, like a child. Chitting then, more than likely, entered farming parlance as a term for the shoots, or young seedling, of a plant. Perhaps an explanation of the actual practice of chitting is in order though, rather than a ramble down the path of obscure etymology. Chitting is nothing to do with constructing a magical car1 in your garden shed, but more to do with preparing seed potatoes before the planting season (mid-Spring in general), and encouraging the growth of strong and sturdy shoots from said potatoes. With healthy potatoes grown the right way, you can get a great yield of spuds. However, if potatoes are not given the right conditions for growth then they can develop long white shoots, sometimes called chits2. These can often be found on wrinkly old spuds that have been left in the bottom of the fridge for too long. So, with chitting, the aim is rub some of the chits off, in order to have a small number of strong chits on a nice group of pomme de terres - rather than a stock of seed potatoes that look more like some cthulhu from the pages of a Lovecraft novel. The easiest way to go about chitting is to buy your seed potatoes from your garden supplier and pop them all in either an egg box or seed tray. Place them in the tray upright, with their eyes pointing to the sky, as they'll want to see what's going on for the next 6-8 weeks - the length of time you'll need for the chitting process, before you plant your seed potatoes in your garden or allotment. When you choose to plant is up to you, but in the UK just after Easter is pretty good, so get some potatoes ready for chitting early February3. You need to put all of your skyward-looking spuds in a place with a good amount of light that's cool, but not cold. It is important that they are kept in a frost-free place, otherwise the shoots will simply die off, causing the potato not to do its best once planted into the ground. If the place is cold, you can nestle your seed potatoes in some cotton wool to keep the little dears warm at night. A greenhouse or the windowsill of a shed are good places, but be sure they aren't in direct sunlight for too much of the day. This should encourage a small number of their eyes to sprout chits. Once the chits have begun to sprout you can start the 'pruning', if you like, to help your seed potatoes grow some nice strong chits. Rub away some of the chits so that a handful become dominant - three or four shoots are a good number to aim for. Not all the eyes will actually sprout, so if you allow them all to start off you can choose the best chits to develop (be wary if you want to try and grow your own potatoes from supermarket-bought spuds though, as some are treated with chemicals to prevent sprouting). After some weeks have passed, the chits should have become nice and strong, and your potatoes will be ready for planting. Whether it is a knobbly spud or a smoother one, or a bigger or smaller sort that you want from your crop, then chitting is something to bear in mind. Generally chitting isn't something that commercial potato farmers will do, as they have a high yield due to progressive farming techniques, but the amateur potato grower should chit before planting, in order to get good strong spuds which will help develop their potato plot. While chitting may produce a smaller yield of potatoes, the vegetables themselves will invariably be larger - perfect for those of us who love their jacket potatoes jumbo-sized! NB: Some other vegetable and flower seeds can benefit from chitting too - like parsnips, sweetcorn or peas.

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Baltimore avoided major damage from Hurricane Sandy, especially in comparison to more seriously affected communities on Maryland’s Eastern Shore, New Jersey and New York. Unfortunately, the storm did result in damage to at least a few of our city’s historic buildings and landscapes: four vacant rowhouses collapsed in West Baltimore’s historic Harlem Park neighborhood and the storm uprooted a storied Osage Orange tree in Druid Hill Park believed to be around 400 years old. The Maryland Historical Trust is working to gather information about properties affected by this disaster so if you own a historic property that sustained damage please visit the MHT Hurricane Preparedness and Disaster Recovery page and fill out a Hurricane Damage Report form to alert MHT staff to your property’s condition. MHT plans to use these forms for recovery efforts and work in consultation with both FEMA and MEMA to help connect property owners with recovery resources as they become available. The Maryland Historical Trust has also prepared an Historic Structures Emergency Assessment Form for available for download as a Microsoft Word Document that you can use to assess and inventory damaged historic resources in Baltimore or around the region. Finally, rehabilitation tax credits are available through MHT for qualified projects and FEMA will likely have low interest loans available. Baltimore Heritage also offers our own resources, including regular workshops, to help home-owners learn more about city and state historic tax credit programs. The Maryland Historical Trust is working to identify other available resources to help with damage recovery costs and will make the information available as soon as possible.

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The Climate Group outlines key findings from latest IPCC report - 05 February 2007 The IPCC Working Group I's Summary for Policymakers, released on February 2nd 2007, is the world's most authoritative survey of the peer-reviewed literature published on the science of climate change, bringing together the results of paleoclimatic measurements, current observations and model projections. The report - which covers the relationship between anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, planetary temperature change and sea-level rise - highlights the growing certainty that it is human activity that is causing climate change, putting to bed any lingering doubts that cyclical changes may be responsible. The most notable findings include that: - It is at least 90% certain that human emissions of greenhouse gases rather than natural variations are responsible for global warming - up from between 66% and 90% certain in 2001; - The current concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere (379ppm in 2005) is far higher than the natural range over the last 650,000 years and is growing faster than at any time before; - Average global temperature and sea levels are rising and this rise is accelerating at an unprecedented rate - the impacts of this can be seen in the loss of glaciers, sea ice and permafrost; - If GHG concentrations are allowed to reach 550ppm it is likely that the temperature will rise by between 2 and 4.5 degrees with the possibility that it might reach a 6.4 degree increase. - This will mean loss of snow cover, heat waves, more frequent flooding and extreme droughts, possibly leading - at the upper end - to runaway global warming. "The IPCC report illustrates that the challenge is both enormous and more urgent than many previously envisioned," said Dr. Steve Howard, CEO, The Climate Group. "The silver lining, however, is that innovative and effective solutions are here, if we're courageous enough to embrace them."

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Putting equilibrium on hold Apr 13, 2006 Physicists in the US have made the first gas that never reaches equilibrium. David Weiss and colleagues at Penn State University performed their experiment with a one-dimensional Bose gas of ultracold rubidium atoms. According to the team, the gas behaves like a "quantum Newton's cradle" -- the atomic equivalent of the popular desk toy that has five steel balls suspended from strings in a straight line. The work could help us better understand the behaviour of many-particle systems and even be used in practical applications like ultrasenstive force detectors (Nature 440 900). If you put two gases in a box, they will eventually become perfectly mixed as a result of the atoms colliding with each other. The system soon reaches its most probable state, which is called thermodynamic equilibrium. However, Weiss and co-workers have found that a gas in one dimension behaves differently and never reaches equilibrium. Weiss' team began by constructing a one-dimensional optical trap using interfering beams of laser light that form an array of thousands of parallel tube-shaped traps. Next, the physicists introduced an ultracold gas containing tens of thousands of rubidium atoms cooled to almost absolute zero into the trap. This ultracold is known as a Bose--Einstein condensate, in which all atoms enter the same quantum state. Each tube contains about 150 atoms, which are forced to stay in one dimension because of the shape of the tube. The researchers then used other lasers to set the trapped atoms in motion so that they all oscillated with about the same amplitude. Although the atoms collided with each other, as happens in a normal gas, their distribution of momentum did not change. Instead, each atom continued oscillating with the same amplitude as at the start of the experiment -- even after thousands of collisions. According to the team, the system behaves like a quantum Newton's cradle. In the classical version of this toy, a ball at one end can be made to hit the next ball in line, but only the last ball at the other end of the line moves; all the others stay still (figure 1). The quantum Newton's cradle contains hundreds of atoms, not just five balls, and instead of always bouncing off each other, they often go right through each other, but the essential physics is the same. Another difference is that almost all of the atoms are oscillating at the beginning -- something that can be done with a classical Newton's cradle too (figure 2). "Such striking behaviour, where the momentum values do not change even though momentum is exchanged among the balls, only occurs in one dimension," explains Weiss. "Collisions between particles in two or three dimensions quickly result in the familiar homogenized state of thermal equilibrium." The study could shed more light on how thermodynamic equilibrium is reached in many-particle systems says Weiss. The one-dimensional trapped atoms could also be used a precise force sensors because they would not be limited in their sensitivity by collisions. Weiss adds that that the new system is "integrable", meaning that it can be described by equations of motion that predict its future when the equations are solved in one direction, and its past when they are solved in the opposite direction. "Only a handful of integrable many-body systems are known, and this is the first time that any of them has been observed experimentally," he says. About the author Belle Dumé is science writer at PhysicsWeb

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So we’re in the grandstand looking at a sphere 150 feet in diameter, which contains 15,000,000 feet of linguini which is 3/8 of an inch thick. The sphere is a 10 micron spherical nucleus blown up. The volume of the nucleus is 523 x 10^-18 meters, but a meter has 10^3 liters in it as a liter is 1000 cubic centimeters. The 3/8 of an inch is what 20 Angstroms looks like at this magnification. Can we see water? Well water is about 4 Angstroms across, or 1/16 of an inch. We’re not going to see any water from our perch, even with good binoculars. But there’s an even better reason why. Try and figure out what it is before reading the next paragraph. Let’s assume that everything in the sphere is at Superbowl temperature (27 Centigrade, 80 Farenheit — it is New Orleans after all). How fast is water moving at this temperature? The average velocity of water (mass 18 Daltons, or 0.18 kiloGrams/mole = M) at 300 Kelvin is Sqrt[ 3 * R * T /M ] in Meters/second R is the gas constant = 8.314 Joules/mole * Kelvin T is 300 Kelvin This is 645 Meters/second. That’s a lot of times around a 10 micron nucleus. It’s also why molecular dynamics simulations have trouble computing times longer than 1 microSecond, and why they need to see what’s happening on a nanoScond to picoSecond scale. Things happen fast at the chemical level. But we’ve blown up 10 microns to 150 feet, or increased distances by a factor of 4,500,000, so 645 meters/second times 4,500,000 is a bit faster than the speed of light (which we know is impossible). So the water molecules can’t be seen — even if they were quite large, and they’re not. We’re going to be dealing with far heavier entities than water, so what is the mean speed of something with a mass of 1,000 Daltons (1 kiloGram/Mole). It’s 87 meters/second. 10,000 Daltons (10 kiloGrams/Mole) has an average speed of 27 meters/second, 100,000 Daltons (100 kiloGrams/Mole) moves at 9 meters/second, 1,000,000 Daltons (1 megaDalton or 1000 kiloGrams/Mole) clips along 2.7 meters/second (about as fast as you walk) . Is it meaningful to even think about something with a molecular mass of 1,000,000,000 Daltons (a gigaDalton)? Of course it is; any chromosome has a mass far greater than this, figuring around 1000 Daltons per base pair of the double helix (including the sugars and the phosphates) a gigaDalton is only a megaBase The velocity is .08 meters/second. The smallest chromosome contains 47 megabases giving a velocity of .012518 meters/second. Well, that’s about one centiMeter/second, and our nucleus is 10 microns or 1/1000th of a centimeter. This means that even something as big (and this long) as a chromosome will be all over the nucleus many times in the course of a second. We’ll see a writhing 15,000,000 feet of linguini, if we see anything at all. We’re going to have to slow time down if we want to see anything at all. That’s for next time. How many water molecules can our nucleus hold? By a previous calculation we know that the volume of our nucleus is 523 * 10^-18 cubic meters. But there are 10^3 liters in a cubic meter. A liter is 1,000 cubic centimeters (pretty nearly). So nuclear volume is 523 * 10^-15 liters. The concentration of water is 1000/18 or 55.5 molar, and there are 6.023 * 10^23 molecules/mole so a liter of water contains 55.5 * 6.023 x 10^23 molecules, and our nucleus contains 1.7 * 10^13 molecules of water (convert that to dollars and you have something of the order of magnitude of the national debt). So it’s amazing that DNA holds up against the pounding that it takes. 645 Meters/second is 1465 miles/hour, and if there’s nothing in our nucleus but DNA and water (with the DNA making up only 6% of the volume of nucleus) I shudder to think of how many times a second our DNA is getting hit throughout its extent (perhaps one of you can figure it out). It seems nothing short of miraculous that DNA holds up for a second, let alone a lifetime. Familiarity does not breed contempt. But every compound chemists deal with is this strong. Most solvents have molecular masses under 1,000 daltons, so the solvent molecules are moving faster than 87 meters/second. Most compounds chemists deal with are at most an order of magnitude greater than the solvent, so they’re getting clobbered by something nearly their size (and surviving). Most chemistry books (even the magnificent Clayden) mention solvent, but never show it in any reaction mechanism. It’s the elephant no one sees. I don’t know enough about molecular dynamics simulations to talk about how (or whether) they handle solvent.

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Tar Sands and GHG Emissions: Setting the Record Straight As I laid out in a previous blog, after years of academic studies and environmental impact statements showing tar sands being significantly dirtier that conventional crude oils, the government of Alberta and the oil industry are fighting back with their own consultant studies. The latest salvo from the oil industry comes from IHS CERA’s report “Oil Sands, Greenhouse Gases, and U.S. Oil Supply,” purporting that a review of the literature shows tar sands emit “only” 5 to 15% more emissions. However, in reviews conducted by NRDC in 2008 and 2010 on much of the same body of literature, the results showed a range of 8 to 37% greater emissions. This Wednesday (November 17th), IHS CERA comes to Washington, D.C. as part of the overarching campaign being waged by the industry and Alberta government to clean-up their image. The strategy has mainly been to argue that emissions from tar sands are not as bad as previously thought and that the industry will clean-up over time, a myth my colleague Susan Casey-Lefkowitz has debunked. This battle over perception however is reflective of a much larger, broader campaign now being waged to prevent the U.S. from adopting policies like a low carbon fuel standard that would significantly reduce U.S. oil dependency and hence, the need for Canadian tar sands. Policymakers should rightfully remain wary of CERA’s message in terms of GHG emissions and tar sands, particularly given the lack of transparency in their report. Instead, policymakers should ensure we truly level the playing field for the fuels market and account for the environmental impact of our infrastructure investment decisions, such as with the Keystone XL pipeline. At minimum, all petroleum fuels should be held to the same level of evaluation and lifecycle reporting that is now the norm for alternative fuels. A full and complete lifecycle analysis should be performed for high carbon intensity crude oils, overseen by a neutral advisory committee of academics and neutral government agency officials wihout ties to vested oil interests. Below, some of the problems of relying on the industry to come up with its own environmental assessments are shown. (Some of the likely reasons for the low estimates from CERA that are summarized below are covered in this more detailed NRDC study.) - Mixing tar sands with other fuel sources: CERA considers mixed barrels of bitumen (tar sands) and natural gas condensates (called diluent). Because the emissions from the latter source are so much lower, mixing the two sources effectively lowers the apparent impact of Canadian tar sands. This approach is also used in several other studies relied upon by CERA. Instead of reporting the results separately in terms of gasoline produced from bitumen and gasoline derived from natural gas liquids, the approach mixes the crude oil and natural gas sources, effectively making bitumen emissions appear lower by about 6% on a well-to-wheels basis. - Assumes lower amounts of steam used than the current industry average: Heating up the ground to extract a barrel of bitumen takes a lot of thermal energy (by way of steam). Current practices in industry range from 2 to 7 units of steam to produce each unit of oil (or steam-oil-ratio, SOR). CERA cites the use of a SOR of 3, while several of the studies referenced by CERA consider cases where the SOR is either 2.5 or 3. However, the current industry average steam usage is about 20% higher than the value used by CERA, at about 3.6 SOR rather than 3. Our estimate is that adjusting CERA results from 3 to 3.6 SOR would result in an additional 3% increase in lifecycle emissions. - Omits Direct Land Use Change Emissions: Emissions from the removal of vegetation and trees, soil, and peatland are significant particularly for mining practices and should be included. In a study involving five major Canadian and U.S. universities, Yeh et al (2010) estimated that surface mining of tar sands resulted in between a 0.9 to 2.5% increase in the lifecycle emissions versus the U.S. average baseline. CERA recognizes that direct land use emissions could increase their estimate for surface mining by as much as 6% on a lifecycle basis but did not include these emissions in their calculations. - Fugitive emissions: Fugitive emissions can come from sources such as leaks as well as from practices such as the creation of tailing ponds which release methane (CH4). The CERA report does not appear to add fugitive emissions into its estimates although this is difficult to verify. Some of the sources CERA relies upon include an emissions factor while others do not. Yeh et al (2010) estimated that fugitive emissions from tailing ponds (mining) could add 0 to 9% emissions compared to the baseline. The representative value reported by Yeh et al (2010) would result in an additional 2.8% increase in lifecycle emissions. - Venting and Flaring Emissions: Venting and flaring emissions are not included in a number of the source studies relied upon by CERA, such as CAPP (2008), RAND (2008), and the U.S. Department of Energy’s GREET lifecycle model. It is unclear whether CERA applied a factor for these emissions. Nevertheless, TIAX (2009) estimated that the range of between 0.5 g/MJ (for mining) to 3.3 g/MJ (for in-situ) would result in a 0.5 to 3.6% increase in well-to-wheel emissions versus the baseline. - Emissions from Production of Natural Gas and Electricity: CERA states that indirect emissions are not included in its evaluation. Significant amounts of emissions can be associated with imports of natural gas, electricity, and other products. The Jacobs (2009) study estimated that the inclusion of these emissions would add about 4.3 to 5.7% to total lifecycle emissions. So Why Should We Care About Emissions from Tar Sands? It’s because the current expansion of tar sands is potentially so large that it threatens to displace the gains the U.S. has made from the clean fuels industry, locking us into multi-decade investments that will keep us addicted to even dirtier forms of crude oil. To place it into context: The oil industry’s investments in dirty fuels production threatens to swamp all our clean fuel investments and then some, including those made by the advanced biofuels industry, from automakers producing plug-in electric vehicles, and from owners of truck and bus fleets converting from diesel to run on natural gas. All told, the U.S. oil industry is pushing to expand consumption of tar sands from 800,000 barrels per day (bpd) to 3,100,000 barrels through the development of the Keystone XL and Alberta Clipper pipelines over the next five to ten years. By 2025, the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers forecasts production will grow to nearly 4 million barrels per day with most of this coming to the U.S. By comparison, the U.S. Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) will result in 2.3 million bpd of biofuels when fully enacted. At nearly twice the volume, the expansion of tar sands threatens to increase emissions by about 150 million tons of CO2-equivalent per year, more than enough to offset the CO2 reductions from the RFS as well as some of the benefits from vehicle efficiency. We should be taking a hard look at not only GHG emissions from tar sands but at the direction the oil industry wants to take America. The Low Carbon Fuel Standard – being enacted in California, the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, other states and Europe – makes sure we move forward and not backwards, helping America phase in cleaner fuels and phase out the dirtier ones. Mui, S., D. Hannah and R. Hwang (2008), Life Cycle Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Tar Sands, Natural Resources Defense Council, November 18, 2008; S. Mui, L. Tonachel, B. McEnaney, and E. Shope, GHG Emission Factors for High Carbon Intensity Crude Oils. The U.S. average 2005 gasoline and diesel baseline was determined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency together with the U.S. Department of Energy. For reference, see EPA (2010), Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS2): Regulatory Impact Analysis. February 2010, EPA-420-R-10-006. TIAX (2009), Comparison of North America and Imported Crude Oil Lifecycle GHG Emissions, Final Report, TIAX LLC and MathPro Inc, prepared for Alberta Energy Research Institute., Jacobs (2009), Life Cycle Assessment Comparison of North American and Imported Crudes, Jacobs Consultancy and Life Cycle Associates, prepared for the Alberta Energy Research Institute. CAPP (2008), Environmental Challenges and Progress in Canada’s Oil Sands, Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers; RAND Corporation (2008), Unconventional Fossil-Based Fuels: Economic and Environmental Trade-Offs. Comments are closed for this post.

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One of the more interesting aspects of last-nights storm was an intense wind-parallel band that developed as the frontal band moved out of the region. The band developed shortly after 0300 UTC (0800 PM MST) and persisted for about 3 hours. It formed over the southeast corner of the Great Salt Lake, extended over the mountains north and east of the University of Utah, and into the eastern Uinta Mountains. Greatest impacts were probably along I-80 between Kimball Junction and Coalville. Tragically, the band largely missed the central Wasatch, as suggested by the 0419 UTC (0919 PM MST) radar image below. What processes led to the development of this isolated, wind-parallel band? 700-mb temperatures were about -4ºC in the 0000 UTC sounding. Perhaps lower it some to -7ºC for a couple hours later. Lake temperature perhaps -2ºC. Thermodynamically, this isn't a situation where we would expect lake effect. Some digging is needed to understand this event.

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Bringing Oxford's history to Life... Explore 1000 years of history and discover the story of Oxford Castle and Prison in with our costumed guides and cross-curricular workshops. Enrich your tour of the historic Castle and Prison with a hands-on workshop which can be tailored for your visit. Workshops offer a mix of activities including evidence handling, role play, literacy development and practical problem-solving. Suitable for KS1 - KS5, sessions can be linked to National Curriculum History, Geography, Citizenship, Literacy, Design Technology, Art and much more. Workshops can only be booked in conjunction with a group tour. To download a copy of the workshops, please click on the links below: Primary Schools workshops 2012 – 2013 Secondary Schools workshops 2012 – 2013 Oxford Castle Unlocked Education Newsletter Summer 2012 To find out more about the resources and opportunities for schools email [email protected] or call 01865 260666.

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In a tiny trailer parked near Loch Raven Reservoir, a 2-year-old doe draped in blue surgical cloth sleeps on her back as a veterinarian opens her belly. Less than an hour later, the deer is stepping back into the safety of the woods, the latest patient in an experiment in wildlife management that doesn't involve arrows or bullets. In all, 32 does are sporting surgical staples where white fur used to be and tags in their ears marking them as the initial group in a three-year research project to see if spaying can help keep the suburban deer population in check. It is the first experiment of its type in Maryland and one of just a handful being carried out in the country. Over seven days earlier this month, a small team of professionals and volunteers tranquilized, captured and removed the ovaries of does to ensure they can no longer add to a growing population that has upset the watershed ecosystem. Volunteers with the nonprofit Wildlife Rescue Inc. will track 15 members of the tiny herd outfitted with radio collars to see how the animals respond and if they can detect a change in deer mortality or density. "This is not about stopping hunting," says Enid Feinberg, who helped arrange the experiment. "There are places where hunting is not appropriate but controlling the deer population is needed. We have to be looking for something else." Feinberg has sidestepped the controversy surrounding other projects by using private funds and private property. Trying to balance suburban sensitivities and subdivision densities against the need to control the deer population dates back decades. For every motorist tired of running a deer slalom course there's a homeowner who delights in seeing a backyard decorated in does and fawns. Maryland is in the second decade of a management plan that was formulated as the deer population began climbing toward 300,000 and residents started complaining about their close encounters. Insurance industry statistics show there are 30,000 deer/automobile collisions each year in Maryland, resulting in $78 million in damage. The Maryland Farm Bureau reports that deer damage to crops in 2009 was $7.3 million. Mostly through hunting the Department of Natural Resources has brought the population down to an annual average of 230,000. "We've made significant progress in the rural areas," said Paul Peditto, director of the DNR's Wildlife and Heritage Service. "The real challenge remains, what do you do in the suburbs, where in some areas deer are at exorbitant levels and I'm not sure there's a way to solve that. But we're not afraid of learning new things." The $50,000 spaying pilot has made for some strange bedfellows. Feinberg is an animal welfare advocate who has carried out a tireless campaign against what she sees as a state bureaucracy that is too quick to use hunting as an answer to deer problems. The professional she hired is Tony DeNicola, a biologist with a doctorate and a national reputation as a deer sharpshooter. The money is from the estate of Gerda Deterer, an animal rehabilitation expert who died in 2009. And the DNR — Feinberg's frequent adversary — approved the effort. "Tony and I are on opposite ends on certain issues," is the way Feinberg describes it. "Paul and I, too." But for this, they have agreed to work together. All in a day Feinberg steps out behind her house with a bucket of corn and calls for deer that sit just out of sight below the ridge. She strategically arranges lines of corn not far from a toolshed with the window open. Inside, his air rifle loaded with a tranquilizer dart, DeNicola crouches. Fawns and does approach cautiously and stop by the bait, their tails and ears flicking at sounds perceived and imagined, their muscles twitching for a quick getaway. DeNicola raises the gun and fires, a pow of compressed air discharges and the deer scatter. Twice more over the course of 40 minutes he fires. In total darkness, he and two volunteers search for the downed deer with a radio antenna. If the darts stayed in the deer, homing devices will bring DeNicola to their side. Each deer is loaded on a sled and then a small four-wheel drive for the quick ride to the trailer and Dr. Steve Timm, a Wisconsin veterinarian who has done more than 100 deer spayings.

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What does "frugal" mean? It means being economical and avoiding waste. "Practicing or marked by economy, as in the expenditure of money or the use of material resources; or "economical in the use of money or resources; thrifty". Frugality and the art of frugal living is the: - acquiring goods and services in a restrained manner, and - resourcefully using already owned economic goods and services, to - achieve a longer term goal. As Wikipedia puts it: "Common strategies of frugality include the reduction of waste, curbing costly habits, suppressing instant gratification by means of fiscal self-restraint, seeking efficiency, avoiding traps, defying expensive social norms, embracing free (as in gratis) options, using barter, and staying well-informed about local circumstances and both market and product/service realities." Personally, frugal living means being smarter with money management (budgeting in advance how much money I would spend and save and knowing in advance what I can afford and what I can't afford); it is about smarter spending (knowing when the sales are on, shopping at thrift or $2 shops, using coupons and rebates and possibly stockpiling goods when buying in bulk maybe cheaper in the long run); it is about living resourcefully and creatively (you can change your oil yourself, reuse plastic bags, repair and repurpose jeans).

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In an Austin warehouse, a four-year-old company called Omni Water Solutions is working on a way to recycle water used in hydraulic fracturing. Its technology involves a large container, dubbed a “Hippo,” that purifies water from oilfields via filters and other means. The scrubbed water could potentially be reused in the fracking process, which requires roughly 4 million to 6 million gallons of water per well. Warren Sumner, Omni’s chief executive, said that during field trials in 2011, he had even showered in the company’s recycled water, when his trailer ran low on fresh water. The recycled water was free of chlorine and hardness, and “you’d be amazed how good you feel – especially after washing your hair,” Sumner said. Technologies like Omni’s are developing rapidly amid rising interest in recycling Texas’ oilfield water. The large amount of water required for fracking has drawn scrutiny, especially as drilling proliferates in arid parts of West and South Texas. Natural gas companies recycle water as a matter of course in another of the nation’s major drilling regions, the Marcellus Shale of Pennsylvania. But recycling is only getting started in Texas because using freshwater is relatively cheap. “Recycling for us — it varies from area to area, again — is 50 to 75 percent more expensive than the alternatives,” Jay Ewing, a Barnett Shale-based representative of drilling company Devon Energy, told a joint hearing last month of the House Natural Resources and the House Energy Resources committees. Recycling is expensive because the water that comes out of the oilfields needs a good cleaning before it is reused. In a fracking job, millions of gallons of water, laced with sand and chemicals to make the drilling easier, are sent down a well to blast apart rock and retrieve oil or gas. Some of that chemical-laced water comes back up the well along with the oil and gas. Other water that had been underground near the oil and gas deposits also flows back up. This returning water often contains material like boron or sulfates that can impede the drilling process. It can even contain naturally occurring radioactive materials. “You do see it. We strip it,” Bill Weathersby, chief executive of a Houston-based recycling company, Energy Water Solutions, said of the natural radioactive materials. Other harmful contaminants must also be taken out, by technologies such as filtration or distillation, before the water can be reused in the oilfields. A recent study published by the Texas Water Development Board found minimal recycling in many drilling regions of Texas. In 2011, according to the study, recycled and reused water accounted for 2 percent of the total water used in the Permian Basin around Midland, 5 percent in the Barnett Shale near Fort Worth and 0 percent of the water used in South Texas’ Eagle Ford Shale. The emphasis on recycled water was highest — 20 percent of total water use — in the Panhandle’s Anadarko Basin. (The report was written by University of Texas researchers and funded by the Texas Oil and Gas Association.) In Pennsylvania’s Marcellus Shale, the situation is reversed. About 90 percent of water that comes to the surface during a fracking job gets recycled, according to David Yoxtheimer, an extension associate with the Marcellus Center for Outreach and Research at Penn State University. A key explanation for the difference lies in the options for getting rid of the water that comes back after a fracking job. In Texas, water not getting recycled is trucked to a disposal well, where it gets buried. Texas has more than 50,000 disposal wells for oil and gas waste, according to the Railroad Commission of Texas, which regulates oil and gas drilling. Pennsylvania, by contrast, has about five disposal wells, according to Yoxtheimer. That’s because of different geology and tighter regulations. This means that it’s much easier — and cheaper — for Texans to find a nearby well to bury their fracking waste. Pennsylvanians have to recycle their fracking waste, unless they want to pay large sums to truck it to disposal wells in Ohio. “It is a little backwards,” Yoxtheimer said. ”We’re a water-rich state here, and we’re recycling every drop possible,” whereas drought-prone Texas does far less recycling. Even if Texas companies were able to recycle more water, some waste — such as excessive salts and boron and the naturally occurring radioactive materials — would have to be dumped. Recycling raises other logistical concerns. For example, water that comes up out of the oilfields (often called “produced water”) needs to be stored more carefully than freshwater. Testifying at the joint House committee hearing last month, Michael Dunkel, director of sustainable development at the drilling company Pioneer Natural Resources, said that if and when his company stores produced water in a pit, it will spend more money to ensure that the pit does not leak. Even so, some risks remain. “In the extreme, if a tornado comes along and rips everything up, you’re going to have produced water everywhere, and that's different than if that had been a freshwater pond," Dunkel said. Policy changes may aid the recycling effort. On March 26, the Railroad Commission is expected to vote on a rule that would make it easier for companies to recycle oilfield wastewater. The change would make it possible for mobile units such as the Hippo of Omni Water Solutions, which is currently operating a unit in the Permian Basin, to recycle water near a fracking site. Companies are interested in mobile units because they can reduce their cost of trucking water. “Water is heavy, and that means it’s difficult and expensive to move it,” Sumner said of Omni. The commission’s proposed rules contain a number of other provisions. For example, pits holding water for recycling should “not be located in a 100-year floodplain.” Several bills before the Legislature deal with recycling issues. Senate Bill 1779, by state Sen. Judith Zaffirini, D-Laredo, contains tax incentives for oilfield water recycling operations. House Bill 3315, by state Rep. Jim Keffer, R-Eastland, clarifies that reused water is not a “waste” product — a classification that can trigger additional regulations — and also says that treated water from the oilfields can be used for non-oilfield purposes (such as crops) if it complies with health and water quality standards. Right now, treated oilfield water cannot be used on crops, according to Keffer’s office. Recycling industry advocates are also eager for incentives. A mandate to recycle oilfield water — which is favored by Environment Texas and several other environmental groups — is unrealistic, they say. More practical, they say, is to allow drilling companies a break on severance taxes if they recycle. “If you spend $25,000 recycling, perhaps you get for that well a $25,000 break in your severance tax,” said John Tintera, executive director of the Texas Water Recycling Association and a former executive director of the Railroad Commission. Given that the drilling industry is currently hauling in money due to high oil prices, companies may face an uphill battle for special incentives. Brent Halldorson, a founder of TWRA who also works for a recycling company called Fountain Quail, floated the notion of incentives at last month’s joint House hearing. State Rep. Allan Ritter, R-Nederland, who chairs the House Natural Resources Committee, sounded skeptical. “Good luck with that, sir,” Ritter told Halldorson, to chuckles. The drilling industry, if it can be persuaded to recycle, has big dreams for the technology. In the distant future, recyclers say, extra water from the oilfields could help solve Texas’ water deficit. Conceivably, after extra scrubbing and regulation (and doubtless extensive discussion of liability issues), it could even be turned into drinking water. “Is it a possibility? Yes,” Tintera of the Texas Water Recycling Association said of turning oilfield water into drinking water. “Is it technologically feasible? Yes. Is it cost-effective yet? No.” Sumner, of Omni Water Solutions, said he has drunk water recycled from the oilfields. This is the third article in an occasional series on water and fracking. The first covered water-supply concerns, and the second covered groundwater groups' confusion over the regulation of water for fracking. More articles in this series, which is a collaboration with StateImpact Texas, will run in the coming weeks at texastribune.org and stateimpacttexas.org. Texas Tribune donors or members may be quoted or mentioned in our stories, or may be the subject of them. For a complete list of contributors, click here.

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We will post photos of the equipment and crowd before Mackenzie enters the access shaft. We also will cover the event as the 300,000 pound cutter head is lifted by a crane and lowered 200 feet underground. Mackenzie will not be seen aboveground again until 2014 when nearly three miles of the Euclid Creek Tunnel is mined and she emerges near the intersection of Nottingham Road and St. Clair Avenue. The Euclid Creek Tunnel is the first in a series of storage tunnels being constructed as a part of Project Clean Lake, the Sewer District’s 25-year, $3 billion program to drastically reduce the amount of combined sewage entering local waterways annually. About the Euclid Creek Tunnel The Euclid Creek Tunnel will start in Bratenahl, south of Interstate 90, and continue northeast to the District’s Easterly Wastewater Treatment Plant. There, the tunnel will continue under Lake Erie for about 3000 feet and pass under the shoreline near Green Creek at East 152nd Street. The tunnel will then head east, following Lake Shore Boulevard and Nottingham Road, and end at St. Clair Avenue. The Euclid Creek Tunnel will be located 190 to 220 feet below ground. The tunnel will be 18,000 feet long, with a diameter of 24 feet. It will have the capacity to hold 52 million gallons of combined stormwater and wastewater. The estimated cost of construction for the Euclid Creek Tunnel is $198 million. About Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) Greater Cleveland’s earliest sewers (primarily within the City and its inner-ring suburbs) are combined sewers. Built around the turn of the 19th century, these sewers carry sewage, industrial waste, and stormwater in a single pipe. During heavy rains, there is a dramatic increase of water flowing through the combined sewers. When this happens, control devices may allow some of the combined wastewater and stormwater to overflow into area waterways—such as Lake Erie and Euclid Creek—to prevent urban flooding. This event is called a combined sewer overflow, or CSO, and harms our clean-water environment.

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Having an extrovert personality could help you live longer, an international study of gorilla behaviour suggests. Several theories exist about an apparent link, but one possibility is being good at social interaction could act as a buffer against the effects of stress. Another is that extroversion indicates an individual has a good immune system. A team of researchers, led by the University of Edinburgh, studied almost 300 gorillas in zoos and sanctuaries in the US over 18 years. Particular attention was paid to four personality traits: dominance, extroversion, neuroticism and agreeableness. Extroversion (sociability, activity, play and curiosity) is linked with longer survival, the study concludes.

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Private foundations fund new astronomy tool Jul. 10, 2012 Kamuela, HI — The W. M. Keck Observatory has been awarded two major grants to help build a $4 million laser system as the next leap forward in a technology which already enables ground-based telescopes to exceed the observational power of telescopes in space. The new laser, when installed on the current adaptive optics system on the Keck II telescope, will improve the performance of the system and advance future technology initiatives. In early July the Observatory received a $1.5 million grant from the W. M. Keck Foundation, adding to a $2 million grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation awarded eight months prior for the multi-year project. Keck Observatory is charged to raise the remaining funds needed from its private supporters over the next two years. “Ever since Galileo, astronomers have been building bigger telescopes to collect more light to be able to observe more distant objects,” said Peter Wizinowich, who leads the adaptive optics developments at Keck Observatory. “In theory, the larger the telescope the more detail you can see. However, because of the blurring caused by Earth’s atmosphere, a 10-inch or a 10-meter telescope see about the same amount of detail.” There are two solutions to this problem, Wizinowich said: put a telescope in space or use adaptive optics technology to cancel out the distortions of the atmosphere. W. M. Keck Observatory helped pioneer the astronomical use of adaptive optics in the 1990’s, and now delivers images three to four times sharper than the Hubble Space Telescope. Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics, or LGS AO, uses a laser beam generated from within the Observatory to excite a layer of sodium atoms 60 miles (90 km) up, above most of Earth’s atmosphere. The sodium atoms are remnants of micro-meteors which have burned away as they hit the atmosphere. Once the specially-tuned laser hits these atoms, they light up and create an artificial star or beacon that can be used to precisely measure atmospheric turbulence and cancel out the distortions in real time. The new laser will improve on the current laser system at Keck in several ways. Most importantly, it will be brighter. But it will also differ by being a non-pulsed laser. Researchers have discovered that non-pulsed lasers do a better job kicking sodium atoms into action and result in a more capable and efficient system. The advanced Keck II laser will be blazing a trail for the adaptive optics system for use on the Thirty Meter Telescope, or TMT, currently in development. “Keck can make the use of this laser routine, so that TMT can use it efficiently at first light,” said TMT Project Manager Gary Sanders. For this reason, the TMT has committed a modest amount of engineering and technical support for the Keck laser project. The new Keck II Laser is also one of the first steps in a $50-million Next Generation Adaptive Optics system in design at Keck Observatory that will go far beyond what is currently possible. Just what will be discovered is anyone’s guess. Astronomers often find the unexpected when they gain new views into the cosmos. Among the scientific breakthroughs which have come from the original Keck II LGS AO system is the definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy. “Thanks to the resolving power of the Keck Telescopes, you can get the clearest view of the center of our galaxy and see the stars that are residing at its heart,” said Andrea Ghez, an astronomy professor at UCLA who was recently awarded the Crafoord Prize for her research involving Keck. Ghez and her team have been observing the galactic center of the Milky Way for the last 17 years to see how these stars move. Their data helped prove the existence of the black hole, and their research is far from over. “New mysteries are being revealed to help us understand how our galaxy formed, how black holes form, how they interact with their surroundings and influence the evolution of galaxies, the fundamental building blocks of our Universe. We are seeing things that no one expected,” said Ghez. The new laser will improve their black hole research by at least a factor of two, she said. “The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation puts a high priority on provocative, transformative scientific research, and Keck Observatory is an undisputed leader in revolutionizing science for adaptive optics technology,” said Foundation Science Program Director Cynthia Atherton. “This project resonates with what we say on our website: we like to take smart risks because major leaps forward in science won’t happen otherwise.” The confidence that the Keck Foundation and the Moore Foundation have shown in Keck Observatory by partnering with us on the new laser is very significant, said Observatory Director Taft Armandroff. “These two Foundations are the most sophisticated private funders of science today,” Armandroff said. W. M. Keck Observatory, a scientific partnership of the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and NASA, operates two 10-meter optical/infrared telescopes on the summit of Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii. The Keck I Telescope began science observations in March 1993, and observations with Keck II began in October 1996. Today, as a private, 501(c) 3 non-profit organization, Keck Observatory is supported by both public funding sources and private philanthropy. For more information, visit http://www.keckobservatory.org The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, established in 2000, seeks to advance environmental conservation, scientific research, and patient care. The Foundation’s Science Program aims to make a significant impact on the development of provocative, transformative scientific research, and increase knowledge in emerging fields. For more information, visit http://www.moore.org. Based in Los Angeles, the W. M. Keck Foundation was established in 1954 by the late W. M. Keck, founder of the Superior Oil Company. The Foundation’s grant making is focused primarily on pioneering efforts in the areas of medical research, science and engineering and undergraduate education. The Foundation also maintains a Southern California Grant Program that provides support for the Los Angeles community, with a special emphasis on children and youth. For more information, visit http://www.wmkeck.org Additional images are available at: http://keckobservatory.org/gallery Contacts:Director of W. M. Keck Observatory: Taft Armandroff at 808.881.3855 Keck Observatory Director of Advancement: Debbie Goodwin at 808.881.3814 Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation: Genny Biggs at 650-213-3021

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Building a Better Helmet by Marcia Goodrich, senior writer Originally in Tech Today July 22, 2008 Helmets are helpless against some of the most dangerous injuries in football. They protect players from direct impact, as when linemen slam head-on into each other like battling yaks. But when it comes to rotational impact, a helmet doesn't offer much more protection than a full head of hair. What is rotational impact? Think of it as shaken baby syndrome all grown up. A slanting blow to the head can set the brain spinning ever so slightly inside the skull and damaging tissue. The resulting concussion has the power to put a player on the bench, in a wheelchair or even in the morgue. To protect players from rotational impact, you need a different kind of helmet. Professor Gopal Jayaraman (MEEM) leads a multidisciplinary team that is building one. Materials science and engineering majors Wayne Bell and Nikki Long are investigating materials to use in the helmet. Mechanical engineering PhD student David Labyak will test the design with help from ME undergraduate Rei Tangko. Professor Paul Nelson (SBE) and business administration major Eric Tangko are developing plans to market and promote the new helmet. And Professor Allan Struthers (Mathematical Sciences) has developed mathematical models that predict how well different designs and materials will work. The designs of all current football helmets are based solely on trial and error. The team is on the verge of building and testing several prototypes that mirror the protective mechanisms of the human head, earning it the unglamourous name of "biomorphic helmet." "We mimic the structure of the head: the skull, the scalp and the spinal fluid," said Jayaraman. "They all protect the brain from direct and rotational impact, but in different ways. Our objective is to copy the biological system." Grad student Labyak has been working on the project six years and has a personal stake that goes beyond earning his doctorate. "Sports have been a big part of my life, and I've had my bell rung playing football in high school," he said. "Also, I have three children, two girls and a boy, and they're all in sports." Specifically, they all play hockey. While the biomorphic helmet is being built with football in mind, it could easily be adapted to the baseball diamond or the ice rink, a prospect that drives Labyak, whose son has a hearing loss that could be exacerbated by injury. "We're worried about him playing contact sports, because he could lose more of his hearing if he receives a blow to the head. This project hits home for me." Not all head injuries occur in sports. "My mom and my brother run a motorcycle shop," said MSE undergrad Bell. "Some of their friends have died in motorcycle accidents." Hoping to use his education to save lives, Bell sought out Jayaraman, only to find out that his dream research project was well under way and that he was welcome to participate. "This is a match made in heaven," he said. Business student Eric Tangko also sees vast potential in parts of the world where people may not even have heard of the Super Bowl. "We'll be developing other markets," he said. In particular, the team is looking at India and China, where scooters crowd the roadways. "It could be applicable for powered two-wheelers," said Jayaraman. "There are millions of cyclists in Asia." The project has recently received a $15,500 grant from the National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance and has been awarded $4,500 from the Century II Endowed Equipment Fund. Additional support is being sought from the Michigan University Commercialization Initiative and other funding organizations.

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Features of Constitution1 |Is there a constitution?||Yes| |Does the constitution provide for freedom of religion?||Yes| |Source||Official Site of the President of the Democratic Republic of Congo| |Translation||Unofficial translation by ARDA staff from French source| |Current as of||May 11, 2011| Constitution Excerpts (clauses that reference religion)2 We, the Congolese people, …Aware of our responsibility before God, the Nation, Africa and the World; Solemnly declare the adoption of the present Constitution. The Democratic Republic of Congo, within its June 30, 1960 borders, is a state governed by the rule of law, and is independent, sovereign, united and indivisible, social, democratic and secular. No Congolese may, in matters concerning education, access to public service or any other matter, be subject to discrimination, whether by legislation or executive action, due to their religion, family origin, social status, residence, opinion or political beliefs, membership in a particular race, ethnic group, tribe, or cultural or linguistic minority. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Everyone has the right to manifest their religion or belief, individually or collectively, both in public and private, through worship, teaching, practice, observance of rites and by living a religious life, subject to compliance with the law, public order, morality and the rights of others. The law establishes the procedures for exercising those freedoms. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right includes the freedom to express their opinions or beliefs, including through speech, writing and imagery, subject to compliance with the law, public order and morality. …No one shall be discriminated against in their work because of their origins, sex, opinions, beliefs or their socioeconomic conditions. Education is free. However, it is subject to government supervision, under the conditions laid down by law. Everyone has access to national educational establishments, without discrimination due to place of origin, race, religion, sex, political or philosophical beliefs, or physical, mental or sensory state, according to his abilities. The national educational establishments can underwrite, in cooperation with religious authorities, an education in accordance with one’s religious beliefs for minor students whose parents request it. In the event that a state of siege or state of emergency is declared, in accordance with Articles 85 and 86 of this Constitution, the fundamental rights and principles listed below may not be derogated: …7. freedom of thought, conscience and religion. The President-elect of the Republic shall assume office within ten days after the announcement of the final results of the presidential election. Before taking office, the President of the Republic takes the following oath before the Constitutional Court: "I,___________, elected President of the Democratic Republic of Congo, solemnly swear before God and the nation: - To maintain the independence and integrity of the territory; - To safeguard national unity; - To be guided by the general interest and respect for human rights; - To devote all my strength to promoting the common good and peace; - To be a fair and faithful servant of the people in the high duties assigned to me. 1. Data under the "Features of Constitution" heading are drawn from coding of the U.S. State Department's 2008 International Religious Freedom Reports conducted by researchers at the Association of Religion Data Archives. The article by Brian Grim and Roger Finke describes the coding of the International Religious Freedom reports. A dataset with these and the other international measures highlighted on the country pages can be downloaded from this website. Used with permission. 2. The constitutional excerpts shown above are reproduced from the websites given in the "Source" field; the links to these websites were active as of May 2011. Where the constitutional text shown on these websites was provided in a language other than English, this text was translated to English by ARDA staff with assistance from web-based translation utilities such as Google Translate and Yahoo! Babel Fish. Constitutional text was converted to American English where applicable. Constitutional clauses were judged to contain religious content based largely on the standards used in the construction of the Religion and State Constitutions Dataset collected by Jonathan Fox. Emphases were added to the text by ARDA staff to highlight religious content in articles that also contain content that does not pertain to matters of religion. The data on this page were correct to the best of the knowledge of the ARDA as of the date listed in the "Current as of" field shown above. Please contact us at [email protected] if you are aware of any incorrect information provided on this page.

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Vacations should be a time for fun. Unfortunately this was not the case for one New York family. "J.T." died after choking on a hot dog while on vacation. In response to this preventable death, New York State enacted legislation to help parents, caregivers and providers recognize common choking hazards for children and prevention tips. The choking prevention legislation is known as " J.T.'s Law". The following information is provided to help educate parents, caregivers, and providers about how to prevent choking incidents and possible deaths.Important Facts -- Choking is the fourth leading cause of unintentional death in children under the age of 5. -- Children under age 5 are at greatest risk for choking injury and death. -- Toys, household items and foods can all be a choking hazard. -- The most common cause of nonfatal choking in young children is food. -- At least one child dies from choking on food every five days in the U.S., and more than 10,000 children are taken to a hospital emergency room each year for food-choking injuries. -- Toy manufacturers label toys for choking hazards and some food manufacturers voluntarily label food products as posing a potential choking risk; however, any food can present a choking risk. -- Education regarding choking risks, precautions to take in avoiding these risks, and known life saving procedures are necessary to eliminate senseless and tragic injuries and deaths caused by choking. -- Pediatricians, family practice physicians, health care workers, parents, grandparents, day care workers, school personnel, older children, siblings, babysitters and communities as a whole play a key role in the prevention of injuries and need to share information with caregivers to identify potential choking hazards. -- The size of a young child's trachea (windpipe) or breathing tube is approximately the size of a drinking straw in diameter. Imagine a piece of popcorn being lodged in this small area!CLICK HERE for tips on preventing choking

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India and The Parliamentary Elections: First Forecast (April 15th) by Gurumurthy Kalyanaram Based on a meta-analysis of the various preference polls, and an analysis of the issues and the campaigns by the various political parties, the expected median number of parliamentary seats that each political party is likely to secure is as follows. Support of 272 parliamentary seats in Lok Sabha (Indian parliament) constitutes the majority. Congress Party and its political allies including Dravida Munnetra Kazagham, National Congress Party, Rashtriya Janata Dal, Samajwadi Party, and Trinamool Congress: 225 (caveat: since these parties are incumbents, they are more likely to return a lower number of seats than the expectation). Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and its political allies including Akali Dal, Assom Gana Parishad (AGP), Janata Dal(U), and Shiv Sena: 190 (caveat: since these parties are out of power, they are likely to enjoy anti-incumbency benefits, however mild). The Communists (35) will never ever support BJP, and may have no choice but to support Congress party. That would give Congress and its allies about 260 parliamentary seats. And these 260 seats will also be in firm opposition to any BJP led government. There is another wrinkle to this arithmetic. Trinamool Congress and the Communist parties are like snake and mangoose because they compete for the same political space in West Bengal. So it is not clear that Trinamool Congress will support Congress if the Congress seeks the support of Communists. But let us assume the most optimistic scenario for Congress-led government. All India Anna DMK (ADMK) and its allies, Bahujan Samajwadi Party (BSP), and Telugu Desam (TDP) and its allies are likely to secure about 77 parliamentary seats. For different local political compulsions (they all compete the same political space in their respective states like Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh), these three political parties will never ever support Congress-led government and they may have no choice but to support BJP. That makes it about 265 parliamentary seats in favor of a BJP-led government, and firmly against a Congress-led government. So it will come to the support of Biju Janata Dal (BJD) which is likely to win about 8 parliamentary seats, and much smaller political parties. Congress party and allies: support of 260 parliament members, and opposition of 265 parliament members BJP and allies: support of 265 parliament members, and opposition of 260 parliament members Given the numbers and the positioning of various political parties, the odds of a BJP led government appear to be slight higher. But whoever forms the government, the coalition is likely to be too compromised and fragile to sustain itself in office for more than a few years.

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ESL 21B Preparation for Final Exam Summary of the Endangered Species Act 7 U.S.C. §136; 16 U.S.C. §460 et seq. (1973) The Endangered Species Act (ESA) provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals and the habitats in which they are found. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) of the Department of the Interior maintains a worldwide list which, as of Feb. 20, 2008, included 1574 endangered species (599 are plants) and 351 threatened species (148 are plants). Species include birds, insects, fish, reptiles, mammals, crustaceans, flowers, grasses, and trees. Anyone can petition FWS to include a species on this list. The law requires federal agencies, in consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and/or the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service, to ensure that actions they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat of such species. The law also prohibits any action that causes a "taking" of any listed species of endangered fish or wildlife. Likewise, import, export, interstate, and foreign commerce of listed species are all generally prohibited. Be prepared to discuss the following: 1. What is the ESA, and why was it passed? 2. Has the ESA been successful in conserving threatened and endangered species? 3. What are the adverse consequences of the act? 4. Read the following scenario and take a position. How would you argue your points? James and Irma Smith bought property in Florida near Disney World with the intention of building a hotel. They developed their business plan based on information they had read about a high demand for more hotel space in the area. They spent $500,000 to purchase the land for the hotel and began working with an architect and a contractor. As they began to break ground for the project, they received a letter from the US Fish and Wildlife Service indicating that they were not permitted to build a hotel on their land because the area was part of the last remaining habitat for the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) and the striped mud turtle (kinosternon baurii), two species registered as endangered on the ESA's endangered species list. It was also home to many other threatened species including: the Southeastern American kestrel (Falco sparverius paulus), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and osprey (Pandion haliaetus). How would you try to convince the Smiths that they should not build a hotel on their property? OR How would you try to convince the US Fish and Wildlife Service that the Smiths should be allowed to build a hotel on their property?

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Molecular Gastronomy Goes Industrial Experimental chefs are inspired by technologies from the food-processing industry The term molecular gastronomy conjures up images of strangely colored droplets and foams arranged on a plate. As a result, this scientific approach to cooking is often derided as cold and unfeeling—the opposite of what good food is supposed to be. At its heart, though, molecular gastronomy—or, as it’s sometimes called, molecular cooking—involves using technological tools to create dishes that are delicious as well as innovative. One of the genre’s best tricks is applying seemingly mundane technologies from the food-processing industry to high-end ingredients like oysters and lobster. As the following five examples illustrate—three of which premiered in February at the prestigious Flemish Primitives culinary festival, in Belgium—the resulting techniques stand to benefit restaurant chefs and even home cooks. 1. At this year’s Flemish Primitives, Bernard Lahousse, a food consultant with a bioengineering degree, used a high-pressure processing (HPP) machine to infuse oysters with tomato and other flavors without sacrificing freshness or textural integrity. This marked the first time an HPP machine was used for culinary purposes, but the technology is a staple of the seafood-processing industry, which started employing the technology to extract meat from shellfish in the late 1990s. At US $500 000 to $2.5 million, HPP machines are too expensive for most restaurant kitchens, but chefs have been known to create tabletop versions of industrial equipment. Take, for example, the Reveo meat tumbler, a miniature version of an industrial meat tenderizer that retails for about $170. 2. In 1937, French researcher Maurice Piettre introduced the Cryovac at a food-processing conference. After several decades of practical applications à la boil-in-a-bag vegetables, the Cryovac has started appearing in high-end kitchens. Star chefs of molecular cooking, such as Spain’s Ferran Adrià and Britain’s Heston Blumenthal have popularized sous vide, a cooking method that uses Cryovac technology to slow-cook meat and fish in a temperature-controlled water bath. Now, former Top Chef finalist and noted sous vide fanatic Richard Blais is promoting the SousVide Supreme, the first sous vide water oven for the home ($449). 3. The food-processing industry has long used liquid nitrogen to freeze meat, vegetables, and dairy products, but restaurant chefs have only recently embraced the technology. It’s the perfect tool for creating novel ice-cream treats like chef Wylie Dufresne’s cookie-coated ice-cream balls, and the resulting fog makes for a nice special effect. At the Flemish Primitives, a chef-researcher team debuted the Crycotuv, which combines liquid-nitrogen-aided deep freezing with Cryovac technology in a single freezer. The team claims this two-in-one freezer allows chefs to freeze and seal meat and fish without causing structural damage and will soon be a must-have for molecular gastronomes. 4. The food dehydrator was first invented in the 1920s to help prevent spoilage, but in recent years more and more chefs have started using the technology to enhance taste. Former Microsoft chief technology officer-turned-culinary experimenter Nathan Myhrvold uses an industrial dehydrator to freeze-dry raw lobster tails, while Eben Freeman, a bartender at Tailor in New York City, uses a tabletop dehydrator to make Kahlúa-soaked Rice Krispies for a breakfast-themed White Russian. Portable dehydrators like Nesco’s FD-61 (about $50) abound, and some new ovens, such as the Wolf E Series ($3300), double as high-capacity dehydrators. 5. Much of molecular gastronomy involves tinkering with basic cooking techniques, such as emulsions. By definition, an emulsion is a mixture of two or more unblendable liquids, such as oil and vinegar, to produce things like mayonnaise, salad dressings, and custards. Basic emulsion technique requires little more than a bowl and a whisk, but molecular gastronomists take this method to the next level with food-industry chemical enhancers like soy lecithin and laboratory-grade centrifuges. Belgian chef Roger van Damme recently teamed up with researchers at the University of Leuven to create EmulsionFire, a device that creates emulsions with magnets. He and his collaborators demonstrated the new technology at the Flemish Primitives. About the Author Erica Westly is a freelance science writer based in Brooklyn, N.Y. Her article ”For Parkinson’s Patients, Hearing Voices Could Be a Good Thing” appeared on IEEE Spectrum Online in October 2009.

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Development of Preschool and Academic Skills in Children Born Very Preterm Redirect to Publisher's version (Publisher's version.url.txt, 45 bytes) Objective: To examine performance in preschool and academic skills in very preterm (gestational age ≤30 weeks) and term-born comparison children aged 4 to 12 years. Study design: Very preterm children (n = 200; mean age, 8.2 ± 2.5 years) born between 1996 and 2004 were compared with 230 term-born children (mean age, 8.3 ± 2.3). The Dutch National Pupil Monitoring System was used to measure preschool numerical reasoning and early linguistics, and primary school simple and complex word reading, reading comprehension, spelling, and mathematics/arithmetic. With univariate analyses of variance, we assessed the effects of preterm birth on performance across grades and on grade retention. Results: In preschool, very preterm children performed comparably with term-born children in early linguistics, but perform more poorly (0.7 standard deviation [SD]) in numerical reasoning skills. In primary school, very preterm children scored 0.3 SD lower in complex word reading and 0.6 SD lower in mathematics/arithmetic, but performed comparably with peers in reading comprehension and spelling. They had a higher grade repeat rate (25.5%), although grade repeat did not improve their academic skills. Conclusions: Very preterm children do well in early linguistics, reading comprehension, and spelling, but have clinically significant deficits in numerical reasoning skills and mathematics/arithmetic, which persist with time.

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A logistic function or logistic curve is a common sigmoid curve, given its name in 1844 or 1845 by Pierre François Verhulst who studied it in relation to population growth. It can model the "S-shaped" curve (abbreviated S-curve) of growth of some population P. The initial stage of growth is approximately exponential; then, as saturation begins, the growth slows, and at maturity, growth stops. If the initial size is above the supported ecologic capacity, the size of the population decreases down toward this capacity. A simple logistic function may be defined by the formula where the variable P might be considered to denote a population and the variable t might be thought of as time. For values of t in the range of real numbers from −∞ to +∞, the S-curve shown is obtained. In practice, due to the nature of the exponential function e−t, it is sufficient to compute t over a small range of real numbers such as [−6, +6]. The logistic function finds applications in a range of fields, including artificial neural networks, biology, biomathematics, demography, economics, chemistry, mathematical psychology, probability, sociology, political science, and statistics. It has an easily calculated derivative: The function P has the intuitively appealing quality that Logistic differential equation The logistic function is the solution of the simple first-order non-linear differential equation where P is a variable with respect to time t and with boundary condition P(0) = 1/2. This equation is the continuous version of the logistic map. One may readily find the (symbolic) solution to be Choosing the constant of integration ec = 1 gives the other well-known form of the definition of the logistic curve The logistic curve shows early exponential growth for negative t, which slows to linear growth of slope 1/4 near t = 0, then approaches y = 1 with an exponentially decaying gap. The logistical function is the inverse of the natural logit function and so can be used to convert the logarithm of odds into a probability; the conversion from the log-likelihood ratio of two alternatives also takes the form of a logistic curve. The logistic sigmoid function is related to the hyperbolic tangent, A.p. by Letting P represent population size (N is often used in ecology instead) and t represent time, this model is formalized by the differential equation: where the constant r defines the growth rate and K is the carrying capacity. In the equation, the early, unimpeded growth rate is modeled by the first term +rP. The value of the rate r represents the proportional increase of the population P in one unit of time. Later, as the population grows, the second term, which multiplied out is −rP2/K, becomes larger than the first as some members of the population P interfere with each other by competing for some critical resource, such as food or living space. This antagonistic effect is called the bottleneck, and is modeled by the value of the parameter K. The competition diminishes the combined growth rate, until the value of P ceases to grow (this is called maturity of the population). Dividing both sides of the equation by K gives Now setting x = P / K gives the differential equation For r = 1 we have the particular case with which we started. In ecology, species are sometimes referred to as r-strategist or K-strategist depending upon the selective processes that have shaped their life history strategies. The solution to the equation (with P0 being the initial population) is Which is to say that K is the limiting value of P: the highest value that the population can reach given infinite time (or come close to reaching in finite time). It is important to stress that the carrying capacity is asymptotically reached independently of the initial value P(0) > 0, also in case that P(0) > K. Acknowledgements and notes This article reuses material from Wikipedia page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_growth under the rights of CC-BY-SA license. It is too similar and requires further work to integrate more sources.

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Thousands of teenagers have a hard time getting moving in the morning. But for kids with POT Syndrome, or POTS, the fatigue is debilitating. It keeps these teens from normal activities like sports or social events. Many can’t even go to school. How can you tell if you’re teen’s tiredness or other related symptoms are a sign of a real problem? Philip Fischer, M.D., a Mayo Clinic Pediatrician explains. To listen to the podcast segment, click the link below: You may use the buttons below to share this podcast with others: Updated 10/20/08: Dr. Fischer has added the following information about POTS in response to the many good comments and questions. Thanks to the 12 of you who posted comments since I last responded on this blog site. I appreciate your ideas and the good questions. The issues you all raise fall into several different sub-topics, and I’ll respond collectively to you. Triggers. Several different sorts of situations seem to be able to trigger an adolescent to develop POTS. Usually, the trigger is an infection, and “mono” is a common trigger in North America. Much of the “mono” we see is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, but other viruses cause similar “mono-like illness.” To receive a diagnosis of “mono” and to have negative “mono” tests usually means that the infection was by a non-Epstein-Barr virus germ that acted like the typical Epstein-Barr virus. Injury occasionally triggers POTS, but this is usually when the injury causes the teenager to be bedridden for several days. It would be very unusual for a minor blow to the back to trigger POTS unless it was so severe that the patient was stuck in bed recovering from the injury for several days. Symptoms. There are lots of symptoms of POTS, and no single patient has all of them. Fatigue, dizziness, abdominal discomfort, and pains (headache or other) are common. Symptoms are typically, but not always, more obvious when standing still. Other conditions, however, can cause some similar symptoms. So, doctors evaluating teenagers with POTS need to be careful to make sure that an additional concurrent problem isn’t present, and they need to remember that some symptoms in POTS patients might be due to something other than the POTS. This means that other causes of fast heart rates need to be ruled out; rarely hormone-secreting tumors can masquerade as POTS. Chest discomfort is seen in a fair number of adolescents with POTS – this can vary from true pain to a feeling of difficulty getting enough air in to pressure to what resembles a “panic attack” (without the panic). These chest symptoms probably relate to altered abdominal and chest blood flow, and the chemicals that are associated with panic and depression and anxiety overlap with the chemicals that lead to the manifestations of POTS. At the same time, though, some POTS patients do develop depression and anxiety (very understandable when one has been feeling bad for so long) and might have actual panic attacks (instead of “POTS attacks”) causing the chest symptoms. Migraines and chronic daily headache and POTS commonly occur at the same time in the same person – treating the POTS seems to help the headaches improve, too. Other conditions such as ovarian cysts and kidney stones and liver problems would likely be due to something separate from the POTS. Diagnosis. There are different ways that people classify POTS. Some differentiate between post-infectious POTS and POTS that doesn’t seem to follow a typical febrile or mono-like infection. Others separate high flow POTS from low flow POTS based on clever measurements of blood flow with tilting in a research setting. POTS can also be separated by whether there are anti-nerve antibodies in the circulation (seropositive versus seronegative), and these antibodies are found in about 15% of adults with POTS and in fewer adolescents. Others measure adrenaline-like chemicals in standing and lying positions and separate POTS into hyperadrenergic and normal forms. Practically speaking, though, we doctors don’t understand POTS well enough yet to use these different categories of POTS in ways that make major changes in treatment. Treatment. It sounds like several of you have good doctors using helpful medications as well as non-medical means to treat POTS. Increased intake of fluids and salt and having regular aerobic exercise clearly seem to help. Acupuncture and other therapies seem to be associated with improvement in some people but have not been studied well enough to know who all might respond favorably. “Bad days” happen, and the most important way to deal with them is to continue to maximize fluid and salt intake and exercise. Some people suggest avoiding caffeine except as a rare treatment to avert “bad days” – but I don’t have experience with this plan to know if it helps – perhaps someone reading this note has tried this and can enlighten the rest of us. If someone hasn’t responded well to initial treatment, it is important to continue with medical care and to customize that care to the individual’s needs. Using “just” a beta blocker helps many POTS patients, but it is not unusual to need to add or change medications over time. Prognosis. As best we know, adolescents with POTS usually do well and return to a fully productive life. It seems that about 80% recover completely. Optimism is appropriate! Physician Recommendations. Increasingly, doctors are becoming aware of POTS. I have personally worked with physicians in several parts of the country who do good work caring for teenagers with POTS. Specific names and recommendations, however, would need to be discussed privately. Again, thanks to each of you for the great comments and useful discussion. Updated 11/24/08: Please see Dr. Fischer’s responses to some of the questions in comment #31 below. Also, if you are interested in scheduling a consultation for evaluation relating to POTS, you may call 507-538-4206. Updated 12/18/08: More thoughts from Dr. Fischer: This podcast/blog site has had lots of activity lately. Thanks to each of you for your great comments. It is fun to see mutually beneficial interactions between patients and families through this website. Similarly, I have enjoyed off-line and in-person contact with some of you in regard to more individual concerns. Thanks for the great discussions! Here are comments in response to some of the specific issues raised during the past couple weeks. I hope these remarks will be of use to many of you. Triggers of POTS. Lots of things can trigger the development of POTS, usually illness or injury or some other form of incapacitation. I don’t know of any evidence that environmental factors (chlorine or mold or any other such thing) actually trigger POTS, but there is still lots we don’t understand about this condition. Whatever the initial stimulus to develop POTS, it is the POTS that becomes the problem, and the initial trigger usually stops being an active concern. Body Chemicals. Many adolescents with POTS have anxiety or depression – sometimes related to being high achievers who are falling behind and sometimes related to pre-existing conditions. Interestingly, the body chemicals (such as adrenaline and serotonin and dopamine) that seem to relate to POTS are also tangled up with anxiety and depression. Some patients seem even to have “panic attacks” that are more due to blood flow changes with POTS than to actual psychological panic. Of course, POTS is a complicated condition that manifests itself in a variety of ways. It is important to take advantage of various sorts of treatment, too. Many (perhaps even most) teenagers with POTS can benefit from professional psychological help – whether it is to deal with pre-existing anxiety, to manage depression that resulted from the affects of POTS, or to simply help cope with a chronic condition. In some patients, the resulting anxiety or depression becomes the main issue even though POTS is the underlying problem. “Downplaying” (while not denying) the POTS diagnosis might be useful if it helps keep patients and families looking forward to recovery (rather than focusing on problems). Bad Mornings. Why are mornings so challenging for people with POTS? Great question! My guess is that it relates to blood flow changes after lying down for most of the night. With POTS-induced alterations in blood flow, it is hard for the body to get its circulation going in even a semi-useful fashion for a few hours. This leaves people tired. It helps to have plenty of salty fluids early in the morning, perhaps even 20 or 30 minutes before getting out of bed. And, people taking a beta blocker or midodrine sometimes find it helpful to take the first dose 20 or 30 minutes before getting out of bed, too. Some people advocate “head up training” with the head of the bed tilted up a bit during the night. In theory, this should help re-train the body to keep blood flowing upwards against gravity. I don’t, however, know of any real data to say whether this is useful in teenagers or not. Diagnostic Criteria. POTS is a clinical “syndrome” made up of a variety of symptoms, and these symptoms vary from one person to another. There is not an exact way to define POTS based on symptoms even though there are lots of symptoms (fatigue, dizziness, nausea) that are common to many teenagers with POTS. Finding an excessive heart rate change after moving from lying to standing supports a diagnosis of POTS. But, some patients act exactly like they have POTS yet don’t have much of a heart rate change with standing or tilting. Other totally healthy people feel dizzy when standing up and have postural pulse changes of 40 or so beats per minute without having POTS. While a 30 beat per minute heart rate change is used as a diagnostic criterion in adults, it is not yet clear exactly what pulse change accurately differentiates POTS from variations of normal in adolescents. When the physical exam (like a lying to standing heart rate change) and history are typical of POTS, it is NOT always necessary to do formal autonomic testing with a tilt table. Appointments. If an adolescent with health concerns wants to be seen by our team of physicians familiar with POTS, a call can be made to 507-538-4206. Response to Medications. Medication is only one part of the treatment for POTS, and there is not always a quick, visible response to the initiation of treatment. But, lots of patients do feel a bit better within the few hours after taking either a beta blocker or midodrine and clearly notice feeling worse on days they miss doses. Fludrocortisone (yes, it’s technically a steroid, but it’s not the kind of steroid with scary side effects that gets people kicked out of the Olympics) works gradually when it is used (like drinking extra fluid and eating more salt) and doesn’t usually result in readily apparent changes in feelings. Serotonin-related medications, when used, work gradually “behind the scenes” so that it might take weeks to see favorable effects. And, there are “peaks and valleys” in the course of POTS with good days and bad days. It’s often hard to tell in the short-term how much changing symptoms relate to specific medicines and how much they relate to other coincidences. There is not evidence yet to say whether acupuncture or “alternative” treatments (such as licorice root) would be expected to help very many people, but most of these therapies are not dangerous. Sports and Activity. Most any physical activity is good for people with autonomic dysfunction. Activities done in an upright position help improve conditioning and seem to help retrain the autonomic nervous system to help blood flow uphill. Swimming is good for conditioning and might feel easier than upright activity (since blood is mostly flowing horizontally and since there is outside water pressure pushing on the legs to encourage blood flow), but it might lack the benefit of training the body to push blood uphill. Certainly, it is good to continue with normal daily activities. The goal is to recover, not just to feel less uncomfortable along the way. I heard a great quote this past weekend – that “problems are not in the way of success; they are the way to success.” Onward toward recovery! Update (1/19/2009): With more than 60 comments (see below), this topic has been discussed thoroughly in general terms, so the comments on this post are now closed. If you would like to schedule an appointment at Mayo Clinic to see Dr. Fischer, you may call 507-538-4206.

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The modern nautilus's smooth, brown-striped shell houses a small squishy beast with 90 sheathed tentacles. Because the shell's chambers follow the golden ratio of 1:1.6180 in a logarithmic spiral, mathematicians love this creature. Renaissance goldsmiths loved it too, encrusting the shell with jewels and metals to serve as a lavish goblet. Similar shells were often displayed in churches to showcase their beauty as created by God and embellished by Man. As cephalopods, nautiloids are related on the one hand to octopi and squids, and on the other hand to the extinct ammonites, which have coiled shells serrated like ram's horns. The nautilus we know and love, N. pompilius, is a survivor of a dazzling prehistoric diversity of shelled cephalopods. Nautiloids have lived in the ocean for over 500 million years. They are older than the dinosaurs, older than the crocodiles, older than the horseshoe crabs. The fossil record shows a number of fantastic nautilus shells, including straight shells, cones, crescents, and large open coils totally unlike the nautilus we know today. Some shells had spikes, spines, or wings. One creature, Endoceras, was upwards of ten feet long and crawled along the ocean floor. Others, including the very first cephalopod Plectronoceras, moved by squirting water out of its chambers and through an open funnel. The fleshy parts of the nautiloids (if we may extrapolate from living specimens) also include as many as ninety tentacles, two pairs of gills, simple lensless eyes that work like a pinhole camera, and a leathery hood to close the shell when the animal retreats inside it. A blood-rich tube of tissue called the siphuncle can secrete gas into the shell's chambers to make the nautilus float, or release gas to allow it to sink. The nautilus adjusts its buoyancy this way, ascending from the depths of the Pacific every night to scavenge near the surface. As the nautilus grows, it closes off chambers in the shell behind it. Each chamber is slightly larger than the previous one—in N. pompilius they are larger by a factor of (1 + sqrt(5))/2 , which corresponds neatly to the golden ratio. Rene Descartes wrote a treatise on the geometry of N. pompilius, proving the congruence of the segments and finding that the logarithmic growth of the shell represents a fibonacci spiral. Year after year beheld the silent toil That spread his lustrous coil; Still, as the spiral grew, He left the past year's dwelling for the new, Stole with soft step its shining archway through, Built up its idle door, Stretched in his last-found home, and knew the old no more. —Oliver Wendell Holmes, "The Chambered Nautilus"

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Efforts to overturn Prop. 8 in the courts Trial in Federal District Court of Perry v. Schwarzenegger: Part 2 Concerning question 2: Does the evidence show that the state has an interest in differentiating between same-sex and opposite-sex unions? Expert witnesses for the plaintiffs testified that no meaningful differences exist between same-sex and opposite-sex couples. Blankenhord was able to identify one difference: some opposite-sex couples -- presumably those where both spouses are fertile -- are capable of having children if they wish who are genetically related to both parents. With currently available medical knowledge and techniques, same-sex couples can only have children who are genetically related to one parent. Psychologist Gregory Herek testified that: - A homosexual sexual orientation is a normal expression of human sexuality. - Almost all gays and lesbians have litle or no choice in their sexual orientation. - Therapeutic efforts to change a person's sexual orientation have not been shown to be effective. They pose a risk of harm to the individual. - Almost all persons have a consistent sexual orientation throughout their life. Psychologist Letitia Anne Peplau described research showing that relationships of same-sex couples are indistinguishable from opposite-sex couples in terms of relationship quality and stability. She testified that if SSM was available, it would have no impact on opposite-sex couples' decisions to marry or divorce. Social epidemiologist Ilan Meyer testified about the emotional harm experienced by gays and lesbians as a result of Prop. 8. Psychologist Michael Lamb testified that all available studies show that children raised by same-sex parents are just as likely to be well-adjusted as children raised by opposite-sex parents, and that the gender of a parent is immaterial to whether they will make a good parent. Proponents challenged Lamb with studies that they say show that married opposite-sex parents provide the ideal child-rearing environment. Lamb explained that these studies generally compared married opposite-sex parents with single parents or step-families. The studies have no bearing on families headed by same-sex couples. This exchange seems to be very similar to one before the courts in Massachusetts back in early 2004 when those opposed to SSM used the same arguments. He said that the only relevant comparison is between families headed by same-sex couples and families headed by opposite-sex couples. Such studies show conclusively that having parents of different genders is irrelevant to child outcomes. Most religious and social conservatives reject the latter studies, and feel that children need one parent of each gender in order to properly develop. Economist Edmund Egan testified that states receive more economic benefits from marriages than from domestic partnerships. Historian Nancy Cott said that domestic partnerships are not the equal of marriage because the former do not have the same social and historical meaning. Much of the value of marriage comes from its social meaning. Judge Walker concluded that the answer to Question 2 is no: California has no interst in differentiated between same-sex and opposite-sex couples. Concerning question 3: Did Prop. 8 enact a private moral view without advancing a legitimate government interest? Several witnesses testified that a primary purpose of Prop. 8 was to have the state prefer opposite-sex couples over same-sex couples based on the belief that the latter are immoral and should not be encouraged. Historian George Chauncey testified about a link between Prop. 8 and various initiatives during the 1970s that targeted gays and lesbians. Both emphasized the importance of protecting children from gays and lesbians, and relied on stereotypical images of homosexuals in spite of a lack of evidence that they showed any additional danger to children. Political scientist Gary Segura identified religion as the chief obstacle to attaining equality of treatment for gays and lesbians. Political scientist Kenneth Miller noted that some moves towards equality had been achieved on the state and national level. He said that at least some voters supported Prop. 8 because of their personal anti-gay sentiment. Proponent Hak-Shing William Tam testified about his contribution to the Prop. 8 campaign. He is the secretary of the America return to God Prayer Movement which has a website at www.1man1woman.net. It encouraged support for Prop. 8 because they said that homosexuals are twelve times more likely to molest children and that: "Proposition 8 will cause states one-by-one to fall into Satan’s hands." Presumably, he meant that this would happen if Prop. 8 failed. Economist Edmund Egan testified that the city and county of San Francisco faces direct and indirect economic losses because of Prop. 8. It reduced the funds that couples spent on weddings. It reduced the number of married couples -- who tend to be more wealthy than single people. Proponents did not challenge the existence of these harms, but did question the magnitude of economic loss. Economist Lee Badgett testified that other municipalities and the state government face simiilar economic disadvantages because of Prop. 8. Judge Walker stated that: "... the evidence presented at trial fatally undermines the premises underlying proponents’ proffered rationales for Proposition 8." "An initiative measure adopted by the voters deserves great respect. The considered views and opinions of even the most highly qualified scholars and experts seldom outweigh the determinations of the voters. When challenged, however, the voters’ determinations must find at least some support in evidence. This is especially so when those determinations enact into law classifications of persons. Conjecture, speculation and fears are not enough. Still less will the moral disapprobation of a group or class of citizens suffice, no matter how large the majority that shares that view." evidence demonstrated beyond serious reckoning that Proposition 8 finds support only in such disapproval. As such, Proposition 8 is beyond the constitutional reach of the voters or their representatives." 5 Judge Walker wrote many pages of conclusions about the credibility of lay witnesses, expert witnesses, and the plaintiffs. He concluded: "... that Blankenhorn’s testimony constitutes inadmissible opinion testimony that should be given essentially no weight. ..." "Blankenhorn’s conclusion that married biological parents provide a better family form than married non-biological parents is not supported by the evidence on which he relied because the evidence does not, and does not claim to, compare biological to non-biological parents. Blankenhorn did not in his testimony consider any study comparing children raised by their married biological parents to children raised by their married adoptive parents. Blankenhorn did not testify about a study comparing children raised by their married biological parents to children raised by their married parents who conceived using an egg or sperm donor. The studies Blankenhorn relied on compare various family structures and do not emphasize biology. ..." studies may well support a conclusion that parents’ marital status may affect child outcomes. The studies do not, however, support a conclusion that the biological connection between a parent and his or her child is a significant variable for child outcomes. The court concludes that 'there is simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered'." "Blankenhorn’s reliance on biology is unsupported by evidence, and the court therefore rejects his conclusion that a biological link between parents and children influences children’s outcomes." Findings of Fact: Based on the testimony given at trial, Judge Walker determined 80 facts. 7 Some of the more interesting are: - "38: Marriage benefits both spouses by promoting physical and psychological health. Married individuals are less likely to engage in behaviors detrimental to health, like smoking or drinking heavily. Married individuals live longer on average than unmarried individuals. - "43: Sexual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of sexual, affectional or romantic desires for and attractions to men, women, or both sexes. An individual’s sexual orientation can be expressed through self-identification, behavior or attraction. The vast majority of people are consistent in self-identification, behavior and attraction throughout their adult lives. - "46: Individuals do not generally choose their sexual orientation. No credible evidence supports a finding that an individual may, through conscious decision, therapeutic intervention, or any other method, change his or her sexual orientation." - "48: "Same-sex couples are identical to opposite-sex couples in the characteristics relevant to the ability to form successful marital unions. Like opposite-sex couples, same-sex couples have happy, satisfying relationships and form deep emotional bonds and strong commitments to their partners. Standardized measures of relationship satisfaction, relationship adjustment and love do not differ depending on whether a couple is same sex - "50: Same-sex couples receive the same tangible and intangible benefits from marriage that opposite-sex couples receive." - "52: "Domestic partnerships lack the social meaning associated with marriage, and marriage is widely regarded as the definitive expression of love and commitment in the United States." - "54: The availability of domestic partnership does not provide gays and lesbians with a status equivalent to marriage because the cultural meaning of marriage and its associated benefits are intentionally withheld from same-sex couples in domestic - "55: Permitting same-sex couples to marry will not affect the number of opposite-sex couples who marry, divorce, cohabit, have children outside of marriage or otherwise affect the stability of opposite-sex marriages." - "56: The children of same-sex couples benefit when their parents can marry." The following information sources were used to prepare and update the above essay. The hyperlinks are not necessarily still active today. - Geoff Kors, "Court rules Prop 8 unconstitutional -- Nov. election critical to case!," Email, Equality California, 2010-AUG-04. - Text of Perry v Schwarzenegger, United States District Court for the Northern District of California, at: http://msnbcmedia.msn.com This is a PDF file. - Evidence submitted at the trial is available at: https://ecf.cand.uscourts.gov/ - Text of Perry v Schwarzenegger, Page 26. - Text of Perry v Schwarzenegger, Pages 46 & 47. - Text of Perry v Schwarzenegger, Pages 56 to 109. Copyright © 2010 by Ontario Consultants on Religious Original posting: 2010-AUG-06 Latest update: 2010-AUG-06 Author: B.A. Robinson

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More Kids with Food Allergies... According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3 MILLION children now have food allergies. Peanut allergies have DOUBLED and kids seem to be taking LONGER to outgrow milk and egg allergies; the Associated Press reports. Actually, breastfeeding does A LOT to reduce the risk of allergies. Dr. Fuhrman explains the ANTIBODIES derived from mother’s milk maximize immune system function and protect against immune system disorders and allergies. To further REDUCE risk Dr. Fuhrman recommends delaying nuts and nut butters until nine months and AVOIDING foods like salt, eggs, oil, seafood, meat, cheese, milk, and butter until after your child's first birthday.

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Prague, Czech Republic: Researchers in America have discovered that vaccinating mice with embryonic stem cells prevented lung cancer in those animals that had had cancer cells transplanted into them after the vaccination or that had been exposed to cancer-causing chemicals. The findings suggest that it could be possible to develop embryonic stem cell vaccines that prevent cancers in humans, such as hereditary breast and colon cancer and lung cancer caused by smoking or other environmental factors. Professor John Eaton told a news briefing at the EORTC-NCI-AACR Symposium on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics in Prague today (Wednesday 8 November): "We found that the vaccinations were between 80-100% effective in preventing tumour growth in mice that were subsequently challenged with transplanted Lewis lung carcinoma, and it was between 60-90% effective in mice subsequently exposed to carcinogens that cause lung cancer. "Our results raise the exciting possibility of developing a prophylactic vaccine capable of preventing the appearance of various types of cancers in humans, especially those with hereditary, chronological or environmental predispositions to neoplastic disease." However, he warned that the work was still in its early stages and that people should not think that, for instance, they could start, or carry on, smoking because a vaccine to prevent lung cancer was just around the corner. "Cancer has been prevented and even cured in mice hundreds of times. At present, all I can say is that so far it looks good, and that, unless something unexpected happens, this strategy might some day be applied to humans at high risk for development of cancer. The likelihood of this happening is more a question for the US Food and Drug Agency than for us. Given their stringent regulations I consider it quite likely that, by the time this is tried in humans, I will be pushing up daisies." Prof Eaton is the James Graham Brown Professor of Cancer Biology and Deputy Director of the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, USA. He and his colleague, Dr Robert Mitchell, tested two different vaccines in the mice. One consisted of embryonic stem cells (ESC) only, obtained from mouse blastocysts (very early, pre-implantation embryos). The other vaccine consisted of the ESCs combined with cultured fibroblast cells producing GM-CSF, a growth factor usually made by white blood cells and blood vessel-lining endothelial cells, which "supercharges" the immune response and appears to enhance the vaccine-induced immunity to cancer. Prof Eaton explained: "We needed a delivery vehicle for GM-CSF and chose STO fibroblasts because they are often used as a 'feeder layer' to maintain these particular mouse embryonic stem cells in their embryonic state. If we had used only ESCs expressing GM-CSF, they might have differentiated into non-embryonic cells, which, therefore, would not have worked as a vaccine." He and his team injected mice with ESCs alone or ESCs + STO/GM-CSF. In mice that had Lewis lung carcinoma transplanted into them afterwards, ESCs were 80% effective in preventing tumour growth and ESCs + STO/GM-CSF were 100% effective. In mice subsequently exposed to a carcinogen that causes lung cancer (3-methylcholanthrene followed by repetitive dosing with butylated hydroxytoluene), ESCs resulted in 60% of mice remaining tumour free after 27 weeks and ESC + STO/GM-CSF resulted in 90% remaining tumour free. Importantly, tumours arising in vaccinated mice were, on average, about 80-90% smaller than tumours in unvaccinated mice. All the unvaccinated mice developed tumours. None of the vaccinated mice developed autoimmune disease or a showed a significant decline in adult pluripotent bone marrow stem cells – both potential adverse responses to the vaccinations. Prof Eaton said: "We think the results from the carcinogen-initiated cancers are probably the most important, as they are closer to the 'real-life' model of the development of cancer than just implanting cancer cells in an animal. We are studying several different types of carcinogen-induced mouse cancers (skin, colon, breast) to determine whether the preventative effect of vaccination extends beyond our models of lung cancer (although in our state of Kentucky with its high smoking rates, lung cancer alone would be a big victory). We may also vaccinate ageing rodents, the majority of which develop endocrine tumours in old age. "In terms of human testing, if all goes well, then I think this vaccination might best be tested in women at high (genetic) risk of breast cancer, in people with high (genetic) risk of colon cancer and, perhaps, in smokers. "Our progress over the next few years will depend, to a large extent, on whether we can attract significant funding. Our work is presently supported by a pilot grant from our cancer centre and a small grant from the Kentucky Lung Cancer Research Program. US federal funding agencies such as the NIH – notorious for funding predictable research – have been quite disinterested." Embargoed: 12.30 hrs CET Wednesday 8 November 2006 Abstract no: 29 EORTC [European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, NCI [National Cancer Institute], AACR [American Association for Cancer Research]. Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009 Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.

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Understand Chinese Astrology Horoscope Out of the many schools of Astrology, Chinese Astrology and Horoscope is one of the oldest. Like in western Astrology here too we have 12 signs however here each sign represents an animal. The twelve animal signs rotate in the 12-year cycle of the Chinese calendar. However there is more to Chinese Astrology and Horoscope than just the 12 animal signs. Let us try and understand, the brief history behind Chinese Astrology Horoscope, to start with. The Lunar Calendar of Chinese Astrology and Horoscope According to Chinese Astrology and Horoscope, the Chinese lunar calendar has 12 months of 29 or 30 days. The calendar is adjusted to the length of the solar year by the addition of extra months at regular intervals. A single major cycle of the Chinese calendar is that of 60 years. Each successive year is assigned to one out of twelve animals. These 12-year cycles are continuously repeated. The year 2012 in the Chinese calendar is the Year of the (Male Water) Dragon. It began on January 23, 2012 and will end on February 9, 2013. The Chinese New Year is celebrated at the second new moon after the winter solstice and falls between January 21 and February 19 on the Gregorian calendar. Chinese New Year is on a different day every year because our western calendar (Gregorian) doesn't match with the Chinese Lunar Calendar. Thus, sometimes, the Chinese New Year lands in January, instead of the usual in February. History of Chinese Astrology Horoscope Chinese astrology is thousands of years old. This branch of Astrology is believed to have originated in China about the 3rd millennium BC. People in China, hold astrology in great regard. Like most astrology systems, the lunar calculations are used in Chinese astrology and Horoscope. This is why Chinese New Year falls on a different date every year. Since its very inception Chinese Astrology and Horoscope are seen to mention –the five element theory. So what are these Five Elements? The Five Elements in Chinese Astrology and Horoscope The five elements that are talked about in Chinese Astrology and Horoscope are Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water that fall in this order. The cycle is indeed a productive cycle which is explained by scholars of Chinese Astrology as such: Wood produces Fire; Fire produces Earth; Earth produces Metal, Metal produces Water, and Water produces Wood, thus continuing the cycle. The Twelve Signs in Chinese Astrology and Horoscope Chinese astrology has 12 Zodiac signs namely, Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig. There are variations in the names. Some people, for example, use Buffalo for Ox or Boar for Pig. Though it is difficult to trace the basis of animals being used as signs, still there is a legend that goes into explaining its origin. Here's the legend in brief, mentioned below: Legend behind Chinese Astrology Horoscope In tracing the origin of animal symbols in Chinese Astrology and Horoscope, we often come across the legend of Buddha, who conducted a special animal race. This is how the story goes, that once upon a time Buddha summoned all animals of animal Kingdom for a race, there were twelve animals that finished the acclaimed position . These were the animals that were declared animals of the Chinese year in the order that they finished the race. The wheel in Chinese Astrology and Horoscope This wheel in Chinese Astrology and Horoscope is actually a chart that can also be used as a calendar to know which animal sign a particular year belongs to. This is how one can read the wheel: the images of the twelve animals represent the twelve year repetitive cycle of the zodiac calendar. What's your Chinese Astrology and Horoscope Sign? Calculating your Chinese zodiac sign is very simple and easy. Each year of the Chinese calendar is associated with one of the twelve animals of the Chinese Zodiac. Use the Chinese year chart below to determine the Chinese Zodiac animal for your birth date. Check your compatibility using Chinese Astrology and Horoscope When you're confused about your compatibility with your special one, try Chinese Astrology and Horoscope compatibility chart. In almost no time you know which signs are best compatible.Check the compatibility wheel below , if you have a matching colour with a particular zodiac sign , both of you are compatible: Use Chinese Astrology and Horoscope Gender Calendar Interestingly, one can determine the gender of the child in a mother's womb using, Chinese Astrology and Horoscope. You have a host of online Chinese gender calculators , where he mother to be needs to put in the age on conception and month of conception and in no time determine the gender of her baby. Most of the times the prediction is accurate, except for now and then. Knowing the gender of your child is accepted as long as you do not attempt the heinous crime of ‘female feticide”, as children girl or boy is a gift of nature Feng sui Remedies used in Chinese Astrology Feng Sui is closely associated with Chinese Astrology and Horoscope. While Chinese Astrology helps make predictions about an individual one can find solutions to their specific problems using Feng Sui recommendations made .Read more about Feng Sui on

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Summary: Ever since 1948 the CIA has maintained an interest in UFOs and remains tight-lipped to this very day on the subject, keeping evidence and documents on the phenomena many levels above Top Secret. The modern age of UFO phenomena began on a July afternoon in 1947 when private pilot Kenneth Arnold reported nine unidentifiable silvery, crescent-shaped objects that skimmed through the sky at an incredible rate of speed. Their motion, Arnold said, reminded him of "a saucer skipping over water." A news reporter took up Arnold's description and the phrase "flying saucers" soon become imprinted on the collective consciousness. When strange objects continued to be reported by competent witnesses, the U.S. authorities began investigating the phenomenon. The task fell under the auspices of the United States Air Force, but few were aware the CIA took an interest in the strange phenomena soon after the first reports of 'flying saucers' emerged. The Air Force was actually in a state of near panic due to the wave of sightings. UFOs were reported over Maxwell Air Force base in Alabama, then, to the horror of the top military brass, over the White Sands Proving Ground - right in the middle of their atom bomb territory. General Nathan Twining, commander of the Air Materiel Command, wrote to the commanding general of the Army-Air Force stating that the phenomenon was something real, that it was not "visionary or fictitious," and that the objects were disc-shaped, as large as aircraft, and controlled. The press latched onto the reports and sensationalised stories of alien invasion gripped the population. The press and the Government were demanding answers. The Air Force, worried that the whole situation was getting out of hand, tried to quell public angst by ordering a full investigation. On December 30, 1947, Major General L. C. Craigie ordered the establishment of Project Sign at what became known as Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. Operating under auspices of the Air Material Command's Technical Intelligence Division, Project Sign was directed "to collect, collate, evaluate and distribute to interested government agencies and contractors all information concerning sightings and phenomena in the atmosphere which can be construed to be of concern to the national security." The project was given a 2A restricted classification security rating under a system that acknowledged 1A as the highest, or most secret, designation. The following year, three men from Wright-Patterson approached Dr. J. Allen Hynek, an astronomer then employed by Ohio State University in nearby Columbus. "They said they needed some astronomical consultation because it was their job to find out what these flying saucer stories were all about," Hynek recalls. Hynek was hired as a consultant with the Air Force and remained in that capacity for over two decades as Sign evolved into Projects Grudge and Blue Book, the last officially ceasing in December of 1969. According to Hynek, the Air Force had a simple, but effective, method to explain UFOs: Dismiss all sightings as misidentified astronomical phenomena. The problem, says Hynek, was the Air Force "regarded it as an intelligence matter" instead of handing the investigation to an academic or university group. Therefore, any serious investigation of the new phenomena was stultified because top military brass believed it an 'intelligence' matter, another intrigue of the emerging Cold War. However, military personnel directly involved in Project Sign had a different view. While 96% of reports turned out to be misidentified astronomical phenomena (e.g. the planet Venus), the other 4% were not so easily discredited or explained, and a minority of military personnel took these seriously. Minority intelligence opinion then divided into the two camps, namely, those who saw UFOs as evidence of new Soviet technology, and those who thought they might be precursors of an invasion by extraterrestrials. 'Flying Saucers' and the CIA Ever since 1948 the CIA has maintained an interest in UFOs and remains tight-lipped to this very day on the subject, keeping evidence and documents on the phenomena many levels above Top Secret. A memo sent on January 29, 1952 to the CIA's deputy director of Intelligence from Ralph Clark of the Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI) states: "In the past several weeks numerous UFOs have been sighted visually and on special UFO group radar. This office has maintained a continuing review of reputed sightings for the past three years and a special group has been formed to review the sightings to date." Many researchers believe that from the very beginning the CIA was quite certain UFOs were not just Soviet technology. In fact, as evidence accumulated pointing to the possible extra-terrestrial origin of UFOs, the CIA became increasingly nervous that other U.S. government agencies might launch their own inquiries into the matter. Secrecy would be an impossibility if everyone investigated UFOs, and in a matter of time, details would leak to the media and the public. In response to these concerns, the CIA began a process of maintaining a tight rein over the investigations to ensure no public inquiries would ever take place. To discredit the phenomenon, the CIA set up a panel of experts whose job was to explain away UFOs. The CIA convened on 14 January, 1953 a confab that became known as the Robertson Panel, after its Chairman Dr. H. P. Robertson, then Director of the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, and also a CIA employee. The sequence of events leading directly to the Robertson Panel involved a series of UFO sightings over the nation's capital in the summer of 1952, sightings confirmed by military personnel, including radar operators and scrambled interceptor pilots, and which themselves resulted in the largest post WWII military press conference to that date. At the press conference itself, the repeated radar sightings were put down to "temperature inversions," and the attending Air Force officers made no mention of the scrambled jet fighters. Besides the esteemed Dr. Robertson, the Panel also included as members physicist Dr. Luis Alvarez, later a Nobel Laureate, Dr. Samuel Goudsmit, another physicist from Brookhaven National Laboratories who was an associate of Einstein's and had discovered electron spin, a former University of Chicago astronomer and then Deputy Director of the John Hopkins Operations Research office, Dr. Thornton Page, and finally Dr. Lloyd Berkner, yet another physicist and one of Brookhaven's directors. The Panel was addressed by a variety of CIA and Air Force personnel who reviewed some 20 of the better UFO cases and showed 2 film strips of alleged flying saucers, one of which purportedly portrayed objects characterised as "self-luminous" by no less an authoritative source than the Navy's Photograph Interpretation Laboratory which had spent over 1000 hours analysing the particular movie film in question. Although impressive evidence was presented to the panel, highlighted by detailed reports documented by the Air Force, its recommendations read like they were formulated before the panel even convened. The CIA had already developed a cover story to cloak the real story: UFOs were to be dismissed as just another scientific enigma, a Cold War datum, one that might be cleverly manipulated by the enemy. In short, the Robertson Panel ruled "That the evidence presented on Unidentified Flying Objects shows no indication that these phenomena constitute a direct physical threat to national security." While this ruling is considered contentious by many UFO researchers, it was the panel's second conclusion that really shocked. The panel decreed there was no national security threat from UFOs, however, its members did see a real and distinct danger posed by UFO reports! In the panel's own words, it concluded "That the continued emphasis on the reporting of these phenomena, in these perilous times, result in a threat to the orderly functioning of the protective organs of the body politic." "We cite as example [of such danger]," the Panel continued, "the clogging of channels of communication by irrelevant reports, the danger of being led by continued false alarms to ignore real indications of hostile action, and the cultivation of a morbid national psychology in which skilful hostile propaganda could induce hysterical behavior and harmful distrust of duly constituted authority." In other words, UFO reports might induce national psychosis that could be subject to manipulation by the Soviets. In the final list of recommendations, the panel calls for "national security agencies take immediate steps to strip the Unidentified Flying Objects of the special status they have been given..." The CIA had effectively halted any serious research into the phenomena, and now controlled all ongoing U.S. military investigations. Ruppelt vs. the CIA The public became aware of the panel a few years later with the publication of "The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects" by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, former commander of Project Blue Book. Both Ruppelt and his Intelligence Liaison Officer, Major Dewey J. Fournet, gave evidence to the Robertson Panel. Although the panel relegated UFOs to the dustbin of history, Walter Smith, then-Director of the CIA, saw fit to keep all evidence classified. The CIA's decision shocked Captain Ruppelt and Major Fournet. Both were part of the minority of intelligence officials that believed the evidence for UFOs was incontrovertible. They also believed the possibility of hysteria would be reduced if the public were told the truth. Ruppelt had fought hard to keep the Air Force investigations afloat, after joining the Project Grudge team in January 1951, but soon found the CIA constantly interfering and withholding valuable information. Project Grudge evolved into the now famous Project Bluebook in March 1952 with Captain Ruppelt appointed as its chief. All this came in response to a spate of UFO sightings, beginning with the 25 August, 1951 famous sightings at Lubbock, Texas, which caused an enormous stir with the American public. And soon after, on 12 September, 1951, a major UFO sighting above the skies of Fort Monmouth in clear view of visiting military brass, contributed to the Air Force's new found enthusiasm. Ruppelt first became aware of the CIA's unwanted presence after the Washington UFO 'invasion' of July 1952, when he was hampered from doing his job, and witnesses to the sightings were intimidated into changing their reports or simply remaining silent. The person who most worried Ruppelt was Chief of Staff, General Hoyt S. Vandenberg. It was Vandenberg who had buried Project Sign's official UFO 'Estimate' report, caused its incineration, and had the project renamed Project Grudge. It is not clear just how much Vandenberg was influencing top military officials responsible for implementing the Air Force's UFO projects. Vandenberg had been head of the Central Intelligence Group (later the CIA) from June 1946 to May 1947, and his uncle was once chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, then the most powerful committee in the U.S. Senate. Clearly, Vandenberg still had great influence in those areas - and according to Ruppelt, pressure was always coming from them to suppress the results of official UFO investigations. Thus, Ruppelt was not surprised when the CIA and other high-ranking officers including General Vandenberg convened a panel of scientists to 'analyse' all the Blue Book data. Nor was he too surprised when the Robertson Panel found that no further study was necessary. The pieces of the jigsaw puzzle started to fall into place. It was clear to Captain Ruppelt and other members of Project Blue Book, that the purpose of the Robertson Panel was to enable the CIA and Air Force to state in the future that an impartial body had examined the UFO data and found no evidence for anything unusual in the skies. Subsequently, the Air Force embarked upon a public relations campaign to eliminate UFO reports totally. The CIA decided not to declassify the sighting reports and tighten security even more while continuing to deny "non-military personnel" access to UFO files. One month later CIA director Walter Smith classified all UFO documentation and all subsequent directors continued to endorse the policy. Initiation of a Cover-Up In August 1953 Ruppelt left the Air Force out of disgust and because of the limitations placed on his work by the CIA. The same month the Pentagon issued the notorious Air Force Regulation 200-2, that prohibited the release of any information about a sighting to the public or media, except when it was positively identified as natural phenomenon. The new regulation also ensured that all sightings would be classified as restricted. In December 1953 the much worse Joint-Army-Navy-Air Force Publication 146 made the releasing of any information to the public a crime under the Espionage Act. And the most ominous aspect of JANAP 146 was that it applied to anyone who knew it existed, including commercial airline pilots. Any information flow to the public was effectively cut. By the end of the year Project Blue Book was severely decimated and for all intents and purposes, UFO research plunged into secrecy and under the control of the CIA. In just over six years since Kenneth Arnold's sighting of strange silvery objects, the infamous intelligence agency had secured complete official silence on the subject of UFOs. The cover-up began and continues today, due to the CIA's indomitable power over all other intelligence groups within the U.S. security establishment. The truth is out there... and it just might be somewhere deep inside the secret files of the CIA.

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Dresden was an undefended cultural city of no of military or industrial importance Holocaust Deniers Say: Dresden was an undefended cultural city of no of military or industrial importance. What the Holocaust deniers say about Dresden David Irving, whom the High Court in London declared to be a Holocaust denier, racist and antisemite, is the principal advancer of the argument that Dresden was not a military target but an undefended cultural city. According to Irving: "Dresden was a disaster waiting to happen. It was a city to which all the old folks had sent their pensioner fathers and mothers and grandfathers because it was safe . . . Dresden was an almost undefended city. . . ."1 What happened at Dresden On February 13 and 14, 1945 British and American air forces bombed the German city of Dresden. The old part (Altstadt) of the city was completely destroyed and, according to most historians as well as the Nazi era Dresden police, 25,000 to 35,000 people were killed. The truth is that Dresden was a military target Dresden was an important industrial center with over 110 factories and industrial enterprises that employed 50,000 workers. These factories made armaments (shells and ammunition), torpedo parts, aircraft parts, field radios and telephones, steering elements for U-boats, specialized turbines for the Navy, X-ray equipment and precision optical instruments. There was also a poison gas factory and an anti-aircraft and field gun factory. Dresden was also a key junction in the railroad system for Germany with rail lines radiating from it in all directions. In 1944 special tracks and platforms were installed to expedite supplies to and from the major armaments and war-related factories in the city to the front in the east. There were four freight (marshalling) yards and four main railway stations, all of which were legitimate military targets. Dresden was an important transit point for military traffic to and from the eastern front, which was just 90 miles away in February 1945. A total of 28 military trains, carrying almost 20,000 men and officers went through just one Dresden train station each day. The destruction of these stations and rail lines in order to disrupt troop movements and reinforcements to the Russian front, which was less than two hours away, was a legitimate military aim. Dresden was also an important river port and a center of freight traffic on the Elbe river, one of the major waterways of Europe.2 The truth about Dresden defenses Dresden was undefended in large measure. Until one month before the air raid it had been encircled by antiaircraft guns, but by February 13 the Germans had ordered most of them to the approaching Russian front. The British and Americans didn't know it was undefended at the time of the raid and they were very surprised at the lack of resistance. Dresden was a legitimate military target. Dresden was largely undefended because of the Germans' own decisions. The allies were surprised to find the city undefended. 1. David Irving in Firestorm Over Dresden (video, Big Little Picture Company, 1991). 2. Frederick Taylor, Dresden: Tuesday, February 13 1945 (HarperCollins, 2004: pp. 148-153, 160-163; Marshall De Bruhl, Firestorm: Allied Airpower and the Destruction of Dresden (Random House, 2006): pp. 182-185.

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Online edition of India's National Newspaper Thursday, March 04, 2010 Published on Thursdays Chile: where three tectonic plate boundaries meet The Chile Ridge where new ocean crust is formed is in the Nazca-Antarctic Plate boundary Soluble fibre boosts immune system In an experiment, laboratory mice consumed low-fat diets that were identical except that they contained either soluble or insoluble fibre. After six weeks on the diet, the animals had distinctly different responses when the scientists induced ... How fish are able to tell species apart That may be true for people, who have a difficult time telling some damselfish species apart. But the fish themselves see it differently, according to a study in Current Biology. They can use ultraviolet facial patterns to tell one species ... Chile quake may have shortened a day The earthquake that struck Chile on February 27 may have shifted the Earth's axis and created shorter days, according to scientists at National Aeronautics and Space Administration, U.S. Richard Gross, a geophysicist at Nasa's Jet Propulsion ... Using own skin cells to repair heart University of Houston's biomedical scientist Robert Schwartz has devised a method for turning ordinary human skin cells into heart cells.The cells developed are similar to embryonic stem cells and ultimately can be made into early-stage ... New estimate of Alaska's glacier melt A research team, led by Étienne Berthier of the Laboratory for Space Studies in Geophysics and Oceanography at the Université de Toulouse in France, says that glacier melt in Alaska between 1962 and 2006 contributed about one-third ... Global warming will affect rainfall patterns Analysis of global model warming projections finds that ocean temperature patterns in the tropics and subtropics will change in ways that will lead to significant changes in rainfall ... Tree-dwelling mammals enjoy more longevity Mammals which spend most of their time up a tree enjoy longevity over those which scurry on the ground. Arboreal ancestry may partially explain why humans have such a long lifespan relative to other ... Highly efficient process turns bio-mass to fuel A team of University of Wisconsin-Madison engineers has developed a highly efficient, environmentally friendly process that selectively converts gamma-valerolactone, a bio-mass derivative, into the chemical equivalent of jet ... How genes interact in a plant for a crucial step The most important decision for a plant is setting up the root/shoot axis, during the early embryonic stages. Now, it is shown how genes interact in complex ways to establish organs on the axis, useful for farming ... Studying water to unlock secrets of life A batch of new discoveries about water, suggest that an individual water molecule's interactions with its neighbors could be manipulated to solve some of the world's thorniest problems — from agriculture to ... Knowing chemistry can help one cook better A biochemist and cook explains that cooking is all about chemistry and knowing some facts can help chefs understand why recipes go wrong. As cooking is essentially a series of chemical reactions, it is helpful to know some ... Scientists must collaborate with cultivators for better results ‘What is the use of a seed which germinates but does not reproduce' New project to identify best approaches in agriculture The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) launched a new project, Global Futures for Agriculture, to improve agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability in developing countries. Focused on evaluating promising ... Where can I get authentic information on casuarina and other tree seedlings in Tamil Nadu? Is it true that casuarina grows in any soil type?K. Vinita BhaskaranPollachi, Tamil NaduFor details and booklet, you can contact ... News: Front Page | National | Tamil Nadu | Andhra Pradesh | Karnataka | Kerala | New Delhi | Other States | International | Opinion | Business | Sport | Miscellaneous | Index | Advts: Retail Plus | Classifieds | Jobs | Obituary | Features: Magazine | Literary Review | Metro Plus | Open Page | Education Plus | Book Review | Business | SciTech | NXg | Friday Review | Cinema Plus | Young World | Property Plus | Quest | Comments to : [email protected] Copyright © 2010, The Hindu

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BUILDING FREE AND INDEPENDENT MEDIA By David Webster Countries around the world that have recently emerged from authoritarian and totalitarian rule are discovering that a free political society cannot exist without free news media. Because democracy involves public debate and open decision-making, the free exchange of ideas, opinions, and information is essential. Newspapers, magazines, radio, and television serve as both forums for debate and sources of information on which decisions can be based. Building an open society is never easy. If the world's new democracies are to preserve and extend their newfound freedoms, institutions that reflect and sustain free communication must be developed in both the public and private sectors. These new institutions can impose a heavy burden of responsibility both on journalists and on politicians. A distinguished Polish editor (who was formerly with an underground newspaper) bemoaned the difficulties of the new liberalized system. "What's the problem?" he was asked. "After years of repression you are now free to publish." "Yes," he responded, "but now we are supposed to find out whether it's true or not." Journalists, politicians, and officials must learn the difficult lessons of how to interact in a free, open society. Even within long-established democracies this interaction is a struggle. In the emerging democracies, it is both more difficult and more urgent. The level of freedom and independence of the media depends on three main factors. The first is regulation; the second, the presence of able managers and the ability to be economically viable in the new market; and the third, the degree to which professionalism and responsibility are exercised. Regulation of the Media In authoritarian societies, the media are largely controlled by the state. As countries around the world begin to liberalize their political and economic systems, the task confronting them is how to pry loose the print and electronic media from the grip of the state. Karol Jakubowicz, chairman of the Polish Broadcasting Reform Committee, described the problem this way: "This is not a question of deregulation. We never had any regulations, just a man in the back room who told us what to do. Now we have to create a structure of law and regulation in which independent broadcasting, in both the public and the private sector, can be developed." For the print media, the issue of regulation is simple. No regulation beyond the commonly accepted laws protecting copyrights and prohibiting libel and slander is necessary. Within these few guidelines, anyone who has the means to reproduce printed material should be allowed to do so. One country that has begun to free its print media is South Korea, described in a sidebar to this article. For their part, radio and television broadcasting have special technical constraints. The potential number of radio and television channels is limited by the size of the frequency spectrum. Someone must therefore decide who may broadcast over which frequency. The result is necessarily a degree of regulation. Although regulation of broadcasting is required, such control should be as limited as possible if it is to support free communication. Broadcasting works best when it promotes, rather than inhibits, the independence of public and private broadcasters. Requiring print or broadcast journalists to be licensed, for example, gives the state too large a role. The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States is the beacon: "Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom...of the press." A note issued by the Trans-Atlantic Dialogue on European Broadcasting concerning broadcasting in Eastern and Central Europe and the former Soviet Union is a good example of how to approach the problem of regulation and is summarized in a sidebar to this article. Points drawn from a draft outline of an ideal regulatory law, written by the Trans-Atlantic Dialogue on European Broadcasting, also follow this paper. This draft would have to be adapted for specific countries, but it does give examples of subjects to be addressed and suggests solutions. Political control of the content of programming not only stifles liberty, but can also create farce. For example, when the German government was pressing for the diplomatic recognition of Croatia, Croatian television authorities banned films about the First and Second World Wars in which Germany was shown in a bad light. It is not easy to escape old biases favoring state control. Although Albania is attempting to liberalize its media, the 1991 debates surrounding a media law were based on the assumption that all media need to be regulated and that freedom of speech is something bestowed by the state to those who deserve it. The resulting draft law attempted to regulate everything, including magazines and books. It also required all activities to be licensed by the state, even though that license would be freely given. This draft has now been set aside, and new ones are being discussed. It is not yet clear, however, whether the final law will recognize that in an open democratic society, freedom of speech and press is a birthright, not something that comes with a permit issued by a ministry. Management and the Media The freedom to report and to express an opinion is only one link in the chain of communication in the written press and in the broadcast media. The other vital links are printing and distribution in regard to the print media and the acquisition of transmission facilities in regard to the broadcast media. These constraints involve economic more than political issues. In some countries, printing plants are controlled by the state. The government can easily kill a publication through arbitrary pricing, claims of insufficient printing capacity, or scheduling difficulties. State management of the supply of newsprint can also create problems. In Uruguay, for instance, policies designed to protect domestic paper companies significantly raised the price of paper, making it difficult for small newspapers to survive. Mexico's state paper company, on the other hand, no longer has monopoly status. It is now trying to compete in the market by improving quality and adjusting prices. In addition, the state often has a monopoly on distribution through the post office and through control of newsstands. Here, inefficiency, lack of capacity, or a straightforward refusal to distribute can also destroy the right to communicate, and thus effectively act as indirect censorship. Once these restraints are removed, an even bigger problem looms for the print media, born not of state control but of the free market. There are more publications than the new markets can sustain, and there are too few managers with the skills to run profitable newspapers and magazines. Many publications are accustomed to operating with state or party subsidies. They may be unable to compete effectively in a new market system, even though they embrace democratic values. Some publications will survive by using sensationalism and other unattractive techniques used in the West. Others will adapt to the market. Still others, such as those in Hungary and Poland, will attempt to survive by engaging foreign partners. Inevitably, however, many will fail. For broadcasting, the problems of independence are much greater than for the print media, and the political impact of broadcasting is likely to be even more important. As we have seen, there is a justifiable initial government involvement in broadcasting because of the need to manage a frequency spectrum. This can leave open the door for continued government interference. Almost all governments and politicians would like to control television, and some succeed in doing so. Television is a powerful medium, especially in countries where only a couple of channels exist and serve as the main means of communication with people in rural areas. How then can one wrench the broadcasting system out of the hands of the state and create economically viable systems of independent private- and public-sector broadcasting? The first step of course is to end the state monopoly on broadcasting. One way to begin the process of diversifying the broadcasting media is to proclaim the right to free communication, such as appears in Article 10 of the European Declaration of Human Rights. Then a law, such as that outlined by the Trans-Atlantic Dialogue on European Broadcasting, may be passed with the objective of protecting the independence of broadcasting in both the public and the private sectors. Some form of private commercial broadcasting, introduced as quickly as possible, can facilitate the expression of a variety of voices and opinions. The easiest way to create diversity is through small radio stations, which have small capital requirements. In fact, all over Eastern Europe new broadcasters are receiving licenses. Large-scale commercial television, by contrast, requires time to develop, for it needs a thriving market economy to sustain it, since it relies on substantial advertising for income. Foreign investment can help fund new radio and television broadcasters, but these broadcasters must eventually become profitable in their own right. They must not be dependent on never-ending injections of cash from foreign investors. Even the most noble-minded and courageous foreign investor will lose enthusiasm at the prospect of providing a permanent subsidy to a money-losing enterprise. At the same time private commercial broadcasting is being introduced, the state broadcasting system must also be reformed. Some argue that all broadcasting should be private and that the marketplace alone should decide who will survive. This argument is not yet relevant for the newly emerging democracies, because their economies are not strong enough to sustain much commercial television broadcasting in the near future. Others argue that the state broadcasting system should be left to collapse naturally. Such a collapse, however, could create a vacuum, and the only people likely to exploit it are foreign entrepreneurs. Foreign investors present no particular danger except when they are the only players. Broadcasting should reflect the society in which it operates. Therefore networks dominated by imported programming, where foreign or domestically owned, warrant some concern, particularly if they are the only networks. The goal then is to transform the state broadcasting system, which is controlled both financially and editorially by the state, into an independent public-sector broadcasting system that receives some financial support from the government but is insulated as much as possible from political pressure. Yet more is required. Public-sector broadcasting, as experienced in authoritarian societies, is typically run by an inefficient and overmanned bureaucracy. It will not survive without radical changes that enable it to become economically viable and to use limited resources in the most efficient way. It must be restructured and reduced in size in order to survive under new economic conditions. The managerial skills required to make this transition, however, are in short supply in the new market economies. A great deal of training and experience involving trial and error will be required to develop the necessary skills. It may even require a new generation of managers. One way to create viable private-sector broadcasting in small and underdeveloped markets involves greater regional cooperation. Together, small countries can use economies of scale. By pursuing joint activities, they can acquire more "muscle" in the marketplace. Satellite technology offers the possibility of regional distribution in various languages. For instance, a satellite can send a network signal that would include one picture and audio tracks in several languages to hundreds of private local television stations. The local station can choose the language it wishes to use and rebroadcast the program on its local over-the-air frequency. These stations would otherwise have a difficult time providing a full schedule on the limited revenues available to them. Of course, for such a system to work, countries must have the political will to cooperate and must forgo the pursuit of some short-term national interests. Models for cooperative arrangements exist in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The U.K. commercial television system, for example, uses a joint scheduling arrangement, in which 15 separate companies negotiate to develop a national television schedule. In the United States, each of the television networks is affiliated with hundreds of local stations to which it offers programming. Another political imperative is to ensure that ethnic and linguistic minorities are fully served. Lithuania recently took a step in this direction when it granted approval for the operation of a commercial radio station targeted at the Polish-speaking audience living in and around the capital of Vilnius. Potentially explosive issues related to minorities can only be exacerbated by their omission from the structure of broadcasting. Addressing these minority audiences is easier to do on a regional basis than on a national basis. One step toward useful cooperation is a bilateral agreement such as that adopted by Poland and Belarus. In July 1992, Polish Television and Belarus Television signed an agreement concerning an exchange and coproduction of programming. According to the agreement, information and current-affairs programs, films, and entertainment programs will be exchanged free of charge. In Poland, some of the programming will be broadcast in Belarusian for the Belarusian national minority there, and in Belarus, some of the programming will be broadcast in Polish for the Polish ethnic minority in that country. Among the most important issues to address in a new, more diverse broadcasting system are the problems of frequencies and of transmission. In most countries frequency management is regarded as a professional mystery, and many professionals would like to keep it that way. In the communist world, frequency management often was, in fact, a state secret. New democracies can enhance freedom of communication by making the management of frequencies a transparent process, so that any citizen can challenge the process and the resulting decision. The regulatory body can begin by reassessing the overall capacity given to the country under international agreements and the allocation of that capacity within the country. For instance, has too much capacity been given to the military with too little remaining for civil and commercial broadcasting purposes? Next, regulators must consider how efficiently the spectrum has been managed. Can more stations be squeezed in? The answer is usually "yes." Transmission can be an equally important issue. In many countries, a ministry of communications controls all radio and television transmitting equipment and conducts all transmissions, charging broadcasters for the service. This arrangement has two major disadvantages: the broadcaster is subject to arbitrary pricing, and transmission can be cut off at the whim of the ministry. With the collapse of the totalitarian state, many ministries have tried to maximize their own revenues by arbitrarily raising transmission charges to broadcasters. This price rise has put an additional strain on existing broadcasters and made it more difficult for entrepreneurs to enter the media market. Creating a free market for these services would not only increase efficiency but also encourage freedom from political interference. Within certain technical parameters, anyone, including broadcasters themselves, should be allowed to build transmitters and offer services. At the very least, those services offered by the state should be subject to rate review, as are public utilities such as water and electricity in the West. Under this system, the regulatory body would set rates for transmitting based on what it decides is a reasonable profit for the transmitter. The best solution, however, would be a free market in transmission services. In programming, as in transmission, the basic aims are independence and diversity. Of course, given a limited frequency spectrum, not everyone can be a broadcaster. Even with the most efficient and enlightened management of the frequency spectrum, there is a limit. But there are other ways to encourage diversity. Many would-be television broadcasters, for instance, really want to be producers--that is, they want to make the programs to be broadcast--and they need easy access to a broadcast market. One way to encourage diversity, therefore, is to ensure that broadcasters transmit not only programs that they themselves have made but also those made by independent producers. In the United Kingdom, for instance, 25 percent of the programming on all television networks must be independently produced. In fact, one channel (Channel 4) produces nothing of its own but relies solely on independent production companies for its programming. The advantages of a healthy independent production industry are enormous. Not only does it provide diversity, but it also offers many entrepreneurial opportunities at comparatively low start-up costs. For example, after allowing a network to broadcast a program once or twice initially, producers can sell the rights to that program elsewhere, such as in foreign markets, on videocassette, and on airlines. This independent entrepreneurial activity is an important part of free communication. It allows different voices to be heard and helps to protect broadcasting from political interference and assaults upon its independence, because it makes such assaults more complicated. Professionalism and the Media Many of the problems that confront freedom of communication in newly emerging democracies have little to do with the shortcomings of government and much to do with the inadequacy of journalists themselves. It would be unrealistic to expect journalists in newly free societies to have impeccable professional judgment. Societies that emerge from repression to the shock of the market typically have few accepted ethical standards. The legal foundation of civil society is weak; the opportunities for corruption are many. The notion of conflict of interest is unfamiliar and poorly understood, and in the struggle for survival, public assets are often used for improper private gain. Some newspapers in Mexico, for instance, are starting to move away from a system in which reporters also sell advertising, an arrangement that creates serious conflict-of-interest problems. A law regulating the media cannot address all these issues. The enactment of general laws concerning, for instance, property rights, bankruptcy, and contracts is also essential. In both print and broadcast journalism in the new democracies, freedom can be a heavy burden, for it involves responsibility. Inevitably, people will say, write, and broadcast ideas that are irresponsible and threaten to increase social and political problems. Efforts to address this problem should not rely upon repressive restrictions but rather focus on developing professional skills and sound judgment in journalists. One example of an overly restrictive broadcast law comes from Romania. According to summaries, Article 2 states: These rules might be acceptable simply as a code of conduct, but the draft of Article 39, dealing with criminal penalties, states: The fears of the Romanians are understandable. Ultimately, however, people cannot learn to be responsible unless responsibility is given to them. The poor decisions made by some imprudent journalists may infuriate, but they must be dealt with not by criminal penalties, which extinguish freedom in the name of responsibility, but by exhortation, example, and training. (Many organizations now offer training for journalists in new democracies; a few of them are listed under "Contacts" at the end of this paper; others are described in a sidebar.) In some new democracies, years of repression and underground pamphleteering can lead to a reliance on opinion rather than objective reporting. Moreover, some readers will miss being told what to think. Freedom brings new and different problems and should bring new standards. Objective reporting will call upon readers to examine the evidence and make up their minds. In broadcasting, the confusion of liberty with license is even more likely. In television, whose powerful images can shape the opinions of vast numbers of people, lack of judgment, fairness, or balance can be particularly dangerous. If journalists and broadcasters do not make sound, defensible professional judgments, the clamor for restraint in the name of responsibility may become irresistible. Because broadcasters use a limited public resource and are, or should be, licensed to serve the public interest, sound editorial judgment is vital to sustain editorial freedom. Of course, freedom must include the freedom to make mistakes. It will take years of training and repeated errors to bring about responsible, objective journalism. During this process journalists must be educated about the demands and expectations of politicians and officials, and politicians and officials must try to appreciate the professional demands of journalists. One promising approach is the use of small seminars using role-playing techniques with hypothetical situations to explore issues of public policy for journalists, government officials, and politicians. The line between a proper complaint about the content of a newspaper or television program and improper pressure on publishers and broadcasters is a fine one. The ability to identify this line is crucial, and since it cannot be defined by law, it can probably be learned only by experience. There are many ways in which groups within a society can influence the media and in which those in the media can learn to be more responsive to public concerns. For example, media organizations can accept letters to the editor. In addition, a number of newspapers (and occasionally television stations) in the United States, Canada, Italy, Sweden, Brazil, and elsewhere have hired ombudsmen to make their organizations more accountable to the public. Sometimes called "reader advocates," ombudsmen investigate complaints from readers and news sources about accuracy and fairness, commonly publishing the results of their research. Their writings are generally free from internal editorial review, allowing them to act as independent in-house critics. Even if the independence of the media has been established, the press has adapted to the free market, and journalists are upholding standards of responsibility, the battle has not been won. People must learn to live with a free press and broadcasting on a day-to-day basis. They must learn how to resolve their differences without placing the acceptance of the idea of free editorial judgment under too great a strain. It is not easy to live with this free exchange of ideas, especially where this tradition is absent. The rewards of this freedom, however, are great. Only with freedom of communication is a democratic society possible. Without freedom of communication, the state is deaf and so are the people. THE GROWTH OF THE NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY IN SOUTH KOREA In the past several years, South Korea has developed a burgeoning, competitive newspaper industry. Until 1987, newspaper publishers were required to be licensed by the government. With the new Periodical Registration Law passed that year, publishers may issue newspapers after simply informing the government that they plan to do so. Government "guidance" to news organizations is also disappearing. Since the new law has been on the books, the number of newspapers in Korea has grown dramatically. Between 1987 and 1990, the number of daily newspapers in Seoul grew from six to seventeen. Dozens more have sprung up outside of the capital. The new newspapers include pro-government and opposition papers, business- and sports-oriented papers, and church-owned papers. As a result of this extraordinary expansion, the newspaper business now displays a new competitiveness, with many papers fighting to be first to print important stories. Still, it is not clear that the growth in the number of newspapers has substantially increased the amount or kind of information that Koreans are getting. The government still requires newspaper publishers to own their own printing presses, thus placing severe obstacles in the way of small, narrowly focused newspapers. In addition, many readers distrust newspapers because of the influence of advertisers. Obtaining advertising revenue in the thriving Korean economy has not been difficult, but it may become so with the large number of new publications and new growth in the broadcasting sector. Some of the new papers may not survive in this highly competitive atmosphere. Nonetheless, this important learning period for Korean publishers, journalists, politicians, and readers has the potential to leave South Korea with a diverse, competitive, economically sound newspaper industry and a level of journalistic professionalism it has not seen before. GUIDELINES FOR REGULATING BROADCASTING A DRAFT LAW ON THE GOVERNMENT'S REGULATION OF BROADCASTING The following are some of the most important points that should be included in any law to regulate broadcasting: TRAINING FOR MEDIA PROFESSIONALS For journalists, publishers, and broadcasters who are learning to operate within a system of free media, training and educational opportunities are available from many sources. The Center for Foreign Journalists, for example, based in the United States, offers training workshops and seminars for journalists around the world. Recently, it conducted a training program consisting of two parts for Nigerian journalists. First, specialists from the Center traveled to Nigeria and led workshops on basic techniques in political and economic reporting for writers and reporters in three Nigerian cities. Next, 10 participants were selected to attend a six-week training session in the United States. The first week of the program, in Washington, D.C., consisted of an orientation to the U.S. media and U.S. government institutions. Participants were then paired up and sent to news organizations around the country, including the Kansas City Star (Missouri), the Fort Worth Star Telegram (Texas), and WJFB-TV in Augusta, Georgia, for a four-week internship. During the program's final week, participants gathered in New York City to compare notes on their experiences. Many other types of training programs are available as well: broadcast frequency spectrum -- the total number of broadcast frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum that can be assigned to individual broadcasters. conflict of interest -- a conflict between the private interests and the official responsibilities of a person in a position of trust (such as a government official, businessperson, or journalist). copyright protection -- protection of the exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, and sell a literary, musical, or artistic work. joint scheduling -- a system used in the United Kingdom whereby various commercial broadcasters cooperatively agree on a programming schedule for the country. network affiliates -- local independent commercial stations that rely on a network signal for much of their programming. public-sector broadcasting -- broadcasting funded directly or indirectly by the state, but over which the state does not have tight editorial control state broadcasting -- broadcasting controlled financially and editorially by the state. Books and Pamphlets Annenberg Washington Program. Building Democracy: New Broadcasting Laws in East and Central Europe. A Joint Project of the Annenberg Washington Program in Communications Policy Studies of Northwestern University and the Trans-Atlantic Dialogue on European Broadcasting. Washington, D.C.: Annenberg Washington Program, 1992. Blumenthal, Howard J., and Oliver R. Goodenough. The Business of Television. New York: Billboard Books (imprint of Watson-Guptill Publications), 1991. Dennis, Everette E., and Jon Vanden Heuvel, with the assistance of Jeremy King. Emerging Voices: East European Media in Transition. A Report of the Gannett Foundation Task Force on Press Freedom in Eastern Europe. Arlington, Virginia: Gannett Foundation, 1991. Sussman, Leonard R. Power, the Press, and the Technology of Freedom: The Coming Age of ISDN. New York: Freedom House, 1989. Columbia Journalism Review. Published six times a year by the Graduate School of Journalism, Journalism Building, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. Telephone: (212) 854- 1881. Fax: (212) 854-8580. Fund for Free Expression. Published irregularly by Human Rights Watch, 485 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10017-6104, USA. Telephone: (212) 972-8400. Fax: (212) 972-0905. Index on Censorship. Published ten times a year by Writers and Scholars International Ltd., 39c Highbury Place, London H510P, UK. Telephone: (071) 359-0161. Fax: (071) 354-8665. IPI Report. Published monthly by the International Press Institute, Dilke House, 1 Malet Street, London WC1E 7JA, UK. Telephone: (071) 636-0703. Fax: (071) 580-8349. Includes an annual review of world press freedom. American Press Institute 11690 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, Virginia 22091 Telephone: (703) 620-3611 Fax: (703) 620-5814 The American Press Institute (API), a private, non-profit organization, administers training programs primarily for U.S. and Canadian newspaper journalists and management personnel, but participants from other nations do attend its programs. Approximately 60 percent of its programs are for reporters and editors, and 40 percent are for those concerned with the business side of newspaper publishing. Center for Foreign Journalists 11690-A Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, Virginia 22091 Telephone: (703) 620-5984 Fax: (703) 620-6790 This center was established to share professional know-how and information among journalists and their news organizations around the world. It offers training workshops, consulting services, and fellowship and exchange programs, and publishes an international directory of training and educational opportunities for journalists. Committee to Protect Journalists 16 East 42nd Street New York, New York 10017 Telephone: (212) 983-5355 Fax: (212) 867-1830 The Committee to Protect Journalists monitors and protests attacks on journalists and media organizations. It also publishes reports on freedom of the press and threats to journalists. The Freedom Forum 1101 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, Virginia 22209 Telephone: (703) 528-0800 Fax: (703) 528-7766 The Freedom Forum supports journalism education, professional development of journalists, and the rights of free press and free speech through projects, programs, and publications and by funding grant and program proposals. It also operates the Freedom Forum Media Studies Center and the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center. 48 East 21st Street New York, New York 10010 Telephone: (212) 473-9691 Fax: (212) 477-4126 Freedom House is an international human rights organization that tracks and protests violations of press freedom, publishes reports on press freedom issues, and maintains an archive of materials concerning press freedom issues. Inter-American Press Association 2911 NW 39th Street Miami, Florida 33242 Telephone: (305) 634-2465 Fax: (305) 635-2272 The IAPA, an organization of Western Hemisphere newspapers and publications, monitors freedom of the press, offers scholarships to journalists, and provides technical and management assistance to members. International Media Fund 1350 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 Telephone: (202) 296-9787 Fax: (202) 296-9835 The International Media Fund (IMF) is a private, non-profit organization that receives funding from the U.S. government. The IMF supports independent print, radio, and television media in Central and Eastern Europe with training courses, workshops, and purchases of equipment. Magazine Publishers of America 575 Lexington Avenue New York, New York 10022 Telephone: (212) 752-0055 Fax: (212) 888-4217 The Magazine Publishers of America (MPA) is the industry association for consumer magazines, representing 800 titles in the United States and more than 450 internationally. MPA administers a number of advertising, circulation, marketing, and general education programs. National Association of Broadcasters 1771 N Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036-2891 Telephone: (202) 429-5300 Fax: (202) 429-5343 The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) represents U.S. radio and television stations and networks, providing information, seminars, and publications on management, sales, marketing, engineering, and research at broadcast stations. NAB has hundreds of International Associate Members in countries around the world. NAB's annual convention in Las Vegas, Nevada, in April draws more than 52,000 broadcasters and other professionals, including 10,000 from foreign countries. Its Radio Show, held in a different city each September, attracts 7,000 participants annually. Trans-Atlantic Dialogue on European Broadcasting 3000 Woodland Drive, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20008 Telephone: (202) 298-6373 Fax: (202) 298-6374 An informal group of some 50 executives from Europe and the United States, the Trans-Atlantic Dialogue has as a prime mission helping free and independent broadcasting in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. It has been particularly active in drafting more liberal broadcasting laws. World Press Freedom Committee 11600 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, Virginia 22091 Telephone: (703) 648-1000 Fax: (703) 620-4557 The WPFC, a coordination group of national and international news media organizations, has programs to combat censorship and offer assistance to media organizations and journalism schools around the world. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) World Service Training P.O. Box 76 London WC28 4PH Telephone: (071) 257-2024 Fax: (071) 497-0288 BBC World Service Training offers training for East European journalists both in the United Kingdom and in individual countries. It also offers consulting services to media organizations on financial and management issues. International Press Institute 1 Malet Street London WC1E 7JA Telephone: (071) 636-0703 Fax: (071) 580-8349 Made up of international media organizations, the IPI aims to safeguard freedom of the press, ensure the safety of journalists and their ability to report freely, and improve the practice of journalism through seminars around the world. It also conducts research on the mass media and publishes a wide range of books. 68 Park Place Cardiff CF1 3AS Telephone: (0222) 874-873 Fax: (0222) 225-194 The Thomson Foundation offers training and development programs designed to raise professional standards in the media of developing countries. Its programs include in-country training courses and consultancies for both print and broadcasting and intensive training in Britain. About the Author: David Webster is Chairman of the Trans-Atlantic Dialogue on European Broadcasting. He is also President of Radiosat International. For eight years he was a member of the Board of Management of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Project management and editing by the Institute for Contemporary Vice President -- Kenneth L. Adelman Editor -- Heidi Fritschel ICS is a nonpartisan, nonprofit public policy research organization based in San Francisco, California. The mission of ICS is to promote the self-governing and entrepreneurial way of life. Through its imprint, ICS Press, ICS publishes a wide range of books on public issues. For a catalog or more information, write: ICS, 243 Kearny Street, San Francisco, California 94108 USA Freedom Papers Series: Editor: Wayne Hall Associate Editors: Stephen Burant, Susan O'Sullivan Design: Sylvia Scott

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Peru’s arid Rio Santa watershed could find itself facing a serious water shortage, as rapidly melting glaciers are causing a decrease in supply 20 to 30 years earlier than anticipated. The glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca mountain range, which covered some 530 square miles in the 1930s, now cover less than 375, a new study finds. The glaciers are too small to maintain past water flow levels, meaning they will likely be 30% lower than historic levels during coming dry seasons. Previously, the region was believed to have decades left to adapt to impending water shortages. But the study shows that “those years don’t exist,” the lead researcher tells IPS News. Writes Matthew McDermott on Treehugger, “Pay attention, as this sort of thing could hit other mountainous areas that are dependent on glaciers for their water supply.” He notes that the World Glacier Monitoring Service recently found 90% of the glaciers studied were losing mass, and that USGS blames this on climate change.

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Whenever a hurricane races across the Atlantic Ocean, chances are phytoplankton will bloom behind it. According to a new study using NASA satellite data, these phytoplankton blooms may also affect the Earth's climate and carbon cycle. Dr. Steven Babin, a researcher at the Johns Hopkins University in Applied Physics Lab in Laurel, Maryland studied 13 North Atlantic hurricanes between 1998 and 2001. Ocean color data from the SeaWiFS instrument on the SeaStar satellite were used to analyze levels of chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants. The satellite images showed tiny microscopic ocean plants, called phytoplankton, bloomed following the storms. "Some parts of the ocean are like deserts, because there isn't enough food for many plants to grow. A hurricane's high winds stir up the ocean waters and help bring nutrients and phytoplankton to the surface, where they get more sunlight, allowing the plants to bloom," Babin said. Previous research has relied largely on sporadic, incomplete data from ships to understand how and when near-surface phytoplankton bloom. "This effect of hurricanes in ocean deserts has not been seen before. We believe it is the first documented satellite observation of this phenomenon in the wake of hurricanes," Babin noted. "Because 1998 was the first complete Atlantic hurricane season observed by this instrument, we first noticed this effect in late 1998 after looking at hurricane Bonnie," Babin said. The study found the physical make-up of a storm, including its size, strength and forward speed, is directly related to the amount of phytoplankton that blooms. Bigger storms appear to cause larger phytoplankton blooms. An increased amount of phytoplankton should have more chlorophyll, which satellite sensors can see. Hurricane-induced upwelling, the rising of cooler nutrient-rich water to the ocean surface, is also critical in phytoplankton growth. For two to three weeks following almost every storm, the satellite data showed phytoplankton growth. Babin and his colleagues believe it was stimulated by the addition of nutrients brought up to the surface. Whenever the quantity of plants increases or decreases, it affects the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. As phytoplankton grow, they absorb carbon dioxide, a heat-trapping greenhouse gas. The gas is carried to the ocean floor as a carbon form when the tiny plants die. This enables atmospheric carbon to get into the deep ocean. It is one of several natural processes that contribute to Earth's carbon cycle. By stimulating these phytoplankton blooms, hurricanes can affect the ecology of the upper ocean. Phytoplankton is at the bottom of the food chain. The factors that influence their growth also directly affect the animals and organisms that feed on them. In addition, since climate-related phenomena like El Niño may change the frequency and intensity of hurricanes, storm-induced biological activity may have even greater contributions to future climate change. Scientists are still trying to determine how much carbon dioxide might be removed from such a process. "Better knowledge of the carbon cycle will improve our understanding of global ecology and how climate change might affect us," Babin said. The research appeared as a paper in a recent issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans. Study co-authors include J.A. Carton, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.; T.D. Dickey, Ocean Physics Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Calif.; and J.D. Wiggert, Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va. Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009 Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved. No matter how far you have gone on the wrong road, turn back. -- Turkish proverb

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Some Japanese cell phone users are photographing their meals and sending the image to nutritionists for analysis and recommendations. Public health insurance offices in Osaka prefecture in western Japan have launched the service on a trial basis. About 100 cardiac patients signed up in the first year, followed by diabetes and obesity patients in the second. Nutritionists can work with photos from one day's meals to several weeks' worth; results come back in three days. Participants can also log onto a Web site to get further dietary information and upload photos from digital cameras. "Japanese have been getting fatter, especially men in their 20s and 30s, and there is concern over what they learned about nutrition when they were younger. We're hoping that this program can help us to get a handle on the problem," said Osaka official Satomi Onishi. Osaka is using a system developed by Asahi Kasei Corporation, a Tokyo-based chemical and medical equipment manufacturer. The system is operating at about 150 health care providers and local governments around the country, according to company official Naoki Yoshimura. Japan is slowly losing its reputation for low-calorie fish-and-rice diets and slim waistlines. As Japanese have turned to bigger portions and more meat and fried foods, obesity and related illnesses such as high blood pressure have become a rising concern. The Health Ministry estimated last year that more than half of Japanese men and about one in five women between 40 and 70 years of age (nearly 20 million people) were at risk of metabolic syndrome, a term for a cluster of conditions associated with obesity, high cholesterol and increased risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes. News source: CNN

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Pronunciation: (mangks), [key] of or pertaining to the Isle of Man, its inhabitants, or their language. 1. (used with a pl. v.) the inhabitants of the Isle of Man. 2. the Gaelic of the Isle of Man, virtually extinct. Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.

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. "5 Assessubg /Exposures to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the External Environment." Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1986. The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects indoor environments, and the application of modeling to assessing ETS exposures. TRACERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE It is difficult to assess the ETS contribution to exposures because it usually exists in a complex mix of air contaminants from other sources. It is not practical, or possible, to monitor the full range of air contaminants associated with ETS, even under laboratory conditions. Chamber and field studies of ETS have monitored proxy contaminants as indicators of ETS. Most studies to date have been less than ideal because the component that was measured did not meet all the following criteria for an ETS tracer. A marker or tracer for quantifying ETS concentrations should be: unique or nearly unique to the tobacco smoke so that other sources are minor in comparison, a constituent of the tobacco smoke present in sufficient quantity such that concentrations of it can be easily detected in air, even at low smoking rates, similar in emission rates for a variety of tobacco products, and in a fairly consistent ratio to the individual contaminant of interest or category of contaminants of interest (e.g., suspended particulates) under a range of environmental conditions encountered and for a variety of tobacco products. While a variety of measures have been used as proxies or tracers of ETS, no single measure has met all the criteria outlined above, nor has any measure been universally accepted or recognized as representing ETS exposure. Carbon monoxide (CO) has been measured extensively both in chamber studies (Bridge and Corn, 1972; Hoegg, 1972; Penkala and De Oliveira, 1975; Weber et al., 1976, 1979a,b; Weber and Fisher 1980; Weber, 1984; Muramatsu et al., 1983; Leaderer et al., 1984; Winneke et al., 1984; Clausen, et al., 1985) and in occupied public and nonindustrial occupational indoor spaces (see Table 2–4) to represent ETS levels. Under steady-state conditions in chamber studies, where outdoor CO levels are known and the tobacco brands and smoking protocols constant, CO can be a reasonably reproducible indicator of ETS exposure. The variability

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Current State - Current Sports Most Active Stories Thu January 19, 2012 Wait A Minute ... Or Three Years: Leap Second's Fate Put Off The timekeepers at the International Telecommunication Union's Radiocommunication Assembly, who were supposed to decide this week whether to keep or eliminate the leap second, have decided to take some more time to decide. Three years, apparently, the BBC reports. The experts, it says, "were unable to reach a consensus, so moved the matter to a meeting in 2015." "A leap second is a lot like a leap year, reports the Financial Times, except that it's unpredictable. Since it was introduced in 1972, the ITU has added 24 leap seconds to recalibrate the world's atomic clocks to keep time with Earth's imprecise orbit." Or, as the BBC puts it, leap seconds are added "to keep our modern timekeepers — atomic clocks, which rely on the vibrations in atoms to provide a very accurate measurement of time, [in sync] with our slightly less reliable timekeeper, the Earth." The next leap second is scheduled for June 30. The argument against the leap second is that it makes life just a tiny bit more difficult for businesses and communications networks (such as GPS systems) if they have to recalibrate every year or two. The argument for the leap second is that the problems such companies have might only get worse over time (yes, we said it) if the Earth and our clocks grow increasingly apart. But today, it seems, the judges decided they needed more time to decide. So, we wait.

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When Edmund Goodenough became Dean in 1831, he was horrified by the uniform drabness of the cathedral building, part whitewashed, part covered with yellow ochre both inside and outside, so that everywhere the detail of the carving was difficult to see. Having moved most of the great monuments and plaques, mainly of the 17th and 18th centuries, into the cloisters, the walls of the building looked even duller. A two year programme of intensive cleaning was instituted between 1842 and 1844, known as the great scrape. The cleaning was so vigorous that any surviving medieval polychrome disappeared apart from a few small traces. From the quire eastwards, the building was in a sorry state and Anthony Salvin, a well known architect, was engaged to oversee the work of repair and restoration. The Lady Chapel, which had suffered much damage in the 17th century as the Puritans disliked the Maryan tradition, was tackled with great attention to detail. The east window was restored by Thomas Willement, using as much of the remaining medieval glass as possible. On completion, he offered a medieval style design for the painting of the star vault in 1845. A new tiled pavement, fabricated by the Minton factory, with some more elaborate blue tiles designed by Pugin, was laid to cover a crumbling floor. An extra step was added towards the altar thereby unfortunately concealing the base of the reredos. The three sedilia (seats) of the mass were added on the south side. In the quire Salvin worked with great delicacy. Slight alterations were made to the bishop’s seat using insertions of Bath stone with which he was more familiar. The whiter colour is easily spotted. The original wooden seating galleries were found to be unstable and were pulled down. All seating until then had been in front of the pillars. Salvin built the present canons’ stalls to fit between the pillars thereby creating a much needed extra row of seating. Because the new Willis organ could not rest, by virtue of its size, on the medieval pulpitum (stone screen), Salvin pushed out the central section, inserting extra stone panels. The opening recital on the new organ was given in 1857. Up above, the complicated liern vault was cleaned, the plaster fields lime washed and the bosses painted to reveal the design more fully. To celebrate the conclusion of the work, Salvin painted his initials A.S. on the stone of a link rib above the bishop’s seat.

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Child Development Theories by of Interest to Developmental Psychologists Is development continuous or discontinuous? Some psychologists believed that human functioning does not undergo fundamental changes but instead changes gradually in its efficiency and working capacity; initially a child spoke a few words but gradually these words become longer and more complicated, increasing the child’s ability to remember and use them in sentences. Other psychologists maintain that changes in development Theories reflect psychological processes that mediate human functioning. These are qualitatively unique stages, in which the evolution of one stage may depend on the traits of the preceding stages. e.g. Roger Brown, psychologist, maintains that in the process of language acquisition, a child progresses systematically Psychologist in five steps or stages. Each stage has its own set of rules and skills from which a higher level of language acquisition takes place. Physical Development in Children Jean Piaget maintained that cognitive development Theories occurs in a series of steps in which the child acquires and uses unique sets of cognitive processes that allow the child to think in identifiable ways. Is development Theories general or specific? • Many aspects of functioning show simultaneous changes; a co-occurrence of change in different situations. • Changes occur in specific areas of functioning that do not occur in other level of functioning. • Development Theories may remain isolated in specific domains.e.g. Video game mastery in young boys In some respects development Theories is stable and stays there for very long, whereas in some ways it keeps moving. Temporal aspect: degree of stability or change across the lifespan Situational aspect: degree of stability or change across a wide variety of experiences.e.g. Aggressive behavior in children

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How to Paint Like Matisse Using patterns while painting was one of Henri Matisse's ways of creating rhythm in his artwork. In this activity, your little artist can try his hand at this style of painting which is used to keep the viewer’s eyes busy from the top to the bottom of the picture. Not only will your child’s artwork be an ode to the master, but he’ll also practice identifying and creating a variety of patterns. What You Need: - Two white sheets of watercolor paper (8.5" x 11"). - Water cup - Glue stick - Paint (tempera, poster or acrylic) What You Do: - Look at images of patterns on the Internet with your child. Take a look at stripes, polka dots and checkerboard patterns. Then, look at Matisse's painting, “Purple Robe With Anemones”. This will be the painting he recreates with his own figure and patterns. - Have your child draw, in pencil, an outline of a figure sitting in a chair next to a table with flowers on it. - Have him draw a different pattern for each section, including the clothing, chair, tablecloth and flowers. - He can now paint all of these patterns using different colors for each section. Each pattern should be completely unique. Encourage the use of bright colors. - Set this part of the painting aside to dry. - Using a pencil, help your child divide the second sheet of white paper into 3 sections. An easy way to draw the sections is to draw the inside of a Peace sign, with the bottom two lines ending up above the corners of the paper by at least 3 fingers. You will end up with a floor and two walls. - Have him draw in a pattern for each wall and the floor. Again, no patterns should repeat. - He can now paint in the patterns of the walls and floor with vibrant colors. No patterns should repeat in color. - Set aside to dry. - Carefully, have your child slowly cut around his figure in the chair, the table and flowers all in one big shape. - When the walls and floor are dry, have him glue the back of his figure using a glue stick, and firmly press it down so the chair is situated on the floor. More about Matisse: Henri Matisse, (1869-1954) was a French artist, known for his bold use of lavish colors. During his life, he worked as a painter, printmaker and sculptor. His playfulness and boldness are easily seen throughout his work.

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Chillicothe is located mostly in Scioto Township, Ross County, Ohio, USA. The courthouse is located at about UTM Zone 17 329131E 4355639N (WGS84/NAD83), viewable on a USGS topographic map or in an aerial photo in the map frame of the county auditor's website. Chillicothe is sited on a second terrace of the Scioto Valley, framed by bedrock hills to the west and south and the river to the north and east. The town has grown across the hills and river, but its core is still readily identifiable in its scenic setting. The Scioto River flows north-south, and with the Paint Creek joining it just south of town, the two valleys form rich agricultural areas and smooth corridors for travel. Chillicothe was founded in 1796 in the newly opened part of Ohio made safe for settlement after the treaty of Greenville in 1795 removed Indian threats. Partly because of its location and partly its ambitious young leaders, it became the capital of the last part of the Northwest Territory (after the Indiana Territory and all west was separated) and then the capital of the new state of Ohio in 1803. It remained the capital except for two years until 1816. The Ohio & Erie Canal construction and opening arrived 1829-1831, and greatly rejuvenated Chillicothe. Several fired reshaped the downtown, the most dramatic being the "Great Fire of 1852" which burned out a quarter of the town at that time. The first railroad arrived in 1851-1857, running east-west between Cincinnati and Marietta, which also gave the town a huge economic boost. The second, running north-south and overpowering the canal and stagecoach line in the Scioto Valley, arrived 1876. By the late nineteenth century, Chillicothe, had many industries and was a prosperous regional center. Another railroad arrived in the 1870s, and a streetcar system was begun about that time. The First railroad enlarged its railyard in 1892, boosting the growth of the "East End" of Chillicothe. Severe floods occured in 1896, 1907, with the worst ever in 1913, but none caused extensive damage to the town. An inturban railrad arrived from Columbus to the north in 1903?. During World War II, a US millitary training camp was built just north of town, tremendously increaing the population and economy of the town. After it was rapidly depopulated after the war, the area became a series of public institutions. Chillicothe's architecture appears to wane after 1900, though there is charming residential architecture from the 1910s and1920s. This Chillicothe section of the webchapter has example properties in : |Town of Chillicothe*||Downtown*||"Galls Barber Shop"*| |Old West Side| |Old East Side| |"Old Residential District"*||Brown or Latham House*|

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Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate") is a term that commonly refers to an integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. Culture may also envelop the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group. Different planets, moons, and other geographical boundaries can develop unique cultures over time while large cities and communities are able to share multiple cultures congruently, which often meld to form a new culture. Pre Gate AccidentEdit Life on Earth before the Gate Accident was similar to modern life in our own world. In the beginning of the 21st century, humans began to look to the solar system and stars and started researching interplanetary travel. This led to the creation of the astral gates and the disastrous Gate Accident. Post Gate AccidentEdit During the Gate Accident in 2022, much of the Moon was destroyed. As a result, the Earth became continuously bombarded with radiation and debris, destroying a large portion of its population and rendering the planet uninhabitable. The vast majority of humans left the Earth for other planets, where they eventually settled down and brought about new cultures and civilizations. Even in 2071, some people, such as Edward and Mr. Appledehli, still remain on Earth, able to eke out a living. After the Gate Accident, Mars became the new hub of human civilization, a thriving hotbed of economic activity. Spike once remarked that Mars was a good place to live "if you're rich." Many of the stores on Mars have traditional Chinese and Japanese characters, suggesting a strong Asian influence. Ganymede possesses a prominent fishing industry. In particular, the Ganymede Rock Lobster and Ganymede Sea Rat are two nautical delicacies from Ganymede.

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Traditional Chinese medicine is still widely practiced in Taiwan. Chinese medicine has gained popularity in the West over recent years. It is based on the belief that the body will recover from illness when the person's Yin and Yang energies and Qi energy are in balance. A wide range of Traditional therapies are available in Taiwan, including: Acupuncture (using needles to activate change in the body) , Herbalism (traditional herbal remedies), Nutrition or food therapy, Cupping (applying heated cups to draw energy and toxins from the body), Qigong exercises, Gua Sha or coin-rubbing, Acupressure and various styles of massage such as Tuina and Sonopuncture or phonophorese--the use of sound vibration on acupoints. The theory and philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine is that if all the energies are in balance, the body heals as a natural outcome; the energy is the foundation of the body as well as the mind.

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Suppose the Universe began on January 1st and its lifetime fitted into one year. Students and viewers are invited to ‘guesstimate’ when in the year the key events might have occurred. Archive for ‘Library’ This video compares explanations of creation from science and religious perspectives. Students share their ideas on how ideas in science and religion may fit together. Dr Jennifer Wiseman, astronomer, answers students’ questions and explains why she thinks science and religion can …Read More With contributions from physicist Professor Jim Al-Khalili and astronomer Dr Jennifer Wiseman, this video explores the strength of Big Bang as a theory and explains some of the physics behind the theory. How scientists have estimated the age of the Universe is …Read More Geologist, Denise Balmer demonstrates to students, with the help of plasticine ‘fossil’ layers how ammonites have evolved and changed over time. She explains how geologists are able to use the distinct evolutionary stages of ammonites as indicators of the age of …Read More Does the existence of an all-knowing God rule out human free will? John Bryant responds to this question posed by a student, by asserting that yes, God has allowed us to choose how to behave. He bases his assertion on all the …Read More Students ask biologist, Professor John Bryant, where he considers the soul or spirit of a human to be. He suggests that the soul is, in a sense, a quality rather than a thing and can no more be located within the …Read More When can we say that a developing organism is a person? Biologist, Professor John Bryant says it is a mistake to try to pinpoint a moment. He talks about significant points in human development, but suggests that even a newborn baby …Read More Dr Denis Alexander, Biologist and Director of The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion, talks about four stances in relation to Creation and Evolution. What kind of God can you believe in if you are a scientist? Where does God fit in? Professor Sir Colin Humphreys talks about how he believes that God not only created the universe through Big Bang, but is all …Read More Paul Hopkins discusses the nature of the creation story. Students read and comment on a formal statement and a poem in terms of the kind of language that is used. Dr Ard Louis, Physicist, talks about his view of scriptures and the …Read More

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Each year, wood-decaying fungi can cause as much damage to structures as termites do. In fact, some damage attributed to termites was actually caused by wood-decay fungi because the moisture conditions favorable for fungi growth were not corrected. Groups of Wood-Decay Fungi include: - • Brown Rot The wood will usually become a brownish color and upon drying will shrink into small cubical pieces with cracks that run against the wood grain. The cubes are easily crushed into powder. - • Water-Conducting Rot More commonly known as dry rot, this fungus produces papery yellowish-white fans and root-like cords which may be whitish to brownish to black. This fungus produces a brown-rot type of decay. - • White Rot This fungus gives wood a bleached appearance, usually with black lines. Unlike the previous two fungi, white rot become stringy and spongy. Wood-decay fungi require the proper combination of food, moisture, temperature and oxygen for growth. - 1. Food – the fungi use the cellulose and lignin of plant cell walls as their food. As they break down the cell’s structure, they also decrease its strength, thus decreasing the wood’s strength as well. - 2) Moisture – in order to grow, wood-decay fungi require the wood moisture content (or moisture in cell walls) to be at or about the fiber saturation point. This saturation point varies for most U.S. wood species, but is usually between 28-32%. If the saturation is below this point, the fungus is not dead, but it is inactive. Once the saturation level reaches its optimal percentage, the fungus will start to grow again. - 3) Temperature – at cool temperatures, fungi are inactive or dormant. Most fungi attain optimum growth rates between 75-85˚F and are killed by brief exposures to temperatures between 105-150˚F. - 4) Oxygen – decay fungi require as little as 0.05% of the oxygen found in air, therefore it is rarely a limiting factor. Fungal growth can be stopped by submersion in water or burial several feet deep in soil because of the lack of oxygen. Fungi usually enter a structure as airborne spores. Another source would be through wood-to-ground contact and it is possible to bring in infested lumber during the time of construction or later. Regardless of the source, the optimal combination of these factors must exist before fungal growth can occur. Return to Top The presence of non-decay fungi is a good indicator that conditions exist which may soon be favorable for wood-decay fungi. Groups of Non-Decay Fungi include: - • Sap-staining fungi (blue-stain fungi) These fungi produce colored thread-like strands deep within the wood. The stain is usually bluish, bluish black, gray or brown. - • Surface-staining fungi This group is the molds and mildews. These fungi produce colorless threads within the wood and form colored spores at the wood surface which give a powdery or fuzzy appearance. The spores may be an array of colors. - • White pocket rot (pock rot, white pocket, white spec) This fungus produces numerous small pits filled with white threads in the wood of living evergreen trees, usually Douglas firs. White pocket rot does not survive in wood products. Identification of the type of fungus present in your home is the first step to a successful remediation and treatment. Inside the house you should check for settling or buckling of the floors, plumbing leaks, condensation from the AC unit and adequate attic ventilation. Outside look for proper ventilation, land gradation (away from the house), proper downspout locations and peeling or blistering paint. Underneath the house you should check for wet soil, standing water and damp foundation walls. Return to Top Through our free inspection we will identify the type of fungus that is present, educate you on the type and course of action and eliminate all traces of the fungus.

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ICAO was originally created to promote the safe and efficient development of civil aviation; as one of the oldest members of the UN System, it is well known for its prominent role as the world's rule-making body for international One aspect of the Organization's work over the last four decades has been to help States improve civil aviation in their country through projects implemented under ICAO's Technical Co-operation Programme. ICAO offers technical co-operation in the civil aviation field through its Technical Co-operation Bureau (TCB), which was created in 1952. As ICAO is the United Nations specialized agency for civil aviation, projects in civil aviation funded by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) are entrusted to TCB for execution. TCB also carries out projects funded by developing countries themselves or by various funding institutions other than UNDP. For this work, ICAO receives administrative fees which are used to cover its cost of administering project activities.

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Here are seven more hot weather energy savers! 1. Set air-conditioning thermostats no lower that 78°. The 78° temperature is considered to be reasonably comfortable and energy efficient temperature. One authority estimates that if this setting raises the temperature 6° (78° vs 72°), then your home cooling costs should drop around 47%. If everyone in the United States would raise their cooling thermostats 6° during the summer, the nation would save more than the equivalent of 36 billion kilowatt hours of electricity, or 25 of the Nation’s total electricity consumption for a year. 2. Use a programmable thermostat. Set it to a higher temperature for when you will not be at home. You can also set it a few degrees higher at night and use fans to help you keep cool! 3. Run the air conditioner only on really hot days and set the fan speed on high. In very humid weather, set the fan at low speed to provide less cooling but more moisture removal. Clean or replace air conditioner filters at least once a month. Turning the fan will require more energy if the filter is dirty. 4. If you can confine your living spaces to fewer rooms, close off the rooms that are not being occupied. If those rooms are not going to be used for several hours, turn off the AC to those rooms temporarily. 5. Buy the cooling equipment with the smallest capacity to do the job. More cooling power than necessary is inefficient and more costly. Energy-efficient ratios (EER’s) for most air-conditioning units should be available from dealers, and some window units are labeled to show the EER ( the higher the EER, the more efficient the air conditioner). If you don’t see a label on the unit, ask the dealer for information. 6. Make sure you have you cooling equipment serviced at least once a year and make sure filters are kept clean. 7. Learn more about efficient home weatherization and energy saving products that can help you make even a bigger reduction in your home energy bills each month. One example would be to install Radiant Barriers in your attic, which will address radiation (Electromagnetic) heat transfer, the single most efficient type of heat transfer, by reflecting that radiation away from the radiant barrier. A typical home will loose heat in the winter and gain heat in the summer and the majority of that heat is radiant heat, so stopping radiant heat transfer in both the winter and summer months is one very effective way to reduce your energy cost. These seven hot weather or warm climate energy saving tips should help you reduce your monthly home energy bills. Information Source: The Kansas Energy Saving Handbook for Homeowners by James W. Morrison Disclaimer: Results of applying these energy saving tips may vary according to unforeseen existing variables. No claims are intended or implied.

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Though we come from and work in different states, and take different approaches to our on-the-ground efforts, groups in the Network share broad, common policy goals that we believe will lead to a better and stronger democracy: - An open, transparent government that allows public participation - Protecting citizens’ right to vote - Ensuring a fair and impartial judiciary - Promoting ethical governance - Lifting the voices of people, rather than money, in politics Our goals are shaped by our shared values and principles. We believe that our fundamental democratic principles - especially those that speak to trust, fairness, openness, accountability, participation, honesty, and action - must be continuously reinforced and fiercely protected against those who see politics as a means to promote narrow interests rather than the common good. In addition to being the bedrock values that inform our policy work, we also make sure to put these values into practice amongst each other. Trust - We believe in promoting public confidence in government and the democratic process. Fairness - We believe in lifting up the voices and speech of the people regardless of circumstance, station, or amount of money they have contributed to causes. Openness - We believe that the business of the people should be conducted in public view, and not behind closed doors in political back rooms. The public deserves, and should be able to see, its officials in action. Accountability - We believe that officials should be able to be held accountable for their actions. We further believe that officials should be accountable to those they represent and work for, not to those who have contributed the most money and do not seek the public interest. Participation - We believe in the rights of citizens to be engaged with their governments both in terms of voting, and in everyday development of policy. The public should be allowed to voice their opinion on pending laws, and proper opportunities should be granted for them to do so. Honesty - We believe that public officials should be honest with those who they have been elected, appointed, or hired to represent. This includes being forthcoming about their positions and governing in an ethical manner. Action - We believe that none of these goals and values will happen organically. In order to achieve our goals and uphold our values, we must act in order to create the states and country in which we want to live.

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Life in the USA The American People Please note that Life In The USA has an entire chapter filled with detail on Retirement and Aging. As the so-called “Baby Boom” or “Boomer” population (Americans born between 1946 and 1964) begins to reach retirement age, the elderly cohort of the population will continue to increase. As in most of the western world, the population of the United States is getting older. Elderly people (sometimes called, politely, “senior citizens,”) have a great deal of political power. They get out and vote, and support political candidates who cater to their agendas. At the same time, America has a mobile, changeable, youth-oriented culture that does not respect or accommodate age. The extended multi-generational family that exists in many other countries is rare in the United States. While the elderly as a group are fairly well off and tend to own property, for many among them, being older in the United States presents a true financial challenge. The greatest issue is healthcare, but income security is not far behind. A hidden issue is the innate prejudice among young Americans against the old, or, for that matter, the difficulty older Americans have in accepting the ways of the young. In many other societies, the generation gap is not so palpable. Older Americans may enjoy certain privileges, such as senior citizen discounts, but the young, who must pay more, probably resent them. The nation’s social security system is in a state of perpetual crisis. As it becomes dramatically less self-sustaining, more and more, the young will bear the burden of supporting the old. They are unlikely to like or accept this. As a privileged generation, the Baby Boom tends to deny the effects of aging. Indeed, many Baby Boomers look younger than their predecessors did at the same age, and lead more active lives. They “think young” and expect a great deal from life even as they age. Not every one of them can be satisfied, however. Age is always a cultural and political issue in the United States. Next Section: The Homeless The American People: Chapter Home Life in the USA Home The URL of this site is:

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- Effective Desk Exercises You Can Try Out At OfficePosted 744 days ago - Drinking Diet Cola Is Harmful For HealthPosted 744 days ago - Nine Easy Tips That You Must Take To Take Care Of Your Pearl JewelryPosted 745 days ago - ‘Hair Updos’ You Can Sport For A Fun Day At The BeachPosted 749 days ago - Easy And Effective Tips To Do A ‘Pedicure’ YourselfPosted 749 days ago - Useful Tips To Treat ‘Hyperactivity’ In ChildrenPosted 749 days ago - Do And Don’ts For Healthy PregnancyPosted 749 days ago In simple words skin biopsy is a method of detecting the cause behind your skin diseases. But there is a proper way of performing this task. The first and foremost step is to take a sample of the skin which is affected by the impurities. It is removed using proper equipments. Then it is examined using a microscope. The most common causes behind the skin problems are actions of the fungi and bacteria, weather conditions and some other kinds of problems. The examination method is referred as skin biopsy. The result of this procedure helps the doctor is detecting whether your skin problem is cancerous or non cancerous. Skin sample means any part of the area or may be a mole would be taken for checking. Types of skin biopsy: Some procedure and methods have been developed which are being used for taking the sample of the skin. The choice of the method directly depends on the position and the size of the lesion. The area which is affected is taken off using scalpel and the portion on the body which is cut is stitched afterwards. This is called excision biopsy. Shave biopsy: In this the affected layer is removed by the use of a scalpel or a surgical knife. Basically the over growth of the skin is shaved off. The opening of the skin is closed by stitching and the bleeding is stopped by applying some pressure or the use of chemicals. Another type is a punch biopsy. In this method sharp equipment which looks like a cutter is used for removing the fluid filled mole of your skin. It might not be fluid filled but the proper layer of the skin is removed for detection. The instrument which is used is so sharp that sometimes it creates wound for which stitching is used to join the skin. Bandage is also required after this. Incision skin biopsy: An instrument is injected inside the skin and then a scalpel is used for removing or taking the affected area of the skin. This might result in a bleeding which might require stitching and dressing as well. There is another method also where the skin is removed using a syringe. The syringe is directly inserted inside the fluid mole or may be that part which does not have any filling. After the methods are used the sample is kept in a clean container. Then it is given for further examination under the microscope. Skin biopsy is used to judge: 1. Whether the person is suffering from skin cancer or not. 2. Whether he or she are not suffering from any signs of psoriasis. 3. Fungus and bacterial actions which might lead to infections. You need to take some precautions before going for a skin biopsy. Some of them are: Stop taking any sort of antibiotics or drugs especially medicines that are anti inflammatory. If it’s not possible then better tell your doctor about it before he starts your biopsy. Chemical or may be non chemical medications are responsible for hormonal and other internal changes which might have a direct affect on the skin and result in changes during the skin biopsy also. Pregnancy symptoms: If there are signs that the person might get pregnant she should surely consult her doctor before the biopsy. You should also take advice of the doctor in case you are suffering from any sort of bleeding problems or even if you are taking any medications for it as they might also create problems during the treatment. A common risk is attracted to skin biopsy which is internal infection and continuous bleeding as well. In some cases acne and scars are also detected right after the biopsy. Stick to the advice of your doctor after undergoing the treatment as you might have to suffer some problems even after taking this solution.

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The study was led by Dr. Leandro Castello, a research associate at the Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC), in collaboration with scientists from various institutions in the United States and Brazil. These included the Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB), Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE), and The Nature Conservancy (TNC). Damage to Amazon freshwater ecosystems greatly impacts Amazonians, who historically have been so dependent on freshwater ecosystem goods and services that they have been called ‘water peoples.’ Current per capita fish consumption in the Brazilian Amazon averages 94 kg/yr in riverine populations, which is almost six times the world average. Increasing fishing pressure has shrunk the size of harvested species, partly due to the progressive depletion of high-value, large-bodied species. A century ago, the mean maximum body length of the main species harvested in the basin was ~206 cm—today it is ~79 cm. Science and policy in the Amazon have focused largely on forests and their associated biodiversity and carbon stocks. Three decades of effort have generated an understanding of some key biophysical transitions in the basin, and established a network of protected areas, largely designed to preserve forests and their biodiversity. Little attention has been paid to freshwater ecosystems, which through the hydrological cycle are interconnected to other ecosystems at local and distant locations, being highly sensitive to a broad array of human impacts. “Despite some terrestrial protections that are high by global standards, this paper shows key gaps in protection for the Amazon’s freshwater systems and species,” commented Robin Abell, the Senior Freshwater Conservation Biologist at World Wildlife Fund. The Madeira River basin, for example, is threatened by oil exploration, deforestation and dams in its headwaters, even though protected areas cover 26% of the catchment area. “The pressures that the authors detail need to be addressed now, before conservation opportunities are lost. Restoration can be far costlier than proactive protection,” cautioned Abell. The principal threat to most Amazon freshwater ecosystems is large-scale alteration of the basin’s natural hydrology. “There are a total of 154 hydroelectric dams in operation, 21 in construction, and plans to construct 277 additional dams in the future. There are also thousands of small dams located in small streams to provide water for cattle,” noted coauthor Marcia Macedo of WHRC. “These infrastructure projects, together with deforestation-induced changes to regional rainfall, could fundamentally change the hydrology of Amazon freshwater systems,” she added. The study suggests that, if uncontrolled, such hydrological alterations could disrupt fish migrations and associated fishery yields, threatening riverine livelihoods and food security. Adequate protection of Amazon freshwater ecosystems requires broadening the forest-centric focus of prevailing environmental management and conservation strategies to encompass aquatic ecosystems. By building upon existing protected areas, it is possible to develop a river catchment-based conservation framework that protects both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, effectively protecting the Amazon river-forest system. The Amazon watershed spans six countries, with Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru accounting for most of the area. Therefore, "A pan-Amazonian, catchment-based approach is critical, in addition to national conservation and management efforts," said coauthor Dr. Laura Hess of Earth Research Institute, UCSB. “There are environmental issues everywhere, but the case with Amazon freshwater ecosystems is different, because no one talks about it. Their problem has been concealed,” said Castello. Emphasizing the need for a shift, he added, “Significant strides in Amazon conservation have been on deforestation because deforestation has been studied and monitored year after year. We now need to do the same for these aquatic ecosystems.” The study can be found here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12008/abstract A map and the images can also be accessed here: Castello, L., McGrath, D.G., Hess, L.L., Coe, M.T., Lefebvre, P.A., Petry, P., Macedo, M.N., Reno, V., Arantes, C.C. 2012. The vulnerability of Amazon freshwater ecosystems. Conservation Letters DOI: 10.1111/conl.12008 Ian Vorster | Source: Newswise Further information: www.whrc.org More articles from Ecology, The Environment and Conservation: Ant Study Could Help Future Robot Teams Work Underground 21.05.2013 | Georgia Institute of Technology, Research Communications Canada must addess real climate-change challenge 16.05.2013 | University of Toronto University of Würzburg physicists have succeeded in creating a new type of laser. Its operation principle is completely different from conventional devices, which opens up the possibility of a significantly reduced energy input requirement. The researchers report their work in the current issue of Nature. It also emits light the waves of which are in phase with one another: the polariton laser, developed ... Innsbruck physicists led by Rainer Blatt and Peter Zoller experimentally gained a deep insight into the nature of quantum mechanical phase transitions. They are the first scientists that simulated the competition between two rival dynamical processes at a novel type of transition between two quantum mechanical orders. They have published the results of their work in the journal Nature Physics. “When water boils, its molecules are released as vapor. We call this ... Researchers have shown that, by using global positioning systems (GPS) to measure ground deformation caused by a large underwater earthquake, they can provide accurate warning of the resulting tsunami in just a few minutes after the earthquake onset. For the devastating Japan 2011 event, the team reveals that the analysis of the GPS data and issue of a detailed tsunami alert would have taken no more than three minutes. The results are published on 17 May in Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, an open access journal of ... A new study of glaciers worldwide using observations from two NASA satellites has helped resolve differences in estimates of how fast glaciers are disappearing and contributing to sea level rise. The new research found glaciers outside of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, repositories of 1 percent of all land ice, lost an average of 571 trillion pounds (259 trillion kilograms) of mass every year during the six-year study period, making the oceans rise 0.03 inches (0.7 mm) per year. ... About 99% of the world’s land ice is stored in the huge ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland, while only 1% is contained in glaciers. However, the meltwater of glaciers contributed almost as much to the rise in sea level in the period 2003 to 2009 as the two ice sheets: about one third. This is one of the results of an international study with the involvement of geographers from the University of Zurich. 21.05.2013 | Studies and Analyses 21.05.2013 | Life Sciences 21.05.2013 | Studies and Analyses 17.05.2013 | Event News 15.05.2013 | Event News 08.05.2013 | Event News

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In immunology, affinity maturation is the process by which B cells produce antibodies with increased affinity for antigen during the course of an immune response. With repeated exposures to the same antigen, a host will produce antibodies of successively greater affinities. A secondary response can elicit antibodies with several logfold greater affinity than in a primary response. The main principles of the in vivo affinity maturation, namely mutation and selection, are utilised for the biotechnological approach of the in vitro affinity maturation. In vivo affinity maturation The process is thought to involve two interrelated processes, occurring in the germinal centers of the secondary lymphoid organs: - Somatic hypermutation (SHM): Mutations in the variable, antigen-binding coding sequences (known as complementarity-determining regions (CDR)) of the immunoglobulin genes. The mutation rate is up to 1,000,000 times higher than in cell lines outside the lymphoid system. Although the exact mechanism of the somatic hypermutation is still not known, a major role for the Activation-Induced (Cytidine) Deaminase has been discussed. The increased mutation rate result in 1-2 mutations per CDR and cell generation. The mutations alter the binding specificity and binding affinities of the resultant antibodies. - Clonal selection: B cells that have undergone SHM must compete for limiting growth resources, including the availability of antigen. The follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of the germinal centers present antigen to the B cells, and only the B cell progeny with the highest affinities for antigen will be selected to survive. B cell progeny that have undergone SHM, but bind antigen with lower affinity will be out-competed, and be deleted. Over several rounds of selection, the resultant secreted antibodies produced will have effectively increased affinities for antigen. In vitro affinity maturation Like the natural prototype, the in vitro affinity maturation is based on the principles of mutation and selection. The in vitro affinity maturation has successfully been used to optimize antibodies, antibody fragments or other peptide molecules like antibody mimetics. Random mutations inside the CDRs are introduced using radiation, chemical mutagens or error-prone PCR. In addition, the genetical diversity can be increased by chain shuffling. Two or three rounds of mutation and selection using display methods like phage display usually results in antibody fragments with affinities in the low nanomolar range. - Teng, G. and Papavasiliou, F.N. (2007). "Immunoglobulin Somatic Hypermutation". Annu. Rev. Genet. 41: 107–120. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130340. PMID 17576170. - Roskos L., Klakamp S., Liang M., Arends R., Green L. (2007). In Stefan Dübel. Handbook of Therapeutic Antibodies. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 145–169. ISBN 3-527-31453-9. |This immunology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

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8 April 1954, in exil in Madagascar, Mohammed V taked six of his seven children to a photographer in Antananarivo. Mohammed V (10 August 1909 – 26 February 1961) was Sultan of Morocco from 1927–53. On 20 August 1953, the French who were occupying Morocco at the time forced Mohammed V and his family into exile on Corsica. A relative of his, Mohammed Ben Aarafa, was placed on the throne. Mohammed V and his family were then transferred to Madagascar in January 1954. Mohammed V returned from exile on 16 November 1955, and was again recognized as Sultan after active opposition to the French protectorate. In February 1956 he successfully negotiated with France for the independence of Morocco, and in 1957 took the title of King.

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An Oil Town of Phenomenal Growth - Settlement of the Parker Family - An Indian Village on the River Bottom - Bear Creek Furnace - Lawrenceburg - Its Origin and Decline - Parker�s Landing - The Discovery of Oil and the Rapid Upbuilding of a City - Important Events - Leading Industries - The Past and the Present Contrasted - Educational and Religious THE discovery of oil was one of the most important events in the history of Armstrong county. As a result of that discovery, land that was worthless, or nearly so, for agricultural purposes, appreciated in value a thousand fold; a new industry of manifold branches sprang into being, and great social and commercial changes followed. The northern portion of the country was most affected by the oil excitement. Here in a region, hitherto thinly peopled, there suddenly sprang up a thriving and populous town, which soon became the chief emporium of the lower oil region. Parker City is situated on the western bank of the Allegheny river, eighty-two miles above Pittsburgh, and about three miles from the most northern limit of Armstrong county. It takes its name from Hon. John Parker, who originally owned nearly all the land now included within its limits and was the first settler of the neighborhood. About the year 1786, acting as a deputy under Moore, John Parker left his home in Washington county and came into the wilds of Western Pennsylvania in the capacity of a surveyor. He surveyed much of the land west of the river now included in the northern portions of Armstrong and Butler counties. At the same time his brother William was engaged in the same work east of the river. There were Indians in the country, and on one occasion a man named Elliot, one of the surveying party, getting into a difficulty with them, shot an Indian at the mouth of Bear creek. The surveyors were greatly alarmed and fled. The Indians followed them for a considerable distance, but at length abandoned the pursuit and gave the whites no further trouble. At the time of the survey, the "flat" on which now stands the main portion of the first ward of Parker was occupied by an Indian village. No account of this bottom-land was taken by the surveyors, they considering it worthless, and extending their surveys only to the top of the bluff. Afterward, a man named Baird purchased the flat from the Indians, and then sold it to Parker after the latter had settled here. About the year 1797, Mr. Parker, who had been granted several hundred acres for his services in surveying, removed to his land and thenceforth resided here. His house stood on the hill in the edge of Butler county. The old homestead is now the property of his son George. The elder Parker was appointed one of the first associate judges of Butler county, and held the office thirty-five years. He was a man of prudence and sagacity in business affairs, and one of the most prominent and respected citizens of his day. He devoted himself to farming and stock-raising principally, and was very successful in business. He greatly encouraged and promoted the settlement of the surrounding territory by his advice and example, and many of the early pioneers found in him a true and trustworthy friend. He reared a large family, but two members of which are now living - Fullerton, of Parker City, and George, of Parker township, Butler county. All of the sons were intimately identified with the business interests of this section, and Fullerton Parker,* though he has long since passed the age when most men retire from active participation in business affairs, is still interested in many public enterprises of the city, which is mainly built upon his land. William Parker, the father of Judge Parker, moved from Washington county with his family about the year 1798, and settled upon Bear creek. Several families came in company with him, making their way up the river from Pittsburgh on keel-boats, which also carried their goods. When opposite the garrison at Pittsburgh one of the boats upset and several persons were drowned, among them a son of William Parker. Several children of the party saved their lives by getting upon feather-beds which kept afloat until they were rescued. Mr. Parker erected a mill soon after his arrival on Bear creek, not far from the spot where the furnace was afterward built. It was built of logs and contained only the rudest machinery; nevertheless it proved very valuable to the scattered settlers who came many miles to avail themselves of its privileges. It was the first mill erected in the northern part of the county. *Born in 1806. THE BEAR CREEK FURNACE One of the pioneer industries of Armstrong county was a charcoal blast-furnace for the reduction of iron ore, erected at a date probably not later than 1820. The old stack was torn down years ago, and now nothing remains of the once important industry save the memory existing in the minds of old residents. the furnace stood on the north side of Bear creek, about three-fourths of a mile from the mouth of the stream. It was built by Whiting & Stackpole, who failed after conducting the business for a time. Col. Robinson, Henry Baldwin (afterward Judge Baldwin), and a Mr. Beltzhoover were the next managers. They also failed, and were succeeded by John and Alexander McNicoll. A Mr. Davis, of Pittsburgh, next tried the business, and failed. Samuel and Reuben Leonard became the owners of the furnace, and carried on a successful business until about the year 1840, when they ceased operations on account of the scarcity of timber and the increased cost of conducting the business. The furnace was run by steam, and had a large capacity for those days. The product was frequently seventy-five tons of pig iron per week. This village was brought into existence by the Bear Creek furnace, and consisted mainly of rude dwellings occupied by employees of the company operating the furnace. The closing up of business by the Leonards was the death-blow of the place, which steadily declined until, at the commencement of the oil excitement, only three or four houses and two churches Lawrenceburg was laid out by Judge Parker about the year 1819. John Conway, a wheelwright, built the first house, and was the first settler. He was soon followed by William Cartwright. The old stone house erected by him was used while he owned it as a blacksmith shop, and also contained a carding machine. It is now the oldest building in Parker, and is owned by Elisha H. The first store in Lawrenceburg was established about 1820, and was conducted by Judges Parker and Bovard, of Butler county. It was run on the cooperative plan, and many settlers of the neighborhood were interested. It flourished a number of years. James Reed opened the first tavern. The number of stores and taverns increased as the village grew, and it was not long until there were three stores and three taverns, each doing a thriving business for those days, and attracting customers from points many miles distant. There was a large amount of traffic and travel upon the river, by means of canoes and keel-boats, and all who had business to transact at Parker�s landing naturally came to Lawrenceburg to do their trading, as there was no village at the former place. Besides those already mentioned, Michael McCullough, John Andrews, Edward Carleton, Dr. Beggs and John McCaslin were among the first residents of the place. McCullough kept store and built the first brick house. John Marshall, now the oldest living resident of Lawrenceburg, came to the place in 1825, and bought 20 acres of land at $1 per acre, of which he is still the possessor. His land was not included in the original plot of the village, but was adjacent to the northern line of the town. When his land was found to be valuable oil territory, $45,000 was offered for it, but Mr. Marshall concluded not to sell. Mr. Marshall is a native of Greensburg, and was born in 1802. His sister, Mrs. Bailey, is also one of the old residents, having resided here forty-six years. From the closing up of the furnace business in 1840 until the discovery of oil in 1865, Lawrenceburg continued to exist in name, but was a place of no importance. At the latter date there were, at a liberal estimate, less than fifty inhabitants. By 1870 thousands of people had located here either as permanent or transient residents, while all the surrounding oil fields were thickly populated. No one who has not witnessed the rapid up-building of towns in the oil region can form an adequate idea of the growth of the place. The importance of the oil discoveries was not fully realized until midsummer of 1869, and that date really marks the beginning of Parker City. Lawrenceburg became a part of the second ward of Parker City in 1873. In the early years of the settlement of this part of the country, Parker�s landing was an unimportant station, occasionally visited by the canoes and keel-boats flying upon the river. Subsequently it became a steamboat landing and a lumber station. A store was kept at the landing many years, but no village ever sprang up around it. In 1824, Judge Parker erected a large building which was used as a warehouse. It is still standing and is the oldest house in this part of the city. It has been converted into a hotel, and is now known as the Parker House. Samuel Craig, who opened a blacksmith�s shop at the landing in 1851, thus summarizes the industries and the inhabitants at that date: Fullerton Parker was the proprietor of the warehouse and ran a tannery; Peter McGuff and William Rogers acted as storekeepers; Thomas M. Parker kept hotel, and James P. Parker ran a ferry. The condition of the place at the beginning of 1869 was substantially unchanged. W.D. Robinson, now of Kittanning, ran a store at Parker�s landing from 1843 until 1869, not conducting the business personally all the The few industries just enumerated and two or three dwelling-houses -- these were all that the "flat" comprised in 1869. A few years later the same spot becomes the heart of a busy mart. Here is a railroad, a city, daily newspapers, banks, hotels, hundreds of flourishing industries ! All this grand transformation has been wrought by one potent factor - petroleum. DISCOVERY OF OIL AND THE RESULTS The first oil discovered in Armstrong county was struck at the Clarion well, No. 1, on the Robinson farm one mile north of Parker City, on October 10, 1865. From that discovery no important results immediately followed. It was not until the latter half of the year 1869 that a genuine oil excitement revealed the importance of the oil fields surrounding Parker. About a dozen wells had been put down on the hill near Parker prior to the time mentioned. But these test wells had proclaimed the value of the Butler county oil territory in addition to that of Armstrong, and such an impetus was given to the business that it speedily became evident that Parker was to become an important point as a base of operations for producers and operators. Lawrenceburg had already become a thrifty village, and in 1869 and 1870 the landing rapidly became the scene of the busiest activity. Rude shanties were constructed in which business was commenced before the echoes from the carpenter�s hammer had died away. Saloons, stores, hotels, machine-shops and shops of every kind soon crowded every available space between the bluff and the river. Fires raged and destroyed whole blocks of these box-like structures, but others were built in their places and business was resumed almost before the ashes were cold. November 4, 1870, there was a fire which destroyed the greater part of the buildings at the landing, and on the 4th of December following the central part of Lawrenceburg was burned. January 19, 1873, and again on the 45h of April of the same year, the business portion of the first ward was almost entirely destroyed. But fires counted for little in those days; the buildings were replaced in a few days and everything went on as usual. After the last fire of 1873, the streets of the flat were laid out on a new plan, and gradually substantial and more costly buildings were erected. River avenue was built up on both sides, and consisted of business houses for almost its entire length. The effects of the great fire of 1879 will be noticed further on. The lawlessness and loose morals characteristic of the followers of the oil excitement did not fail to pervade the new town with a contaminating influence. Good citizens soon saw that there was every necessity for strict and vigilant government. The rapid influx of population naturally led to the belief that Parker was destined to become a large and important place. Accordingly a petition for a city charter was presented to the legislature; it was favorably received, and by an act approved March 1, 1873, all that portion of Armstrong county, from the Butler county line to the river, situated between Bear creek on the south and "Thom�s Run" on the north, became incorporated into the city of Parker. By a supplementary act, approved March 23, 1873, it was ordered that the first municipal election of the city be held Friday, March 28, 1873. The mayors of the city have been as follows: J.W. McFarland, 1873-4; George S. Kelly, 1875-6; H.R. Fullerton, 1877-8; E.H. Randolph, Until 1872 there was no means of reaching Parker station on the Allegheny Valley Railroad, except by the ferry plying between that station and Parker City. But in the year mentioned, three of the most enterprising business men of Parker, S.D. Karns, H.R. Fullerton and Fullerton Parker, caused a superb iron bridge to be constructed. The structure cost $80,000. it is a toll-bridge, and serves also as a means for the Pittsburgh & Western trains to cross to the junction. Mr. Karns, who was the leading spirit in this as well as many other important public enterprises, disposed of his interest in the bridge (one-half) to James E. Brown, whose heirs now own it. The other owners still retain their shares. The importance of having further railroad facilities became apparent to the citizens of Parker after the town had attained to an encouraging degree of prosperity. In 1878 the work of building the Parker & Karns City narrow-gauge railroad was undertaken. The road was completed as far as Petrolia early in 1874, and in April of the same year trains began running to Karns City. The Butler and Karns City extension was built in 1876, largely increasing the business of the road. This railroad was the result of an enterprise of which S.D. Karns, H.R. Fullerton and Fullerton Parker were the chief projectors and supporters. In 1881 the road became a part of the Pittsburgh & Western company�s lines, and during 1881-2 it was extended up the river to Foxburg, there to be connected with the Pittsburgh, Bradford & Buffalo road. From Butler another extension was built during the summer of 1882, joining with the main line at Collery junction. On the 1st of January, 1883, through trains began running from Parker City to Allegheny. Parker is thus placed on the direct through line of the Pittsburgh & Western. The repair shops and carworks of the railroad have been located at Parker from the commencement of the Parker & Karns City road and have formed one of the most important industries of the city. The Parker City waterworks were built in 1872 by Miller & Vesey, who sold out to Coulter & Overy. In 1874 H.R. Fullerton purchased the works, greatly enlarged their capacity and laid several miles of new pipe. In 1882 the present owners, Tinsman & Russell, purchased the property of Mr. Fullerton. The works consist of two large Cameron pumps, with a capacity for raising the water 280 feet and amply supply all parts of the city. A. Randolph and John Walker have had the management of the works for the last six The rapid growth of the town and the consequent increase of business soon rendered the establishment of a bank a necessity. The Parker Savings Bank was opened in 1869, and continued to do business until July, 1882, when it failed, involving large losses to its depositors. The Exchange Bank was established in 1871, and quit business in 1880. In October, 1882, Parker, Fullerton & Co. began the banking business, and their bank is now the only one in the city. Parker City gasworks were built in 1877 by a stock company, in which W.C. Mobley, William Smith, M. Naylor and J. Dougherty were most largely interested. Gas is manufactured from crude oil under the process known as Smith�s patent. The pipes extend to the principal part of the first ward and to the residences on the bluff. The fire department of the city consists of two volunteer fire companies, on in each ward. First ward, Columbia Engine and Hose Company, John Tonks, foreman; second ward, Citizens� Hook, Ladder and Hose Company, S.M. In the fall of 1869 the first machine-shop was opened by Bradley & Duff, in Lawrenceburg. A large business was carried on, affording employment to many hands. The firm continued to do a successful business until 1882, when the shop was closed. Two machine-shops in the first ward are still in operation, those of John Sweeny and Tinsman & Russell. Sweeny�s machine-shop, a three-story building, was erected in 1872. Mr. Sweeny started a foundry in 1875, which is still running, giving employment to seven men. J. McNutt also has a foundry. Evans & Foster are the proprietors of a carriage factory. Another business interest is the establishment of Wilkins & Fullerton, manufacturers and dealers in lumber. The business began in 1875 with the starting of a sawmill. In 1880 the proprietors added a planing-mill and box factory. They are now doing a business of $12,000 to $15,000 per year. One of the most important industrial enterprises ever undertaken in Parker is the Parker City glassworks. The company, as at first formed, consisted of over 100 members, of whom the following gentlemen were the most largely interested: John Duff, John Leonard, Fullerton Parker, W.C. Mobley, C.P. Hatch, William Morgan, James P. Parker, Wilson & Manifold, The works were built in 1880 and set in operation in September of that year. The first board of managers are John Duff, president; J.J. Campbell, secretary; S.H. Manifold, treasurer; Fullerton Parker and W.C. Mobley. The product of the works for the past year is estimated at $100,000. Twenty-six blowers are employed; 20 to 25 laborers about the works and 40 men and boys in other departments. Diffenbacher�s directory of the oil region for the years 1875-6 places the population of Parker City at over 4,000. At the same time an equally large number of people were residing in the immediate vicinity and dependent upon the city for supplied and commercial facilities. The years 1878-9 witnessed a decline in the oil business, resulting from the partial exhaustion of the wells and the low price of oil. It does not require a long time for an oil town to fall from the height of prosperity to a position of comparative unimportance. The population of Parker today is probably little more than 1,000. Property has depreciated in value to an alarming extent. During the period of greatest prosperity many costly and elegant residences were erected on the beautiful sites which the crest of the bluff affords. To-day their value is reckoned in hundreds of dollars instead of thousands.* On October 30, 1879, River avenue, from Smullin�s building to the site of the glassworks, was entirely destroyed by fire. The state of business at that time did not warrant the erection of new buildings, and consequently but a small portion of the burned district has been rebuilt. In ten years Parker has experienced more vicissitudes than has fallen to the lot of many other towns whose years amount to half a century. *As an example the fact may be stated that a house costing at least $4,500 recently sold for the small sum of $400! A number of unsuccessful newspaper enterprises originated in Parker during the prosperous period of the city�s history. A daily paper was established by Johns & Jackson, and published a short time in 1871-2. Clark Wilson conducted the Oilman�s Journal several years. These papers, and several others which were started, were never financially The Parker City Daily, however, had an exceptionally prosperous career. Established in September, 1874, by G.A. Needle, it soon became recognized as one of the most reliable and influential journals of the oil regions, and its circulation rapidly increased. The Daily was started as a rival of the Oil City Derrick, and was of the same size as the latter journal. It was controlled by able editors, who were assisted by a staff of enterprising reporters and correspondents. The Daily contained the Associated Press dispatches and much general information, in addition to its careful digest of news from every part of the oil region. It was published as a morning paper until 1879, when it was issued as an evening journal for about three months. The office was destroyed by fire in that year, and the paper ceased to exist. Mr. Needle, who had for some years been issuing a weekly edition of his journal, at once began the publication of The Phoenix, a weekly local newspaper, which is still flourishing. For many years Dr. Simeon Hovey was the only medical adviser for the entire northern region of Butler and Armstrong counties, as well as considerable portions of Venango and Clarion counties. Some account of his services will be found in the history of Hovey township. The first physician who settled in Lawrenceburg was Dr. Joseph Beggs, who came from Ireland and located at this place about the year 1824. He was accounted a good and skillful doctor, and won many friends and a most excellent reputation. He practiced in Lawrenceburg several years, and died at Dr. James Goe, a cousin of Dr. Beggs, came from Ireland a little later, and joined his uncle in the practice of his profession. After the death of Dr. Beggs he moved to Callansburg, Clarion county, and thence moved west and died. After 1869 physicians became so numerous in Parker that it would be useless to attempt to catalogue their names. Scores took up their abode here, some of whom remained a few days, others a few weeks or months. The principle of "the survival of the fittest," however, appeared to prevail, and the number of those who stay lengthened into years was not large. We mention the names of those who have practiced longest and most successfully: Dr. A.M. Hoover, who has been a resident physician of Parker longer than any other member of the profession in the city, located at this place in 1870, coming from Freeport. Dr. Hoover is a native of Butler county, and a graduate of the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. Dr. J. Eggert is the second oldest physician in Parker. He came in 1870, after having practiced for some years in neighboring towns. His son is now associated with him in practice. Since 1870 the following physicians have located in Parker City: Dr. J. Eggert & Son, Dr. Murdoch, Dr. J.R. Murray, Dr. J.E. Hall, Dr. B.F. Goheen, Dr. J.Y. McCulloch, Dr. A.M. Hoover and Dr. W.B. Wynne. All are still practicing, with the exceptions of Drs. Murdoch, Hall and McCulloch. PETROLEUM AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION Application for a charter for the above association was made to the county court in May, 1881, by E. Robinson, G.A. Needle, Samuel Robinson, J.P. Parker, Dr. J.W. Wick, William Dee and others - J. Smullin, attorney for the application - and on the 26th of the month a decree was granted by the court, approving the proposed charter. The following directors were chosen for the first year: Elisha Robinson, Hovey township, Armstrong county; Henry Kohlmeyer, Crawford�s Corners, Butler county; Ira D. McCoy, Crawford� Corners, Butler county; John M. Shira, North Hope, Butler county; J.S. Grant, Perry township, Clarion county; William Crawford, Emlenton, Venango county; Dr. J.W. Wick, William Dee and W.J. Parker, Parker City. The association leased thirteen acres of land for the fair grounds, and erected suitable buildings. The capital stock is divided into 1,000 shares, and has been largely taken by farmers of Armstrong, Butler, Venango and Clarion counties, at $5 a share. Two successful exhibitions have been held, at each of which the exhibits were creditable, and much interest was manifested. The officers of the association consist of a president, vice-president, nine directors (one of whom shall be president), a secretary and a treasurer. The following are the officers and directors of 1882: Officers - A. Tippery, president; Ira D. McCoy, vice-president; G.A. Needle, secretary; E.Y. Fullerton, treasurer. Directors - A. Tippery, Foxburg, Clarion county; E. Robinson, Hovey township, Armstrong county; J.M. Shira, North Washington, Butler county; J.M. Fox, Foxburg, Clarion county; H.R. Fullerton, Parker City, Armstrong county; J.P. Parker, Parker township, Butler county; William Dee, Parker city, Armstrong county; Joseph Grant, Pollock, Clarion county; William Martin, Crawford�s Corners, Venango county. Masonic - Parker City Lodge, No. 521, F. and A. M., was instituted October 28, 1873, with 14 charter members. The present membership is about 75. Odd-Fellows - Parker Lodge, No. 761, I.O.O.F., was instituted June 13, 1871, with 20 charter members. There are now about 30 members in good standing. Lawrenceburg Lodge, No. 782, I.O.O.F., was instituted November 22, 1871. the membership, which has numbered over 100, is now reduced to 64. Workmen - Penn Lodge, No. 10, A.O.U.W., instituted December 21, 1871, now has about 50 members. Royal Templars of Temperance - Hughes Council, No. 37, R.T. of T., was instituted April 4, 1879, with 32 charter members. Present membership, about 75. Knights of Honor - Parker City Lodge, No. 580, K. of H., was instituted April 6, 1877, with 22 charter members. Knights and Ladies of Honor - Parker City Lodge, No. 103, K. and L. of H., was instituted December 12, 1878, with 27 charter members. Grand Army - Calvin A. Craig Post, No. 75, G.A.R., was chartered April 21, 1880. Sixteen names appear on the charter. The post is now large and flourishing, numbering 65 members. Royal Arcanum - Parker Council, No. 179, Royal Arcanum, was organized October 17, 1878, with 32 charter members. The membership January 1, 1883, was 46. Aid Union - Parker Union, No. 420; Equitable Aid Union, was organized in March, 1882, with 175 charter members. The present membership is about 130, 74 of the number being beneficiary members. Labor Union - Garver Assembly, No. 2370, was organized November 2, 1882. Meetings are held in Odd-Fellows� hall, in the Second ward, every Thursday evening. The first school building erected within the present limits of Parker was a log structure which stood in Lawrenceburg. The school was supported by subscription, and presided over by the itinerant schoolmasters of pioneer days. Later, a union school district was formed, and the schools jointly supported by Perry (afterward Hovey) township, Armstrong county, and Parker township, Butler county. During the past eight years the city schools have consisted of three school buildings, in which schools have been conducted at an annual cost of about $3,400. For six years the schools have been thus divided as to grades: one grammar school, two intermediate and two primary. The fact that the three school buildings are situated about half a mile apart has prevented thorough grading. The schools have generally been well managed, and the pupils have made fair progress. The value of the schoolhouses is about $5,000. Seven teachers are employed, T.J. Moffitt being the principal. In 1882 the school board, against strong opposition, began the erection of a large two-story brick schoolhouse, which is to be completed and occupied by the 1st of September, 1883. The opposition came from citizens who feared an increase of taxes, but all dissatisfaction seems to have passed away, and the new school building is pointed out with pride by some who strongly opposed the project of building. The house contains eight schoolrooms, and will afford ample accommodations for all the pupils of the city. Its cost is $11,000. At last reports, the school population was 497. The earliest Presbyterian church in the northern part of the county was the church of Ebenezer, organized at Lawrenceburg in 1819. William Redick and Gideon Gibson were the first elders. The congregation was largely composed of residents of Butler county, though the church was attended by all the Presbyterians of the surrounding country. A meeting-house was erected in 1882. For several years the congregation was without a pastor, but there was preaching by supplies at stated intervals. The pastors have been as follows: Rev. Ebenezer Henry, 1847-55; Rev. James Coulter, 1860-9; Rev. Samuel A. Hughes, 1870-7; Rev. James N. McGonigle, 1878-80; Rev. H.W. Lowry, 1881, now in charge. The present church edifice was erected in 1867. The church enjoyed great prosperity during the period of oil development. There has since been some decline, but the congregation is still a strong body, numbering 205 members. The membership of the Sabbath school is 215. UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH In 1834 the Lawrenceburg Associate Reformed Church was organized by Rev. Joseph Johnston. A house of worship was erected the following year. Rev. Mr. Johnston became pastor, and after getting the church well established returned to his native country, Ireland, and his friends never again heard from him. There are but scanty records of this ancient organization. James Turner, Thos. Allen and Samuel Hutchison were among the Rev. James Green succeeded Johnston as pastor, and was followed by Revs. Robert Oliver, Riddle and Fife. The congregation became so reduced as to be unable to support a pastor, and there were no regular services for a number of years prior to the oil excitement. The present United Presbyterian organization was formed May 12, 1871, by a committee appointed by the Presbytery, and consisting of Rev. M. Clark, and Elders Robert Campbell, Robert Black and Joseph Rosenberry. The number of members was about 35. The first elders elected were E. McHenry and G.W. Weller. The first pastor, Rev. W.G. Nevin, was installed in May, 1872, and served during 1872-3. Rev. J.T. Wilson was pastor in 1874-9. The present pastor, Rev. William Robertson, was installed in 1879. The present membership is about 60. The number of Sabbath-school scholars is about 65. The new church edifice is a commodious and costly building, erected during the years 1877-8, at a cost of $8,500. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH At the first session of the Erie conference in 1836, Lawrenceburg and vicinity was missionary territory. From 1836 to 1840 the following ministers were appointed to the mission: Revs. D. Richey, H. Elliot, A.S. Hitchcock, Stephen Heard and W.S. Winaus. The closing up of business by the company operating the Bear Creek Furnace caused the appointment to be discontinued. In the winter of 1858-9, M.S. Adams, a local preacher, held a series of meetings at Lawrenceburg, which awakened great interest. Rev. John McCombs, then in charge of the North Washington (Butler county) circuit joined with Mr. Adams in carrying forward the work. As a result of their labors, a society was formed and Elisha Myers became class-leader. The charge was added to the North Washington circuit and continued a part of the same from 1859 to 1869. During this period the circuit was supplied by the following ministers: Revs. Milray, Johnson, Paden, Boyd, Bennett, Clark, Moore, Hubbard, Domer, Perry, Hays, Hicks and Mendenhall. The following were the class-leaders during the same period: Elisha R. Robinson, Reuben Leonard and George W. Morrow. In 1870, the Lawrenceburg charge was removed from the circuit and made a station. The first pastor, Rev. R.W. Crane, served until 1873, and has been succeeded by the following ministers: R.M. Baird 1873-4; R.N. Stubbs, 1874-6; J.S. Lytle, 1876-9; E.D. McCrary, 1880; J.M. Bray, 1881-3. No church edifice was built by the society until 1870, when the present house was erected. The dedication took place January 15, 1871, with services conducted by Rev. Dr. Pershing. A parsonage was subsequently erected. Many improvements in the church property have since been made. Since April, 1882, the sum of $1,400 has been expended in improvements. The church is out of debt and in good financial condition. The present membership is 240, and the number of Sabbath-school scholars, 230. A number of revivals have blessed the labors of CHURCH OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION The first Catholic services in Lawrenceburg, so far as there is any record, took place September 6, 1831, when Bishop Kenrick visited the place and confirmed eighty-three persons, gathered from a wide extent of surrounding country. Few if any Catholics were residents of the place until the discovery of oil. In 1869, Rev. Joseph Haney, of Murrinsville, visited Lawrenceburg and conducted services. He continued his labors until July of the following year, when lots were purchased and the work or erecting a church was begun. Though the building was not completed until the summer of 1871, it was occupied in October, 1870. It was then a frame building 45 x 30 feet. In March, 1871, Rev. J. Stillerich became pastor. He remained until November of the same year, when he was succeeded by Rev. James P. Tahany. To Father Tahany�s labors much of the temporal prosperity of the church was due. He built a neat house to be occupied as a parsonage; and after the congregation had increased, enlarged the church by an addition 18 feet to the front and 24 feet to the rear. The belfry was added and the interior of the church finished. The edifice was dedicated by the bishop as the Church of the Immaculate Conception, November 24, 1874. Father Tahany also organized a church in Petrolia, and the two formed one pastorate. In December, 1875, Father Tahany was succeeded by Rev. James Donelly, who acted as pastor until October, 1877. Rev. P.M. Garvey then became pastor, and in August, 1879, was succeeded by Rev. F.X. McCarthy. Father Melady is the present pastor. The church is in a prosperous condition, although its membership has been greatly diminished by the decline of the town. While Parker was most flourishing, a Baptist congregation was organized, which during 1875-6 enjoyed great property. A church was erected and the congregation became quite large. But with the decline of the oil interests, the membership diminished rapidly, and the organization ceased to ENGLISH LUTHERAN CHURCH Christ�s Evangelical Lutheran church of Parker City was organized in the fall of 1879. During the summer of that year R.M. Zimmerman, a theological student, had conducted services in the place, and succeeded in awakening an interest which resulted in the formation of the church. The congregation was organized by Rev. W. A. Passavant, D.D., of Pittsburgh, with twenty-one members. A house of worship was erected during the fall of 1879, at a cost of $3,300, and was dedicated about the close of the same year. Rev. J.H. Kline became pastor in 1880, and resigned after serving one year. The congregation finding it impossible to support a pastor any longer, the church was taken under the care of the Pittsburgh synod as a mission, and the appointment ahs since been filled by regular supplies. Source: Page(s) 476-584, History of Armstrong County, Pennsylvania by Robert Walker Smith, Esq. Chicago: Waterman, Watkins & Transcribed March 2000 by Lisa Strobel for the Armstrong County Smith Project. Contributed by Lisa Strobel for use by the Armstrong County Genealogy Project Armstrong County Genealogy Project Notice: These electronic pages cannot be reproduced in any format, for any presentation, without prior written permission.

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- Historic Sites The Great White Father’s Little Red Indian School December 1970 | Volume 22, Issue 1 Brevet Major General G. A. Custer and about 215 soldiers of the 7th Cavalry had been massacred at the Little Big Horn only a little more than three years before. Geronimo and his Apaches would not surrender for another seven years. The date was October 6, 1879, and the good burghers of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, were treated to the sight of a band of blanketed Indians parading through the old colonial town toward the abandoned army post on the outskirts. True, the “savages” were youths and children, but they were Sioux, members of the same tribe that had helped to do in Custer. An eyewitness recalled, “They were a wild outfit - badly clothed, dirty and unkempt, and altogether bearing the impression of being uncivilized.” Outlandish or not, Indians were to be a feature of Carlisle life for the next four decades. The ragged Sioux were the first students in the new Carlisle Indian Industrial School. The establishment of the school resulted from the almost obsessive idea and the persistent effort of a thirtyeight-year-old Regular Army lieutenant, Richard Henry Pratt, who has been described variously as “the red man’s Moses” and “an honest lunatic.” Born in New York on December 6, 1840, Pratt left school at thirteen to become the family breadwinner. After a five-year stint as a printer’s devil he moved on to become an apprentice tinsmith. Eight days after the first shots at Fort Sumter he abandoned his trade to enlist in the Union Army. By Appomattox, four years later, he was a brevet captain of cavalry. Married in 1864 to Anna Laura Mason of New York, Pratt retired to civil life for almost two years, but in 1867 he returned to the service and became a first lieutenant in the ioth Cavalry. The shrunken postwar army was spread thin on the frontier, and Pratt soon found himself at Fort Arbuckle in the Indian Territory, where he began an association with the Indians that was to last to the end of his life. Pratt believed that the co-operation of the Indians could be gained through kindness and sympathy and that Indians could and should be completely assimilated into the white population. He was detailed in 1875 to take seventy-two apparently intractable Indian prisoners to Fort Marion at Saint Augustine, Florida. During the next three years the soldier-jailer got good results with his methods. His charges were taught to read, write, and speak English. Their surprisingly enthusiastic response impressed Pratt and reinforced his belief in the adaptability of the Indian to the white man’s ways. Pursuing that idea, Pratt sought employment for his prisoners in a variety of unskilled jobs. The Indians were allowed to keep their pay for pocket money. At the end of the three years the prisoners were released from confinement, but twenty-two wanted to remain in the East for further education. Pratt took seventeen of these to the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Hampton, Virginia, an institution operated primarily for the education of Negroes. The former prisoners were joined there by fifty Sioux, Arikaras, Mandans, and Gros Ventres, who were shepherded from their Dakota reservation by Pratt and his wife. After a few months at Hampton, Pratt became con- vinced that the different backgrounds and ethnic characteristics of the Negro and the Indian raised a serious obstacle to his efforts toward Indian education. He felt that the Indians would fare better in a separate school located in an area where they could observe the best features of contemporary white American society. Pratt packed his bags, went to Washington, and buttonholed Carl Schurz, then Secretary of the Interior. He proposed that Carlisle Barracks, an army post that had then been unoccupied for several years, would make an ideal site for a school devoted entirely to the education and industrial training of Indians. Secretary Schurz, sympathetic to Pratt’s plan, approached the Secretary of War, George W. McCrary, seeking the release of the military post to the Department of the Interior. Such a transfer required congressional action, and tireless Pratt lobbied in Washington in this cause for several months. Congress, then as now, was difficult to hurry, but the departments of War and Interior proceeded to demonstrate an unusual capacity for joint improvisation. General Winfield Scott Hancock, who commanded the military department in which Carlisle Barracks was located, wrote, “Carlisle Barracks will never again be required for military purposes, and I know of no better place for such an experiment.’ Upon the approval of General William Tccumseh Sherman in September, 1879, Carlisle Barracks was given over to the use of the Department of the Interior pending congressional approval. Lieutenant Pratt then went into action. By October 6 he had returned from the Rosebud and Pine Ridge Sioux agencies in the Dakota Territory with the eightyfour boys and girls who so startled the citizens of Carlisle by their march from the railroad siding to the empty bar- racks. Pratt would have preferred Io recruit among the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, and Comanche of the southwestern territory where he had served, but the Indian Bureau administration had the idea that children from the wayward Sioux groups could serve as hostages for the tribe’s good behavior.

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|Disaster Rescue - Australian Emergency Manual (Natural Disaster Organization, 183 p.)| |CHAPTER EIGHT - ANCHORS AND HOLDFASTS| 8.3 Picket Holdfasts In ordinary soil, pickets are suitable as holdfasts for loads up to 2 tonnes. They may be used as single pickets or, when formed into a holdfast, may be arranged as 1 and 1; 2 and 1; 3, 2 and 1 systems, according to need. The following points should be observed: (a) The pickets should be driven into the ground as close as possible to an angle of 45 degrees away from the line of pull, with two-thirds of their length into the ground. The strongest picket should be nearest the load. (b) The lashings connecting the pickets should be at 90 degrees to the pickets and should go from the head of the one in front to ground level on the one behind. This determines the distance between the pickets, which should never be less than 1m apart. (c) Anchor systems should be monitored at all times. (d) As a rough guide to safe working loads a 1.5m x 25mm mild steel picket properly driven into ground with good holding qualities will safely support a load of 350kg. As the number of pickets in the holdfast is increased, the load it will support is increased by 350kg for each picket.

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The museum hosts ceramic pieces from Neolithic Age, various objects, figures, seals from Calcolithic and Bronze Age, stone and bronze objects, jewellery, ceramics, coins, glass objects from Urartu, Hittite, Persian, Roman and Byzantium periods, the bones and remains of a Mammoth, mosaics with high art values, statues and tomb steles obtained from the ancient city of Zeugma. The museum, in which Belkıs/Zeugma's enormous mosaics and wall pictures are being exhibited is the second mosaics museum of the world. Furthermore, it is the unique museum with its original exhibition the old museum building and new building are connected to each other by a gallery and after new exhibition works the museum is designed as "chronological museum" where the portable culturel whealts of Gaziantep and its envirovment are being exhibited chronologically. At the and of these exhibition and arrangements Gaziantep Museum has a remarkable place through the world museums by Zeugma Mosaics and its chronological exhibitions. Source: Gaziantep Museum |Gaziantep Archaeology Museum|| |

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Remote, motion-detecting trail cameras help FWP bear managers identify bears involved in a reported conflict, their sex, size and the number of individual bears present. Trail cameras also help identify any bears passing through an area but uninvolved in the conflict. For example, a radio-collared bear could be in conflict with chickens, but an on-site camera reveals it is an uncollared bear. Or, a landowner may report a grizzly getting into chicken feed, but a trail camera reveals it is a brown colored black bear. The trail cam videos below helped a FWP bear manager in northwest Montana identify bears involved in two separate conflicts in the same area. One female grizzly bear, with two female cubs, tore into a camp trailer used to store horse grain on the east side of the Flathead Valley. Grizzly bears are very powerful and once they have access to high energy foods, like horse grain, they can break into barns, chicken coops, trailers, and even cabins for more. That is why it is so important to prevent conflicts with bears by properly securing food attractants. Bear managers also emphasize the benefits of bear resistant food storage to keep bears from learning about these foods in the first place. This female was euthanized due to her level of food-conditioning. Managers fortunately found space for the two cubs at a zoo. At the trailer Getting into horse grain A darker-colored female grizzly bear, with a male and a female cub, killed a pig on the east side of the Flathead Valley. Bear managers urge those raising chickens and pigs to use electric fencing. This female was euthanized and the two cubs placed in a zoo. In most cases, it is difficult to find zoos or other facilities to take these bears. Grizzly bear cub Adult female grizzly Grizzly bear cub A subadult female grizzly bear near Swan Lake entered a barn to get horse grain. This bear was captured and relocated near the Canadian border. At trapping sight

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The family of hackled orbweavers or venomless spiders is the only spider family without venom. Uloborids can be distinguished from all other spiders by the combined presence of trichobothria, sensitive hairs, on the thighs of legs II and III, and a cribellum, a cribellate silk producing plate, and the calamistrum, a comb for reefing out this silk. They are considered to be the sister-group to the Deinopidae, and together, these two families constitute the Deinopoidea. They are found over much of Australian, usually small and unnoticed, constructing small orb-webs, especially in foiliage. Some are found in and around houses, especially the introduced Zosis geniculatus common on ceilings where it produces pink, ninja-star egg sacs. Cribellate silk is feathery and rather fuzzy, sometimes called hackled) silk. The front legs of the Uloborids are generally long, often longer than the entire length of the body. There are two subfamilies, the Uloborinae and the Miagrammopinae, whose webs are reduced to a single strand. The Miagrammopinae are found mostly in rainfoests and well forested areas adn have only 4 eyes. Miagrammopes > Colourful Miagrammopes A colourful small Miagrammopes species. Miagrammopes sp Extra long Miagrammopes This spider was collected mid August 2009 on the northern side of the junction of Fish and Enoggera Creeks, Walton Bridge Reserve, The Gap. Body length: 4.5mm. The very thin and long body and first legs extended forwards are characteristic of this genus. Miagrammopes sp Green Rainforest Miagrammopes A slender and attractively coloured Uloborid quite common in the rainforest at Mount Glorious. These are cribellate spiders, meaning they have a cribellum to produce woolly silk which they comb out with the help of the calimustrum. Like some other spiders they resemble a terrestrial squid. This Miagrammopes species may be undescribed. It is a small, but fairly common Uloborid in South East Queensland, females to 5mm in body length, males up to 4mm. It is found in bushland and adjoining suburban parks and gardens. It is off-white to grey or buff-cream coloured with orange... Philoponella congregabilis Rainbow 1916 Communal Philoponella Philoponella congregabilis, previously Uloborus congregabilis is a common Uloborid spider on Australia's east coast. The body can be light grey, cream, orange to chocolate brown, sometimes black, females with a body length up to 6mm, males up to 3.5mm. The female usually has a large and prominent hump with two pointy knobs (tubercles), the male having 4 tubercles. As the name suggests it is usually found in close knit communities... Philoponella sp Smooth Philoponella A small Philoponella, probably undescribed, relatively common in grassy areas on rainforest margins in SE Queensland. Female body length 3-4mm, the male 2-3mm. Philoponella variabilis? Variable Philoponella Like all Uloboridae, this species has no venom. They are common in Brisbane gardens but often unnoticed due to their small size. Various specimens are shown here, from different locations. The are all 2-4mm body length. Adult males and females, both with body length about 3-4mm, can sometimes... Uloborus barbipes L. Koch, 1872 Tufted Uloborus Collected on the creek near the SOWN shed, Paten Park in mid August 2009. Body lenth about 4mm with the front legs as long again, if not longer. Zosis geniculatus (Grey House Spider) Zosis geniculatus is common and easy to recognise. As it is venomless it is a harmless method of controlling insects in your house. It creates a ragged blue grey circular web, with star shaped egg sacs. Insects trapped in the web are rolled with the hind legs and wrapped in silk. The bundle is eventually carried to the hub of the web and sucked dry.

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The concern over diminishing animal genetic resources was addressed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the "Earth Summit", in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Canada has established a national program for conservation of farm animal genetic resources that is part of the broader complex of conservation and concern for the environment and its protection. Convention on Biological Diversity. As an outcome of the Rio "Earth Summit" meeting on the environment, Canada signed the Convention (UNEP, 1992) and was one of the first countries to ratify it. The Convention is a legally-binding international treaty that commits Canada to the provisions of the framework of that treaty. It involves, among other issues, a commitment to develop a Canadian biodiversity strategy and carry out plans for domestic and global biodiversity conservation. United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). The recommendations on conservation of farm animal genetic resources from the Rio "Earth Summit" are the basis for the FAO international program for conservation of farm animal genetic resources (Agenda 21, Chapter 14, "Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development,"; UNEP, 1992). FAO has used expert consultations to derive a program for global farm animal genetic resources conservation. Canada was represented at these expert consultations and had a role in defining the processes to be used at FAO to support the effort. The publication of the FAO Expert Consultation (1992) is a comprehensive source of information on the technical aspects, programs and needs for the conservation of animal genetic resources. United States. The National Research Council undertook a major review of the conservation of animal genetic resources, starting in 1986. A book has been published covering important aspects and providing recommendations for a world effort (NRC, 1993). The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has expressed their desire to pursue efforts to establish a data base for North America's animal genetic resources and to develop protocols for the cryopreservation of animal genetic resources stored in a gene bank. The first step will be to agree on a common system of conservation of animal genetic resources. To support this, ARS-USDA is interested in increasing their collaboration and in the coordination of efforts in gene mapping and more specifically, in identification of quantitative trait loci in farm animals. Such initiatives would lead to a more effective program of gene conservation while providing a better description of the material being catalogued and stored. Canadian cooperation with the ARS-USDA is underway. Canada. The Government of Canada has indicated its commitment to assure that the quality of the Canadian environment is maintained. Canada's genetic resources are recognized as a central feature in this effort. Our genetic resources risk being diminished by, for example, increased specialization of agriculture involving fewer breeds of plants and animals. The Government will pursue actions to preserve and enhance Canada's genetic resources by acquiring and/or developing, adapting, monitoring, utilizing and/or releasing plant, animal and other biological genetic resources.....Genetic resources will provide the basis for research on advanced technology and breeding procedures to enhance resistance to diseases, insects and other environmental stresses. (Canada's Green Plan, 1992). In support of this initiative, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, as a key responsible federal agency, developed a plan to assure the preservation of animal, plant and microbial genetic resources important to the future of Canadian food production. The plan had the following components: These activities will be undertaken through completing cataloguing, testing for key traits, increased collection efforts for seeds and research into conservation of animal, insect and microbial genetic resources. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Research Branch has received specific program funding vis-à-vis animal and other genetic resources conservation efforts. The Centre for Food and Animal Research, with the support of the Canada Committee on Animals, the Department of Animal Science of the University of Manitoba, as well as the Canadian Animal Production Biotechnology Network, organized a National Workshop on Animal Genome Research, June 17 and 18, 1994. This provided an opportunity to review animal genetic resources and their future use (Ho and Lister, 1995). This Workshop focused on gene mapping, in particular on quantitative gene loci, and on research for gene markers to be used in marker assisted selection in farm animals. The major emphasis was on charting a program of genome research based on an assessment of where we are in Canada as one small player in an ever increasingly technical world. At the same time, sources of genetic material including establishment of gene banks, depositories of polymerase chain reaction primers, DNA probes and other tissues were discussed as tools for the research. Ultimately, the aim was to assure the application of research to Canadian animal industries to assure a strong and competitive situation in the future. A representation of interested individuals from provinces, industry, conservation organizations, universities and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada met at the first National Workshop On A Canadian Germplasm Network, October 14 and 15, 1993, where valuable ideas and concepts on the development of a conservation system for animal genetic resources were generated. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Research Branch has established a Germplasm Network Steering Committee to assure coordination between individuals involved in conservation efforts related to genetic resources of plants, animals and other organisms. One of this Committee's fundamental goals is the efficient dissemination of advances in conservation and related techniques. In addition, the First National Workshop on Conservation of Animal Germplasm was held earlier, on November 13 and 14, 1990. It helped identify broad strategy recommendations, intellectual property rights and means of enlarging the interest by industry, universities, provincial governments and conservancy individuals and organizations in conservation of animal genetic resources. Emphasis was placed on establishing policies and programs, setting up data bases, establishing gene banks, encouraging partnerships, preparing legislation and conducting research (Shrestha, 1992).

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Hair growth occurs as new hairs are formed at the base of the root follicle and moulded by a structure, called the inner hair root sheath, that surrounds the growing hair shaft. Androgens, which is the male sex hormone, present in both men and women, activates specific body areas to produce hair growth. Hair growth occurs in cycles, or phases, and each follicles may be active or resting at any one time. Growth rates vary greatly between different individuals and also the specific area of the body in question. Scalp hair, for example, grows at an average of one-tenth of an inch every week. Leg hair, however, is less active and only grows at about half that rate. The repeating cycle of phases of growth and rest will affect the overall production of hair. There are no new hair follicles produced after birth – the appearance (and loss) of your hair is the result of the changing ratio in the growth/rest cycles. The hair growth life cycle has three separate stages: anagen, catagen and telogen. The cycle of each follicle begins with the anagen phase — the re-activating of the follicle’s growth where a new hair begins to lengthen. This active growth phase will continue for a period as short as several weeks (as found in the moustache) or even lasting as long as several years (like your scalp). Growth will continue for varying lengths of time, according to the area of the body, gender, hormones and other factors. But eventually the level of growth begins to slow down. This next stage of slowing or arrested growth is known as the catagen phase. This slowing will continue into the third and ultimate phase – a period of complete inactivity or rest. During the third so-called telogen stage, the hair has separated from its basal papilla and is no longer able to receive nourishment. At this point, no more new hair is being produced and the inactive hair only remains in place mechanically, and can be fairly easily shed by brushing, combing or other tension placed upon it. A short hair shaft remaining in place at the end of its growth cycle is called a club hair. It is not uncommon for such a club hair to remain in place while a newly formed anagen hair is beginning to emerge, forcing the club hair to be emerge and finally be shed. Eventually the hair follicle will once again become active and begin to grow a new anagen hair. This repeated process of growth and inactivity will continue throughout your life. In man, follicle activity is generally spread across all stages of the hair life cycle, while other mammals can have a more orderly growth pattern, with noticeable periods of hair growth and subsequent shedding. Call us now on 07931 341 333 for more information or to book your free consultation.

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Definitions of nail: - noun: a thin pointed piece of metal that is hammered into materials as a fastener - noun: horny plate covering and protecting part of the dorsal surface of the digits - noun: a former unit of length for cloth equal to 1/16 of a yard - verb: attach something somewhere by means of nails Example: "Nail the board onto the wall" - verb: locate exactly Example: "The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome" - verb: succeed in obtaining a position Example: "He nailed down a spot at Harvard" - verb: complete a pass - verb: take into custody - verb: hit hard - verb: succeed at easily Example: "She nailed her astrophysics course" - name: A surname (rare: 1 in 50000 families; popularity rank in the U.S.: #4772) Search for nail at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster "Works flawlessly!": RhymeZone apps for iPhone/iPad and Android! Help, Feedback, Customize, Android app, iPhone/iPad app Copyright © 2013 Datamuse

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Originally from Germany, the Affenpinscher’s bloodline can be traced back to the Belgian Griffon and Griffon Bruxellois (Brussels Griffon). The name has been derived from the German words affe ("ape", "monkey") and pinscher ("terrier"), due to its monkey-like and comical face. It is believed that during the initial stages, the Affenpinscher was raised as a farm dog for catching rodents. And during that period the dog was supposedly much larger in size. The Affenpinscher became a household pet during the 18th and 19th centuries when this breed of dog was miniaturized. The Affenpinscher is a small dog with a square-body, and a monkey like face. It has a ruff and wiry-haired coat. This breed of dog has long hairs all over the face. The Affenpinscher usually has a black, silver, red, gray, black and tan, or beige colored coat. Most adult Affenpinschers can weigh around 7-8 pounds and grow up to a height of 10-15 inches. black, gray, black and tan, red, silver and belge (mix of red, black and white hairs). Some white hairs and small white patches on the chest are acceptable. Exhibiting a terrier like character, this breed of dog will get along with other dogs and pets if properly socialized from an early stage itself. This breed of dog is quiet active, playful, mischievous and stubborn. The Affenpinschers may not get along with young children. This breed of dog can get very excited when provoked. Generally a very healthy breed of dog, Affenpinschers should be groomed regularly to prevent skin and coat problems. Some of the other common health concerns the Affenpinschers are prone to includes bone fractures, eye ulcers and infections, teeth problems, and respiratory problems. CKC, FCI, AKC, ANKC, NKC, NZKC, APRI, ACR

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Is beer good for you? Beer is lighter than you might think Beer drinkers are traditionally associated with a large gut, but according to scientists, a beer belly isn’t par for the course. Recent research has shown that drinking beer in moderation (500ml or just under a pint a day) won’t have any effect on your weight. On top of this, half a pint only contains a small amount of alcohol, at around 100kcal. That expanding waistline could be down to the high-calorie diet beer drinkers tend to have. Even more encouragingly, one study carried out in Grenoble on volunteers aged 18 to 40 showed that a beer at lunchtime and in the evening reduced the level of bad cholesterol. But don’t get too excited – these findings are yet to be confirmed, and the study only included 24 women. Beer can be good for the heart So if beer won’t necessarily make you put on weight, what other virtues does it have? According to some studies, it could also protect your heart. In fact, beer contains lots of B vitamins. These lower the level of homocyteine in your blood (an indicator of inflammation, coronary problems, strokes and thrombosis). Research carried out on volunteers in the SUVIMAX study showed that men who drank beer had a slightly reduced homocyteine level. This needs to be put into context, however. B group vitamins are found mostly in green vegetables. Concentrate on getting your five a day rather than heading to the pub for nutrition! Beer could help prevent diabetes Beer could also help protect against diabetes. According to American studies, drinking wine or beer regularly and in moderation could stop you getting type 2 diabetes. At the same time, drinking spirits actually encourages the disease. The mechanisms at work which connect alcohol with the risk of developing diabetes aren’t fully understood yet. Another study provided evidence of a reduced risk of bowel cancer in connection with the consumption of beer. According to researchers, the beneficial effects could be explained by antioxidants found in beer. Note that this research was carried out on rats. It’s not clear yet whether or not beer has the same effect in humans. Everything in moderation Whether you drink beer or wine, studies seem to suggest that moderate consumption could reduce the risks of developing many different diseases, especially heart conditions. However, the harmful effects of excessive drinking are also well known. On top of the risks associated with intoxication, regular heavy drinking damages your health. If you already drink beer or a glass of wine from time to time, don’t increase the amount you drink. Equally, if you don’t drink at all, there’s no point in starting just for the protective effect.

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A Systematic Review on Ankle Injury and Ankle Sprain in Sports Source: Sports Medicine, Volume 37, Number 1, 2007 , pp. 73-94(22) Publisher: Adis International Abstract:This article systematically reviews epidemiological studies on sports injury from 1977 to 2005 in which ankle injury was included. A total of 227 studies reporting injury pattern in 70 sports from 38 countries were included. A total of 201 600 patients were included, with 32 509 ankle injuries. Ankle injury information was available from 14 098 patients, with 11 847 ankle sprains. Results show that the ankle was the most common injured body site in 24 of 70 included sports, especially in aeroball, wall climbing, indoor volleyball, mountaineering, netball and field events in track and field. Ankle sprain was the major ankle injury in 33 of 43 sports, especially in Australian football, field hockey, handball, orienteering, scooter and squash. In sports injuries throughout the countries studied, the ankle was the second most common injured body site after the knee, and ankle sprain was the most common type of ankle injury. The incidence of ankle injury and ankle sprain was high in court games and team sports, such as rugby, soccer, volleyball, handball and basketball. This systematic review provides a summary of the epidemiology of ankle injury in sports. Document Type: Injury clinic Affiliations: 1: 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 2: 2 Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Publication date: 2007-01-01

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As children play, electirictiy is generated. It’s that simple. With the inclusion of our internal rare earth magnet windmill generator, EPI playground equipment is primed and ready to create energy as renewable as the fun children find in recess. The efficiency of this generator is 70%. The use of wind energy around the world has doubled in the past three years. This is a staggering and satisfying fact when you consider just how ingenious it is to take a common, unseen, and often unnoticed element of our lives and convert it into energy for our homes and accessories. EPI has taken advantage of new wind power technology in its playground equipment, and where the weather and terrain are conducive, a windmill can be added to educate students and augment power generation. Just like fire, the sun is a very powerful source of heat energy to earth. Thechniques used to converting this solar energy into electricity have been growing at a rate of about 40% each year since 2000. EPI uses CIGS (Copper Indium Gallium Selenide) solar panels, which charge a portion of the EPI system to keep the battery from draining when school is on break. The solar panels can also be used as a tool for education children about energy transfer and green technology. RECYCLE RECESS WITH US

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In this section you will find: - General information about tropical storms, tornadoes and thunderstorms. - How to prepare for tropical storms. - How to prepare for tornadoes. - How to prepare for thunderstorms. TROPICAL STORMS, TORNADOES AND THUNDERSTORMS Tropical storms, tornadoes and thunderstorms can be destructive and extremely dangerous weather emergencies. Tropical storms bring high winds and sometimes severe flooding. Tornadoes, nature's most violent storms, can appear suddenly and without warning — even remaining invisible until dust and debris are picked up or a funnel cloud appears. Thunderstorms bring dangerous lightning, one of the leading causes of weather-related deaths in the United States each year. Being prepared in advance — and ready to act quickly — will help ensure your safety in the event that one of these weather emergencies occurs. To prepare yourself and your family for the threats posed by tropical storms, tornadoes and thunderstorms it's important that you remember to: Below you will find detailed information on how to prepare for each of these weather emergencies. Tropical storms have sustained winds of up to 73 miles per hour and can bring intense rain that causes severe flooding. The following are steps you can take to prepare for tropical storms: PREPARING FOR TROPICAL STORMS - Get an emergency supply kit that includes enough provisions for you and your family to live for a minimum of three days. - Make an emergency plan for you and your family. - Know the difference between a tropical storm watch and a tropical storm warning: Tropical Storm Watch Tropical Storm Warning |Conditions indicate that a tropical storm is possible, but has not yet occurred. ||A tropical storm is expected to strike the area within 24 hours. The warning will include an assessment of flooding dangers, high wind warnings for the storm's periphery, estimated storm effects and recommended emergency procedures. | - Bring in all outdoor furniture, decorations, garbage cans and anything else that is not tied down. - Keep all trees and shrubs well trimmed so they are more wind resistant. - Secure your home by closing shutters, and securing outdoor objects or bringing them inside. - Turn off utilities as instructed. Otherwise, turn the refrigerator's thermostat to its coldest setting and keep its doors closed. - Cover all of your home's windows with pre-cut plywood or hurricane shutters to protect your windows from high winds. - Turn off propane tanks. - Ensure a supply of water for sanitary purposes such as cleaning and flushing toilets. Fill the bathtub and other large containers with water. PREPARING FOR TORNADOES Even though tornadoes are more common in the Midwest, Southeast and Southwest, they can occur in any state and at any time of the year. In Pennsylvania, there have been 170 tornadoes recorded in just the last 10 years (source: National Climactic Data Center). With tornadoes, planning and practicing specifically how and where you take shelter is a matter of survival. - Determine a place where you will take shelter in case of a tornado warning. Storm cellars or basements provide the best protection. - If underground shelter is not available, go into an interior room or hallway on the lowest floor possible. - Stay away from windows, doors and outside walls. Go to the center of the room. Stay away from corners because they attract debris. - A vehicle, trailer or mobile home does not provide good protection. Trailer parks should have a community storm shelter and a warden to monitor broadcasts throughout the severe storm emergency. Plan to go quickly to a building with a strong foundation, if possible. - If shelter is not available, lie flat in a ditch or other low-lying area. Do not get under an overpass or bridge. You are safer in a low, flat location. - Schools should have a designated shelter area (usually an interior hallway on the lowest floor). Stay out of auditoriums, gymnasiums and other structures with wide, free span roofs. - Know the difference between a Tornado Watch and a Tornado Warning: |Conditions are favorable for tornadoes in and close to the watch area. ||A tornado has been detected by Doppler Radar and/or has been sighted.| PREPARING FOR THUNDERSTORMS Every thunderstorm produces lightning, which means every thunderstorm is dangerous. Because lightning is so unpredictable and can occur as far as 10 miles away from any rainfall, being prepared and knowing what to do in a thunderstorm will decrease your risk of being injured. Other dangers associated with thunderstorms include tornadoes, strong winds, hail and flash flooding, which is responsible for more fatalities than any other thunderstorm-associated hazard. - Remember the 30/30 lightning safety rule: Go indoors if, after seeing lightning, you cannot count to 30 before hearing thunder. Stay indoors for 30 minutes after hearing the last clap of thunder. - Most lightning deaths and injuries occur when people are caught outdoors in the summer months during the afternoon and evening, so be particularly cautious of lightning this time of year. - Get an emergency supply kit that includes enough provisions for you and your family to live on for a minimum of three days in case there is a long-term power outage. - Know the difference between a Thunderstorm Watch and a Thunderstorm Warning: |There is a possibility of a thunderstorm in your area. ||A thunderstorm is occurring or will likely occur soon. If you are advised to take shelter, do so immediately.| - If a thunderstorm is likely in your area, postpone outdoor activities. - Remove dead or rotting trees and branches that could fall and cause injury or damage during a severe thunderstorm. - Secure outdoor objects that could blow away or cause damage. - Shutter windows and secure outside doors. If shutters are not available, close window blinds, shades or curtains. During a Thunderstorm: - Get inside a home, building, or hard top automobile (not a convertible). Although you may be injured if lightning strikes your car, you are much safer inside a vehicle than outside. - Avoid the following: - Natural lightning rods such as a tall, isolated tree in an open area. - Hilltops, open fields, the beach or a boat on the water. - Isolated sheds or other small structures in open areas. - Anything metal, such as tractors, farm equipment, motorcycles, golf carts, golf clubs and bicycles. - Remember, rubber-soled shoes and rubber tires provide NO protection from lightning. However, the steel frame of a hard-topped vehicle provides increased protection if you are not touching metal. - Avoid showering or bathing. Plumbing and bathroom fixtures can conduct electricity. - Use a corded telephone only for emergencies. Cordless and cellular telephones are safe to use. - Unplug appliances and other electrical items such as computers and turn off air conditioners. Power surges from lightning can cause serious damage. - Listen for weather updates from local officials.

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A woman’s risk of breast cancer usually increases when having a family history of breast cancer. However, this risk can be minimized by changing lifestyles and attitudes, particularly in terms of alcohol consumption. A new study from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis show, a teenage girl with a family history of breast cancer have a higher risk of suffering from cancer with increasing alcohol consumption. “The most common question we often hear from women with a history of breast cancer is how to prevent breast cancer in our daughters, ‘said epidemiologist Graham A. Colditz, MD, PhD, who published his research online in the journal Cancer. “These findings could be a strategy for us to reduce the risk of breast cancer by limiting alcohol consumption,” he added. Researchers claim, these are the first findings that looked at the relationship between alcohol consumption in adolescents with risk of breast cancer. The reason for this research mostly just linking alcohol with breast cancer risk in women ages 50′s, 40′s, 60′s and at the risk of invasive breast cancer, rather than the initial risk (benign lesion) which can lead to invasive breast cancer. In a previous study that was published the Journal of the American Medical Association, which also acts as Colditz researchers found, there has been a moderate increase in risk of breast cancer by consuming 3-6 glasses of alcohol every week on every woman, regardless of whether he has a family history of breast cancer . “In this study, we have tried to decipher the effects of alcohol on women who have a history of breast cancer and women without a history of breast cancer. We see that the strongest effects of alcohol occur in women with a family history of breast cancer,” Colditz said. In his research Colidtz also find interesting facts, which found no increased risk of benign breast lesions in young women (with no history of breast cancer) related to alcohol consumption. However, they seem obvious risk with increased body mass index in childhood, in adolescence, waist circumference and height. The findings show, there are differences in risk factors between women with a history of breast cancer and those without. “Height linked to risk of breast cancer. And some data showing explosive growth led to higher risk of developing cancer later in life. Obviously, it’s not something we can control. But if we can understand what’s going on hormones and processes in the body , and the role of physical activity and diet, we may be able to modify some of the accumulated risk of breast cancer early, “he said.

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The Krishna Basin India The Krishna Basin is India’s fourth largest river basin and covers 258,948 km2 of southern India, traversing the states of Karnataka (113,271 km2), Andhra Pradesh (76,252 km2) and Maharashtra (69,425 km2). (See figure 1.) The basin is relatively flat, except for the Western Ghats and some forested hills in the center and northeast. It lies mostly on granites and basalts with limited groundwater potential, with some deep alluvium in the delta with high groundwater potential. The basin is home to some 74.2 millions inhabitants. The population density is 287 inh/km²—with people concentrated in the irrigated areas and metropolitan urban centres. The lowest densities are recorded in the southwest and centre of the basin in Karnataka state (Deccan plateau). Some 68% of the population lives in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. The basin’s climate is largely semi-arid, but there is a narrow north-south strip along the Western Ghats that is humid, a dry-sub humid area in the Krishna Delta, and it is arid in the rain-shadow east of the Western Ghats. Annual rainfall averages ~800mm but ranges from below 300mm in the northwest, to ~1000mm in the delta, to a maximum of over 2000mm in the Western Ghats. About 90% of the rainfall is received during the monsoon months of May to October. Potential evapotranspiration varies spatially over the basin and is highest in the south and the east while lowest records are registered in the northwest. Evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation in all but three months of the year during the peak of the monsoon (July, August, and September), which makes irrigation necessary during the other periods of the year—notably in the east, and the northwest of the basin. The basin has been divided into 12 sub-basins for the hydrological study: Upper Krishna, Middle Krishna, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Upper Bhima, Lower Bhima, Lower Kishna, Tungabhadra, Vedavati, Musi, Palleru and Munnaru Most of the area in the basin lies on crystalline and basaltic rocks whereas soil is generally shallow clayey with some areas of gravelly clay and loamy. Soil type in western part is Entisols and Vertisols (black soil) whereas Alfisols (red soils) in south and east. Krishna causes a high degree of erosion in monsoon season. It takes fertile soil from upstream areas of Maharastra and Karnataka and deposits in delta regions. Soils on an average are deeper in valley bottoms and also deep in Andhra Pradesh. Diversified cropping pattern persists in the Krishna basin. Principal crops, which are being cultivated are: rice, sorghum, corn, sugarcane, millet, cotton, groundnut, and variety of horticultural crops. The total cultivable area in the basin is about 203,000 Km2, which is equivalent to 77% of the total geographical area of the basin. About 47,200 km2 have irrigation potential. Moreover, the basin has a total hydropower potential of 2,997 MW at 60% load factor. Existing and forecasted uses and concerns The total storage capacity of major reservoirs larger than 200 MCM is 42,910 MCM. In total, the storage capacity of major and medium reservoirs in the basin have almost reached the total water yield. Therefore, the basin is nearly completely closed. Discharge at the Vijaywada gauging station has drastically reduced since 1960. The average yield at this gauging station during 1901-1960 was about 6500 m3/sec in the month of August. It has come down to about 100 m3/sec in 2000-04. Moreover, the basin is not only closed at the mouth of sea but discharge has been substantially reduced also at sub-basin level. For instance, discharge from the Upper Bhima river has declined from an average of 8,816 MCM in 1970-80 to 3,615 MCM during 1994-2004, reflecting the upstream development in the sub-basin. T he closing of the basin has resulted in an additional 36,000 MCM of water being evaporated to the atmosphere every year. This has changed the atmosphere, including increased humidity and decreased temperature in areas of extensive irrigation development. Domestic and industrial demand has also increased with increasing population in the basin resulting in competition among different demand sectors. The massive developments proposed by each state provoked conflict between them for their water rights. To resolve conflict among three states, the Krishna tribunal was formed in 1969. The tribunal assessed the water in each sub-basin and allocated water based on “equitable apportionment” in 1976. Importantly, KWDT (Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal) allocated 11,740 MCM of surplus water from Upper Krishna to Lower Krishna that has 12,740 MCM water deficits. Despite the lack of additional water supplies, development of both surface and groundwater continues, primarily for irrigation. Water extractions for agriculture, industrial, and domestic uses continue to grow to support one of the fastest developing regions of peninsular India. As the three states share the shrinking water resource, basin closure has aggravated interstate water conflicts. Rapid urbanization in the basin also makes demands on water supplies. Hyderabad city, for example, now has 7 million people and consumes 380 million m3 of water annually. Much of the urban water supply returns to the local Musi River as wastewater and is used for irrigation, which has important consequences for human health, soil salinity and the environment. The downstream state, Andhra Pradesh, has experienced a shift in land use while Karnataka and Maharashtra, which lie further upstream, have large dry regions and want to continue developing their water resources to maintain their agricultural growth and reduce poverty. Furthermore, crop yields in the basin still average less than half their potential, presenting opportunities to improve water productivity.

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